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was an old province of Japan in the area of Fukui Prefecture on the island of Honshu. It was also known as or .
The province had borders with Echizen, Omi, Tamba, Tango, and Yamashiro Provinces.
The ancient capital city of the province was Obama.
History
In the Meiji period, the provinces of Japan were converted into prefectures. The maps of Japan and Wakasa Province were reformed in the 1870s.
Shrines and Temples
Wakasahiko jinja was the chief Shinto shrine (ichinomiya) of Wakasa.
Related pages
Provinces of Japan
Prefectures of Japan
List of regions of Japan
List of islands of Japan |
Q:
How to convert a functional component to a class component if I have these three lines?
I have SignupForm component. It is functional component. But I need remake this component to class component.
I know that class component must have:
line like this: class SignupForm extends React.Component
method render()
in my casestateinstead useState
in my case method setStateinstead setErrorMessage(res[0].message);
But I still have:
const history = useHistory();
history.push("/home"); in the method onSubmit
const {handleSubmit, values, handleChange, errors, handleBlur, isSubmitting, setSubmitting} = useFormik({ /.. });
And I don't know how to remake a functional component to class component through these three lines. How to do it?
Small part SignupForm.js:
const SignupForm = () => {
const history = useHistory();
const [errorMessage, setErrorMessage] = React.useState(null);
const {handleSubmit, values, handleChange, errors, handleBlur, isSubmitting, setSubmitting} = useFormik({
initialValues: {
/........
},
validateOnBlur: false,
/........
validationSchema: yup.object().shape({
username: yup.string()
.required('This field is required'),
/........
}),
onSubmit: async (formValues) => {
try {
const res = await apiFunction('api/auth/register', {
/........
});
if(Array.isArray(res)){
setErrorMessage(res[0].message);
} else {
const token = res.token.token;
localStorage.setItem('myToken', token);
history.push("/home");
}
} catch(e) {
/........
}
},
});
return (
<form onSubmit={handleSubmit}>
<SignupInput
/.......
inputProps={{
name:'username',
value: values.username,
onBlur: handleBlur,
/.......
}} error={errors.username} />
<button type="submit" disabled={isSubmitting}>Submit Form</button>
</form>
);
};
A:
You can make a function wrapper around your class component. Thas allows you initialize hooks inside wrapper and pass it to your class component. Here is a code snippet of how that can be achieved.
function hooksWrapper(component) {
const history = useHistory();
const formikData = useFormik({ /* pass everything as in your code */ });
return props => React.createElement(component, {
...props,
history,
formikData
}, null);
};
class MyComponent extends React.Component {
render() {
const { history, formikData } = this.props;
const {
handleSubmit,
values,
handleChange,
errors,
handleBlur,
isSubmitting,
setSubmitting
} = formikData;
...
};
}
export default hooksWrapper(MyComponent);
|
Alan Wilson Watts (6 January 1915 - 16 November 1973) was a British philosopher of religion. He spent most of his life in the United States. He became well-known for explaining the philosophy of Zen to a Western audience.
1915 births
1973 deaths
British philosophers
British Buddhists
Writers from London
People from the London Borough of Bromley |
Sunday, June 26, 2016
In the words of Isaac Watts’ hymn, which we sang earlier this morning, we capture the message
of Psalm 77:
O God, our help in ages past, our hope for years to come,our shelter from the stormy blast, and our eternal home.
When times of trouble strike, and they will strike, where do you turn? To whom do you look for guidance and protection? Do you turn to God, who is “our help in ages past, our hope for years to come?”
As we have been moving through the Psalms, we’ve discovered that they invite us to cry out in laments. They give us permission to rage and complain. It’s okay that our souls refuse to be comforted. It’s not a sin to have doubts. Here in Psalm 77 the Psalmist cries out to God demanding to be heard. After issuing a torrent of complaints, the Psalmist then remembers that God has been our help in ages past. Recognizing the prospect that life can be challenging, Martin Luther wrote a hymn that picked up on another Psalm, Psalm 46, where he also affirmed God’s strong presence in the face of difficulty. This hymn is a favorite of many, who sing boldly: “A mighty fortress is our God, a bulwark never failing, our present help amid the flood of mortal ills prevailing.”
Sunday, June 12, 2016
This morning we’re taking a short break from our summer trek through the Psalms to focus our attention on the call to stewardship. The Stewardship committee has already decided to accept the stewardship theme offered by the Disciples’ Center on Faith and Giving. That theme is “Go and Do the Same.” The Center also encouraged churches to expand the stewardship conversation beyond the usual stewardship campaign, which we conduct in the fall. That campaign is centered on putting together a budget for the coming year, and convincing you to support it by making a pledge. We took up the suggestion to use some time this summer to think about stewardship as a spiritual discipline and not simply as a means of fund-raising. This is the first of three sermons, one each month, that will draw from the Gospel of Luke and touch upon stewardship.
Sunday, June 05, 2016
We’ve come to the third stop on our summer journey through the Psalms. So far the Psalmist has reminded us that God is our creator and our judge. In Psalm 146, the Psalmist declares that Yahweh is the ruler of all creation. Indeed, the Psalmist invites us to “sing praises to [our] God for as long as we live,” because God will reign forever.
We come to this place to give praise and thanksgiving to the one who “made heaven and earth, the seas, and all that is in them.” It is God, who “executes justice for the oppressed; who gives food to the hungry.”
About Me
I am a Disciples of Christ pastor, theologian, community activist, historian, teacher. I'm a graduate of Fuller Theological Seminary with a M.Div. and a Ph.D. in Historical Theology. I'm the author of a number of books including Marriage in Interesting Times (Energion, 2016) and Freedom in Covenant (Wipf and Stock, 2015).
A Word of Welcome
I offer to the reader my sermons, which will have been preached either at Central Woodward Christian Church (Disciples of Christ) of Troy, MI or at my previous congregation, First Christian Church (Disciples of Christ) of Lompoc, CA. I hope you will find them encouraging, challenging, and helpful on your journey of faith. Generally, but not always, I follow the Revised Common Lectionary. |
Thoigne is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Sarthe department in the west of France. |
Firefighters were called to the scene of a car crash after fears of a gas leak.
The accident involved a silver Mini, happened on Grey Towers Drive in Nunthorpe at around 10.15pm on Friday.
Two appliances from Coulby Newham and Middlesbrough Fire Station’s were sent to the crash and a spokesperson for the brigade said they spent around two hours on “protective standby” amid fears of a gas leak. Crews left the scene just before midnight. |
Sacramento is a city of Kentucky in the United States.
Cities in Kentucky |
Hirst JE, Villar J, Victora CG, Papageorghiou AT, Finkton D, Barros FC, Gravett MG, Giuliani F, Purwar M, Frederick IO, Pang R, Cheikh Ismail L, Lambert A, Stones W, Jaffer YA, Altman DG, Noble JA, Ohuma EO, Kennedy SH, Bhutta ZA, for the International Fetal and Newborn Growth Consortium for the 21^st^ Century (INTERGROWTH‐21^st^) . The antepartum stillbirth syndrome: risk factors and pregnancy conditions identified from the INTERGROWTH‐21^st^ Project. BJOG 2018; 125:1145--1153.28029221
Introduction {#bjo14463-sec-0010}
============
The prevention of stillbirth remains a major global challenge. In 2015, an estimated 2.6 million babies were stillborn.[1](#bjo14463-bib-0001){ref-type="ref"} By 28 weeks' gestation approximately 1 in every 250 pregnancies will result in a stillbirth in high‐income countries, with rates in low‐ and middle‐income countries as high as 1 in 22. Stillbirth is the final common endpoint of several pathologies,[2](#bjo14463-bib-0002){ref-type="ref"}, [3](#bjo14463-bib-0003){ref-type="ref"} yet most are unexpected and many unexplained.[4](#bjo14463-bib-0004){ref-type="ref"}
Stillbirth is classified, according to its timing, aetiology and possible preventive strategies, as death occurring before the initiation of labour (antepartum) or during labour and delivery (intrapartum). Most intrapartum stillbirths occur because of poor‐quality care during childbirth; improvements in intrapartum care, closer fetal monitoring and access to operative delivery have dramatically reduced the number of such deaths.[5](#bjo14463-bib-0005){ref-type="ref"}, [6](#bjo14463-bib-0006){ref-type="ref"} However, the prevention of antepartum stillbirths has proved to be more challenging.
First, the pathways linking clinical and pregnancy conditions to antepartum stillbirth are poorly understood, making it difficult to screen women at increased risk in whom interventions could potentially be implemented. Second, while antepartum stillbirth has been associated with socio‐demographic factors and medical conditions,[7](#bjo14463-bib-0007){ref-type="ref"}, [8](#bjo14463-bib-0008){ref-type="ref"}, [9](#bjo14463-bib-0009){ref-type="ref"}, [10](#bjo14463-bib-0010){ref-type="ref"}, [11](#bjo14463-bib-0011){ref-type="ref"}, [12](#bjo14463-bib-0012){ref-type="ref"} most studies report associations that are not sufficiently strong and that are of uncertain relevance outside their specific population. Finally, fetal growth restriction (FGR) is frequently cited as preceding antepartum stillbirth;[5](#bjo14463-bib-0005){ref-type="ref"}, [6](#bjo14463-bib-0006){ref-type="ref"}, [7](#bjo14463-bib-0007){ref-type="ref"}, [8](#bjo14463-bib-0008){ref-type="ref"}, [9](#bjo14463-bib-0009){ref-type="ref"} however, the magnitude of the causal association is difficult to ascertain, as FGR is almost always diagnosed retrospectively based on weight at birth.
Our primary aim in this study was to investigate risk factors specific for antepartum stillbirth, including poor fetal growth, in a large, population‐based study of fetal growth and pregnancy outcome among women with ultrasound‐dated pregnancies who were receiving good antenatal care in eight urban areas around the world.[13](#bjo14463-bib-0013){ref-type="ref"}
Methods {#bjo14463-sec-0011}
=======
Study design and participants {#bjo14463-sec-0012}
-----------------------------
The Newborn Cross‐Sectional Study (NCSS) component of the INTERGROWTH‐21^st^ Project was a large, multi‐country, multi‐ethnic, population‐based study conducted between May 14 2009 and August 2 2013. The primary aim was to study fetal growth and development from early pregnancy until 2 years of age.[13](#bjo14463-bib-0013){ref-type="ref"} Populations were selected at the cluster level. Study protocols with detailed criteria for population selection have been previously published.[14](#bjo14463-bib-0014){ref-type="ref"}, [15](#bjo14463-bib-0015){ref-type="ref"}, [16](#bjo14463-bib-0016){ref-type="ref"}, [17](#bjo14463-bib-0017){ref-type="ref"}, [18](#bjo14463-bib-0018){ref-type="ref"}, [19](#bjo14463-bib-0019){ref-type="ref"}, [20](#bjo14463-bib-0020){ref-type="ref"}, [21](#bjo14463-bib-0021){ref-type="ref"} Clusters were defined as urban areas, representing either a complete city or a demarcated geographical or political area within a city, where most women accessed antenatal care and delivered in medical facilities; altitude was ≤1600 m; perinatal mortality rate was \<20 per 1000 live births; mean birthweight was \>3100 g; and low‐birthweight rates (\<2500 g) were \<10%. In addition, \>75% of mothers had an educational level greater than a locally defined minimum threshold and there was an absence of known, major, environmental contaminants assessed using a specifically designed data collection form.[22](#bjo14463-bib-0022){ref-type="ref"} Sites selected were: the cities of Pelotas, Brazil; Turin, Italy; Muscat, Oman; Oxford, UK; Seattle, WA, USA; Shunyi County in Beijing, China; the central area of Nagpur, Maharashtra, India; and the Parklands suburb of Nairobi, Kenya. Within these sites, hospitals and clinics were selected to ensure coverage of at least 80% of births. All participating hospitals agreed to a policy of routinely estimating gestational age using ultrasound before 24 weeks' gestation with a strict, standardised protocol to measure either fetal crown--rump length (if ≤14 weeks' gestation) or head circumference (if \>14 and ≤24 weeks' gestation).[13](#bjo14463-bib-0013){ref-type="ref"} Information was obtained on all births from 16 weeks' gestation. Stillbirth was defined as fetal death between 16 weeks and birth, in keeping with our previous publications on preterm birth.[23](#bjo14463-bib-0023){ref-type="ref"}
Independent variables {#bjo14463-sec-0013}
---------------------
Data were prospectively collected using a standardised collection form and a secure online data entry and management system (MedSciNet).[24](#bjo14463-bib-0024){ref-type="ref"} Low socio‐economic status was country specific. Smoking was defined as any tobacco use in the current pregnancy; alcohol intake was recorded if \>5 units per week. Full descriptions are available from the study website, <http://www.intergrowth21.tghn.org>.
Outcomes from previous pregnancies were self‐reported. Pregnancy‐induced hypertension was defined as blood pressure ≥140/90 mmHg, after 20 weeks' gestation in a previously normotensive woman without proteinuria. Pre‐eclampsia was defined by consensus as blood pressure ≥140/90 mmHg, or an increase of 30 mmHg systolic or 15 mmHg diastolic over baseline, detected on at least two occasions more than 6 hours apart, associated with proteinuria after 20 weeks' gestation. Severe pre‐eclampsia/ eclampsia/HELLP (Haemolysis, Elevated Liver enzymes and Low Platelet count) syndrome was defined as blood pressure ≥160 mmHg systolic and/or ≥110 mmHg diastolic on two occasions at least 4 hours but no more than 168 hours apart, or if the first measurement was immediately followed by treatment with an antihypertensive, either of these scenarios being associated with proteinuria. Eclampsia was defined as the occurrence of convulsions unrelated to other cerebral conditions with symptoms or signs of pre‐eclampsia. Antepartum fetal distress was defined on the basis of clinical suspicion with or without non‐invasive fetal monitoring.
We explored the relationship between FGR, small‐for‐gestational‐age (SGA) at birth, and antepartum stillbirth using three approaches. First, the relationship between the detection of FGR during pregnancy and antepartum stillbirth was examined. Detected FGR was defined as documented poor fetal growth prior to death, based either on ultrasound evidence of poor serial growth, or size/abdominal circumference \<10th centile with abnormal Doppler studies. Second, the association between stillbirth and SGA at birth, defined as birth weight \<3rd centile for gestational age, and gender for babies born after 24 weeks using the INTERGROWTH‐21^st^ Newborn Size at Birth Standards, was assessed.[25](#bjo14463-bib-0025){ref-type="ref"} Third, we evaluated the ultrasound growth trajectories for the stillbirths that occurred within the Fetal Growth Longitudinal Study (FGLS) of the INTERGROWTH‐21^st^ Project.[13](#bjo14463-bib-0013){ref-type="ref"} A subset was selected of 4607 women who were at low risk, at the individual level, of growth problems at the start of pregnancy, and who were monitored with serial ultrasound scans every 5 weeks until delivery.[26](#bjo14463-bib-0026){ref-type="ref"}
Statistical analysis {#bjo14463-sec-0014}
--------------------
The sample size was based on the primary objective.[27](#bjo14463-bib-0027){ref-type="ref"} In a post‐hoc estimation for 440 antepartum stillbirths with a 5% prevalence of risk factors, a relative risk of 2.1 could be demonstrated with 80% power, and statistical significance was set at a two‐tailed *P* of \<0.05.
We estimated total stillbirth (antepartum and intrapartum) rates per 1000 live‐ and stillborn babies delivered after 16 weeks' gestation. We performed time‐to‐event analysis using Cox Proportional Hazard Models. Antepartum stillbirth was defined as the event and gestational age in weeks was the time‐dependent variable. Preterm births were censored. This is the recommended method for stillbirth analysis, as it accounts for the cumulative risk of death with ongoing duration of pregnancy.[28](#bjo14463-bib-0028){ref-type="ref"}, [29](#bjo14463-bib-0029){ref-type="ref"} In order to account for clustering within sites, all hazard ratios (HR) were adjusted for country using the UK as the reference. An exploratory analysis was performed to identify associations between potential risk factors and antepartum stillbirth, compared with live births. Variables with fewer than five cases are not presented.[30](#bjo14463-bib-0030){ref-type="ref"} Variables missing more than 5% of responses were excluded from further models (i.e. maternal education). Exclusion of education avoided multi‐colinearity with socio‐economic status. The proportional hazard assumption was tested using Shoenfeld residuals, which were plotted against each covariate and the graphs inspected for any trend in the residuals.
We used a hierarchical approach to model building for confounder selection.[31](#bjo14463-bib-0031){ref-type="ref"} This approach recognises that distal disease determinants such as socio‐economic factors can potentially affect all other variables as well as the outcome (antepartum stillbirth) directly or indirectly. In addition, the relationship between variables is often temporal, with most standard regression methods failing to take this into account. Adopting a hierarchical approach helps to ensure that distal determinant effects on the outcome are not underestimated.[32](#bjo14463-bib-0032){ref-type="ref"} A directed acyclic graph was developed based on known clinical associations (Figure S1). Sequential models incorporated variables from the preceding model only if *P* was \<0.2.[33](#bjo14463-bib-0033){ref-type="ref"} Biologically plausible interaction terms were identified *a priori*, and only retained if *P* \< 0.05, with effect consistent with action.
Positive (LR+) and negative (LR−) likelihood ratios were computed if an association with antepartum stillbirth was found in the multivariate models, and for plausible risk‐factor combinations. LRs remain constant despite differing risk‐factor prevalence and are, therefore, clinically useful in interpreting how a variable changes the post‐test probability of disease. LRs between 2 and 5 (or LRs 0.5 and 0.2 for protective factors) are accepted indicators of a small change in the post‐test probability of a condition, between 5 and 10 (0.2 and 0.1) a moderate change in risk, and above 10 (below 0.1) a large change.[34](#bjo14463-bib-0034){ref-type="ref"}
Attributable risk (%) in the total population was estimated as the proportion of antepartum stillbirths that could potentially be reduced by eliminating a risk factor. Statistical calculations were performed using [spss]{.smallcaps} Statistics version 21 (IBM, Armonk, NY, USA).
Results {#bjo14463-sec-0015}
=======
Study population {#bjo14463-sec-0016}
----------------
Across the eight study sites, 59 137 women delivered 60 268 babies. We excluded 105 babies with unknown gestational age at delivery, 15 with gestational age \<16 weeks, and 27 born after 43 weeks. Thus, 60 121 babies born to 59 052 mothers were included, ranging from 6431 babies in Seattle, USA, to 8206 in Oxford, UK. Descriptive characteristics of the mothers and babies are presented in Table S1.
A total of 59 568 (singleton 57 508, multiple 2060) were liveborn and 553 (511 singleton, 42 multiple) were stillborn (overall stillbirth rate 9.2 per 1000 live and stillborn babies, range 5.1--15.1 across sites). Of all the stillbirths, 445 (singleton 413, multiple 32) were antepartum and 108 (singleton 98, multiple 10) were intrapartum. The overall late fetal death rate according to the WHO definition (\>28 weeks' gestation) was 5.4 (range, 3.1--9.1 across sites).
Antepartum stillbirth accounted for a high proportion of fetuses born before 24 weeks' gestation (98 deaths; 73.1% of all births before 24 weeks); 168 (37.8%) of the antepartum stillborn babies delivered after 33 weeks.
Among the antepartum stillbirths, 14 (3.1%) had congenital malformations diagnosed either at birth or by ultrasound during pregnancy (Table S2).
Epidemiological associations and prognostic factors for antepartum stillbirth {#bjo14463-sec-0017}
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
No significant association with antepartum stillbirth was demonstrated with smoking, reported illicit drug use, high‐risk occupation or body mass index (Table S3). Women with a history of either a previous perinatal loss, preterm delivery, a baby born with high (\>4500 g) or low (\<2500 g) birthweight, or miscarriages in the preceding two pregnancies, had a higher risk of antepartum stillbirth (Table S4). When pregnancy‐related conditions were examined (Table S5), there was an increasing risk of stillbirth with severity of hypertensive disease, i.e. pregnancy‐induced hypertension increased the HR of antepartum stillbirth by 1.75, pre‐eclampsia by 3.23 and severe pre‐eclampsia/HELLP/eclampsia by 5.53.
After adjustment for potential confounders including study site, low socio‐economic standing and single marital status showed independent associations with antepartum stillbirth; single, widowed or divorced women were at twice the risk of antepartum stillbirth than were those married or cohabiting (adjusted HR, 2.00) (Table [1](#bjo14463-tbl-0001){ref-type="table"}). Maternal age of at least 40 also doubled the risk compared with that of mothers aged between 18 and 25 years (adjusted HR, 2.23). Prior essential hypertension or HIV/AIDS both increased HR of antepartum stillbirth approximately fourfold (adjusted HR, 3.98 and 4.26, respectively). Women who had previously had two miscarriages had a modest increase in risk (adjusted HR, 1.82). Bleeding in pregnancy was both an independent risk (adjusted HR, 3.33), and potential effect modifier of the effect of severe pre‐eclampsia, increasing the adjusted HR from 2.80 to 4.20. The highest population‐attributable percentages for individual risk factors were for low socio‐economic standing (9.7%), antepartum haemorrhage (9.0%) and multiple pregnancy (7.4%).
######
Association of maternal factors with antepartum stillbirth in a population of 60 121 babies in the INTERGROWTH‐21^st^ Project
Variable Adjusted hazard ratio (95% CI) Population‐attributable percentage (%)
------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------
**Low socio‐economic standing** 1.6 (1.2--2.1)[\*](#bjo14463-note-0002){ref-type="fn"} 9.7
**Single marital status** 2.0 (1.4--2.8)[\*](#bjo14463-note-0002){ref-type="fn"} 4.8
**Maternal age (years)**
\<18 0.8 (0.4--1.6)[\*\*](#bjo14463-note-0002){ref-type="fn"}
18--25 Ref
26--34 1.1 (0.9--1.4)[\*\*](#bjo14463-note-0002){ref-type="fn"}
35--39 1.2 (0.8--1.7)[\*\*](#bjo14463-note-0002){ref-type="fn"}
≥40 2.2 (1.4--3.7)[\*\*](#bjo14463-note-0002){ref-type="fn"} 3.0
**Prior history of hypertension** 4.0 (2.7--5.9)[\*\*\*](#bjo14463-note-0002){ref-type="fn"} 5.5
**HIV/AIDS diagnosed before pregnancy** 4.3 (2.0--9.1)[\*\*\*](#bjo14463-note-0002){ref-type="fn"} 0.3
**Last two pregnancies ended in miscarriage** 1.8 (1.1--3.0)[\*\*\*](#bjo14463-note-0002){ref-type="fn"} 4.3
**Pre‐eclampsia** 1.6 (1.1--3.8)[\*\*\*\*](#bjo14463-note-0002){ref-type="fn"} 1.4
**Severe pre‐eclampsia/eclampsia/HELLP without antepartum haemorrhage** 2.8 (1.5--5.1)[\*\*\*\*](#bjo14463-note-0002){ref-type="fn"} 1.6
**Severe pre‐eclampsia/eclampsia/HELLP with antepartum haemorrhage** 4.2 (1.3--13.6)[\*\*\*\*](#bjo14463-note-0002){ref-type="fn"} 2.2
**Antepartum haemorrhage without severe pre‐eclampsia** 3.3 (2.5--4.5)[\*\*\*\*](#bjo14463-note-0002){ref-type="fn"} 9.0
**Multiple pregnancy** 3.3 (2.0--5.6)[\*\*\*\*](#bjo14463-note-0002){ref-type="fn"} 7.4
**Fetal distress suspected in pregnancy** 2.1 (1.3--2.7)[\*\*\*\*\*](#bjo14463-note-0002){ref-type="fn"} 3.4
All models adjusted for country of birth and fetal gender. In addition, the following stepwise adjustments were made: \*Model 1, socio‐economic deprivation and marital status; \*\*Model 2, I \< 0.2 in Model 1 + maternal age, body mass index, height, weight, parity + smoking, illicit drug use, \>5 units of alcohol per week + high‐risk occupation; \*\*\*Model 3, *P* \< 0.2 in Model 2+ pre‐existing maternal medical conditions and past obstetric outcomes; \*\*\*\*Model 4, *P* \< 0.2 in Model 3 + maternal illnesses and conditions that develop during in pregnancy; \*\*\*\*\*Model 5, *P* \< 0.2 in Model 4+ fetal‐related conditions.
John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
The overall cumulative probability of antepartum stillbirth in this population was 0.007 (Table [2](#bjo14463-tbl-0002){ref-type="table"}). The highest probabilities of antepartum stillbirth were for women with the combinations of severe pre‐eclampsia and antepartum haemorrhage (APH) (probability 0.18, LR+ 31); in multiple pregnancies where fetal distress was suspected (probability 0.10, LR+ 16.0), and in women aged \>40 with a history of essential hypertension \[probability 0.09, LR+ 14.0 (95% CI, 7.76--25.0)\]. All other risk factors explored demonstrated relatively weak associations, with poor negative predictive ability (LR− all close to 1.0).
######
Liklihood ratios for risk factors associated with antepartum stillbirth in a population of 60 121 babies in the INTERGROWTH‐21^st^ Project
Risk factor Antepartum stillbirth (%) Live birth (%) Positive LR (95% CI) Negative LR (95% CI)
------------------------------------------------------------------------ --------------------------- ---------------- ---------------------- ----------------------
**Low socio‐economic standing** 34.6 22.7 1.5 (1.3--1.7) 0.9 (0.8--0.9)
**Single marital status** 11.2 5.0 2.3 (1.7--2.9) 0.9 (0.9--1.0)
**Maternal age ≥40 years** 5.0 2.4 2.1 (1.4--3.1) 1.0 (1.0--1.0)
**Pre‐existing hypertension** 7.7 1.8 4.5 (3.2--6.3) 1.0 (1.0--1.0)
**HIV/AIDS diagnosed prior to pregnancy** 1.6 0.3 5.5 (2.7--11.5) 1.0 (1.0--1.0)
**Last two pregnancies ended in miscarriage** 6.1 3.4 1.8 (1.2--2.6) 1.0 (1.0--1.0)
**Bleeding after 15 weeks' gestation** 13.7 4.4 3.1 (2.5--4.0) 0.9 (0.9--0.9)
**Pre‐eclampsia** 6.1 2.4 2.5 (1.7--3.7) 1.0 (0.9--1.0)
**Severe pre‐eclampsia/ HELLP/ eclampsia** 3.9 0.8 5.0 (3.1--8.1) 1.0 (1.0--1.0)
**Multiple pregnancy** 7.2 3.4 2.1 (1.5--3.0) 1.0 (0.9--1.0)
**Fetal distress suspected in pregnancy** 4.0 1.7 2.4 (1.5--3.7) 1.0 (1.0--1.0)
**FGR suspected in pregnancy** [a](#bjo14463-note-0004){ref-type="fn"} 10.1 4.4 2.3 (1.7--3.2) 0.9 (0.9--1.0)
**SGA at birth** [a](#bjo14463-note-0004){ref-type="fn"} 16.7 3.5 4.8 (3.8--6.1) 0.9 (0.8--0.9)
**Selected risk factor combinations:**
Single marital + antepartum haemorrhage 2.5 0.5 5.2 (2.9--9.4) 1.0 (1.0--1.0)
Maternal age \>40+ pre‐existing hypertension 2.7 0.2 14.0 (7.8--25.0) 1.0 (1.0--1.0)
Pre‐eclampsia + suspected FGR 2.0 0.3 6.8 (3.5--13.0) 1.0 (1.0--1.0)
Severe pre‐eclampsia/eclampsia/HELLP + antepartum haemorrhage 0.9 0.0 31.0 (13.0--73.0) 0.8 (0.6--1.0)
Multiple pregnancy + suspected fetal distress 1.6 0.1 16.0 (7.2--34.0) 1.0 (1.0--1.0)
FGR, fetal growth restriction; LR, likelihood ratio; SGA, small‐for‐gestational‐age.
For babies born after 24 weeks only.
John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Association between fetal growth restriction and antepartum stillbirth {#bjo14463-sec-0018}
----------------------------------------------------------------------
In the entire INTERGROWTH‐21^st^ population, evidence of altered growth or small fetal size on ultrasound doubled the risk of antepartum stillbirth \[adjusted HR, 2.1 (95% CI, 1.4 --3.1)\]. In addition, we studied the association between antepartum stillbirth and small size at birth. Stillborn babies were more likely to be SGA at birth \[16.8% compared with 3.5% for babies born after 24 week' gestation, with an adjusted HR of 4.6 (95% CI, 3.4--6.2)\] (Table [3](#bjo14463-tbl-0003){ref-type="table"}). Interestingly, among the SGA babies at birth, if FGR was identified during pregnancy, the risk of stillbirth was lower than for those babies in whom growth restriction was not suspected \[adjusted HR 3.5 (95% CI, 1.9--6.4), compared with HR 5.0 (95% CI, 3.6--7.0)\], suggesting, perhaps, that effective action had been implemented in these women. The population‐attributable risk for stillbirth associated with SGA at birth in the entire INTRGROWTH‐21^st^ population was 11%. If we were able to 'transform' all FGR not suspected before birth to 'suspected' FGR then the attributable risk for them would have been 9%.
######
Association between fetal growth restriction and antepartum stillbirth in a population of 59 792 babies in the INTERGROWTH‐21^st^ Project
Variable Prevalence (%) Adjusted HR Population‐attributable risk (%)
-------------------------------------------------- ---------------- ------------- ---------------------------------- ------
FGR suspected during pregnancy 4.4 10.1 2.1 (1.4--3.1)
SGA at birth 3.5 16.7 4.6 (3.4--6.2) 11.1
SGA at birth: FGR suspected during pregnancy 0.9 3.5 3.5 (1.9--6.4) 2.2
SGA at birth: FGR not suspected during pregnancy 2.6 13.3 5.0 (3.6--7.0) 9.4
HR, hazard ratio.
FGR defined as an antenatal diagnosis of growth restriction based upon ultrasound findings of poor interval growth or estimated weight or AC \<10th centile for gestational age with abnormal functional studies. SGA defined as birth weight \<3rd centile for gestational age and gender using the INTERGROWTH‐21^st^ Newborn Size at Birth Standards, adjusted for study country and other conditions listed in Table [2](#bjo14463-tbl-0002){ref-type="table"}.
John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
We conducted a detailed subgroup analysis among the 4607 women in the low‐risk FGLS cohort for whom serial ultrasound data were available. Among the 18 antenatal stillbirths that were tracked, their ultrasound parameters were almost all within the 3^rd^ and 97^th^ centiles of the INTERGROWTH‐21^st^ fetal growth standards. No evidence of decreased velocity in either skeletal growth (head circumference) or fat‐dependent measures (abdominal circumference) could be demonstrated among these 18 fetuses that died before labour (Figure [1](#bjo14463-fig-0001){ref-type="fig"}).
{#bjo14463-fig-0001}
Discussion {#bjo14463-sec-0019}
==========
Main findings {#bjo14463-sec-0020}
-------------
The principal results from our multi‐country study of antepartum stillbirth are that: (1) the rate can be as low as 10 per 1000 births when adequate health care, education, nutrition and maternity care are provided to a population; (2) the several known clinical and demographic factors identified are individually relatively poor predictors of antepartum death; (3) the attributable fraction of antepartum death that could be prevented by modifying these individual risk factors is \<10%; (4) in the general population, FGR is a risk factor for antepartum stillbirth; however among women at low risk who were followed with repeated ultrasound measurements, abnormal growth may play a lesser role in leading to stillbirth.
Of clinical relevance are the predictive probabilities of combinations of risk factors, e.g. women aged 40 or older with essential hypertension, those with multiple pregnancies who develop fetal distress and those with pre‐eclampsia who experience APH.
Strengths and limitations of the study {#bjo14463-sec-0021}
--------------------------------------
Our study has several strengths: there was high (\>80%) coverage of all births within the target populations as defined by geographic and social criteria,[35](#bjo14463-bib-0035){ref-type="ref"} and we differentiated between antepartum and intrapartum stillbirth, which are clearly separate entities. Any definition of stillbirth that fails to differentiate these entities, although simpler for routine data collection, has limited value for evaluating and implementing preventive strategies. We also describe antepartum stillbirth from 16 weeks' gestation in eight diverse locations around the world where women had access to early dating by ultrasound, providing a more comprehensive view of this entity than those limited to traditional definitions, i.e. those including only late antepartum death. We applied a high degree of methodological standardisation to ensure the collection of robust, unbiased, clinical and demographic data, including gestational age dating by early ultrasound, and used a hierarchical approach to analysis that demonstrated the importance of distal determinants on antepartum stillbirth. We also present risk models based on common risk factors that could be introduced into clinical practice immediately.
Pathological and microbiological examinations of the fetus/placenta were not performed in NCSS. Placental histopathology, although retrospective, can be useful for confirming the likely cause(s) of death in some cases of stillbirth.[36](#bjo14463-bib-0036){ref-type="ref"} Therefore, we acknowledge that a limitation of this study is that we cannot claim the conditions we examined were causal. Instead, what we present are prognostic factors that, either singularly or in combination, increase the risk of stillbirth. In future studies, it is hoped that use of the new International Classification of Disease (ICD‐11) will provide a universally applicable, standard classification system for stillbirths that can be applied in settings with and without access to pathology.
Interpretation {#bjo14463-sec-0022}
--------------
Our data demonstrate that poor fetal growth and SGA at birth, particularly when not suspected during pregnancy, are asociated with antepartum stillbirth.[9](#bjo14463-bib-0009){ref-type="ref"} However, this association was less evident in the subset of women with longitudinal ultrasound data, selected as they were, for low risk of growth problems. It is possible that, by using SGA based on weight at birth (as a proxy for FGR), the contribution of FGR to stillbirth may be overestimated, as fetuses lose weight after death.[37](#bjo14463-bib-0037){ref-type="ref"} While some studies have attempted to correct for this potential bias,[38](#bjo14463-bib-0038){ref-type="ref"} in clinical practice the exact time of death is rarely known. While we acknowledge that the number of cases of stillbirth was small in the low‐risk group, we cannot exclude the possibility that babies exhibiting poor growth were delivered earlier based on this finding. It should be borne in mind, however, that not all the pathways leading to antepartum stillbirth are chronic enough to cause an alteration in growth velocity, highlighting the heterogenous nature of this complex syndrome. This is important when evaluating the role of routine third‐trimester ultrasound scans to prevent antepartum stillbirth in low‐risk populations.
In our study population, the overall attributable risk of SGA for antepartum stillbirth was 11%, i.e. only 11% of all antepartum deaths could be prevented by eliminating all cases of FGR, which is in itself impossible. However, given that correct antenatal detection of SGA in the whole population was 27% -- a rate consistent with that in the literature -- the impact of screening low‐risk women for FGR to reduce stillbirth may be very limited.
The *Every Newborn Action Plan* 2014 has set a target for all countries to achieve stillbirth rates of \<10 per 1000 births (after 28 weeks' gestation) by 2035.[39](#bjo14463-bib-0039){ref-type="ref"} We believe that this target is achievable across the world provided that the social, nutritional and health‐care needs of women are met. The disparities currently seen in stillbirth rates among countries mostly reflect differences in population health, nutritional status, reporting systems and access to care, and are less likely to be related to any underlying ethnic or genetic differences.[6](#bjo14463-bib-0006){ref-type="ref"}
Our findings reinforce recommendations to improve the detection and management of hypertensive disorders of pregnancy and other pregnancy conditions including the association with FGR. It is noteworthy, however, that several of the 'lifestyle' risk factors that have previously been associated with stillbirth, such as obesity and smoking, were not independently associated in this population. This is probably owing to the relatively low prevalence of these conditions in some of the study sites, emphasising the importance of context.
Although we focused on antepartum stillbirth, intrapartum stillbirth still accounted for 20% of deaths in our study, compared to the global figure of around 45%.[5](#bjo14463-bib-0005){ref-type="ref"} Providing all women with access to high‐quality intrapartum care remains crucial; however, our study emphasises that improving intrapartum care alone will not be enough to reduce all preventable deaths. The evidence we present on clinical risk‐factor associations adds to the developing knowledge of other types of prediction models to identify pregnancies at risk of stillbirth, from biomarkers and uterine blood flow studies. For example, there is a suggestion that low serum levels of pregnancy‐associated plasma protein‐A during the first trimester and an increased pulsatility index from Doppler ultrasonography during the second trimester could be good predictors of stillbirth, with a moderate LR+ ranging from 10.0 to 15.0.[40](#bjo14463-bib-0040){ref-type="ref"} The presence of these risk factors, in addition to the patterns of clinical variables we have reported, could guide decision‐making about the timing of delivery to prevent antepartum stillbirth.
Conclusion {#bjo14463-sec-0023}
==========
We have confirmed that antepartum stillbirth is a complex syndrome that requires comprehensive interventions to meet the social, nutritional and health‐care requirements of all pregnant women worldwide. The promotion of interventions that are targeted at only one risk factor is unlikely to make a large impact on rates of antepartum stillbirth. Combinations of risk prediction models, biomarkers and growth trajectories could help to identify women at risk of specific forms of stillbirth.
Disclosure of interests {#bjo14463-sec-0024}
-----------------------
None declared. Completed disclosure of interests form available to view online as supporting information.
Contribution to authorship {#bjo14463-sec-0025}
--------------------------
All authors are members of the INTERGROWTH‐21^st^ Consortium and developed the conceptual ideas for the planned secondary analyses of the INTERGROWTH‐21^st^ Project. JEH and DF wrote the first versions of the manuscript with subsequent contributions from JV, SHK, CGV, FCB, AL and ZAB. JV and SHK are the co‐directors of the INTERGROWTH‐21^st^ Project; LCI was the Project Leader; ATP was the ultrasound lead and JAN the engineering lead for ultrasound standardisation across sites; MGG, FG, MP, FCB, IOF, RP, WS and YAJ implemented the study in their respective countries and were responsible for site coordination, data collection and integrity. DGA and EOO were the medical statisticians for the INTERGROWTH‐21^st^ Project. All co‐authors read the report and approved the final manuscript.
Ethical approval {#bjo14463-sec-0026}
----------------
The INTERGROWTH‐21^st^ Project was approved by the Oxfordshire Research Ethics Committee 'C' (reference:08/H0606/139) in December 2008, the research ethics committees of the individual participating institutions, and corresponding health authorities where the project was implemented.
Funding {#bjo14463-sec-0027}
-------
The INTERGROWTH‐21^st^ Project was supported by a grant from the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation. The sponsor had no role in the study design, data collection, analysis or interpretation or in the writing of the report.
Supporting information
======================
######
**Figure S1.** The hierarchical approach to analysis for stillbirth using a directed acyclic approach.
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**Table S1.** Descriptive characteristics of the mothers and babies.
**Table S2.** Details of congenital abnormalities detected in antepartum death.
**Table S3.** Maternal characteristics comparing antepartum stillborn with live born babies.
**Table S4.** Associations between Maternal past medical and obstetric history and antepartum stillbirth.
**Table S5.** Conditions first detected in pregnancy and pregnancy‐specific conditions and antepartum stillbirth.
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[^1]: Joint senior authors.
|
Ildegarda Taffra (June 30, 1934 - December 7, 2020) was an Italian cross-country skier. She competed in the 1950s. She was born in Tarvisio. Competing in two Winter Olympics, she finished eighth in the 3 x 5 km relay at Cortina d'Ampezzo in 1956. Taffra also competed in the 10 km event at the 1952 Winter Olympics in Oslo, but did not finish.
Taffra died in Trieste on 7 December 2020, aged 86. |
Q:
How to group by string ID in sql server 2008
How do I get :
ID Value
99-07-06-01 1
99-07-06-02 2
99-07-06 3
99-07-08-01 4
99-07-08-02 5
99-07-08 6
to
ID Value
99-07-06 6
99-07-08 15
i.e I wanted to group by the ID [99-07-0x] while summing.
thanks
A:
Try this (both MySQL and MS-SQL):
SELECT LEFT(ID, 8) AS nID,
SUM(Value) AS tot
FROM your_table
GROUP BY LEFT(ID, 8)
|
Ned Wertimer (October 27, 1923 - January 2, 2013) was an American actor. He was known for his role as Ralph Hart in the television sitcom The Jeffersons.
Wertimer was born on October 27, 1923 in Buffalo, New York. He studied at University of Pennsylvania's Wharton School. He was married to Skyne Uku from the 1960s until his death in 2013. In November 2012, Wertimer fell in his home in Burbank, California. He died in the hospital in Los Angeles, California from his injuries in January 2, 2013, aged 89. |
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Fall of Kabul is an event where Kabul is captured. Some of these include:
Battle of Kabul (1992-1996), the capture of Kabul by the Taliban in 1996
Fall of Kabul (2001), the capture of Kabul by the Northern Alliance in 2001, as a part of the United States invasion of Afghanistan
Fall of Kabul (2021), the recapture of Kabul by the Taliban in 2021 |
Beginning at the End
This is a guest blog I wrote for LittleBirdFlies and am posting here to begin sharing my journey through abuse and recovery publicly. Thank you for looking in!
To my abuser:
You never left me alone. From the very beginning, you were somehow always there. You never asked for permission, you just assumed you could. You picked your victim well because I didn’t know how to say no to your assumptions, things just suddenly “were”. We were dating not even a month when I went on vacation and you called at least once every day. You never left me alone long enough to stop and think about our relationship. You moved in when we’d been dating less than two months – again by assumption instead of by agreement. You happily spend your days doing what you wanted, content to know I was simply nearby and ready at your beck and call.
When we married your jealousy came to the forefront. My clothes were too revealing, guys looked at me and that was my fault. If I encouraged you to follow your interests or to go out with our friends you wondered why I wanted you away from me – wondered who I was going to meet up with in your absence. If I wanted to go out with my friends, you “wondered” who I was truly meeting with and what I was doing… Or you suddenly developed an interest in the things I wanted to do and came along.
After the children came along you blatantly accused me of having an affair if I wanted to leave the house without the children, or even if I suggested you go out by yourself to pursue your old passions.
You destroyed my faith in myself. I wondered what I had done to make you think I was capable of an affair. You made me wonder what I did to make you think I was flirting with other men when I didn’t notice anyone except you. You made me question why nothing I did was good enough for you.
By the time you hit me for the first time, you probably thought I was defeated and wouldn’t say anything back to you. When I left, you were stunned that I still had that much esteem. Foolishly, I came back. You picked up where you left off except now you had more ammunition because you could claim I didn’t have any right to leave you in the first place. You accused me of “overreacting” and every time I reacted to something you did, you accused me of the same. You spoke to others of your perceptions, convincing them that I was making things up and over-reacting. My family history is a great weapon for you because you only had to convince others that I was afraid of history repeating itself and thereby seeing things that weren’t really there.
You did learn I wouldn’t tolerate being hit even in the slightest. You focused your attacks on my character, on my fears, on dismissing my reality. You denied conversations, accused me of never communicating with you, intimated I was suffering from mental illness while refusing to let me get help. You realized our children were your weapons; tools you could use against me. One you decided to refuse was your child and ignored; the other you started to hit. Testing my limits to allow my loved ones to be hurt, knowing that eventually I’d let you hit me again instead of my children.
When I left, determined to protect our children, you convinced my friends and supporters that I was “over-reacting”, that of course you hadn’t done anything truly wrong. You had only disciplined our son and of course you believe our youngest was yours. Leaving didn’t stop your manipulations and gas-lighting, it actually increased it.
Until I left I hadn’t realized how much you had isolated me. You had destroyed relationships with fellow church members, damaged relationship with my parents, left me without friends because I never had any time to build friendships in the places you kept moving us to and you campaigned against me in the fledgling friendships I had built, badmouthing me even in the beginning stages of those friendships behind my back. You set a groundwork of doubt in our associates in case I left you again and when I left, you manipulated those strings to make people doubt my word and believe yours.
The one relationship you couldn’t take away from me or damage was my relationship with God and He opened my eyes to see the truth and the danger. He showed me this wasn’t His plan for any of our lives. Thus, your machinations backfired and I found the strength to walk away and stay away.
I’ve fought to regain my faith in myself and in the goodness of others. I’ve struggled to regain my ability to trust people and let them into my life. I refuse to let you destroy my soul and my heart. Our children know they never deserve to be hit, that they deserve to be treated with respect and love. That they ARE loved, no matter what.
And me, I am loved. Those who love me do so no matter what. I don’t have to be perfect for them, I can be flawed and still be loved. You didn’t break me; you didn’t destroy me, despite your attempts to do so. |
Calvin Richard Klein (born November 19, 1942) is an American fashion designer. He launched the company that would later become Calvin Klein Inc., in 1968. In addition to clothing, Klein also has given his name to a range of perfumes, watches, and jewelry.
Early life
Klein was born to a Jewish family in The Bronx, New York. He studied fashion in New York City and apprenticed for a suit manufacturer. In 1968, he launched his first company with a childhood friend, Barry K. Schwartz.
In 1974, a tight-fitting signature jeans designed by Klein went on to gross 200,000 US Dollars in their first week of sales. He also became the first designer to receive outstanding design in men's and women's wear award from the CFDA award show in the same year. |
Q:
Select count(*) returns 0 but select * returns 2 rows
This is very similar to this question with a full minimal example.
I have a simple select query (from a non-empty table) with only left joins. The last left join happens to be with an empty table.
The query returns 2 non-null rows as it should, but simply changing it to a count(*) query makes it return 0 as the count of rows.
The same SQL works properly on both MySQL and MSSQL (after fixing the PK syntax).
Full (re-runnable if uncomented) example:
-- DROP TABLE first;
-- DROP TABLE second;
-- DROP TABLE empty;
CREATE TABLE first (
pk int,
fk int
);
ALTER TABLE first
ADD CONSTRAINT PK_first PRIMARY KEY (pk);
CREATE TABLE second (
pk int
);
ALTER TABLE second
ADD CONSTRAINT PK_second PRIMARY KEY (pk);
CREATE TABLE empty (
pk int
);
ALTER TABLE first ADD CONSTRAINT FK_first FOREIGN KEY (fk)
REFERENCES second (pk) ENABLE;
INSERT INTO second (pk)
VALUES (5);
INSERT INTO first (pk, fk)
VALUES (1, 5);
INSERT INTO first (pk, fk)
VALUES (2, 5);
SELECT
COUNT(*)
FROM first
LEFT OUTER JOIN second
ON (first.fk = second.pk)
LEFT OUTER JOIN empty
ON (1 = 1);
The last query returns 0 on my machine, but changing the count(*) to just * makes it return 2 rows.
Can anyone reproduce this? My db_version is 11.2.0.2.
Explain plan seems to see the 2 rows that should be returned:
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| Id | Operation | Name | Rows | Bytes | Cost (%CPU)| Time |
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| 0 | SELECT STATEMENT | | 1 | 13 | 3 (0)| 00:00:01 |
| 1 | SORT AGGREGATE | | 1 | 13 | | |
| 2 | MERGE JOIN CARTESIAN| | 2 | 26 | 3 (0)| 00:00:01 |
| 3 | VIEW | | 1 | | 2 (0)| 00:00:01 |
| 4 | TABLE ACCESS FULL | EMPTY | 1 | | 2 (0)| 00:00:01 |
| 5 | BUFFER SORT | | 2 | 26 | 3 (0)| 00:00:01 |
| 6 | INDEX FULL SCAN | PK_FIRST | 2 | 26 | 1 (0)| 00:00:01 |
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Note
-----
- dynamic sampling used for this statement (level=2)
I don't know much about dynamic sampling, but if i alter session set OPTIMIZER_DYNAMIC_SAMPLING=0;, then the plan shows 82 rows in each step.
Removing the primary keys fixes the problem on Oracle, but that is hardly a proper solution.
Removing the join into the empty table also fixes the problem, but it is an outer join with tautological filter, so it should be a noop.
Is this actually the intended behavior on Oracle for some reason? Or is my server just bugged?
Both MSSQL and MySQL return 2 as the count.
Edit: Round 2
It was enough to add 2 more tables and the bug shows also in 11.2.0.4. Can anyone reproduce it on more current Oracle versions?
An online fiddle here.
CREATE TABLE first (
pk int,
fk int
);
ALTER TABLE first
ADD CONSTRAINT PK_first PRIMARY KEY (pk);
CREATE TABLE second (
pk int,
fk int
);
ALTER TABLE second
ADD CONSTRAINT PK_second PRIMARY KEY (pk);
CREATE TABLE third (
pk int,
fk int
);
ALTER TABLE third
ADD CONSTRAINT PK_third PRIMARY KEY (pk);
CREATE TABLE fourth (
pk int
);
ALTER TABLE fourth
ADD CONSTRAINT PK_fourth PRIMARY KEY (pk);
CREATE TABLE empty (
pk int
);
ALTER TABLE first ADD CONSTRAINT FK_first FOREIGN KEY (fk)
REFERENCES second (pk) ENABLE;
ALTER TABLE second ADD CONSTRAINT FK_second FOREIGN KEY (fk)
REFERENCES third (pk) ENABLE;
ALTER TABLE third ADD CONSTRAINT FK_third FOREIGN KEY (fk)
REFERENCES fourth (pk) ENABLE;
INSERT INTO fourth (pk)
VALUES (50);
INSERT INTO third (pk, fk)
VALUES (10, 50);
INSERT INTO third (pk, fk)
VALUES (11, 50);
INSERT INTO second (pk, fk)
VALUES (5, 10);
INSERT INTO second (pk, fk)
VALUES (6, 10);
INSERT INTO first (pk, fk)
VALUES (1, 5);
INSERT INTO first (pk, fk)
VALUES (2, 5);
SELECT
COUNT(*)
FROM first
LEFT OUTER JOIN second
ON (first.fk = second.pk)
LEFT OUTER JOIN third
ON (first.pk = third.pk)
LEFT OUTER JOIN fourth
ON (third.fk = fourth.pk)
LEFT OUTER JOIN empty
ON (1 = 1);
Anyway the consensus seems to be that this is a bug in obsolete Oracle releases.
A:
11.2.0.2 is too old version (EOL already )and looks like it even has never been patched.
The obvious workaroud for your bug is the hint no_query_transformation, try:
SELECT--+ no_query_transformation
COUNT(*)
FROM first
LEFT OUTER JOIN second
ON (first.fk = second.pk)
LEFT OUTER JOIN empty
ON (1 = 1);
Update and addition: you can just disable join elimination using hint NO_ELIMINATE_JOIN:
http://sqlfiddle.com/#!4/9cf338/10
SELECT--+ NO_ELIMINATE_JOIN(second)
COUNT(*)
FROM first
LEFT OUTER JOIN second
ON (first.fk = second.pk)
LEFT OUTER JOIN empty e
ON (1 = 1);
or _optimizer_join_elimination_enabled:
http://sqlfiddle.com/#!4/9cf338/10
SELECT--+ opt_param('_optimizer_join_elimination_enabled' 'false')
COUNT(*)
FROM first
LEFT OUTER JOIN second
ON (first.fk = second.pk)
LEFT OUTER JOIN third
ON (first.pk = third.pk)
LEFT OUTER JOIN fourth
ON (third.fk = fourth.pk)
LEFT OUTER JOIN empty
ON (1 = 1);
|
This is a list of cities and towns in Russia with a population of over 50,000 at the 2021 census. These numbers are city proper populations, instead of urban area or metro area populations.
This list includes the federal city of Sevastopol and cities and towns in the Republic of Crimea, which are de facto part of Russia but internationally recognized as part of Ukraine. The cities and towns in the federal cities of Moscow and Saint Petersburg are not on the list because they were not part of the 2021 census.
List
Cities in bold are the capital city of their federal subject. Three capitals are too small to make the list: Naryan-Mar (pop. 23,399), Magas (pop. 15,271), and Anadyr (pop. 13,202). Pyatigorsk is the administrative centre of North Caucasian Federal District but not of any federal subject.
Gallery
Location of the most populous cities in Russia |
FILED
MAY 30, 2019
In the Office of the Clerk of Court
WA State Court of Appeals, Division III
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON
DIVISION THREE
STATE OF WASHINGTON, ) No. 36085-7-III
)
Respondent, )
)
v. ) UNPUBLISHED OPINION
)
PATRICIA ANN VITTORIO, )
)
Appellant. )
LAWRENCE-BERREY, C.J. — Patricia Vittorio appeals her convictions for second
degree theft, making a false statement to a public official, and three counts of third degree
malicious mischief. Ms. Vittorio argues the trial court violated her Sixth Amendment to
the United States Constitution right to due process by excluding evidence relevant to her
defenses. We agree that the trial court erred by excluding defense evidence, but conclude
that the evidence related only to one of her five convictions. We, therefore, affirm four of
her five convictions, and reverse and remand one conviction for a new trial.
FACTS
Patricia Vittorio and James Elliott started a romantic relationship in early 2017.
She and her three children moved into Mr. Elliott’s house around the beginning of
No. 36085-7-III
State v. Vittorio
July 2017. The relationship quickly deteriorated, and Ms. Vittorio proceeded to move
out. Suspecting that Ms. Vittorio might cause trouble, Mr. Elliott’s roommate—Stephen
Mendenhall—placed a dash cam video camera in the house to record events. Mr.
Mendenhall testified that he obtained Mr. Elliott’s permission to video and audio record
events. He also told Ms. Vittorio that he was recording video and audio footage. The
dash cam was mounted on a curtain rod above the upstairs living room window. The
video recorded some of Ms. Vittorio’s conduct on July 16, 2017—the day she moved out
of Mr. Elliott’s house.
Making a false statement to a public servant
On the video, admitted as State’s Exhibit 1 and played for the jury, Ms. Vittorio
can be seen pushing an empty bookcase down the stairs. The video shows her letting go
of the bookcase and it falling down the stairs. She then makes an anguished groan for no
apparent reason. Shortly after, out of view of the camera, Ms. Vittorio can be heard
saying, “I am calling the cops.” Ex. 1, File 1 at 0:02:52-0:03:00.
Douglas County Sheriff’s Deputy Taylor Melton arrived. Deputy Melton testified
that Ms. Vittorio claimed Mr. Elliott pushed a fully loaded bookcase down the stairs on
her and that it hurt her ankle. Ms. Vittorio gave three different versions of how Mr.
Elliott allegedly pushed the bookcase on her. Deputy Melton saw no visible injury to Ms.
2
No. 36085-7-III
State v. Vittorio
Vittorio’s ankle. Deputy Melton took a photograph of Ms. Vittorio’s ankle and a
photograph of the bookcase. As Deputy Melton was leaving, Ms. Vittorio asked to
confirm that he took a photograph of the bookcase.
Malicious mischief relating to Mr. Elliott’s fish
On the video, Ms. Vittorio is seen approaching Mr. Elliott’s fish tank carrying a
plastic container. She looks around to see if anybody is watching and dumps the contents
of the container into the fish tank. She discards the container in the garbage and then
returns to the tank and swirls the water with her hand.
Ms. Vittorio testified that she was tasked with caring for the fish and that the
contents of the plastic container were pellets Mr. Elliott had given her to feed the fish.
She did not explain why she threw the container away. She further testified that she
returned to the tank to pull out a silica packet that had fallen in it.
Mr. Mendenhall testified that the fish only ate fish flakes kept in a round container
under the fish tank or frozen blood worms that were stored in the freezer in small packets.
Mr. Mendenhall stated that no fish food was stored in a plastic container like the one Ms.
Vittorio had in the video.
3
No. 36085-7-III
State v. Vittorio
Mr. Elliott testified that all of his fish died soon after Ms. Vittorio moved out. He
testified that when he drained the tank, he saw a brown substance and smelled a pungent
odor that he believed was cat feces. Everything in the tank had to be thrown away.
Theft of Mr. Elliott’s 65-inch television
On the video, Ms. Vittorio is seen directing three men carrying a large television
that is covered by an orange blanket. One of the men is heard asking Ms. Vittorio if they
have the correct television, and Ms. Vittorio is heard confirming that they do.
That evening, Mr. Elliott called the sheriff’s office to report that his 65-inch
television was missing. Deputy Thomas Williams investigated the missing television.
Ms. Vittorio told Deputy Williams that she had purchased a similar television several
years before and that the men might have taken Mr. Elliott’s television by accident.
With Ms. Vittorio’s consent, Deputy Williams searched her apartment for the
television. He did not find the television, but he did find the blanket seen in the video
that had covered the television. Deputy Williams placed Ms. Vittorio under arrest for
theft of the television. During the time that Ms. Vittorio was detained, the television
appeared in Mr. Elliott’s driveway.
4
No. 36085-7-III
State v. Vittorio
Malicious mischief relating to urinating in Mr. Elliott’s bed
Mr. Elliott testified his mattress was ruined because Ms. Vittorio urinated on it.
He said he knew she did it because she admitted to it. Ms. Vittorio denied she
intentionally urinated in his bed.
Malicious mischief relating to damaging Mr. Elliott’s playing cards
After Ms. Vittorio moved out, Mr. Elliott noticed that his collection of Magic, the
Gathering cards were missing and that a large pile of the cards had been destroyed due to
laundry detergent being poured on them. Persons subleasing Ms. Vittorio’s apartment
later returned one binder of cards to Mr. Elliott.
PROCEDURE
The State’s charges against Ms. Vittorio
The State charged Ms. Vittorio with making a false statement to a public official,
second degree theft (relating to the television), and three counts of malicious mischief
(relating to Mr. Elliott’s fish, his Magic, the Gathering cards, and his mattress). All of the
charges were alleged to have occurred on or about July 16, 2017.
Evidentiary rulings
Ms. Vittorio sought to introduce evidence at trial that the trial court excluded.
There are three categories of evidence that are the subject of this appeal.
5
No. 36085-7-III
State v. Vittorio
1. Medical testimonies that Ms. Vittorio was dehydrated and had a vaginal
tear were excluded
Some of the excluded evidence related to the malicious mischief charge involving
the urine-soaked mattress. Ms. Vittorio apparently received medical attention early on
July 16, 2017. She sought to have a doctor testify that she was dehydrated and a nurse to
testify she had a vaginal tear. She argued these witnesses would help corroborate her
claim that the day before she moved out, Mr. Elliott prevented her from leaving her room,
turned the heat up in the house on a hot day, and she became dehydrated and passed out.
She further claimed that although she passed out in her bedroom, she awoke the following
morning in Mr. Elliott’s bed, and the mattress was soaked in urine and blood. She further
claimed that the vaginal tear supported an inference she was raped by Mr. Elliott after she
passed out and that she urinated on his mattress involuntarily while she was unconscious.1
The State argued that this evidence was irrelevant to the charges. The State
alternatively argued that Ms. Vittorio could testify about her own physical condition. The
State also argued that Ms. Vittorio’s testimony of what occurred while she was
unconscious was inadmissible speculation. The trial court agreed.
In fairness to the trial court, Ms. Vittorio’s argument was not as clear as the
1
above description.
6
No. 36085-7-III
State v. Vittorio
2. Ms. Vittorio’s testimony—that when she woke up in Mr. Elliott’s bed it was
soaked in her own urine and blood—was arguably excluded
The trial court ruled that Ms. Vittorio could not testify that Mr. Elliott turned up
the heat and later sexually assaulted her. It reasoned that Ms. Vittorio did not have actual
knowledge that these things occurred.
The trial court also ruled that Ms. Vittorio could testify that when she woke up in
Mr. Elliott’s bed, it was soaked in her own urine and blood. This evidence was central to
her defense that she did not knowingly urinate in Mr. Elliott’s bed.
Arguably, some or all of this evidence was excluded from the jury:
[DEFENSE COUNSEL:] Did you ever pee on the bed of Mr.
Elliott?
[MS. VITTORIO:] Yes, I did.
[DEFENSE COUNSEL:] Can you tell me how you knew you did
that?
....
[MS. VITTORIO:] I woke up in James Elliott’s bed for the first
time I’ve ever been in James Elliott’s room from being unconscious after
having experienced a health-related issue to the heat and having been given
medication, I woke up unconscious in James Elliott’s bed in my own urine
and covered in my own blood. It was not deliberate and it was not
malicious. And I’ve never urinated on purpose.
MS. HARTNELL: Objection, nonresponsive.
THE COURT: Sustained.[2]
2
Only the last two sentences were nonresponsive. Arguably, the trial court’s
ruling permitted the jury to consider the first sentence of Ms. Vittorio’s answer.
7
No. 36085-7-III
State v. Vittorio
Report of Proceedings (RP) at 179-80.
3. Telephone call between Mr. Elliott and Ms. Vittorio’s ex-husband
Some excluded evidence related to the remaining charges. Ms. Vittorio claimed
she overheard Mr. Elliott on his speakerphone with her ex-husband. Ms. Vittorio claimed
Mr. Elliott agreed to assist her ex-husband in obtaining custody to their three children by
falsely accusing her of crimes.
The State responded that this was inadmissible hearsay. Ms. Vittorio later claimed
that she was entitled to cross-examine Mr. Elliott about the telephone call and, if he
denied it, Ms. Vittorio was entitled to “present contrary evidence.” RP at 65. The trial
court excluded the telephone call evidence as irrelevant.
Jury verdicts, sentence, and restitution order
The case proceeded to a jury trial. The jury found Ms. Vittorio guilty of second
degree theft, making a false statement to a public official, and three counts of third degree
malicious mischief. The trial court sentenced Ms. Vittorio to four months in jail for each
conviction and ran each sentence concurrent. In addition, the trial court entered a
restitution order in favor of Mr. Elliott.
Ms. Vittorio timely appealed.
8
No. 36085-7-III
State v. Vittorio
ANALYSIS
STANDARD OF REVIEW
A claim of denial of Sixth Amendment rights is reviewed de novo. State v. Duarte
Vela, 200 Wn. App. 306, 317, 402 P.3d 281 (2017) (citing State v. Jones, 168 Wn.2d 713,
719, 230 P.3d 576 (2010)), review denied, 190 Wn.2d 1005, 413 P.3d 11 (2018). This
court generally reviews evidentiary rulings for an abuse of discretion. State v. Horn, 3
Wn. App. 2d 302, 310, 415 P.3d 1225 (2018). But when a trial court’s evidentiary rulings
exclude relevant evidence, the more the exclusion prejudices an articulated defense
theory, the more likely we will find that the trial court abused its discretion. Duarte Vela,
200 Wn. App. at 317.
SIXTH AMENDMENT RIGHT TO PRESENT A DEFENSE
Ms. Vittorio argues the trial court violated her Sixth Amendment right to present a
defense by excluding relevant evidence that created a reasonable doubt about whether she
committed the crimes.
A defendant’s opportunity to be heard in her defense, including the rights to
examine witnesses against her and to offer testimony is basic in our system of justice. Id.
(quoting Jones, 168 Wn.2d at 720). However, this right is not absolute. Id. (quoting
Jones, 168 Wn.2d at 720). The evidence sought to be introduced must be at least
9
No. 36085-7-III
State v. Vittorio
minimally relevant; a defendant does not have the right to present irrelevant evidence. Id.
(quoting Jones, 168 Wn.2d at 720). “‘Relevant evidence’ means evidence having any
tendency to make the existence of any fact that is of consequence to the determination of
the action more or less probable than it would be without the evidence.” ER 401.
If the evidence is relevant, the State bears the burden to show that its admission
would be “so prejudicial as to disrupt the fairness of the fact-finding process at trial.”
State v. Darden, 145 Wn.2d 612, 622, 41 P.3d 1189 (2002). If the State makes such a
showing, the court must then weigh the State’s interest in excluding the evidence with the
defendant’s need for the information sought. Id. Only if the State’s interest outweighs
the defendant’s need can otherwise relevant evidence be excluded. Id.
A. The trial court erred by excluding evidence related to the malicious
mischief charge of urinating in Mr. Elliott’s bed
Ms. Vittorio’s sole defense for the malicious mischief charge of urinating in Mr.
Elliott’s bed was that she did so while unconscious. The evidence she wished to admit to
support her defense was two fold. First, she wished to testify that the day before she
moved out, Mr. Elliott prevented her from leaving her room, the heat was turned up on a
hot day, she passed out from dehydration, and she awoke in Mr. Elliott’s bed the next day
with the bed covered in urine and blood. Second, she wished to have a nurse and a doctor
testify that she had a vaginal tear and that she was dehydrated. Evidence that she was
10
No. 36085-7-III
State v. Vittorio
dehydrated would support her claim that she passed out the day before, and evidence of
her vaginal tear would support an inference that she was raped while unconscious, thus
causing her to bleed and urinate in Mr. Elliott’s bed. The need for medical corroboration
was important due to the State’s successful attacks on Ms. Vittorio’s credibility. We have
no doubt that the above evidence was relevant to Ms. Vittorio’s articulated defense.
Whether the evidence and inference of rape are believable is an issue of fact for
the jury, and only the jury. “When it comes to ensuring a defendant’s Sixth Amendment
right to present a defense, it is best to admit relevant evidence and trust the State’s cross-
examination to ferret out falsities.” Duarte Vela, 200 Wn. App. at 323-24.
Because Ms. Vittorio’s testimony that she awoke in her own blood and urine was
relevant to whether she maliciously urinated in Mr. Elliott’s bed, the trial court should
have balanced the State’s interest in excluding the testimony with the defendant’s need
for the testimony. Darden, 145 Wn.2d at 622. The State asserts that it had an interest in
excluding the above evidence because it was not relevant. We disagree. On the other
hand, Ms. Vittorio’s claim that she passed out and involuntarily urinated in Mr. Elliott’s
bed, somewhat buttressed by independent medical evidence, was the only evidence she
had to support her defense to that count. We conclude that the trial court abused its
discretion by excluding the above evidence.
11
No. 36085-7-III
State v. Vittorio
The State contends that any erroneous exclusion was harmless error. An error of
constitutional magnitude can be harmless if it is proved to be harmless beyond a
reasonable doubt. Jones, 168 Wn.2d at 724-25. An error is harmless if the reviewing
court is convinced beyond a reasonable doubt that any reasonable jury would have
reached the same result without the error. Id. at 724.
In the present case, the court’s error was not harmless beyond a reasonable doubt.
Given an opportunity to explain the surrounding context, especially if buttressed by some
medical evidence, the jury may have believed Ms. Vittorio that she urinated in Mr.
Elliott’s bed while she was unconscious. We, therefore, reverse Ms. Vittorio’s conviction
for that count of malicious mischief and remand that count for a new trial.
Ms. Vittorio has already served her four month sentence. We direct the State to
elect whether to retry her on the remanded count. If it elects not to, the trial court should
amend the judgment and the restitution order accordingly. If it elects to retry the
remanded count, the trial court should wait until after the jury’s verdict to update the
12
No. 36085-7-III
State v. Vittorio
judgment and the restitution order.3
B. To the extent the telephone call evidence was admissible, its exclusion was
harmless error beyond a reasonable doubt.
Ms. Vittorio argues the trial court erred by excluding the telephone call evidence.
She argues the excluded evidence was not hearsay because she sought to admit it to
establish Mr. Elliott’s state of mind.
The Sixth Amendment does not give a defendant the right to present irrelevant
evidence. Id. at 720. Whether Mr. Elliott intended to conspire is irrelevant. Ms. Vittorio
clearly sought to admit the telephone call evidence not to establish Mr. Elliott’s state of
mind, but to establish the truth of the purported conspiracy. She argued to the trial court
that the evidence established that Mr. Elliott caused her to be falsely arrested so her ex-
husband would have custody of their children. The trial court did not abuse its discretion
by excluding the hearsay telephone call evidence.4
3
If Ms. Vittorio is retried and convicted on this gross misdemeanor count, the trial
court will need to determine whether additional jail time is appropriate. See State v.
Brown, No. 95734-7, slip op. at 14 (Wash. May 2, 2019),
http://www.courts.wa.gov/opinions/index.cfm?fa=opinions.showOpinion&filename=957
347MAJ (a presumption of judicial vindictiveness does not arise when the total sentence
upon resentencing is not greater than the original sentence). We express no opinion.
4
It is unclear whether Ms. Vittorio is also arguing that the trial court erred by
denying her the ability to cross-examine Mr. Elliott about the purported telephone call.
Had Mr. Elliott admitted he conspired with her ex-husband, this would have been
powerful evidence. Based on the record, we highly doubt Mr. Elliott would have
13
No. 36085-7-111
State v. Vittorio
Affirm four convictions, reverse one, and remand for possible retrial.
A majority of the panel has determined this opinion will not be printed in the
Washington Appellate Reports, but it will be filed for public record pursuant to
RCW 2.06.040.
Lawrence-Berrey, C.J.
WE CONCUR:
--~------'- _~
_ _ _(result only)
Pennell, J.
admitted to conspiring with Ms. Vittorio's ex-husband. Had Mr. Elliott denied
conspiring, Ms. Vittorio could have testified to what she overheard, with the limitation
that her testimony was admissible only for the jury's determination of Mr. Elliott's
credibility.
Had the phone call evidence been admitted for this limited purpose, we conclude
beyond a reasonable doubt that it would have been insufficient to change the jury's
verdicts on the affirmed convictions. Those verdicts were based on video evidence and
other evidence independent of Mr. Elliott's testimony. See State v. Romero-Ochoa, No.
95905-6, slip. op. at 30 (Wash. May 16, 2019)
http://www.courts.wa.gov/opinions/index.cfm?fa=opinions.show0pinion&fi1ename=959
056MAJ (holding that overwhelming .circumstantial evidence can render a constitutional
error harmless beyond a reasonable doubt).
14
|
Venom are a black metal band from Newcastle upon Tyne, England. The band was formed in 1979. Venom is considered to be (one of) the first Black Metal bands.
Current members
Conrad "Cronos" Lant - bass & vocals
Rage - guitar
Antony "Antton" Lant - drums
Former members
Jeffrey "Mantas" Dunn - Guitar
Anthony "Abaddon" Bray - Drums
James Clare - Guitar
Steve "War Maniac" White - Guitar
Alisdair Barnes - Guitar
Clive "Jesus Christ" Archer - Vocals
Tony "Demolition Man" Dolan - Bass & Vocals
Alan Winston - Bass
Mike "Mykvs" Hickey - Guitar
Studio albums
Welcome to Hell (1981)
Black Metal (1982)
At War with Satan (1984)
Possessed (1985)
Calm Before the Storm (1987)
Prime Evil (1989)
Temples of Ice (1991)
The Waste Lands (1992)
Cast in Stone (1997)
Resurrection (2000)
Metal Black (2006)
Hell (2008)
Fallen Angels (2011)
From the Very Depths (2015)
Storm the Gates (2018)
DVD
Live from London |
Saturday, December 11, 2010
The SC and the Truth Commission
Upon reading the various opinions condemning the Truth Commission, I was reminded of a line from Hamlet: "The lady doth protest too much, methinks."
Collectively, the justices threw everything, including the kitchen sink, against the Executive.One concurring opinion already sees in the title “Truth Commission” a violation of due process because, he says, its version of the truth will mislead the public (as if the public were a gullible lot), will sap the credibility of the Ombudsman (as if it needed more sapping), violate the right of those of who are touched by the telling of truth (as if current investigators do not publish their version of truth), and thus deny them a fair trial.Wow!Amazing how a treasure trove of unconstitutionality can be mined in a mere title!
The ponencia of Justice Mendoza, however, is fairly straightforward and is summarized by Justice Nachura thus:
“1. Petitioners have legal standing to file the instant petitions; petitioner Biraogo only because of the transcendental importance of the issues involved, while petitioner Members of the House of Representatives have standing to question the validity of any official action which allegedly infringes on their prerogatives as legislators;
“2.The creation of the Truth Commission by E. O. No. 1 is not a valid exercise of the President’s power to reorganize under the Administrative Code of 1987;
“3.However, the President’s power to create the herein assailed Truth Commission is justified under Section 17,[1] Article VII of the Constitution, albeit what may be created is merely an ad hoc Commission;
“4. The Truth Commission does not supplant the Ombudsman or the Department of Justice (DOJ) nor erode their respective powers; and
“5. Nonetheless, E.O. No. 1 is unconstitutional because it transgresses the equal protection clause enshrined in Section 1, Article III of the Constitution.”
Of course, to taste the full flavor of the opinions, one must read them in full.Nevertheless, within the limited space of a column, let me just discuss two points raised in the Mendoza ponencia.
First, reliance on the “faithful execution of law law clause” found in Article VII, Section 17 is also affirmed by Nachura, Carpio, and implicitly by Carpio-Morales, Sereno, Abad and, I assume, by the three justices who concurred with the ponencia but did not write separate opinions (Velasco, del Castillo and Villarama).Thus I would count nine as possibly defending the position that the President could create the Truth Commission at least by authority of the “faithful execution clause.”
I myself would agree with that position, but on the understanding that the Commission is merely an investigatory and recommendatory body without power to punish for contempt (as also affirmed by Carpio).
Second, violation of the equal protection clause is affirmed by a majority of the justices.I find this difficult to understand in the light of the four jurisprudential requirements needed to make classification reasonable.These are well known to law students.
First, the EO’s classification is based on substantial distinction.The past administrations (from Aguinaldo to Estrada) are distinct either because they have already been investigated by their successors or because including all past administrations would mean including offenses whose prescriptive periods have already lapsed.
Second, the classification is germane to the purpose of the law.The purpose of the EO is to achieve success in identifying corruption and this would be severely impeded if the scope of the investigation must cover 111 years of presidential history.
Third, the classification applies not only to present condition but also to future conditions.Section 17 of the EO can include the future.The “under-inclusiveness of remedial measures is not unconstitutional, especially when the purpose can be attained through inclusive future legislation or regulation.”
Fourth, the classification includes everyone belonging to the class.The classification of the previous administration as a class by itself is a recognition of the “the reality that unlike with administrations long gone, the current administration will most likely bear the immediate consequence of the policies of the previous administration” and of the “reality that the evidence of possible criminal activity, the evidence that could lead to recovery of public monies illegally dissipated, the policy lessons to be learned to ensure that anti-corruption laws are faithfully executed, are more easily established in the regime that immediately precede the current administration.”
For the validity of classification all that is required is reasonableness.
Finally, the concluding words of Justice Carpio are worth noting:“Neither the Constitution nor any existing law prevents the incumbent President from redeeming his campaign pledge to the Filipino people.In fact, the incumbent President’s campaign pledge is merely a reiteration of the basic State policy, enshrined in Section 27, Article II of the Constitution, that: ‘The State shall maintain honesty and integrity in the public service and take positive and effective measures against graft and corruption.’” |
The Rise and Fall of Ziggy Stardust and the Spiders from Mars (also known as Ziggy Stardust) is a concept album by British musician David Bowie, published in 1972. The album reached 5th place in British charts and 75th in American Billboard charts. A film of the same name was directed by Donn Allan Pennibaker in 1973. The album ranks 35th place in the Rolling Stone list of 500 Greatest Albums of All Time. |
55 Cal.App.3d 263 (1976)
127 Cal. Rptr. 445
LAWRENCE ULMER, Plaintiff and Respondent,
v.
THE MUNICIPAL COURT FOR THE OAKLAND-PIEDMONT JUDICIAL DISTRICT OF ALAMEDA COUNTY, Defendant and Respondent; THE PEOPLE, Real Party in Interest and Appellant.
Docket No. 36380.
Court of Appeals of California, First District, Division Four.
February 17, 1976.
*264 COUNSEL
Evelle J. Younger, Attorney General, Jack R. Winkler, Chief Assistant Attorney General, Edward P. O'Brien, Assistant Attorney General, *265 Clifford K. Thompson, Jr., and Martin S. Kaye, Deputy Attorneys General, for Real Party in Interest and Appellant.
James C. Hooley, Public Defender, and Michael B. Millman, Assistant Public Defender, for Plaintiff and Respondent.
No appearance for Defendant and Respondent.
OPINION
CHRISTIAN, J.
The People have appealed from a judgment of the superior court for issuance of a writ prohibiting the municipal court from entertaining criminal charges against Lawrence Ulmer for accosting another in a public place for the purpose of begging or soliciting for alms (Pen. Code, § 647, subd. (c)) and soliciting contributions for a charitable purpose without a permit (Oakland Mun. Code, § 3-2.09).
The People's return to the writ did not controvert Ulmer's contention that Municipal Code section 3-2.09 is unconstitutional; thus, the ordinance is not in question in this appeal.
It is contended that the superior court erred in determining that Penal Code section 647, subdivision (c), is unconstitutional in that it is either overbroad, i.e. prohibits constitutionally protected as well as unprotected activity, or it is vague and indefinite.
It is alleged in the petition, but not established of record, that Ulmer was arrested while engaged in soliciting funds for the Son of Man Temple for scientific research on the disease of sickle cell anemia.
Penal Code section 647, enacted in 1961, states: "Every person who commits any of the following acts is guilty of disorderly conduct, a misdemeanor: ... (c) Who accosts other persons in any public place or in any place open to the public for the purpose of begging or soliciting alms." The evident purpose of this statute is to protect members of the public from the annoyance of being approached in a public place by beggars. The comments of the principal draftsman of the statute were submitted with the final draft to the Assembly Interim Committee on Criminal Procedure. These comments, reproduced in the report of the committee, state:
*266 This section is drafted to meet the problem of controlling begging by describing specific acts. It is aimed at the conduct of the individual who goes about the streets accosting others for handouts. It is framed in this manner in order to exclude from one ambit of the law the blind or crippled person who merely sits or stands by the wayside, the Salvation Army worker who solicits funds for charity on the streets at Christmas time and others whose charitable appeals may well be left to local control. (2 Assem. J. Appendix (1961 Reg. Sess.) Assem. Interim Com. Rep. (1959-1961) Crim. Proc. pp. 12-13.)
(1) The First Amendment to the Constitution of the United States and article I, section 9, of the California Constitution protect the freedom of individuals to speak, write, print, or disseminate information or opinion. Regulation of conduct bearing no necessary relationship to the freedom to speak, write, print or distribute information or opinion does not abridge the guarantees of the First Amendment. (Breard v. Alexandria (1951) 341 U.S. 622, 641 [95 L.Ed. 1233, 1247, 71 S.Ct. 920, 35 A.L.R.2d 335]; Schneider v. State (1939) 308 U.S. 147, 160-161 [84 L.Ed. 155, 164, 60 S.Ct. 146].) Begging and soliciting for alms do not necessarily involve the communication of information or opinion; therefore, approaching individuals for that purpose is not protected by the First Amendment. The statute is not invalid on First Amendment grounds.
(2) The superior court reached the issue of vagueness by determining that the word "accost" has 2 possible meanings: (1) "to approach, to speak to, to address," the meaning essentially contained in 10 of the 12 dictionaries cited in the court's appendix to its decision, and the meaning contained in all 6 of those dictionaries that were in print at the time the statute was enacted; (2) "to approach, to speak to, to address," in an impetuous, rude, brusque or abrupt manner, the meaning essentially contained in 2 of the 12 dictionaries cited in the appendix. The court stated that if "accost" were to have the first meaning, the statute would be invalid on First Amendment grounds, and that if "accost" were to have two possible meanings, the statute would be vague and indefinite as to what conduct it prohibits and therefore unconstitutional (citing Baggett v. Bullitt (1964) 377 U.S. 360, 367 [12 L.Ed.2d 377, 382, 84 S.Ct. 1316]; Landry v. Daley (N.D.Ill. 1968) 280 F. Supp. 938, 951).
The statute does not impinge on First Amendment freedoms regardless of which definition of "accost" is used. Moreover, the meaning connoted by the word "accost" is clear from the legislative materials *267 noted above: the statute is "aimed at the conduct of the individual who goes about on the streets accosting others for handouts" (italics added); the statute does not extend to one "who merely sits or stands by the wayside." Walking up to and approaching another for the purpose of soliciting, as opposed to merely receiving donations, is prohibited by the statute. The manner of approach is thus pertinent. None of the definitions cited by the court, that come from dictionaries in print at the time the statute was enacted, refer to the manner of approach. The statute forbids any approach in a public place for the purpose of soliciting or begging for alms. The meaning of the statute is thus sufficiently clear to give warning of the conduct that is proscribed.
The question whether Ulmer was in fact soliciting for alms in a public place or was conducting a "charitable appeal" which the statute has left to "local control," cannot be reached in this proceeding; that is a fact issue to be resolved at trial.
The judgment granting the writ is reversed.
Caldecott, P.J., and Emerson, J.,[*] concurred.
A petition for a rehearing was denied March 16, 1976, and the opinion was modified to read as printed above.
NOTES
[*] Retired judge of the superior court sitting under appointment by the Chairman of the Judicial Council.
|
Prince-electors () were the group of rulers of German countries which elected the Holy Roman Emperor. In English they were usually called "Electors" and included the Elector of Brandenburg, who also began ruling as King of Prussia, and the Electors of Hanover, who were also kings of Great Britain after 1714. |
Kosovo gets international phone code +383
Kosovo said it had reached an agreement with Serbia that will allow it to have its own international telephone dialing code, eight years after declaring independence, in a move that will save millions of euros in payments to foreign countries.
The ITU (International Telecommunication Union) is expected to give Kosovo the country code +383 starting Dec. 15, the government said in a statement on Sunday. Kosovo, which declared independence in 2008, has been using the codes of Monaco, Serbia and Slovenia, and as we reported in the begining of this year, the +383 was expected to be completed in March 2016.
In return, Serbia will be able to register a mobile phone company that will operate temporarily within Serb-populated areas of Kosovo. Kosovo says it has paid about 200 million euros to use other country codes since its war with Serbia ended in 1999.
Digital Spoiler explores the latest tech trends through inspiring stories, news, reviews, spoilers, interviews and even in-depth content We work hard on providing a deep context into the region to help entrepreneurs, investors, accelerators, and others make better decisions. |
is a former Japanese football player. He played for the Japan national team.
Biography
Horiike was educated at, and played for, Shimizu Higashi High School. He won the national high school championship with his teammates, including Katsumi Oenoki and Kenta Hasegawa. He continued his study and football at Juntendo University. After graduating in 1988, he joined the Japan Soccer League team of Yomiuri. He played as a defensive midfielder, then as centre back, partnered with Hisashi Kato. When Japan's first professional league, the J1 League, started, Shimizu S-Pulse was founded in his local city. He joined the club in 1992 and re-united with his high school teammates Oenoki and Hasegawa. His position was a right side-back. After the end of the inaugural season, he was chosen as a member of the Best Eleven in 1993. He was transferred to Cerezo Osaka in 1998 and came back to Shimizu briefly in 1999 before resigning.
On August 1, 1986, when Horiike was a Juntendo University student, he debuted for the Japan national team against Malaysia. He was mainly a right side-back for the national team. He was a member of the Japan team that won the 1992 Asian Cup and he played 4 matches in the competition. Under national coach Hans Ooft, Japan progressed to the Final round at 1994 World Cup qualification. Horiike was on the pitch when Japan's hope to play in the finals was dashed by an injury-time Iraqi equaliser in the last qualifier, the match that the Japanese fans now refer to as the "Agony of Doha" (dohanoBei Ju ). He played 58 matches and scored 2 goals for the Japan until 1995.
Statistics
|-
|1988/89||rowspan="4"|Yomiuri||rowspan="4"|JSL Division 1||19||0||3||0||3||0||25||0
|-
|1989/90||22||0||4||1||4||0||30||1
|-
|1990/91||22||1||2||1||2||0||26||2
|-
|1991/92||22||0||5||0||5||0||32||0
|-
|1992||rowspan="7"|Shimizu S-Pulse||rowspan="7"|J1 League||colspan="2"|-||3||1||11||1||14||2
|-
|1993||36||1||4||0||1||0||41||1
|-
|1994||44||2||1||0||1||0||46||2
|-
|1995||40||0||1||0||colspan="2"|-||41||0
|-
|1996||30||0||3||0||16||0||49||0
|-
|1997||29||0||0||0||6||0||35||0
|-
|1998||1||0||0||0||9||0||10||0
|-
|1998||rowspan="2"|Cerezo Osaka||rowspan="2"|J1 League||14||0||1||1||0||0||15||1
|-
|1999||9||0||0||0||0||0||9||0
|-
|1999||Shimizu S-Pulse||J1 League||0||0||0||0||2||0||2||0
288||4||29||4||58||1||375||9
288||4||29||4||58||1||375||9
|}
|-
|1986||2||0
|-
|1987||11||0
|-
|1988||1||0
|-
|1989||11||1
|-
|1990||6||0
|-
|1991||2||0
|-
|1992||7||0
|-
|1993||16||1
|-
|1994||0||0
|-
|1995||2||0
|-
!Total||58||2
|} |
The Best Star Trek Costumes Ideas
Launched in the mid 60’s Star Trek created a cultural phenomenon that has lasted for over 40 years. Since it’s launch Star Trek has created fantastic worlds and images of the future of mankind and space travel. Aboard the Starship Enterprise Captain Kirk, Scotty, Spock, & Dr. McCoy have provided entertainment and inspiration for generations of Star Trek lovers.
Star Trek’s popularity has spawned several related shows like Star Trek the Next Generation and many Star Trek movies. Captain James Kirk made us want to be starship captains and to rescue beautiful women from danger. A new Star Trek movie is now coming to theaters and promises to be very exciting. It follows the lives of a your Star Trek crew learning to become the people they are destined to be in the Star Trek series. A focal point of the film showcases the relationship between a young Captain Kirk and Spock.
Star Trek Costumes Ideas
The Star Trek series offers many costumes ideas. You can go as Captain James T. Kirk, Mr. Spock, or Captain Picard. You can even buy just the Spock mask or Spock ears and customize your costume from there. You can choose to be one of the many alien races from the show like a Vulcan costume, Borg costume, or a classic Star Trek costume. You can even choose new Star Trek uniforms, Star Trek communicators, and Star Trek phasers. |
Parallax is the perceived change in position of an object seen from two different places.
In astronomy, annual parallax is the only direct way to measure distance to stars outside the solar system.
In essence, parallax is the perceived shifting phenomenon which occurs when an object is viewed from different positions.
It is measured by the angle between two lines of observation. Nearby objects have a larger parallax than more distant objects when observed from identical positions, so parallax can be used to determine distances.
Astronomers use the principle of parallax to measure distances to celestial objects including to the Moon, the Sun, and to stars beyond the Solar System. Here, the term "parallax" is the angle between two sight-lines to the star.
Astronomical measurement of position are taken at different times of the year. Since the Earth's orbit is known exactly, the distance from position 1 to position 2 can be worked out. The angle from the horizon to the object can be measured precisely. This gives a triangle whose baseline and angles are known accurately. From the triangle, the distance is calculated by trigonometry and expressed in parsecs.
The method only fails with objects which are so distant that the earth's orbit is too small to get a large enough parallax angle to measure accurately. This distance is about 100 light-years. Astronomers have invented various ways to solve this problem, though none are so accurate as the parallax method is for relatively nearby objects. This provides a basis for the cosmic distance ladder of techniques to calculate greater distances.
From 1989 to 1993 the Hipparcos satellite took measurements for over 100,000 nearby stars. Gaia (spacecraft) is intended to make similar measurements of about a Billion stars.
Many animals, including humans, have two eyes which provide depth perception; this is called stereopsis. Because the two eyes are at different places on the head, this gives the basis for an automatic sense of distance. We perceive this as a normal 3-D scene. |
Angiotensin-converting enzyme insertion/deletion polymorphism and risk and outcome of pneumonia.
Recent studies have suggested involvement of the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) insertion/deletion (I/D) polymorphism in the susceptibility to and severity of community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) in Asian populations. We have explored the hypothesis that the ACE I/D polymorphism affects the risk and outcome of CAP in a Dutch white population. This is a hospital-based prospective observational study including patients with CAP admitted between October 2004 and August 2006. All patients were genotyped, and pneumonia severity and clinical outcome were compared between patients with II, ID, and DD genotypes of the ACE gene. Pneumonia severity was assessed on day of hospital admission and consecutively on days 2, 3, 5, and 10 of hospital stay using the acute physiology score (APS). Outcomes evaluated were duration of hospital stay, ICU admittance, and in-hospital and 28-day mortality rates. To study the association between ACE genotype and risk of pneumonia, the distribution of the ACE I/D polymorphism was compared with healthy control subjects from the same geographic region. In total, 200 patients with pneumonia and 200 control subjects were included in the study. Mean age of the patients was 63 years. APS scores were not different between the genotype groups on any of the days, and all clinical outcomes (duration of hospital stay, ICU admittance, in-hospital and 28-day mortality rates) were comparable between the three genotype groups. The ACE I/D genotype distribution was identical for patients and control subjects (p = 0.973). The ACE I/D polymorphism is not associated with risk and outcome of CAP in the Dutch white population. |
Jens Peder Bergensten (born 18 May 1979), also known as Jeb, is a Swedish video game programmer and designer. He is the lead designer of Minecraft. In 2013, he and Markus Persson was named as one of Time 100 most influential people in the world. He was the co-developer in 2010. In 2011, he became the lead designer in 2011. He got full control in 2014 when Persson left the company.
Games developed
Harvest: Massive Encounter (2008)
Minecraft (2011)
Cobalt (2016) |
Diagnosis date agreement between SEER and Medicare claims data: impact on treatment.
A prior assessment of concordance between the diagnosis month in SEER records and Medicare claims found reasonable agreement; however, no assessment of the impact of discordance on cancer treatment ascertainment was conducted. The aim of this study was to assess the concordance between the SEER diagnosis date (Sdx) and Medicare claim-derived diagnosis date and the impact of discordance on identification of treatment received. The first Medicare claim date with a cancer diagnosis (Mdx) was compared with the Sdx among patients diagnosed with breast, colorectal, or lung cancer. The Mdx was considered concordant with the Sdx if the Mdx was within 16 days. Claims within 4 months after both the Mdx and Sdx were examined to collect treatment information. Treatment rate agreement was measured by κ-statistics. Among 50,731 breast, 51,025 colorectal, and 61,384 lung cancer patients, the Sdx and Mdx were concordant in 79%, 86%, and 73% of cases, respectively. Most discordant Mdx cases were identified in the month after the SEER diagnosis month. A small proportion of cases (7%-12%) preceded the SEER diagnosis month. Agreement for receipt of surgery was very good across all 3 cancer sites (κ>0.88) and was excellent for radiation therapy (κ>0.96). Although most cases were concordant for both diagnosis date and treatment ascertainment, there was still a small proportion of cases discordant for both diagnosis date and treatment identification. This study underscores the importance of examining claims in the months preceding diagnosis in the SEER-Medicare dataset to ensure patients are appropriately selected for analysis. |
Kelly Ridge is a census-designated place (CDP) in Butte County, northern California. As of the 2020 census, 3,006 people lived in Kelly Ridge. |
Q:
Is there a term for words that have a single meaning or are only used in a single context?
Certain words you hear in English are only ever heard in a single context. For example, skirl is used to describe the sound a bagpipe makes. Etymonline generously says the word is "rarely" heard outside that context, but I can't recall ever hearing it used for anything else. I imagine one could use it figuratively to describe another godawful high-pitched screech (sorry, bagpipe lovers), but there's no other bona fide usage for it.
What I want to know is stated in the title of the question: Is there a term for these one-off words? I'm sure there must be, but I can't think of what it might be.
Edit: Judging from some of the head-scratching comments I've received, there seems to be some confusion. Perhaps I did not make my meaning clear. I'm not looking for a word to describe the single instance of skirl. I'm asking about a class of words like skirl. I know there exist other examples of words that are only ever used in one context, but I can't think of any others at the moment.
A:
It's a "stormy petrel." The idea, as described on the linked page, is that (for example) you never (or, at least, rarely) find a petrel that's not stormy. Similarly, "all shrift is short," and lots of other examples. One of the ones there is in fact "every skirl is of bagpipes."
A:
Closely related are fossil words, which have no meaning outside of a certain set phrase. "Bated" survives only in "bated breath", for example.
A:
There are several terms for closely related concepts:
A nonce word is a word that somebody made up for a localized purpose. Apart from fossilized words, those nonce words that caught on are probably the major part of this group.
A cranberry morpheme is a morpheme that has no meaning on its own, and exists only as part of one or a small number of words. (It's named after the "cran" of "cranberry".) A fossil word is similarly a word that is used only in a small number of phrases (but whose state is specifically due to the original meaning's obsolescence).
A hapax legomenon (of a particular corpus) is a word that appears exactly once.
|
Kirtankhola () is a river that starts from Sayeshtabad in Barisal district and ends into the Gajalia near Gabkhan khal (canal). The total length of the river is about . |
Two Alabama Seniors Selected in MLB Draft
Two Alabama seniors, right-handed pitcher Charley Sullivan and catcher Brett Booth, were selected on the third day of the 2013 MLB Draft. Sullivan was picked in the 29th round by the Detroit Tigers and Booth was a 34th round selection by the Houston Astros.
Sullivan, a native of Oxford, Miss., led the Crimson Tide with 16 starts, totaling a team-high 94.1 innings pitched in 2013. He finished the season with a 5-7 record and a 3.82 ERA. He had a team-high two complete games and finished his senior season with a team-best 76 strikeouts. He made 10 starts during Southeastern Conference play, posting a 5-4 record with a 3.39 ERA in 61.0 innings.
In his three seasons at Alabama, Sullivan appeared in 46 games with 29 starts. He compiled a 9-12 record with a 4.12 ERA in 187.2 career innings pitched. Sullivan becomes the 40th player from Alabama to be drafted since the 2005 season, and is the 18th Crimson Tide pitcher to be drafted over the last nine years.
Booth, a native of Northport, Ala., led the 2013 Tide with a .290 batting average, while finishing second on the club with a career-high six home runs. He was second on the team with 46 runs scored and 27 walks, while adding 10 doubles and 38 RBI. Behind the plate, Booth was one of the best catchers in the country at throwing runners out as he threw out 37-of-78 (.474) would-be base stealers.
In his career, Booth played a number of positions, including outfield and designated hitter as a freshman, third base as a sophomore and catcher both his junior and senior seasons. He finished his career at Alabama with a .263 batting average after having a career-high .290 average as a senior. He had 31 doubles, 13 home runs and 111 RBI in his career with the Tide.
Booth played in 216 games while appearing in the starting lineup 205 times in his four years at the Capstone. Over the last two and a half seasons, he appeared in the starting lineup in Alabama's last 158 straight games. Booth becomes the 41st player from Alabama to be drafted since 2005, and is the fifth Tide catcher to be selected over the last nine years.
In addition to Sullivan and Booth being picked, Alabama signee Nick Eicholtz (Odessa, Fla.), a right-handed pitcher and shortstop from Cambridge Christian High School, was a 29th round selection by the Milwaukee Brewers. Eicholtz posted a 5-1 record with a 0.73 ERA and 82 strikeouts in 48 innings pitched his senior season.
Players from the United States pose for the camera before the semifinal round of the women's hockey game against Finland at the 2018 Winter Olympics in Gangneung, South Korea, Monday, Feb. 19, 2018. (Matt Slocum/Pool Photo via AP)
Team USA won the first meeting between the neighboring nations at the 1998 Winter Olympics. The Canucks have won every other meeting. |
ISO 3166 is a standard made by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) and it uses short codes to name all countries and some other places. People from all over the world can use the same codes; this is helpful because different languages have different names for many countries. For example, the country English-speakers call Spain is called Espana by Spanish-speakers. The ISO 3166 has three codes for Spain: ES, ESP, and 724. No other country has any of these codes. |
Q:
Javascript: Unable to call getter
class Clock {
constructor() {
this.schedule = [];
this.simulationTime = 0;
}
get isEmpty() {
return this.schedule == false;
}
popFirstItem(){
if(isEmpty){
throw "error";
}
}
};
I wish to call the getter isEmpty() in the popFirstItem() method. However, I'm not able to do it. What is the right way of calling theisEmpty() in the popFirstItem() method?
A:
You need to use this.isEmpty. The this will always reference the class and using that reference you can call the class methods or properties:
class Clock {
constructor() {
this.schedule = [];
this.simulationTime = 0;
}
get isEmpty() {
console.log('Inside isEmpty()');
return this.schedule == false;
}
popFirstItem(){
if(this.isEmpty){
throw "error";
}
}
};
var clock = new Clock();
console.log(clock.popFirstItem());
|
Henriette Reker (born 9 December 1956 in Cologne) is a German lawyer and independent politician, elected mayor of Cologne in 2015.
She served as deputy mayor of Gelsenkirchen since 2000. In 2010 she was appointed a mayoral deputy for social affairs, integration and the environment of the city of Cologne. Supported by CDU, FDP and The Greens she is running for the office of the Mayor of Cologne.
At a public event on 17 October 2015, the day before the mayoral elections, she was seriously wounded when a 44-year old man stabbed her in the neck with a knife, while shouting against refugees. A day after the attack, Reker was elected mayor of Cologne after gaining 52.66% of the votes. She is the first female mayor elected in Cologne's history. |
Evaluation of the in vivo antitumor activity and in vitro cytotoxic properties of auranofin, a coordinated gold compound, in murine tumor models.
The coordinated gold compound, 2,3,4,6-tetra-O-acetyl-1-thio-beta-D-glucopyranosato-S-triethyl phosphine gold (auranofin; Ridaura), was evaluated for antitumor activity in a variety of mouse tumor models. Of the 15 tumor models evaluated, auranofin was found to be active only against i.p. P388 leukemia. A number of dose schedules was used to measure activity against P388 with optimal activity observed at 12 mg/kg given daily, i.p., on Days 1 to 5. Auranofin was active against i.p. P388 leukemia only when administered i.p.; the drug was completely inactive when administered i.v., s.c., or p.o. on Days 1 to 5. Evaluation of the effects of auranofin in vitro demonstrated that survival curves for B16 melanoma cells as measured by the clongenic and dye exclusion assays were exponential and monophasic; cell cycle distribution was not altered, and auranofin displayed no preferential cytotoxicity to logarithmic or plateau growth phase cell populations; auranofin inhibited DNA, RNA, and protein synthesis at cytotoxic concentrations but showed no selective effect; the cytotoxic activity and cellular association of gold from auranofin were dose, time, and temperature dependent; and binding of auranofin gold to serum proteins markedly decreased cellular uptake of gold and cytotoxicity of auranofin in vitro. |
Pasquale J. "Pat" D'Amuro is an American television analyst and former intelligence agent. He is an expert on terrorism. D'Amuro is a former Director of FBI in New York. He worked for the FBI for 26 years. After the FBI, he went to work for Giuliani Security & Safety, a New York security consulting company.
Life
D'Amuro grew up in upstate New York. He earned his Bachelor's degree in Business at the Niagara University.
He bagan working for the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) in May 1979. While working for the FBI, D'Amuro learn much about bank robberies, fraud, organized crime, drug trafficing and similar crimes.
After the 1993 World Trade Center bombing, he focused his research on terrorist attacks. After this, he was involved with the research of the 1998 United States embassy bombings in Tanzania and Kenya, the 2000 USS Cole bombing in Aden, Yemen, and the attacks on September 11, 2001, on the World Trade Center and The Pentagon. Over time, he became a leading expert on al-Qaeda.
After the attacks of September 11, D'Amuro became the assistant director of the counterterrorism division of the FBI. He made changes that led to better exchange of information between the FBI, CIA, the Department of Homeland Security and the Department of Defense. He is also responsible for the creation of the Terrorism Watch List. It is a combination of the information of many different agencies.
In August 2003, he became director of the FBI office in New York. It is the largest FBI office. At this time, he held the third highest position in the FBI. At this time, he began giving public lectures often on the changes that had been made at the FBI since September 11. In March 2005, he left the FBI after a service of 26 years.
After leaving the FBI, he became director of Nine Thirty Capital Management and chairman of the board of Giuliani Security & Safety. In March 2006 he became a commissary of Mercy College. In April 2008, he became the director of American Defense Systems.
D'Amuro is often on the television network CNN as a senior analyst.
Honors
D'Amuro has been given several awards. These include the Presidential Rank Award of the FBI. In 2004, he was given an honorary doctorate in law from Mercy College in Dobbs Ferry, New York. In 2009, D'Amuro got a Four Freedoms Award in the category Freedom from fear. |
Q:
mkdir(): Permission denied in Yii2
After installing yii2, I got the following error.
Some suggests that I should give full permissions to IIS_IUSRS but still to no avail.
A:
You shouldn't need to set the permissions to 777, that is a security problem as it gives read and write access to the world.
It may be that your apache user does not have read/write permissions on the directory.
If you use Ubuntu do this :
Make sure all files are owned by the Apache group and user. In Ubuntu it is the www-data group and user
chown -R www-data:www-data /path/to/webserver/www
Next enabled all members of the www-data group to read and write files
chmod -R g+rw /path/to/webserver/www
The php mkdir() function should now work without returning errors
|
Merida () is the capital and largest city in the Yucatan state in Mexico. It is also the largest city of the Yucatan Peninsula. |
"Parachuting" meth: a novel delivery method for methamphetamine and delayed-onset toxicity from "body stuffing".
Methamphetamine is an illicit stimulant that is typically smoked, insufflated, or injected. We report an unusual method of ingesting methamphetamine called "parachuting" and its implications for the treatment of "body stuffers." A 25-year-old man wrapped methamphetamine into a plastic baggie and ingested it in an attempt to "parachute." He presented to an Emergency Department 10 hours after his ingestion because he realized that he forgot to puncture the baggie. He had no complaints and had a transient tachycardia. He was treated with activated charcoal and whole bowel irrigation, observed for 24 hours, and discharged. He returned 42 hours after his ingestion with tachycardia (220 bpm), agitation, hypertension (179/74 mmHg), and rhabdomyolysis (CPK 7771 U/L), requiring mechanical ventilation and a midazolam drip (10 mg/hr). "Parachuting" is a novel method of ingesting methamphetamine. We report a case of a single-packet "body stuffer" with severe symptom onset that was delayed over 36 hours. Treatment protocols for "body stuffers" using this technique may require more prolonged observation and/or imaging studies to determine the absence of gastrointestinal packets. |
Combinatorial optimization is a branch of discrete mathematics. The problems looked at revolve around finding an optimal object from a set of objects, or finding an ordering of the objects in the set that is optimal according to some criteria. Examples are finding the Minimum spanning tree in a graph or the Travelling Salesman Problem. Many of the problems looked at have also been solved using linear programming. |
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<definitions
xmlns="http://www.omg.org/spec/CMMN/20151109/MODEL"
xmlns:dc="http://www.omg.org/spec/CMMN/20151109/DC"
xmlns:di="http://www.omg.org/spec/CMMN/20151109/DI"
xmlns:cmmndi="http://www.omg.org/spec/CMMN/20151109/CMMNDI"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xmlns:flowable="http://flowable.org/cmmn"
targetNamespace="http://flowable.org/cmmn">
<case id="casePageCase">
<casePlanModel id="myPlanModel" name="My CasePlanModel">
<planItem id="planItemTaskA" definitionRef="casePageTaskA" />
<planItem id="planItemTaskB" definitionRef="casePageTaskB">
<entryCriterion id="criterion" sentryRef="sentryTaskB" />
</planItem>
<sentry id="sentryTaskB">
<planItemOnPart id="onPart1" sourceRef="planItemTaskA">
<standardEvent>complete</standardEvent>
</planItemOnPart>
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Guines is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.
Communes in Pas-de-Calais |
Introduction {#Sec1}
============
Microbial infections are estimated to account for 16% of the global cancer burden, and of these 50% of female cancers are associated with human papillomavirus (HPV) infection while the share for male cancers is less than 5%^[@CR1],[@CR2]^. The cancers for which evidence on the association with HPV infections is strongest include cervical, anogenital and a subset of upper aerodigestive tract cancers, particularly tonsillar and oropharyngeal cancers^[@CR3]^. Penile cancers are very rare, with an incidence of 1.9/100,000 in Sweden^[@CR4]^. HPV infections are associated probably with most cases and other risk factors include smoking, ultraviolet irradiation, chronic infections, warts and condylomas, phimosis and lack of circumcision^[@CR5]^. The 5-year survival of penile cancer is around 70% in Europe and USA in the early 2000s^[@CR6],[@CR7]^. The incidence of vulvar and vaginal cancers is 4.4/100,000, with more than half of tumors being located in the vulva, the rest in the vagina and in unspecified locations^[@CR4]^. Risk factors for female genital cancers are essentially the same as for cervical cancer. HPV accounts for about half of the cases and other risk factors are immunosuppression, irradiation, other infections and smoking^[@CR8]--[@CR10]^. In a recent meta-analysis the average 5-year survival in HPV-positive vulvar cancer was 68% compared to 57% for HPV-negative vulvar cancer^[@CR10]^. In contrast to many family studies of cervical cancer, data on familial clustering of penile, vaginal and vulvar cancers are very limited. In a study on HPV-related cancers published in 2008 we showed a risk for first-degree relatives for penile and vulvar cancers, and the latter was also associated with cervical cancer^[@CR9]^. Similarly, studies on for second primary cancers (SPCs) following male and female genital cancers are rare while those following cervical cancer are more common, and generally shown an increased risk of HPV and smoking related sites and cancers in anatomic sites close to the cervix, probably as a result of treatment or more wide-spread infection^[@CR11]--[@CR13]^. SPCs following *in situ* cervical cancers showed the highest risks of anal and vulvar/vaginal cancers but also increased risks of upper aerodigestive tract, esophageal, lung and stomach cancers^[@CR11]^.
Here we used the current update of the Swedish Family-Cancer Database, the largest family dataset in the world, to address familial risks, SPCs and mortality in penile, vulvar and vaginal cancers. For internal consistency we assessed familial risks bi-directionally (in reverse order), i.e., risk for penile cancer when family members were diagnosed with any cancer, and risk for any cancer when family members were diagnosed with penile cancer. For parent-offspring relationships the data are largely independent and confirmed bi-directional associations would be evidence for a true biological association. Similarly, risks for SPCs were analyzed bi-directionally, e.g., penile cancer either as first cancer or SPC after any other cancer. Mortality data were compared in penile, vulvar and vaginal cancers with and without SPCs, focusing on cancer causes of death, as it can be suspected that some SPCs are particularly fatal.
Results {#Sec2}
=======
The Family-Cancer Database included 3641 penile and 8856 vulvar/vaginal cancers, diagnosed at median ages of 68 and 73 years, respectively (Table [1](#Tab1){ref-type="table"}). Considering only the offspring generation (born after 1931) the respective case numbers were 1278 and 2233 with median ages at diagnosis of 58 and 59 years, respectively. The number of SPCs were 610 (16.8%) after penile and 1028 (11.6%) after vulvar/vagina cancers, diagnosed 7 and 5 years (medians) after the genital cancers.Table 1The number and age at diagnosis of patients with penile cancer and vulvar/vaginal cancer and number of patients with second primary cancer.Primary cancer siteN (all/offspring)Median age at diagnosis (years)Penile cancer3641/127668Vulvar/vaginal cancer8856/223373**Second primary cancerN** (**%**)**Median follow**-**up time** (**years**)After penile cancer610^a^ (16.8)7After vulvar/vaginal cancer1028^b^ (11.6)5^a^The number of second primary cancer in the offspring generation was 178, median follow-up time are 6 years.^b^The number of second primary cancer in the offspring generation was 271, median follow-up time are 6 years.
In reference to RRs, we use the convention that we refer to risks only when they are significant, i.e., the 95%CIs do not overlap with the reference RR of 1.00. Accordingly, it is redundant to repeat 95%CIs in the text as these anyway are shown in the tables.
Table [2](#Tab2){ref-type="table"} shows familial risk for penile cancer in sons whose first-degree family members were diagnosed with any cancer, and in reverse order, the risk of cancer in the offspring generation when father or brother were diagnosed with penile cancers. At least 2 penile cancers (or a significant familial risk in any analyses) had to be recorded with any cancer in relatives (first column) for the site to be listed. The RR for penile cancer was increased to 3.22 when family members were diagnosed with the same (concordant) cancer (p-value \< 0.05); familial cases were 2 brother pairs and 3 father-son pairs. The only other significant association of 3.30 was with bone cancer. In the reverse analysis, risk for any cancer in offspring when family members were diagnosed with penile cancer, the RRs for ovarian cancer (1.60) and thyroid gland tumors (1.79) were significant. As penile cancer is a rare cancer, no more but a single penile cancer was found in families of discordant cancers. Thus the number contributing families matches the number of 'Familial cases' given as the first column in Table [2](#Tab2){ref-type="table"}.Table 2RRs for penile cancer when family members were diagnosed with any cancer, and RR for cancer when family members were diagnosed with penile cancer.Cancer site family memberRR for penile cancerRR for cancerFamilial casesRR95% CIFamilial casesRR95% CIUpper aerodigestive tract191.070.68--1.68211.210.79--1.85Esophagus81.200.60--2.4161.010.46--2.26Stomach331.080.76--1.53161.240.76--2.03Small intestine30.820.26--2.5420.550.14--2.21Colorectum1001.110.91--1.37620.840.65--1.07Anus10.560.08--4.0110.460.06--3.25Liver271.290.88--1.8990.670.35--1.28Pancreas271.230.84--1.80161.050.65--1.72Nose0------10.880.12--6.24Lung711.230.97--1.56551.000.76--1.30Breast (female and male)980.950.78--1.171390.970.82--1.15Cervix201.420.91--2.20201.330.86--2.06Endometrium231.000.66--1.51210.940.61--1.44Uterus, unspecified31.140.37--3.5531.160.37--3.60Ovary221.200.78--1.8230**1.601.12--2.29**Vulvar/vaginal61.620.72--3.6141.510.56--4.02Prostate1240.970.81--1.171090.820.68--0.99Penile5**3.221.34--7.74**Kidney170.720.44--1.15140.730.43--1.23Urinary bladder370.970.70--1.35331.100.78--1.55Melanoma291.070.74--1.55511.040.79--1.36Skin381.070.78--1.48220.850.56--1.30Nervous system271.150.78--1.68431.210.90--1.64Thyroid gland71.090.52--2.2817**1.791.12--2.89**Endocrine glands151.090.65--1.81130.740.43--1.28Bone4**3.301.24--8.81**20.760.19--3.03Connective tissue71.370.65--2.8771.140.55--2.40Non-Hodgkin lymphoma220.880.58--1.34331.210.86--1.71Hodgkin lymphoma30.840.27--2.6030.470.15--1.46Myeloma90.760.39--1.4680.920.46--1.84Leukemia200.870.56--1.35271.070.74--1.57CUP^a^230.890.59--1.3490.480.25--0.92All (including penile)628**1.121.00--1.25**8150.970.91--1.04CUP^a^ = cancer of unknown primary. RR = relative risk, 95% CI = 95% confidence interval, bold font indicates that the lower limit of 95% CI does not include 1.00.
Table [3](#Tab3){ref-type="table"} shows familial risk for vulvar/vaginal cancer in daughters whose first-degree family members were diagnosed with any cancer, and in reverse order, the risk of cancer in the offspring generation when mother or sister were diagnosed with vulvar/vaginal cancers. The combined numbers of familial cases were about two times higher than in Table [2](#Tab2){ref-type="table"}. The RR for vulvar/vaginal cancer was increased to 2.72 when family members were diagnosed with the same cancer (p-value \< 0.0001); familial cases were 6 sister pairs and 11 mother-daughter pairs. The other significant associations were with anal (2.38), liver (1.34), nasal (2.68) and lung (1.32) cancers. In the reverse analysis, RRs for anal (2.13), unspecified uterine (1.98) and bladder (1.29) cancers were increased. Similar to penile cancer in Table [2](#Tab2){ref-type="table"}, the number of contributing families is equal to the number of 'Familial cases' given as the first column.Table 3RRs for vulvar/vaginal cancer when family members were diagnosed with any cancer, and RR for cancer when family members were diagnosed with vulvar/vaginal cancer.Cancer site family memberRR for vulvar/vaginal cancerRR for cancerFamilial casesRR^b^95% CI^c^Familial casesRR95% CIUpper aerodigestive tract321.030.73--1.47491.180.89--1.56Salivary glands41.230.46--3.2851.080.45--2.61Esophagus90.800.41--1.53130.900.52--1.56Stomach631.230.96--1.58290.940.65--1.36Small intestine50.820.34--1.9870.810.38--1.69Colorectum1500.980.83--1.151750.980.85--1.14Anus7**2.381.14--5.01**11**2.131.18--3.85**Liver48**1.341.01--1.78**220.680.45--1.03Pancreas350.940.67--1.31381.040.75--1.42Nose6**2.681.20--5.97**41.480.56--3.96Lung130**1.321.10--1.57**1511.130.96--1.32Breast (female and male)1660.960.82--1.133120.940.84--1.05Cervix240.990.66--1.48240.710.48--1.07Endometrium481.250.94--1.66621.160.90--1.48Uterus, unspecified20.470.12--1.8912**1.981.12--3.49**Ovary270.880.60--1.29390.890.65--1.22Vulvar/vaginal17**2.721.69--4.39**Prostate1910.900.77--1.042730.840.75--0.95Testis30.700.23--2.17180.920.58--1.46Penile41.510.56--4.0261.620.72--3.61Kidney411.030.76--1.41481.050.79--1.40Urinary bladder721.120.89--1.4294**1.291.05--1.58**Melanoma571.240.95--1.61900.800.65--0.98Skin590.980.76--1.27620.990.77--1.27Eye20.500.12--1.9950.820.34--1.96Nervous system481.230.93--1.64720.900.72--1.14Thyroid gland100.910.49--1.70140.670.39--1.13Endocrine glands251.080.73--1.60370.920.66--1.27Bone41.940.73--5.1720.360.09--1.43Connective tissue111.270.70--2.30181.300.82--2.07Non-Hodgkin lymphoma380.900.66--1.25651.020.80--1.30Hodgkin lymphoma60.980.44--2.19110.810.45--1.46Myeloma190.950.60--1.49180.860.54--1.37Leukemia391.000.73--1.37440.770.57--1.03CUP^a^420.950.70--1.28320.710.50--1.00All (including vulvar/vaginal)10271.050.96--1.1418800.950.91--1.00CUP^a^ = cancer of unknown primary. RR^b^ = relative risk. 95% CI^c^ = 95% confidence interval, bold font indicates that the lower limit of 95% CI does not include 1.00.
Risks for SPCs are shown in Table [4](#Tab4){ref-type="table"} after penile cancer (i.e., in survivors of penile cancer) and for penile cancer as the SPC (i.e., in survivors of any primary cancer). Only risks of penile (11.68) and anal (3.97) cancers were increased. In the reversed analysis, risk for penile cancer was not increased after any other cancer.Table 4RRs of second primary cancers (SPCs) in survivors of penile cancer and other cancers.Cancer siteAfter penile cancerAfter other cancersSPCsRR^b^95% CI^c^SPCsRR95% CIUpper aerodigestive tract191.120.72--1.76140.640.38--1.08Salivary gland0------0------Esophagus81.010.51--2.0210.370.05--2.60Stomach240.760.52--1.14100.510.28--0.95Small intestine31.100.35--3.4010.330.05--2.34Colorectum700.900.71--1.13380.350.26--0.49Anus3**3.971.28--12.31**42.190.82--5.84Liver140.830.49--1.3920.290.07--1.18Pancreas191.080.69--1.700------Nose0------0------Lung691.230.97--1.5640.180.07--0.49Breast21.960.49--7.8510.010.001--0.04Prostate1750.850.73--0.991230.820.69--0.99Testis22.060.52--8.2561.640.74--3.65Penile26**11.687.95--17.18**Kidney120.660.37--1.1630.140.05--0.45Urinary bladder471.030.78--1.37280.570.39--0.82Melanoma120.720.41--1.28190.510.32--0.79Skin461.110.83--1.49360.700.21--0.98Eye0------10.320.04--2.24Nervous system90.880.46--1.6940.200.08--0.54Thyroid gland0------30.320.10--0.99Endocrine glands30.710.23--2.2130.140.05--0.43Bone11.770.25--12.5910.710.10--5.04Connective tissue51.440.60--3.4640.710.27--1.88Non-Hodgkin lymphoma140.750.44--1.26130.610.36--1.06Hodgkin lymphoma21.070.27--4.2620.620.16--2.49Myeloma10.110.01--0.7520.260.06--1.03Leukemia120.650.37--1.1450.270.11--0.65CUP^a^120.670.38--1.1880.850.43--1.71All (excluding penile)584**1.081.00--1.18**3360.420.38--0.47CUP^a^ = cancer of unknown primary. RR^b^ = relative risk. 95% CI^c^ = 95% confidence interval, bold font indicates that the lower limit of 95% CI does not include 1.00.
In Table [5](#Tab5){ref-type="table"} SPCs after vulvar/vaginal cancers were analyzed, with significant risks for upper aerodigestive tract (2.26), anal (10.31), lung (1.81), cervical (2.38), vulvar/vaginal (9.03) and connective tissue cancers (3.64). In the reverse order, risks for vulvar/vaginal cancers were increased after anal (2.31), cervical (4.20), endometrial (1.52) and unspecified uterine cancers (2.13).Table 5RRs of second primary cancers (SPCs) in survivors of vulvar/vaginal cancer and other cancers.Cancer siteAfter vulvar/vaginal cancerAfter other cancersSPCsRR^b^95% CI^c^SPCsRR95% CIUpper aerodigestive tract262.261.54--3.32140.330.20--0.56Salivary gland10.580.08--4.1240.720.27--1.91Esophagus71.230.59--2.580------Stomach280.850.59--1.23150.380.23--0.63Small intestine71.800.86--3.780------Colorectum1191.020.85--1.221360.650.55--0.77Anus26**10.317.01--15.16**8**2.311.16--4.63**Liver280.870.60--1.2650.370.15--0.88Pancreas260.910.62--1.3320.170.04--0.68Nose10.800.11--5.710------Lung81**1.811.45--2.25**90.220.11--0.41Breast1730.920.79--1.062260.730.64--0.83Cervix34**2.381.70--3.33**170**4.203.61--4.89**Endometrium370.820.59--1.13136**1.521.29--1.80**Uterus, unspecified30.670.22--2.0714**2.131.26--3.60**Ovary240.730.49--1.08511.310.99--1.72Vulvar/vaginal87**9.037.31--11.15**Kidney281.340.92--1.94110.270.15--0.49Urinary bladder451.821.36--2.44380.400.29--0.54Melanoma230.990.66--1.49340.500.35--0.69Skin591.190.92--1.54660.660.52--0.85Eye42.150.80--5.7220.330.08--1.30Nervous system170.880.55--1.41170.450.28--0.73Thyroid gland81.170.58--2.3460.340.15--0.75Endocrine glands120.830.47--1.46290.710.50--1.03Bone10.830.47--1.4620.760.19--3.04Connective tissue17**3.642.26--5.86**60.560.25--1.24Non-Hodgkin lymphoma261.040.71--1.53160.400.24--0.65Hodgkin lymphoma41.620.61--4.3350.830.35--2.00Myeloma70.550.26--1.1560.390.18--0.88Leukemia241.020.68--1.52130.360.21--0.63CUP^a^451.200.89--1.60110.590.33--1.07All (excluding vulvar/vaginal)941**1.281.20--1.37**10520.750.70--0.80CUP^a^ = cancer of unknown primary. RR^b^ = relative risk. 95% CI^c^ = 95% confidence interval, bold font indicates that the lower limit of 95% CI does not include 1.00.
In Table [6](#Tab6){ref-type="table"} data are shown for concordant SPCs after primary penile (i.e., second penile cancer after primary penile cancer) and vaginal/vulvar cancer according to the follow-up time. The highest risk of second penile cancer was 16.23 at \> 5 years of follow-up. For second vulvar/vaginal cancer the highest RR of 9.16 was reached at follow-up of \>5 years but the RRs were quite uniform throughout.Table 6RRs of second primary penile and vulvar/vaginal cancers by follow-up time.\<=1 yr^a^1--5 yr\>5 yr**After penile cancer**CasesRR^b^95% CI^c^CasesRR95% CICasesRR95% CI510.384.32--24.9523.510.88--14.031916.2310.33--25.49**After vulvar/vaginal cancer**CasesRR95% CICasesRR95% CICasesRR95% CI228.905.85--13.50228.925.87--13.56439.166.79--12.35yr^a^ = year. RR^b^ = relative risk. 95%CI^c^ = 95% confidence interval, bold font indicates that the lower limit of 95% CI does not include 1.00.
Causes of death in genital cancer patients are reported in Table [7](#Tab7){ref-type="table"}. For penile cancer in patients without SPC, 65.7% of deaths were due to non-neoplastic causes and 28.4% were due to penile cancer; 5.9% were caused by cancers which were reported in death notifications but not in the cancer registry. For vulvar/vaginal cancers, 43.5% of deaths were caused by vulvar/vaginal cancer and 45.3% were due to non-neoplastic causes. For male patients with SPC, 45.9% of deaths were caused by SPC (other than penile cancer), higher order primaries accounted for 4.8% of deaths and non-neoplastic causes 32.9%. For female patients, SPCs (other than vulvar/vaginal cancers) caused 36.4% of deaths, higher order primaries 3.1% and non-neoplastic cause 32.4%.Table 7Cause of death in penile cancer and vaginal/vulvar cancer with or without second primary cancer.Cause of deathWithout second primary cancerPenile cancer (N%)Vulvar/vaginal cancer (N%)Penile cancer625 (28.4)---Vulvar/vaginal cancer---2754 (43.5)Other cancers131 (5.9)707 (11.2)Non-neoplastic1447(65.7)2869 (45.3)All2203 (100.0)6330 (100.0)**Cause of deathWith second primary cancerPenile cancer (N%)Vulvar/vaginal cancer (N%)**Penile cancer^a^45 (9.4)---Vulvar/vaginal cancer^a^---145 (17.2)SPC^b^non-penile cancer219 (45.9)---SPC^b^non-vulvar/vaginal cancer---307 (36.4)Higher order primary23 (4.8)26 (3.1)Other cancers33 (6.9)92 (10.9)Non-neoplastic157 (32.9)273 (32.4)All477 (100.0)843 (100.0)Penile cancer^a^ = including first primary cancer and second primary cancer.Vulvar/vaginal cancer^a^ = including first primary cancer and second primary cancer.SPC^b^ = second primary cancer.
Causes of death in penile cancer patients are listed according to the type of SPC (Supplementary Table [1](#MOESM1){ref-type="media"}). Prostate, lung and colorectal cancers as SPC caused the highest numbers of deaths due to SPC. The most fatal SPCs were pancreatic (15 of 17 total deaths) and esophageal cancer (7 of 8 total deaths). Similar data for vulvar/vaginal cancer patients are shown in Supplementary Table [2](#MOESM1){ref-type="media"}. Breast, colorectal and lung cancers as SPC caused the highest numbers of deaths due to SPC. The most fatal SPC was lung cancer (60 of 74 total deaths) but also pancreatic and esophageal cancers claimed a high toll.
Discussion {#Sec3}
==========
The present results confirmed the previous findings on concordant familial risk for penile cancer and vulvar/vaginal cancers with larger case numbers^[@CR9]^. These risks were at the equal magnitude, 3.22, for penile cancer (p \< 0.05) and 2.72 for vulvar/vaginal cancer (p \< 0.0001) but with three times more familial cancers for the latter which also showed more than 2 times higher overall case numbers. Penile cancers were associated in single analyses with bone, ovarian and thyroid cancers but as solitary results there was no support against chance findings. Vulvar/vaginal cancers were associated bi-directionally with anal cancer families and uni-directionally with liver, nasal, lung, unspecified uterine and bladder cancer families. Both penile cancer and vulvar/vaginal cancer showed the highest risks as respective SPCs, together with high risk of anal cancer which for women was bi-directional. Cervical cancer was also bi-directionally associated with vulvar/vaginal cancer as SPC. Upper aerodigestive tract, lung and connective tissue cancers were increased as SPCs after vulvar/vaginal cancer, and the risk for vulvar/vaginal cancer was increased as SPC after endometrial and unspecified uterine cancers. Finally, we showed that SPCs had implications for mortality. SPCs were diagnosed in 16.8% of penile cancer patients and in these patients 45.9% of deaths were caused by SPC (other than penile cancer) compared to 32.9% of deaths due to non-neoplastic causes, which were the main cause of deaths (65.7%) in patients without SPC. In vulvar/vaginal cancer patients the effect of SPC was not as marked as in men but even in women with SPC, SPC was the main cause of death, accounting for 36.4% of all deaths.
Limitations of the study include small case numbers and hence large 95%CIs, even in spite of this being the largest study so far conducted on these cancers relating to familial and SPC risks. Another limitation is the lack of possibilities for external validation as much of the previous literature originates from the earlier versions of the Swedish database. However, as HPV is an important etiological factor for both penile and vulvar/vaginal cancers, the equal findings for the two cancers with consistent bi-directional associations should make a strong case for biological interpretations. In regard to concordant SPCs it is an acknowledged problem to distinguish recurrent primaries from independent primaries, particularly when an infective agent (HPV) is likely to be an overwhelming oncogenic driver. However the present results showing the higher risks for second penile and vulvar/vaginal cancers in longest follow-up time support the notion of independent primaries.
How can we consolidate the findings? Inherited genetic factors are likely to contribute to the associations, and for example in cervical cancer certain human leukocyte antigen (HLA) alleles show strong risk^[@CR14],[@CR15]^. However, we need to consider also the contribution by other non-genetic risk factors, such as HPV-infection and smoking. First we note that the study involved many comparisons (over 30 different cancers were included) and chance findings are likely. In the same token we need to point out that many case numbers were small and for these the power of detection was small^[@CR16]^. Formal correction for the number of comparisons, such as Bonferroni correction, is not useful for the present kind of data where most risk estimates were underpowered^[@CR17]^. Thus we rely on internal consistency between bi-directional results and between familial and SPC results, and on biological plausibility. The possibility to invoke external consistency is meager because the previous literature largely originates from earlier versions of the present data sources. Risks for concordant genital cancers (familial and SPC) suggest the HPV-infection is the likely driver together with inherited genetic factors of these associations with a possible contribution with life-style factors such as smoking. Such mechanisms would also be plausible explanations for the observed association with cervical, lung and upper aerodigestive tract cancers. The increased risk of vulvar/vaginal cancers as SPC after cervical and unspecified uterine cancers may be caused by side effects of radiation after treatment of primary cancers, as suggested in previous studies^[@CR11]--[@CR13]^. Immunosuppression is often suggested to be a contributing mechanism for infection-related familial or personal risks^[@CR8]^. Based on cancers arising in immunosuppressed patients, squamous cell skin cancer and non-Hodgkin lymphoma are considered hallmark cancers of dysfunctional immune system^[@CR18],[@CR19]^. It is noteworthy that we found no evidence on increased associations of penile or vulvar/vaginal cancers with these cancers, in spite of reasonable case numbers; thus immune suppression appears not to be important in the present context.
How can we rationalize these results? HPV infections are usually sexually transmitted while for a familial risk this mode of transmission would be limited to relatively rare events, such as sexual abuse situations. Transmission from an infected mother during pregnancy or early childhood may take place but overall such non-sexual transmissions are thought to be rare^[@CR20]^. We assume that shared life-style is the main explanation to the observed familial risks. In our previous studies we reported, for example, that husbands of women with cervical cancer had an increase in tobacco and HPV related cancers^[@CR21]^. Risks for cervical and other female genital cancers, together with upper aerodigestive tract, anal, liver, pancreatic, lung, kidney and urinary bladder cancers were increased in women who had children with different men in Sweden^[@CR22]^. Similarly for men who had children with different partners, increasing risks were shown for upper aerodigestive tract, lung, urinary bladder and esophageal cancers^[@CR23]^. Risks for cervical and lung cancers were increased also in Swedish divorced women^[@CR24]^.
The results on mortality overall support the moderate survival in the present genital cancers, consistent with non-neoplastic causes being the main cause of death, particularly for penile cancers. With improving survival, SPCs are becoming increasingly common and we showed that they had a negative influence on mortality. Cancers of known to be fatal as first primary cancers, such as pancreatic, esophageal and lung cancers, were also fatal as SPC.
In summary, we provide evidence that penile cancers and vulvar/vaginal cancers might be associated in families and as SPCs with HPV and smoking related cancers. Individual counseling about life-style related cancers may not be successful but overall health campaigns may bring some benefit. However, risk for concordant penile and vulvar/vaginal cancer and anal SPCs are high and a follow-up plan should be agreed at diagnosis of male and female genital cancer patients.
Methods {#Sec4}
=======
Database and cancer ascertainment {#Sec5}
---------------------------------
We used the update of The Swedish Family-Cancer Database which covered cancer data from 1958 through 2015 and family links over a century^[@CR25]^. This Database includes 16 million individuals, covering the offspring generations born after 1931 and their biological parents (the parental generation) in some 4 million nuclear families. Siblings could be identified only in the offspring generation which reached a maximal age of 83 years in 2015.
Coverage of cytologically or histologically verified incident cancers is considered to over 90% complete on account of compulsory nationwide registration by clinicians and pathologists^[@CR26],[@CR27]^. Cancer diagnoses were based on the 7^th^ or later revisions of the International Classification of Diseases (ICD). In ICD-10, the code for penile cancer was C60, for vulvar cancer it was C51 and for vaginal cancer it was C52. The Swedish Cancer Registry requests notifications for SPCs which are thought to be independent primary cancers, considering e. g., anatomic location, time since the first cancer and histology. For histologically identical cancers at the same organ site the independence cannot be clinically judged, and in these cases some SPCs may be recurrences, causing overestimation, However, it is not known how many true SPCs are not notified because the clinician considers them to be recurrences, leading to underestimation.
Statistical analysis {#Sec6}
--------------------
Relative risks (RRs) were used to measure cancer risks for penile or vulvar/vaginal cancer in the offspring generation according to occurrence of any cancers in their first-degree family members (parents or siblings). Risks were assessed for offspring cancer depending on family history. Thus the RR for e.g., familial penile cancer was calculated for offspring cases of penile cancer when their family members were diagnosed with penile cancer considering their accumulated person-years at risk and compared to offspring penile cancers in families where no penile cancers were diagnosed. In the reverse analysis, RR was calculated for cancer in offspring when family members were diagnosed with genital cancer. These two types of analyses were partially independent, particularly for discordant cancers, and positive results in both analyses provided strong support for a true association^[@CR28]^. Follow-up was started for each offspring at birth, immigration or January 1^st^, 1958, whichever came latest. Follow-up was terminated on diagnosis of first cancer, death, emigration, or the closing date of the study, which was December 31^st^, 2015. Poisson regression modeling was employed to estimate RRs and corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CI). For concordant familial RRs we calculated additionally the p-values to help inference about the significance of the results. Potential confounders, including sex, age group (5-year bands), period (5-year bands), socioeconomic status (blue-collar worker, white-collar worker, farmer, private, professional, or other/unspecified), residential area (large cities, South Sweden, North Sweden, or unspecified) were added to the model as covariates^[@CR28]^.
RRs for SPCs were obtained by comparing incidence rates for cancer X as SPC in penile or vulvar/vaginal cancer patients with rates for cancer X as first cancer in the general population. In the reverse analyses, RRs were calculated for penile or vulvar/vagina cancer as the SPC following any cancer. Follow-up was started at diagnosis of the relevant genital cancer and terminated at diagnosis of SPC, emigration, death or December 31, 2015, whichever occurred first. Identical follow-up times were applied when genital cancer was considered as SPC. Sex, age group, calendar-period, socio-economic status and residential areas were treated as potential confounders and were adjusted for in the regression model^[@CR28]^.
All cancer related deaths were stratified into penile or vulvar/vagina cancer, SPC, 'other cancer' and non-neoplastic cause of death. 'Other cancer' includes cases diagnosed at the issue of death certificates, referred to 'death certificate notifications'^[@CR29]^. These notifications are not used by the Swedish Cancer Registry to complement cancer data^[@CR26],[@CR29]^. We have found that the notifications often included multiple cancers and cancer of unknown primary (CUP). In our previous studies we have used these as information on metastases^[@CR30]^. If the death certificate notification matched the organ site of the reported primary cancer it was classified to that site but in most cases such an assignment could not be made and the classification was to 'other neoplasia'^[@CR28]^.
All statistical analyses were done with the SAS version 9.4.
Ethical statement {#Sec7}
-----------------
The study was approved by the Ethical Committee of Lund University (Reg. No. 2012/795), Sweden, and the study was conducted in accordance with the approved guidelines not requesting informed consent^[@CR31]^. The study is national register-based study on anonymous personal data.
Supplementary information
=========================
{#Sec8}
Supplementary Dataset 1
**Publisher's note:** Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Supplementary information
=========================
**Supplementary information** accompanies this paper at 10.1038/s41598-019-48399-4.
Supported by Deutsche Krebshilfe, the Swedish Research Council (2014-2517, 2014-10134 and 2016-01176) and ALF funding from Region Skåne.
K.H. had full access to all of the data in the study and takes responsibility for the integrity of the data and the accuracy of the data analysis. Study concept and design: K.H., O.H. and A.F. Statistical analysis: L.Z., G.Z. and T.C. Acquisition, analysis, or interpretation of data: K.S., J.S., K.H., O.H. and A.F. Drafting of the manuscript: K.H. Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content: K.S., A.F. and O.H. Final approval of the manuscript for publication: all authors.
The authors declare no competing interests.
|
The Church of the Gesu (, ) is the mother church of the Society of Jesus (Jesuits), a Catholic religious order.
Roman Catholic churches in Italy
16th-century buildings and structures
Churches in Rome |
Surely, as we all impatiently await Manning’s fate, we can at least use the game’s own recent history to provide reasons why we should all chill out. Montana’s comeback in 1986 is one example. More recently, Chad Pennington’s comeback in 2008 is another.
Pennington didn’t sign with the Dolphins until Aug. 8, 2008. Yet he picked up the offense, managed the team’s talent — and led Miami to an AFC East title and the best turnaround in NFL history.
Although Pennington recently told the Palm Beach Post he thinks Manning’s neck injury makes his chances for a return far riskier than Pennington’s previous returns, none of us are equipped to know exactly where Manning’s neck stands at this point.
About Todd Smith
Todd Smith is a part-time sportswriter who spends too much time arguing on Twitter. What he really loves is eating poorly and watching football. He got his first Colts t-shirt in 1984 shortly after the Mayflower trucks arrived and has never given up on his hometown team.
He also still holds to the belief that Kordell Stewart stepped out of the end zone and thus cheated the Colts. |
Richard Paul Conaboy (June 12, 1925 - November 9, 2018) was an American judge. He was a United States District Judge of the United States District Court for the Middle District of Pennsylvania from 1979 to 1992. He was appointed by President Jimmy Carter. From 1989 to 1992, he was Chief Judge of the court. He was born in Scranton, Pennsylvania.
Conaboy died on November 9, 2018 at a hospital in Scranton from a heart attack at the age of 93. |
/**
* Copyright (C) 2016-2019 DSpot Sp. z o.o
*
* Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
* you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
* You may obtain a copy of the License at
*
* http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
*
* Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
* distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
* WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
* See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
* limitations under the License.
*/
package com.dspot.declex.handler;
import static com.dspot.declex.api.util.FormatsUtils.fieldToGetter;
import static com.helger.jcodemodel.JExpr._new;
import static com.helger.jcodemodel.JExpr._null;
import static com.helger.jcodemodel.JExpr._this;
import static com.helger.jcodemodel.JExpr.cast;
import static com.helger.jcodemodel.JExpr.invoke;
import static com.helger.jcodemodel.JExpr.lit;
import static com.helger.jcodemodel.JExpr.ref;
import java.io.File;
import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.HashMap;
import java.util.LinkedList;
import java.util.List;
import java.util.Map;
import java.util.Map.Entry;
import java.util.Set;
import java.util.regex.Matcher;
import java.util.regex.Pattern;
import javax.lang.model.element.Element;
import javax.lang.model.element.ElementKind;
import javax.lang.model.element.ExecutableElement;
import javax.lang.model.element.VariableElement;
import javax.lang.model.type.TypeKind;
import javax.lang.model.type.TypeMirror;
import com.dspot.declex.annotation.*;
import org.androidannotations.AndroidAnnotationsEnvironment;
import org.androidannotations.ElementValidation;
import org.androidannotations.handler.BaseAnnotationHandler;
import org.androidannotations.helper.CanonicalNameConstants;
import org.androidannotations.helper.ModelConstants;
import org.androidannotations.holder.EComponentHolder;
import org.androidannotations.holder.EComponentWithViewSupportHolder;
import org.androidannotations.internal.process.ProcessHolder;
import org.androidannotations.logger.Logger;
import org.androidannotations.logger.LoggerFactory;
import org.androidannotations.rclass.IRClass.Res;
import com.dspot.declex.adapter.AdapterClassCreator;
import com.dspot.declex.adapter.RecyclerViewAdapterClassCreator;
import com.dspot.declex.adapter.RecyclerViewAdapterPopulator;
import com.dspot.declex.adapter.ViewAdapterPopulator;
import com.dspot.declex.adapter.plugin.JClassPlugin;
import com.dspot.declex.annotation.ExportPopulate;
import com.dspot.declex.api.util.FormatsUtils;
import com.dspot.declex.helper.AfterPopulateHelper;
import com.dspot.declex.helper.EventsHelper;
import com.dspot.declex.helper.ViewsHelper;
import com.dspot.declex.helper.ViewsPropertiesReaderHelper;
import com.dspot.declex.holder.EventHolder;
import com.dspot.declex.holder.ModelHolder;
import com.dspot.declex.holder.PopulateHolder;
import com.dspot.declex.holder.ViewsHolder;
import com.dspot.declex.holder.ViewsHolder.IWriteInBloc;
import com.dspot.declex.holder.ViewsHolder.IdInfoHolder;
import com.dspot.declex.holder.view_listener.ViewListenerHolder;
import com.dspot.declex.override.helper.DeclexAPTCodeModelHelper;
import com.dspot.declex.parser.LayoutsParser.LayoutObject;
import com.dspot.declex.util.DeclexConstant;
import com.dspot.declex.util.ParamUtils;
import com.dspot.declex.util.SharedRecords;
import com.dspot.declex.util.TypeUtils;
import com.dspot.declex.util.TypeUtils.ClassInformation;
import org.androidannotations.internal.virtual.VirtualElement;
import com.helger.jcodemodel.AbstractJClass;
import com.helger.jcodemodel.IJExpression;
import com.helger.jcodemodel.JBlock;
import com.helger.jcodemodel.JClassAlreadyExistsException;
import com.helger.jcodemodel.JConditional;
import com.helger.jcodemodel.JDefinedClass;
import com.helger.jcodemodel.JExpr;
import com.helger.jcodemodel.JFieldRef;
import com.helger.jcodemodel.JInvocation;
import com.helger.jcodemodel.JMethod;
import com.helger.jcodemodel.JMod;
import com.helger.jcodemodel.JVar;
public class PopulateHandler extends BaseAnnotationHandler<EComponentWithViewSupportHolder> {
private static final Logger LOGGER = LoggerFactory.getLogger(PopulateHandler.class);
private List<JClassPlugin> adapterPlugins;
private Map<Element, Map<String, ExecutableElement>> populatorMethods = new HashMap<>();
private static int uniquePriorityCounter = 1000;
private EventsHelper eventsHelper;
private ViewsPropertiesReaderHelper propertiesHelper;
private AfterPopulateHelper afterPopulateHelper;
public PopulateHandler(AndroidAnnotationsEnvironment environment, List<JClassPlugin> adapterPlugins) {
super(Populate.class, environment);
this.adapterPlugins = adapterPlugins;
eventsHelper = EventsHelper.getInstance(environment);
propertiesHelper = ViewsPropertiesReaderHelper.getInstance(environment);
afterPopulateHelper = new AfterPopulateHelper(getEnvironment());
codeModelHelper = new DeclexAPTCodeModelHelper(environment);
}
@Override
public void validate(Element element, ElementValidation valid) {
final String elementName = element.getSimpleName().toString();
//Ignore @Populate Methods
if (element instanceof ExecutableElement) {
if (afterPopulateHelper.existsPopulateFieldWithElementName(element)) {
Map<String, ExecutableElement> methods = populatorMethods.get(element.getEnclosingElement());
if (methods == null) {
methods = new HashMap<>();
populatorMethods.put(element.getEnclosingElement(), methods);
}
methods.put(elementName, (ExecutableElement) element);
return;
}
}
validatorHelper.enclosingElementHasEnhancedComponentAnnotation(element, valid);
validatorHelper.isNotPrivate(element, valid);
//Validate special methods
List<? extends Element> elems = element.getEnclosingElement().getEnclosedElements();
for (Element elem : elems) {
if (elem.getKind() == ElementKind.METHOD) {
ExecutableElement executableElement = (ExecutableElement) elem;
if (executableElement.getSimpleName().toString().equals("assignField")) {
validatorHelper.returnTypeIsVoid(executableElement, valid);
List<? extends VariableElement> parameters = executableElement.getParameters();
if (parameters.size() != 2) {
valid.addError("%s can only be used on a method with 2 parameters, instead of " + parameters.size());
} else {
VariableElement firstParameter = parameters.get(0);
VariableElement secondParameter = parameters.get(1);
if (!TypeUtils.isSubtype(firstParameter, CanonicalNameConstants.VIEW, getProcessingEnvironment())) {
valid.addError("The first parameter should be an instance of View");
}
if (!secondParameter.asType().toString().equals(Object.class.getCanonicalName())) {
valid.addError("The second parameter should be an Object");
}
}
break;
}
}
}
ViewsHelper viewsHelper = new ViewsHelper(element.getEnclosingElement(), getEnvironment());
if (viewsHelper.getLayoutObjects() == null) {
valid.addError("@Populate cannot be used, if there is no associated layout");
return;
}
if (!(element instanceof ExecutableElement)) {
boolean isList = TypeUtils.isSubtype(element, CanonicalNameConstants.LIST, getProcessingEnvironment());
if (isList) {
String className = element.asType().toString();
Matcher matcher = Pattern.compile("[a-zA-Z_][a-zA-Z_0-9.]+<([a-zA-Z_][a-zA-Z_0-9.]+)>").matcher(className);
if (!matcher.find()) {
valid.addError("Cannot infer the List Type from " + className);
}
if (!viewsHelper.getLayoutObjects().containsKey(elementName)) {
valid.addError("The element with Id \"" + elementName + "\" cannot be found in the Layout");
} else {
LayoutObject layoutObject = viewsHelper.getLayoutObjects().get(elementName);
if (layoutObject.domElement.hasAttribute("tools:listitem")) {
String listItem = layoutObject.domElement.getAttribute("tools:listitem");
String listItemId = listItem.substring(listItem.lastIndexOf('/')+1);
if (!getEnvironment().getRClass().get(Res.LAYOUT).containsField(listItemId)) {
valid.addError(
"The \"tools:listitem\" layout provided to the "
+ layoutObject.className + " with id \"" + elementName + "\" in your layout is not valid"
+ " The current value it is \"" + listItem + "\"");
};
} else {
valid.addError(
"You should provide an attribute \"tools:listitem\" as the layout for the list items, "
+ "please review the " + layoutObject.className + " with id \"" + elementName + "\" in the layout"
);
}
}
}
}
}
@Override
public void process(Element element, EComponentWithViewSupportHolder holder) {
uniquePriorityCounter++;
final ViewsHolder viewsHolder = holder.getPluginHolder(new ViewsHolder(holder));
final PopulateHolder populateHolder = holder.getPluginHolder(new PopulateHolder(holder));
final boolean isMethod;
if (element instanceof ExecutableElement) {
//Ignore @Populate support methods
if (afterPopulateHelper.existsPopulateFieldWithElementName(element)) {
return;
}
isMethod = true;
} else {
isMethod = false;
}
ClassInformation classInformation = TypeUtils.getClassInformation(element, getEnvironment());
final String className = classInformation.generatorClassName;
final String originalClassName = classInformation.originalClassName;
final boolean isList = classInformation.isList;
LoadOnEvent loadOnEvent = element.getAnnotation(LoadOnEvent.class);
if (loadOnEvent != null) {
String classField = annotationHelper.extractAnnotationClassNameParameter(element, LoadOnEvent.class.getCanonicalName(), "value");
String eventClass = SharedRecords.getEvent(classField, getEnvironment());
if (classField == null || eventClass == null) {
LOGGER.error("@LoadOnEvent failed in " + className, element, loadOnEvent);
return;
}
eventsHelper.addEventListener(eventClass, element.getEnclosingElement(), viewsHolder);
}
int layoutId = 0;
int index = 0;
int[] values = adiHelper.getAnnotation(element, Populate.class).value();
//Restoration objects
final String defLayoutId = viewsHolder.getDefLayoutId();
final JVar onViewChangedHasViewsParam = holder.getOnViewChangedHasViewsParam();
do {
if (layoutId != 0) {
viewsHolder.inflateLayoutAndUse(layoutId);
processEventsInViews(element, viewsHolder);
}
IdInfoHolder info = findInfoHolder(element, viewsHolder);
if (info != null) {
if (isList) {
if (layoutId == 0) {
processList(originalClassName, element, viewsHolder, populateHolder);
}
} else {
processDirectReference(info, className, element, viewsHolder, populateHolder);
}
} else if (isMethod) {
processMethod(element, viewsHolder, populateHolder, classInformation, layoutId);
} else {
processModel(className, element, viewsHolder, populateHolder);
}
if (!adiHelper.getAnnotation(element, Populate.class).independent()) {
SharedRecords.priorityAdd(
viewsHolder.holder().getOnViewChangedBody(),
JExpr.invoke(populateHolder.getPopulateMethod(element)).arg(_null()).arg(_null()),
uniquePriorityCounter
);
}
createViewsForPopulateMethod(element.getSimpleName().toString(), element, viewsHolder);
if (index >= values.length) break;
layoutId = values[index];
index++;
} while (layoutId != 0);
if (!isList) {
callPopulateSupportMethod(
element.getSimpleName().toString(),
holder.getOnViewChangedBody(),
null, null, element, viewsHolder
);
}
viewsHolder.setDefLayoutId(defLayoutId);
holder.setOnViewChangedHasViewsParam(onViewChangedHasViewsParam);
}
private void processMethod(Element element, ViewsHolder viewsHolder, PopulateHolder populateHolder, ClassInformation classInformation, int layoutId) {
final String methodName = element.getSimpleName().toString();
final String className = classInformation.generatorClassName;
Map<String, IdInfoHolder> allFields = new HashMap<String, IdInfoHolder>();
Map<String, IdInfoHolder> allMethods = new HashMap<String, IdInfoHolder>();
viewsHolder.findFieldsAndMethods(
viewsHolder.holder().getAnnotatedElement().asType().toString(),
null, element, allFields, allMethods, true);
for (Entry<String, IdInfoHolder> entry : allFields.entrySet()) {
final IdInfoHolder fieldInfo = entry.getValue();
final String infoNameForMethod = fieldToGetter(fieldInfo.idName);
final boolean startsWithInfo = methodName.startsWith(fieldInfo.idName) || methodName.startsWith(infoNameForMethod);
final boolean endsWithGetterOrSetter = fieldInfo.getterOrSetter != null && methodName.endsWith(fieldInfo.getterOrSetter);
if (startsWithInfo && endsWithGetterOrSetter) {
JFieldRef view = viewsHolder.createAndAssignView(fieldInfo.idName);
JBlock block = populateHolder.getPopulateMethodBlock(element).blockVirtual();
putAssignInBlock(fieldInfo, block, view, invoke(methodName), element, viewsHolder, populateHolder);
return;
}
}
for (Entry<String, IdInfoHolder> entry : allMethods.entrySet()) {
final IdInfoHolder methodInfo = entry.getValue();
final String infoNameForMethod = fieldToGetter(methodInfo.idName);
final boolean startsWithInfo = methodName.startsWith(methodInfo.idName) || methodName.startsWith(infoNameForMethod);
final boolean endsWithGetterOrSetter = methodInfo.getterOrSetter != null && methodName.endsWith(methodInfo.getterOrSetter);
if ((startsWithInfo && endsWithGetterOrSetter)
|| (methodName.equals(infoNameForMethod) || methodName.equals(methodInfo.idName))) {
JFieldRef view = viewsHolder.createAndAssignView(methodInfo.idName);
JBlock block = populateHolder.getPopulateMethodBlock(element).blockVirtual();
putAssignInBlock(methodInfo, block, view, invoke(methodName), element, viewsHolder, populateHolder);
return;
}
}
processModel(className, element, viewsHolder, populateHolder);
}
private IdInfoHolder findInfoHolder(Element element, ViewsHolder viewsHolder) {
final String fieldName = element.getSimpleName().toString();
final Map<String, IdInfoHolder> allFields = new HashMap<String, IdInfoHolder>();
final Map<String, IdInfoHolder> allMethods = new HashMap<String, IdInfoHolder>();
viewsHolder.findFieldsAndMethods(
viewsHolder.holder().getAnnotatedElement().asType().toString(),
null, element, allFields, allMethods, true);
for (Entry<String, IdInfoHolder> entry : allFields.entrySet()) {
IdInfoHolder info = entry.getValue();
if (info.getterOrSetter != null && fieldName.length() > info.getterOrSetter.length()
&& fieldName.substring(0, fieldName.length() - info.getterOrSetter.length()).equals(info.idName)) {
return info;
}
if (info.getterOrSetter == null && fieldName.equals(info.idName)) {
return info;
}
}
final String annotatedElementClass = viewsHolder.holder().getAnnotatedElement().asType().toString();
final Map<String, TypeMirror> getters = new HashMap<>();
final Map<String, Set<TypeMirror>> setters = new HashMap<>();
propertiesHelper.readGettersAndSetters(annotatedElementClass, getters, setters);
final String property = fieldName.substring(0, 1).toUpperCase() + fieldName.substring(1);
if (setters.containsKey(property)) {
for (TypeMirror propertyType : setters.get(property)) {
if (TypeUtils.isSubtype(element.asType(), propertyType, getProcessingEnvironment())) {
return new IdInfoHolder(null, element, annotatedElementClass, new ArrayList<VariableElement>(0), property);
}
}
}
return null;
}
private boolean processDirectReference(final IdInfoHolder info, String className, Element element, ViewsHolder viewsHolder, PopulateHolder populateHolder) {
final String fieldName = element.getSimpleName().toString();
//Create getter
final String fieldGetter = FormatsUtils.fieldToGetter(fieldName);
//Not coinciding field found
if (info == null) return false;
IJExpression assignRef = invoke(element instanceof ExecutableElement? fieldName : fieldGetter);
if (info.getterOrSetter == null && !element.asType().toString().equals(String.class.getCanonicalName())) {
assignRef = getClasses().STRING.staticInvoke("valueOf").arg(assignRef);
}
if (adiHelper.getAnnotation(element, Populate.class).debug())
LOGGER.warn("\nField: " + fieldName, element, adiHelper.getAnnotation(element, Populate.class));
IJExpression view = info.idName != null? viewsHolder.createAndAssignView(info.idName) : _this();
JBlock block = populateHolder.getPopulateMethodBlock(element).blockVirtual();
putAssignInBlock(info, block, view, assignRef, element, viewsHolder, populateHolder);
return true;
}
private void processList(String className, Element element, ViewsHolder viewsHolder, final PopulateHolder populateHolder) {
final String fieldName = element.getSimpleName().toString();
IJExpression assignRef;
if (element.getKind() == ElementKind.METHOD) {
assignRef = invoke(fieldName);
} else if (adiHelper.getAnnotation(element, Model.class) != null) {
final ModelHolder modelHolder = viewsHolder.holder().getPluginHolder(new ModelHolder(viewsHolder.holder()));
assignRef = invoke(modelHolder.getGetterMethod(element));
} else if (adiHelper.hasAnnotation(element, ExportPopulate.class)) {
assignRef = invoke(fieldToGetter(fieldName));
} else {
assignRef = ref(fieldName);
}
this.processList(
viewsHolder.getClassNameFromId(fieldName), fieldName, className,
assignRef, populateHolder.getPopulateMethodBlock(element), element,
viewsHolder, populateHolder);
}
private void processList(String viewClass, String fieldName, String className, final IJExpression assignRef, JBlock block,
Element element, ViewsHolder viewsHolder, final PopulateHolder populateHolder) {
final String adapterName = fieldName + "$adapter";
final String adapterClassName = adapterName.substring(0, 1).toUpperCase() + adapterName.substring(1);
final AbstractJClass AdapterClass = getJClass(adapterClassName);
final IJExpression adapterGetter = invoke("get" + adapterClassName);
block = block._if(assignRef.neNull())._then();
final JConditional ifNotifBlock = block._if(adapterGetter.ne(_null()));
JBlock notifyBlock = ifNotifBlock._then();
final Populate annotation = adiHelper.getAnnotation(element, Populate.class);
JFieldRef view = viewsHolder.createAndAssignView(fieldName, new IWriteInBloc() {
@Override
public void writeInBlock(String viewName, AbstractJClass viewClass, JFieldRef view, JBlock block) {
if (populateHolder != null) {
JBlock notifyBlock = ifNotifBlock._else()._if(view.ne(_null()))._then();
if (!annotation.custom()) {
notifyBlock.invoke("set" + adapterClassName).arg(_new(AdapterClass).arg(assignRef));
}
notifyBlock.invoke(view, "setAdapter").arg(adapterGetter);
}
}
});
AbstractJClass WrapperListAdapter = getJClass("android.widget.WrapperListAdapter");
IJExpression castedList = cast(WrapperListAdapter, view.invoke("getAdapter"));
notifyBlock._if(view.ne(_null()).cand(view.invoke("getAdapter").ne(adapterGetter)))
._then()
._if(view.invoke("getAdapter")._instanceof(WrapperListAdapter).not().cor(
view.invoke("getAdapter")._instanceof(WrapperListAdapter).cand(
castedList.invoke("getWrappedAdapter").ne(adapterGetter)
)
))._then()
.invoke(view, "setAdapter").arg(adapterGetter);
notifyBlock.invoke(adapterGetter, "setModels").arg(assignRef);
notifyBlock.invoke(adapterGetter, "notifyDataSetChanged");
JDefinedClass generatedClassForGetterAndSetter = viewsHolder.getGeneratedClass();
AbstractJClass classForGetterAndSetter = AdapterClass;
boolean foundAdapterDeclaration = TypeUtils.fieldInElement(adapterName, element.getEnclosingElement());
if (!foundAdapterDeclaration && element instanceof VirtualElement) {
Element foundAdapterElementDeclaration = TypeUtils.fieldElementInElement(adapterName, ((VirtualElement) element).getElement().getEnclosingElement());
if (foundAdapterElementDeclaration != null) {
foundAdapterDeclaration = true;
final Element referenceElement = ((VirtualElement) element).getReference();
ClassInformation classInformation = TypeUtils.getClassInformation(referenceElement, getEnvironment(), true);
ProcessHolder processHolder = getEnvironment().getProcessHolder();
EComponentHolder holder = (EComponentHolder) processHolder.getGeneratedClassHolder(classInformation.generatorElement);
generatedClassForGetterAndSetter = holder.getGeneratedClass();
classForGetterAndSetter = codeModelHelper.elementTypeToJClass(foundAdapterElementDeclaration);
final String referenceName = ((VirtualElement) element).getReference().getSimpleName().toString();
IJExpression referenceField = cast(generatedClassForGetterAndSetter, ref(referenceName));
JMethod adapterGetterMethod = viewsHolder.getGeneratedClass()
.method(JMod.PUBLIC, AdapterClass, "get" + adapterClassName);
adapterGetterMethod.body()._if(ref(referenceName).neNull())._then()
._return(cast(AdapterClass, invoke(referenceField, "get" + adapterClassName)));
adapterGetterMethod.body()._return(_null());
JMethod adapterSetterMethod = viewsHolder.getGeneratedClass()
.method(JMod.PUBLIC, getCodeModel().VOID, "set" + adapterClassName);
JVar adapter = adapterSetterMethod.param(AdapterClass, "adapter");
adapterSetterMethod.body()._if(ref(referenceName).neNull())._then()
.invoke(referenceField, "set" + adapterClassName).arg(adapter);
}
}
if (!foundAdapterDeclaration) {
if (viewsHolder.getGeneratedClass().fields().get(adapterName)!=null) {
//Another annotation tried to create the same adapter, this is an error
LOGGER.error("Tying to create a List Adapter twice for field " + fieldName, element, adiHelper.getAnnotation(element, Populate.class));
return;
}
viewsHolder.getGeneratedClass().field(JMod.PRIVATE, AdapterClass, adapterName);
}
//Create getter and setters
JMethod adapterGetterMethod = generatedClassForGetterAndSetter.method(JMod.PUBLIC, classForGetterAndSetter, "get" + adapterClassName);
adapterGetterMethod.body()._return(ref(adapterName));
JMethod adapterSetterMethod = generatedClassForGetterAndSetter.method(JMod.PUBLIC, getCodeModel().VOID, "set" + adapterClassName);
JVar adapter = adapterSetterMethod.param(classForGetterAndSetter, "adapter");
adapterSetterMethod.body().assign(ref(adapterName), adapter);
LoadOnEvent loadOnEvent = element.getAnnotation(LoadOnEvent.class);
if (loadOnEvent != null) {
final String classField = annotationHelper.extractAnnotationClassNameParameter(element, LoadOnEvent.class.getCanonicalName(), "value");
final String eventClass = SharedRecords.getEvent(classField, getEnvironment());
final EventHolder eventHolder = viewsHolder.holder().getPluginHolder(new EventHolder(viewsHolder.holder()));
final JBlock eventBody = eventHolder.getEventBlock(eventClass);
if (foundAdapterDeclaration && annotation.custom()) {
eventBody.invoke("set" + adapterClassName).arg(_new(AdapterClass).arg(assignRef));
eventBody.invoke(view, "setAdapter").arg(adapterGetter);
return;
}
eventBody.invoke(view, "setAdapter").arg(adapterGetter);
}
//AdapterView
if (TypeUtils.isSubtype(viewClass, "android.widget.AdapterView", getProcessingEnvironment())) {
//If the adapter was not assigned, then create a local adapter
createBaseAdapter(fieldName, className, element, viewsHolder);
}
//RecyclerView
if (TypeUtils.isSubtype(viewClass, "android.support.v7.widget.RecyclerView", getProcessingEnvironment())) {
createRecyclerViewAdapter(fieldName, className, element, viewsHolder);
}
}
private void createRecyclerViewAdapter(String fieldName, String modelClassName, Element element,
ViewsHolder viewsHolder) {
String adapterName = fieldName + "$adapter";
String adapterClassName = adapterName.substring(0, 1).toUpperCase() + adapterName.substring(1);
try {
RecyclerViewAdapterPopulator adapterPopulator = new RecyclerViewAdapterPopulator(this, fieldName, adapterClassName, modelClassName, viewsHolder);
List<JClassPlugin> plugins = new LinkedList<>(adapterPlugins);
plugins.add(plugins.size()-1, adapterPopulator); //Insert before the AdapterClass plugin
RecyclerViewAdapterClassCreator classCreator = new RecyclerViewAdapterClassCreator(modelClassName, adapterClassName, element, viewsHolder.holder(), plugins);
classCreator.getDefinedClass();
} catch (JClassAlreadyExistsException e) {
}
}
private void createBaseAdapter(String fieldName, String modelClassName, Element element,
ViewsHolder viewsHolder) {
String adapterName = fieldName + "$adapter";
String adapterClassName = adapterName.substring(0, 1).toUpperCase() + adapterName.substring(1);
try {
ViewAdapterPopulator adapterPopulator = new ViewAdapterPopulator(this, fieldName, adapterClassName, modelClassName, viewsHolder);
List<JClassPlugin> plugins = new LinkedList<>(adapterPlugins);
plugins.add(plugins.size()-1, adapterPopulator); //Insert before the AdapterClass plugin
AdapterClassCreator classCreator = new AdapterClassCreator(modelClassName, adapterClassName, element, viewsHolder.holder(), plugins);
classCreator.getDefinedClass();
} catch (JClassAlreadyExistsException e) {
}
}
private void processModel(String className, Element element, ViewsHolder viewsHolder, PopulateHolder populateHolder) {
String fieldName = element.getSimpleName().toString();
//Find all the fields and methods that are presented in the layouts
Map<String, IdInfoHolder> fields = new HashMap<String, IdInfoHolder>();
Map<String, IdInfoHolder> methods = new HashMap<String, IdInfoHolder>();
viewsHolder.findFieldsAndMethods(className, fieldName, element, fields, methods, true);
if (adiHelper.getAnnotation(element, Populate.class).debug())
LOGGER.warn("\nClass: " + className + "\nFields: " + fields + "\nMethods: " + methods, element, adiHelper.getAnnotation(element, Populate.class));
/*TODO See how to integrate Plugins to the @Populates and @Recollects
String mapField = null;
UseMap useMap = element.getEnclosingElement().getAnnotation(UseMap.class);
if (useMap != null) {
mapField = getEnvironment().getRClass().get(Res.ID).getIdQualifiedName(useMap.value());
mapField = mapField.substring(mapField.lastIndexOf('.') + 1);
boolean found = false;
for (IdInfoHolder value : methods.values()) {
if (value.idName.equals(mapField)) {
found = true;
break;
}
}
if (!found) mapField = null;
}
*/
for (String field : fields.keySet()) {
String composedField = "";
for (String fieldPart : field.split("\\.")) {
composedField = composedField + "." + fieldToGetter(fieldPart);
}
injectAndAssignField(
fields.get(field), composedField,
element, viewsHolder, populateHolder
);
}
for (String method : methods.keySet()) {
String composedField = "";
String[] methodSplit = method.split("\\.");
for (int i = 0; i < methodSplit.length-1; i++) {
composedField = composedField + "." + fieldToGetter(methodSplit[i]);
}
composedField = composedField + "." + methodSplit[methodSplit.length-1];
injectAndAssignField(
methods.get(method), composedField,
element, viewsHolder, populateHolder
/*,mapField != null && mapField.equals(methods.get(method).idName)*/
);
}
//Call _populate_ method after setting everything
SharedRecords.priorityAdd(
viewsHolder.holder().getOnViewChangedBody(),
JExpr.invoke(populateHolder.getPopulateMethod(element)).arg(_null()).arg(_null()),
uniquePriorityCounter
);
}
private void injectAndAssignField(IdInfoHolder info, String methodName,
Element element, ViewsHolder viewsHolder, PopulateHolder populateHolder/*, boolean isMapField*/) {
final String fieldName = element.getSimpleName().toString();
IJExpression fieldRef = element instanceof ExecutableElement? invoke(fieldName) : ref(fieldName);
if (adiHelper.getAnnotation(element, Model.class) != null) {
ModelHolder modelHolder = viewsHolder.holder().getPluginHolder(new ModelHolder(viewsHolder.holder()));
fieldRef = invoke(modelHolder.getGetterMethod(element));
}
boolean castNeeded = false;
String className = element instanceof ExecutableElement? ((ExecutableElement)element).getReturnType().toString()
: element.asType().toString();
if (!className.endsWith(ModelConstants.generationSuffix())) {
if (TypeUtils.isClassAnnotatedWith(className, UseModel.class, getEnvironment())) {
className = TypeUtils.getGeneratedClassName(className, getEnvironment());
castNeeded = true;
}
}
IJExpression assignRef = castNeeded ? cast(getJClass(className), fieldRef) : fieldRef;
IJExpression methodsCall = assignRef;
JBlock checkForNull = new JBlock();
JBlock changedBlock = checkForNull._if(fieldRef.ne(_null()))._then();
String[] methodSplit = methodName.split("\\.");
for (int i = 0; i < methodSplit.length; i++) {
String methodPart = methodSplit[i];
if (!methodPart.equals("")) {
methodsCall = methodsCall.invoke(methodPart);
boolean theresMoreAfter = false;
for (int j = i+1; j < methodSplit.length; j++) {
if (!methodSplit[j].equals("")) {
theresMoreAfter = true;
break;
}
}
if (theresMoreAfter) changedBlock = changedBlock._if(methodsCall.ne(_null()))._then();
else if (!info.type.getKind().isPrimitive()) {
changedBlock = changedBlock._if(methodsCall.ne(_null()))._then();
}
}
}
/*TODO see how to integrate plugins to the populator
if (isMapField) {
JBlock body = holder.getOnViewChangedBody();
body.assign(ref("mapPosition"), methodsCall);
body.invoke("setMapFromPosition").arg(ref("mapPosition"));
return;
}
*/
JFieldRef view = viewsHolder.createAndAssignView(info.idName);
putAssignInBlock(info, changedBlock, view, methodsCall, element, viewsHolder, populateHolder);
populateHolder.getPopulateMethodBlock(element).add(checkForNull);
}
private void putAssignInBlock(IdInfoHolder info, JBlock block, IJExpression view,
IJExpression assignRef, Element element,
ViewsHolder viewsHolder, PopulateHolder populateHolder) {
this.putAssignInBlock(info, block, view, assignRef, element, viewsHolder, populateHolder, null);
}
public void putAssignInBlock(IdInfoHolder info, JBlock block, IJExpression view,
IJExpression assignRef, Element element,
ViewsHolder viewsHolder, PopulateHolder populateHolder,
String layoutItemId) {
String idName = info.idName;
TypeMirror type = info.type;
String viewClass = info.viewClass;
org.w3c.dom.Element node = idName != null? viewsHolder.getDomElementFromId(idName, layoutItemId) : null;
if (!view.equals(_this())) {
block = block._if(view.ne(_null()))._then();
}
//If the method is declared with VOID, the first parameter is assumed to be the View component.
if (type.getKind().equals(TypeKind.VOID)) {
if (info.extraParams.size() > 0) {
int startIndex = 0;
if (TypeUtils.isSubtype(info.extraParams.get(0), getClasses().VIEW.fullName(), getProcessingEnvironment())) {
assignRef = ((JInvocation)assignRef).arg(view);
startIndex = 1;
}
for (int i = startIndex; i < info.extraParams.size(); i++) {
VariableElement param = info.extraParams.get(i);
final String viewId = param.getSimpleName().toString();
assignRef = ParamUtils.injectParam(
viewId, info.type.toString(), (JInvocation) assignRef, viewsHolder);
}
block.add((JInvocation)assignRef);
return;
}
}
if (assignRef instanceof JInvocation) {
for (VariableElement param : info.extraParams) {
assignRef = ParamUtils.injectParam(param.getSimpleName().toString(), info.type.toString(), (JInvocation) assignRef, viewsHolder);
}
}
IJExpression origAssignRef = assignRef;
if (!type.toString().equals(String.class.getCanonicalName())) {
assignRef = getClasses().STRING.staticInvoke("valueOf").arg(assignRef);
}
boolean thisContext = false;
IJExpression context = viewsHolder.holder().getContextRef();
if (context == _this()) {
thisContext = true;
context = viewsHolder.getGeneratedClass().staticRef("this");
}
//Support for getters and setters
if (info.getterOrSetter != null) {
block.invoke(view, "set" + info.getterOrSetter).arg(origAssignRef);
return;
}
//CompoundButtons, if the param is boolean, it will set the checked state
if (TypeUtils.isSubtype(viewClass, "android.widget.CompoundButton", getProcessingEnvironment())) {
if (type.getKind().equals(TypeKind.BOOLEAN)) {
block.invoke(view, "setChecked").arg(origAssignRef);
return;
}
}
if (TypeUtils.isSubtype(viewClass, "android.widget.TextView", getProcessingEnvironment())) {
if (TypeUtils.isSubtype(type.toString(), "android.text.Spanned", getProcessingEnvironment())) {
block.invoke(view, "setText").arg(origAssignRef);
} else {
block.invoke(view, "setText").arg(assignRef);
}
return;
}
if (TypeUtils.isSubtype(viewClass, "android.widget.ImageView", getProcessingEnvironment())) {
AbstractJClass Picasso = getJClass("com.squareup.picasso.Picasso");
AbstractJClass RequestCreator = getJClass("com.squareup.picasso.RequestCreator");
if (type.toString().equals(RequestCreator.fullName())) {
block._if(origAssignRef.neNull())._then()
.add(origAssignRef.invoke("into").arg(view));
return;
}
IJExpression PicassoBuilder = Picasso.staticInvoke("with").arg(context);
JBlock typeCheckBlock = null;
JBlock typeCheckIfBlock = null;
if (type.toString().equals(String.class.getCanonicalName())) {
PicassoBuilder = PicassoBuilder.invoke("load").arg(assignRef);
} else if (type.toString().equals(Object.class.getCanonicalName())) {
typeCheckBlock = new JBlock();
JVar picasso = typeCheckBlock.decl(Picasso, idName + "$picasso", PicassoBuilder);
JVar requestCreator = typeCheckBlock.decl(RequestCreator, idName + "$request", _null());
JConditional ifInstance = typeCheckBlock._if(origAssignRef._instanceof(getJClass(String.class)));
ifInstance._then().assign(requestCreator, picasso.invoke("load").arg(cast(getJClass(String.class), origAssignRef)));
ifInstance = ifInstance._elseif(origAssignRef._instanceof(getJClass(Integer.class)));
ifInstance._then().assign(requestCreator, picasso.invoke("load").arg(cast(getJClass(Integer.class), origAssignRef)));
ifInstance = ifInstance._elseif(origAssignRef._instanceof(getJClass(File.class)));
ifInstance._then().assign(requestCreator, picasso.invoke("load").arg(cast(getJClass(File.class), origAssignRef)));
ifInstance = ifInstance._elseif(origAssignRef._instanceof(getJClass("android.net.Uri")));
ifInstance._then().assign(requestCreator, picasso.invoke("load").arg(cast(getJClass("android.net.Uri"), origAssignRef)));
typeCheckIfBlock = typeCheckBlock._if(requestCreator.neNull())._then();
PicassoBuilder = requestCreator;
} else {
PicassoBuilder = PicassoBuilder.invoke("load").arg(origAssignRef);
}
if (node != null && node.hasAttribute("android:src")) {
String src = node.getAttribute("android:src");
if (src.contains("@drawable")) {
String srcId = src.substring(src.lastIndexOf('/')+1);
PicassoBuilder = PicassoBuilder.invoke("placeholder")
.arg(getEnvironment().getRClass().get(Res.DRAWABLE).getIdStaticRef(srcId, getEnvironment()));
} else {
//TODO support @mipmap or Android drawables
}
}
JBlock ifBlock = block;
if (type.getKind().isPrimitive()) {
ifBlock = ifBlock._if(origAssignRef.ne(lit(0)))._then();
} else {
ifBlock = ifBlock._if(origAssignRef.neNull())._then();
}
if (type.toString().equals(String.class.getCanonicalName())) {
ifBlock = ifBlock._if(assignRef.invoke("equals").arg("").not())._then();
} else {
ifBlock = ifBlock.blockVirtual();
}
if (!thisContext) ifBlock = ifBlock._if(context.ne(_null()))._then();
if (typeCheckBlock == null) {
ifBlock.add(PicassoBuilder.invoke("into").arg(view));
} else {
ifBlock.add(typeCheckBlock);
typeCheckIfBlock.add(PicassoBuilder.invoke("into").arg(view));
}
return;
}
if (TypeUtils.isSubtype(viewClass, "android.widget.AdapterView", getProcessingEnvironment())
|| TypeUtils.isSubtype(viewClass, "android.support.v7.widget.RecyclerView", getProcessingEnvironment())) {
String className = info.type.toString();
boolean isList = TypeUtils.isSubtype(className, "java.util.Collection", getProcessingEnvironment());
if (isList) {
Matcher matcher = Pattern.compile("[a-zA-Z_][a-zA-Z_0-9.]+<([a-zA-Z_][a-zA-Z_0-9.]+)>").matcher(className);
if (matcher.find()) {
className = matcher.group(1);
if (className.endsWith(ModelConstants.generationSuffix())) {
className = codeModelHelper.elementTypeToJClass(info.element, true).fullName();
}
processList(viewClass, info.idName, className, origAssignRef, block, element, viewsHolder, populateHolder);
return;
}
}
}
block.invoke("assignField").arg(view).arg(assignRef);
}
private void createViewsForPopulateMethod(String viewName, Element element, ViewsHolder viewsHolder) {
Map<String, ExecutableElement> methods = populatorMethods.get(element.getEnclosingElement());
if (methods == null) return;
ExecutableElement exeElem = methods.get(viewName);
if (exeElem != null) {
for (VariableElement param : exeElem.getParameters()) {
String fieldName = param.getSimpleName().toString();
if (viewsHolder.layoutContainsId(fieldName)) {
viewsHolder.createAndAssignView(fieldName);
}
}
}
}
public void callPopulateSupportMethod(String viewName, JBlock block, IJExpression viewHolder, List<String> fields,
Element element, ViewsHolder viewsHolder) {
Map<String, ExecutableElement> methods = populatorMethods.get(element.getEnclosingElement());
if (methods == null) return;
ExecutableElement exeElem = methods.get(viewName);
if (exeElem != null) {
JInvocation invoke = block.invoke(viewName);
for (VariableElement param : exeElem.getParameters()) {
final String paramName = param.getSimpleName().toString();
final String paramType = param.asType().toString();
if (viewHolder != null && viewHolder != _this() && fields.contains(paramName)) {
invoke.arg(viewHolder.ref(paramName + DeclexConstant.VIEW));
} else {
ParamUtils.injectParam(paramName, paramType, invoke, viewsHolder);
}
}
}
}
private void processEventsInViews(Element element, final ViewsHolder viewsHolder) {
Map<Class<?>, Object> listenerHolders = viewsHolder.holder().getPluginHolders();
for (Object listenerHolderObject : listenerHolders.values()) {
if (!ViewListenerHolder.class.isInstance(listenerHolderObject)) continue;
final ViewListenerHolder listenerHolder = (ViewListenerHolder)listenerHolderObject;
for (String viewId : listenerHolder.getViewFieldNames()) {
if (!viewsHolder.layoutContainsId(viewId)) continue;
viewsHolder.createAndAssignView(viewId, new IWriteInBloc() {
@Override
public void writeInBlock(String viewName, AbstractJClass viewClass,
JFieldRef view, JBlock block) {
listenerHolder.createListener(viewName, block);
}
});
}
}
}
}
|
Iosif Efimovich Aleshkovsky (), known as Yuz Aleshkovsky () (September 21, 1929 - March 21, 2022) was a Russian singer-songwriter, poet and, playwright. He was born in Krasnoyarsk, Siberian Krai, Russian SFSR, Soviet Union. He was a visiting professor at Wesleyan University in the United States. In 1987 he was awarded a Guggenheim fellowship for fiction. In 2002 Aleshkovsky won the Pushkin Prize.
Aleshkovsky died on March 21, 2022 in Tampa, Florida at the age of 92. |
Recycling and reusing is an important aspect for society and business. Soap is a material which traditionally has not been recycled. The hotel industry is one place that results in a large excess of partially used soap, resulting in waste and environmental issues.
The waste resulting from hotels is an issue to consumers and managers/owners alike. “Consumers are showing that environmental issues remain important to them, despite today's economic challenges. Thirty-two percent of those surveyed agreed that they expect the hotels they stay at to be environmentally friendly, and 29 percent said they would like to know more from hotels about their green efforts. Thirty-seven percent of consumers said they are more aware of the environment than they were a year ago.” (April 2009 Survey by Deloitte)
“. . . [A] recent study by the Center for Hospitality Research at Cornell University stated that the economy and environment are the second most important issues of concern to managers in the lodging industry. Sustainability is an issue that every hotel company must inevitably deal with. The sooner they address it, the better they will be equipped for the future.” (“Sustainability—Putting a Face to the Name” by Christian Anklin and Pierre Ricord)
The Sheraton Rittenhouse Square Hotel illustrates that customers do not have to sacrifice quality for sustainability. The extra costs involved in being environmentally responsible have been made up in increased occupancy rates. The Green Hotel Initiative may be well on its way to showing the hotel industry that there is room to be green.
Furthermore, there is a grave need in the world for usable soap. More than five million children die annually due to Acute Respiratory Illness and Diarrheal Illness. This is the leading cause of death among children worldwide. Eighty-five percent of diarrheal deaths occur during the first year of life, and approximately 4.6 million children under the age of five in developing countries die from diarrheal diseases each year. (IH 887, Baysac, Beilstein, 1999)
Studies on thousands of people show simple hand washing can reduce effects by 40%-65%. “Children younger than 15 years living in households that received handwashing promotion and plain soap had a 53% lower incidence of diarrhea compared with children living in control neighborhoods.” (JAMA, Luby, Agboatwalla, Painter, Altaf, Billhimer, Hoekstra, 2004)
“On current evidence, washing hands with soap can reduce the risk of diarrheal diseases by 42-47% and interventions to promote handwashing might save a million lives.” (The Lancet Infectious Diseases, Curtis, Cairncross, 2003) |
Hank Brian Marvin (born Brian Robson Rankin, 28 October 1941) is an English multi-instrumentalist, vocalist and songwriter. He is best known as the lead guitarist for the Shadows and was the backing band for Cliff Richard. He was also in Marvin, Welch & Farrar.
Singles |
hard drums
well i made my first ever drum loop on reason 4 using redrum and programmed it into the sequencer, but im having a little trouble getting it to sound "on time" in some parts it sound as if its just a millisecond out and ive been tweaking it about for ages and no success. so heres the sample, tell me what you think and how i could improve it. http://www.mediafire.com/?eyki3mwflnm
(shit, i didnt leave enogh room at the end for the reverb so it cuts out at the end) |
Quinton de Kock is a cricketer from South Africa and retired captain of the South Africa national cricket team. He was born on December 17, 1992. |
Q:
Adding another worksheet in the excel
I have written a code which will fetch information from 2 servers and store in 2 different dictionaries. I wanted to write both the data into 2 worksheets into an excel. Unfortunately i am not able to see the first sheet. The second sheet always overrides the first sheet. Please see the code which i wrote below.
Note: Due to security reasons, i didn't put the actual code but a similar code in the block.
import xlwt
def dicttest1():
d1 = {}
string = 'UK_PDL_HE'
j=0
for i in range (1,10):
d1[i] = j
j+=1
write_data(d1,string,1)
def dicttest2():
d2 = {}
string = 'UK_DTH_HE'
j=100
for i in range (1,10):
d2[i] = j
write_data(d2,string,2)
def write_data(dictionary,string,sheetdata):
book = xlwt.Workbook(encoding="utf-8")
sheet = "sheet" + str(sheetdata)
print sheet
sheet = book.add_sheet(string)
sheet.write(0, 0, "#")
sheet.write(0, 1, "Component")
sheet.write(0,2,'Version')
i=0
for key in dictionary:
print key, dictionary[key]
sheet.write(i+1, 0, i+1)
sheet.write(i+1, 1, key)
sheet.write(i+1, 2, dictionary[key])
i+=1
book.save("test_Version.xls")
if __name__ == "__main__":
dicttest1()
dicttest2()
If i print the data separately on the console, i can see data are correct. The only problem is why is it overwriting.
A:
You are overwriting the first worksheet because every time you call write_data, you are instantiating a new Workbook object and then saving the changes at the end. Create the Workbook object outside of that function by moving the following line after your imports:
book = xlwt.Workbook(encoding="utf-8")
|
Vagnharad is a locality in Trosa Municipality in Sodermanland County in Sweden. In 2010, 3,324 people lived there. |
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Bolken is a municipality in the district Wasseramt in the canton of Solothurn in Switzerland. |
Marijuana companies will be banned from a majority of cities and towns in Massachusetts when recreational sales begin this summer, a Globe review has found, the latest indication that there will be fewer pot stores in the early going than many consumers expected.
At least 189 of the state’s 351 municipalities have barred retail marijuana stores and, in most cases, cultivation facilities and other cannabis operations, too, according to local news reports, municipal records, and data collected by the office of Attorney General Maura Healey.
Fifty-nine of the local bans on marijuana businesses are indefinite. The remaining 130 are temporary moratoriums designed to buy local officials time to set up marijuana zoning rules. Many expire on July 1, and the rest are due to end later this year.
– Read the entire article at Boston Globe. |
Yuki Okubo (born 17 April 1984) is a Japanese football player. He plays for Tochigi.
Club career statistics
|-
|2003||rowspan="2"|Sanfrecce Hiroshima||J. League 2||0||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||0||0
|-
|2004||J. League 1||1||0||0||0||0||0||1||0
|-
|2005||rowspan="2"|Kyoto Purple Sanga||J. League 2||12||1||2||0||colspan="2"|-||14||1
|-
|2006||J. League 1||17||0||1||0||3||0||21||0
|-
|2007||rowspan="2"|Kyoto Sanga||J. League 2||5||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||5||0
|-
|2008||J. League 1||13||0||0||0||1||0||14||0
|-
|2009||rowspan="2"|Tochigi||rowspan="2"|J. League 2||31||3||0||0||colspan="2"|-||31||3
|-
|2010||||||||||||||||
79||4||3||0||4||0||86||4
79||4||3||0||4||0||86||4
|} |
Comprehensive Industry Document Stone Crushers - CPCB ENVIS
(COINS) is designed to cover the status of each specific type of Industry in the . The Comprehensive Industry Document on Stone Crushers is latest among .. No. Title. No of pages. 2.1. Schematic diagrams of various types of crushers. 7 .. All quarrying and stone processing operations including surface mining, crushing,.
EIA Guidelines for Proposed Stone Crushing Plants - Ministry of .
The proponent checklist presented at Section 4.0 is designed as a method for .. A typical process flow chart for stone crushing plant is illustrated below. .. Any quarrying site used for providing rock for the stone crushing plant shall be properly.
Crushing Plant Design and Layout Considerations - 911 Metallurgist
The flowsheet specifies the nominal design, peak production flow rate, and ... A typical jaw crusher plant is shown in Figure 10 and Figure 11 shows a typical ... design of the mining process as one complete system, from mine quarry and pit.
Quarrying And Crushing Line Cement Manufacturing Process
Crushing Plant Design and Layout Considerations - 911 Metallurgist
The flowsheet specifies the nominal design, peak production flow rate, and ... A typical jaw crusher plant is shown in Figure 10 and Figure 11 shows a typical ... design of the mining process as one complete system, from mine quarry and pit.
Quarrying Process And Quarry Products - Northstone Materials
Stone quarrying is the multistage process by which rock is extracted from the . This allows the explosives engineer to design the blast and to plot where the shot . Rock from the quarry face is fed into the top of the crusher and crushed rock .. stone, as the void space between aggregate particles allow water to flow through.
Code of Practice Small Quarries - Earth Resources
Aug 4, 2017 . 3.1 Earth Resources approval for quarries under the Code . the contour, and which is designed to slow down and direct the flow of water across .. The MRSD Act defines stone as: . Figure 1 - Approvals process flow diagram .. Quarrying, crushing and screening are also a significant source of dust from.
How to increase crushed stone production in 4 months? -
Jan 24, 2018 . Module design enabled the lack of time for the equipment assembly and . to launch a new crushing and screening plant in just four months, increasing the . process flow diagram provided a steady output of crushed stone. . We supply aggregates from this quarry to other Kovalska Group operations. |
"Your Love" is a 1985 song by English rock group The Outfield. It was taken from their debut album Play Deep and charted at number 6 in the United States. It is an uptempo new wave, power pop, rock single. |
Govt should announce date for hanging Afzal Guru: BJP
New Delhi: On the eleventh anniversary of Parliament attack, BJP on Thursday said the government should announce the date for hanging convict Afzal Guru today itself to pay "real tribute" to the martyrs of the strike.
"Real tribute would be only if the Home Minister assures the House today that we have paid tributes to the martyrs but their families and country will get relief only when he (Guru) would be hanged.
"If they fix a date (for hanging Guru) and announce it today, this would be the real tribute to these martyrs," the Leader of Opposition in Lok Sabha Sushma Swaraj said inside Parliament House complex.
She was talking to reporters soon after paying homage to the nine martyrs of the 2001 Parliament attack.
Swaraj said every year the country pays homage to these martyrs. "But one question is still unanswered that the attacker who has been twice or thrice sentenced to death by the Supreme Court, why has he not been hanged so far?"
She said after the hanging of 26/11 Mumbai terror convict Ajmal Kasab, "hope has increased that the government will show courage to do what it has not done so far."
Minister of State for Home R P N Singh criticised Swaraj for making the demand, saying the occasion should not be politicised.
"We have just paid tributes to those martyrs. I think it is extremely unfortunate that the moment we get away from there, we get into politics... I think to politicise this thing on every December 13, is not paying real homage to martyrs of this country," he said.
Singh said matters related to hanging convicts are not dealt by Parliament and are handled by the courts.
"There is a process that has been explained by Home Minister Sushil Kumar Shinde. He has said the file is lying with him and he will look at it and make notings after the Parliament session," he said. |
Wojciech Kilar (17 July 1932 - 29 December 2013) was a Polish classical and movie composer. He was known for his composing in Bram Stoker's Dracula and The Pianist. He received many awards throughout his fifty years of composing.
Kilar was born on 17 July 1932 in Lwow, Poland (present-day Lviv, Ukraine). He studied at State Higher School of Music and at State Higher School of Music.
Kilar married Barbara Pomianowska in April 1966. They had no children. Their marriage lasted for almost over forty years. Pomianowska died in November 2007.
Kilar composed many movie compositions. He composed the trailer music for Schindler's List. He also composed the music for Promised Land and for Dracula. He composed his musical works during a festival for Pope John Paul II.
In 1991 Polish filmmaker Krzysztof Zanussi made a movie about his life titled Wojciech Kilar.
Kilar, who was suffering from brain cancer during his final years, from which he died on 29 December 2013 in Katowice, Poland at the age of 81. |
While it is a cool thing to click selfies while hanging out with your buddies, it seems like we Indians are terrible at it, at least when it comes to the safety aspect.
AFP/ Representative Image
According to the Washington Post in 2015, some 27 cases of deaths were reported from across the world while trying to take selfies. Out of the 27 more than half were reported from India.
In 2015, Indians taking selfies died while posing in front of an oncoming train, in a boat that tipped over at a picnic, on a cliff that gave way and crumbled into a 60-foot ravine and on the slippery edge of a scenic river canal. Also, in September, a Japanese tourist trying to take a selfie fell down steps at the Taj Mahal, suffering fatal head injuries.
thinkstockphotos/ Representative Image
Following the drowning of two people last week, while clicking selfies, Mumbai police had this week identified 15 “no-selfie zones”in the city.
While majority of the selfie-mishaps are caused by carelessness, the craze for a 'cool selfie' like the one below could also put you in a spot of trouble.
And remember... don't try this at home!
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Sulur taluk is a taluk of Coimbatore district of the Indian state of Tamil Nadu. The headquarters is the town of Sulur. This revenue block consist of 41 revenue villages.
Demographics
According to the 2011 census, the taluk of Sulur had a population of 320,406 with 160,677 males and 159,729 females. There were 994 women for every 1000 men. The taluk had a literacy rate of 73.9. Child population in the age group below 6 was 13,678 Males and 13,162 Females. |
Familial interstitial pneumonia complicated by lung cancer in 2 sisters.
A 29-year-old woman was referred to our hospital because of progressive dyspnea on exertion, and her 36-year-old sister was also referred for the evaluation of an abnormal chest radiograph. Radiologic and pathologic findings of the 2 sisters resembled each other closely. In both cases, computed tomography revealed diffuse reticulation, micronodules, diffusely distributed interlobular septal thickening, and an ill-defined nodule in the left lower lobe. Radiologic-pathologic correlation revealed that the reticulation and micronodules corresponded to centrilobular and perilobular fibrosis without architectural lung distortion and that the nodules represented pulmonary adenocarcinoma. To our knowledge, this is the first report of familial interstitial pneumonia complicated by lung cancer in 2 family members, suggesting a possible etiologic association between familial interstitial pneumonia and lung cancer. |
Transportation cost- In order to ensure price in the market, it is assumed that the transportation costs are zero. A producer can sell his product at any place and buyer can buy it from the place he like.
Economics |
// WARNING: DO NOT EDIT THIS FILE. THIS FILE IS MANAGED BY SPRING ROO.
// You may push code into the target .java compilation unit if you wish to edit any member(s).
package nl.bzk.brp.model.data.brm;
import java.security.SecureRandom;
import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.Iterator;
import java.util.List;
import java.util.Random;
import javax.validation.ConstraintViolation;
import javax.validation.ConstraintViolationException;
import nl.bzk.brp.model.data.brm.Regel;
import nl.bzk.brp.model.data.brm.RegelDataOnDemand;
import nl.bzk.brp.model.data.brm.Regelimplementatie;
import nl.bzk.brp.model.data.brm.RegelimplementatieDataOnDemand;
import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;
import org.springframework.stereotype.Component;
privileged aspect RegelimplementatieDataOnDemand_Roo_DataOnDemand {
declare @type: RegelimplementatieDataOnDemand: @Component;
private Random RegelimplementatieDataOnDemand.rnd = new SecureRandom();
private List<Regelimplementatie> RegelimplementatieDataOnDemand.data;
@Autowired
private RegelDataOnDemand RegelimplementatieDataOnDemand.regelDataOnDemand;
public Regelimplementatie RegelimplementatieDataOnDemand.getNewTransientRegelimplementatie(int index) {
Regelimplementatie obj = new Regelimplementatie();
setRegel(obj, index);
return obj;
}
public void RegelimplementatieDataOnDemand.setRegel(Regelimplementatie obj, int index) {
Regel regel = regelDataOnDemand.getRandomRegel();
obj.setRegel(regel);
}
public Regelimplementatie RegelimplementatieDataOnDemand.getSpecificRegelimplementatie(int index) {
init();
if (index < 0) {
index = 0;
}
if (index > (data.size() - 1)) {
index = data.size() - 1;
}
Regelimplementatie obj = data.get(index);
Integer id = obj.getId();
return Regelimplementatie.findRegelimplementatie(id);
}
public Regelimplementatie RegelimplementatieDataOnDemand.getRandomRegelimplementatie() {
init();
Regelimplementatie obj = data.get(rnd.nextInt(data.size()));
Integer id = obj.getId();
return Regelimplementatie.findRegelimplementatie(id);
}
public boolean RegelimplementatieDataOnDemand.modifyRegelimplementatie(Regelimplementatie obj) {
return false;
}
public void RegelimplementatieDataOnDemand.init() {
int from = 0;
int to = 10;
data = Regelimplementatie.findRegelimplementatieEntries(from, to);
if (data == null) {
throw new IllegalStateException("Find entries implementation for 'Regelimplementatie' illegally returned null");
}
if (!data.isEmpty()) {
return;
}
data = new ArrayList<Regelimplementatie>();
for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++) {
Regelimplementatie obj = getNewTransientRegelimplementatie(i);
try {
obj.persist();
} catch (ConstraintViolationException e) {
StringBuilder msg = new StringBuilder();
for (Iterator<ConstraintViolation<?>> iter = e.getConstraintViolations().iterator(); iter.hasNext();) {
ConstraintViolation<?> cv = iter.next();
msg.append("[").append(cv.getConstraintDescriptor()).append(":").append(cv.getMessage()).append("=").append(cv.getInvalidValue()).append("]");
}
throw new RuntimeException(msg.toString(), e);
}
obj.flush();
data.add(obj);
}
}
}
|
Clemens Fritz (born 7 December 1980) is a German football player. He plays for Werder Bremen.
Club career statistics
|-
|1998/99||Leipzig||Regionalliga||6||0||||||colspan="2"|-||6||0
|-
|1999/00||rowspan="2"|Rot-Weiss Erfurt||rowspan="2"|Regionalliga||25||4||||||colspan="2"|-||25||4
|-
|2000/01||32||10||||||colspan="2"|-||32||10
|-
|2001/02||rowspan="2"|Karlsruhe||rowspan="2"|2. Bundesliga||31||5||1||0||colspan="2"|-||32||5
|-
|2002/03||30||2||1||0||colspan="2"|-||31||2
|-
|2003/04||rowspan="3"|Bayer Leverkusen||rowspan="3"|Bundesliga||14||1||1||0||colspan="2"|-||15||1
|-
|2004/05||0||0||0||0||1||0||1||0
|-
|2005/06||29||1||1||0||2||0||32||1
|-
|2006/07||rowspan="4"|Werder Bremen||rowspan="4"|Bundesliga||32||1||0||0||12||1||44||2
|-
|2007/08||23||1||0||0||8||0||31||1
|-
|2008/09||24||0||5||0||5||0||34||0
|-
|2009/10||||||||||||||||
246||25||9||0||28||1||283||26
246||25||9||0||28||1||283||26
|}
International career statistics
|-
|2006||3||0
|-
|2007||8||2
|-
|2008||11||0
|-
!Total||22||2
|} |
Enrique Mora
Enrique Mora Benavente (born October 15, 1958, in Córdoba) is the Chief of Staff of Javier Solana, High Representative for the Common Foreign and Security Policy of the European Union. As a Spanish diplomat, he has been posted in Beirut, Cyprus and Helsinki, among others.
He is the author of several papers about the Balkan wars and crisis management.
References
Category:Living people
Category:1958 births
Category:People from Córdoba, Spain |
Kars (, ) is a city in northeast Turkey and is the capital of the Kars Province, before at the head of a sanjak in the Turkish vilayet of Erzurum. Population: 8,672 (1878); 20,891 (1897); 54,000 (1970); 142,145 (1990); 130,361 (2000).
History
The early history of Kars is little known, beyond that it had its own dynasty of Armenian rulers and was the capital of a region known as Vanand. At some point in the 9th century (at least by 888) it became part of the territory of the Armenian Bagratids. From 928 to 961 Kars became the capital of their kingdom. It was during this period that the cathedral, later known as the Church of the Apostles, was built. |
Bio-derived Carbon Nanofibres from Lignin as High-Performance Li-Ion Anode Materials.
Development of cost-effective and increasingly efficient sustainable materials for energy-storage devices, such Li-ion batteries, is of crucial future importance. Herein, the preparation of carbon nanofibres from biopolymer blends of lignin (byproduct from the paper and pulp industry) and polylactic acid (PLA) or a thermoplastic elastomeric polyurethane (TPU) is described. SEM analysis shows the evolving microstructural morphology after each processing step (electrospinning, stabilisation and carbonisation). Importantly, it is possible to tailor the nanofibre porosity by utilising miscibility/immiscibility rules between lignin and the polymer additive (PLA/TPU). PLA blends (immiscible) generate porous structures whereas miscible lignin/TPU blends are solid when carbonised. Electrodes produced from 50 % PLA blends have capacity values of 611 mAh g-1 after 500 charge/discharge cycles, the highest reported to date for sustainable electrodes for Li-ion batteries. Thus, this work will promote the development of lignocellulose waste materials as high-performance energy-storage materials. |
Fayette County is the name of eleven counties in the United States, each named for the Marquis de Lafayette, a Frenchman who served in the American Revolution:
Fayette County, Alabama
Fayette County, Georgia
Fayette County, Illinois
Fayette County, Indiana
Fayette County, Iowa
Fayette County, Kentucky (formerly in Virginia)
Fayette County, Ohio
Fayette County, Pennsylvania
Fayette County, Tennessee
Fayette County, Texas
Fayette County, West Virginia
Other
Lafayette County |
TM 9-2350-238-34-2INSPECTION/REPAIR12345678910Check for broken, damaged, or missingparts.If check spring plug is broken, damaged,or missing, repair is by replacement ofnext higher assembly.If valve spring is broken, damaged, ormissing, repair is by replacement of nexthigher assembly.If check valve is broken, damaged, ormissing, repair is by replacement of nexthigher assembly.If socket capscrews are broken, dam-aged, or missing, repair is by replace-ment of next higher assembly.If cover cap is broken, damaged,missing, repair is by replacementhigher assembly.orof nextIf filter disc is broken, darnaged, or miss-ing, repair is by replacement of nexthigher assembly.If filter disc adapter is broken, damaged,or missing, repair is by replacement ofnext higher assembly.If spool is broken, damaged, or missing,repair is by replacement of next higherassembly.If spool spring is broken, damaged, ormissing, repair is by replacement of nexthigher assembly.1112131415161718If pilot cap is broken, damaged, or miss-ing, repair is by replacement of nexthigher assembly.If adjusting screw is broken, damaged, ormissing, repair is by replacement of nexthigher assembly.If hexagon plain nut is broken, damaged,or missing, repair is by replacement ofnext higher assembly.If adjusting screw retainer is broken,damaged, or missing, repair is by re-placement of next higher assembly.If spring seat is broken, damaged, ormissing, repair is by replacement of nexthigher assembly.If poppet spring is broken, damaged, ormissing, repair is by replacement of nexthigher assembly.If poppet is broken, damaged, or miss-ing, repair is by replacement of nexthigher assembly.Repair is by replacement of authorizedparts (TM 9-2350-238-24P-2).2-165 |
Monsenor Nouel is a province of the Dominican Republic. It is in the central part of the country. Its capital city is Bonao.
The province was created in 1982. It was a municipality of the La Vega province before being elevated to the category of province.
Name
The province was named after Archbishop Adolfo Alejandro Nouel, who was President of the Dominican Republic in 1912-1913.
History
The valley where is the province was named by the Spanish conquistadors as Sabana de Bonao ("Bonao Savanna"; Bonao was the Taino name of the region.
Bartholomew Columbus, younger brother of Christopher Columbus, founded here a fort in 1495-1497 and Bonao became one of the most important city of the Hispaniola island during the first years of the Spanish colony.
Later, the city was abandoned and was founded again during the Haitian occupation with the name of "Paraje del Yuna". In 1859, it became a military post in the municipality of La Vega. In 1936, it became a municipality of La Vega province under the name of Monsenor Nouel.
The province was created in 1982 with the municipality of Monsenor Nouel and the municipal districts of Piedra Blanca and Maimon. In 2005, the name of the municipality of Monsenor Nouel was changed to Bonao even if the name had been changed since 1960.
In 1982, Maimon became a municipality and in 1991 Piedra Blanca became the third municipality of the province. Villa Sonador became a municipal district in 1999, Sabana del Puerto in 2000, Juan Adrian in 2001, Juma Bejucal in 2004, and Arroyo Toro-Masipedro and Jayaco in 2006.
Location
The Monsenor Nouel province is bordered to the north and the west by the La Vega province, to the east by the Juan Sanchez Ramirez and Monte Plata provinces and to the south by the San Cristobal and San Jose de Ocoa provinces.
Population
In (last national census), there were people living in the Monsenor Nouel province, and 112,305 () living in towns and cities. The population density was persons/km2.
Its population represents of the total population of the country and the province is ranked as the 17th (out of 31 plus the National District) more populated province.
, the total estimated propulation of the province is 171,040 inhabitants.
The largest city of the province is Bonao, its head municipality or capital, with a population (in ) of 76,241 inhabitants.
Geography
The Monsenor Nouel province has a total area of . It has of the area of the Dominican Republic and it is ranked as the 24th (out of 31 plus the National District) largest province.
The altitude of Bonao, provincial capital, is above sea level.
The province is mainly in a valley surrounded by mountains: the Cordillera Central ("Central mountain range" by the north, west and south, and by the Sierra de Yamasa ("Yamasa mountain range"), a branch of the Cordillera Central, by the east.
The most important river is the Yuna, one of the largest of the Dominican Republic and of the Hispaniola island.
Climate
The climate of the province is a tropical climate, hot most of the year.
Municipalities
There are three municipalities and seven municipal districts (M.D.) in the province.
Economy
The main economic activities in the province are farming and mining (mainly surface mining of nickel).
It is a province with an important production of rice. Cattle raising is also important, mainly for milk. |
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<!-- $Id$ -->
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</overlay>
|
An essential part of any of the world's legal systems is impartiality. It is important for tribunals, judges, juries and arbitrators to be impartial. It is equally important for the legal systems themselves to be impartial.
Judges and tribunals
Judges cannot favor one party over another or give more weight to one side's claims than the other. Judges learn about the law from outside the courtroom and before a trial begins. Because of this a judge may have an opinion regarding the law. When a judge expresses these views he or she is not being impartial.
Juries
In the US legal system, juries are screened and individuals selected by a process called voir dire. Both the prosecution and the defense question jury candidates before a judge. This is to see if they can remain impartial. Any person having a personal interest in the outcome of the trial or who is obviously biased may be removed. This is called striking a juror. It is rare to have more than 10% of potential jurors struck from a trial. Trial by jury began in the United Kingdom. Except for cases where there is a provision by the law, it is the right of every person accused of a crime to have an impartial jury trial. More and more criminal trials are held without a jury. The less severe crimes are tried by magistrates. The Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms guarantees the right to a fair trial. In Canada juries are made up of 12 ordinary persons, male or female, who are expected to be impartial triers of fact. They decide whether the Crown (the prosecution) has made its case. Judges have the option of increasing the jury to 13 or 14 jurors, but only 12 may vote on the guilt or innocence of the accused.
Juries in Scotland have 15 jurors. In many European civil law countries and Japan, juries can be made up of laypersons and judges. Also the opposing council may not be able to strike jurors as in the United States.
Many believe the Magna Carta first guaranteed a right to trial by one's peers. The Latin judicium parium does not mean a trial by jury. The word judicium in the language of the day meant a judge. The term liber homo, usually translated as freeman, at that time were a limited class in England. So it did not mean every person. |
For those of you who've been waiting for news on "Visioneers", I'm happy tosay that the film has secured distribution. We'll have all the detailsshortly, but in the meantime we have a special treat.
The distributor would like to offer a sneak preview of the film to Zach'sfans in exchange for giving some helpful feedback. The first 500 people tosign up and complete a survey will get to stream Visioneers for FREE, rightaway. The preview is limited. |
Victor Herbert Fazio Jr. (October 11, 1942 - March 16, 2022) was an American Democratic politician. He was a member of the United States House of Representatives for California from 1979 to 1999. Fazio was also a member of the California State Assembly from 1975 until 1978. He was also Chair of the House Democratic Caucus from 1995 until 1999. Fazio was born in Winchester, Massachusetts.
Fazio died on March 16, 2022 at his home in Arlington, Virginia from melanoma at the age of 79. |
Q:
Does Googlebot support SPDY?
When SPDY is available for a site, does Googlebot use it? If so, sites which are SPDY enabled would appear faster to Googlebot.
A:
No, Googlebot doesn't use SPDY. SPDY was optimized for browsers, where things like pipelining & HTTP request headers are bottlenecks. These things generally aren't issues when crawling the web.
That said, SPDY may have some benefit in saving the server some work (it can serve multiple URLs with one request/response), so I wouldn't say that it's completely out of the question, but it's not used at the moment.
|
Zee and Co. is a 1972 British drama movie. It is also called X, Y and Zee or Zee and Company. It was directed by Brian G. Hutton. The movie is based on the novel by Edna O'Brien. It stars Elizabeth Taylor, Michael Caine, Susannah York and Margaret Leighton. |
---
abstract: |
We show that the classical Pollard $\rho$ algorithm for discrete logarithms produces a collision in expected time $O(\sqrt{n}(\log n)^3)$. This is the first nontrivial rigorous estimate for the collision probability for the [*unaltered*]{} Pollard $\rho$ graph, and is close to the conjectured optimal bound of $O(\sqrt{n})$. The result is derived by showing that the mixing time for the random walk on this graph is $O((\log
n)^3)$; without the squaring step in the Pollard $\rho$ algorithm, the mixing time would be exponential in $\log n$. The technique involves a spectral analysis of *directed* graphs, which captures the effect of the squaring step.
Keywords: Pollard Rho algorithm, discrete logarithm, random walk, expander graph, collision time, mixing time, spectral analysis.
author:
- 'Stephen D. Miller[^1] and Ramarathnam Venkatesan'
date: 'April 17, 2006'
title: Spectral Analysis of Pollard Rho Collisions
---
Introduction
============
Given a finite cyclic group $G$ of order $n$ and a generator $g$, the Discrete Logarithm Problem (<span style="font-variant:small-caps;">dlog</span>) asks to invert the map $y\mapsto g^y$ from ${{\mathbb{Z}}}/n{{\mathbb{Z}}}$ to $G$. Its presumed difficulty serves as the basis for several cryptosystems, most notably the Diffie-Hellman key exchange and some elliptic curve cryptosystems. Up to constant factors, the Pollard $\rho$ algorithm is the most efficient and the only version with small memory known for solving <span style="font-variant:small-caps;">dlog</span> on a general cyclic group – in particular for the group of points of an elliptic curve over a finite field.
We quickly recall the algorithm now. First one randomly partitions $G$ into three sets $S_1$, $S_2$, and $S_3$. Set $x_0=h$, or more generally to a random power $g^{r_1} h^{r_2}$. Given $x_k$, let $x_{k+1}=f(x_k)$, where $f:G\rightarrow
G$ is defined by $$\label{iteration}
f(x) \ \ = \ \ \left\{
\begin{array}{ll}
gx\,, & \ x\,\in\,S_1\,; \\
hx\,, & \ x\,\in\,S_2\,; \\
x^2\,, & \ x\,\in\,S_3\,.
\end{array}
\right.$$ Repeat until a collision of values of the $\{x_k\}$ is detected (this is done using Floyd’s method of comparing $x_k$ to $x_{2k}$, which has the advantage of requiring minimal storage). We call the underlying directed graph in the above algorithm (whose vertices are the elements of $G$, and whose edges connect each vertex $x$ to $gx$, $hx$, and $x^2$) as the [*Pollard $\rho$ Graph*]{}. At each stage $x_k$ may be written as $g^{a_ky+b_k}$, where $h=g^y$. The equality of $x_k$ and $x_\ell$ means $a_{k\,} y
+ b_k = a_{\ell\,} y + b_\ell$, and solving for $y$ (if possible) recovers the <span style="font-variant:small-caps;">dlog</span> of $h=g^y$.
The above algorithm [*heuristically*]{} mimics a random walk. Were that indeed the case, a collision would be found in time $O(\sqrt{n})$, where $n$ is the order of the group $G$. (The actual constant is more subtle; indeed, Teske [@teske1] has given evidence that the walk is somewhat worse than random.)
The main result of this paper is the first rigorous nontrivial upper bound on the collision time. It is slightly worse than the conjectured $O(\sqrt{n})$, in that its runtime is $\widetilde{O}(\sqrt{n})$, i.e. off from $O(\sqrt{n})$ by at most a polynomial factor in $\log n$. As is standard and without any loss of generality, we tacitly make the following $$\label{primeassumption}
\textbf{assumption:~} \text{~the order~~}|G|\,=\,n\text{~~is
prime.}$$
\[mainthm\] Fix ${\varepsilon}>0$. Then the Pollard $\rho$ algorithm for discrete logarithms on $G$ finds a collision in time $O_{\varepsilon}(\sqrt{n}\,(\log n)^3)$ with probability at least $1-{\varepsilon}$, where the probability is taken over all partitions of $G$ into three sets $S_1$, $S_2$, and $S_3$.
In the black-box group model (i.e. one which does not exploit any special properties of the encoding of group elements), a theorem of Shoup [@shoup] states that any <span style="font-variant:small-caps;">dlog</span> algorithm needs $\Omega(\sqrt{n})$ steps. Hence, aside from the probabilistic nature of the above algorithm and the extra factor of $(\log n)^3$, the estimate of Theorem \[mainthm\] is sharp.
It should be noted that finding a collision does not necessarily imply finding a solution to <span style="font-variant:small-caps;">dlog</span>; one must also show the resulting linear equation is nondegenerate. Since $n=|G|$ is prime this is believed to happen with overwhelming probability, much more so than for the above task of finding a collision in $O(\sqrt{n})$ time. This was shown for a variant of the Pollard $\rho$ algorithm in [@horwen], but the method there does not apply to the original algorithm itself. Using more refined techniques we are able to analyze this question further; the results of these investigations will be reported upon elsewhere.
This paper is the first analysis of the unmodified Pollard $\rho$ Graph, including the fact that it is [*directed*]{}. One can obtain the required rapid mixing result for directed graphs by (a) assuming that rapid mixing holds for the undirected version, and (b) adding self-loops to each vertex. However, one still needs to prove (a), which in our situation is no simpler. In addition, the loops and loss of direction cause short cycles, which lead to awkward complications in the context of studying collisions.
Technically, analyzing directed graphs from a spectral point of view has the well known difficulty that a spectral gap is not equivalent to rapid mixing. A natural generalization of the spectral gap is the operator norm gap of the adjacency matrix, which suffices for our purposes (see [Section \[rmdir\]]{}). For a recent survey of mixing times on directed graphs, see [@montteta].
The Pollard $\rho$ graph is very similar to the graphs introduced by the authors in [@mv3]. These graphs, which are related to expander graphs, also connect group elements $x$ to $f(x)$ via the operations given in (\[iteration\]) – in particular they combine the operations of multiplication and squaring. The key estimate, a spectral bound on the adjacency operator on this graph, is used to show its random walks are rapidly mixing. Though the Pollard $\rho$ walk is only [*pseudorandom*]{} (i.e., $x_{k+1}$ is determined completely from $x_k$ by its membership in $S_1$, $S_2$, or $S_3$), we are solely interested here in proving that it has a collision. The notions of random walk and pseudorandom walk (with random assignments of vertices in the sets $S_i$) coincide until a collision occurs.
Earlier Works
-------------
Previous experimental and theoretical studies of the Pollard $\rho$ algorithm and its generalizations all came to the (unproven) conclusion that it runs in $O(\sqrt{n})$ time; this is in fact the basis for estimating the relative bit-for-bit security of elliptic curve cryptosystems compared to others, e.g. RSA. For an analysis of <span style="font-variant:small-caps;">dlog</span> algorithms we refer the reader to the survey by Teske [@teske2], and for an analysis of random walks on abelian groups, to the one by Hildebrand [@hildebrand]. For the related Pollard $\rho$ algorithm for factoring integers, Bach [@bach] improved the trivial bound of $O(n)$ by logarithmic factors.
An important statistic of the involved graphs is the [*mixing time*]{} $\tau$, which loosely speaking is the amount of time needed for the random walk to converge to the uniform distribution, when started at an arbitrary node.[^2] The existing approaches to modeling Pollard $\rho$ can be grouped into two categories:
1. *Birthday attack in a totally random model:* each step is viewed as a move to a random group element, i.e. a completely random walk. In particular one assumes that the underlying graph has mixing time $\tau=1$ and that its degree equals the group size; in reality the actual Pollard $\rho$ graph has degree only 3. The $O(\sqrt{n})$ collision time is immediate for random walks of this sort.
2. *Random walk in an augmented graph*: The Pollard $\rho$ graph is modified by increasing the number of generators $k$, but removing the squaring step. One then models the above transitions as random walks on directed abelian Cayley graphs. To ensure the mixing time is $\tau=O(\log |G|)$, however, the graph degree must grow at least logarithmically in $|G|$. The importance of $\tau$ stems from the fact that, typically, one incurs a overhead of multiplicative factor of $\tau^{const}$ in the overall algorithm.
Teske [@teske1], based on Hildebrand’s results [@hildebrand] on random walks on the cyclic group ${{\mathbb{Z}}}/m{{\mathbb{Z}}}$ with respect to steps of the form $x\mapsto x+a_i$, $i\le k$, shows that the mixing time of an algorithm of the second type is on the order of $n^{\frac{2}{k-1}}$; she gives supporting numerics of random behavior for $k$ large. In particular, without the squaring step the Pollard $\rho$ walk would have mixing time on the order of $n^2$, well beyond the expected $O(\sqrt{n})$ collision time. This operation is an intriguing and cryptographically[^3] important aspect of the Pollard $\rho$ algorithm, and makes it inherently [*non-abelian*]{}: the Pollard $\rho$ graphs are not isomorphic to any abelian Cayley graphs. Its effect cannot be accounted for by any analysis which studies only the additive structure of ${{\mathbb{Z}}}/m{{\mathbb{Z}}}$.
The present paper indeed analyzes the [*exact*]{} underlying Pollard $\rho$ graph, without any modifications. We are able to show that the inclusion of the squaring step reduces the mixing time $\tau$ from exponential in $\log n$, to $O((\log n)^3)$ — see the remark following Proposition \[prhoseparation\].
Our result and technique below easily generalize from the unmodified Pollard $\rho$ algorithm, which has only 2 non-squaring operations, to the generalized algorithms proposed by Teske [@teske1] which involve adding further such operations. Furthermore, it also applies more generally to additional powers other than squares. We omit the details, since the case of interest is in fact the most difficult, but have included a sketch of the argument at the end of the paper.
Rapid mixing on directed graphs {#rmdir}
===============================
In the next two sections we will describe some results in graph theory which are needed for the proof of [Theorem \[mainthm\]]{}. Some of this material is analogous to known results for [*undirected*]{} graphs (see, for example, [@bollobas]); however, since the literature on spectral analytic aspects of directed graphs is relatively scarce, we have decided to give full proofs for completeness.
The three properties of subset expansion, spectral gap, and rapid mixing are all equivalent for families of undirected graphs with fixed degree. This equivalence, however, fails for directed graphs. Although a result of Fill [@Fill] allows one to deduce rapid mixing on directed graphs from undirected analogs, it involves adding self-loops (which the Pollard $\rho$ graph does not have) and some additional overhead. In any event, it requires proving an estimate about the spectrum of the undirected graph. We are able to use the inequality [@mv3 (A.10)], which came up in studying related undirected graphs, in order to give a bound on the operator norm of the directed graphs. This bound, combined with Lemma \[mixlem\], gives an estimate of $\tau = O((\log n)^3)$ for the mixing time of the Pollard $\rho$ graph.
Let ${\Gamma}$ denote a graph with a finite set of vertices $V$ and edges $E$. Our graphs will be directed graphs, meaning that each edge has an orientation; an edge from $v_1$ to $v_2$ will be denoted by $v_1\rightarrow v_2$. Assume that ${\Gamma}$ has [*degree*]{} $k$, in other words that each vertex has exactly $k$ edges coming in and $k$ edges coming out of it. The [*adjacency*]{} operator $A$ acts on $L^2(V)=\{f:V\rightarrow{{\mathbb{C}}}\}$ by summing over these $k$ neighbors: $$\label{adjacency}
(Af)(v) \ \ = \ \ \sum_{v\rightarrow w} \,f(w)\,.$$ Clearly constant functions, such as $\mathbbm{1}(v)\equiv 1$, are eigenfunctions of $A$ with eigenvalue $k$. Accordingly, $\mathbbm{1}$ is termed the trivial eigenfunction and $k$ the trivial eigenvalue of $A$. Representing $A$ as a $|V|\times|V|$ matrix, we see it has exactly $k$ ones in each row and column, with all other entries equal to zero. It follows that $\mathbbm{1}$ is also an eigenfunction with eigenvalue $k$ of the adjoint operator $A^*$ $$\label{adjoint}
(A^*f)(v) \ \ = \ \ \sum_{w\rightarrow v} \,f(w) \, ,$$ and that all eigenvalues ${\lambda}$ of $A$ or $A^*$ satisfy the bound $|{\lambda}|\le k$.
The subject of [*expander graphs*]{} is concerned with bounding the (undirected) adjacency operator’s restriction to the subspace $L_0=\{f \in L^2(V) \mid f \perp {\mathbbm 1}\}$, i.e. the orthogonal complement of the constant functions under the $L^2$-inner product. This is customarily done by bounding the nontrivial eigenvalues away from $k$. However, since the adjacency operator $A$ of a directed graph might not be self-adjoint, the operator norm can sometimes be a more useful quantity to study. We next state a lemma relating it to the rapid mixing of the random walk. To put the statement into perspective, consider the $k^r$ random walks on ${\Gamma}$ of length $r$ starting from any fixed vertex. One expects a uniformly distributed walk to land in any fixed subset $S$ with probability roughly ${\frac}{|S|}{|V|}$. The lemma gives a condition on the operator norm for this probability to in fact lie between ${\frac}12 {\frac}{|S|}{|V|}$ and ${\frac}32 {\frac}{|S|}{|V|}$ for moderately large values of $r$. This can alternatively be thought of as giving an upper bound on the mixing time.
\[mixlem\] Let ${\Gamma}$ denote a directed graph of degree $k$ on $n$ vertices. Suppose that there exists a constant $\mu<k$ such that $\| A f \|
\le \mu\| f \|$ for all $f\in L^2(V)$ such that $f\perp
\mathbbm{1}$. Let $S$ be an arbitrary subset of $V$. Then the number of paths of length $r \ge {\frac}{\log(2n)}{\log(k/\mu)}$ which start from any given vertex and end in $S$ is between ${\frac}12 k^r
{\frac}{|S|}{|V|}$ and ${\frac}32 k^r {\frac}{|S|}{|V|}$.
Let $y$ denote an arbitrary vertex in $V$, and $\chi_S$ and $\chi_{\{y\}}$ the characteristic functions of $S$ and $\{y\}$, respectively. The number of paths of length $r$ starting at $y$ and ending in $S$ is exactly the $L^2(V)$-inner product $ \langle
\chi_S , A^r \chi_{\{y\}}\rangle$. Write $$\label{orthsplit}
\chi_S \ \ = \ \ {\frac}{|S|}{n}\mathbbm{1} \, + \, w \ \ \ \
\text{and} \ \ \ \ \chi_{\{y\}} \ \ = \ \ {\frac}{1}{n}\mathbbm{1} \,
+ \, u\, ,$$ where $w,u\perp \mathbbm{1}$. Because $\mathbbm{1}$ is an eigenfunction of $A^*$, $A$ preserves the orthogonal complement of $\mathbbm{1}$, and thus $$\label{AwAubdd}
\|A^r u \| \ \ \le \ \ \mu\,\|A^{r-1}u\| \ \ \le \ \ \cdots \ \
\le
\ \ \mu^{r\,}\|u\|\,.$$ Also, by orthogonality $$\label{uwnormbd}
\| w \| \ \le \ \| \chi_S \| \ = \ \sqrt{|S|} \ \ \ \ \
\text{and} \ \ \ \ \ \|u\| \ \le \ \| \chi_{\{y\}} \| \
= \ 1\,.$$ We have that $A^r \chi_{\{y\}} = {\frac}{1}{n}k^r\mathbbm{1} + A^r
u$, so the inner product may be calculated as $$\label{innerprodcalc}
\langle
\chi_S , A^r \chi_{\{y\}}\rangle = \ \ {\frac}{|S|}{n}k^r \, + \,
\langle w,A^ru\rangle\,.$$ It now suffices to show that the absolute value of the second term on the righthand side is bounded by half of the first term. Indeed, $$\label{errbd}
|\langle w,A^ru\rangle| \ \ \le \ \ \|w\|\,\|A^r u\| \ \ \le \ \
\mu^{r}\sqrt{|S|}\,,$$ and $$\label{ineqchain}
\mu^{r}\sqrt{|S|} \ \le
\ {\frac}{1}{2n} k^r
\sqrt{|S|} \ \le \ {\frac}{1}{2}k^r{\frac}{|S|}{n}$$ when $r \ge {\frac}{\log(2n)}{\log(k/\mu)}$. [$\square$]{}
Collisions on the Pollard $\rho$ graph
======================================
In this section, we prove an operator norm bound on the Pollard $\rho$ graph that is later used in conjunction with [Lemma \[mixlem\]]{}. These graphs are closely related to an undirected graph studied in [@mv3 Theorem 4.1]. We will start by quoting a special case of the key estimate of that paper, which concerns quadratic forms. At first glance, the analysis is reminiscent of the of the Hilbert inequality from analytic number theory (see [@montgomery; @steele]), but where the quadratic form coefficients are expressed as $1/\sin(\mu_j-\mu_k)$.
Let $n$ be an odd integer and ${\lambda}_k = |\cos(\pi k/n)|$ for $k\in
{{\mathbb{Z}}}/n{{\mathbb{Z}}}$. Consider the quadratic form $Q:{{\mathbb{R}}}^{n-1}\rightarrow {{\mathbb{R}}}$ given by $$\label{quadform}
Q(x_1,\ldots,x_{n-1}) \ \ := \ \
\sum_{k\,=\,1}^{n-1}\,x_k\,x_{2k}\,{\lambda}_{k}\,,$$ in which the subscripts are interpreted modulo $n$.
\[qformbd\] There exists an absolute constant $c>0$ such that $$\label{qformbdineq}
|Q(x_1,\ldots,x_{n-1})| \ \ \le \ \ {\left(}1-{\frac}{c}{(\log
n)^2} {\right)}\,\sum_{k\,=\,1}^{n-1}x_k^2 \, .$$
Let ${\gamma}_k$ be arbitrary positive quantities (which will be specified later in the proof). Since $$\label{gammaineq}
{\gamma}_k \,x_k^2 \ + \ {\gamma}_k{^{-1}}\,x_{2k}^2 \ \pm \
2 \,x_k \, x_{2k} \ \ = \ \ {\left(}{\gamma}_k^{1/2}\,x_k \
\pm \ {\gamma}_k^{-1/2}\,x_{2k}{\right)}^2 \\ \ge \ \ 0 \, ,$$ one has that $$\label{boundq}
|Q({\vec x})| \ \ \le \ \
{\frac}{1}{2}\,\sum_{k\,=\,1}^{n-1}{\left(}{\gamma}_k\,x_k^2\ + \
{\gamma}_k{^{-1}}\,x_{2k}^2{\right)}\,{\lambda}_k \ \ = \ \
{\frac}{1}{2}\,\sum_{k\,=\,1}^{n-1}x_k^2{\left(}{\gamma}_k \,{\lambda}_k + {\gamma}_{\bar{2}k}{^{-1}}{\lambda}_{\bar{2}k}{\right)},$$ where $\bar{2}$ denotes the multiplicative inverse to 2 modulo $n$. The proposition follows if we can choose ${\gamma}_k$ and an absolute constant $c>0$ such that $$\label{critbd}
{\gamma}_k\,{\lambda}_k \ + \ {\gamma}_{\bar{2}k}{^{-1}}\, {\lambda}_{\bar{2}k} \ \ < \ \ 2 \ -
\ {\frac}{c}{(\log n)^2} \ \ \ \ \ \text{ for all~}\,1 \, \le \, k
\, < \, n\,.$$
Now we come to the definition of the ${\gamma}_k$. We set ${\gamma}_k=1$ for $n/4 \le k \le 3n/4$; the definition for the set of other nonzero indices $\cal S$ is more involved. For $s\ge 0$, define $$t_s \ = \ 1 \, - \, s \, {\frac}{d}{(\log n)^2}\,,$$ where $d>0$ is a small constant that is chosen at the end of the proof. Given an integer $\ell$ in the range $-n/4 < \ell < n/4$, we define $u(\ell)$ to be order to which 2 divides $\ell$. For the residues $k\in\cal S$, which are all equivalent modulo $n$ to some integer $\ell$ in the interval $-n/4 < \ell < n/4$, we define ${\gamma}_k=t_{u(\ell)}$. Note also that ${\lambda}_k \le 1/\sqrt{2}$ for $k\notin {\cal S}$, and is always $\le 1$. With these choices the lefthand side of (\[critbd\]) is bounded by $$\label{4choices}
{\gamma}_k\,{\lambda}_k \ + \ {\gamma}_{\bar{2}k}{^{-1}}\, {\lambda}_{\bar{2}k} \ \ \le \ \
\left\{
\begin{array}{ll}
{\frac}{1}{\sqrt{2}}+ {\frac}{1}{\sqrt{2}}\, , & \ \ k, \bar{2}k\notin {\cal S} \\
{\frac}{1}{\sqrt{2}} + {\gamma}_{\bar{2}k}{^{-1}}, & \ \ k \notin {\cal S},\, \bar{2}k\in {\cal S} \\
{\gamma}_k + {\frac}{1}{\sqrt{2}} \, , &
\ \ k\in {\cal S}, \, \bar{2}k\notin{\cal S} \\
{\gamma}_k + {\gamma}_{\bar{2}k}{^{-1}}, & \ \ k,\bar{2}k\in {\cal S}.
\end{array}
\right.$$ In the last case, the residues $k$ and $\bar{2}k$ both lie in $\cal S$. The integer $\ell \equiv \bar{2}k\! \pmod n$, $-n/4 <
\ell < n/4$, of course satisfies the congruence $2\ell\equiv
k\!\pmod n$. Since $k\in {\cal S}$, $2\ell$ is the unique integer in $(-n/4,n/4)$ congruent to $k$. That means ${\gamma}_{k}=t_{s+1}$ and ${\gamma}_{\bar{2}k}=t_{s}$ for some positive integer $s=O(\log n)$. A bound for the last case in (\[4choices\]) is therefore $t_{s+1}+t_s{^{-1}}=2-d/(\log n)^2 + O(s^2d^2/(\log n)^4)$. We conclude in each of the four cases that, for $d$ sufficiently small, there exists a positive constant $c>0$ such that (\[critbd\]) holds. [$\square$]{}
The Pollard $\rho$ graph, introduced earlier, is the graph on ${{\mathbb{Z}}}/n{{\mathbb{Z}}}$ whose edges represent the possibilities involved in applying the iterating function (\[iteration\]): $$\label{prhograph}
\gathered \text{${\Gamma}$ has vertices $V={{\mathbb{Z}}}/n{{\mathbb{Z}}}$ and directed edges
$x\rightarrow x+1$, $x\rightarrow x+y$, }
\\
\text{and $x\rightarrow 2x$ for each $x\in V$ (where $y\neq 1$) .}
\endgathered$$
\[prhoseparation\] Let $A$ denote the adjacency operator of the graph (\[prhograph\]) and assume that $n$ is prime. Then there exists an absolute constant $c>0$ such that $$\label{prhobd}
\| Af \| \ \ \le \ \ {\left(}3 - {\frac}{c}{(\log n)^2}{\right)}\, \| f\|$$ for all $f\in L^2(V)$ such that $f\perp {\mathbbm 1}$.
Let $\chi_{k}:{{\mathbb{Z}}}/n{{\mathbb{Z}}}\rightarrow{{\mathbb{C}}}$ denote the additive character given by $\chi_k(x)=e^{2\pi i k x/n}$. These characters, for $1 \le
k< n$, form a basis of functions $L_0=\{f\in L^2\mid f\perp
{\mathbbm 1}\}$. The action of $A$ on this basis is given by $$\label{Aaction}
A\,\chi_k \ \ = \
\ d_k \, \chi_k \, + \, \chi_{2k} \ \ \ , \ \ \ \ \text{where}
\ \ d_k \ = \ e^{2\pi i k/n} \, + \, e^{2\pi i k y/n}\,.$$ One has that $|d_{k}|\,=\,2|\cos({\frac}{\pi k (y-1)}{n})|=2{\lambda}_{k(y-1)}$. Using the inner product relation $$\label{innerprodofchar}
\langle \chi_{k},\chi_{\ell} \rangle \ \ = \ \ \left\{
\begin{array}{ll}
n\,, & \ \
k=\ell \\
0\ , & \ \ \hbox{otherwise\,,}
\end{array}
\right.$$ we compute that $\|f\|^2=n\sum |c_k|^2$, where $f=\sum_{k\neq
0}c_k\chi_k$. Likewise, $$\begin{gathered}
\label{normcomputation} \|Af\|^2 \ \ = \
\ \langle Af , Af \rangle \ \ = \\ \sum_{k,\ell\neq 0}
c_k\,\overline{c_{\ell}}\,\left[\langle d_k
\chi_k,d_\ell\chi_\ell\rangle + \langle\chi_{2k},\chi_{2\ell}\rangle
+ \langle d_k \chi_k,\chi_{2\ell}\rangle+ \langle
\chi_{2k},d_\ell\chi_\ell
\rangle\right] \\
\le \ \ n{\left(}5\sum |c_k|^2 + 2\sum |c_k||c_{2k}||d_{2k}|{\right)}.\end{gathered}$$ Note that $|d_k|=2{\lambda}_{k(y-1)}$, and that $y-1$ and 2 are invertible in ${{\mathbb{Z}}}/n{{\mathbb{Z}}}$, by assumption in (\[prhograph\]). The result now follows from (\[qformbdineq\]) with the choice of $x_{2(y-1)k}=|c_k|$.
[$\square$]{}
[**Remark:**]{} the above Proposition, in combination with Lemma \[mixlem\], is the source of the $\tau = O((\log n)^3)$ mixing time estimate for the Pollard $\rho$ graph that we mentioned in the introduction.
Consider the set $S$ of the first $t=\lfloor \sqrt{n} \rfloor$ iterates $x_1,x_2,\ldots,x_{t}$. We may assume that $|S|=t$, for otherwise a collision has already occurred in the first $\sqrt{n}$ steps. Lemma \[mixlem\] and Proposition \[prhoseparation\] show that the probability of a walk of length $r\gg (\log n)^3$ reaching $S$ from any fixed vertex is at least $1/(2\sqrt{n})$. Thus the probabilities that $x_{t+r},x_{t+2r},x_{t+3r},\ldots,x_{t+kr}$ lie in $S$ are all, independently, at least $1/(3t)$. One concludes that for $k$ on the order of $3bt$, $b$ fixed, the probability that none of these points lies in $S$ is at most $(1-{\frac}{1}{3t})^{3bt} \approx
e^{-b}$, which is less than ${\varepsilon}$ for large values of $b$.
[**Generalizations**]{}: the analysis presented here extends to generalized Pollard $\rho$ graphs in which each vertex $x$ is connected to others of the form $xg_i$, for various group elements $g_i$, along with powers $x^{r_j}$. This can be done as follows. First of all, if $r$-th powers are to be used instead of squares, then the subscript $2k$ in (\[quadform\]) must be changed to $rk$. The key bound on (\[qformbdineq\]), stated here for $r=2$, in fact holds for any fixed integer $r>1$ which is relatively prime to $n$ [@mv3 Appendix]. Thus changing the squaring step to $x\rightarrow x^r$ does not change the end results. Secondly, the proof of the bound (\[prhobd\]) requires only some cancellation in (\[normcomputation\]). If additional operations are added, the cross terms from which the cancellation was derived here are still present. Thus Proposition \[prhoseparation\] is remains valid, only with the 3 replaced by the degree of the graph. Provided this degree (= the total number of operations) is fixed, the graph still has rapid mixing.
It is unclear if including extra power operations speeds up the discrete logarithm algorithm. However, the rapid mixing of such random walks may have additional applications, such as to the stream ciphers in [@mv3].
[**Acknowledgements:**]{} the authors wish to thank R. Balasubramanian, Michael Ben-Or, Noam Elkies, David Jao, L' aszl' o Lov' asz, and Prasad Tetali for helpful discussions and comments.
[99]{}
[^1]: Partially supported by NSF grant DMS-0301172 and an Alfred P. Sloan Foundation Fellowship.
[^2]: There are many inequivalent notions of mixing time (see [@lovasz]). Mixing time is only mentioned for purposes of rough comparison between different graphs; whatever we need about it is proved directly. Similarly, the reader need not recall any facts about expander graphs, which are mentioned only for motivation.
[^3]: In this version one can derive a secure hash function [@horwitz] whose security is based on the difficulty of the discrete logarithm problem; here the input describes the path taken in the graph from a fixed node, and the hash value is the end point.
|
"Lifestyles of the Rich and Famous" is the first single off American pop punk band Good Charlotte's second studio album, The Young and the Hopeless. The song was released in September 6, 2002.
On the Billboard charts, the song was able to peak at #20 on the Hot 100 and #6 on the Top 40 Mainstream.
In 2003, the song won a MTV Video Music Award for "Viewer's Choice". It was also the winner of a Kerrang! Award for Best Single. |
//
// This file is auto-generated by script docgen.py.
// DO NOT EDIT BY HAND!
//
// tag::infos[]
[width="100%",cols="^1,^2,6,6",options="header"]
|===
| Plugin | Name | Description | Arguments
| fifo | fifo_filename | name of FIFO pipe | -
| guile | guile_eval | evaluation of source code | source code to execute
| guile | guile_interpreter | name of the interpreter used | -
| guile | guile_version | version of the interpreter used | -
| irc | irc_buffer | get buffer pointer for an IRC server/channel/nick | server,channel,nick (channel and nicks are optional)
| irc | irc_is_channel | 1 if string is a valid IRC channel name for server | server,channel (server is optional)
| irc | irc_is_nick | 1 if string is a valid IRC nick name | server,nickname (server is optional)
| irc | irc_nick | get current nick on a server | server name
| irc | irc_nick_color | get nick color code (*deprecated* since version 1.5, replaced by "nick_color") | nickname
| irc | irc_nick_color_name | get nick color name (*deprecated* since version 1.5, replaced by "nick_color_name") | nickname
| irc | irc_nick_from_host | get nick from IRC host | IRC host (like `:nick!name@server.com`)
| irc | irc_server_isupport | 1 if server supports this feature (from IRC message 005) | server,feature
| irc | irc_server_isupport_value | value of feature, if supported by server (from IRC message 005) | server,feature
| javascript | javascript_eval | evaluation of source code | source code to execute
| javascript | javascript_interpreter | name of the interpreter used | -
| javascript | javascript_version | version of the interpreter used | -
| lua | lua_eval | evaluation of source code | source code to execute
| lua | lua_interpreter | name of the interpreter used | -
| lua | lua_version | version of the interpreter used | -
| perl | perl_eval | evaluation of source code | source code to execute
| perl | perl_interpreter | name of the interpreter used | -
| perl | perl_version | version of the interpreter used | -
| php | php_eval | evaluation of source code | source code to execute
| php | php_interpreter | name of the interpreter used | -
| php | php_version | version of the interpreter used | -
| python | python2_bin | path to python 2.x interpreter | -
| python | python_eval | evaluation of source code | source code to execute
| python | python_interpreter | name of the interpreter used | -
| python | python_version | version of the interpreter used | -
| relay | relay_client_count | number of clients for relay | protocol,status (both are optional, for each argument "*" means all; protocols: irc, weechat; statuses: connecting, waiting_auth, connected, auth_failed, disconnected)
| ruby | ruby_eval | evaluation of source code | source code to execute
| ruby | ruby_interpreter | name of the interpreter used | -
| ruby | ruby_version | version of the interpreter used | -
| spell | spell_dict | comma-separated list of dictionaries used in buffer | buffer pointer ("0x12345678") or buffer full name ("irc.freenode.#weechat")
| tcl | tcl_eval | evaluation of source code | source code to execute
| tcl | tcl_interpreter | name of the interpreter used | -
| tcl | tcl_version | version of the interpreter used | -
| weechat | auto_connect | 1 if automatic connection to servers is enabled, 0 if it has been disabled by the user (option "-a" or "--no-connect") | -
| weechat | charset_internal | WeeChat internal charset | -
| weechat | charset_terminal | terminal charset | -
| weechat | color_ansi_regex | POSIX extended regular expression to search ANSI escape codes | -
| weechat | color_rgb2term | RGB color converted to terminal color (0-255) | rgb,limit (limit is optional and is set to 256 by default)
| weechat | color_term2rgb | terminal color (0-255) converted to RGB color | color (terminal color: 0-255)
| weechat | cursor_mode | 1 if cursor mode is enabled | -
| weechat | date | WeeChat compilation date/time | -
| weechat | dir_separator | directory separator | -
| weechat | filters_enabled | 1 if filters are enabled | -
| weechat | inactivity | keyboard inactivity (seconds) | -
| weechat | locale | locale used for translating messages | -
| weechat | nick_color | get nick color code | nickname
| weechat | nick_color_name | get nick color name | nickname
| weechat | pid | WeeChat PID (process ID) | -
| weechat | term_color_pairs | number of color pairs supported in terminal | -
| weechat | term_colors | number of colors supported in terminal | -
| weechat | term_height | height of terminal | -
| weechat | term_width | width of terminal | -
| weechat | totp_generate | generate a Time-based One-Time Password (TOTP) | secret (in base32), timestamp (optional, current time by default), number of digits (optional, between 4 and 10, 6 by default)
| weechat | totp_validate | validate a Time-based One-Time Password (TOTP): 1 if TOTP is correct, otherwise 0 | secret (in base32), one-time password, timestamp (optional, current time by default), number of passwords before/after to test (optional, 0 by default)
| weechat | uptime | WeeChat uptime (format: "days:hh:mm:ss") | "days" (number of days) or "seconds" (number of seconds) (optional)
| weechat | version | WeeChat version | -
| weechat | version_git | WeeChat git version (output of command "git describe" for a development version only, empty for a stable release) | -
| weechat | version_number | WeeChat version (as number) | -
| weechat | weechat_dir | WeeChat directory | -
| weechat | weechat_headless | 1 if WeeChat is running headless | -
| weechat | weechat_libdir | WeeChat "lib" directory | -
| weechat | weechat_localedir | WeeChat "locale" directory | -
| weechat | weechat_sharedir | WeeChat "share" directory | -
| weechat | weechat_site | WeeChat site | -
| weechat | weechat_site_download | WeeChat site, download page | -
| weechat | weechat_upgrading | 1 if WeeChat is upgrading (command `/upgrade`) | -
|===
// end::infos[]
|
Lilac is a light violet colour. It is named after the colour of the lilac flower. The actual colour of the flowers of the plant may range from the colour of the lilac flowers shown at left to a richer or deeper colour. These colours, such as rich lilac and deep lilac, are shown in the colour chart below.
The first written use of lilac as a colour name in English was in 1775.
Meaning of lilac
Lilac is a soft dainty colour that is often associated with grandparents or grandchildren and used on greeting cards addressed to grandparents or grandchildren.
Tones of lilac and Persian lilac colour comparison charts
Some lilac flowers are coloured tones of lilac and other lilac flowers are coloured tones of red-violet. Those lilac flowers that are coloured red-violet are said to be coloured Persian lilac. Therefore, two different colour comparison charts are provided.
Tones of lilac colour comparison chart
Tones of Persian lilac colour comparison chart
See also red-violet
Related pages
List of colors |
[Variability of arterial pressure and of heart rate in essential arterial hypertension].
Blood pressure (BP) and heart rate (HR) show multiple oscillations. The aim of the present study was to evaluate their variability by means of a noninvasive device for the continuous recording of ambulatory BP. A 24 hour recording was programmed (minimal interval 30 minutes) in 190 individuals: 35 normotensive individuals aged 46 +/- 20 years and 155 patients with essential hypertension aged 49 +/- 12 years. In the whole population a significant positive correlation was found between systolic BP (SBP) and its variability (r = 0.360; p less than 0.001). This correlation was found for both normotensive (r = 0.506; p less than 0.01) and hypertensive (r = 0.384; p less than 0.001) groups. There also was significant positive correlation between HR and its variability in the overall population (r = 0.374; p less than 0.001) and in the normotensive (r = 0.594; p less than 0.001) and hypertensive (r = 0.356; p less than 0.001) groups. There was a significant positive correlation between SBP and age in the whole population (r = 0.269; p less than 0.001) and in the normotensive (r = 0.448; p less than 0.001) and hypertensive (r = 0.193; p less than 0.05) groups. When the individuals were divided in those older than 65 years and those younger than 60 years, with same levels of SBP and DBP, it was found that the variability (given as standard deviation) of both SBP and DBP were higher in the older group (similar SBP: 19 +/- 7/13 +/- 4 mmHg vs 15 +/- 4/11 +/- 3 mmHg, p less than 0.01/p less than 0.01; similar DBP: 19 +/- 7/13 +/- 4 mmHg vs 15 +/- 5/11 +/- 3 mmHg, p less than 0.001/p less than 0.01). Multiple regression analysis showed that the most important determinant of this variability was the baseline SBP value, followed by age. SBP and HR show a greater variability with higher baseline values. The variability of both SBP and DBP are greater in elderly patients. |
A parade is a large or small group of people who all walk together, usually down a street or road. People who walk in parades are often dressed in costumes, and followed by marching bands, floats or large balloons.
Reasons
They are often held on holidays or to honor someone. Parades are held for many reasons, but are usually for celebrations of some kind. Days like St Patrick's Day are often celebrated with a parade.
Military parades
A military parade is one of the most common parades. It is when soldiers march in public. Usually they are followed by tanks and other military vehicles. Military parades are often held after a battle or war has been won. In China, National Day is now celebrated with large military parades in Beijing every 5th year after 1949. In the United Kingdom, the Queen's Official Birthday (now always on a Saturday) is marked by a military parade every year. In the United States, such military parades are less common but usually held on Veterans Day and Independence Day.
Famous parades
One of the most famous parades in the United States is the Macy's Thanksgiving Day parade in New York City. Over 44 million people watch this parade on television each year.
Events |
The expression of chick alpha A2-crystallin RNA during lens development and transdifferentiation.
During development of the vertebrate lens, the lens epithelium undergoes a final stage of differentiation into lens fibre cells, during which the major lens proteins, the crystallins, are synthesised. Lentoids, comprising clusters of lens fibre cells can also be produced by transdifferentiation from certain non-lens tissues, including neural retina and pigmented retinal epithelium. We have isolated an alpha A2-crystallin genomic probe and used it to study the transcription and processing of alpha A2-crystallin mRNA both during lens development and transdifferentiation. We relate these results to earlier measurements in this laboratory of delta-crystallin transcription and alpha- and delta-crystallin protein synthesis, to compare the expression of these two sets of genes. Tissue specific differences in gene expression were found. delta-crystallin mRNA is transcribed before alpha A2-crystallin RNA in the lens, but after it in transdifferentiating neural retina and pigmented epithelia. |
Montgueux is a commune of the Aube departement in the north-central part of France.
Communes in Aube |
Besides the adventure activities and trekking, there are many things to do in Nepal. There are lots of day tours in Kathmandu valley and outside of the valley. Cultural tours, hiking tours, village tours, mountain biking tours, sightseeing tours, fishing tours, homestay tours, family tours, bike tours, white water rafting tours, educational tours, jungle safari tours, sport tours, historical tours, heritage tours, pilgrimage tours, yoga meditation tours, photography tours, business tours, seminar tours, sunrise tours, trekking tours, helicopter tours, volunteer tours, kayaking tours and much more… are the live tour packages in Nepal.
Nepal is one of the bio-diversity, historical and culturally rich country, where you have plenty of options for the day tours. There are 10 world heritage sites and national parks for your dedicated tours. Kathmandu valley is one of the best day tour destinations in Nepal for Nepalese art and architecture. Hindu and Buddhist monuments, pagoda architecture, traditional water supply taps and mythical temples are featuring attractions of Kathmandu day tour. Nepali craftsmanship for wooden work and icon are very attractive. The locals of Kathmandu are Newar. They are culturally rich for festivals. Living goddess of Kathmandu is one of the most interesting to see and worship. There are hiking day tours also around in Kathmandu. Champadevi day hiking tour, Nagarkot Changnarayan hiking day tour, Shivapuri Nagarjun hiking day tour, Bungmati Khokana day tour and many more day tours can be done in Kathmandu valley. Besides the Kathmandu valley, there are some day tours in Pokhara. Sunrise tour, Pokhara city day tour and boating on the lakes tour are really worthy day tours in Pokhara Nepal. Jungle safari tour in Chitwan and Buddhist pilgrimage tour to Lumbini is another day tour activity in Nepal.
Frolic Adventure manages all the day tours in Nepal to limited time holders and other interested day tour lovers. |
Grundy County is the name of four counties in the United States, all named in honor of Felix Grundy:
Grundy County, Illinois
Grundy County, Iowa
Grundy County, Missouri
Grundy County, Tennessee |
Improved Graphs: Powered by the Open Source DO Agent - amitdugar
https://www.digitalocean.com/company/blog/improved-graphs/
======
developuh
This is cool but does this work only on DigitalOcean ?
~~~
amitdugar
Not from DO but since it is open sourced, I am sure we can make it work with
any Linux server with a little work :)
|
In linguistics, a tenuis consonant is an obstruent that is voiceless, unaspirated and unglottalized.
Consonants |
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Osama bin Muhammad bin Awad bin Laden (; 10 March 1957 2 May 2011) was the founder of al-Qaeda, the Sunni militant Islamist organization. It claimed responsibility for the September 11 attacks on the United States. It is also responsible of many other mass-casualty attacks against civilian and military targets. He was a Saudi Arabian, a member of the wealthy bin Laden family, and an ethnic Yemeni Kindite.
Early life
He was born in the bin Laden family to billionaire Mohammed bin Awad bin Laden in Saudi Arabia. He studied there in college until 1979, when he joined the mujahideen forces in Pakistan against the Soviets in Afghanistan. He helped to fund the mujahideen by funneling arms, money and fighters from the Arab world into Afghanistan, also gaining popularity from many Arabs. In 1988, he formed al-Qaeda.
He was banished from Saudi Arabia in 1992, and shifted his base to Sudan, until US pressure forced him to leave Sudan in 1996. After establishing a new base in Afghanistan, he declared a war against the United States, initiating a series of bombings and related attacks. Bin Laden was on the American Federal Bureau of Investigation's (FBI) lists of Ten Most Wanted Fugitives and Most Wanted Terrorists for his involvement in the 1998 U.S. embassy bombings.
From 2001 to 2011, bin Laden was a major target of the War on Terror, as the FBI placed a $25 million reward on him in their search for him. On May 2, 2011, bin Laden was shot and killed inside a private residential compound in Abbottabad, Pakistan, by members of the United States Naval Special Warfare Development Group and Central Intelligence Agency operatives in a covert operation ordered by U.S. President Barack Obama.
Beliefs and ideology
Bin Laden probably believed that the restoration of Sharia law would set things right in the Muslim world, and that all other ideologies--"pan-Arabism, socialism, communism, democracy"--must be opposed. These beliefs, along with violent expansive jihad, have sometimes been called Qutbism.
He believed Afghanistan under the rule of Mullah Omar's Taliban was "the only Islamic country" in the Muslim world. Bin Laden had consistently talked about his belief in the need for violent jihad to make right what he believed are injustices against Muslims perpetrated by the United States and sometimes by other non-Muslim states, the need to eliminate the state of Israel, and the necessity of forcing the US to withdraw from the Middle East. He had also called on Americans to "reject the immoral acts of fornication and homosexuality, intoxicants (e.g. alcohol), gambling, and usury" in an October 2002 letter.
One of Bin Laden's most infamous beliefs was that civilians, including women and children, are legitimate targets of jihad. Bin Laden was antisemitic, and had delivered warnings against alleged Jewish conspiracies: "These Jews are masters of usury and leaders in treachery. They will leave you nothing, either in this world or the next". Shia Muslims have been listed along with "Heretics,... America and Israel," as the four principal "enemies of Islam" at the ideology classes of bin Laden's Al-Qaeda organization.p303
In keeping with Wahhabi beliefs (the Saudi type of Islam), bin Laden opposed music on religious grounds,p167 and his attitude towards technology was mixed. He was interested in "earth-moving machinery and genetic engineering of plants" on the one hand, but rejected "chilled water" on the other.p172
His viewpoints and methods of achieving them led to him been designated as a terrorist by scholars, journalists from the New York Times, the British Broadcasting Corporation, Qatari news station Al Jazeera, analysts such as Peter Bergen, Michael Scheuer, Marc Sageman, and Bruce Hoffman and he was indicted on terrorism charges by law enforcement agencies in Madrid, New York City, and Tripoli. He stayed in hiding until he was killed by the United States in Pakistan, in May 2011.
Names
Osama bin Laden's name can be transliterated in many ways. Usamah bin Muhammad bin 'Awad bin Ladin (Arabic: 'sm@ bn mHmd bn `wD bnldn), shortened to Usama bin Laden ('sm@ bn ldn).
The form used here, Osama bin Laden, is used by most English-language mass media. This includes CNN and the BBC. The FBI and Fox News use Usama bin Laden. Often the name is abbreviated to UBL.
The bin Laden family (or "Binladin," as they like to be called) usually use the name as a surname in the Western style. The family company is known as the Binladin Brothers for Contracting and Industry. It is one of the largest corporations in Saudi Arabia.
Marriages
Bin Laden was first married at the age of 17 to a Syrian cousin. Her name was Najwa Ghanem. She was probably two years younger than he. They had 11 children. Najwa left bin Laden just before 9/11.
He was married to Khadijah (1983-1995, divorced). His next wife was Khairiah (1985-2011, his death). His fourth wife was Siham (1987-2011, his death). He was married to unknown woman in 1996 but the marriage was annulled within a few days. His last wife was Amal (2000-2011, his death). There were a total of nine children from these later marriages, making 20 in all.
Assassination
U.S. President Barack Obama launched a mission, "Operation Neptune Spear", where United States Special Operation forces raided bin Laden's hideout compound. On the night of 2 May 2011 (Pakistani time; 1 May 2011 U.S. time), bin Laden was killed by bullets to the chest and head. His body was buried at sea later that day so there would be no grave. |
This fantastic oversized pin was made by the company, Cilea of Paris. The head designer, Stephane Ravel, creates each piece from resin, much in the manner of the renowned atelier, Vedie Monique. The pin is hand cut, bent, and hand painted. It measures a large 4" long x 3 1/2" wide, and is quite dimensional. The lightweight nature of the material makes the pin very easy to wear. |
Pierluigi Collina (born 13 February 1960) is a former Italian football referee. IFFHS said he was the best football referee ever. |
What does $900,000 buy in the San Fernando Valley housing market? In Burbank, a contemporary home with canyon views; in Chatsworth, a 5,200-square-foot house with a pool; and in Studio City, a 1930s bungalow with a recording studio.
Here’s a more detailed look:
11416 Orcas Ave. (Realtor.com)
SYLMAR: This ranch-style house on about half an acre features a living room with vaulted ceilings and French doors that open to a covered patio.
Address: 11416 Orcas Ave., Sylmar, 91342
Listed for: $895,000 for four bedrooms, 2.75 bathrooms in 2,964 square feet of living space (0.46-acre lot)
Features: Skylights; brick fireplaces; swimming pool
About the area: In the 91342 ZIP Code, based on 42 sales, the median sales price for single-family homes in December was $470,000, up 6.8% year over year, according to CoreLogic.
20481 Tulsa St. (Realtor.com)
CHATSWORTH: Palms and mature landscaping surround the resort-style swimming pool and sports court at this two-story Mediterranean in the Rancho de Caballeros community.
Address: 20481 Tulsa St., Chatsworth, 91311
Listed for: $899,000 for six bedrooms, six bathrooms in 5,200 square feet (0.4-acre lot)
Features: Master suite with fireplace; center-island kitchen; fire pit
About the area: In the 91311 ZIP Code, based on 24 sales, the median sales price for single-family homes in December was $660,000, a 20% increase year over year, according to CoreLogic.
5520 Mason Ave (Realtor.com)
WOODLAND HILLS: This flat-roofed midcentury recalls the groovy spirit of the 1960s and ’70s with its rock-wall fireplace, beamed ceilings and period chandeliers.
Address: 5520 Mason Ave., Woodland Hills, 91367
Listed for: $899,000 for four bedrooms, 2.5 bathrooms in 2,488 square feet (0.42-acre lot)
Features: Open-plan living areas; period cabinetry; covered porch
About the area: In the 91367 ZIP Code, based on 26 sales, the median sales price for single-family homes in December was $763,000, up 5.2% year over year, according to CoreLogic.
4448 Kraft Ave. (Realtor.com)
STUDIO CITY: Hardwood flooring, coved ceilings and built-ins in the living room are among features of this 1930s bungalow with recording studio.
Address: 4448 Kraft Ave., Studio City, 91602
Listed for: $899,000 for two bedrooms, one bathroom in 1,087 square feet (6,003-square-foot lot)
Features: Living room with fireplace; mature trees and landscaping
About the area: In the 91602 ZIP Code, based on eight sales, the median sales price for single-family homes in December was $950,000, up 21.5% year over year, according to CoreLogic.
1248 E. Elmwood Ave. (Realtor.com)
BURBANK: This two-story contemporary, built in 1981, takes in city-light views from its location atop Elmwood Canyon.
Address: 1248 E. Elmwood Ave., Burbank, 91501
Listed for: $899,000 for four bedrooms, three bathrooms in 2,128 square feet (0.42-acre lot)
Features: Fenced and gated yard; brick siding
About the area: In the 91501 ZIP Code, based on six sales, the median sales price for single-family homes in December was $913,000, a 6.2% increase year over year, according to CoreLogic.
7135 Geyser Ave. (Realtor.com)
RESEDA: This Mediterranean-style home, built in 1939 and since updated, sits on more than a third of an acre with a two-story guest house and large backyard.
Address: 7135 Geyser Ave., Reseda, 91335
Listed for: $899,000 for eight bedrooms, 4.5 bathrooms in 3,541 square feet (0.34-acre lot)
Features: Custom front door; tile flooring; living room with custom fireplace mantle
About the area: In the 93463 ZIP Code, based on four sales, the median sales price for single-family homes in December was $688,000, up 26.1% year over year, according to CoreLogic.
neal.leitereg@latimes.com
Twitter: @NJLeitereg
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