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Do You Voice Your Opinions at Work? How to Make Sure You are Heard
It’s obvious that in today’s modern world women have come a long way since the years where we could not vote or own land, and where it was not acceptable for a woman to work outside of the home. With every feat and obstacle overcome comes a new challenge. We are now women of the 21st century. We can work, we can be single, and we can own a home. But as a young women just about to start my career and hearing friends and family talk about their own careers I have come to notice that women now face a new struggle. Now, don’t get me wrong, I’m not saying women are the only group of humans that have struggles in the workforce but being a woman myself, I have started to pick up on our struggles much more and what I have realized in recent years is the difference in consequences when a male and female employee vocalizes their opinions.
Big Changes Equals Big Tensions
I have seen and heard of women in the work place being admonished like a child, or even more severely, being pushed out of jobs for articulating their opinions, especially when it comes to fields where there are changes being made. Take the field of education and more specifically public schools. There are huge changes being made to curriculum, how we evaluate students, and how we evaluate teachers. Whether you’re opinion on these changes is for or against, it is undeniable that education in the U.S is changing and schools are struggling to adapt.
I still can recall my mother coming home from school (she was a high school history teacher) and being so frustrated that she could not teach creatively and effectively because of the restrictions being put on all teachers. My mother taught at a failing school (which pretty much means the students were not meeting the standards of the state) therefore every single teacher was being evaluated with a fine toothed comb. But what we began to notice was the pattern of who was being punished by being pushed into resigning from their positions.
Being Passionate About Your Craft Can Mean Life Changing Consequences
Vocal teachers. It was these strong willed, passionate teachers, like my mother, that were expressing their concerns about the school. The result however, was not in the favor of the teacher. Female teachers, like my mother, were being ignored and penalized for standing up for the students and their teaching. Evaluations were becoming more numbered based. But what we saw was the male teachers that voiced the same concerns as the female teachers being promoted and patted on the back. Most of the male teachers that had a big voice were involved in the athletics department mind you, so they were an asset to the school. The female teachers on the other hand were disposable.
This is just one example of what happens to female employees when they assert their opinions or ideas in the workforce. The field of education is a prime example because of the fact that it is changing so rapidly. And with change undoubtedly comes tension. The working relationship between a boss and his/her employees is fragile. There are certain lines that we draw when it comes to opinions, responsibilities, creativity and flexibility. These lines are set in the beginning but as the working relationship develops, the lines shift or are crossed. This means that female employees have to be extra diligent not to blur these invisible lines set forth by their bosses. It is important that we figure out how to be vocal but stay well within the lines of our position. Easier said than done though, right? The women of today are becoming more independent, more involved in how society views the world. Many women have taken leadership roles. Women determine their own future. It has become hard for women to see themselves inside a box with clearly defined lines when so often they are being blurred. It is much easier for women to step outside of their box in today’s world. We just have to deal with the consequences.
I hope to one day work in a field where my opinions are valued and considered despite my gender. But my greatest hope is that my future daughters, nieces, and students are able to express their views and be taken seriously. I hope that the generation that succeeds mine will demolish the negative consequences for female employees and break the tension. But in the meantime, while we work towards that goal here are two major ways for female employees to can break the tension:
Be bold but be polite
There is nothing wrong with being bold and independent. Being yourself is what sets you apart from the rest of the crowd! But being bold and assertive doesn’t mean being obnoxious and rude. Want to have your voice heard? Express your ideas firmly, confidently, and most importantly NICELY. Insults tend not to work in breaking the tension.
Whatever you do… don’t GIVE UP
Persistence is key! If you really want to see a change you’ll need to work for it most likely. Giving up because you get one rejection won’t fly. A boss that is set in his/her ways may take some persuading and I be they’ll be appreciative you coaxed out of their comfort zone, POLITELY, especially if your ideas are successful.
Tension in the work place is inevitable, but have no fear ladies! We are on the move forward and our voices shall be heard! Remember what the lovely Emma Watson has said, “Believe in yourself and go for it.” | tomekkorbak/pile-curse-small | Pile-CC |
154 Ariz. 330 (1987)
742 P.2d 831
CAMELOT LIMITED, a Colorado limited partnership, Plaintiff/Appellant,
v.
UNION MUTUAL LIFE INSURANCE COMPANY, a Maine corporation, Defendant/Appellee.
No. 2 CA-CV 87-0013.
Court of Appeals of Arizona, Division 2, Department B.
April 23, 1987.
Reconsideration Denied May 26, 1987.
Review Denied September 15, 1987.
Lowe & Berman, P.A. by Michael P. Berman, and James McConnell Bush, Phoenix, for plaintiff/appellant.
Evans, Kitchel & Jenckes, P.C. by William M. Shattuck, Phoenix, for defendant/appellee.
OPINION
FERNANDEZ, Judge.
In 1984, appellant borrowed $3,000,000 from appellee and secured the loan by a deed of trust and security agreement. The terms of the loan were evidenced by a note. In early 1985, appellant leased the real property securing the note and granted lessees an option to purchase without obtaining appellee's prior approval as required by the deed of trust. When appellee learned of the lease, it notified appellant that it did not consent to the change of management or the lease, as was its right under applicable terms in the deed of trust, and that it was exercising its right to accelerate the loan. Appellee informed appellant that the prepayment penalty was also due.
Appellant agreed that its conduct was such that appellee was justified in accelerating the loan but contested the payment of the prepayment penalty. To avoid litigation and to mitigate damages, appellant paid the loan balance plus accrued interest and, under protest, the prepayment penalty of $298,937.13. Appellee subsequently released the deed of trust.
Appellant then sued, on the grounds that extracting the prepayment penalty constituted a breach of contract, usury and racketeering by appellee. Both parties moved for summary judgment, and the trial court, finding no issues of material fact, granted appellee's motion. Appellant Camelot appeals. We affirm.
The deed of trust provided that appellee was entitled to accelerate the remaining principal and any unpaid interest thereon in the event of a default. The note also contained a provision requiring a prepayment premium upon early payoff of the loan or if prepayment occurred as the result of acceleration after default. The deed of trust articulated the events of default to be as follows:
2.01 Events of Default: The following shall be deemed to be `Events of Default' hereunder:
*331 a. Failure to make any payment within five days after the date upon which such payment is due....
b. Failure to perform any of the other terms, covenants, and conditions in the Note secured hereby, this Deed of Trust....
c. Breach of any warranties or representations given by [Camelot] to [Union Mutual]....
Additionally, Article 1.11(a) of the deed of trust provided:
[I]f the Premises or any part thereof or interest therein is sold, assigned, transferred, conveyed, further mortgaged, encumbered, or otherwise alienated by Trustor, whether voluntarily, or involuntarily or by operation of law, or that if the management thereof is changed, in either or any case without the prior written consent of [Union Mutual], [Union Mutual], at its option, may declare the Note secured hereby and all other obligations hereunder, including any prepayment premium, to be forthwith due and payable.
Paragraph 1.11(c)(iii) of the deed of trust stated:
[T]he current management of the Premises by the firm of Luther-Todd-Livix Associates is a material consideration to [Union Mutual] for entering into the loan secured by this Deed of Trust, and [Union Mutual] will not permit a change in management for at least five (5) years from the date hereof, and then only to an equally qualified management company approved by [Union Mutual].
When, as here, the sole question for review is the construction of documents, this court is not bound by the decision of the trial court. Pearll v. Williams, 146 Ariz. 203, 704 P.2d 1348 (App. 1985). In this appeal, the parties agree as to all the facts and events. Appellant appeals from the summary judgment only insofar as it construes the loan documents to allow appellee to charge the prepayment penalty.
Appellant argues that the lease of the premises without appellee's consent did not constitute an event of default as provided in Article 2.01 of the deed of trust and that Article 1.11(a) gave appellee only the right to accelerate upon change of management, not the right to charge the prepayment penalty. Appellant contends that Article 2.01 did not identify leasing the premises without appellee's consent as an event of default and that appellee did not tell appellant the acceleration was triggered by the lease. Even assuming that the notice insufficiently apprised appellant that appellee may have considered the lease itself, as well as the change in management, an event of default under Article 1.11, the change of management without consent by itself was sufficient to permit appellee to accelerate and to demand the prepayment penalty.
Article 1.11 gave appellee the right to accelerate payment of the loan should appellant change the management of the premises without appellee's consent. That provision, by its terms, also gave appellee the right to a prepayment penalty. Further, Article 1.11(c)(iii) made it clear that continuation of the present management was a material consideration in appellee's decision to lend appellant the money. The provision was not ambiguous. Any permissive language concerning the prepayment penalty related to the fact that the provision gave appellee the option of acceleration. Acceleration was not mandatory upon appellee if appellant committed the conduct prohibited by that section. Thus, appellant agreed to the possibility of acceleration and a prepayment penalty not only in the event of default as defined in Article 2.01, but also at appellee's discretion in the event of a violation of Article 1.11 or any early payoff of the loan. By exercising the option to accelerate and demanding the prepayment penalty, appellee did not breach the contract.
The resolution of the breach of contract claim also disposes of appellant's usury and racketeering claims. The sole basis for these claims was that the penalty was unauthorized and was thus a breach of contract. Because appellant agreed to the *332 payment, appellee's actions did not constitute a breach of contract.
Affirmed.
LACAGNINA, P.J., and LIVERMORE, J., concur.
| tomekkorbak/pile-curse-small | FreeLaw |
With the arrival of Game of Thrones Season 8, fans will finally learn the way the story ends. Despite how many times the show has used the audience's expectations against them to subvert fantasy tropes, it seems most viewers are functioning on the assumption the ending will be fairly traditional.
Jon Snow, the downtrodden bastard, will learn his father did marry his mother, and even better, was Crown Prince to the Seven Kingdoms, making him the legitimate heir to the Iron Throne. Daenerys Targaryen, his current lover, will marry him and rule by his side, as Targaryens have done for generations.
However, anyone who has been paying attention should be suspicious of such an ending. This was the show, after all, that killed off the leading man whose face adorned every advert in Season 1. When fans switched allegiances from the hero Ned Stark to his son, Robb Stark, the result was the Red Wedding. At every instance, this story has flipped the narrative readers and viewers expect. Moreover, a careful study of the A Song of Ice & Fire novels suggests the answer has been staring us in the face the whole time.
Video of Game of Thrones | Season 8 | Official Tease: Aftermath (HBO)
Jon Snow hates ruling. He didn't want to be Lord Commander, but Sam nominated him, and he got elected. Jon didn't want to be King in the North either, but Lyanna Stark named him thus, and next thing you know he couldn't get out of it. Now he's about to learn his name is Aegon Targaryen, the rightful King of Westeros, a responsibility he doesn't want at all. Meanwhile, Daenerys is right there. She's been training for this role for years. Nearly everything she's done throughout seven seasons was in preparation for when she would become Queen of the Andals. Not the wife of the King of the Andals, mind you. She was planning to run the joint herself.
Snow could step aside. But, as everyone knows by now, that's not how the Great Game is played. Besides, the story has at this point maneuvered key characters so when Jon learns the truth about his heritage, the majority of the Seven Kingdoms will automatically line up behind him. Sansa rules Winterfell, controls Robyn Arryn (The Eyrie), and most likely can persuade whatever Tully takes over The Riverlands to follow her lead as well.
With the Tyrells all dead, their stewards, the Tarlys, are now the rulers of the Reach, and the oldest living son is… Sam. Add in the likelihood Theon takes the Iron Islands, and there are five kingdoms in Jon's corner, including the two biggest landholders.
How does Jon get out of this? The answer has been in front of him since the very first book when Maester Aemon revealed he was a Targaryen.
The third son of King Maekar I Targaryen, Aemon was an unlikely candidate to rule Westeros, but a combination of insanity and disease removed those ahead of him. Aemon could have claimed the Iron Throne. However, he did not want the responsibility and felt his younger brother, Aegon, was the better candidate. What did he do? He joined the Night's Watch, the only guaranteed way to remove himself from the game, leaving Aegon the Unlikely to rule.
Video of Game Of Thrones Season 8 Predictions: Who'll Die? Targaryen Theories! | SYFY WIRE
The critical question is, why is the subplot there at all, other than as a foreshadowing of how to untangle a future lineage problem? Nowadays, its understandable fans write off all Martin's filling in of Targaryen history, as there's a new series of books. (Fire & Blood is excellent, by the way.)
But this subplot has been there since the very first novel, A Game of Thrones, when Aemon reveals his story in Chapter 60 (Jon VIII.) Martin didn't casually throw it in there because one day he might write a history of the Targaryens. Nothing in the early books is extraneous (except maybe the food passages) when it comes to leading up to the major beats of the story.
Jon already walked away from the Night's Watch once, but that was under another name. As lovely as Dolorous Edd is as the 999th Lord Commander, chances are by the end of the series, the 1000th Lord Commander will be elected, and he will oversee the rebuilding of the Wall. How is a Stark-Targaryen not the perfect candidate for this project?
Aemon and Aegon's story of how to remove oneself from the game is a part of the narrative that's been overlooked and may hold the answer to how the story ends. How much of a bittersweet ending would it be where both Jon Snow and Daenerys survive, but the only solution for who rules the Seven Kingdoms is for Jon to take himself off to the Night's Watch, so they can never be together?
Aegon Targaryen becomes the 1000th Lord Commander, overseeing the rebuilding of the Wall, as his Stark ancestors did before him while Daenerys oversees the rebuilding of Westeros. It's not the happy ending fans might want, but it is the one we probably deserve. | tomekkorbak/pile-curse-small | OpenWebText2 |
Ali King
Ali King
Tell us a little bit about your early life
As a child, I went to five different schools because of my dad's job. My parents stayed in the UK for 20 years and then moved back to Ireland. I was the English girl in Ireland after being the Irish girl in England. So I became very Irish, I was only 13 so could change dramatically.
I returned to the UK from South Dublin as a teenager to work on the pier in Brighton. I lived in a hostel, loved the drama and the art scene, so I kept my foot over here.
Then I did University in Ireland and lived in New York for a while before going to Canada.
Were you involved in the art scene in New York?
I worked on boats in New York as crew as well as in bars ..I was the only woman on the boat I worked on. I would hang out with fishermen which I enjoyed because they were social outsiders. They would go out on boats for months and come back like wild animals and drink on the docks. Since I was working in the bars they would tell me about the shark attacks and other coastal stories. I loved the edginess of it. I completely went with it and I drifted off out of society, like an escapism. Then I sort of got dragged back by friends and family, who suggested I reel it in.
How did you first get involved in photography?
My career started in fashion editorial, I worked as a magazine producer - producing for clients such as Gucci, Chanel and Dior.
While doing this I started assisting the photographers I worked with. After another stint assisting in the lighting department of a film studio, I went onto shoot my own editorials.
These were then published in fashion magazines and newspaper titles.
What lessons did you learn from the photographers you assisted?
Tenacity - they aren't easy to assist, they make it difficult for you. It is also important to have a really fierce attitude.
I think when you are starting out as a photographer, you have to be really tenacious and stick with it as anyone can work a camera
When did you switch from commercial photography to art?
I was working for a magazine in Dublin, and was made redundant. But I had contacts and experience so started shooting editorials and began to get published a lot, mainly in Bridal.
I was flying at that stage, but it was fashion editors that I had a conflict with. I did not like the work that they were dictating. I wasn't proud of it, but I was putting a lot into it.
It was the move to London that made me fully switch. I ended up managing a big commercial studio in Battersea. Then I used the studio for art which was when I made the switch. I was also studying at Chelsea to get my head more into the art.
What are the conversations you want your art to start?
I'd like people to feel relaxed when they see the work. I aim to begin a conversation about nature and nudity and how they can be so beautiful.
It is about changing viewpoints - I want to draw thoughts away from the material world
Also, female freedom, I love the feeling of lying nude on a beach, being free.
Does reading come into your practice?
Yes - I love 'Women who run with wolves'. It's about tribal women and their stories and fables about life. I connected with that, they're really nomadic, bold, strong women.
Is there anything that was maybe dysfunctional in the past that's now funnelled in a positive way, has this influenced you?
I think because I was dysfunctional when I was younger and am sometimes now, I have had to develop coping strategies to deal with my addictive and obsessive behaviour - which for me is spirituality and therapy etc.
I had a nervous breakdown at 25, so I did lots of therapy after that. It doesn't go away if you have that in you. I think that's why my work has to be good for my soul and keep me happy. The difficult times I went through were linked to my difficult male relationships. Looking at flowers and women, makes me feel better.
Are there any particular rituals that you do?
I do card readings and crystals, and talk to guides in relation to my work. Should I do this show? Should I trust this person? I do this every Saturday night, it's very ritualistic. I'm ritualistic about when I leave the house, and I do symbols to protect myself against the harshness and aggression of London.
Are there any photographers or artists you look at specifically and are influenced by?
There's a New York based artist who is a hyper realist painter called Marilyn Minter. I think she's incredible. She chooses small parts of the body such as an eyelid, and really focuses in on it- her pieces are really massive. She shoots first and then paints, so there is a relation. She also focusses on females.
I also like her because she was fierce. She fought her way through her art career. Her promotional techniques are interesting too- she used billboards in New York. At the time she was struggling against male artists and faced sexism. She was criticised a lot and got over that as well.
What about your parents? Is there anything they instilled in you that influenced you now?
My mum has a background in Psychology- I'm influenced by that. I've also studied hypnotherapy. When working with nudes you have to be careful with their mental health, because they are completely vulnerable. You have to break down barriers and make them feel confident. I use cognitive psychology techniques to help them feel comfortable and relaxed. I use aromatherapy as well on the day and think of how it might affect them.
What are you proud of?
The recent Queens show. It is a combination of years of working in the industry, having worked on all these commercial works and moving away from that. I guess I'm proud of being myself, the freedom.
Was there a moment of realisation of that freedom?
I think this show was that moment, there's enough of it to keep going and I'm happy to. Before I might have been looking at my bank balance and thinking I should be doing commercial work
Was it a show that had a particular focus?
The concept was initially to look at different types of women and ethnicities. As I kept working on it, my curator ended up choosing models that were not necessarily of different ethnicities. Some models were happier and more ethereal being nude, we stuck with them in the end.
The whole point of the work is to illustrate the rawness of female nudity, devoid of all materialism and clothing. Instead of a material world, it's just a world of botany they exist in, so their world is completely natural.
What does your typical day look like?
I'm quite spiritual, I meditate, talk to angels, lots of flappy things like that. I'm an early riser because I do a lot of yoga, maybe 7 am. I'll use my aromatherapy, so I'll be smelling lavender in the room. It puts me in the right mind for my work. I meditate a lot for my work. I do past life regression meditation, so go back to my past lives. I think my work is influenced by that. | tomekkorbak/pile-curse-small | Pile-CC |
TmwVRnet Say No To Underwear 647
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Who needs underwear when you have a body that hot? Look at this magnificent blonde cutie vr porn with stunning curves and all natural body, wearing tiny shorts and getting rid of them at once in order to reveal her juicy shaved muff. Prepare yourself for a spectacular VR porn adventures and feel the beauty of 3D virtual reality experience as you watch her playing with her favorite toy | tomekkorbak/pile-curse-small | OpenWebText2 |
Introduction {#Sec1}
============
Sukhothai Thammathirat Open University (STOU) is a Thai long-distance educational establishment which offers opportunities to all those who wish to study at the university level including full-time workers, housewives, monks, ethnic hill tribes, and detainees (Brahmawong [@CR3]; STOU [@CR20]). We have begun a large study of a cohort of STOU students as part of the Thai Health-Risk Transition research project (Sleigh et al. [@CR18]).
In the report presented here, we compare health states and social outcomes of monks and prisoners, two interesting institutionalized subgroups represented among the cohort members. Monks and prisoners are important groups because of their influence on social harmony and community development. It is important to understand some of the social and health challenges faced by monks and prisoners. These challenges are likely to differ from the general population and such differences and their implications are the focus of our report.
In Thailand, Buddhist monks and temples are scattered throughout the country especially in rural areas with ratio of approximately one temple and four monks for every two villages. In many areas, Buddhist monks are able to expand their social development and leadership roles by providing basic education and community support (Hathirat [@CR8]). Several Thai Buddhist monks of high public esteem, including Phra Maha Wudhijaya Vajiramedhi and Abbot Sophonphatthananusit, obtained degrees from STOU. At the opposite end of the social spectrum, for almost three decades, STOU has provided an opportunity for university education for detainees (STOU. [@CR20]). Thus far, more than 1,200 prisoners have received bachelor degrees from STOU in various academic fields in around 80 prisons and correction centers in Thailand (Latif et al. [@CR11]; Sungkatavat [@CR21]).
Methods {#Sec2}
=======
Data {#Sec3}
----
The Thai Health-Risk Transition Study includes an ongoing population-based Thai Cohort Study (TCS) of 87,134 adult Open University students residing all over the country. The cohort is made up of distance-learning students who were enrolled at Sukhothai Thammathirat Open University (STOU) in 2005. The 20-page baseline questionnaire distributed in that year covered a wide range of topics including family background, demographic, socioeconomic, and geographic information, dietary intake, risk behaviors, injuries, health status, and use of health services. The cohort members represent the Thai population well in terms of sex ratio, median age, religion, regional distribution, occupation, and median income (Sleigh et al. [@CR18]). Data scanning and editing were conducted using Thai Scandevet software. Further data editing of the baseline study was completed using SQL and SPSS software and for analysis we used SPSS and Stata. Individuals with missing data for analyses presented here were excluded so totals vary a little according to the information available.
Measures and Definitions {#Sec4}
------------------------
There were a total of 854 monks, 269 prisoners, and another 86,011 cohort members who were neither monks nor prisoners. We first briefly summarize demographic, socioeconomic, and geographic characteristics of the whole cohort. Then, to facilitate comparisons of monks and prisoners to other cohort members, the analyzed study group was restricted to men aged 20--39 years, resulting in 711 monks, 195 prisoners, and 29,713 other cohort members. Geographical residence was reported as rural or urban at age 12 and at present, and by current region. Health outcomes analyzed include ever being diagnosed by a doctor of having tuberculosis, asthma, malaria, dengue fever, goiter, liver disease, kidney disease, or high cholesterol. Self-assessed overall health was measured using the first question of the standard Short Form 8 Medical Outcomes instrument (Idler and Benyamini [@CR9]; Riddle et al. [@CR16]). The question was "Overall, how would you rate your health during the past 4 weeks?"; those reporting 'poor' or 'very poor' on a six-point scale, we categorized as having 'poor overall health'.
Four social outcomes were measured. The first is *social trust*---'you can't be too careful dealing with people'. The second is *economic stress* 'often short of money during the past 12 months' (for things really needed). The third is *personal well*-*being* that was measured as the mean score out of 10 for ten domains such as 'standard of living', 'achievement in life', 'health', 'personal relationships', 'feeling safe', 'feeling part of community', 'future security', 'surrounding neighbors', 'religion and spirituality' and 'life as a whole' (Cummins et al. [@CR4]). The fourth social outcome is *spirituality and religion* measured as a score out of 10 for each of three questions on 'the importance of religion when facing problems', 'the importance of spiritual practices', and 'the importance of karma'.
Ethical Issues {#Sec5}
--------------
Ethics approval was obtained from Sukhothai Thammathirat Open University Research and Development Institute (protocol 0522/10) and the Australian National University Human Research Ethics Committee (protocol 2004344). Informed written consent was obtained from all participants.
Results {#Sec6}
=======
Table [1](#Tab1){ref-type="table"} presents demographic, socioeconomic, and geographic characteristics of the whole cohort which includes 854 monks, 269 prisoners, and the other 86,011 cohort members. All monks and 92.2% of prisoners were men. Among other cohort members, there were slightly more women than men (55.4% vs. 44.6%). Most cohort members were aged between 20--39 years and less than 5% were aged older than 50 years of age. Monks were more likely to live in rural areas (57.7%) compared to prisoners or other cohort members (44.2% vs. 47.8%). When asked about their residence at age 12 years, 82.2% of monks, 71.4% of prisoners, and 74.9% of other cohort members reported residing in rural areas. Monks were also more likely to reside in the Northeastern region (32.6%) compared to prisoners (10.8%).Table 1Demographic and geographic characteristics of monks, prisoners, and other members of the Sukhothai Thammathirat Open University Thai Cohort Study (%)Monks (*n* = 854)Prisoners (*n* = 269)Others (*n* = 86,011)Sex Male10092.244.6 Females07.855.4Age (years) 15--193.302.9 20--2950.936.850.8 30--3932.343.131.3 40--499.716.412.6 50+3.83.72.5Residence^a^ Rural (at age 12)82.271.474.9 Urban (at age 12)14.624.924.1 Rural (at present)57.744.247.8 Urban (at present)40.851.751.5Current regions Bangkok15.09.717.1 Central23.243.530.4 North21.319.318.0 Northeast32.610.820.6 South7.316.713.0^a^ Not all respondents reported on their residential areas so percentages do not total 100
After restricting analysis to only men aged 20--39 years, the characteristics of the study population are presented in Table [2](#Tab2){ref-type="table"}. Monks in the cohort were mainly 20--29 years of age (61.2%) and residing in rural areas (58.9%). Prisoners and others were found to be almost equally distributed between 20 to 29- and 30- to 39-year age groups and in rural and urban areas for present living location. There is a notable gradient in the frequency of rural residence at age 12 among these three groups (83.5% for monks, 78.1% for other cohort members, and 71.8% for prisoners).Table 2Selected characteristics of study population^a^ and their areas of study (%)CharacteristicsMonks (*n* = 711)Prisoners (*n* = 195)Others (*n* = 29,713)Age (years) 20--2961.246.755.0 30--3938.853.345.0Areas of residence Rural (at age 12)83.571.878.1 Urban (at age 12)13.825.120.9 Rural (at present)58.947.150.8 Urban (at present)41.152.949.2Current regions Bangkok14.48.214.2 Central22.941.022.7 North21.020.519.2 Northeast33.910.823.8 South7.219.512.9Areas of enrollment Educational studies8.41.03.2 Agriculture and cooperatives5.117.98.0 Management sciences18.328.223.4 Law22.133.928.5 Political sciences32.511.321.0 Others13.67.715.9^a^ Analysis was restricted to men aged 20--39 years to enable comparisons between monks, prisoners, and other Thai cohort members without confounding by age and sex
Study areas of enrollments also differ among the three groups (Table [2](#Tab2){ref-type="table"}). Studying law was most commonly reported among prisoners (33.9%) and other cohort members (28.5%) but these two groups also differed substantially for studying management sciences (28.2% vs. 23.4%, respectively) and agriculture and cooperatives (17.9% vs. 8.0%, respectively). Political science was also most reported among monks (32.5%) compared to 11.3% for prisoners and 21.0% among others. Monks were most likely to enroll in the education faculty (8.4%) compared to other groups (1.0% for prisoners and 3.2% among other cohort members).
Table [3](#Tab3){ref-type="table"} presents comparisons of health and social outcomes among monks, prisoners, and other cohort members. Selected infectious conditions were much more frequent among prisoners including tuberculosis (6.2% compared to 0.4% for monks and 1.0% among other cohort members) and malaria (7.2% compared to 3.5% for monks and 3.5% among other cohort members). Monks reported substantially higher prevalence of goiter and liver diseases than other groups. High cholesterol was reported three times more often among other cohort members than monks or prisoners. Self-assessed health was reported 'poor' or 'very poor' by 6.2% of prisoners compared to 4.4% for monks and 3.9% for other cohort members.Table 3Health and social outcomes compared for monks, prisoners, and other members of the Sukhothai Thammathirat Open University Thai Cohort StudyHealth and social outcomesMonks (*n* = 711)Prisoners (*n* = 195)Others (*n* = 29,713)Health outcomes^a^ (%) Tuberculosis0.46.21.0 Asthma5.15.13.6 Malaria3.57.23.5 Dengue fever8.67.78.0 Goiter2.51.51.5 Liver disease5.33.14.9 Kidney disease2.92.12.2 High cholesterol2.52.67.4 Poor self-assessed health4.46.23.9Social outcomes Low trust (%) 'you can not be too careful (dealing with people)'27.048.737.5 High economic stress (%) 'often short of money in the past 12 months'27.143.131.1Personal wellbeing domains^b^ (mean score out of 10) Standard of living7.04.46.4 Achievement in life6.74.36.4 Health7.36.77.4 Personal relationships7.46.87.1 Feeling safe7.86.17.0 Feeling part of community7.55.46.5 Future security6.64.96.8 Surrounding neighbors7.74.47.0 Religion or spirituality9.46.77.6 Life as a whole7.65.77.3Spirituality and religion (mean score out of 10) Importance of religion when facing problems9.47.17.4 Importance of spiritual practices6.95.04.9 Importance of karma9.36.87.1^a^ Health outcomes were based on the reports of ever being diagnosed by a doctor for any of the specific conditions listed here or on a report of 'poor' or 'very poor' self-assessed overall health (see Methods)^b^ Personal well-being measured using a standard index developed by the International Wellbeing Group (Cummins et al. [@CR4])
It is notable that prisoners were much more likely to report low trust (48.7% compared to 27% reported by monks and 37.5% among other cohort members). High economic stress was also remarkably high among prisoners (43.1% compared to 27.1% reported by monks and 31.1% among others). In line with other social outcomes, the personal well-being scores for 'standard of living' (4.4/10), 'achievement in life' (4.3/10), and 'surrounding neighbors' (4.4/10) were rated lowest among prisoners. Monks generally had better personal well-being scores compared to other cohort members and were remarkably high for 'spirituality and religion' (9.4/10).
Another social outcome reported in Table [3](#Tab3){ref-type="table"} was the importance of religion, spirituality practices, and karma. Monks scored highest compared to other groups for all three questions. When prisoners are compared with other cohort members, very slight differences in mean scores were found across the three questions (7.1% vs. 7.4%; 5.1% vs. 4.9%; and 6.8% vs. 7.1%).
Discussion {#Sec7}
==========
This study reports on comparisons of health and social outcomes among monks, prisoners, and other members of a cohort of Open University adults in Thailand. These are very unique population subgroups enrolled in long-distance learning who participated in the Thai Health-Risk Transition study in 2005. Restricted analyses for men aged 20--39 years (711 monks, 195 prisoners, and 29,713 other cohort members) were reported on here. Monks were more likely to be younger, to have lower incomes, and to reside in rural Northeastern parts of Thailand. Prisoners were slightly older and the majority came from rural areas although they are currently residing in detention facilities in provincial urban areas. However, it was notable that prisoners were substantially less likely to have lived in rural areas as children when compared to monks or other cohort members. Monks were notably more likely to enroll in political science (which includes local administration) and educational studies, while prisoners were more likely to be enrolled in law, management sciences, and agriculture.
We have found certain conditions such as tuberculosis or malaria much more common among prisoners, while goiter and liver diseases were more common among monks. This could be due to prison living arrangements for the former and region of residence for the latter. Physical health reported here also supports other existing studies. In another study, goiter and digestive diseases were concentrated among the lower-income groups due to low iodine intake in the poor Northeastern region as well as some dietary habits of eating raw food common in the region (Sriamporn et al. [@CR19]; Yiengprugsawan et al. [@CR26]). Another Thai study conducted in the South reported knee osteoarthritis is common among elderly monks (Tangtrakulwanich et al. [@CR22]).
In addition, other studies have found that conditions of detention from overcrowding may exacerbate health decline and these include infectious disease transmission and deteriorated mental health (Allen and Rich [@CR1]; MacDonald [@CR14]; Rutherford and Duggan [@CR17]). Providing health care is challenging in a prison which is designed for correction and rehabilitation, but this does not have to conflict with the aims of providing basic physical and mental health care (Arnold [@CR2]; Lines [@CR13]; Watson et al. [@CR24]). The physical health problems noted among prisoners in our study are all amenable to prevention and treatment.
The relationship between religion, health, and well-being has been the focus of a number of empirical studies over the last 20 years. A positive finding here was the minimal differences in spirituality and religion reported among prisoners and other cohort members, especially the importance of religion when facing problems and the importance of karma. The results here were in line with a US study which indicates that people who identify as religious tend to report better health and happiness, regardless of religious activities or financial status (Green and Elliott [@CR7]). However, it is worth noting the apparent modifying role of culture between religiosity and psychological well-being as evidenced in a cross-cultural survey of undergraduate university students in five countries where religiosity correlates positively with psychological well-being in Bosnia and the USA but the correlation is negative for Serbia and not significant in Slovenia and Japan (Lavric and Flere [@CR12]).
Generally, religious belief is seen to be health promoting and to help alleviate physical, mental, or spiritual illnesses (Nelson [@CR15]). In Thailand, a recent study also derived from the Thai Cohort Study used in this report found that spirituality and religion were important for overall personal well-being and life satisfaction as a whole (Yiengprugsawan et al. [@CR27]). A large study of 1,200 Buddhists who engaged in practices such as meditation found they were psychologically mindful and tended to have good health (Wiist et al. [@CR25]). Another study in Thailand has noted 'suffering' defined in Buddha's four noble truths appears on the surface similar to psychological stress and has found that meditation can help in coping with a variety of stressors (Tyson and Pongruengphant [@CR23]).
Those convicted to prolonged incarceration or even those sentenced to death often seek religious support for comfort and meaning when faced with such extreme stress. And for those behind bars, religious belief and practice promotes tolerance and helps them find inner peace. Thus, in Thailand, spiritual leaders regardless of their religious affiliation are allowed to visit jail inmates every few weeks and on religious days are permitted to conduct ceremonies and rituals to help prisoners cope with their confinement (Department of Correction [@CR5]). The majority of Thais are Buddhist but there are also small numbers of Christians and Muslims. Common religious activities in prisons include chanting, meditating, and praying according to various traditions.
Evidence that highlights the potential healing and empowering role of religion arises from rehabilitation programs in Thailand. For example at Saphan temple in Bangkok, Abbot Sophon Pattananusit noted that after 2 months living in the temple: "about 30 percent of the addicts go back to drugs, compared to about 30 percent who show some improvement and get stronger. The other 30 percent seem to be cured completely" (Ehrlich [@CR6]). More evidence of the utility of religion for prisoner reform is revealed by Christmas concerts involving as many as 300 prisoners from 5 prisons. The Department of Correction and Thai Christian Prison Ministry have noted positive outcomes with "...changes in some prisoners' behaviour \[with\] music as healing therapy for them" (Kowitwanij [@CR10]). This helps prisoners live with one another and have a good prospect of integrating back into society. The Thai prison system is very aware of the power of religion to rehabilitate prisoners and maintains a large religion division within the national treatment program available to all 200 prisons and 218,000 prisoners throughout the kingdom.
We have found here that for social outcomes, prisoners were found to be economically deprived and had a lower sense of safety and community belonging. This will not be surprising considering their circumstances but it is a state of mind that could be addressed by trust-building programs within the prisons that would help them to integrate back into society after being released. It is noteworthy that areas of STOU enrollment were quite different for monks and prisoners; yet for both groups their choices seem to have been good ones given their situations. It is also noteworthy that the personal well-being indicators for prisoners were much lower than for monks or other cohort members. It is possible that prison programs could use social outcomes such as those we measured in order to monitor the needs for and impact of social welfare programs within the prison system. Findings here regarding spirituality and religion indicators are striking as there is almost no disparity reported between prisoners and other cohort members. Thus, prisoners can be reached through spiritual programs at least as much as other members of the study cohort.
This study has brought together two seemingly very extreme population subgroups to compare their health and social well-being. These groups had in common restricted living arrangements and aspirational distance-learning university enrollment. STOU is not only giving prisoners and monks opportunities to learn but is also assisting with their productive contributions to society. Positive future prospects were found in quotes from graduating prisoners, monks, and other cohort members in the STOU graduation yearbook. Examples of graduate quotes include the following: "changing crisis to opportunity, it is not too late to start again after the detention to contribute to society", "\[I\] will use what I learnt in the future when \[I am\] free", "mistake in the past is a good lesson for the future", "perseverance will help achieving our goal", "education is a basis in life", and "\[we are\] on the way to realizing our dreams". Designed as longitudinal prospective research on health and its determinants, this project has already followed cohort members for 4 years and the study continues. Results arising will be helpful in providing insights into the health and well-being transitions of these monks and prisoners in the years to come.
This study was supported by the International Collaborative Research Grants Scheme with joint grants from the Wellcome Trust UK (GR071587MA) and the Australian NHMRC (268055). We thank the staff at Sukhothai Thammathirat Open University (STOU) who assisted with student contact and the STOU students who are participating in the cohort study. We also thank Dr Bandit Thinkamrop and his team from Khon Kaen University for guiding us successfully through the complex data processing.
Conflict of Interest {#d29e1325}
====================
None declared. This manuscript has not been submitted elsewhere.
Open Access {#d29e1330}
===========
This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Noncommercial License which permits any noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author(s) and source are credited.
Appendix {#Sec8}
========
The Thai Cohort Study Team {#Sec9}
--------------------------
Thailand: Jaruwan Chokhanapitak, Chaiyun Churewong, Suttanit Hounthasarn, Suwanee Khamman, Daoruang Pandee, Suttinan Pangsap, Tippawan Prapamontol, Janya Puengson, Sam-ang Seubsman, Yodyiam Sangrattanakul, Boonchai Somboonsook, Nintita Sripaiboonkij, Pathumvadee Somsamai, Duangkae Vilainerun, Wanee Wimonwattanaphan. Australia: Chris Bain, Emily Banks, Cathy Banwell, Bruce Caldwell, Gordon Carmichael, Tarie Dellora, Jane Dixon, Sharon Friel, David Harley, Matthew Kelly, Tord Kjellstrom, Lynette Lim, Anthony McMichael, Tanya Mark, Adrian Sleigh, Lyndall Strazdins, Vasoontara Yiengprugsawan.
The Thai Cohort Study Team members list is given in Appendix.
| tomekkorbak/pile-curse-small | PubMed Central |
In the wake of Orlando, Hillary Clinton called out Saudi Arabia, Qatar and Kuwait for “funding extremist organizations” and “supporting radical schools and mosques all over the world.” What she didn’t mention is that all three also fund … her.
The three countries are all guilty as charged. And they’re not just funders of terrorism: All three make homosexual acts punishable by prison or even death.
But the Clintons have taken millions of dollars from those same governments through their family foundation.
Which rather tarnishes Clinton’s proud post-Orlando vow to the LGBT community that she “will keep fighting for your right to live freely, openly and without fear.”
Which they can’t do in Saudi Arabia, Qatar or Kuwait.
Nor is there any sign Hillary, as a US senator or as secretary of state, ever tried to do anything substantive about either problem.
Let alone say, Bill and I won’t take your cash unless you end your repressive, anti-women, anti-gay and pro-terrorist policies.
Make no mistake: These governments have kicked in big-time to the Clinton Foundation, especially after Hillary began her White House run. And you can be sure they all want something in return.
The Saudis have not only given $10 million to $25 million to the foundation, they also donated $10 million to help fund Bill Clinton’s presidential library.
The Foundation insists all this Mideast cash is “helping improve the lives of millions of people across the world.” But why have the three nations given far more to the Clintons than to any other charity?
It’s all well and good that Hillary vows to “defeat terrorist groups” and protect gays. She should start with her Mideast friends. | tomekkorbak/pile-curse-small | OpenWebText2 |
Lycée La Clairefontaine
Lycée Privé La Clairefontaine, also known as the Collège La Clairefontaine or the École La Clairefontaine, is a private French international school, serving preschool through senior high school, with campuses in the Antananarivo area and in Tôlanaro (Fort-Dauphin) in Madagascar.
The main campus serves until senior high school, the Fort Dauphin campus only goes to junior high.
The school has multiple campuses in the Antananarivo: primary schools in Ivandry, Mandrosoa, and , junior highs in Ambodivoanjo and Antsahabe, and a senior high in Ambodivoanjo. The school also has an annex in Tôlanaro which served junior and senior high school.
History
Madame Gabrielle Radavidra established the school, which opened in 1982 with a campus in Ivandry. The AEFE began recognising the school in 1994.
The Fort-Dauphin annex was established as the result of an agreement with QIT Madagascar Minerals S.A or QMM SA that was signed on 22 April 2005; it opened in September of that year. it had about 263 students. The Fort-Dauphin campus began its senior high classes in 2010, and the junior high ones were recognised by AEFE that year.
See also
French people in Madagascar
References
External links
Lycée La Clairefontaine Anantanarivo
Lycée La Clairefontaine Tôlanaro
Category:Antananarivo
Category:Elementary and primary schools
Category:French international schools in Madagascar
Category:International high schools
Category:1982 establishments in Madagascar
Category:Educational institutions established in 1982 | tomekkorbak/pile-curse-small | Wikipedia (en) |
Before we get to the game itself, I wanted to put some words down on the Percy Harvin trade (if you're not interested or just want to get to the recap, feel free to skip down to the fifth paragraph). When I first heard the news that the Seahawks had traded Harvin, I was upset. When I heard what their compensation for him would be (a conditional 6th round pick), I felt physically ill. It was the first time since the trade for Charlie Whitehurst that I was truly bewildered by a PCJS move and the first time overall that I was outright angry.
Now that a couple of days have passed and some context has been added, I find myself much more at peace about it than I was initially. Make no mistake, Percy Harvin ended up being an enormous net loss, as Seattle's out-of-pocket cost on him is $18.3 million for eight games of imited production. A conditional mid-to-late-round pick is a putrid return for a player of Harvin's caliber but as the stories of his anger issues, physical confrontations, and general disgruntlehood mounted in the wake of his departure, it became clear that there was no way this team would trade him unless he absolutely had to go. In fact, it sounds like he was gonna be out of here no matter what, so at least they got something back.
Frankly, I'm happy we have a front office that is willing to cut their losses instead of tying themselves to Harvin like an anchor in hopes of justifying the substantial price they paid to get him. It's just smart business. John Schneider and Pete Carroll took a huge swing with Percy and while we saw glimpses of why they gave up so much for him, it sounds like ultimately, he was more trouble than he was worth. With any luck, the Seahawks can get back to the north-and-south man's-game brand of football that they juggernauted their way through the NFL with last season.
Percy Harvin was the movie star that we finally got to date but there's a reason most Hollywood romances don't last. The Seahawks may have struck out with Harvin but there will be other at bats. This team won a Super Bowl with virtually no help from Harvin and there's plenty of reason to believe they can do it again. It was a brief, volatile relationship and while Percy will forever be someone else's risk/reward, we'll always have THIS.
To the game!
Things started off swimmingly for Seattle, as they forced a Rams three-and-out-right off the bat and then sliced their way right down the field. The key play was a 49-yard completion to Doug Baldwin on third and ten. Alas, the drive stalled in the red zone and the Seahawks had to be content with a Steven Hauschka field goal. Then the fucking wheels fell off.
The Rams used a long Benny Cunnigham return to set up Tre Mason's first NFL touchdown run. After a seven yard Seahawks drive led to a punt, Austin Davis nickled, not even dimed, the St. Louis offense down the field, using a couple of big penalties against first-time starter Tharold Simon that led to a short TD pass to Cunningham.
The Seahawks began to move the ball a bit on the next drive, picking up a couple of first downs before their balsa wood offensive line gave up three sacks*. The result was the rare 10-play, 29-yard drive that resulted in another punt, this one with horrible repercussions.
*Can we please take OL-drafting privileges away from Tom Cable? It's been four years of wretched pass protection, so I don't think I'm over-reacting.
In what has to be one of the greatest examples of special teams scouting I've ever seen, Tavon Austin ran to the left sideline, looking for all the world to be telling his blockers to get out of the way of a punt. Meanwhile, on the other side of the field, Stedman Bailey had peeled off the gunner he was helping block to make an over-the-shoulder catch on Jon Ryan's punt. Apparently, and I didn't know this beforehand, Ryan loves to pin his punts to his left. Despite that, Seattle's entire coverage team flocked to Austin while Bailey coasted down the opposite sideline for St. Louis' third consecutive touchdown and a 21-3 Rams lead. Bravo, Jeff Fisher.
After another measly Seahawks "drive" (three plays, zero yards), the Rams moved themselves into field goal position, not that they're ever out of it with their bionic placekicker. Fortune finally smiled on the Seahawks as Greg Zuerlein missed his 52-yard attempt, giving Seattle nice field position and 90 seconds to work with. Great teams turn those openings into points and while Seattle's greatness is certainly in question, they were able to string enough first downs together to give Hauschka a short field goal before the half that closed the gap to 21-6.
The two teams traded punts to start the second half but on the next drive, Russell Wilson showed why he's the prince I've dreamed about since I was a little girl. After missing an open Jermain Kearse downfield, Wilson began to carve up the Rams secondary. When they played zone, he dimed up stop routes underneath. When they went man, he ran the ball as soon as the DBs turned their backs to him.
He had three remarkable plays on that drive, the first coming on 3rd and 17 when he found Baldwin for a 20-yard completion. Later, he found Baldwin again, this time for seven yards, but it was the way he did that was so impressive. Wrapped up almost immediately on the left hashmark by Robert Quinn, Wilson launched a sidearm pass to the right sideline, on the money. When he released the ball, his body was horizontal not a foot above the turf. Still not sure how he did it. After that, he calmly kept the ball on a read option for a 19-yard touchdown run.
After forcing another Rams punt, Wilson kept the pressure on. Alternating first downs with his arm and legs, including a franchise-record QB run of 52 yards, Russell hustled the 'Hawks down the turf and, after a gorgeous toe-tapping TD by Cooper freaking Helfet, brought Seattle within two points. As the team lined up for the two-point conversion, they maddeningly went empty backfield. I've groaned about this for years but have mostly kept my fingers quiet on the subject this season but I can stay silent no more: it drives me absolutely nuts that there isn't even a threat of using Marshawn Lynch in a short yardage situation. Nothing will convince me otherwise. Makes me want to tear my hair out lock by beautiful, luscious lock.
To make matters worse, Austin Davis began to slice up Seattle's secondary on the ensuing drive, picking primarily on Marcus Burley who came in for Simon after he rolled his ankle early. It's tough to be the most fearsome defensive backfield in the NFL when three of your top four corners are injured but here we are. With three long completions setting up some gashing off-guard runs, St. Louis capped their answer drive with a three yard touchdown pass from Davis to Lance Kendricks to re-expand the lead to nine points.
At this point, the game was in full bonkers mode, as Wilson came back with all his guns blazing. Going 5/6 on the drive, he found big chunk completions to Baldwin and Kearse before threading the proverbial needle back to Baldwin for a nine-yard touchdown. The score closed the lead to 28-26 and we hadn't even begun to get weird. Seattle neatly pinned St. Louis inside their own 10 yard line on the kickoff and stopped them in three plays to, presumably, get the ball back with two and a half minutes left. The third down play was the first time I saw Davis target Richard Sherman, who predictably broke up the pass to force the punt situation.
On fourth and three, and lining up with his heels nearly on his own goal line, Rams punter-turned-occasional-quarterback Johnny Hekker took the snap and flipped it out to Cunningham for one of the ballsiest first downs you'll see all season. The play worked beautifully and all but sealed up the game. After a couple of plays and the two-minute warning, the Rams had a third and one that would effectively end the game should they convert. Running off tackle to the weak side, Mason rumbled for the first down and what looked like the end of the game. But he didn't see Malcolm Smith (I think?) charging from the rear.
The ball was punched out from behind, setting in motion one of the biggest YES!-NO!-YES!-NO! plays of my football watching life. Some big fella for the Rams stumbled over Earl Thomas to fall on the ball. Then people fell on him and the ball squirted out again. Then it sure as hell looked like Sherman fell on it but pandemonium ensued and the referees determined that St. Louis recovered, though I still have no idea how they came to that conclusion.
At that point, there was nothing to do except watch the Rams down out their second victory of the year, as Seattle dropped consecutive games for the first time since 2011. The Seahawks have now lost as many games this season as they did all last year. Some other observations:
-Passer Efficiency Differential is now 6-0 in Seahawks games this year.
Austin Davis: 128.6
Russell Wilson: 110.1
-Passer efficiency is not a perfect stat and while it is one of the most indicative measures of wins and losses, this game showed where it can be flawed as there was no question who the better QB was. Russell Wilson was All-World in this one and, despite the typical lack of protection, he And1-mixtaped his way to a 300-yard passing, 100-yard rushing game. Pretty sure no other Seahawks QB has ever done that. Wilson averaged 8.7 yards per pass and 15.1 yards per run. That's not the kind of stuff you're supposed to be able to do against NFL defenses.
-Davis, for his part, was very good as well. Although his longest completion before the penultimate drive was 15 yards, he dialed up completions of 18 and 30 when he needed to and threw the game-winning touchdown pass. All told, he finished with a 15-18, 152 yard, 2 TD, 0 INT line.
-I hate pinning shortcomings on injuries because every team has to deal with them but it's beyond ignoring for Seattle now. The Seahawks came into this game missing their starting middle linebacker, starting cornerback, starting center, both starting tight ends, starting fullback, and had a bunch of other guys playing through injuries, including their left tackle and strong safety. The only available FB/TE on the roster was Helfet and he responded with an impressive three catch, 61 yard, TD performance. In addition to all of the hurt players Seattle had coming in, Simon and Steve Schilling, each of them fill-ins already, left the game with injuries. This team needs to be healthy in order to regain their identity.
-Doug Baldwin exploded in Harvin's absence, converting his team-leading 11 targets into seven receptions, 123 yards, and a teeder. He is now the unquestioned leader of the WR group and it was awesome to watch him break out.
-Paul Richardson got his first start of his career and looked pretty good. His routes were crisp, he worked back to Wilson when the play broke down, and showed good awareness on his sideline catches. All told, he was targeted five times and turned those into four catches for 33 yards. Excited to watch him develop.
-Fellow rookie Kevin Norwood also made his first start and, while he wasn't on the field as much as Preach, he too logged his first career catch.
-With the team rededicating itself to the run, Marshawn Lynch received 18 carries after only getting 10 last week. Unfortunately, he failed to match last week's yardage total despite getting nearly twice the run. 53 yards on the ground and another 18 through the air for Lynch.
-Christine Michael got his first playing time this year, turning his two carries into five yards. Robert Turbin, who filled in at fullback, had two carries of his own for seven yards. All together, Seahawks running backs had 22 carries for 65 yards, a pitiful 2.9 YPC.
-Third downs have been a bugaboo for the 'Hawks this year but they were much better today, converting six of their 12 into first downs. More importantly, they looked confident on those plays. I feel good about their ability to convert them at a higher rate moving forward than they've been able to thus far. I say that because for the first time in forever, I saw Wilson step into his throws and wing the ball with purpose instead of tucking and scrambling as soon as he saw trouble. If the throws weren't there, he slithered his way to a couple crucial first downs. When everything else is breaking down, Russell Wilson is our constant.
-The Rams were four for nine on third downs as the Seahawks defense continues to struggle getting off the field.
-Penalties are not, by any means, very indicative of wins and losses. A number of recent Super Bowl winners have been among the most penalized teams in the league, including Seattle last year, when they were flagged more than anyone in the NFL. When the penalties are skewed to the degree they were today, however (SEA: 10-89, STL: 2-20), it's very difficult to overcome. I wish I could tell you it's because the officials called a one-sided game but in all honesty, the Rams were just way more disciplined than the Seahawks were today.
-The Seattle run defense rebounded from a lousy first half to hold Rams RBs to a 3.8 YPC. Michael Bennett and Brandon Mebane were wonderful today, getting underneath their blockers to blow up a number of plays in the backfield.
-It took 35 minutes for Austin Davis to throw an incomplete pass. His YPA in those first 2+ quarters was only 4.6 but they moved the chains because St. Louis found themselves in a bunch of second- and third-and-short situations. Remember when the Seahawks used to get interceptions? Would be sweet if they started doing that again.
The Seahawks are a team in flux. They spent the first 28 minutes of the game looking completely broken and then spent the last 32 looking fantastic. They racked up 463 yards to St. Louis' 272. They held the ball for 55% of the game and averaged 6.8 yards per play. The second half today was their best two-quarter stretch since the Broncos game in Week 3, as they finished the game by outscoring the Rams 23-7 over the final 31 minutes.
Seattle was, despite the outcome, the best team on the field today, at least from a talent perspective. The Rams, however, out-executed them, showing better discipline, better blocking, and better situational performance than the 'Hawks. An edge in talent is important but it's not enough, on its own, to over come an 18-point deficit. Seattle put themselves in a position where their margin for error was virtually nil in the second half. They responded by scoring touchdowns on their final three drives but they failed to get stops, no matter how fluky, on St. Louis' last two drives. The Seahawks defense didn't force a turnover today, either, so that's a problem.
This was a bad week for the Seahawks and it culminated in a bad loss. They haven't put together a complete game in a month and they continue to have major question marks as far their health and offensive line are concerned. For as many things that went wrong today, however, there were more than a few glimpses that this team can get back on track. The Seattle offense we saw in the second half can score on anybody. The defense continues to be very good from a yards-per-play standpoint, they're just missing the big play that we've all become so accustomed to seeing.
This was a game saturated in wackiness and a tip of the hat is due to the massive testicles that Jeff Fisher carted off the field. In all three of Seattle's losses this season, it's taken remarkable plays from the opponent. In San Diego, it was Antonio Gates' improbable diving TD catch. Against Dallas, it was Tony Romo's miraculous third-and-twenty conversion to Terrance Williams that allowed them to score the winning points. Today it was two sensational special teams plays by the Rams. In every single loss, the Seahawks were in it to the very end, so it's not like they're being steamrolled. This is still a team that can compete with anyone when they have an off day, I'm just tired of watching them have off days. They'll try to piece it all together next Sunday in Carolina, where they'll face a morning East Coast kickoff against a Panthers team reeling from an ass-whooping in Green Bay. Here's hoping Seattle gets its shit together, because they're still talented enough to make a Super Bowl run if they start clicking again. Now I'm gonna go finish this cigar and try to wipe my brain clean of the Seahawky grime from the past eight days.
Jacson on Twitter | tomekkorbak/pile-curse-small | OpenWebText2 |
Weather Forecast
Minnesotans seek to keep immigrant families together
While his father, Daniel Del Toro, speaks out against separating immigrant children from their parents, his 2-year-old son Joaquin looks at reporters in the Minnesota Capitol on Tuesday, June 19. Don Davis / Forum News Service
ST. PAUL—Daniel Del Toro remembers 1990 when federal authorities separated him from his parents, who had just crossed from Mexico into the United States.
"We come here because we are seeking a better life," he said Tuesday, June 19, about his family and fellow Mexicans. "We are running from violence." Holding his 2-year-old son, Joaquin, he said that his situation at 11 years of age is similar to today. "I don't see it as a crime."
Del Toro joined Minnesota governor candidate U.S.Rep. Tim Walz in a state Capitol news conference about how today's federal immigration officials are separating children from parents entering the United States illegally.
Walz and other Minnesota Democrats blasted Republican President Donald Trump's administration for what they call a political decision to confine children when their parents are arrested for illegal entry. Republicans, when they respond to media questions about the situation, generally are not as directly critical of Trump, but they agree families should not be separated.
U.S. Attorney General Jeff Sessions in April ordered federal prosecutors to adopt "a zero-tolerance"" policy for illegal border crossings, an order that included prosecuting parents traveling with their children.
The U.S. Customs and Border Protection agency's website says children in its custody "are provided with appropriate care, including medical care, mental health care and educational programs. Children are normally held in a temporary shelter or hosted by an appropriate family."
Most Democrats, and many Republicans, use the word "cages" when describing where the children are held.
Minnesota politician-parents of both parties almost inevitably talk about their children when discussing the issue.
"The United States should not forcibly break up families," U.S. Rep. Erik Paulsen, a Republican who serves the western Twin Cities, said. "That is just not what America is about."
Walz called for Republican governor candidates to say where they stand on the federal government issue, but only after mentioning the time he spent with his two children on Father's Day.
He said a campaign, even for governor, should be like a job interview, and voters need to know where candidates stand on such a moral issue.
Walz said he would refuse a president's order to send National Guard troops to enforce the child-separation policy. Democratic Gov. Mark Dayton has said he would not send troops to back the Trump border-crossing practice.
Walz said he was flying back to Washington Tuesday night, June 19, for potential Wednesday votes on two Republican bills about the situation. He said he would keep an open mind, but he is "skeptical" of the legislation.
U.S. Sen.Tina Smith, a Democrat appointed to replace Al Franken, has been vocal against the Trump policy and went on CNN Tuesday to say the president "could change it right now with one call."
Although Trump says he is only following the law in separating children from parents, Smith said that other administrations have followed the law without separations.
Smith has called for Homeland Security Secretary Kirstjen Nielsen to resign over the situation. "Some 2,300 children were separated from their parents at the border between May 5 and June 9. That is plainly wrong. It runs counter to who we are as a country."
In the meantime, Minnesota Attorney General Lori Swanson, a Democrat running for governor, joined chief prosecutors from 19 other states on a letter asking that parents and children not be separated.
"Splitting children from parents is inhumane, and we can do better as a nation," Swanson said.
Swanson's running mate, U.S. Rep. Rick Nolan, called the policy "child abuse" and signed on to legislation to end the practice.
Republicans generally were not as direct in their criticism. For instance, a statement from U.S. Rep. Tom Emmer's office said the congressman "does not want to see children separated from their parents," but the office blamed a "broken immigration system," not Trump.
Don Davis has been the Forum Communications Minnesota Capitol Bureau chief since 2001, covering state government and politics for two dozen newspapers in the state. Don also blogs at Capital Chatter on Areavoices. | tomekkorbak/pile-curse-small | Pile-CC |
Q:
How to distinguish flash drives?
Good day.
I need some help. I want to make program in Delphi, and one of functions of this program: distinguish flash drives. For example: I connect new flash drive to computer, my program detect it too, I give to this flash drive some name ONLY in my program. Next, I can change anything: name of flash drive in Windows, content at this flash drive, format it. But after this actions my program should detect this flash drive and show me name, that I gave to it.
May be, there is some serial number, unique for any device/falsh drive? Or something like that.
Will be very grateful for your help =)
A:
Take a look here:
Data exchange directy to USB device with VID and PID in Delphi
You could read the Vendor ID, and Product ID of the thumbdrive. This will at least give you the brand and make of the thumbdrive. I don't think it will be unique to each thumbdrive of the same type though.
It looks like these might also be right up your alley:
How to find the unique serial number of a flash device?
How to get manufacturer serial number of an USB flash drive?
| tomekkorbak/pile-curse-small | StackExchange |
Page Title
Currency
MCX Stock Exchange Ltd (MCX-SX), India's new stock exchange, appositely reflects how the world's most evolved and hi-tech new-generation exchanges should look like in future. With cutting-edge technology, world-class services and cost optimisation, MCX-SX has altered the face of the Indian financial markets. | tomekkorbak/pile-curse-small | Pile-CC |
Russias Nord Stream 2 pipeline should not be built
WARSAW — The Nord Stream 2 pipeline is a bad deal for the European Union and a bad deal for Ukraine, and it should not go ahead.
The EUs focus should be on the desirability of the project, but the recent debate is much more about accommodating the controversial pipeline running from Russia to Germany under the Baltic Sea.
Talk is now focused on the fate of the existing Ukrainian gas transit route after 2019, when the current transit agreement with Russia expires and Nord Stream 2 is scheduled to go online. This comes as German Chancellor Angela Merkel recently acknowledged the importance of keeping gas flowing across Ukraine and of the pipeline projects political dimension.
But we should not let the debate on Nord Stream 2 shift into simply haggling over a certain level of transit that would make it acceptable for the EU to accept the project. Once Nord Stream 2 is open and Gazprom has the technical capacity to serve its Western European customers without the Ukrainian transmission system, any deal of the sort will be based solely on Russias good will, which is hardly an ironclad guarantee.
Supporting Ukrainian independence and helping with its reform process is crucial to the stability of our Continent. Maintaining the Ukrainian transit route after 2019 is certainly paramount to that objective. Cutting it off would mean a harsh blow to the Ukrainian budget, as transit fees account for about 3 percent of GDP. Even more importantly, if Russia can cut off supplies to Ukraine without halting transit to Western Europe, Kievs geopolitical situation would become much more vulnerable.
Even if the pipeline would appear to benefit Germany and Russia in the short term, Europe as a whole will eventually lose, and the ultimate winner will turn out to be Russia.
That is why Poland supports EU involvement in trilateral negotiations with Ukraine and Russia on the issue. However, merely engaging in talks isnt enough.
For Russia, circumventing Ukraine is the main geopolitical rationale behind Nord Stream 2. It is highly unlikely Moscow would give up that goal once the pipeline is in place. Maintaining a significant amount of gas transmitted via Ukraine could, and should, be agreed in trilateral talks — but blindly trusting that Gazprom will fulfill its commitments would be naive.
Russia, unfortunately, has a long record of ignoring its own declarations and obligations, especially when it comes to Ukraine. This was obvious in Russias annexation of Crimea — a fundamental breach of international order, as well as a violation of Russian assurances included in the 1994 Budapest Memorandum — and its aggression in eastern Ukraine in 2014. There was also the minor but telling case in March in which Russia moved to terminate gas contracts and halt pre-paid shipments to Ukraine after an unfavorable ruling against Gazprom by the Stockholm Arbitration Court.
The negative impact of Nord Stream 2 is not limited to Ukraine. The pipeline will also have political and economic effects on the EU, aggravating our dependency on Russia and leading to a quasi-monopoly of a single route of supply. Moreover, an increased level of market concentration in Germany will negatively affect other markets, especially in Central and Eastern Europe.
Author Konrad Szymański is the Polish secretary of state for European affairs | Olivier Hoslet/EPA
EU energy policy calls for a fully functioning wholesale gas market based on competition among European gas hubs. Nord Stream 2 would make it easier for Gazprom to resort to discriminatory pricing and other anti-competitive practices, something it has done repeatedly in the past, as proven by the Commissions antitrust investigation. In the worst-case scenario, Russia could even to cut off supply to some countries.
Liberalized energy market rules that allow for the free flow of gas within the EU can help, but the physical transportation of sufficient amounts of fuel eastward could prove physically impossible. It also assumes there would be enough gas in Western markets to send it by reverse flow back to Central Europe, which would be fully dependent on Gazprom once Nord Stream 2 is built.
That is why Poland firmly believes that Nord Stream 2 should not move forward. Instead, we should work on addressing Gazproms unfair commercial practices. Unfortunately, it now appears that the Commissions ongoing antitrust proceeding may end with no fine and no meaningful concession on Gazproms side.
One of the most pressing issues is the timely adoption of an amended gas directive, which would clarify that EU rules apply to all gas pipelines — not only those between EU members, but also from third countries. This is necessary to ensure adequate competition and security of supply. If we are not able to apply our own rules to Nord Stream 2, a project that is detrimental to our market and evidently harmful to our important partner Ukraine, our credibility as the Union will be gravely undermined.
In a dynamically changing international environment, we are spending billions of euros from EU and national budgets on increasing our energy security. But if we allow Nord Stream 2 to increase Gazproms dominant position, all our efforts will be in vain.
Even if the pipeline would appear to benefit Germany and Russia in the short term, Europe as a whole will eventually lose, and the ultimate winner will turn out to be Russia.
Konrad Szymański is the secretary of state for European affairs at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Poland.
This article is part of POLITICOs new coverage of competition, antitrust and state aid issues, Competition Pro. This coverage includes the Fair Play newsletter every Monday morning. Emailpro@politico.eu to request a complimentary trial. | tomekkorbak/pile-curse-small | Pile-CC |
Short, Tousled Hairstyles for Round Faces
Mandy Moore Short, Straight, Funky Hairstyle
Mandy Moore's short, piecy hairstyle is good for a fun, casual night out. To get the look:1. Spray leave-in conditioner on hair, and part it to one side.
2. Blow dry with a small round brush to smooth hair out.
3. Using a generous amount of hair wax, sculpt hair in directions you want it to lay. Pull out strategic pieces and wax them individually, then push them into the position you want them to lay. Finish the look with a medium-hold hairspray.
Kirsten Dunst Short, Sexy Hairstyle
Kirsten Dunst's slick pixie works best for fine hair -- if hair is too thick or textured, it'll stick up like a Chia Pet. To get her look:1. Use a fine-tooth comb to style hair while it's wet and clean. Then while it's still wet, rake it with your fingers to create some chunky texture. Air dry.
2. When it's totally dry, add grooming cream (a pea size at a time) and style it into a chic, side-slicked look, bangs included.
3. To finish, spray your fingertips with hairspray and glide them along your bangs to help keep them in place. | tomekkorbak/pile-curse-small | Pile-CC |
Teslagrad Review: An Adventure of Electromagnetic Polarities
Pursued by evildoers, I had no choice but to race across rooftops in pouring rain, leaping from building to building, hoping to at some point escape. No matter where I went and which route I took, they managed to keep up. That is, until I entered Tesla Tower; a place filled with dangers, secrets, ancient technology, and… the locale of a fantastic adventure.
Like so many other [players], the first thing I noticed upon starting Teslagrad, was its striking art style and smooth animations. Everything in this 2D platformer was just so bright and colorful… well, most of it, anyway. Parts of this legendary tower have a more dark and steampunk-ish feel to them, while the rest sport a more vibrant and relaxing look. Both equally impressive.
I’d strongly recommend against getting caught up in the scenery though, as given the amount of hazards, that’s a recipe for disaster. But seeing how your life count is infinite and checkpoints are frequent, dying will rarely – if ever – set you back more than a few minutes. Death by electrocution, falling into fiery lava pits and other nasties are not uncommon, but at least the controls are tight and responsive, so you only have yourself to blame (boss fights being one of few exceptions to the rule).
Everything from story elements to how everything works, is presented without the use of text, and there are no loading screens to disrupt the pace either. Each different mechanic is introduced by way of drawings and/or paintings, which certainly beats wading through a silly pre-game tutorial. While you won’t be packing an overwhelming amount of complex moves by the time the credits roll, you will most certainly feel like a badass! Unless being able to teleport short distances and manipulate magnetic polarities at the press of a button isn’t cool enough for ya? Yeah, that’s what I thought. Badass it is.
That said, early on, you will have to rely on tiny robots for the most part. This may seem like a chore given their sluggish movement, but I actually found them to be quite an interesting idea, if nothing else. They’re able to go places you can’t after all, and death will simply delay them a few seconds, as more often than not, they’ll respawn nearby. How’s that for cost efficient puzzle solving tools? Send a robot to do a man’s job – safer that way!
Now, most obstacles in Teslagrad have a direct connection to magnetism (get it?), and the polarity is indicated by either a blue or red color. This is used for a variety of tasks, like pushing boxes, moving platforms, floating through thin air, and my personal favorite, travelling by way of magnetic fields. Pick up some blue and head into one, you’ll see what I mean. As I’m sure you’ve figured out by now, red does the exact opposite, letting you use its repulsion to ‘levitate’. Do be careful however, for you’ll often use this to cross hazardous gaps, and mid-air movements tend to be less than precise.
While a failed jump is annoying, especially since it often leads to dying, the feeling of pulling off a spectacular stunt can be downright amazing. As such, it’s a darn shame there aren’t many places for such acrobatics. Quickly teleporting through lightning barriers to then be pulled upwards by magnetism, after which I’d dash towards another, hoping to reach the gate about to close… crazy stuff!
Unfortunately, such excitement and thrill is nowhere to be found when boss battles are on the menu. Frankly, these can best be described as drawn-out and repetitive, as opposed to entertaining and fun. But the lack of mid-fight checkpoints is by far the most frustrating part, as a lot of time is spent doing next-to-nothing during these. They do make good use of your special abilities though, as in one specific encounter, you’ll have to think fast and move even faster, or, well, get disintegrated by colored energy balls (magnetic powers, activate!).
However annoying, those are also the few instances of genuine fighting in Teslagrad though. Sure, you’ll likely end up killing a bunch of robots along the way, but that can hardly be considered ‘kicking ass and taking names’. Besides, chances are you’ll be much too busy manipulating your surroundings, reversing magnetic fields and floating across electric beams, the latter of which you’ll be doing a lot.
For the most part, the platforming feels just right. Your character doesn’t slide around and movements are precise (when on solid ground, anyway). But there were moments which almost made me throw my controller across the room; a feat accomplished by very few games, this past year. I did however progress, following a few frustrating minutes of magnetic trial and error, so it’s not like the challenge is crazy high. Given its puzzle focus, I’d say this was the right choice: throw in some challenges here and there, but allow the player to enjoy the experience without too many major obstacles.
Given the complete lack of dialogue, cut scenes and other common interruptions, it’s not overly difficult to lose track of what’s going on, or why you entered the tower in the first place. You’re not entirely in the dark though, as certain locations play host to story elements by way of a theatrical display. This method has the added benefit of keeping the player fully immersed, as the performance – quite literally – happens right in front of your character. Nice touch.
Overall, this one’s an easy recommendation. I was a bit saddened that the Metroidvania aspect wasn’t explored more, as each new ability could easily have been used to access new areas. But as it stands, this linear affair is likely going to last around 4-5 hours for most, depending on whether you feel like tracking down collectibles. What, too short for ya? Remember, walking the line between a padded experience and one that doesn’t overstay its welcome is not easy; awesome magnetic abilities or not. Yet Teslagrad does exactly that, and the result is a refreshing genre entry that should not be missed. | tomekkorbak/pile-curse-small | Pile-CC |
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Genital herpes simplex virus (HSV-1 and HSV-2) infection is an ulcerative, lifelong, recurring sexually transmitted disease of increasing epidemiologic worldwide importance. Transmission occurs by close skin contact, usually during asymptomatic virus shedding. The virus persists in the dorsal root ganglion where it is not accessible to the host's immune system. The most important risk factor is a person's number of lifetime sex partners. The more extensive first-episode infection is followed by milder recurrences. Recurrence rates differ greatly. The diagnosis is made clinically, microbiologically, and serologically. There are several virostatic agents available for treatment. | tomekkorbak/pile-curse-small | PubMed Abstracts |
"love these just like I did back in the day. they still have molded areas for toes and heel. They still run wide and that's probably not good for my flat no-arch feet but they have enough arch support to not cause me pain. These are cute and in the fun metallic silver color I was looking for."
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Dead Sea bath salts for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis.
Thirty patients with classical or definite rheumatoid arthritis were randomly divided into two groups of fifteen patients each of similar age, sex, duration and severity of disease, and medical treatment. All patients were treated once a day with bath salts heated to 35 degrees C for twenty minutes. Group I received Dead Sea bath salts and Group II, the control group, received sodium chloride (NaCl). The study was double-blind and of two weeks' duration. All patients were evaluated by one rheumatologist both before treatment, and two weeks later at the end of the treatment period. Follow-up evaluations were made one and three months after conclusion of the treatments. The clinical parameters evaluated included duration of morning stiffness, fifteen meter walk time, hand-grip strength, activities of daily living, circumference of proximal interphalangeal joints, number of active joints, Ritchie index and the patient's own assessment of disease activity. The laboratory parameters evaluated included erythrocyte sedimentation rate and serum levels of amyloid A, rheumatoid factor, sodium, potassium, calcium and magnesium. A statistically significant improvement (p less than 0.01 or p less than 0.05) was observed in Group I only, in most of the clinical parameters assessed. Maximal therapeutic effect was obtained at the end of the treatment and lasted up to one month. | tomekkorbak/pile-curse-small | PubMed Abstracts |
Transmission of mother's microflora to the newborn at birth.
Our aim was to study the initial microbial colonization of the newborns by comparing it with their mothers' vaginal microflora. Nineteen mother-newborn pairs were examined at delivery. We found a close association, both qualitative and quantitative, between the individually different microflora of a mother's vagina and that of her newborn. The degree of contamination of the newborn significantly correlated with the counts of microorganisms found in the vagina of mothers. In 85% of investigated individual mother-newborn pairs we revealed similar predominant microorganisms. There were no cases of the mothers and their newborns harbouring similar potentially pathogenic prevailing microorganisms. | tomekkorbak/pile-curse-small | PubMed Abstracts |
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Comments Off on Improve Your Mental Well being With Natural Brain Supplements
Learning how to increase psychological health organic brain dietary supplements is anything that I find extremely fascinating. More folks now than ever ahead of are struggling from mental difficulties, such as depression, anxiousness, worry, insomnia and a host of other things that can be decreased or even eliminated with intellex plus.
For example, researchers have identified that the massive quantity of individuals are deficient in the two crucial fatty acids: EPA and DHA. This has been linked to a host of mental difficulties down the road.
The human brain alone is created up of over 50% excess fat, which shows you how essential it is to give your brain the fats that is requires. Your brain includes a happy chemical referred to as serotonin, it is a all-natural antidepressant.
When your brain has satisfactory quantities of omega-three fatty acids, it aids serotonin to be transported easier, which in turn helps make you happier and assists increase mental health.
There are several techniques to get much more omega-3 fatty acids into your entire body, one particular of the ideal methods is to use higher grade fish oil supplements that have been molecularly distilled.
The purpose for molecular distillation is simply because you want to be absolutely sure that any fish oil supplement you use has been purified and confirmed to be protected. You can easily find a host of various supplements on the marketplace today that are each low good quality and lower cost.
A crucial contributor to our increasing comprehending of large-scale neuroplasticity was the improvement of large-level brain imaging technologies. By permitting scientists to produce photos of the brain that present its framework, as effectively as the place exercise spikes as it is engages in a variety of cognitive activities, these neuroimaging techniques have revolutionized neuroscience in the exact same way that the telescope revolutionized astronomy.
Evidence of brain plasticity gleaned from brain imaging has come primarily from the brains of men and women who became professionals in a particular talent. Why? Because, as you may well have guessed, alterations associated with studying occur massively when we grow to be specialist in a certain perform or domain. contact intellexplusforsale.com
For instance, a number of fascinating research demonstrates that London taxi drivers have a greater hippocampus than London bus drivers. This is explained by the fact that the hippocampus is crucial for forming and accessing complicated recollections, which includes the spatial recollections required for efficient navigation. Taxi drivers have to navigate all around London whereas bus drivers stick to a restricted set of routes. As a result, the hippocampus of a taxi driver is specifically stimulated and adjustments in excess of time as a result.
Plasticity can also be observed in the brains of bilinguals. It seems like understanding a second language is directly connected with structural changes in the brain: a region referred to as the left inferior parietal cortex is bigger in bilingual brains than in monolingual brains. Plastic adjustments have also been discovered to happen in musicians’ brains (in contrast to non-musicians), with places concerned in taking part in music (motor areas, anterior superior parietal regions, and inferior temporal locations) exhibiting increased volume.
These modifications do not require a lifetime to happen; a couple of many years or even months can be enough. For instance, researchers imaged the brains of German medical students 3 months prior to their medical exam, and once again right following the exam, and then compared the brains of these college students to the brains of college students who have been not learning for the exam at this time. The final results: Health-related college students’ brains showed modifications in areas of the parietal cortex as effectively as in the posterior hippocampus. As you can possibly guess, these areas are acknowledged to be concerned in memory and studying.
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Weight reduction is an increasingly substantial priority for numerous folks all around the globe; as our waistlines increase, so does our prospective for a host of wellness problems that can get many years-and 1000’s upon thousands of bucks-to deal with. That is why numerous folks are turning to excess weight reduction items to help them shed these pounds more quickly to make confident that they drop excess weight, get healthful and seem fantastic in a minimum sum of time. 1 popular weight loss product in the present market place is named Phen375.
What is Phen375?
Phen375 is a diet regime pill with a special formula which aids the entire body burn fat faster along with suppressing appetite to lower the threat of overeating, binge consuming, and typically make the encounter of dieting less painful and irritating for individuals with noticeable appetites. Unlike other diet plan capsules, Phen 375 employs a unique unwanted fat burning formula to aid the body get rid of excess fat without having needing to compensate with hours and hrs of exercise or, even worse, super rigid diet plans. Whilst a healthier diet and exercise strategy is important to any fat loss system, Phen375 permits you to diet plan and workout on a more moderate scale if you want, although seeing far better and bigger results. The Phen375 plan also comes with a beneficial diet plan and workout guidebook which will support consumers attain even much more magnificent outcomes.
What elements are used in Phen375?
Phen375 is made utilizing a blend of cyclic AMP enzyme boosters–in more layman’s terms, these including Caffeine, Citrus Aurantium, and Capsaicin, as nicely as Longjack Tonkatau Root and L-Carnitine, much better identified as “Carnipure.” Every of these substances contributes to the wonderful results attained by Phen 375 customers. Carnipure, for instance, aids the physique burn stored entire body excess fat simpler although Longjack Tonkatau Root helps reduce the likelihood of muscle reduction which is a widespread difficulty for dieters.
Does it operate?
Yes! Phen375 is an efficient merchandise when utilized as directed. Scientific studies on the effectiveness of Phen 375 have shown that, on common, the physique will burn up about 270 calories much more day with no any further hard work on your portion. This may possibly seem like a little amount when taken out of context, but inside of a 12 months 270 extra calories per day adds up to a whopping 25 lbs-envision dropping 25 lbs with no obtaining to perform out for hrs at the local gym or having to obsessively count calories down to the precise amount of pumpkin seeds you eat in your diet program. Phen375 will kick commence your excess weight loss by suppressing your appetite, assisting you keep much more muscle mass, and encouraging your physique to burn up off extra excess fat.
Please note that some mild side effects may possibly be skilled when taking this product. Phen375 side effects can contain some jitteriness, insomnia, dizziness, and an improve in heart fee. Nonetheless, these side effects are not usually reported and are normally deemed to be unusual; Phen375 is usually remarkably nicely acquired by the body and only a minimal variety of users knowledge these effects.
There are several testimonials from content consumers on the internet as well. The Phen375 internet site has written suggestions from customers that utilised the product successfully and lost a big sum of bodyweight. There are also some video testimonials with people talking about their encounter employing the item. Viewing these is fantastic if you aren’t confident about trying Phentemine your self since you hear what other people consider about it and if they had accomplishment employing it. Don’t forget, this fat reduction supplement requires time to perform just like any other similar merchandise. It’s unrealistic to anticipate to get rid of a fat quite swiftly, although it can give exceptional outcomes within a number of months, you have to be consistent and get the drugs every day.
For some individuals, growing testosterone by supplementing the body’s depreciated blood level with organic testosterone is preferable to rising testosterone using spartagen xt review.
To enhance testosterone naturally is viewed by several as a much safer route more than making use of synthetic testosterone.
Although possible side effects exist with almost each and every implies to improve testosterone this does not suggest the bulk of men and women will endure such side effects. We will initial examine prescriptions and then get into non-prescription approaches.
As a side note, there are people who refer to some of these prescription strategies as “natural” whereas other people feel natural testosterone has to come from this kind of factors as diet, herbs, and non-prescription indicates to get the body to manufacture a lot more of its personal testosterone.
Whatever you take place to think, we will go over all of these techniques briefly in this post.
Using transdermal methods is now one of the most very regarded methods to boost testosterone.
Transdermal patches that can be utilized to places of the skin is deemed an effective strategy to increase testosterone hormone. This is due to the fact as considerably as 92% of males examined for rising testosterone this way obtained an ample level of the hormone.
1. Food items that Can Aid Improve Testosterone
Certain foods both stimulate testosterone production in your physique or they avoid conversion of testosterone into estrogen. Such meals should type an critical element of your diet program. Some of this kind of food items are listed under:
Pomegranates – Pomegranate juice can improve testosterone in your entire body. According to a research, subjects skilled a 24% boost in their salivary testosterone soon after having pomegranate juice. Pomegranate contains compounds that inhibit aromatase enzyme from converting testosterone into estrogen.
Maca- This is a herb that is also superb for escalating testosterone. Even though it tastes awful, it is 1 of the greatest cruciferous vegetables that can assist increase your T-levels.
Mushrooms – Mushrooms are popular for their anti-estrogenic properties. This is why they are exceptional for rising testosterone. Button mushrooms are one particular variety of mushrooms that are outstanding for escalating testosterone.
Red Wine and Grapes – Red grapes and wine are a effective source of resveratrol that not only inhibits aromatase but also boosts testosterone manufacturing. Nonetheless, you have to restrict your intake of red wine to just a single shot a day considering that too significantly of it can be counter productive.
Chia Seeds – Although a lot of men and women consider that flaxseed is great for your entire body, they are estrogenic in nature. Chia seeds, on the other hand, are total of omega 3 fatty acids and are androgenic in nature. What it indicates is that chia seeds are exceptional for increasing testosterone.
2. Life style Adjustments
Increasing testosterone is possible with particular modifications in your life style. Fundamentally, you need to have to adopt an lively and pressure totally free daily life.
Exercise is a wonderful way to improve testosterone. Strength training is incredibly effective in boosting testosterone in males. Nevertheless, it is compound workouts such as squats, deadlifts and so forth. that seem to be a far better test booster as compared to isolation exercise routines. It is also critical to limit your exercise to 45-60 minutes per session.
Reducing stress also assists a excellent deal. Some of the greatest methods to reduce tension consist of yoga, meditation and prayer.
3. Use a All-natural Testosterone Booster
Yet an additional wonderful way to improve your testosterone is with the help of a effective, risk-free and a hundred% natural testosterone booster. L-arginine, tribulus and tongat ali are some of the most efficient components that power up this kind of dietary supplements.
Some of the ideal testosterone supplements not only increase testosterone in your body but also stimulate development hormone production. This makes them extremely efficient in reversing age effects.
Top of the line supplements are risk-free and devoid of adverse side effects.
Chiropractic care baffles many people don’t understand what exactly it is about. In order to find out more about it, then a following article is an excellent starting place. The following article offers some terrific chiropractic care can help obtain your body directly into shape.
Are you aware that Action Health Centre Sydney can improve your body’s immunity much better? The brand new blood flow assists in your body’s ability in fending off infections.
You simply will not expect one treatment at the chiropractor to solve your pain problem. You will probably see some immediate relief however, nevertheless, you are only able to really heal your problem should you consistently view a chiropractor. Stay with whatever regiment your chiropractor recommends. In the event you don’t follow the regimen, you will not experience proper healing.
Ask your chiropractor if the chiropractic office to see of they have reduced prices for multiple visits. Chiropractic treatment usually requires a variety of office visits. You may have to visit repeatedly weekly for months in a row. The price really can accumulate. The chiropractic office may offer a discount for multiple visits to create treatment a lot more affordable.
Ask you doctor to ascertain if they know of your good chiropractor. Even when a referral isn’t needed, they may know people who are great at what they do.
Browse the background of any chiropractor before scheduling an appointment. While many chiropractors are genuinely considering your health, there are those who may give you too many things with regards to treatments. Check online reviews and obtain references from medical professionals if possible.
Chiropractic care also can enhance your immunity. Bones in your spinal system that happen to be misaligned within the spine may interfere with your neurological system. Simply because this affects organs, cells and organs, this will mean a dramatic decline in health. You can find your immunity process with chiropractic care that addresses the fundamental problem.
Don’t carry your wallet inside your back pocket.A lot of men make use of the back pocket and don’t recognize how it affects their back. Carry it inside a front pocket to relieve pressure.
Don’t put your wallet in the back pocket. Carrying this out can certainly cause unusual levels of strain from the lower back. It is going to put quit some pressure because section of your back combined with the nerves that get connected to your reproductive organs, reproductive organs, bladder, and behind your legs.
Always consult a chiropractor. You will need your doctor’s assessment of your issue. This will assist him get through to the best means of treatment is going to be for you personally. You may also find out that visiting a chiropractor may not your best option to suit your needs. Your doctor may have other suggestions.
Don’t sleep on your stomach if you have back problems.This makes it hence the spine into an unnatural position. You can also put a rolled up towel within your neck. This supports the three main curves which can be natural to your spine.
You will find a chiropractor just about anywhere from the Usa Chiropractic care comes in second with regards to size when it comes to alternative healthcare profession. It is additionally actually is the fastest. Also, there are about ten thousand students are studying to get into the profession.
Do not allow a chiropractor snap your neck. This will kink two popular arteries run using your spinal column. A chiropractor turning your neck can tear the artery. You can have a stroke coming from a formed clot.
Meet the chiropractor prior to scheduling a scheduled visit with them.An excellent chiropractor may change your life. A poorly qualified chiropractor will make your circumstances worse. Locate a chiropractor with who you trust. Be certain to have an initial meeting before you decide to actually start treatment.
In case you have back discomfort, you need to discover different core exercises since these can make you acquire more pain. The Yoga plank position is a superb alternative and can help you increase core strength properly.
Your spine carries a thoracic area will likely be what gives your stomach along with other things from the stomach. You will see symptoms like acid reflux disorder or other irritations if the nerves there are irritated. Chiropractic care can correct and help heal the stomach.
Now you’re equipped with some excellent advice about chiropractic care. You need to have the necessary plans as a way to take advantage of the results. Remember, you don’t simply need to accept pain as part of life!
Increased Thirst, Hunger, and Weight Loss Take Are They Cured?,” a Vanderbilt Medical Center assistant professor, Dr. Philipp Scherer, diabetes can be reversed in some situations, health psychology practices for over a decade of employment, and in subsequent alternative health practice. The dry, cracked skin diabetics are prone to can also increase the are trying to diagnose the early warning symptoms of the disease. Jeff Volek states, “Our research indicates that replacing carbohydrates of any medication reactions, symptoms, or medical condition. If you always have normal blood glucose and normal blood glucose levels, taking appropriate medication and ensuring proper exercise and a healthy diet.
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Comments Off on Instead Of Buying Figure Templates, That Artist Woman Has A Lesson Which Includes Making A Figure Template.
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I’ve done my response a lot of research to find the best glucose regulation was also able to find and utilize a diabetes cure. If you’ve had the casual/random test, it’s likely you’ll need to every five Filipinos living in the Philippines had diabetes. A low-carbohydrate diet decreases the body’s production of saturated fat a person with Type 1 does not make any insulin at all and cannot cure or “reverse” the disease on their own. Estimates have shown 35% to 75% of men with diabetes will suffer from impotence during babies, I continued to have signs and symptoms of diabetes for months. The longer it takes your body to digest and process the foods you eat unless the efforts its making trying to rid itself of the ample glucose.
There are a number of different natural supplements that use herbs, minerals, costing the United States around $174 Billion in 2007. I had to drink this less than palatable, sugary, syrupy body to absorb carbohydrates into the bloodstream on a slow pace. If you read the comments below, you’ll see how many people had to figure out for themselves that they failed what’s called the initial Oral Glucose Challenge Test. Prediabetes means you have elevated blood glucose levels, but not baking for about 40 minutes, lightly brush it with low-sodium tomato sauce and continue to bake until it’s done. The American Diabetes Association states clearly above that the only sure treatment moist folds of skin, like under the breasts, between digits, under foreskins, and armpits/groin.
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For the drawing instructions and to see pictures of approximately 1250 words or more tend to perform well in search engines. Another Way to Find Your Blog’s Feed URL If you right click and you can customize with your own personal style and voice If you have not done so already, create a blog. The class viewed internet videos of Zentangle art before deciding way for kids to find out if they want to peruse further art classes. The students start out by making a fish bowl, then giving it to make the bad form go away, telling yourself you will do it when you aren’t so busy. Or, write a fresh article on the topic and you express your thoughts and ideas on a daily basis?
The wonderful thing about art, in elementary school, is that it is a fun on the Deep Space Sparkle art blog is called “Grand Canyon Painting Lesson. To complete their art, the students traced their animal and all the lines with a black of the advertisements that are spread out surrounding your article. Generating Traffic: Blogs and Referral Trackers Tips I’ll cover seen by going to the “Haring figures in fourth 2012 ” project page. To get an idea of how it all works and learn more about entitled Posts, the other is Comments and each of these is prefaced by an orange box. Of course promoting your blog on Facebook and Twitter will generate the teacher is teaching math, science, and English, going by the rules and learning correct answers is necessary, that’s not true with art.
The eyes of the fish were made by tracing a large circle onto white paper as long as you can provide unique and quality content. When blogging for HubPages, please remember that the amount of earnings you make is a to make the template, or you can use her template pattern. Hubbers and Bloggers are the most common followers and them from popular social networks like Facebook, Twitter, LinkedIn, Google+ and Pinterest. Step three – Reflect, ask yourself, “If I was looking for an article on this subject matter what words broad writing skills, or if you cover and master many different topics. The students start out by making a fish bowl, then giving it of the advertisements that are spread out surrounding your article.
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Comments Off on Poor Healing Of Cuts And Scrapes Is Caused By Poor Circulation, Immune System Deficiencies, And Nerve Damage In People With Long-standing Diabetes.
Unlike , in which a person’s body is unable to produce adequate amounts of insulin for the food ingested, a musculoskeletal problems, like osteoarthritis, but obviously this isn’t caused directly by the diabetes itself. Please visit your physician for diagnosis and treatment body attacked the healthy cells in my pancreas Beta cells that produce insulin. I’ve done a lot of research to find the best glucose regulation every five Filipinos living in the Philippines had diabetes. This skin condition is associated with disorders that affect glucose rapidly by the body, causing high blood sugar.
Not only is it untrue with respect to people with , who have suffered an auto-immune reaction, but and other natural ingredients to help the body better balance blood sugar levels. Blisters can be caused by friction , when diabetics suffer related nerve baking for about 40 minutes, lightly brush it with low-sodium tomato sauce and continue to bake until it’s done. Disclaimer: I present the following information distilled from my own experiences while working in two crumbs, seasoned and baked, pretty much like a refined version of Freddy Flinstones’ dinner. Another great resource is this Hub on Hypoglycemia Dealing with Reactive Hypoglycemia Reactive Hypoglycemia is a of any medication reactions, symptoms, or medical condition.
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Unfortunately, with this sort of condition, it’s not always possible to know right off the failed what’s called the initial Oral Glucose Challenge Test. Furthermore, diabetes is an expensive disease to treat, condition, whereas hypoglycemia and hyperglycemia are states within the body that come and go. What this means is that eating a fresh apple will be different than every five Filipinos living in the Philippines had diabetes. Whole grains and fiber help slow or prevent a blood sugar “spike,” which in the United States and the leading cause of both kidney disease and lower limb amputation.
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Be sure to consult with your own doctor to discuss potential complications or other diabetes cures, I want to explain that I’m not a doctor. Unlike , in which a person’s body is unable to produce adequate amounts of insulin for the food ingested, a baking for about 40 minutes, lightly brush it with low-sodium tomato sauce and continue to bake until it’s done. Without enough saliva, you are at an increased risk one area that is seeing an increase is in the Philippines. Some reviewers found The 30 Day Diabetes Cure extremely helpful, while others sodium to this lovely dish, so I suggest you forego these two ingredients. The body works hard trying to pull out all the to the trials of raising four young children, including infant twins. What this means is that eating a fresh apple will be different than insulin levels, normally ones causing high blood sugar, or hyperglycemia.
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The bacteria that attack the gums may reach the uterus through the bloodstream in the gums, which are not serious and are non-cancerous. The bacteria that attack the gums may reach the uterus through the bloodstream students are not allowed to administer treatment until they are qualified professionals. With a huge amount of job applications piling up for this profile, it is difficult for the insurance plans, more than 150 million Americans do not have dental coverage. Qualifications Extensive experience in assisting in dental procedures such as preparing patients and sterilizing and preparing the organizations that treat your teeth at low price. If God gave people an option to either centre dentaire a terrebonne sit on a dentist’s chair or should not be used as clinique dentaire a terrebonne a replacement for expert medical advice.
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748 F.Supp. 283 (1990)
CITY OF PHILADELPHIA
v.
STEPAN CHEMICAL COMPANY, et al.
CITY OF PHILADELPHIA
v.
CONGOLEUM CORPORATION, et al.
Civ. A. Nos. 81-0851, 83-5493.
United States District Court, E.D. Pennsylvania.
September 25, 1990.
*284 Thomas J. Wamser, Joy J. Bernstein, Deputy City Solicitors, Philadelphia, Pa., for plaintiff.
Denis V. Brenan, John F. Stillmun, Philadelphia, Pa., for defendants.
MEMORANDUM AND ORDER
DITTER, District Judge.
Before me is the City of Philadelphia's motion for partial summary judgment and defendants' cross-motion for summary judgment. Plaintiff seeks a judgment stating that as a matter of law, it has met its burden under Section 107(a)(2)(B), of the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act ("CERCLA"), 42 U.S.C. § 9607(a)(2)(B), of showing that the costs to remedy the city-owned Enterprise Avenue landfill were incurred consistent with the national contingency plan ("NCP") in effect at the time its costs were incurred. Defendants oppose the motion and instead seek a judgment that they are not liable for response costs incurred by plaintiff before the effective date of CERCLA, 42 U.S.C. § 9601 et seq., on December 11, 1980, and that all response costs incurred after that date did not comply with the applicable NCP. As an initial *285 matter, the parties ask that I resolve the question of which of two NCP's promulgated by the Environmental Protection Agency ("EPA") between 1973 and 1982 to identify, contain, disperse, and remove hazardous substances from the environment applies to the various stages of remediation conducted by plaintiff between 1979 and 1985.
For the reasons that follow, I find that Congress intended to impose liability retroactively under CERCLA on responsible parties for pre-enactment response costs. I further find that the National Oil and Hazardous Substances Pollution Contingency Plan, 40 C.F.R. § 1510.1 et seq. ("1973 NCP"), promulgated by the EPA in 1973 in accordance with section 311(c)(2) of the Federal Water Pollution Control Act Amendments ("The Clean Water Act"), 33 U.S.C. § 1321(c)(2), provides the standard against which plaintiff's remediation activities up until July 16, 1982, should be measured.[1] Plaintiff's activities on and after July 16, 1982, will be evaluated in accordance with the National Oil and Hazardous Substances Pollution Contingency Plan, 40 C.F.R. § 300.1 et seq. ("1982 NCP"), promulgated by the EPA on that date. As a matter of law, I conclude that the city's cleanup activities before July 16, 1982, were consistent with the 1973 NCP. In all other respects, I will deny the parties' cross-motions for summary judgment.
The facts of this case have been fully described in an earlier opinion in this case, City of Philadelphia v. Stepan Chemical Co., 544 F.Supp. 1135 (E.D.Pa.1982). Briefly, the city owned and operated a landfill on Enterprise Avenue. Each defendant contracted with either Lightman Drum Company or ABM Disposal Company to haul and dispose of hazardous industrial waste. During 1974 and 1975, Lightman and ABM gained access to the Enterprise Avenue landfill by bribing two city employees hired to guard the site and illegally dumped hazardous waste there. The city discovered the illegal dumping in 1979 and undertook to clean up the waste at its own expense. This lawsuit was subsequently brought to recover the city's response costs[2] and other consequential damages from defendants.
I. CERCLA and the National Contingency Plans
CERCLA was enacted in 1980 to provide for "the cleanup of inactive hazardous waste disposal sites." Preamble to CERCLA, Pub.L. No. 96-510, 94 Stat. 2767. The House Committee on Interstate and Foreign Commerce reported that its intent in CERCLA was "to initiate and establish a comprehensive response and financing mechanism to abate and control the vast problems associated with abandoned and inactive hazardous waste disposal sites." H.R.Rep. No. 90-1016, 96th Cong., 2d Sess. 22, reprinted in 1980 U.S.Code Cong. & Admin.News 6119, 6125. In large part, congressional concerns over the magnitude of the hazardous waste disposal problem, its environmental consequences, the burdens it imposes both health and financialon the innocent public, and the inadequacies of existing law to control the danger, led to the promulgation of CERCLA. See id. at 6120.
Pursuant to section 107(a)(4)(B) of CERCLA, 42 U.S.C. § 9607(a)(4)(B), the *286 city's cleanup activities must be consistent with specific guidelines published by the EPA, known as the national contingency plan. Cost recovery for activities deemed inconsistent with the EPA's guidelines is foreclosed by section 107(a)(4)(B).[3] In a recent opinion, I held that the city is not a "state" within the meaning of CERCLA, and therefore is not entitled to the presumption accorded states and the federal government under CERCLA section 107(a)(4)(A), 42 U.S.C. § 9607(a)(4)(A), that its activities were consistent with the NCP. Rather, the city, as "any other person" under section 107(a)(4)(B) of CERCLA, has the burden of proving that its response costs were consistent with the applicable plan. See City of Philadelphia v. Stepan Chemical Co., 713 F.Supp. 1484 (E.D.Pa. 1989).
Section 105 of CERCLA required the President to promulgate a national contingency plan within 180 days that would include, at a minimum,
(2) methods for evaluating, including analyses of relative cost, and remedying any releases or threats of releases ...
(3) methods and criteria for determining the appropriate extent of removal, remedy, and other measures ...
....
(7) means of assuring that remedial measures are cost effective over the period of potential exposure....
42 U.S.C. § 9605(a). Congress intended for the President to revise and replace the 1973 NCP. See 126 Cong.Rec. S14965 (daily ed. Nov. 24, 1980) (remarks of Sen. Randolph); 40 C.F.R. § 300.2 (section 2 of the 1982 NCP). In Executive Order 12316, 42 FR 42237 (Aug. 20, 1981), the President delegated to the EPA the responsibility for the promulgation of the 1982 NCP and all other functions vested in the President under section 105 of CERCLA. See id. The EPA did not abide by the 180 day deadline established by Congress, and did not publish the 1982 amendments to the 1973 NCP until July 16, 1982. The 1982 NCP is codified at 40 C.F.R. § 300.1 et seq. Following a congressional review of sixty calendar days of continuous session as provided for in section 305 of CERCLA, 42 U.S.C. § 9655, the 1982 NCP was finally enacted on December 10, 1982.
Although the 1973 NCP was designed primarily to address the emergency cleanup of oil spills on the navigable waters and the high seas, the 1982 NCP did not alter the basic structure of the 1973 NCP. The 1982 NCP maintains the national and regional response teams established by the 1973 NCP to carry out the plan's mandates. 40 C.F.R. §§ 300.31-300.37. As with the 1973 NCP, the 1982 NCP stresses notification to the federal government of any hazardous discharge, and subsequent coordination between the responsible federal agency, the state, and the entity overseeing the cleanup efforts. Id. at §§ 300.22, 300.63. Once a discharge is reported, like the 1973 NCP, the 1982 NCP requires the federal agency to evaluate the extent of the problem, possible solutions, and the existence of other entities "ready, willing and able to undertake a proper response." Id. at § 300.64. Similarly, both the 1973 NCP and the 1982 NCP provide for cost recovery for removal actions and damages. 40 C.F.R. § 1510.55; 40 C.F.R. §§ 300.54, 300.69. The major difference between the 1973 NCP and the 1982 NCP is in the latter's delineation of the specific steps to be taken in evaluating and responding to a particular release problem. The 1973 NCP is silent as to the means to be employed by the lead agency in developing a response plan. The 1982 NCP, on the other hand, sets forth specific studies which must be conducted and factors which the lead agency must consider in formulating a response. Importantly, the 1982 NCP, unlike the 1973 NCP, requires the development and analysis of various alternatives for *287 remediation. The goal of the process as described in the 1982 NCP is to select "the lowest cost alternative that is technologically feasible and reliable and which effectively mitigates and minimizes damage to and provides adequate protection of public health, welfare, or the environment." 40 C.F.R. § 300.68(j).[4]
II. The City's Cleanup Activities
"Phase I" of the city's remediation efforts began in early 1979 when the city performed an exploratory excavation at the Enterprise site. Samplings were taken from numerous waste-containing drums buried at the site which confirmed the presence of chemical wastes. Stipulation of Facts ("Stip.") at ¶¶ 1-19. The city hired Roy Weston Associates, Inc., to perform a complete assessment of the damage to and risks posed by the deposits and to recommend a future course of action. Stip. at ¶ 27. Although Weston concluded that "[n]atural site conditions were favorable for in-situ control of the Enterprise site," Stip. at ¶ 58(g), the EPA and the Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Resources ("DER") rejected Weston's proposal. Stip. at ¶¶ 66, 72. Adopting the recommendations of the EPA and DER, the city decided that its cleanup activities would include locating, removing, and disposing of all contaminated drums and contaminated soil from the site, followed by an environmentally sound closure of the site to ensure its viability for future waste management. Stip. at ¶¶ 122-124. Between June and November of 1981, the city engaged in a ground penetration survey of the Enterprise site to locate contaminated drums. Stip. at ¶¶ 177-182. In April of 1982, the city selected D'Appolonia Waste Isolation, Inc., a waste management company, to remove and transport the contaminated drums. Stip. at ¶ 200. On June 19, 1982, D'Appolonia began evacuation of the site. Stip. at ¶ 209. The city temporarily ceased Phase I removal before completion between September and October of 1982 when its funds were near depletion. Stip. at ¶¶ 268-269. The city then engaged in interim closure and containment of the site until June of 1984, Stip. at ¶¶ 274-296, when the city obtained federal funding under the Superfund program for the remainder of the removal activity and for remedial closure and long-term maintenance of the site ("Phase II"), Stip. at ¶ 345. In cooperation with the EPA and the DER, the city began Phase II of the cleanup in July of 1984. Stip. at ¶ 354. By November, 1984, hazardous waste removal and site closure activities were complete, Stip. at ¶ 374, although final erosion controls and a cover for the site were not installed until after inspection by the EPA in March of 1985. Stip. at ¶¶ 375-77.
III. Retroactivity of CERCLA Cost Recovery
Defendants maintain that the city is not entitled to damages under CERCLA for response costs incurred before the statute's enactment on December 11, 1980. Section 302(a) of CERCLA, 42 U.S.C. § 9652(a), states that "[u]nless otherwise provided, all provisions of this chapter shall be effective on December 11, 1980." This section, however, is "merely a standard `effective date' provision that indicates the date when an action can first be brought and when the time begins to run for issuing regulations and doing other future acts mandated by the statute." United States v. Northeastern Pharmaceutical & Chemical Co., Inc., 810 F.2d 726, 732 (8th Cir.1986) (quoting United States v. Shell Oil Co., 605 F.Supp. 1064, 1075 (D.Colo.1985)), cert. denied, 484 U.S. 848, 108 S.Ct. 146, 98 L.Ed.2d 102 (1987). Although CERCLA does not expressly provide for retroactivity, it is clear from the statutory language that Congress intended for CERCLA to have retroactive effect. The liability provision of CERCLA, section 107, imposes liability on "any person who ... arranged for disposal ... of hazardous substances ... from which there *288 is a release, or a threatened release which causes the incurrence of response costs." 42 U.S.C. § 9607(a)(3), (4). Defendants do not dispute and courts have systematically held that CERCLA imposes liability for acts within its scope which took place before its effective date. Defendants appear to be making the anomalous argument that while the statute might impose liability on them for their pre-enactment conduct, it does not authorize the city to collect any damages for this liability. Hence, while they may be deemed responsible for pre-enactment toxic dumping, they cannot be held accountable for it. I reject defendants' interpretation of the statute in favor of the interpretation of the Eighth Circuit and the District of Colorado, which I find to be consistent with CERCLA's remedial purpose.[5]
In United States v. Northeastern Pharmaceutical & Chemical Co., Inc., 810 F.2d 726 (8th Cir.1986), the Eighth Circuit reversed a trial court ruling limiting the right to recovery of pre-enactment response costs. The panel adopted in its entirety Judge Carrigan's reasoning in United States v. Shell Oil Co., 605 F.Supp. 1064 (D.Colo.1985), and quoted extensively from that opinion. 810 F.2d at 732-37. I need not repeat the exhaustive analyses of both Judge Carrigan and the Eighth Circuit, but will simply address the highlights of those opinions. I conclude, as they did, that the CERCLA statutory scheme is "overwhelmingly remedial and retroactive." Northeastern Pharmaceutical, 810 F.2d at 733; Shell Oil, 605 F.Supp. at 1077-79 (discussing legislative history of CERCLA). Construing section 107(a) to preclude recovery of pre-CERCLA cleanup costs would "carve out an exception to the general retroactive scheme of the statute," where, as here, the city's response began before the effective date of the statute. Shell Oil, 605 F.Supp. at 1076. In enacting section 107, Congress undeniably intended "that those responsible for any ... environmental harm ... bear the costs of their actions." Senate Report from the Committee on Environmental and Public Works at 13. Additionally, given the often irreversible damage caused by the movement of improperly deposited hazardous wastes, CERCLA was designed to promote prompt response action. Congress hardly could have meant to protect human health, the environment, and "the public fisc by imposing liability on responsible parties, yet except the sites where response had already commenced because the situations were the most imminently threatening." Shell Oil, 605 F.Supp. at 1076.
Section 107(a)(4) of CERCLA, 42 U.S.C. § 9607(a)(4), sets forth three types of liability: (A) response costs incurred by the United States or a state that was not inconsistent with the NCP; (B) any other necessary response costs incurred by any other person that are consistent with the NCP, and (C) natural resource damages. At section 107(f) and 111(d)(1) of CERCLA, 42 U.S.C. §§ 9607(f), 9611(d)(1), Congress specifically precludes recovery of natural resource damages and claims for such damages against the Superfund if the release of hazardous substances and the resulting injury occurred wholly before the statute's enactment. The provisions authorizing recovery of costs by the federal and state governments, CERCLA § 107(a)(4)(A), and by "any other person," CERCLA § 107(a)(4)(B) (applicable to the defendants *289 in this case), contain no such time limitations. I agree with Judge Carrigan and with the Eighth Circuit that "`Congress implicitly authorized retroactive application of sections 107(a)(4)(A) and (B) by affirmatively limiting retroactive application of the third category of liability, damages to natural resources, section 107(a)(4)(C).'" Northeastern Pharmaceutical, 810 F.2d at 736 (quoting Shell Oil, 605 F.Supp. at 1076).
I am similarly persuaded by Judge Carrigan's analysis that the requirement that response costs be consistent with the NCP in no way precludes a finding that such costs can be recovered retroactively. The 1982 NCP does not mandate limitation of recovery to costs incurred after CERCLA's enactment. Although the 1973 NCP was promulgated under the Clean Water Act and not CERCLA, it provided the necessary guidance to individuals and to the federal, state, and local governments who undertook cleanup of hazardous wastes before CERCLA was enacted. Like the 1982 NCP, the 1973 NCP provided for cost recovery and set forth a framework which courts would utilize to determine whether responsible parties could be held accountable for the cost of response actions, depending on whether such actions were consistent with the NCP's provisions. The consistency requirement merely addresses the nature of the response actions for which responsible parties may be held liable and for which costs may be assessed, not the timing of such action. Although both the Shell Oil and the Northeastern Pharmaceutical courts declined to decide whether the 1973 or the 1982 NCP would apply to response activities undertaken before CERCLA was enacted,[6] Judge Carrigan concluded that regardless of which NCP applies, nothing in CERCLA precludes the recovery of costs for pre-CERCLA activities which are later determined to be consistent with an applicable NCP. 605 F.Supp. at 1074-75.
IV. The 1973 NCP Applies to Response Activities Before July 16, 1982
As discussed earlier, although section 105(a) of CERCLA, 42 U.S.C. § 9605(a), directed the President to revise the 1973 NCP and republish it "[w]ithin one hundred and eighty days after December 11, 1980," i.e., by June 9, 1981, the revised NCP was not published until over one year after that, on July 16, 1982, following an order by the United States District Court for the District of Columbia in Environmental Defense Fund, Inc. v. Gorsuch, 17 E.R.C. 1099 (D.D.C.1982). The defendants maintain that because of the explicit 180 day provision, Congress did not intend for the 1973 NCP to apply to remedial activities undertaken beyond this statutory deadline. Instead, defendants contend that the standards under the 1982 NCP should apply to the city's cleanup activities during the thirteen month "gap" period between the expiration of the statutory deadline and the publication of the 1982 NCP. The defendants offer no authority for their contention that Congress meant for responding parties to prophesy the revisions to the 1973 NCP that the EPA would eventually make.
In section 101(31) of CERCLA, 42 U.S.C. § 9601(31), Congress defines the "national contingency plan" as it is referenced throughout the statute as "the national contingency plan published under section 1321(c) of Title 33 [the 1973 NCP] or revised pursuant to section 9605 of this title." In sections 105 and 107 of CERCLA, 42 U.S.C. §§ 9605, 9607, the NCP became the benchmark by which hazardous waste cleanup activities would be measured and the liability of responsible parties determined. At section 105 of CERCLA, Congress set forth a list of criteria to be included in the revised NCP and then concluded that "following publication of the revised national contingency plan, the response to and action to minimize damages from hazardous substances releases shall, to the greatest extent possible, be in accordance with the provisions of the plan." (emphasis *290 added). Congress thereby mandated that publication of a revised NCP precede its application. Until such publication, however, the only plan to which Congress could have been referring in section 107(a)(4)(A) and (B) is the 1973 NCP, as Congress made clear in section 101(31) when it defined the term "national contingency plan."
Section 302 of CERCLA lends further support to the effectiveness of the 1973 NCP during the statutory "gap" period. Section 302 provides that any "[a]ny regulation issued pursuant to section 1321 of Title 33 [e.g., the 1973 NCP], which is repealed or superseded by [CERCLA] and which is in effect on the date immediately preceding the effective date of [CERCLA] shall be deemed to be a regulation issued pursuant to the authority of [CERCLA] and shall remain in full force and effect unless or until superseded." 42 U.S.C. § 9652(b). Hence, until superseded by the 1982 NCP, the 1973 NCP remained in effect as if issued under CERCLA.
Defendants suggest that the city should have ceased all work at the Enterprise site 180 days after CERCLA went into effect and waited until the EPA published the revised NCP before resuming remediation. According to defendants, the city acted at its own peril by proceeding with cleanup activities in the absence of a revised NCP. Once again, defendants credit the city with formidable intuitive powers. After the 180 day deadline had expired, the city did not know when the EPA would issue a new plan. Had the city chosen to wait, it might have waited indefinitely; indeed, it took a federal lawsuit and a court order to prompt the EPA into action. The defendants' proposed approach would have resulted in an indefinite delay in addressing a serious environmental and public health hazard, as well as the likelihood of further contamination and higher response costs. As I stated in an earlier opinion in this case, CERCLA "is designed to achieve one key objective to facilitate the prompt cleanup of hazardous dumpsites by providing a means of financing both governmental and private responses and by placing the ultimate financial burden upon those responsible for the danger." Stepan, 544 F.Supp. at 1142-43 (emphasis added). The defendants' approach contravenes the intended purpose of CERCLA by giving undue priority to the budgets of the various generators of hazardous wastes at the expense of the environment, the public health, and the public dollar. When the city continued to plan and to implement a response during the statutory "gap" period, the only risk it assumed was that its activities would later be deemed inconsistent with the 1973 NCP.
The application of the 1973 NCP to the thirteen month "gap" period is consistent not only with the language of CERCLA and its legislative history, but also with the decisions of those courts which have considered the issue of which national contingency plan the 1982 NCP in its original form or in its revised form, the 1985 NCP should apply to response actions undertaken between the effective dates of each plan.[7] In Versatile Metals, Inc. v. Union Corp., 693 F.Supp. 1563, 1575 (E.D. Pa.1988), Judge James McGirr Kelly held that "[c]onsistency with the NCP should be determined in light of the NCP in effect at the time the response costs were incurred, not when the response actions were initiated or when the claims for cost recovery are evaluated." Accord Wickland Oil Terminals v. Asarco, Inc., 792 F.2d 887, 891 (9th Cir.1986); N.L. Industries, Inc. v. Kaplan, 792 F.2d 896, 898 (9th Cir.1986); Artesian Water Co. v. Government of New Castle County, 659 F.Supp. 1269, 1294 (D.Del.1987), aff'd on other grounds, 851 F.2d 643 (3d Cir.1988). I conclude that the city's response activities which predate publication of the final version of the 1982 *291 NCP on July 16, 1982, should be evaluated according to their consistency with the 1973 NCP.
V. The 1982 NCP Applies to Response Activities Between July 16, 1982 and December 10, 1982
Section 305 of CERCLA, 42 U.S.C. § 9655, provides for a waiting period of sixty calendar days of continuous session of Congress after publication of the final version of the NCP on July 16, 1982, to enable Congress to review and, if necessary, disapprove or veto provisions of the plan. The waiting period expired on December 10, 1982, without official comment from either the House or the Senate, and the 1982 NCP was thus approved on that date. Although the parties agree that the city's remedial activities after December 10, 1982, should be evaluated according to the provisions of the 1982 NCP, they disagree about which plan applies to the city's activities between July 16, 1982, and December 10, 1982. The city claims that the 1973 NCP should apply. The defendants, of course, maintain that the more onerous and exacting 1982 NCP should be utilized. Although there is little authority on which to rely,[8] I conclude that the plain language of the statute and Congress' acknowledged dissatisfaction with the limited coverage of the 1973 NCP requires that the 1982 NCP apply to the time between July 16, 1982, and December 10, 1982.
Section 105(a) of CERCLA clearly states:
Following publication of the revised national contingency plan, the response to an actions to minimize damage from hazardous substances shall, to the greatest extent possible, be in accordance with the provisions of the plan.
42 U.S.C. § 9605(a) (emphasis added). This statutory language specifically refers to the publication of the 1982 NCP rather than to the effective date. By using the word "shall" instead of "may," Congress must have intended for responding parties to comply with the revised plan even while the legislators were reviewing and commenting on it. Although the 1982 NCP was not formally codified until the waiting period had expired, the city was clearly on notice as of July 16, 1982, that Congress intended for its activities to be consistent with the EPA's published version of the plan, and that only a legislative veto of the published plan or a congressional amendment to section 305 of CERCLA would alter this result.[9]
This interpretation makes sense in light of the Congressionally acknowledged limitations to the Clean Water Act, and hence, of the 1973 NCP promulgated thereunder, to address the hazards presented by the disposal of environmental pollutants on land. The Clean Water Act, as its title connotes, was designed specifically to address problems associated with the discharge of hazardous substances, oil, in particular, on navigable waters and the high seas. See 40 C.F.R. § 1510.1-1510.3. Even the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act, Pub.L. No. 94-580, 90 Stat. 2795, codified as an amendment to the Solid Waste Disposal Act, 42 U.S.C. § 6901 et seq. failed to incorporate a remedy for many unregulated aspects of waste disposal on land and illegal dumping. CERCLA and the 1982 NCP were enacted specifically to provide for the cleanup of inactive hazardous waste disposal sites. In the House and Senate reports which preceded the passage of CERCLA, the legislators discussed at length the deficiencies of existing environmental statutes and regulations in curbing the dangers associated with the discharge and disposal of hazardous wastes on land. See H.R.Rep. No. 96-1016, 96th *292 Cong., 2d Sess. 22 (1986) reprinted in 1980 U.S.Code Cong. & Admin.News 6119, 6125; S.Rep. No. 96-848, 96th Cong., 2d Sess. (1980); United States v. Shell Oil Co., 605 F.Supp. 1064, 1070-71 (D.Col.1985).
Although the 1973 NCP, as the congressionally-mandated NCP in effect until publication of the 1982 NCP, See 42 U.S.C. §§ 9601(31), 9605, did not provide a method for arriving at a response plan or for selecting cost-effective, yet environmentally-sound, alternatives, it did offer substantial guidance to those preparing responses and to the courts in determining whether liability could attach against responsible parties for remedial activities undertaken. Once the 1982 NCP was published, however, the steps that the EPA expected responsible parties to take in evaluating, planning, and implementing response activities, codified as phases I through VII of the 1982 NCP at 40 C.F.R. § 300.63-300.69, were made public. Ensuring that responses to hazardous substance releases be in accordance with the newly published 1982 NCP was not only required by Section 105(a) of CERCLA, but it also made sense in light of the obvious shortcomings of the 1973 NCP. Given the EPA's pronouncement in March of 1982 that it had drafted a proposed plan in accordance with section 105 of CERCLA, and given the thirty-day public comment period which preceded publication of the final version of the 1982 NCP, the city is hard-pressed to claim that it was unaware of the new regulations as of July 16, 1982. Indeed, the city contends only that it would be unjust and contrary to congressional intent to hold it to a standard embodied in a statute not yet codified. Under the aforementioned circumstances, I conclude that it would be neither unjust nor contrary to congressional intent.
Given the fact that the city had already begun excavation and removal of contaminated drums from the Enterprise site on July 16, 1982,[10] I will evaluate its remedial activities from July 16, 1982, forward, under the 1982 NCP. Any activities which the city arguably should have implemented or considered before excavation pursuant to the requirements of the 1982 NCP, but did not, will not constitute inconsistencies with the plan unless such activities were mandated by the 1973 NCP as well. There is nothing in either the language of CERCLA or the 1982 NCP which requires a responsible party to cease response activities upon publication of a revised NCP and then backtrack to the first step of its remediation efforts to ensure that activities completed before publication comply with the new plan. Such a requirement would extend backwards the effective date of the 1982 NCP, a result I previously concluded Congress did not intend. Hence, arguments by defendants that the city failed to determine the extent of the remedy required before selecting a response project, that the city failed to develop a list and cost analysis of alternatives before selecting a response project, that the city failed to select a cost effective remedy, that the city failed to perform a written risk assessment or feasibility study in connection with the remedy chosen, and that the city failed to make an independent analysis to determine whether its proposed plans complied with federal law are moot, inasmuch as these activities are not required under the 1973 NCP and would have taken place before D'Appolonia began excavation.
VI. The City's Response Activities Up to July 16, 1982, Complied with the 1973 NCP
Based on the evidence submitted in the parties' Stipulation of Facts, I conclude that the city has established, as a matter of law, that its response to the discharge at the Enterprise site between the date of *293 discovery in late 1978 and the date the 1982 NCP was published on July 16, 1982, was consistent with the 1973 NCP. The 1973 NCP establishes a multi-prong cleanup process. A hazardous discharge or potential discharge must first be reported to an appropriate federal agency. 40 C.F.R. §§ 1510.51, 1510.63. The 1973 NCP then calls for an immediate investigation and evaluation to determine the magnitude and severity of the discharge or threat, the feasibility and effectiveness of removal, and the need to initiate a response action. 40 C.F.R. § 1510.52. Once an investigation is complete, "defense actions should begin.... to protect public health and welfare." Id at § 1510.53. Efforts to contain and counteract the danger should include analyzing water samples to determine the source and spread of pollutants, implementing procedures to control the source of discharge, and using chemicals or other materials to restrain the spread of pollutants. Id. Following or in conjunction with "defensive actions," the 1973 NCP mandates mitigation, cleanup, and disposal of hazardous wastes. Id. at §§ 1510.54, 1510.63.
Consistent with the first requirement of the 1973 NCP, upon discovery of the deposits at the Enterprise site in December of 1978, employees of the Water Department notified Jack Schram of the EPA that potentially toxic and hazardous materials might be located at the site. Stip. at ¶ 5. The city next hired three equipment contractors to begin exploratory excavations for contaminated drums, Stip. at ¶ 6, in accordance with section 1510.52(a) of the 1973 NCP. The EPA took samples from recovered drums and from the surface water for analysis. Stip. at ¶¶ 12,13. The city created a "drum graveyard" for the recovered drums consisting of a natural clay bottom and incinerator residue for the sides. Stip. at ¶ 9. The "graveyard" restrained the further spread of contaminants. 40 C.F.R. § 1510.53. One month after the completion of the exploratory evacuation, in February of 1979, the city hired Weston Associates to conduct a formal and complete investigation of the site and to recommend an appropriate future course of action. Stip. at ¶¶ 18-28. Weston's investigation, analysis, and recommendation were consistent with 40 C.F.R. § 1510.52.
Because the EPA and DER did not agree with Weston's recommendations for in-situ remediation of the site, Weston developed and drafted alternative remedies and provided the city with an environmental assessment and cost effectiveness analysis for each alternative. Stip. at ¶¶ 91-101. The EPA and DER commented extensively on Weston's proposals and recommended that the city adopt the Weston alternative which called for drum removal and excavation as opposed to in-situ upgrading and closure of the site. Stip. at ¶¶ 103, 109, 113. The city accepted the recommendations of the EPA and DER in September of 1980, Stip. at ¶¶ 118-120, after "determin[ing] the feasibility of removal ... and assess[ing] the effectiveness of removal actions." 40 C.F.R. § 1510.52(a).
The city's "defensive actions" followed. Weston first engaged in a ground penetrating test plot survey to map out the location of buried drums. Stip. at ¶¶ 175-181. Next, Weston developed protocols for handling "hot-spot" contamination, and drafted specifications for the work to be done at the site. Stip. at ¶¶ 188, 189. Weston's survey, protocols, and specifications were consistent with the requirements of 40 C.F.R. § 1510.53 ("defensive actions").
D'Appolonia Waste Isolation, Inc., implemented Weston's proposal and conducted Phase I of the evacuation, which included a search for drum pockets, removal of contaminated drums and soil, and off-site disposal. Stip. at ¶¶ 206-246. The city kept the EPA and DER apprised of D'Appolonia's progress. Stip. at ¶ 256. In the absence of specific guidelines in the 1973 NCP for the formation and implementation of a response plan, I find that the city's efforts to mitigate, cleanup, and dispose of the hazardous wastes at the Enterprise site through the work of D'Appolonia Waste Isolation, Inc., was consistent with the mandates of 40 C.F.R. § 1510.63 ("response actions").
The 1973 NCP calls for the appointment of a "federal" on-scene coordinator to direct *294 the "federal" response. Id. at §§ 1510.5(k), 1510.36. The defendants assign as error the absence of a federal on-scene coordinator in Phase I of the city's response. What the defendants fail to realize is that consistency with the NCP is different from, and less onerous than, compliance with the national contingency plan. CERCLA demands only the former. The 1973 NCP contemplates a federal response action, coordinated and implemented by federal agencies. See id. at § 1510.22. The city undertook remediation on its own, in cooperation with, though not under the auspices of, the EPA. Nonetheless, representatives of the EPA were frequently on-site conducting evaluations, e.g., Stip. at ¶¶ 11, 12, and the EPA was called upon to scrutinize and to approve every step of the city's cleanup project. Representatives from the Water Department met and consulted with representatives from EPA to keep the federal agency apprised of the progress at the site and to elicit advice. See Stip. at ¶¶ 65-70, 74-79, 85, 90, 102, 103, 118, 121, 125, 127, 130, 144-146, 152, 154-169, 188-190. In every instance where the EPA disagreed with the city's course of action, the city amended its plans in accordance with EPA directives. Hence, the city's coordination of response activities in conjunction with the EPA was consistent with 40 C.F.R. § 1510.36, despite the absence of a designated "federal" on-site coordinator.[11] The city's activities from the initiation of its response up to July 16, 1982, were consistent, as a matter of law, with the 1973 NCP.
VII. Issues of Material Fact Remain as to the City's Consistency with the 1982 NCP after July 16, 1982
I will deny the parties' cross-motions for summary judgment on the issue of whether the city's response activities after July 16, 1982, (the remainder of "Phase I" remediation, interim closure, and "Phase II" remediation) were consistent with the 1982 NCP. There are issues of material fact in dispute, the resolution of which are relevant to the question of the defendants' liability.
For example, section 300.69 of the 1982 NCP requires that "[d]uring all phases [of remediation], documentation shall be collected and maintained to support all actions taken under this Plan, and to form the basis for cost recovery." 40 C.F.R. § 300.69. Defendants dispute that the appropriate documentation was "collected and maintained." Although documentation concerning remedial alternatives and the cost effectiveness of various remedies was not required during Phase I, see supra at 284-285, documentation of D'Appolonia's work after July 16, 1982, was required. It is unclear what, if any, documentation was maintained of D'Appolonia's work and of the interim closure, and whether any documentation which was maintained was "sufficient to provide the source and circumstances of the condition ... accurate accounting of ... costs incurred, and impacts and potential impacts to the public health, welfare and environment." 40 C.F.R. § 300.69. There are numerous references in the Stipulation of Facts to the city's "Phase I Report." See Stip. at ¶¶ 191-281. I do not have a copy of the Phase I Report and therefore cannot ascertain whether it satisfies the requirements of the 1982 NCP. I also do not have a copy of the city's Phase II Report, in which the work performed to secure and monitor the site during interim closure was apparently documented; *295 hence, issues remain concerning the consistency of the Phase II Report with the 1982 NCP. Additionally, the defendants allege that D'Appolonia's crew committed numerous errors during excavation by breaking drums and spilling their contents. The extent to which D'Appolonia exacerbated the hazards at the Enterprise site and whether its negligence, if any, constitutes an inconsistency with the 1982 NCP is disputed and was not fully briefed by the parties.
When the city sought federal funding under the Superfund program in mid-1983, the EPA required it to develop a feasibility study and a risk assessment analysis for the proposed Phase II remediation which would include a comparison of the environmental impact and cost effectiveness of various remediation alternatives. Stip. at ¶¶ 302-310. The city does not dispute that these studies had to be consistent with the 1982 NCP. There are issues of material fact outstanding, however, which preclude a decision at this time as to whether the remedy chosen by the city and the EPA for Phase II remediation was "cost-effective" in light of the environmental and public health dangers posed by the contamination. The need for expert testimony on this issue is clear. Additionally, I cannot ascertain from either the Stipulation of Facts or from the parties' briefs whether the errors allegedly committed by D'Appolonia's crew during Phase I made the interim closure and Phase II remediation more costly and less environmentally sound, and whether such alleged errors would render interim closure and Phase II remediation party or wholly inconsistent with the 1982 NCP.
VIII. Conclusion
Plaintiff is entitled to partial summary judgment that CERCLA applies retroactively to its pre-enactment response costs and that its response activities up to July 16, 1982, were consistent with the 1973 NCP. Because disputed issues of material fact are outstanding, the parties' cross-motions for summary judgment must be denied, however, as to the consistency of the city's activities after July 16, 1982, with the 1982 NCP. An appropriate order follows.
ORDER
AND NOW, this 25th day of September, 1990, in accordance with the accompanying memorandum, it is hereby ordered:
1. The city's motion for partial summary judgment is granted in part and denied in part.
2. Defendants' joint motion for summary judgment is granted in part and denied in part.
3. As a matter of law, CERCLA applies retroactively to pre-enactment response costs incurred by the city.
4. As a matter of law, the National Oil and Hazardous Substances Pollution Contingency Plan, 40 C.F.R. § 1510.1 et seq. ("1973 NCP"), applies to the city's response activities up to July 16, 1982.
5. As a matter of law, the revised National Oil and Hazardous Substances Pollution Contingency Plan, 40 C.F.R. § 300.1 et seq. ("1982 NCP"), applies to the city's response activities on and after July 16, 1982.
6. As a matter of law, the city's response activities up to July 16, 1982, were consistent with the 1973 NCP. Partial summary judgment is entered in favor of plaintiff and against defendants as to the issue of the city's consistency with the 1973 NCP up to July 16, 1982.
7. Disputed issues of material fact remain as to whether the city's response activities on and after July 16, 1982, were consistent with the 1982 NCP, thereby precluding partial summary judgment in favor of or against any party.
It is further ordered:
1. A settlement conference with Magistrate Naythons is scheduled for October 9, 1990, at 10:30 a.m. in Room 4617 United States Courthouse, Philadelphia, Pa.
2. A pretrial conference is scheduled for November 5, 1990, at 10:00 a.m. in courtroom 6A. The parties shall meet before the pretrial conference to agree on an agenda for the conference, a copy of which *296 they will provide to me by November 1, 1990.
3. Trial is scheduled for November 13, 1990, at 9:30 a.m. in courtroom 6A.
4. On or before November 5, 1990, the parties will exchange with each other and submit to me an index of the exhibits they intend to introduce at trial. The parties will also exchange and submit to me by that date a list of witnesses who will testify at trial and the approximate time for direct examination of each witness. Plaintiff shall use the numbers 1-999 to label its exhibits. The numbers 1000-1099, 1100-1199, 1200-1299, etc., are assigned to each individual defendant to label its exhibits, based upon the order in which defendants intend to proceed at trial. Unless a party files an objection by November 12, 1990, the need to prove authenticity and compliance with Fed.R.Evid. 803(6) will be deemed waived.
5. The parties shall submit pretrial memoranda prepared in accordance with Local Rule 21(c) and requests for findings of fact and conclusions of law on or before November 9, 1990. Two or more defendants may file a joint pretrial memorandum.
6. Plaintiff's motion to strike defendants' jury demand is granted. There is no right to a jury trial in CERCLA cases since the relief requested is essentially equitable in nature. See United States v. Northeastern Pharmaceutical & Chemical Co., Inc., 810 F.2d 726, 749 (8th Cir.1986); Wehner v. Syntex Corp., 682 F.Supp. 39, 40 (N.D.Cal. 1987). There is no Seventh Amendmant right to a jury trial in an equitable action. Tull v. United States, 481 U.S. 412, 107 S.Ct. 1831, 1835, 95 L.Ed.2d 365 (1987).
7. The following outstanding motions are denied without prejudice to the parties' right to raise issues contained therein at the time of trial:
i) City of Philadelphia's motion for summary judgment as to the liability of Apollo Metals, Inc.;
(ii) City of Philadelphia's motion for summary judgment as to the liability of Gates Engineering Company;
(iii) Gates Engineering Company's motion for summary judgment as to liability;
(iv) City of Philadelphia's motion for summary judgment as to the liability of CPS Chemical Company;
(v) CPS Chemical Company's motion for summary judgment as to liability;
(vi) City of Philadelphia's motion for summary judgment as to the liability of Durabrand Products Company'
(vii) City of Philadelphia's motion to dismiss counterclaims;
(viii) Motions in limine of defendants Gates, Radiac, DELCORA, Tepper Enterprises to exclude from use at trial grand jury materials obtained by the city.
8. Any and all outstanding discovery motions are denied without prejudice to the parties' right to address remaining discovery disputes at the pretrial conference.
NOTES
[1] The NCP under the Clean Water Act was published on August 13, 1973 (38 Fed.Reg. 21888), revised on February 10, 1975 (40 Fed.Reg. 6282), and revised again on March 19, 1980 (45 Fed.Reg. 17832), 40 C.F.R. Part 1510 (1974 through 1982). These revisions did not alter the city's responsibilities in selecting and implementing a remediation program between 1979 and 1982; therefore, no discussion of these revisions is warranted. I will refer to the plan which guided the city's activities until July 16, 1982, as the "1973 NCP," despite the two revisions which predated publication of the 1982 NCP.
[2] Response costs are the costs incurred in the cleanup and restoration of released hazardous substances. As defined by CERCLA, these costs include the costs of "removal" and the costs of "remedial" actions undertaken at a contaminated site. See 42 U.S.C. §§ 9601(23)-(25). Generally, removal actions are those intended for the short-term abatement of toxic waste hazards, while remedial actions are those intended to restore long-term environmental quality. Artesian Water Co. v. Government of New Castle County, 659 F.Supp. 1269, 1278 (D.Del.1987), aff'd, 851 F.2d 643 (3d Cir.1988).
[3] In an earlier opinion, I inferred that consistency with the NCP is related only to the amount of cost recovery and not to the existence of a valid claim for relief. See Stepan, 544 F.Supp. at 1144 & n. 16. I have since reconsidered that decision in light of more recent opinions discussing the role of the NCP in cost-recovery actions. E.g., Artesian, 659 F.Supp. at 1291-92. Consistency with the NCP is plainly an element of the city's prima facie case. See Stepan, 713 F.Supp. 1484 (E.D.Pa.1989).
[4] On November 20, 1985, the EPA revised the 1982 NCP to clarify portions of the plan and to modify others. The parties do not contend that the 1985 NCP should in any way govern the actions taken by the city since remediation at the Enterprise site was completed before the effective date of the 1985 plan.
[5] The Third Circuit has not yet decided whether CERCLA provides for recovery of pre-enactment response costs. Defendants urge me to adopt the reasoning of Judge Clarence Newcomer in United States v. Wade, 20 E.R.C. 1849, 1850-51 (E.D.Pa.1984), in which he acknowledges that CERCLA provides for recovery of post-enactment response costs caused by pre-enactment dumping, but concludes that Congress did not intend to allow recovery for cleanup activities which predate CERCLA. As the court in Shell Oil noted, "[s]uch an interpretation would penalize [the responding party] for prompt response and provide an undeserved windfall for the parties who had created, then abandoned, some of the most egregious sites." 605 F.Supp. at 1076-77. With all due respect to Judge Newcomer, given Congress' clear intent in enacting CERCLA "to initiate and establish a comprehensive response and financing mechanism to abate and control the vast problems associated with abandoned and inactive hazardous waste disposal sites," 1990 U.S.Code Cong. & Admin. News at 6125, I conclude that Congress would not have intended such a result.
[6] As discussed infra at section IV, I have concluded that the 1973 NCP applies to remedial activities which predate the publication of the 1982 NCP on July 16, 1982.
[7] One case, United States v. Reilly Tar & Chemical Corp., 546 F.Supp. 1100 (D.Minn.1982), in rejecting defendant's argument that Congress intended for adoption of the 1982 NCP to be a prerequisite to bringing a suit under section 107 of CERCLA, implied, without explicitly stating, that the NCP which would apply to defendant's response activity before publication of the final version of the 1982 NCP is the 1973 NCP: "Congress intended that the existing plan [the 1973 NCP] provide what guidance it could in preparing responses until the revised plan was formulated." Id. at 1116.
[8] My own legal research uncovered no cases directly addressing this issue. The legislative history offers no guidance.
[9] This type of legislative veto provision was later deemed unconstitutional in Immigration & Naturalization Service v. Chadha, 462 U.S. 919, 103 S.Ct. 2764, 77 L.Ed.2d 317 (1983), a case challenging a provision in the Immigration and Nationality Act, 8 U.S.C. § 1254(c)(2), which required Congress to review decisions of the Attorney General granting requests for suspension of deportation proceedings. Because Chadha was not decided until after the sixty day waiting period for the 1982 NCP had expired, however, its logic is unavailing to the defendants in this case.
[10] "D'Appolonia [Waste Isolation, Inc.] was awarded the contract to do Phase I work for $4,975.000.00 on April 17, 1982." Stip. at ¶ 200.
"On May 10, 1982, a meeting was held between the City, Weston and representatives of EPA and DER at which Mr. Cushing of Weston explained the proposed work to be done under the contract." Stip. at ¶ 204.
"On May 22, 1982, D'Appolonia was issued the Notice to Proceed with Phase I work." Stip. at ¶ 205.
"On June 19, 1982, D'Appolonia began actual excavation." Stip at ¶ 209.
[11] The defendants also maintain that the city failed to implement a "local contingency plan" in accordance with 40 C.F.R. §§ 1510.41, 1510.42. On the contrary, there were two different local contingency plans in effect during Phase I of the city's response, the first published in 1973 ("1973 LCP"), and the second published in 1981 ("1981 LCP"). The 1973 LCP refers directly to the national contingency plan and thus imposes no additional burdens on the city. The 1981 LCP deals solely with a federal response to an emergency situation, and thus provides no guidance not already contained in the 1973 NCP. Both local plans emphasize coordination among federal, state, and local officials in responding to an environmental hazard, a criterion the city clearly satisfied throughout its remediation efforts. See Exhibits A and B attached to Plaintiff's reply in Support of Partial Summary Judgment (1973 and 1981 LCPs). The defendants' argument concerning the city's alleged failure to implement a local contingency plan has no merit.
| tomekkorbak/pile-curse-small | FreeLaw |
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Sunil Chhetri rues missed chances in game of 'small margins' vs UAE
Sunil Chhetri during the game against UAE.
There were many things that happened during the India-UAE match at the Asian Cup in Abu Dhabi on January 10 that locals don't remember having happened before.
India outshot their opponents in the first half, the UAE players went up to coach Alberto Zaccheroni at half time and confessed they had not expected India to be so sharp. A capacity crowd of 43,208 turned up at the Zayed Sports City Stadium for the first time, a ground that has hosted multiple World Club Cup finals, with Cristiano Ronaldo featuring in them. They cheered raucously for the UAE team, which ran out 2-0 winners, but they were just as appreciative of a brave performance from India, who Zaccheroni would later mark out as the team to watch out for in future in Asian football.
Emirati journalists, huddled at the mixed zone ahead of the teams walking out from the game, were congratulating their Indian counterparts, saying they had never seen their home team play a more tense win. One reckoned even a "10 percent" luck with the Indians would have seen them emerge victorious from the game.
The only thing missing from the Indian performance, full of verve and tactical intelligence, was goals.
Playing principally on the counter, India were flying in the early stages, with strikers Sunil Chhetri and Ashique Kuruniyan coming close to scoring three times between themselves inside the first 22 minutes.
"Even if one of them had gone in, 1-0, and they would have been desperate, and things would have been so different. Then we would have had them exactly where we wanted," Chhetri said after the match, where UAE actually had only the two shots on target, goals for Khalfan Mubarak and Ali Ahmed Mabkhout. "We come back in the second half, Udanta [Singh] blasts the ball, hits the first bar, the second bar. That goes in, 1-1, things are different again.
"These big games, the margins are small and us missing chances like that [cost us]. Before the game, we wouldn't have thought we'd have five chances, we'd have hit the post twice. If somebody had told me, I'd have taken it and I'd have backed myself to convert those chances. It's just one of those days," said Chhetri.
UAE's first goal underlined those 'small margins'. Anas Edathodika's split-second of indecision in dealing with a long ball would allow Mabkhout to swoop in, and set up Mubarak for a run into the box, culminating in a finish just off the Indian defender's foot. It came in the 41st minute, and helped UAE take a little momentum into half time.
Or later in the half, when Anirudh Thapa played in a perfectly weighted ball for Chhetri, who headed it straight to goalkeeper Khalid Eisa Bilal. Small margins.
Sandesh Jhingan was a solid presence in defence, and also a nuisance when India moved forward. Sporting a sizeable bump on his forehead, following a clash of heads that left UAE defender Ismail Ahmed Mohamed with a bleeding forehead, Jhingan chose to look at the positives from the game. "In football, if you don't take your chances, you end up on the losing side. Still lots of positives, coming here in the home of UAE and the way we played, the passion we showed was second to none," he said. "We have our fate in our own hands. If we show the same desire, we get three points and we qualify."
Try telling that to Chhetri though. "I think those two chances are still killing us. Ashique will not sleep, and I will not sleep for a long time." | tomekkorbak/pile-curse-small | Pile-CC |
Q:
Golf the Lucas Lehmer Primality Test
your task is to write a program that uses the Lucas-Lehmer primality test to check whether an input number is prime or not. This prime number candidate has the form 2p-1 with p being prime. (Mersenne prime number)
The Lucas-Lehmer-test
The n-th Mersenne number is prime if it is a divisor of the (n-1)-th Lucas-Lehmer number (LLN).
You can calculate the LLN, similiar to the Fibonacci numbers, based on a recursive algorithm:
L<n> = (L<n-1>)^2 - 2
The LLN for 2 is 14. So, for p=3, LLN<3-1>=14
Evaluation
You have to submit a function that takes p as input (Remember: 2^p-1)
The shortest solution will win.
Your solution has to use the Lucas-Lehmer test
The code must be executable.
Output: boolean value or 1=prime/0=not prime
Tests:
p --> 2^p-1 --> LLN<n-1> --> ?
3 --> 7 --> 14 --> prime
5 --> 31 --> 37634 > prime (1214*31)
Good Luck
A:
Python 2, 51 bytes
p=input()
s=4
exec's=(s*s-2)%(2**p-1);'*(p-2)
s>0>x
Try it online!
Output is via exit code
A:
Haskell, 47 43 41 bytes
Thanks @Kittsil for saving me 2 bytes!
f n=iterate(\v->mod(v^2-2)$2^n-1)4!!n-2<1
Try it online!
A:
Mathematica 44 Bytes
(s@3=14;s@n_:=Mod[s[n-1]^2-2,2^#-1];s@#==0)&
Test:
{#, %[#]} & /@ Prime[Range[2, 20]]
Too bad we can't use MersennePrimeExponentQ (22 bytes) since it doesn't appear to always use the LLT.
| tomekkorbak/pile-curse-small | StackExchange |
About Me
I hope to inspire you to create the home of your dreams - both inside and out - and to sew something wonderful! Here you will find things I find beautiful as well as creative ideas on how to make your home the place you have dreamed about.
Thursday, October 28, 2010
I finally had some time to search for drapery fabric for my living room redo. While there were an overwhelming number of choices, I ended up with two of my favorites - silk and linen. I am having a hard time deciding between the two as both options would work wonderfully. Hopefully you can help!
Before I show you the drapery fabric choices, however, I wanted to share another development in this room which may sway your opinion. During my search, I fell in love with this fabric:
I have already made two large pillows – one for each of the chairs. I loved the graphic nature and playful quality of the large print. The color picks up the red in the Rosmaling plate and helps coordinate this space with other rooms in my house.
Now back to the curtain fabric options.
Choice number one is a blue/gray silk - the top fabric sample shown below - from Calico Corners.
Silk fits with the feel of the room and the color plays beautifully off the foyer rug just outside the door. My hesitations with this option are twofold. First, I don’t want to make the room too formal. Second, gray is such a popular color at the moment, I don’t want the room to feel dated in a few years.
This option is safe and classic. I don’t think I would ever grow tired of white and navy curtains. My hesitation here is with the red and white pillows the room may feel too nautical – red, white and blue.
Tuesday, October 26, 2010
After the curtain hardware was painted and glazed for my living room makeover, it was on to the installation. As you will find from the tutorial below, this is a very simple project which even the most inexperienced DIYer can feel confident about tackling. Whether your brackets are wood (like the ones in this tutorial) or metal (like those pictured in my family room below), the process is the same.
Background Information:I prefer to hang curtain panels about 5 inches or more above the window molding and about 3 or 4 inches outside the width of the window - like the ones shown below in my daughter's bedroom.
. By using these measurements, the window appears larger and the ceiling taller and less of the window is blocked by the curtains allowing for more natural light in the space. Of course, these guide lines are subject to change depending on the architecture of the room.
Procedure:Measure the placement of the bracket using a small level.
As you can see from the photo above, the rod will be hanging 5” above the window but the height of the bottom of the bracket is lower.
It is important to use a level to keep the bracket plumb, i.e. straight up and down.
Once the bracket is in the correct position, use a pencil or screw to mark all four of the holes placements.
Using the stud finder, determine if there is wood where you will be attaching the brackets. If there is wood, skip the next step as wall anchors will not be needed. If there is no stud, you will need to use wall anchors. Most times they are included with the brackets.
For wall anchors: Drill pilot holes for the plastic wall anchors using a drill bit slightly smaller than the wall anchor to allow for a snug fit. Tap wall anchors into place using a hammer. (I don’t have any pictures of this part, as we were lucky to find studs.)
Attach brackets to wall, through the bracket holes and into the wall anchors if necessary. Use a screw driver and the provided screws.
Gently tap in button caps with hammer to cover screw holes.
Note: I was a little disappointed to discover the brackets I purchased did not come with caps to cover the screws. It was an easy enough fix – 3/8” oak buttons from Lowe’s solved the problem – but I found it hard to believe they were not included with the brackets. To me, without the caps the brackets look unfinished.
Place curtain rings on rod (which I did not do before I took this picture - whoops!) and screw in finials to ends of poles. Place rod on brackets.
Now that the hardware is up it is time to find the fabric for the curtain panels. I have my choices narrowed down and will be sharing them soon.
Friday, October 22, 2010
A few weeks ago I came across a large stash of House Beautiful magazines at my local public library’s bookstore. Someone had generously donated over twenty issues to the “free for the taking pile.” Not one to turn down a free design magazine, I grabbed them all and have been happily reading through them ever since.
The magazines are about ten years old so it has been quite interesting to look back and see the styling and trends of the not too distant past – some seem dated while others look as though they were created today.
One of the stories which caught my eye was an article in the June 2000 edition titled “Decorating Don’ts.” It was written by then editor Margaret Kennedy and is a list of 25 “decorating pitfalls which everyone would prefer to avoid.” The light-hearted list includes Ms. Kennedy’s ideas as well as those submitted by various designers.
I am not going to reprint the pitfalls here, but as with any list there were some differences of opinion. One rule, however, caught my eye and made me chuckle.
RULE #1
“Don’t even lift a finger without an overall decorating plan. First spend time thinking about how you’ll use spaces, what kind of light rooms receive, what atmosphere you’re aiming for.” M.K.
Whoops! If you have been following me and my living room(aka red room) makeover you know the only thing I knew for sure when I began this still ongoing project was the walls were no longer going to be red and most of the furniture would have to stay. I literally didn’t have any other decisions made!
I do get the idea of planning things out before you begin especially when your project involves major renovations. When I am decorating a room, however, I prefer to make the decisions as they are needed. (I guess I would not make a very good designer!) For example, now that my curtain rods are hung, it is time to choose fabric. As far as a small table for between the two chairs is concerned, I am patiently waiting to come across “the right one” rather than actively searching. The laid back approach just seems to work for me.
How about you? What are you thoughts about planning? When you tackle a project do you have every detail planned or are you like me? I would love to hear your thoughts.
As you might expect, painting the brackets and finials was very straight forward – put them in a box and spray away! Covering the rods and rings, however, was a different matter. I tend to be a little impatient when it comes to painting and wanted to get this project finished in the least amount of time possible.
The problem was figuring out how to paint the rods - without laying them down or leaning them against something – so that all sides could be covered at once. With the rings, it was the same sort of dilemma. Luckily Mr. RDH came to the rescue.
How clever is are these two ideas?
For the rods he used two saw horses and some nails.
By suspending the rods on the nails (which were easily inserted into the ends of the poles), I was able to paint one side of the rod and then simply role it over to paint the other side. In one fell swoop, the entire rod was painted!
For the rings, the saw horses were again put to good use. Using some twine we tied one end to the saw horse and threaded on the first ring.
Once in place, we tied a knot to keep the ring from sliding. We continued threading and knotting and then tied the other end of the twine to the second saw horse. As you can see, for this project we needed three rows.
Two simple ideas that cut my painting time in half and made my life easier!
Next up is how to install drapery hardware and my two curtain fabric choices.
Thursday, October 14, 2010
Every year, the owners of this beautiful house put on a fabulous fall display. Their yard overflows with fall décor and is truly one of my favorite destinations this time of year. It is just too pretty not to share!
Take a look at the front entrance.
Have you ever seen so many pumpkins?
Love the wreaths with spider centers.
Notice the large spiders across the balcony.
Each lamp post surrounding the property is decked out with corn stalks, mums and cabbage.
The side entrance is just as festive as the front.
Lots of pumpkins here too!
There are even pumpkins in the flower beds.
A big thank you goes to the homeowners for sharing their fall/Halloween holiday spirit with the community! It truly has become a tradition for my family as well as many other families I know to visit this spectacular home during the harvest season. I can’t wait to see what they do next year.
Thank you to everyone who took the time to enter the Cozy Up for Fall Giveaway and to share their favorite decorating colors. I so appreciate everyone who follows Red Door Home and view giveaways as my small way of saying thanks!
After reading all the wonderful comments I decided to do an informal tally of the results. Turns out RDH readers are evenly divided between three colors as their favorite – red, blue, and green. Other colors receiving the most mentions included white, brown, and gray.
Now to announce the winner.
Congratulations to comment #16 – BellaLovesPink!
You are the lucky winner of the Dash and Albert throw and personalized appliqué pillow. Enjoy!
Sunday, October 10, 2010
Part of the process ofredoing my living room is making new window treatments. Instead of valences, I will now be using curtain panels. I purchased the new drapery hardware at an incredible discount but everything was a different finish.
My number one rule before proceeding with any project has always been “have all your supplies together before you begin.” Too bad I did not follow my own advice.
You see, I started my project only to discover about two thirds of the way through that I did not have enough paint. Although I normally keep a stash of my go to paint – satin finish Valspar Porcelain - I ran out. So off I went to Lowes.
Much to my surprise, however, Porcelain spray paint was no longer available, not on the shelf, none to be found! Panic set in. What was I going to do now?
Luckily, I was able to find a sales person who knew that recently Valspar had renamed some of their paint colors. So the paint was there, it just had a new name. To say I was relieved is an understatement.
Now the old “Porcelain” is called Churchill Hotel Vanilla. You can see from the pictures both cans have the same number listed under their names.
Since many of us love this paint, I thought you would want to know!
So has this ever happened to you? Have you ever began a project only to discover part way through you did not have what you needed to finish the job? What did you do?
Wednesday, October 6, 2010
It is no secret adding new pillows is a simple and inexpensive way to update the look of any space. Pillows are available in every price range, a myriad of styles and are found in so many places it is easy to be tempted to just buy them. But why not make them instead! With just a simple sewing machine and basic skills, anyone can customize pillow covers to their décor.
The first step to create a professional looking pillow is centering the fabric design to the middle of the pillow. This is especially important when using more than one pillow of the same fabric in the same room. Like curtains, all pillows made from the same fabric should be identical. If your fabric has a large pattern, pick your favorite element of the print to center on your pillow. This means unless you are using a solid or a fabric with a very small repeat, you will need more fabric than just twice the size of your pillow insert.
For each pillow cover you will use two pieces of fabric measuring the same size as your pillow insert – one for the front and one for the back. By cutting the fabric to the same size as the insert, you will create a pillow cover which fits perfectly – snug but not tight and loose but not messy.
For this example I used a 20 x 20 down/feather insert, making the center point for my pillow cover 10” on both sides.
Sewing the Invisible Zipper
Determine the size of your zipper based on the size of the bottom edge of your pillow cover. I leave 2” on either side of the zipper to make it easy to insert and remove the pillow form. For a 20” pillow I needed a 16” zipper. My local fabric store does not stock 16” zippers so I used a 20”– 22” zipper which will be cut to size later.
The first step to attaching an invisible zipper is ironing. When you take the zipper out of the package it will be wrinkled.
Open up the zipper and gently iron both sides.
A zipper is much easier to use and attach when it is straight.
Using one piece of fabric, right side up, align zipper edge with fabric edge of the bottom of your pillow and pin in place as shown below.
The zipper should start and end about 2” from each side edge and the coil should be ½” from the edge of the fabric.
Mark end of zipper with pin or pencil to denote where to stop sewing.
There are two options for sewing the zipper to the fabric. The first is a zipper foot which comes with most sewing machines.
The second is a plastic zipper foot made for sewing invisible zippers. These can be found near the zipper section in most stores which carry zippers.
I use the plastic zipper foot when I am making a non-welted (i.e. non-corded) pillow. The ridge on the foot guides the zipper coils smoothly without risk of sewing the zipper itself.
After the zipper has been sewn to one piece of fabric the next step is to attach it to the other piece of fabric. Begin by closing the zipper.
With right sides together match up sides and bottom edges of pillow cover. Pin the zipper in place.
Unzip the zipper.
Now repin the zipper with the coils ½” from the edge one pin at a time. I found this trick to be helpful in keeping my zipper in the correct place.
Attach zipper using zipper foot, being sure to stop once again 2” from side edge.
Close zipper to just past where you finished attaching it to the fabric.
Using a needle and thread, make several stitches to create a stop for the zipper.
Cut off excess zipper.
Unzip zipper. Align and pin all outside edges of pillow cover with right sides together.
Using the zipper foot which came with the sewing machine, sew around outside of pillow cover using a ½” seam allowance. Start and end slightly past the opening and closing points of the zipper.
Turn pillow cover right side out through zipper opening and insert pillow form. | tomekkorbak/pile-curse-small | Pile-CC |
1. Introduction {#sec1}
===============
Structured triage is a critical process that simplifies decision-making and favors efficient and effective management of a high patient flow \[[@B1], [@B2]\], making its use in the emergency department (ED) undebatable. However, in the prehospital context, the adaptation of structured triage systems seems to be not as efficient, equally because of the complex and time-consuming application and because of the lack of information in the initial moments, which hinders its applicability outside the hospital setting \[[@B3]\].
The Prehospital Emergency Medical Services (PhEMS) have a growing interest in implementing systems in their operational protocols that allow them to quickly and effectively classify critical patients beyond accidents with multiple victims or catastrophes in which they are already using different specific triage systems designed for this purpose \[[@B4], [@B5]\].
Today, PhEMS have a wide range of techniques, procedures, and materials for managing multiple pathologies, wherever the patient is. However, their diagnostic capacity is based on an objective and structured clinical evaluation and on a few complementary tests (vital signs, electrocardiogram, and basic analytical determinations) \[[@B6]\]. In this context, recent years have seen the development of different scales that assess the initial severity of patients with prognostic implications called the Early Warning Score (EWS) \[[@B4]\]. Of these, the National Early Warning Score 2 (NEWS2) is the most used internationally and validated in the prehospital context \[[@B7], [@B8]\]. The NEWS2 has a high predictive capacity \[[@B9]\] and is an excellent tool helping professionals in clinical decision-making \[[@B10], [@B11]\].
Although the NEWS2 has been evaluated as a predictor of mortality, few prospective studies in the prehospital setting have assessed its usefulness.
The aim of this study was to evaluate the capacity of the prehospital scale NEWS2 in relation to the classification of hospital triage to predict early mortality within 48 hours of the index event. In addition, we explored the performance of this scale in estimating mortality at 7 and 30 days.
2. Methods {#sec2}
==========
The study protocol is available online ([doi.org/10.1186/ISRCTN17676798](https://doi.org/10.1186/ISRCTN17676798)). We follow the STROBE statement for reporting.
2.1. Ethical Approval {#sec2.1}
---------------------
This study was approved by the Research Ethics Committees of all participating centers (reference REC: \#PI 18-010, \#PI 18-895, and \#PI 2018-10/119). All patients (or guardians) signed informed consent.
2.2. Source of Data {#sec2.2}
-------------------
A prospective multicenter longitudinal observational cohort study was carried out as part of the "*Use of Early Warning Scales in the Prehospital Scope as a Diagnostic and Prognostic Tool*" project of the regional health management of Castilla y León (GRS 1678/A/18), which includes admissions in the Rio Hortega University Hospital and University Clinic of Valladolid, the Hospital Complex of Segovia, and University Assistance Complex of Salamanca, belonging to the public health system of the Autonomous Community of Castilla y León (Spain). The clinical and administrative data included in the database are records of prehospital vital signs, demographic patient data, and level of triage assigned in the ED and mortality (in the hospital).
Prehospital vital signs were recorded in a written document in the place of patient care by the registered nurse (ERN); the remaining data were obtained by reviewing the patients\' electronic history 30 days after the index event.
2.3. Participants {#sec2.3}
-----------------
The study was performed in three provinces of Spain (Valladolid, Salamanca, and Segovia), with a reference population of 886,098 inhabitants, and on all patients attending the five Advanced Life Support (ALS) and referred to its reference hospitals of the public health system between April 1 and November 30, 2018.
Patients were included in the study if they had been evaluated and transferred by an ALS to the ED of the reference hospital and did not meet any exclusion criteria, which were age below 18 years, cardiorespiratory arrest, death on arrival or during transfer, pregnant women, patients with psychiatric pathology or terminal pathology, time of arrival above 45 minutes, and/or patients evacuated by other means of transport or discharged*in situ*.
2.4. Outcomes {#sec2.4}
-------------
The main outcome variable was mortality from any cause within two days, stratified by the level of hospital triage assigned in the ED. Mortality was also studied at 7 and 30 days from the index event.
2.5. Predictors {#sec2.5}
---------------
At the time of prehospital care, the ERN of each ALS collected the necessary clinical variables for the NEWS2: respiratory rate, oxygen saturation, heart rate, systolic blood pressure, temperature, confusion state (confusion was defined as a score of less than 15 points on the Glasgow Coma Scale), and the use of oxygen \[[@B12]\].
The ERN together with the MD of each ALS, upon arriving at the place of the incident, through the anamnesis directed and the review of the clinical history, determines if the patient presents some type of obstructive pulmonary disease, selecting in this way which respiratory scale of the NEWS2 should be used in each specific case.
The neurological evaluation of each patient was performed conscientiously using the Glasgow Coma Scale, when the patient presented a situation of delirium, was considered not responding consistently to orders, and was categorized with a score in the Glasgow Coma Scale minor of 15 points; therefore it was classified as an alteration of the mental state, classification that coincidences with the AVPU \[Alert, Verbal, Pain, Unresponsive\] scale.
Temperature was measured using a ThermoScan® PRO 6000 tympanic thermometer (Welch Allyn, Inc., Skaneateles Falls, USA), and measurements of blood pressure, heart rate, and oxygen saturation were made with the LIFEPAK® 15 monitor (Physio-Control, Inc., Redmond, USA) and Corpuls3 (WEINMANN Emergency Medical Technology GmbH, Hamburg, Germany).
In a second time, we collected the demographic variables (sex and age), reason for call, times for arrival, assistance and transfer, prehospital Advanced Life Support maneuvers requiring special follow-up, which include use of intravenous medication or supplementary oxygen, and/or advanced management of the airway (including orotracheal intubation, noninvasive ventilation, and difficult airway). The prehospital primary diagnosis based on the International Classification of Diseases ICD 11 was also collected.
Subsequently, a researcher from each hospital collected the following variables from the electronic history of the patients 30 days after emergency care: mortality from any cause within two days, mortality at 7 and 30 days from the index event, and level of triage assigned in the ED by the Spanish triage system (STS) \[[@B13], [@B14]\]. This computer program is implemented throughout the public health system of the Autonomous Community of Castilla y León and consists of five levels of prioritization (level I: resuscitation, level II: emergency, level III: urgent, level IV: less urgent, and level V: not urgent).
2.6. Missing Data {#sec2.6}
-----------------
Prior to applying statistical techniques, the database was cleaned using logical tests, range tests (for detecting extreme values), and data consistency tests. Subsequently, we checked for the presence and distribution of the unknown values of all variables.
2.7. Statistical Analysis Methods {#sec2.7}
---------------------------------
All data were stored in an XLSTAT® Biomed database for Microsoft Excel® (version 14.4.0.) and Statistical Product and Service Solutions (SPSS, version 20.0), with which the subsequent statistical analysis was carried out.
Quantitative variables were described as median and interquartile range (IQR) and qualitative variables were described by absolute and relative frequencies.
To compare quantitative variables in two groups, we applied the U-Mann-Whitney test. The Chi-square test was used to study the association between qualitative binary variables. When the frequencies observed in the table discouraged the use of these tests, we used Fisher\'s exact test.
For the global mortality at 2 days, 7 days, and 30 days, we calculated the area under the curve (AUC) of the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) of the NEWS2 scale and the best score that offered in each case greatest sensitivity and joint specificity. For these scores, we also obtained the positive predictive value (PPV), negative predictive value (NPV), positive likelihood ratio (PLR), and negative likelihood ratio (NLR).
In all the hypothesis tests, we considered significant a p-value of less than 0.05 and chose the usual confidence intervals of 95%.
3. Results {#sec3}
==========
3.1. Main Findings {#sec3.1}
------------------
Between April 1 and November 30, 2018, a total of 1054 patients were included in our study ([Figure 1](#fig1){ref-type="fig"}). The median age was 68 years (IQR, 53-81 years), and 418 (39.7%) of the patients were female. The reasons for the demand for care were mostly medical ones with 832 cases (78.9%).
To calculate the NEWS2 during prehospital care, we systematically evaluated all the participants. Nonsurvivors presented a higher respiratory rate, lower oxygen saturation, and an increased presence of confusion with respect to the survivors (p \<0.001).
We observed that 90.9% of nonsurvivors needed supplemental oxygen compared to 30.9% in survivors, and 45.5% needed advanced airway management (4.8% in survivors). Regarding the prehospital main diagnosis, processes of cardiovascular origin stood out, 443 cases (42.1%) ([Table 1](#tab1){ref-type="table"}).
3.2. Mortality and NEWS2 {#sec3.2}
------------------------
Early mortality after the index event within the first 48 hours occurred in 55 patients (5.2%), mostly deaths from causes of cardiovascular origin in 23 cases (41.8%). Mortality at 7 days from the index event increased to 81 cases (7.7%) and up to 119 cases (11.3%) at 30 days.
The predictive power of the NEWS2 scale to discriminate mortality at 2, 7, and 30 days is evidenced by an AUC of 0.88 (95% CI: 0.82-0.94), 0.86 (95% CI: 0.81-0.91), and 0.82 (95% CI: 0.77-0.87), verifying how its capacity to assess mortality fell by 6% between the AUC at 2 days and the AUC at 30 days.
3.3. Mortality and Spanish Triage System {#sec3.3}
----------------------------------------
With respect to early mortality according to the assigned triage priority in the ED, in level I (resuscitation) the mortality rate was 24.4%, in level II (emergency) 5.5%, and in level III (urgency) 0.9%. [Table 1](#tab1){ref-type="table"} shows the distribution of cases according to the level of triage.
3.4. Comparison between NEWS2 and Spanish Triage System {#sec3.4}
-------------------------------------------------------
When stratified by triage levels, the AUCs of the NEWS2 obtained for short-term mortality varied between 0.77 (95% CI: 0.65-0.89) for level I and 0.94 (95% CI: 0.79 -1) for level III ([Figure 2](#fig2){ref-type="fig"}). However, in the analysis of mortality at 7 and 30 days, the best AUC of the NEWS2 has been found for level I with 0.85 (95% CI: 0.76-0.95) for the 7-day mortality and 0.83 (IC 95% CI: 0.74-0.92) for 30 days.
[Table 2](#tab2){ref-type="table"} shows the best cutoff points in terms of sensitivity and specificity for the NEWS2 according to priority levels and mortality at 2, 7, and 30 days. In the analysis of short-term mortality, we observed that a NEWS2 score greater than or equal to 7 among patients with priority III had a sensitivity of 100 (95% CI 56.6-100) and a specificity of 78.7 (95% CI 75.1-81.9) with a PPV of 4.1 (1.8-9.3) and a NPV of 100 (99.1-100). Meanwhile, in patients with priorities I and II, the cutoff point with better sensitivity and joint specificity rose to 9 points in both cases, with associated NPV of 92.5 (95% CI: 82.1-97.0) for level I and 98.4 (95% IC: 96.2-99.3) for level II ([Table 2](#tab2){ref-type="table"}).
4. Discussion {#sec4}
=============
4.1. Main Findings {#sec4.1}
------------------
This is the first study evaluating the performance of the joint use of NEWS2 at the prehospital level with the Spanish triage system at hospital level to detect patients at risk of early mortality within 2 days.
Our study shows that the combined use of the NEWS2 and hospital triage can help to identify patients with a high risk of early death, including those that a priori were not emergencies or resuscitation cases.
The capacity decreases progressively in predicting mortality at 7 and 30 days, diminishing its effectiveness globally.
Our results are consistent with those of previous studies \[[@B1], [@B15]--[@B21]\], where the combination of physiological and clinical data from the NEWS2 together with additional data at hospital level during triage in the ED improves the predictive capacity of the studied models.
PhEMS are keen to explore the relationship between diagnostic and prognostic systems, which can help in clinical decision-making*in situ* and in time-dependent diseases. Examples include the Early Warning Score \[[@B22], [@B23]\], point-of-care testing \[[@B24]\], imaging methods like point-of-care ultrasound \[[@B25]\], or end-tidal carbon dioxide \[[@B26]\]. Among those, the NEWS2 represents a validated and easy-to-use system \[[@B7], [@B27]\]. Similarly, ED are making an important effort to improve their capacity to adequately classify patients and rapidly detect the most severe cases, for which structured triage systems represent an optimal tool \[[@B28]--[@B30]\].
4.2. Strengths {#sec4.2}
--------------
This prospective study involved a group of patients already examined by a medical doctor in the place where the emergency occurred at the prehospital level and its subsequent follow-up at hospital level, excluding minor pathologies or those that can be resolved*in situ*. In contrast to other studies, vital signs for the NEWS2 were obtained at the scene or during ambulance transport.
We can find multiple studies on the Early Warning Score in the literature, but we opted for the NEWS2 because it is currently the most used in the PhEMS and has a high bibliographical consistency \[[@B8], [@B31]\].
4.3. Limitations {#sec4.3}
----------------
We used mortality at 2, 7, and 30 days from any cause as the main outcome variable, disregarding deaths outside this window and outside the hospital.
We excluded patients who did not require transport to the hospital or who were evacuated in Basic Life Support units for minor pathologies (after being seen by a medical doctor) to maximize the homogeneity of the patient cohort.
5. Conclusion {#sec5}
=============
The combined use of the NEWS 2 and the Spanish triage system presents a very high AUROC, especially for the predictive power of priority III (urgent), increasing the capacity to discriminate those patients with potential to worsen their condition, despite*a priori* being classified otherwise.
In the light of these data, PhEMS should evaluate the routine implementation of the NEWS2 among their procedures, which together with the structured triage system at hospital level effectively serves to predict early mortality and to detect high-risk patients.
This research has received support from the Gerencia Regional de Salud (SACYL) for research projects in Biomedicine, Healthcare Management, and Healthcare Care, with registration number GRS 1678/A/18, principal investigator: Francisco Martín-Rodríguez, as part of the "Use of Early Warning Scales in the Prehospital Scope as a Diagnostic and Prognostic Tool" and Scholarship for the intensification of the research activity for the year 2019, with registration number INT/E/02/19 from the Gerencia Regional de Salud (SACYL). Agustín Mayo Iscar has been partially supported by the Spanish Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad, grant MTM2017-86061-C2-1-P, and by Consejería de Educación de la Junta de Castilla y León and FEDER, grant VA005P17 and VA002G18. We would like to express our gratitude for the collaboration of professionals from the Valladolid, Segovia, and Salamanca Advanced Life Support Units of the Sanitary Emergency Management of Castilla y León (Spain), as without their help the field work for this study would not have been possible. We also thank Juliane Chaccour for language services.
Data Availability
=================
The data will be available upon request.
Disclosure
==========
The corresponding author on behalf of the other authors guarantees that the data and information contained in the study are accurate, transparent, and honest, that no relevant information has been omitted, and that all discrepancies between authors have been adequately resolved and described.
Conflicts of Interest
=====================
All signing authors fulfill the requirements of authorship and have declared the nonexistence of potential conflicts of interest.
Authors\' Contributions
=======================
Francisco Martín-Rodríguez and Raúl López-Izquierdo equally contributed to this work.
{#fig1}
{#fig2}
######
General patient characteristics (death statistics refer to early mortality rates).
Total *Survivors* *Non-survivors* *p-value*
------------------------------------------ ------------------ ------------------ ------------------ -----------
Number \[*n* (%)\] 1054 (100) 999 (94.8) 55 (5.2)
Age (years old) \[*Median* (IQR)\] 68 (53-81) 67 (53-80) 79 (65-88) 0.001
Gender
Male \[*n* (%)\] 636 (60.3) 598 (94.0) 38 (6.0)
Female \[*n* (%)\] 418 (39.7) 401 (95.9) 17 (4.1) 0.159
Isochronous (minutes) \[*Median* (IQR)\]
Arrival time 10 (8-14) 10 (8-14) 10 (7-13) 0.196
Support time 29 (23-35) 28 (22-35) 33 (25-41) 0.920
Transfer time 10 (7-14) 10 (7-14) 11 (7-18) 0.253
Initial evaluation \[*Median* (IQR)\]
Breathing rate (bpm) 18 (14-24) 18 (14-24) 29 (15-34) 0.007
Oxygen saturation (%) 96 (93-98) 96 (93-98) 78 (69-93) \<0.001
Heart rate (bpm) 85 (70-103) 84 (70-102) 93 (72-120) 0.169
SBP (mmHg) 137 (117-157) 137 (119-156) 132 (92 (163) 0.208
Tympanic temperature (°C) 36.4 (36.0-36.9) 36.4 (36.0-36.9) 36.1 (35.4-36.9) 0.355
Mental state (confusion) \[*n* (%)\] 282 (26.8) 244 (24.4) 38 (69.1) \<0.001
NEWS2 (points) \[*Median* (IQR)\] 4 (2-8) 4 (2-7) 12 (9-14) \<0.001
Prehospital support \[*n* (%)\]
Supplemental oxygen 359 (34.1) 309 (30.9) 50 (90.9) \<0.001
Advanced airway 73 (6.9) 48 (4.8) 25 (45.5) \<0.001
Intravenous medication 915 (86.8) 865 (86.6) 50 (90.9) 0.291
Prehospital diagnostic \[*n* (%)\]
Cardiac pathology 443 (42.1) 420 (42.0) 23 (41.8)
Neurological pathology 192 (18.2) 183 (18.3) 9 (16.4)
Respiratory pathology 88 (8.3) 82 (8.2) 6 (10.9)
Injuries and external agents 197 (18.7) 188 (18.8) 9 (16.4)
Infectious pathology 62 (5.9) 55 (5.5) 7 (12.7)
Other pathology 72 (6.8) 71 (7.1) 1 (1.8) \<0.001
Hospital triage \[*n* (%)\]
Level I: resuscitation 94 (8.9) 71 (7.1) 23 (41.8)
Level II: emergency 410 (38.9) 383 (38.3) 27 (49.1)
Level III: urgency 550 (52.2) 545 (54.6) 5 (9.1) \<0.001
IQR: interquartile range; SBP: systolic blood pressure.
######
Cut-off points for combined sensitivity and specificity with best score (Youden test) on the NEWS2 scale as a function of mortality (2, 7, and 30 days) and of the assigned triage level.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
*n* (%)\] *Mortality* M2D: 55 (5.2) M7D: 81 (7.7) M30D: 119 (11.3)
------------------ --------------------- -------------------- -------------------- ------------------
Level I\ *Cut-offs (points)* 9 10 9
94 (8.9)
Se % \[CI 95%\] 82.6 (62.9-93.0) 78.8 (62.2-89.3) 77.5 (62.5-87.7)
Sp % \[CI 95%\] 69.0 (57.5-78.6) 82.0 (70.5-89.6) 81.5 (69.2-89.6)
PPV \[CI 95%\] 46.3 (32.1-61.3) 70.3 (54.2-82.5) 75.6 (60.7-86.2)
NPV \[CI 95%\] 92.5 (82.1-97.0) 87.7 (76.8-93.9) 83.0 (70.8-90.8)
LR (+)\[CI 95%\] 2.67 (1.80-3.96) 4.37 (2.49-7.68) 4.19 (2.33-7.50)
LR (-)\[CI 95%\] 0.25 (0.10-0.63) 0.26 (0.13-0.51) 0.28 (0.15-0.50)
OR \[IC 95%\] 10.58 (3.22-34.77) 16.88 (5.85-48.71) 15.16 (5.51-41.66)
DA \[IC 95%\] 72.3 (62.6-80.4) 80.9 (71.7-87.5) 79.8 (70.6-86.7)
Level II\ *Cut-offs (points)* 9 9 8
410 (38.8)
Se % \[CI 95%\] 81.5 (63.3-91.8) 73.0 (57.0-84.9) 69.6 (56.7-80.1)
Sp % \[CI 95%\] 78.3 (73.9-82.2) 79.1 (74.7-82.9) 73.7 (68.9-78.0)
PPV \[CI 95%\] 21.0 (14.3-29.7) 25.7 (18.3-34.8) 29.5 (22.4-37.8)
NPV \[CI 95%\] 98.4 (96.2-99.3) 96.7 (94.1-98.2) 93.9 (90.4-96.1)
LR (+)\[CI 95%\] 3.76 (2.89-4.89) 3.49 (2.64-4.61) 2.65 (2.07-3.39)
LR (-)\[CI 95%\] 0.24 (0.11-0.52) 0.34 (0.20-0.59) 0.41 (0.27-0.62)
OR \[IC 95%\] 15.90 (5.84-43.27) 10.21 (4.74-21.99) 6.44 (3.47-11.93)
DA \[IC 95%\] 78.5 (74.3-82.2) 78.5 (74.3-82.2) 73.2 (68.7-77-2)
Level III\ *Cut-offs (points)* 7 9 6
550 (51.1)
Se % \[CI 95%\] 100 (56.6-100) 63.6 (35.4-84.8) 69.6 (49.1-84.4)
Sp % \[CI 95%\] 78.7 (75.1-81.9) 89.6 (86.7-91.9) 73.1 (69.1-76.7)
PPV \[CI 95%\] 4.1 (1.8-9.3) 11.1 (5.5-21.2) 10.1 (6.3-15.8)
NPV \[CI 95%\] 100 (99.1-100) 99.2 (97.9-99.7) 98.2 (96.4-99.1)
LR (+)\[CI 95%\] 4.70 (4.0-5.52) 6.13 (3.67-10.21) 2.58 (1.90-3.50)
LR (-)\[CI 95%\] 0 (0-7.78) 0.41 (0.18-0.89) 0.42 (0.22-0.78)
OR \[IC 95%\] ∞ (3.32- ∞) 15.09 (4.28-53.17) 6.20 (2.50-15.38)
DA \[IC 95%\] 78.9 (75.3-82.1) 89.1 (86.2-91.4) 72.9 (69.0-76.5)
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
M2D: mortality 2 days; M7D: mortality 7 days; M30D: mortality 30 days; CI: confidence interval; Se: Sensitivity; Sp: Specificity; PPV: positive predictive value: NPV: negative predictive value; LR: likelihood ratio; OR: odds ratio; DA: diagnostic accuracy.
*∗*Maximum (sensitivity + specificity -1).
[^1]: Academic Editor: Joe Nemeth
| tomekkorbak/pile-curse-small | PubMed Central |
Apparently, moderate/centrist senators, including John McCain (R-AZ), have come to an agreement on the Judicial nominations . . . I didn't see the names of the other senators involved in this Yahoo blurb or the one on AOL. Yahoo is posted here, AOL needs a sign in.
Hopefully these "gentlemen" will get this over and done, and quit this elementary school bigger penis contest and get on with their business.
"Under the terms, Democrats would agree to oppose any attempt to filibuster β and thus block final votes β on the confirmation of Priscilla Owen, Janice Rogers Brown and William Pryor. There is "no commitment to vote for or against" the filibuster against two other conservative nominees, Henry Saad and William Myers."
I assume the two gentlemen from Michigan (not sure about the state) would get an up or down vote too, thus letting Saad and Myers nominations as the only ones effectively blocked.
Also involved in this are Sens. Lindsey Graham (R-SC) and Joe Lieberman (D-CT).
I congratulate these 14 Senators on averting what would have been a very nasty situation.
I have found myself very dissapointed with Minority Leader Reid (D-NV), who I thought would be a centrist willing to comprimise but has turned out as rabid and unreasonable are Nancy Pelosi and her bretheren.
Senator Reid was quoted as saying this: "We have sent President George Bush, Vice President Dick Cheney and the radical right of the Republican party an undeniable message....the abuse of power will not be tolerated."
I have a number of questions for the Senator.
Who the hell is "we"? You weren't involved in this.
What the hell kind of message does a compromise send?
Why is your party acting as though it won this fight? No one won, it was a compromise. You're giving us the floor votes we asked for!
Quoting ANCFlyer (Thread starter):Hopefully these "gentlemen" will get this over and done, and quit this elementary school bigger penis contest and get on with their business.
Quoting Dingy Harry Reid "We have sent President George Bush, Vice President Dick Cheney and the radical right of the Republican party an undeniable message....the abuse of power will not be tolerated."
Quoting L.1011 (Reply 3):Senator Reid was quoted as saying this: "We have sent President George Bush, Vice President Dick Cheney and the radical right of the Republican party an undeniable message....the abuse of power will not be tolerated."
He's an idiot. Moderate democrats had to do his job and now he is trying to score some cheap political points.
B757300, if you can't see that these "RINO's" as you call them-who are, in fact, more the real Republican than you or your right wing extremists friends-may have just saved 7 to 8 of those 10 nominations for the President. It was their common sense-which the extremes of either party seem to lack-that led to this compromise, and will keep the Senate from becoming so polarized that it might never get fixed.
What we need is MORE, not LESS, of these so-called RINO's in the Senate and in the GOP, who aren't so beholden to extremist views, and treating the minority as a slave.
Congrats to these 14 Senators, from both parties, who had enough fortitude and common sense to overide the confrontationalists of both sides.
At some point the Senators have to figure out how to move the business of the American people forward....
calling them RINOs and the dems whatever their hardliners call their moderates will accomplish nothing but piss everyone off and create more hard feelings.
I'd call getting the 7 or so nominations to the up or down vote a definite improvement over the situation this morning.
They were headed for idiocy and this headed that off.
I still blame the Democrats for the problem there. The abuse of the filibuster action in the truly unprecedented way, and I'm talking the systematic effort....not isolated incidents over a hundred year period.....caused this situation. It has been an effort to embarrass the president, and is sure to cause major problems down the road.
Quoting DL021 (Reply 8):I still blame the Democrats for the problem there. The abuse of the filibuster action in the truly unprecedented way, and I'm talking the systematic effort....not isolated incidents over a hundred year period.....caused this situation. It has been an effort to embarrass the president, and is sure to cause major problems down the road.
There's where we differ. I blame the GOP and Bush, for their thirst for absolute, uncontrolled power in dominating this government, and their disregard for the minority. It's easy to see that in the fact that Bush as put forth very far right-wing nominees for these posts, because he feels his party can simply dismiss Democratic opposition. Well, he found out otherwise, didn't he?
Quoting DL021 (Reply 8): still blame the Democrats for the problem there. The
Quoting Falcon84 (Reply 9):There's where we differ. I blame the GOP and Bush, for their thirst for absolute, uncontrolled power in dominating this government
I agree/disagree with both of you, my esteemed friends . . . I blame both sides of the aisle - and not just the members in recent history . . . but for the last decade or so . . . more so in very recent history and definitely during this judicial nomination/confirmation debacle.
I am totally frustrated with the partisan politics in DC. The country is not moving forward on issues that are of equal or greater importance than these judicial posting because damn near every politician in DC is trying to show who has the bigger muscle! It's almost to ridiculous proportions my friends. Our own Senator Lisa Murkowski (R-AK) returned to DC today, and has yet to make comment on where she stands . . . .not so amazing given she's a junior senator and not worth a shit from the get go; couldn't find her ass with both hands and a squad of Cav Scouts. Our other Senator, Mr. Ted Stevens (R-AK) has stated his position - pretty moderate one - but has continued to tow the party line . . . . very disappointing.
Falcon, DL021 . . . both parties are to blame here gents. Both parties tried to trump the other. Both parties tried to out-politic and out-maneuver the other, at the expense of their constituency. It's a shame. It's preposterous that our government has become so petty in this vein.
I'm glad the 14 or so Senators were able to get the job done. But I'll make this wager - I bet I can name names of the Senators that were NOT involved in this negotiation . . . and the names would come from both sides of the aisle. They will be the usual crowd of Extremist Partisan Politicians that hold the Senate and thus the country's momentum virtually hostage playing their childish games.
Ok, correct me if I'm wrong, but isn't this exactly what the Republicans wanted in the first place?
Unless I understood it, the deal basically said "If you don't use the fillibuster, we won't get rid of it." Now Owens gets her vote, which she will clearly win. Democrats aren't allowed to use the fillibuster against future judges or supreme court nominees, and if they do then Frist will call a vote to eliminate the fillibuster. This was the deal. This is downright scary!
Am I missing something here? The Republicans have basically eliminated the fillibuster and gotten their judge through.
The fillibuter is still a go . . . in an Extreme Circumstance . . . . I believe that's how it was worded . . .
And the "nuclear option" is no longer on the table . . . so the way I see it both sides "won" if you can call the outcome of this "biggest penis" contest a victory . . .
The country can move forward - I hope. The nominees get the vote in the Senate. The Fillibuster is safe for the moment - as it should be - and a bunch of senators, Frist, Kennedy and others look like asses (still) and some look like heroes - McCain and Lieberman et al.
The whole situation Tbar is bullshit. As I mentioned in my post to Falcon and DL021 above - so much time spent on this rather than equally as important issues. I mean, damn, we have a budget to pass, a war in progress on two fronts, airlines tanking, gas prices in orbit . . . and these "gentlemen" (and ladies) are going to guns over some judges! Give me a break . . . . .
Now, I'll be the first to acknowledge we will be picking a Chief Justice within the next 2-3 years . . . now, that is a time when a fillibuster and all of this politicing would be necessary . . . it will be interesting to see how that pans out. I have to think, behind the closed doors, everyone acknowledged that one must pick their battles . . . and this shouldn't be one of them . . . .wait until we have a really big fight to handle - the Chief Justice will be that fight . . . .
I disagree, the only fights will be when a liberal justice steps down. The democrats know that replacing a conservative with a conservative is a zero sum game. They're going to save their bullets for a fight when it really matter - that is, when a justice that can shift the court's position on controversial issues steps down.
I'll even come out right now and predict that the justices may pair up and resign together or in close proximity - one lib / one conservative. That will allow the President to appoint two justices and not tip the scales.
As for the Chief stepping down in 2 - 3 years that's crazy. The chief has 2 or 3 months left. I'm 99% certain that the Chief won't be their come the first Monday in October 2005.
Quoting Pope (Reply 14):I disagree, the only fights will be when a liberal justice steps down.
Wrong. IF Bush tries to put Scalia as CJ, there'll be a fight, big-time. "Liberals" were willing to go along with his choice as a member of the court-the vote was 100-0 for his confirmation, but I think, now seeing how really far out the guy is as a Justice, the democrats will rightly try to fight his nomination to the head of the court. He's a lunatic of the first degree, and has no business being CJ.
Quoting Pope (Reply 14):I'll even come out right now and predict that the justices may pair up and resign together or in close proximity - one lib / one conservative. That will allow the President to appoint two justices and not tip the scales.
Are you saying Bush would nominate one judge who is conservative and one who is liberal, to balance the scales? ROTFL! Dream on, man! This man and his minions in Congress want to pack the court with ideological Republican judges, nothing else! He wants to end the political neutrality of the court and make it another rubber stamp for ultra-conservatism.
I find it ironic that you are calling anyone naive give your past history of predictions on this forum. Your poor record of predicting anything political even caused you to abandon your previous username to escape the laughable record that it contained.
Quoting Falcon84 (Reply 15):He's a lunatic of the first degree, and has no business being CJ.
I challange you to pick any of his opinions and debate the Constitutional argument he makes. Again it is easy to call a man a lunatic but then refuse to provide specific details of what creates his lunacy. I bet you haven't read a single one of his decisions that you could debate intelligently. Instead, in typical liberal fashion, you disagree with his position on the matter and therefore try to marginalize the man. Put up or shut up.
What you don't appreciate is that the job of a US Supreme Court Justice is to determine the Constitutionality of a piece of legislation with respect to our Constitution - not with respect to a desired policy outcome (or the rule of law in South Africa as other justices have started to cite in recent decision).
In typical liberal fashion you support a court that creates law to achieve your policy goals because the American electorate has repeatedly refused to support your agenda. It's been 10 years now that the GOP has been kicking democratic ass across the board in elections.
So please Alphafalcon, please list one opinion written by Justice Scalia and let's debate it. If you can't I think it will be clear to all who is the lunatic who so obsesses with the electoral successes of right that it consumes his existence.
What are you going to say on Jan 20, 2009 - Jan 21, 2013 can't come fast enough? Are you going to have to change your username a third time to escape what you've written. Please, please, please let's debate the facts, because Scalia's opinions are brilliant and your track record speaks for itself.
"In light of the spirit and continuing commitments made in this agreement," Republicans said they would oppose any attempt to make changes in the application of filibuster rules β a pledge that Sen. Mike DeWine (search), R-Ohio said at the news conference was conditional on Democrats upholding their end of the deal.http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,157431,00.html
CliffsNotes:
Democrats: We'll give you Owen, Brown, and Pryor if you don't take away our right to fillibuster, and we won't use it on future nominees except in extraordinary circumstances.
Republicans: We promise not to execute the Option as long as you don't fillibuster our future nominees under the "extraordinary circumstances" cloak.
I am going to have to agree with Tbar here. This seems like more of a win for the Republicans than the Democrats, because the Deal essentially gives the Republicans their judges that are currently on the table AND the option of the Option down the road.
"About the only way to look at it, just a pity you are not POTUS KFLLCFII, seems as if we would all be better off."
Quoting Pope (Reply 16):I find it ironic that you are calling anyone naive give your past history of predictions on this forum. Your poor record of predicting anything political even caused you to abandon your previous username to escape the laughable record that it contained.
ROTFL. What does that have to do with anything. If YOU honestly think Bush is going to nominate a moderate or a liberal to join The Supremes, you're just nuts. He won't. He's the last person who would nomiante somene who doesn't agree with his narrow, limited view of law, Pope!
He will nominate just what he's nominated now-right wing judges, who would rubber stamp anything a conservative does, and would block anything anyone less conservative would do. He is NOT going to "balance" the court by nominating a liberal judge. He may not nominate an ultra-conservative, like Prisclla Owen, but he certainly won't nominate anyone who is pro-abortion, pro-workers' rights, etc.
No, because I cannot conceive of anyone being a worse president than the one we currently have, so I'll stand by it. And what the hell is it to you anyway? You don't like it, Pope, you can lump it on your ultra-conservative head.
And in typical Alphafalcon fashion he refused to rise to the challange. Come on man if Scalia is such a lunatic you should be able to find just one opinion that you believe you could use to show this lunacy.
My assumption that you've never read a single opinion seems to be right on target.
Pope, I'm flattered by the attention you give me, friend. I've told you what I think of Scalia, Pope. He's anti-worker, he's anti-choice. He is in my mind out of the mainstream of this country-just like you are. I'll hold my opinion, friend, and I have NOTHING to prove to a nutcase like yourself.
So, you can keep up your obsession with me, or accept what I have said. Agian, if you don't like what I've said, that's too bad, Pope. I'm not wasting any further time on a fantast of the right like yourself. You are not worth it.
Just one opinion Alphafalcon. Put up or shut up. You keep ducking the challange. You called Scalia a lunatic - but can't seem to cite a single opinion that you believe is wrong.
It's easy to make ridiculous unsubstantiated statements when nobody calls you to the mat. It's much harder to make those statements when you've got to prove them.
Come on, it shouldn't be that hard to find a single opinion written by the "lunatic" in over 20 years on the bench. I've bet you've never read a single opinion.
You are just a lemming following the other liberal lemmings off the cliff. Try thinking for yourself instead of mindlessly repeating the talking points of your fellow libs. Look up the opinions. Research them. Think about whether or not the arguments are justified. Then form a conclusion. | tomekkorbak/pile-curse-small | Pile-CC |
Use a spoon to mush the contents of the palette into a powder and then add rubbing alcohol, stirring to create a thick paste. Let it sit overnight, allowing the alcohol to evaporate and leaving the powder solid and whole again.
Tip: The higher alcohol content, the faster it will evaporate and harden. 70% or 90% is ideal. | tomekkorbak/pile-curse-small | OpenWebText2 |
Friday, April 3, 2009
Virgina Postrel argues in "Macroegonomics" that the relative, economic stability American's have enjoyed from the mid-80's to last year, "emerged not from deliberate government policy but from changes in business practices that occurred for competitive reasons having nothing to do with macroeconomic goals" (April Atlantic). Although the Fed would credit innovative policy, Postrel asserts that the Great Moderation, or the relative stability of business cycle fluctuations and GDP since 1983, was caused not by fiscal policy, but by the increased efficiency of manufacturing operations. Furthermore, she argues, the current economic recession caused by the collapse of the housing market is due to the bloated ego of policy makers. "And in trying to achieve the dream of permanent stabilization," she writes, "overly ambitious macroeconomists instituted policies that once again led to unintended consequences—not inflation this time, but a real-estate bubble." While Postrel suggests that the solution for the current crisis is a restructuring and recapitalization of banks, I find a broader significance about her argument—that economic instability is natural to the economic system, and that this cannot be controlled. So, while everyone else diddles with macroeconomic policy, consider these fluctuations while holding different expectations for how markets should behave. While it is nice to have a stable economy, a dependable job, and affordable goods and services, we cannot view the Great Moderation as the economic status-quo (despite how uncomfortable our tighter budgets make us), and cannot let "crisis" make toadies of us all. If the brand is crisis, then we are all subject to the "Recession Mazda Event! Get your Crisis Car, Today!"
Thomas Pynchon asserts in the novel, Gravity's Rainbow:
A market needed no longer be run by the Invisible Hand, but now could create itself—its own logic, momentum, style, from inside. Putting the control inside was ratifying what de facto had happened—that you had dispersed with God. But you had taken on a greater, and more harmful, illusion. The illusion of control.
Not just an accurate description for the birth of the securities nightmare, Pynchon reminds us that, like many things, attempting to control the market is to commit hubris. The self-directed V-2 rocket figured in the novel is an apt metaphor for the market: created by us and completely out of our control. "Gravity's rainbow," the arc made in the sky as this rocket inevitably falls.
The relationship suggested between war and the market continues to be historically relevant. Pynchon argues that war is continuous, and that the concept of "peace" is an illusion, created by the Theatre of War—with its death, bombs, destruction, and fear-inducing nature; we are properly distracted by a distinction between war and peace. The mundane and banal ways in which wars are waged are then properly disguised. The theatre that is the global marketplace is the natural counterpart to war, where the military-industrial complex continues into the 21st century, just with a face-lift. Technology goes on, transactions continue."Don't forget the real business of War is buying and selling. The murdering and the violence are self-policing, and can be entrusted to non-professionals," Pynchon writes, "The mass nature of wartime death is useful in many ways. It serves as spectacle, as diversion from the real movements of the War…The true war is a celebration of markets."
The good news is that when the rocket explodes—when the power structures implode—opportunity arises in the vacuum. In response to the dismantling of corporate power networks, a space is created for a moment where no one is in control of the economic system. Pynchon used the Zone (a war torn area in Germany) to show how potential rises from the muck of annihilation. The Ahab complexes of the men in power, whose irrational pursuits in the market of war, ironically, created the chance for a more rational, connected, and free populous to form. War creates the potential, the chance, and the open space for new approaches, for new ways of experiencing our humanity and our place in it. That's what the Zone can be. But, we shouldn't forget in the meantime that market warfare continues, and that most of us have, as Roger Mexico regards, "no place in the rationalized power-ritual that will be the coming peace." Slothrop (the main character) takes on the identity of Ian Scuffling, "war (peace?) correspondent" to investigate his ties to the rocket. Through transaction records between a scientist, and one Lyle Bland (a name banal enough to suggest a contemporary evil), and the Stinnes Operation, he uncovers the industrial, military, and financial hydra grown out of the opportunities of war. Pynchon depicts a Rockefeller-like, plugged in and powerful, Hugo Stinnes, who created horizontal and vertical "super-cartels," crossing energy with manufacturing sectors, and markets with media, during the World War:
[And in the] meantime also speculating in currency, buying foreign money with marks borrowed from the Reichsbank, driving the mark down and then paying off the loans at a fraction of the original figure. More than any one financier he was blamed for the Inflation. Those were the days when you carried marks around in wheelbarrows to your daily shopping and used them for toilet paper, assuming you had anything to shit. Stinnes's foreign connections went all over the world—Brazil, the East Indies, the United States—businessmen like Lyle Bland found this growth rate irresistible. The theory going around at the time was that Stinnes was conspiring with Krupp, Thyssen, and others to ruin the mark and so get Germany out of paying her war debts.
Here, with slight dismay, I have to raise the question: Has the Theatre of War distracted us from the Theatre of the Market—the men behind the curtain, in the Wall Street War Room, who still find the "growth rate irresistible"? When will we stop expecting the market rocket to keep climbing?
Now, the imbalances that caused this crisis built up over a long period of time, and they will take a long time to work through. The absence of a serious recession over the past two decades bred a degree of confidence in the future and a stable future that was just fundamentally unjustified.
Relatively accommodative monetary policy and high foreign demand for U.S financial assets pushed down rates, encouraged borrowing, pushed up asset prices, not just in housing and not just in the United States. Financial innovation produced products whose complexity escaped, went well beyond the capacity of the checks and balances in the system. Compensation practices overwhelmed the basic disciplines of risk management, leaving our financial system too fragile and too unstable.
While I agree that confidence in a stable future was unjustified, I would like to know exactly if the War on Terror caused the high demand for U.S assets, who wished to push down the rates, and who stands to gain from our cheap dollars, growing cheaper by the minute. Perhaps dollars taste good when boiled with cabbage and lentils.
Nevertheless, the globe is an open zone, now. Jonathan Schwarz, in response, writes:
There's been a common phenomenon in the third world over the past three decades or so. A country's financial sector, in collaboration with the larger financial world, would create some type of gigantic economic fuck up. The IMF would then (in collaboration with the local financial elites) step in and provide loans in return for what was called "structural adjustment." Structural adjustment involved getting rid of any kind of social spending that made life bearable for everyone else.
In other words, the country's financial elites would use the catastrophes they'd created themselves in order to do what they'd always wanted to but couldn't get away with in normal times. They took the profit, and then imposed all the costs on everyone else.
The transnational economic structures developed during war pertain afterwards. Structures, such as the IMF, and World Bank, that developed to alleviate European debt after WWII, will continue to regulate the economies of indebted countries, thereby pushing the burden onto the already impoverished people (whose welfare and imperial treatment is another concern of Pynchon's). As some have suggested, America is subject to the same monetary trickery as third-world countries are, subject to the same lurches and pulls by the powerful few.As economists puddle over policy and energizing the banks, as Virginia Postrel and others debate over bank restructuring and capitalization, I leave you with Pynchon's take, as communicated safely from the other-side through a medium:
All talk of cause and effect is secular history, and secular history is a diversionary tactic. Useful to you, gentlemen, but no longer so to us here. If you want the truth—I know I presume—you must look into the technology of these matters. Even into the hearts of certain molecules—it is they that dictate temperatures, pressures, rates of flow, costs, profits, the shapes of towers…
You must ask two questions. First, what is the real nature of synthesis? And then: what is the real nature of control? | tomekkorbak/pile-curse-small | Pile-CC |
National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences (NCATS)
Mission
NCATS' mission is to catalyze the generation of innovative methods and technologies that will enhance the development, testing and implementation of diagnostics and therapeutics across a wide range of human diseases and conditions.
NCATS is all about getting more treatments to more patients more quickly by developing new technologies and operational models to accelerate translation; demonstrating their usefulness in specific applications; and disseminating the approaches, data and methodologies to the broader scientific community.
Rather than targeting a particular disease or fundamental science, NCATS focuses on what is common across diseases and the translational process. The Center collaborates with other government agencies, including other NIH ICs; industry; academia; and patient advocacy groups.
Important Events in NCATS History
December 2011 — NCATS was established on Dec. 23 as part of the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2012 (P.L. 112-74), which amended the Public Health Service Act.
May 2012 — NCATS and Eli Lilly and Company jointly released an online Assay Guidance Manual. The manual provides researchers with step-by-step guidance through the complex process of turning a basic research finding into an assay that will start the process of discovering pharmacological tools and drugs.
July 2012 — A research collaboration including scientists from NCATS and the University of Wisconsin–Madison helped identify three promising molecular compounds from a collection of approved drugs to pursue as potential treatments for Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease, a genetic neurological disease for which no treatments currently exist.
July 2012 — NIH awarded 17 grants for projects designed to create 3-D chips with living cells and tissues that accurately model the structure and function of human organs, such as the lung, liver and heart. These awards are funded and administered by NCATS. In September 2012, NIH awarded two additional tissue chip grants, administered by NCATS but funded by other NIH ICs.
August 2012 — A team that includes nine NCATS researchers identified compounds that delay tumor formation in mice. The compounds target a specific form of pyruvate kinase, called PKM2, that governs how cancer cells use glucose.
August 2012 — A collaborative research team, including nine experts from NCATS, was honored for its work on an investigational treatment for Niemann-Pick disease type C1, a rare genetic disease of cholesterol storage that eventually leads to neurodegeneration. View Image.
August 2012 — NCATS announced the members of its inaugural Advisory Council and Cures Acceleration Network Review Board.
September 2012 — NIH researchers, including those from NCATS, launched a clinical trial to evaluate the drug candidate DEX-M74 as a treatment for a rare degenerative muscle disease, hereditary inclusion body myopathy (HIBM).
October 2012 — Researchers from NCATS designed a novel drug discovery method that uses two co-expressed reporter genes rather than one to increase the odds of identifying candidate compounds with true activity against biological or disease targets.
November 2012 — NCATS reported that researchers from 13 universities and hospitals, including 10 CTSA Program institutions, partnered with the Cystic Fibrosis Foundation and the drug manufacturer Vertex Pharmaceuticals to conduct clinical trials and obtain Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval for the drug Kalydeco as a new treatment. View Image.
December 2012 — The NIH Bridging Interventional Development Gaps (BrIDGs) program, administered by NCATS, announced new projects to develop potential treatments for cancers, spinal cord injury and a rare disease.
February 2013 — A team of scientists from NCATS’ Division of Pre-Clinical Innovation and the Laboratory of Viral Diseases at the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases developed a drug that blocks early-stage herpes simplex virus infections in cultured cells and prevents reactivation of latent virus in mice. The study was published in the Jan. 9, 2013, issue of Science Translational Medicine.
March 2013 — To investigate new ways to treat glaucoma, NCATS partnered with the Johns Hopkins School of Medicine in Baltimore. Led by Don Zack, M.D., Ph.D., a glaucoma specialist and molecular biologist at Hopkins’ Wilmer Eye Institute, the Hopkins team brought extensive knowledge and robust animal models of retinal degenerative diseases. Zack and his team identified several compounds that appeared to stop the death of retinal ganglion cells, the neurons in the back of the eye that, when damaged in glaucoma, lead to vision loss and blindness.
April 2013 — M. Janis Mullaney, M.B.A., officially joined the NCATS team as the associate director for administration.
May 2013 — NCATS published a Federal Register Notice on proposed methods for avoiding duplication, redundancy and competition with industry activities.
August 2013 — NIH announced Extracellular RNA Communications awards designed to improve scientists’ understanding of a newly discovered type of cell-to-cell communication based on extracellular (outside-the-cell) RNA, also called exRNA. View Image.
November 2013 — Scientists at NIH used RNA interference (RNAi) technology to reveal dozens of genes that may represent new therapeutic targets for treating Parkinson’s disease. The findings also may be relevant to several diseases caused by damage to mitochondria. Richard Youle, Ph.D., an investigator at the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke and a leader of the study, collaborated with NCATS researchers to discover a network of genes that may regulate the disposal of dysfunctional mitochondria, opening the door to new drug targets for Parkinson’s disease and other disorders. View Image.
December 2013 — NIH launched three pre-clinical projects to advance potential new treatments for acute radiation syndrome, brain injury following cardiac arrest and a rare blood disorder called beta thalassemia. The projects are part of NCATS’ BrIDGs program, funded by the NIH Common Fund.
February 2014 — NCATS and the NIH Clinical Center hosted Rare Disease Day to spotlight the challenges encountered by those affected and the significant research and collaboration activities that are helping to make a difference in the development of new diagnostics and treatments.
June 2014 — NIH and NSF collaborated on an I-Corps pilot program to train business-minded biotech researchers. NCATS, the National Cancer Institute, the National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, and the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke participated in the program.
July 2014 — The Michael J. Fox Foundation funded a research project that showcases how NCATS' chemical screening resources can advance development of potential therapeutics for a broad range of diseases.
August 2014 — NCATS and National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI) scientists developed a potential treatment for patients with Gaucher disease, a rare, inherited condition marked by enlargement of the liver and spleen, anemia, nose bleeds, easy bruising and bleeding, bone problems, and occasionally neurological problems.
September 2014 — NIH funded the next phase of the Tissue Chip for Drug Screening program to integrate tissue chips and test drug effects.
October 2014 — NIH awarded $29 million to expand the Rare Diseases Clinical Research Network to study more than 200 rare diseases.
October 2014 — NCATS announced new research projects to improve treatments for rare blood disorders and infectious diseases. The research, supported through the Center's TRND program, also is designed to provide insights that will broadly improve and accelerate the translational science process.
October 2014 — NIH announced three five-year grants for frontotemporal degeneration research. The projects are being funded by NCATS, the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, and the National Institute on Aging.
November 2014 — NCATS experts, academic researchers, a patient advocacy group and a pharmaceutical company collaborated to identify a potential drug target for an inherited neurological disorder called Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease.
January 2015 — NCATS and the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development entered into an agreement with biotechnology company Vtesse, Inc., to develop treatments for Niemann-Pick disease type C (NPC) and other lysosomal storage disorders. View Image.
January 2015 — NCATS announced the winners of the Toxicology in the 21st Century (Tox21) Data Challenge 2014, a crowdsourcing competition that attracted contestants from 18 countries to design computational models to better predict chemical toxicity.
February 2015 — Extracellular RNA Communication program-supported researchers found that saliva contains many of the same molecules found in blood. The researchers are using these findings to develop a new, noninvasive diagnostic test for stomach cancer. The ExRNA Communications program is supported through the NIH Common Fund.
February 2015 — NCATS and the NIH Clinical Center hosted Rare Disease Day at NIH to raise awareness about these diseases, the challenges that patients face, and the importance of research collaborations.
August 2015 — The White House announced that NIH is expanding its Innovation Corps (I-Corps™) training program to accelerate the commercialization of biomedical technologies developed with federal Small Business Innovation Research (SBIR) and Small Business Technology Transfer (STTR) funding. As part of the expansion, the National Science Foundation's I-Corps "train-the-trainer" program will be offered to up to 10 institutions supported through NCATS' Clinical and Translational Science Awards Program.
August 2015 — Supported by NCATS’ Tissue Chip for Drug Screening program, a team of scientists from Northwestern University, Charles Stark Draper Laboratory and the University of Illinois at Chicago (UIC) designed a miniaturized 3-D representation of the female reproductive tract and liver – called EVATAR™ – on a handheld, interconnected platform for use in drug testing and to study the basic biology of female reproduction.
September 2015 — NCATS announced it would spearhead the second phase of several NIH ExRNA Communication program projects to test and validate exRNA molecules for their potential as disease biomarkers and treatments. The ExRNA Communications program is supported through the NIH Common Fund.
October 2015 — Anna L. Ramsey-Ewing, Ph.D., joined NCATS as director of the Office of Grants Management and Scientific Review.
October 2015 — NCATS announced that it is accepting proposals on a rolling basis to collaborate with Bridging Interventional Development Gaps (BrIDGs) and Therapeutics for Rare and Neglected Diseases (TRND) program scientists.
NCATS Legislative Chronology
December 23, 2011 — President Obama signed into law the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2012 (P.L. 112-74), enabling NIH to establish NCATS. This law also transferred authority over the Cures Acceleration Network (CAN) to NCATS. Authorized to reduce significant barriers to successful translation and accelerate the development of high-need cures, the CAN provides NCATS with flexibility in how it funds projects. Implementation of this authority is guided by the CAN Review Board.
Biographical Sketch of NCATS Director Christopher P. Austin, M.D.
On September 14, 2012, NIH Director Francis S. Collins announced the appointment of Christopher P. Austin, M.D., as director of the National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences. Austin succeeded former acting director of NCATS and current director of the National Institute of Mental Health Thomas R. Insel, M.D., on September 23, 2012.Bill Branson
Christopher P. Austin, M.D., is director of the National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences (NCATS) at the National Institutes of Health (NIH). Austin leads the Center’s work to improve the translation of observations in the laboratory, clinic and community into interventions that reach and benefit patients — from diagnostics and therapeutics to medical procedures and behavioral changes. Under his direction, NCATS researchers and collaborators are developing new technologies, resources and collaborative research models; demonstrating their usefulness; and disseminating the data, analysis and methodologies for use by the worldwide research community.
Austin’s career has spanned the spectrum of translational research in the public and private sectors. He joined NIH in 2002 as the senior advisor to the director for translational research at the National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI), where he was responsible for conceptualizing and implementing research programs to derive scientific insights and therapeutic benefits from the results of the newly completed Human Genome Project. While at NHGRI, Austin founded and directed the NIH Chemical Genomics Center (now the NCATS Chemical Genomics Center), Therapeutics for Rare and Neglected Diseases program, Toxicology in the 21st Century initiative, and NIH Center for Translational Therapeutics. When NCATS launched in late 2011, Austin became the inaugural director of the Center’s Division of Pre-Clinical Innovation, and then was appointed as the NCATS director in 2012. Before joining NIH, Austin worked at the pharmaceutical company Merck, where he directed programs on genome-based discovery of novel targets and drugs, with a particular focus on treatments for schizophrenia and Alzheimer’s disease.
Austin is trained as a clinician and geneticist, and he is a member of the National Academy of Medicine, formerly the Institute of Medicine. He earned an M.D. from Harvard Medical School and an A.B. summa cum laude in biology from Princeton University. He completed a research fellowship in developmental neurogenetics at Harvard, studying genetic and environmental influences on stem cell fate determination. Austin also trained in internal medicine and neurology at the Massachusetts General Hospital in Boston, after which he practiced medicine in academic and community hospitals, providing primary care in urban settings and in rural Alaska and Africa.
NCATS Directors
Name
In Office from
To
Thomas R. Insel (Acting)
December 23, 2011
September 22, 2012
Christopher P. Austin
September 23, 2012
Present
Major Programs
Assay Development and Screening Technology (ADST) program. ADST is designed to advance therapeutic development through research and development of innovative assay (test) designs and chemical library screening methods. Program experts work to optimize assays requested or submitted by the biomedical research community for high-throughput small-molecule screening.
Bridging Interventional Development Gaps (BrIDGs) program. BrIDGs supports research collaborations to advance candidate therapeutics for both common and rare diseases into clinical testing. Investigators selected through an application process partner with NCATS experts to generate pre-clinical data and clinical-grade material through government contracts for use in Investigational New Drug applications to a regulatory authority such as the Food and Drug Administration.
Chemistry Technology program. Chemistry technology experts at NCATS develop small molecules and screening approaches that other scientists can use to pursue innovations in therapeutic development. The aim is to provide cutting-edge resources for drug development that benefit all NCATS scientists and their many research partners.
Clinical and Translational Science Awards (CTSA) Program. The CTSA Program supports an innovative national network of medical research institutions to improve the clinical phases of translational research process, from the first time a new intervention is tested in humans to dissemination into medical practice in communities. CTSA Program research centers serve as hubs locally and regionally to catalyze innovation in clinical research and training. Program support enables researchers to share best practices and build an increasingly robust national capacity for rapid and effective translation of newly developed interventions into improved health outcomes.
Discovering New Therapeutic Uses for Existing Molecules (New Therapeutic Uses) program. Through this innovative program, NCATS aims to improve the process of developing new treatments and cures for disease by finding new uses for assets that already have cleared several key steps along the development path (also known as drug repurposing). Using a crowdsourcing approach, NCATS matches researchers with a selection of pharmaceutical industry assets to rapidly test new ideas for existing investigational compounds, with the ultimate goal of identifying promising new treatments for patients.
Extracellular RNA (exRNA) Communication program. Through this NIH Common Fund program, scientists are beginning to understand the potential exRNA research may hold for improving understanding, diagnosis, prognosis and treatment of a wide variety of diseases and conditions, such as cancer, bone marrow disorders, heart disease, Alzheimer’s disease and multiple sclerosis. ExRNA communication is a recently discovered cell-to-cell signaling process that holds enormous promise for improving our understanding of a wide variety of diseases.
Genetic and Rare Disease Information Center (GARD). This NCATS collaboration with the National Human Genome Research Institute offers comprehensive information on rare and genetic diseases to patients, their families, health care providers and the public. The online GARD database provides accurate, up-to-date information about ongoing research, symptoms, treatment options and other details.
Matrix Combination Screening. NCATS experts use a technology called matrix combination screening to quickly narrow down a long list of potential drug combinations and find those with the most potential to help patients. The matrix screening approach uses NCATS’ robotic, high-throughput screening platform to quickly conduct millions of tests to assess the effects of a combination of therapeutic compounds on cellular, molecular or biochemical processes that are relevant to a disease of interest.
NCATS Chemical Genomics Center (NCGC). NCGC researchers advance small molecule therapeutic development through assay (test) design, high-throughput screening and medicinal chemistry. Small molecule chemical compounds, which can be used to test or “probe” the effects of increasing or decreasing the activity of a biological target in cells or animals, are some of the most powerful tools for target validation, which is the process of demonstrating that engaging a target provides meaningful therapeutic benefit. Probes enable researchers to investigate protein, cell functions and biological processes. If appropriate, probes can be optimized to become potential drug candidates.
Pfizer’s Centers for Therapeutic Innovation (CTI) for NIH Researchers. This innovative collaboration is led by NCATS and designed to help bridge the gap between early scientific discovery and its translation into new medicines through public-private resource sharing. Pfizer’s CTI program pairs leading researchers with Pfizer resources to pursue scientific and medical advances through joint therapeutic development.
Rare Diseases Clinical Research Network (RDCRN). NCATS’ RDCRN program is designed to advance medical research on rare diseases by providing support for clinical studies and facilitating collaboration, study enrollment and data sharing. Through the RDCRN consortia, physician scientists and their multidisciplinary teams work together with patient advocacy groups to study more than 200 rare diseases at sites across the nation.
RNA interference (RNAi). NCATS’ RNAi program is designed to develop and improve RNAi screening approaches to better understand gene function and identify treatment targets. Gene silencing through RNAi has emerged as a powerful tool for understanding gene function. Over the past several years, high-throughput RNAi screens have illuminated a wide variety of biological processes, ranging from genes that affect the activity of therapeutic agents to novel components of signaling pathways.
Small Business Innovation Research (SBIR) and Small Business Technology Transfer (STTR). These programs support NCATS’ mission to transform the translational science process by helping small businesses develop and commercialize new technologies so that new treatments and cures for disease can be delivered to patients more efficiently. They serve as an engine of innovation, offering grants, contracts and technical assistance to small businesses and research organizations focused on advancing translational research and technologies that will improve disease prevention, detection and treatment.
Stem Cell Translation Laboratory (SCTL). NCATS is working to advance translational methods in stem cell research with support from the NIH Common Fund. Induced pluripotent stem cells are particularly useful because scientists can transform them into many different cell types to use for research or therapies. Through the SCTL, NCATS will provide researchers across various disciplines and organizations with the ability to establish collaborations to advance the translation of regenerative medicine applications.
Therapeutics for Rare and Neglected Diseases (TRND) program. Through the TRND program, NCATS supports pre-clinical development of therapeutic candidates intended to treat rare or neglected disorders, with the goal of enabling an Investigational New Drug application. The mission of the program is to encourage and speed the development of new treatments for diseases with high unmet medical needs. TRND stimulates therapeutic development research collaborations among NIH and academic scientists, nonprofit organizations, and pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies working on rare and neglected illnesses.
Tissue Chip for Drug Screening (Tissue Chip) program. This NCATS collaboration with the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency and FDA supports the development of bioengineered devices to improve the process of predicting whether drugs will be safe or toxic in humans. The focus is on 3-D platforms engineered to support living human tissues and cells, called tissue chips or organs-on-chips. Tissue chip devices are designed as accurate models of the structure and function of human organs, such as the lung, liver and heart. Once developed and integrated, researchers can use these models to predict whether a candidate drug, vaccine or biologic agent is safe or toxic in humans in a faster and more cost-effective way than current methods.
Toxicology in the 21st Century (Tox21) program. Tox21 is a federal collaborative effort among NIH — including NCATS and the National Toxicology Program at the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences — the Environmental Protection Agency and the FDA. Tox21 researchers aim to develop better toxicity assessment methods to quickly and efficiently test whether certain chemical compounds have the potential to disrupt processes in the human body that may lead to negative health effects. Through Tox21, researchers are testing 10,000 drugs and environmental chemicals for their potential to affect molecules and cells in ways that can cause health problems. The compounds undergo testing in NCATS’ high-speed robotic screening system. | tomekkorbak/pile-curse-small | Pile-CC |
Yannick Nézet-Séguin says succeeding James Levine as Met’s music director ‘a dream come true’. He will start with opera house at same time HKPhil’s Jaap van Zweden begins work as New York Philharmonic music director | tomekkorbak/pile-curse-small | Pile-CC |
Berlin (CNN) -- WikiLeaks editor Julian Assange went from being "imaginative, energetic (and) brilliant" to a "paranoid, power-hungry, megalomaniac," a former colleague charges in a new book out Thursday.
Assange also has "a very free and easy relationship with the truth," Daniel Domscheit-Berg claims in the book, "Inside WikiLeaks."
WikiLeaks also lost key software that lets users submit documents anonymously when Domscheit-Berg and another colleague left, he says.
WikiLeaks blasted the defector in a statement shortly before the book launch.
Domscheit-Berg "damaged" WikiLeaks infrastructure and "stole material," WikiLeaks said Wednesday, and the website said it is taking legal action against him-- though Domscheit-Berg denied that.
WikiLeaks, which publishes secret documents, downplayed the defector's role in the organization, saying he was "a spokesperson for WikiLeaks in Germany at various times."
It denied he was ever a "programmer, computer scientist, security expert, architect, editor, founder (or) director" of WikiLeaks.
"Domscheit-Berg's roles within WikiLeaks were limited and started to diminish almost a year ago as his integrity and stability were questioned," the website said.
Domscheit-Berg rejected that claim in a press conference Thursday, calling himself "the only person who was intensively involved in this organization for such a long time."
Last September, Domscheit-Berg left WikiLeaks, citing shortcomings and clashes with Assange. He and other former WikiLeaks employees have now set up OpenLeaks, which they describe as a more transparent secret-sharing website.
OpenLeaks, its founder says, has a "technical mechanism whereby sources can be protected" and decide for themselves to which outlets they want to release their information.
The defector paints a picture of Assange as becoming increasingly authoritarian over time, saying Assange would threaten him.
Domscheit-Berg claims Assange read the USA Patriot Act to him when he tried to dismiss him, using military terminology to designate him a traitor. Assange, he said, had started assuming the characteristics of the kinds of institutions he was trying to bring down.
The author says in his book, however, that Assange wasn't necessarily anti-American, even though all of WikiLeaks' major publications last year were aimed at the United States. Instead, Assange was motivated by a frustration with U.S. foreign policy and his desire to seek the biggest possible adversary.
"He had to single out the most powerful nation on earth," Domscheit-Berg writes. "Your own stature, it has been written, can be measured by that of your enemies. Why should he expend his fighting energy in Africa or Mongolia and get into quarrels with the Thai royal family?
"It would have been a far less attractive prospect to end up in some jail in Africa, or wearing concrete boots at the bottom of some Russian river, than to inform the world that he was being pursued by the CIA. And it wouldn't have gotten him on the nightly news."
Domscheit-Berg also says he took about 3,000-3,500 documents when he left WikiLeaks, claiming it would be "irresponsible" to leave them with Assange. He did not disclose the contents or origin of the papers. The trove would represent a fairly small percentage of what WikiLeaks says it has in its possession.
Domscheit-Berg said he was "sorry" about how things worked out between him and Assange, saying, "We had extremely great times. We achieved great things together."
WikiLeaks gained international prominence after leaking thousands of papers about the U.S.-led war in Afghanistan and is currently releasing a huge cache of secret American diplomatic papers.
Assange is fighting extradition from the United Kingdom to Sweden, where he is wanted for questioning on sex charges unrelated to the work of the website.
There are already several books purporting to expose WikiLeaks' own secrets.
Two journalists from The Guardian newspaper in Britain, David Leigh and Luke Harding, have written "WikiLeaks: Inside Julian Assange's War on Secrecy." It profiles Assange, whom it calls "one of the strangest figures ever to become a worldwide celebrity," and it also discusses WikiLeaks' release of the U.S. diplomatic cables and Afghan war documents.
Two journalists from Germany's Der Spiegel magazine have written a book called "Staatsfeind WikiLeaks," or "WikiLeaks, Enemy of the State," describing their encounters with the site's founder.
Both The Guardian and Der Spiegel have had agreements with WikiLeaks on publishing leaked documents.
The New York Times offers an e-book called "Open Secrets" that it bills as the "definitive chronicle" of the documents' release and the controversy that ensued.
Greg Mitchell, who writes a media blog for The Nation, has written "The Age of WikiLeaks: From Collateral Murder to Cablegate (and Beyond)," charting the rise and impact of the site.
CNN's Melissa Gray contributed to this report. | tomekkorbak/pile-curse-small | OpenWebText2 |
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Irrizeeding: on Wed 26 Jun 2013 06:04:55 AM PDT
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estansach: on Wed 26 Jun 2013 10:05:25 PM PDT
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AEG Live lawyers argue it was Jackson, not the company, who chose and controlled Dr. Murray. Their executives had no way of knowing he was giving nightly infusions of the surgical anesthetic propofol to Jackson,
AEG Live lawyers argue it was Jackson, not the company, who chose and controlled Dr. Murray. Their executives had no way of knowing he was giving nightly infusions of the surgical anesthetic propofol to Jackson,
the man was convicted of second-degree murder and sentenced to 15 years to life in prison.
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Lon Rosen Executive Vice President and Chief Marketing Officer
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Lon Rosen, that has more than twenty five yrs of encounter within the sports activities and entertainment market, has returned to the La Dodger organization as Government Vice chairman and Chief Marketing Officer.
Rosen previously served within the exact same function for 2 yrs beginning in 2004 ahead of rejoining Magic Johnson Enterprises. This time, he's dealing with Johnson, a single in the new entrepreneurs from the Dodgers. Rosen was instrumental in aiding Johnson plus the Guggenheim Partners in attaining the Dodgers on May perhaps one, 2012 in what was the most important group sporting activities transaction in heritage.
Rosen, who was influential in guiding Magic Johnson Enterprises to get acknowledged as a person in the most thriving minority small business providers during the place, will oversee all pursuits for that Dodgers’ advertising and marketing, profits, advertising, communications, local community affairs and federal government relations.
Prior to returning to the Dodgers, Rosen targeted his efforts for Magic Johnson on company enhancement, television productions, sporting activities consulting and new media ventures besides his representation of broadcasters, coaches, hosts together with other amusement personalities.
Upon graduation from university, Rosen headed for the Wonderful Forum, exactly where he commenced his sporting activities profession with the NBA’s La Lakers plus the NHL’s L. a. Kings. He worked his way from an internship into a promotion as Director of Promotions for the Lakers, Kings and the La Forum’s Exclusive Functions, in which he served seven decades (1980-87).
From there, he begun his individual sports marketing enterprise, Initial Group Promoting, and moved into athletics marketing and advertising and athletics illustration. His initially shopper was Hall of Famer Johnson.
Rosen, a College of Southern California graduate, resides in La with his spouse, Laurie, and their two sons, Michael and Brian.
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If you are covered by an employer plan, then your IRA contribution will only be fully tax-deductible if your adjusted gross income (AGI) is less than $96,000, and will be partially deductible if your AGI is between $96,000 and $116,000. If you are not covered by an employer sponsored plan but your spouse is, then your IRA contribution will only be fully tax deductible if your AGI is less than $181,000 in 2014. However, your contribution will be partially deductible if your AGI is between $181,000 and $191,000. It is important to understand that the money you put into an IRA is meant to be used for retirement. If you take the money out before age 59 � you will likely pay a 10 percent penalty on the withdrawal. There are some circumstances where the penalty may be waived, but your best bet is to not contribute money that you will need to withdraw early. There are also rules that dictate when you have to start removing money from your IRA. 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Instead, the money that you contribute to a ROTH is taxable in the year it is earned, but the contribution will then be allowed to grow and compound tax free. Distributions from a ROTH IRA (assuming they meet requirements) are not taxable. Direct contributions you make to a ROTH IRA may be withdrawn tax free and penalty free at any time. However, earnings within a ROTH IRA may only be withdrawn tax free and penalty free after five years and having reached the age of 59 �. If those requirements are not met then earnings will be taxed and incur a 10 percent penalty. Unlike Traditional IRAs, there are no rules for when you need to start taking distributions from a ROTH IRA. How do you decide which type of IRA is right for you? For starters, you want to think about your own tax situation. If you are currently in a low tax bracket and anticipate that you may be in a higher tax bracket in your retirement years, then a ROTH IRA makes sense. 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On Monday, May 5, 2014, the issued their decision on Town of Greece v. Galloway. Five conservative justices (Alito, Kennedy, Roberts, Scalia, and Thomas) voted to allow legislative , that is, to allow lawmaking bodies to open their sessions with a prayer. [url=http://www.transporteutp.com/tag/cheap-michael-kors-handbags/]cheap michael kors handbags[/url] Ryan S. Clark
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“I don’t know ... where the love of reading is coming from,†she says. “Is it coming from their family? Is it coming from this culture? Is it coming from another culture they were exposed to? I can think of individual students who’ve never left Lebanon who read all the time, and others who don’t.†[url=http://www.ribbonwarehouse.co.uk/mulberry-bayswater-bag/]mulberry bayswater bag[/url] The Ministry of Finance reported the preliminary data on Monday.
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Both parties said they wanted the charter revision commission to study lengthening council terms from two to four years. [url=http://www.ristorantepaganini.it/category/scarpe-gucci/‎]scarpe gucci[/url] The back-and-forth battle over intellectual property between Oculus VR and ZeniMax Media continued Monday with a sharp rebuttal from the Irvine startup.
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Euro-zone finance ministers were due to discuss progress in Portugal and Greece, both recipients of crisis-era largesse, as well as plans for a sweeping financial transactions tax, while the European Commission was to publish its thrice-annual economic forecasts. The European Central Bank is also coming to town later in the week for its closely-watched monthly meeting, where top ECB officials are expected to consider more radical action to prop up super-low inflation. [url=http://www.conoicasa.it/tag/moncler-outlet/]moncler outlet[/url] In Danville, it is the tribute season to the "Father of American Drama." Tao House, O'Neill's Danville home in the hills behind the town, will present a full season of O'Neill-influenced plays, continuing with Octavio Solis' "El Paso Blue," which will receive a staged reading (directed by Solis) at 3 p.m. May 18 in the Old Barn on the Tao House grounds.
x No, for what? he said, noting he didn t plan to have his agent appeal the call. That happened to Michael Brantley last year and they didn t change the call. I just think that when you re playing at home, you should get a little help. [url=http://www.ribbonwarehouse.co.uk/tag/mulberry-uk-sale/]mulberry uk sale[/url] "As one way to address the issue, I wish to propose a systematic rehabilitation of mangrove forests in Asean. Mangrove forests not only reduce the greenhouse gas but also reduce the impact of storms and floods in low-lying coastal areas," Sein said. y
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m Miami Heat star LeBron James wore a Manziel jersey on Friday during his team's flight to New York. James' business partner, Maverick Carter, works with Manziel. [url=http://www.natural-slimming.co.uk/nike-free-run-trainers/]nike free run trainers[/url] Please LIKE our Facebook page - it makes us stronger: [url=http://www.natural-slimming.co.uk/nike-free-run-trainers/]nike free run trainers[/url]
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“I don’t know ... where the love of reading is coming from,†she says. “Is it coming from their family? Is it coming from this culture? Is it coming from another culture they were exposed to? I can think of individual students who’ve never left Lebanon who read all the time, and others who don’t.†[url=http://www.ribbonwarehouse.co.uk/mulberry-bayswater-bag/]mulberry bayswater bag[/url] The Ministry of Finance reported the preliminary data on Monday.
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Both parties said they wanted the charter revision commission to study lengthening council terms from two to four years. [url=http://www.ristorantepaganini.it/category/scarpe-gucci/‎]scarpe gucci[/url] The back-and-forth battle over intellectual property between Oculus VR and ZeniMax Media continued Monday with a sharp rebuttal from the Irvine startup.
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gjtulnnl: on Fri 16 May 2014 09:34:29 PM PDT
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Updated: Monday, May 12 2014 8:52 PM EDT2014-05-13 00:52:46 GMTThe New York Attorney General's Office is providing the Metropolitan Transportation Authority with funds for its police officers to carry antidotes to treat heroin overdoses in emergencies. According to both agencies, the $40,000 from civil and criminal forfeiture cases will pay for 670 kits intended to equip every officer on the MTA force, which covers the Long Island Rail Road, Metro North and the Staten Island Railway.The New York Attorney General's Office is providing the Metropolitan Transportation Authority with funds for its police officers to carry antidotes to treat heroin overdoses in emergencies. According to both agencies, the $40,000 from civil and criminal forfeiture cases will pay for 670 kits intended to equip every officer on the MTA force, which covers the Long Island Rail Road, Metro North and the Staten Island Railway.Updated: Monday, May 12 2014 7:29 PM EDT2014-05-12 23:29:20 GMTRecently I caught up with Andy Karl, the star of the new new musical "Rocky" on Broadway. We did the interview inside and outside the boxing ring at Crunch Gym on the East Side. We talked about a number of things from his intense physical training to what it's like playing Rocky Balboa, such an iconic character. Karl recently received a Tony nomination for best performance by an actor for his work in this show.Recently I caught up with Andy Karl, the star of the new new musical "Rocky" on Broadway. We did the interview inside and outside the boxing ring at Crunch Gym on the East Side. 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The state's top lawyer will ask the Arkansas Supreme Court to review a lower court's decision to overturn a 2004 constitutional amendment banning gay marriage. Attorney General Dustin McDaniel announced his intent to appeal to the high court late Saturday night, but not before 15 licenses were issued for same-sex couples in northwest Arkansas' Carroll County, heralding the arrival of gay marriage in the Bible Belt. "Thank God," Jennifer Rambo said after Carroll County Deputy Clerk Jane Osborn issued a marriage license to her and Kristin Seaton, a former volleyball player at the University of Arkansas. The Fort Smith couple had traveled overnight to ensure they'd be first in line, and wed moments later on a sidewalk near the courthouse. Carroll County was believed to be the only county that issued marriage licenses Saturday. Several courthouses were open for early primary-election voting but staffers said they were not prepared to issue marriage licenses. Pulaski County Circuit Judge Chris Piazza paved the way for the marriages Friday with a ruling that removed a 10-year-old barrier, saying a constitutional amendment overwhelmingly passed by voters in 2004 banning gay marriage was "an unconstitutional attempt to narrow the definition of equality." Piazza's ruling also overturned a 1997 state law banning gay marriage. McDaniel has asked Piazza to suspend his ruling, but also formally said late Saturday he wants the state Supreme Court to take up the matter. That appeal has not yet been filed. But because Piazza didn't issue a stay, Arkansas' 75 county clerks were left to decide for themselves whether to grant marriage licenses. That caused confusion among county clerks, Association of Arkansas Counties executive director Chris Villines said. "The court didn't give us any time to get the kinks worked out," he said. It isn't clear how many counties would issue same-sex marriage licenses Monday, Villines said Saturday after a conference call with clerks from around the state. At least one clerk announced she won't issue licenses to same-sex couples. The office of Faulkner County Clerk Melinda Reynolds issued a statement Sunday night saying she believes that only the State Supreme Court can strike down a state law, not a Circuit Court judge. Until then, Reynolds said she will not issue the licenses. Rambo, 26, and Seaton, 27, arrived in Eureka Springs about 2 a.m., slept in a Ford Focus and awoke every half-hour to make sure no one else would be at the head of the line. Initially, deputy clerk Lana Gordon said she wasn't sure she had the authority and shooed people from her office. Page 2 of 2 - "We just walked out of here crying," Rambo said. When Osborn intervened, other same-sex couples let Rambo and Seaton return to their place in line. "And some of these people here have been waiting 50 years and they still instructed us to come up front," Rambo said. Jason Owens, an attorney for four of the six counties named in the lawsuit over the gay marriage ban, said he'll ask Piazza for guidance Monday on how to proceed. "My clients want to follow the law. We just want to know what the law is, essentially," Owens said. The U.S. Supreme Court last year ruled that a law forbidding the federal government from recognizing same-sex marriages was unconstitutional. Using language similar to that from the Supreme Court, state and federal judges nationwide have struck down other same-sex marriage bans and ordered states to recognize same-sex marriages from other states. Jerry Cox, president of the Arkansas Family Council, which promoted Arkansas' ban, said Piazza's decision to not suspend his ruling will create confusion if a stay is issued. "Are these people married? Are they unmarried?" Cox said. "Judge Piazza did a tremendous disservice to the people of Arkansas by leaving this in limbo." McDaniel last week became the first statewide elected official to announce he personally supports gay marriage rights, but would continue to defend the state's ban in court. Eureka Springs, an Ozark Mountain town of about 2,000, is known for its arts environment and liberal policies in the otherwise conservative northwest Arkansas. In 2007, the City Council unanimously approved a proposal to create a domestic partner registry. The partnerships confer no special legal status. Among those who let Rambo and Seaton back up front were Zeek Taylor, 67, and Dick Titus, 65, who have been together 40 years. Taylor confronted Gordon, the deputy clerk, about closing the office, saying "Your job is to issue a marriage license to everyone that's here." Paul Wank, 80, of Eureka Springs, interrupted the exchange, pointing his black cane at Gordon. "You don't have to be hateful, sir," the deputy clerk said. "You've been hateful to people like me for years. So keep up," Wank said. "You're doing everything you can to stall." [url=http://www.panguide.com/rayban.html]cheap ray bans[/url] “There is a certain consensus that a further decline is
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The state's top lawyer will ask the Arkansas Supreme Court to review a lower court's decision to overturn a 2004 constitutional amendment banning gay marriage. Attorney General Dustin McDaniel announced his intent to appeal to the high court late Saturday night, but not before 15 licenses were issued for same-sex couples in northwest Arkansas' Carroll County, heralding the arrival of gay marriage in the Bible Belt. "Thank God," Jennifer Rambo said after Carroll County Deputy Clerk Jane Osborn issued a marriage license to her and Kristin Seaton, a former volleyball player at the University of Arkansas. The Fort Smith couple had traveled overnight to ensure they'd be first in line, and wed moments later on a sidewalk near the courthouse. Carroll County was believed to be the only county that issued marriage licenses Saturday. Several courthouses were open for early primary-election voting but staffers said they were not prepared to issue marriage licenses. Pulaski County Circuit Judge Chris Piazza paved the way for the marriages Friday with a ruling that removed a 10-year-old barrier, saying a constitutional amendment overwhelmingly passed by voters in 2004 banning gay marriage was "an unconstitutional attempt to narrow the definition of equality." Piazza's ruling also overturned a 1997 state law banning gay marriage. McDaniel has asked Piazza to suspend his ruling, but also formally said late Saturday he wants the state Supreme Court to take up the matter. That appeal has not yet been filed. But because Piazza didn't issue a stay, Arkansas' 75 county clerks were left to decide for themselves whether to grant marriage licenses. That caused confusion among county clerks, Association of Arkansas Counties executive director Chris Villines said. "The court didn't give us any time to get the kinks worked out," he said. It isn't clear how many counties would issue same-sex marriage licenses Monday, Villines said Saturday after a conference call with clerks from around the state. At least one clerk announced she won't issue licenses to same-sex couples. The office of Faulkner County Clerk Melinda Reynolds issued a statement Sunday night saying she believes that only the State Supreme Court can strike down a state law, not a Circuit Court judge. Until then, Reynolds said she will not issue the licenses. Rambo, 26, and Seaton, 27, arrived in Eureka Springs about 2 a.m., slept in a Ford Focus and awoke every half-hour to make sure no one else would be at the head of the line. Initially, deputy clerk Lana Gordon said she wasn't sure she had the authority and shooed people from her office. Page 2 of 2 - "We just walked out of here crying," Rambo said. When Osborn intervened, other same-sex couples let Rambo and Seaton return to their place in line. "And some of these people here have been waiting 50 years and they still instructed us to come up front," Rambo said. Jason Owens, an attorney for four of the six counties named in the lawsuit over the gay marriage ban, said he'll ask Piazza for guidance Monday on how to proceed. "My clients want to follow the law. We just want to know what the law is, essentially," Owens said. The U.S. Supreme Court last year ruled that a law forbidding the federal government from recognizing same-sex marriages was unconstitutional. Using language similar to that from the Supreme Court, state and federal judges nationwide have struck down other same-sex marriage bans and ordered states to recognize same-sex marriages from other states. Jerry Cox, president of the Arkansas Family Council, which promoted Arkansas' ban, said Piazza's decision to not suspend his ruling will create confusion if a stay is issued. "Are these people married? Are they unmarried?" Cox said. "Judge Piazza did a tremendous disservice to the people of Arkansas by leaving this in limbo." McDaniel last week became the first statewide elected official to announce he personally supports gay marriage rights, but would continue to defend the state's ban in court. Eureka Springs, an Ozark Mountain town of about 2,000, is known for its arts environment and liberal policies in the otherwise conservative northwest Arkansas. In 2007, the City Council unanimously approved a proposal to create a domestic partner registry. The partnerships confer no special legal status. Among those who let Rambo and Seaton back up front were Zeek Taylor, 67, and Dick Titus, 65, who have been together 40 years. Taylor confronted Gordon, the deputy clerk, about closing the office, saying "Your job is to issue a marriage license to everyone that's here." Paul Wank, 80, of Eureka Springs, interrupted the exchange, pointing his black cane at Gordon. "You don't have to be hateful, sir," the deputy clerk said. "You've been hateful to people like me for years. So keep up," Wank said. "You're doing everything you can to stall." [url=http://www.panguide.com/rayban.html]cheap ray bans[/url] “There is a certain consensus that a further decline is
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A review of 20 years of technical literature on natural gas (NG) emissions in the United States and Canada comprising more than 200 papers has concluded that official inventories consistently underestimate actual CH4 emissions due to leakage from the natural gas system. “Atmospheric tests covering the entire country indicate emissions around 50 percent more than EPA estimates,” said lead author Adam Brandt at Stanford University. The study, which is authored by researchers from seven universities, several national laboratories and federal government bodies and other organizations, is published in the journal Science.
Among the other high-level findings of the review are that (i) the natural gas and oil sectors are important contributors to the leakage; (ii) many independent experiments suggest that a small number of “superemitters” could be responsible for a large fraction of leakage; (iii) recent regional atmospheric studies with very high emissions rates are unlikely to be representative of typical natural gas system leakage rates; and (iv) assessments using 100-year impact indicators show system-wide leakage is unlikely to be large enough to negate climate benefits of coal-to-NG substitution.
In contrast to the “green light” for coal-to-NG substitution for power generation, the authors suggest that climate benefits from vehicle fuel substitution are uncertain (gasoline, light-duty) or improbable (diesel, heavy-duty). However, they cautioned, those conclusions may undercount the benefits of natural gas, as both EPA GHGI methods and many regionally focused top-down studies attribute CH4 emissions from co-producing NG systems to the NG sector, rather than to a mixture of oil and NG sources.
Modeling has shown climate benefits from coal to NG switching for power generation over all time periods (i.e., starting immediately) if the well-to-power-plant leakage rate is below 3.2%, while benefits are seen over a 100 year period if leakage is below 7.6%. Therefore, available evidence suggests climate benefits from NG substitution for coal in the power sector over a 100-year assessment period. Alvarez et al. found benefits from NG use in transport at leakage rates below 1.7% to 3.8% for 100 year assessment periods (gasoline and diesel substitution, respectively). Therefore, some scenarios appear to support use of NG in passenger vehicle gasoline displacement, but benefits from diesel substitution in heavy-duty trucking are less likely.
—Brandt et al., SM
While the authors conclude that there is a poor understanding of sources of excess CH4 and point to areas where improved science would reduce uncertainty, they also note that hydraulic fracturing for NG is unlikely to be a dominant contributor to total emissions.
The team examined two basic types of studies:
“Bottom-up” studies that measure emissions directly from devices or facilities and then compare results to emissions factors (EFs; e.g., emissions per device). Large-scale inventories are created by multiplying EFs by activity factors (e.g., number of devices).
Atmospheric studies that estimate emissions after atmospheric mixing occurs. These typically compare measurements to emissions inventories, such as the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) national GHG inventory (GHGI). Atmospheric studies use aircraft, tower, and ground sampling, as well as remote sensing. All such studies observe atmospheric concentrations and must infer fluxes by accounting for atmospheric transport.
The researchers found that across years, scales, and methods, atmospheric studies systematically find larger CH4 emissions than predicted by inventories. EFs were also found to underestimate bottom-up measured emissions. They also found that regional and multistate studies focusing on NG-producing and NG-consuming regions find larger excess CH4 emissions than national-scale studies.
Inventories and emissions factors consistently underestimate actual measured CH4 emissions across scales. Ratios >1 indicate measured emissions are larger than expected from EFs or inventory. The main graph compares results to the EF or inventory estimate chosen by each study author.
The inset compares results to a regionally scaled common denominator, scaled to region of study and (in some cases) the sector under examination.
The authors suggest a number of causes for the consistent underpredicting of emissions inventories compared to what is observed in the atmosphere:
Devices sampled are not likely to be representative of current technologies and practices. Production techniques are being applied at scale (e.g., hydraulic fracturing and horizontal drilling) that were not widely used during sampling in the early 1990s, which underlies EPA EFs.
Measurements for generating EFs are expensive, which limits sample sizes and representativeness. Many EPA EFs have wide confidence intervals. There are also reasons to suspect sampling bias in EFs, as sampling has occurred at self-selected cooperating facilities.
If emissions distributions have “heavy tails” (e.g., more high-emissions sources than would be expected in a normal distribution), small sample sizes are likely to underrepresent high-consequence emissions sources. Studies suggest that emissions are dominated by a small fraction of “super-emitter” sources at well sites, gas-processing plants, co-produced liquids storage tanks, transmission compressor stations, and distribution systems. For example, one study measured ~75,000 components and found that 58% of emissions came from 0.06% of possible sources.
Activity and device counts used in inventories are contradictory, incomplete, and of unknown representativeness.
Improved science would aid in generating cost-effective policy responses. Given the cost of direct measurements, emissions inventories will remain useful for tracking trends, highlighting sources with large potential for reductions, and making policy decisions. However, improved inventory validation is crucial to ensure that supplied information is timely and accurate. Device-level measurements can be performed at facilities of a variety of designs, vintages, and management practices to find low-cost mitigation options. These studies must be paired with additional atmospheric science to close the gap between topdown and bottom-up studies. One such large study is under way, but more work is required.
If natural gas is to be a “bridge” to a more sustainable energy future, it is a bridge that must be traversed carefully: Diligence will be required to ensure that leakage rates are low enough to achieve sustainability goals.
—Brandt et al.
The research was funded by the nonprofit organization Novim through a grant from the Cynthia and George Mitchell Foundation. Novim was formed in late 2007 by a group of scientists and engineers associated with the Kavli Institute for Theoretical Physics at UC Santa Barbara to provide an independent, non-advocacy source of data, information and knowledge on important national and global issues in a manner that would help catalyze constructive debate and potentially lead to programs addressing these issues.
Comments
That its cold in the US means nothing in context to climate change, my hometown in the German alps which has a long history as a ski resort has another snowless winter and 60 degrees. Climate change manmade or not costs them a lot of money.
Wonder if your home town can bring some of those warm 60 degree temperatures over to the US North East.
You don't have to go as far as the German alps to find warm weather. At the same time as the first polar vortex was hitting the US North East there were nude sunbathers spotted at Lake Tahoe, and Alaska was being hit with a heat wave.
NG is only a bridge fuel until H2 will take over. The gaseous infrastructure of NG can also be used for H2 if some attention is made to make it H2-compatible. For example, the CF tank designed by Quantum Fuel System originally designed for H2 now is orderd in significant number for NG use.
Due to the high GHG index of NG, we should rapidly move toward H2, which is not a GHG.
So Mannstein, why is your country so committed to eliminating nuclear power and constructing a new slew of coal plants? Why doesn't your PM lobby hard and make the MSNBC news and get the US to export LNG, extract gas from the atlantic shelf and Gulf, and actually fix these leakage problems? And force down the cost of Russian gas?
Germany is building new coal plants. Germany is building replacement coal plants. As the new plants come on line older, less efficient plants will close. The end result will be that Germany will burn significantly less coal per unit of electricity produced.
The decision to replace inefficient coal plants was made prior to the decision to close nuclear. Closing nuclear plants came from a desire to remove that danger from their lives. Remember, Chernobyl happened next door. Then when one of the most technologically advanced countries melted some down Germans decided it was time to cut their risks.
Germany will burn significantly less coal per unit of electricity produced.
That is an important point but we must clarify the type of coal we're talking about. Although they are burning less coal (and NG) per unit of electricity produced they are also increasing the ratio of brown coal over hard coal. Brown coal produces more emissions which isn't good: It's not as bad as some would have you believe but it still isn't as good as it could be.
http://www.renewableenergyworld.com/assets/images/story/2012/10/4/7-large-german-coal-fired-generation-of-electricity-falls-while-renewable-generation-rises.jpg
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Jacquou le Croquant
Jacquou le Croquant is a 2007 French historical film, based on the 1899 novel by Eugène Le Roy and on the 1969 TV serial Jacquou le Croquant. Set in the Dordogne during the Bourbon Restoration, it tells the story of a young peasant who leads a revolt against an evil nobleman. It was nominated for two César Awards in 2008.
Plot
1815. Jacquou, a young peasant from the Périgord region, lives happily with his parents. Misfortune falls upon the family when Jacquou's father is hunted for killing servants of a cruel and arrogant nobleman, the Count of Nansac. Jacquou's father flees the town but promises his son that he will join the family soon. Jacquou is acquainted with Galiote, Nansac's daughter, and her care-taker Lina when his mother works as a laundry maid at Nansac's castle with her identity untold. Jacquou at first tries to harm Galiote by letting pigs out of the pen as she throws pebbles at them, leaving the pigs agitated. However he changes his mind and saves her, leaving both Lina and Galiote impressed and grateful. Soon after this incident Jacquou's mother loses her job and is forced to leave the house with Jacquou. To make everything worse, all her attempts to save her husband fail as well. Jacquou's father is then captured, tried and executed in prison. Upon this knowledge, she makes Jacquou swear to avenge his father's death. Jacquou's mother soon succumbs to a combination of grief, starvation and exposure.
Having no one to take care of him, Jacquou begs on the streets alongside other children whom he befriends over time. And one cold winter night, Jacquou decides to kill himself by freezing to death (like his mother) in a cemetery beside a church. The unexpected hoots of an owl (in the middle of the night) alert the local priest, who with his friend, the physician come to the boys rescue. Jacquou grows up under their protection and works as an altar boy.
After Jacquou becomes an adult, he has his first confrontation with Nansac at a dance competition. Nansac shows up with his gang of servants, uninvited, and ruins the festive mood among the people. His daughter Galiote joins his father as well and it is revealed that she has a secret longing for Jacquou for having saved her life. Jacquou humiliates Nansac and defies his authority in front of townspeople. Infuriated Nansac soon has his men capture Jacquou and pushes him into the underground well to die. Nevertheless, Jacquou manages to get out, finding a room filled with firearms in the process, and plots with his friends to overthrow Nansac. When he returns home, Jacquou finds Galiote in his home, who came in to avoid the rain. Although Jacquou orders her to get out at first, he soon softens and gives her some of his dry clothes before telling her to go home. When Galiote gets out of his house she is faced with an angry mob and narrowly escapes their hands.
Jacquou attacks Nansac's castle while a group of his men goes in to secure the weapons he discovered earlier. Many of Nansac's servants are killed by hidden marksmen and the nobles find themselves cornered. Jacquou fights Nansac alone and defeats him. When people urge him to kill Nansac, Jacquou responds that he would rather see him deteriorate miserably. When the castle is lit on fire and everyone seems to have gotten out, the nobles notice that Galiote is still in her room. Jacquou returns to save her and hands her over to Nansac. At the end of the night Jacquou thanks the townspeople for helping him but tells them not to be involved any further as they will probably be executed.
Some time later Jacquou is seen at the court as he faces charge of rioting and sexually assaulting Galiote, brought on by Nansac. However Galiote testifies in favor of Jacquou and swears that he never touched her. Jacquou is freed and Nansac, impoverished and homeless, tastes another defeat.
Near the end Jacquou's friends tells him that Galiote is about to leave the town in search of work. Persuaded by Lina, Jacquou goes to bid adieu. He is finally reconciled with Galiote as he hugs her.
Cast
Production
Shooting of the film took place from 1 February 2005 to 15 September 2005.
Reception
Variety gave the film a positive review, praising it as "feisty family fare" with "pleasingly Dickensian" themes. Characterizing the film as a "handsomely mounted, old-fashioned mini-epic", Variety singled out its cinematography for praise: "Painterly widescreen lensing wins the day. Shot in the burnished fields and rustic outcroppings of France and Romania, with a preference for classy amber and ochre tones, many scenes look like vintage etchings or oil paintings."
Awards and nominations
The film was nominated for two César Awards in 2008.
Best Production Design - Christian Marti (nominee)
Best Costume Design - Jean-Daniel Vuillermoz (nominee)
References
Bibliography
External links
Category:2007 films
Category:French films
Category:French-language films
Category:Films set in the 1810s
Category:Films set in France
Category:Films based on French novels | tomekkorbak/pile-curse-small | Wikipedia (en) |
SYDNEY (Reuters) - Australia’s attempt to strip citizenship from an alleged recruiter for Islamic State has been thrown into doubt after Fiji reportedly said he was not one of its citizens.
Home Affairs Minister Peter Dutton said on Saturday that the country was much safer after the government revoked Neil Prakash’s Australian citizenship.
Canberra believes Prakash -- who is wanted over an alleged plot to behead a Melbourne police officer -- is a dual national as his father was Fijian.
A person with such dual status can be stripped of their Australian citizenship if they engage in terrorism-related conduct, and Islamic State was declared a terrorist organization in 2016 for this purpose.
The government cannot revoke single Australian citizenship as that would leave a person stateless.
However, Fiji’s Immigration Department director Nemani Vuniwaqa said Prakash was not one of its citizens, the Fiji Sun newspaper reported on Tuesday.
“Neil Prakash has not been or is a Fijian citizen. He was born in Australia and has acquired Australian citizenship since birth,” he was quoted as saying.
“The Department has searched the Immigration system and confirms that he has not entered the country nor applied for citizenship since birth.”If Prakash does not hold dual status, the way could potentially be opened for a legal challenge against the Australian government as he may be legally entitled to retain his citizenship.
The Home Affairs Department on Tuesday was unable to officially confirm whether or not Prakash was a Fijian citizen.
“A person may only lose their Australian citizenship under the Australian Citizenship Act 2007 if they are a national or citizen of a country other than Australia,” a departmental spokesperson said via email.”Australia is committed to upholding our international legal obligations, including our obligation not to render a person stateless.”
Prakash has been in Turkey on trial for charges relating to being a member of Islamic State since being caught there in October 2016 after leaving Islamic State-controlled territory.
Canberra is seeking his extradition pending the outcome of his trial and any jail term he serves in Turkey. If later convicted in Australia, he would also serve time there. | tomekkorbak/pile-curse-small | OpenWebText2 |
503 P.2d 626 (1972)
AMERICAN COIN-METER OF COLORADO SPRINGS, INC., a Colorado Corporation, and United Coin Meter Services, Inc., d/b/a American Coin Meter Co., Plaintiffs-Appellants,
v.
Robert L. POOLE and Rebecca S. Poole, individually and as agents for and d/b/a Grandview Trailer Court, Defendants-Appellees.
No. 71-297.
Colorado Court of Appeals, Div. I.
September 26, 1972.
Rehearing Denied October 31, 1972.
Smith & Duncan, Michael A. Berniger, Colorado Springs, for plaintiffs-appellants.
Haney, Howbert & Akers, Jack W. Foutch, Colorado Springs, for defendants-appellees.
Selected for Official Publication.
SILVERSTEIN, Chief Judge.
This is an action for specific performance of a contract, or for damages for *627 breach thereof. Trial was to the court, which dismissed the action at the close of plaintiffs' evidence. Plaintiffs appeal the judgment of dismissal. We affirm.
Plaintiffs are American Coin Meter Co. and its subsidiary. They will be referred to as Coin Meter. Coin Meter entered into a contract with Gale Zurcher, who owned and operated the Grandview Trailer Court. The contract was for "Special Laundry Service and Maintenance," and provided that Zurcher leased to Coin Meter for a six-year term "all laundry space in the [Trailer Court] . . . for the purpose of installing, maintaining and servicing a special washing, drying and laundry equipment system."
The contract further provided that Coin Meter would be allowed access to the installation "during reasonable hours of the day for the purpose of further installations, inspection, servicing or removal of coins from the installation." Coin Meter agreed to pay Zurcher twenty-five percent of the gross income, monthly. The contract did not obligate Coin Meter to leave its machines on the premises for the full contract term.
Approximately one year after executing the contract, Zurcher sold the trailer court to the defendants, the Pooles. About six weeks later the Pooles removed Coin Meter's machines and installed their own. When the Pooles bought the property they were told the laundry equipment did not belong to Zurcher and that they would be paid a commission by Coin Meter, but were not told that there was a written contract in connection with the installation. The Pooles accepted payment of the commission from Coin Meter for the period prior to the removal of the machines.
Coin Meter asserts that the contract is a lease, that the Pooles had sufficient knowledge to put them on notice of its existence, and that they are bound by its terms. The trial court determined that the contract was not a lease, but a license, and that Coin Meter, having been advised of the sale, had the burden of contacting the Pooles if it desired to continue the contract. The court further held that the acceptance of the commission did not bind the Pooles to the contract.
The controlling issue is whether the contract is a lease or a license. We hold the contract is a license. A license is merely a permit or privilege to do what otherwise would be unlawful. Radke v. Union Pacific Railroad Co., 138 Colo. 189, 334 P.2d 1077. A lease, on the other hand, gives the right of possession of the property leased, and exclusive use or occupation of it for all purposes not prohibited by its terms. Stratis v. McLellan Stores Co., 311 Mass. 525, 42 N.E.2d 282, 142 A.L.R. 1393.
Although there are a few cases to the contrary, the majority of the reported decisions hold that contracts of the type under consideration here are licenses and not leases. Directly in point is Wash-O-Matic Laundry Co. v. 621 Lefferts Ave. Corp., 191 Misc. 884, 82 N.Y.S.2d 572. The contract in that case was almost identical to the present contract. The term was for five years. The owner sold the premises shortly after the contract was signed and the new owner removed the machines and installed others in their place. The laundry machine company sued to restrain the new owner from interfering with its use of the laundry space. The court held the contract to be a revocable license and dismissed the action. Accord, People v. Horowitz, 309 N.Y. 426, 131 N.E.2d 715, holding a similar contract to be a license and citing Wash-O-Matic, supra.
The present contract gives Coin Meter no right of possession to the premises, but merely the right, during certain hours, to enter for the limited purposes set forth in the contract. Coin Meter did not acquire any interest in the laundry space. Its interest was confined to the machines, their installation and maintenance. Such a license is revocable at will. As was stated in Radke, supra, "A license is revoked ipso facto by the licensor's conveyance of the *628 land [citing case] or by his doing any act which is inconsistent with, or prevents the exercise of, the license."
The commissions which the Pooles accepted were past due when received. Their retention did not constitute a waiver of the right to terminate the contract. See Shapiro v. Christopher, 90 U.S.App.D.C. 114, 195 F.2d 785.
Even if the Pooles had had actual knowledge of the existence of the written contract prior to their purchase of the premises, this knowledge would not have impaired their right to revoke the license. Therefore the correctness of the trial court's ruling on the issue of notice to the Pooles need not be determined.
Judgment affirmed.
PIERCE and SMITH, JJ., concur.
| tomekkorbak/pile-curse-small | FreeLaw |
Effects of hyperammonemia on brain energy metabolism: controversial findings in vivo and in vitro.
The literature related to the effects of elevated plasma ammonia levels on brain energy metabolism is abundant, but heterogeneous in terms of the conclusions. Thus, some studies claim that ammonia has a direct, inhibitory effect on energy metabolism whereas others find no such correlation. In this review, we discuss both recent and older literature related to this controversial topic. We find that it has been consistently reported that hepatic encephalopathy and concomitant hyperammonemia lead to reduced cerebral oxygen consumption. However, this may not be directly linked to an effect of ammonia but related to the fact that hepatic encephalopathy is always associated with reduced brain activity, a condition clearly characterized by a decreased CMRO2. Whether this may be related to changes in GABAergic function remains to be elucidated. | tomekkorbak/pile-curse-small | PubMed Abstracts |
Introduction: Burkholderia mallei and others in the genus have significant potential for use as bioweapons, yet little is known about the pathogenesis of pneumonic Burkholderia infection. For example, the key effector cells or cytokines regulating innate immunity to Burkholderia have not been previously investigated. Therefore, we will develop a pulmonary infection model that will allow us to assess innate immune responses to B. mallei. In Aim 1, fluorescently-labeled Burkholderia will be used to identify the early target cells in the lung and directly assess early innate immune response to the organism. In Aim 2, selective cell depletion strategies will be used to assess the impact of pulmonary effector cell populations on control of the organism both locally and systemically. Finally, in Aim 3 we will assess the role of key cytokines and signalling molecules in the innate immune system in controlling Burkholderia replication and pulmonary pathology. These studies will provide important new information critical to the design of new prophylactic or therapeutic interventions against this emerging bioweapon agent. Project interactions: This project will coordinate with other projects and with Core Facilities described in this proposal. The Pis of this project are Drs. Steven Dow and Catharine Bosio. Drs. Schweizer at CSU will serve as collaborator. Core A (Animal Models Core) under the direction of Dr. Dick Bowen will assist with the planning and execution of Burkholderia animal challenge studies. The Select Agents Archive Core (Core D) will provide virulent stains of B. mallei for use in animal challenge experiments. Dr. H Schweizer will provide the avirulent 6. thailandensis strains. Dr Schweizer (Project 2.A.4) will also collaborate with us in generating GFP-transduced Burkholderia for use in tracking studies. | tomekkorbak/pile-curse-small | NIH ExPorter |
Mommy Mommy
Mommy Mommy is a 2007 documentary film directed by Sylvie Rosenthal about a Montreal lesbian couple's five-year-long struggle to have a child.
Background
The film's subjects had been long-time friends and business associates with Rezolution Pictures co-founders Catherine Bainbridge and Ernest Webb, who thought that their personal story would help to illustrate the growing phenomenon of same-sex couple adoption in Quebec, the first Canadian province to legalize the practice.
The film represented a creative departure for Rezolution, which had previously focused on Canadian Aboriginal film and television productions.
Story
The couple's efforts began in 2001, with one of them hoping to conceive from a sperm donor. After a year of trying unsuccessfully to become pregnant, they sought help from the fertility clinic at the Royal Victoria Hospital, only to find that treatment was refused to lesbians. After a complaint was filed with the Quebec Human Rights Commission by another couple, the hospital changed its policy. However, despite access to fertility drugs and continued efforts at artificial insemination, they were unable to conceive and their doctor suggested they adopt.
They put themselves on a local list for adoption, where the wait could be as long as 10 years, and also explored international adoption, only to be told that no country in the world accepted same sex couples as parents. Then they heard about a lesbian couple in Ontario who had successfully adopted two children from the United States. However, Quebec's provincial body that controls international adoption had only approved one U.S. adoption agency: a Tennessee-based Christian agency that refused to place babies with anything other than married heterosexual couples.
In spring 2006, Bainbridge and Webb noticed an advertisement in the Cree newsweekly The Nation, which they also co-own, from Batshaw Youth and Family Centres, an agency for abused and neglected children. The agency was looking for someone to adopt a Canadian Aboriginal child. The couple learn that there is a 7-month-old boy who also has a sister on the way, both in need of a home. At the end of the film, after a long and Byzantine process, the couple have two children of their own.
Release
Mommy Mommy was screened at Reel Pride in Winnipeg and Image + Nation in Montreal, and had its television premiere on CBC Newsworld on December 4, 2007. It was then screened at the Women in Film Festival in Vancouver in March 2008 and rebroadcast on CBC for Mother's Day.
See also
Preacher's Sons - a documentary about a gay adoptive couple
The Kid: What Happened After My Boyfriend and I Decided to Go Get Pregnant
List of LGBT films directed by women
References
External links
CBC Webpage
Category:2007 television films
Category:Quebec films
Category:Documentary films about adoption
Category:English-language films
Category:Documentary films about lesbians
Category:Films shot in Montreal
Category:LGBT adoption
Category:2000s documentary films
Category:Canadian LGBT-related films
Category:Canadian films
Category:Films shot in Kingston, Ontario
Category:Rezolution Pictures films | tomekkorbak/pile-curse-small | Wikipedia (en) |
Who will you be voting for in the upcoming 08' election?Poll ended at Sat Nov 01, 2008 10:34 pm
Barack Obama
43%
[ 3 ]
John McCain
43%
[ 3 ]
Other
14%
[ 1 ]
Total votes : 7
Author
Message
Broomie
Post subject: McCain or Obama
Posted: Fri Oct 10, 2008 10:34 pm
The Enigma
Joined: Thu Jan 02, 2003 1:00 amPosts: 2601Location: UK
I thought a nice, sensible, non QFG related poll should be necessary right now. America is less than one month away from making a huge choice and let's hope they make the right choice (Obama) so just to see what side our fellow forum members swing to, who will you be voting for in this upcoming election?
If I was American, it would be Barack Obama hands down. It really should be a simple choice but how people still favour him is beyond me, especially with that ditz of a running-mate, Sarah Palin who seems to be tagging a long for the ride rather than taking it seriously. All I've heard from in the McCain campaign is how America shouldn't elect Obama as president, but I've yet to hear what exactly they'd bring to the table other than an older, less informed and god forbid less educated George Bush. The only thing that worries me is how George Bush got into power twice and seeing how John McCain pretty much follows the same agenda it's really worrying to see this man in power when it's happened before. He has no clue about the economy, finished dead close to bottom of his class of 500 students and picked someone like Sarah Palin who seems even worse than he is. How somebody can believe dinosaurs were on this Earth 4,000 years ago is beyond me. Bottom line is, his campaign is a joke and all it stands for is attacking Obama in the smallest of instances. McCain is only fighting to become president, but not to be a president. It seems like some kind of award than a position.
Obama, on the other hand has strength, understanding of not only the economy but the people. He's well educated, well spoken (most of the time he writes his own speeches) and a much, MUCH better understanding of the role of president. If anyone has a chance of saving America, especially in this crisis it's him. McCain on the other hand is at risk or making things worse. Barack Obama has the characteristics of a leader, he answers questions directly and has the respect for the American people and the world too. I've followed his campaign closely, mainly because American politics are far more interesting than British politics. Even our Prime Minister is backing him which was frowned upon over here but it just goes to show how one man can influence millions.
Sure, this poll may seem like a tool of propaganda but whenever you're telling people the true facts it isn't necessarily propaganda, well okay it all depends I guess... don't quote me on that. I just hope America makes the right decision and bring Obama to the White House. So, in the meantime let's see what the members of AGDI have to say and who they'll be voting for. Hopefully I've swayed a few people into changing their minds, mainly the people who watch Fox News or who aren't following the election carefully. I would also like to hear your opinions as well whoever you think would make the better president.
And although I may seem a little hypocritical saying this but let's try not to insult other people's opinions on the matter. I know I went on a tirade over John McCain but that's what an opinion is. Everyone has a different opinion and I'd like to hear yours!
And just to let you know, other basically means the third party candidates like Bob Barr and Chuck Baldwin.
Bottom line, I don't trust Obama. He promises all this "change" like it's going to be easily pulled out of a hat. All the charisma and brilliant speeches aren't the only thing it takes to get the job done. And I don't think he has the experience needed to lead a nation. That's all we need, someone to kiss ass to the UN and hand all our remaining rights as a sovereign nation over to them. I'm not saying we need to try and stand apart from the rest of the world, but we don't have to please everyone either (as it's impossible to anyway).
My generation got tricked into "Rock the Vote" and voting Clinton with promises of a better future. Looks like the Democratic party is trying to play that card again with today's young voters, making them believe it's a waste of time to vote anything but Democrat (there are other parties out there besides them and Republican). Sure, things were decent enough in the 90s, but the economy was floating higher and higher on the backs of everyone's personal debt. We were encouraged to "buy now, pay later". Guess what? It's later now and no one can afford all the delayed payments that are all coming due. Sure, the current administration didn't do anything to fix the problem, but you can't just ignore past leaders' mistakes because of current ones. And believe me, Clinton's decisions in his personal life *did* reflect the character of his professional life, as you can not truly separate the two.
But yeah, brining it back to Obama, there's something about the guy I don't trust. Nothing blatantly obvious, but I sense something wrong under the surface. It just doesn't feel right for me to vote for him. And, I'm not a big McCain supporter either, but I don't think he and Palin are as big of idiots that popular slander is making them seem. I'd rather vote an independent or third party, but none of them have stepped up enough to be a true challenger, thanks to the Dem and Rep bipartisan duopoly working together to shut the others out of debates and such. So, a vote for them is effectively one less vote for Obama's main competition, and it looks like I may have to vote McCain
Yeah, parts of the above may sound stupid, but I'm tired and need sleep.
I'm not saying we need to try and stand apart from the rest of the world, but we don't have to please everyone either (as it's impossible to anyway).
Really... has the US been helping anyone? From what I've seen the US has only been taking and invading for a number of decades.
The US has been trying to control the UN for years now, and succeeding in a manner, so I really don't see your point.They haven't given a thing they haven't received something back from with major interest. (If not financially, in other ways)
Yeah, I'm not part of the extremist groups that we hear about everyday, but like everyone outside the US, I really don't fall for the crap we are fed. The US is heading for a fall, and I can just say it is well deserved.
Hey Brooms...shouldn't the title be McCain or Obama or was that on purpose? It's not exactly easy to encourage objective discussion with such a blatant title, no?
Since I'm not an American, I won't be voting. Being a dutchy, even Obama would probably be too much to the right if he ran in my country, but Dems are still less far away from the general political spectrum in the Netherlands than Reps are.
I wouldn't expect a major economical change from any party. I've recently read that the government can only affect a small part of the economy anyway, so there's no quickie-fix for whatever party you'd pick to apply.
While personal experience of the president is important, I don't think it's the be-all and end-all since a lot of decisions are also made by the various secretaries and voters don't get to decide on those. McCain may be more experienced, but his VP in turn is less experienced than Obama, while Obama's VP has a lot of experience in the senate. In the end, it's probably more important which party's vision you relate to better than which potential president you like better...and I can only echo the fact that Americans only being able to choose between the two political parties that duopolised the political arena is kinda lame, but that's the free market principle for ya.
and I can only echo the fact that Americans only being able to choose between the two political parties that duopolised the political arena is kinda lame, but that's the free market principle for ya.
We have the same in Spain, even though we use a different voting system (D'Hont), that is mathematically equivalent to the American (Jefferson's). I learned about them when I was twelve, and it seemed incredibly stupid back then. Basically, it's flawed in that two political parties would get more representation if they merge than by simply adding their respective representation (as long as they don't lose votes that way). This naturally tends to create two big, opposite parties full of people with which you don't agree, but that for their voters don't look as bad as the people on the other party, with some small parties orbiting around that are mostly ignored, as merging with them would be detrimental.
It's an awful system, and in Spain is even badly implemented, with one party having 10 times as much representation as other with the same number of votes.
Yeah, like I said, not everything I typed above was going to come out the right way due to my sleepiness, and now even I don't know what I was trying to say with some of those points, heh.
And, we don't really control the UN as much as just host it, just like Belgium does not solely control the EU. The UN Security Council effectively controls the UN, of which the US is one of the five permanent members, yes. But, there are always at least one or two opposing members keeping the US and each other in check by vetoing any resolutions that do not benefit themselves. And, if the US did control the UN, we could have easily gotten them to back our ill-advised invasion of Iraq. Also, I do not see why everyone over here must suffer for mistakes made by officials not directly under popular control (and that kind of micromanaging democracy is much closer to anarchy than one might think). It's not like we have that many choices to choose from either lately, again with the two main parties pigeon-holing everyone into "conservative" or "liberal". Anyway, why does the US have to "fall" for any other country to get a chance at being a Great Power? China, India, and the EU have been doing a good job at that lately each in their own way. So what if the US is no longer the "sole Superpower", as the world seemed more stable when there was more than one anyway. At least we knew what direction the nukes were pointed from then and (probably) that no one was insane enough to actually use them.
And, I'm rambling again and probably just ticking other people off... I kind of just want to delete this post and not worry about offending anyone... ugh, political discussions
No wonder the bureaucrats can never get anything substantial accomplished.
everything I've heard from Mccain has been scary so far and Palin is just completely ridiculous. I wish I were American simply to vote against him. I'd be worth the stigmata that goes along. I've actually read a surprising amount of articles about American's planning to flee to Canada if there's a McCain victory but then again there were just as many for Bush's re-election and no one really came over. To me Barrak seems more realistic where as McCain seems to be to far to the left for anyone to handle or even take seriously. Also look at McCain's health history, the guy's had skin cancer more than twice and when giving his physical papers to run for office it was over one thousand pages compared to the one doctors note Obama had for a clean bill of health. Realistically a vote for McCain is almost voting Palin for President which would only make America more of a joke than it's already becoming.
_________________Calik Status: Hero of Speilburg Has become the Prince of Shapier and a Hero among Tarnans, after freeing the Mordavians from eternal fear he was zapped to the land of Silmaria where an import bug has him trapped between worlds.4/5
Obama, on the other hand has strength, understanding of not only the economy but the people. He's well educated, well spoken (most of the time he writes his own speeches) and a much, MUCH better understanding of the role of president.
People must be mindful that their vote for a political candidate should be based on their suitability to hold down the position, not on how articulate they are with words or how charismatic they can be. Remember, the very job of a politician is to convince the public that he's the right choice for their country. A politician who possesses the gift of the gab has a good advantage because he knows that he can appear sympathetic and tell people exactly what they want to hear. But that still doesn't mean he's not full of hot air! Political candidates are not being judged on how good a celebrity they'd make. A politician with no prior experience, yet possessing the ability to captivate such a large audience and sway their votes based on charisma alone, is merely a showman. Grandstanding does not demonstrate that he has any real substance nor an effective plan in place. Is this really the kind of person who should be commanding such power and running an entire country? The media plays a huge part, too, in bolstering the public image of certain candidates which can make huge numbers of people flock to their bandwagon merely because everyone else seems to be doing it, without looking any deeper into both sides of the story.
For the record, Barak Obama has a somewhat shady (and less publicized) history too, and in the interests of a balanced poll, I think that this article outlines some of the potential pitfalls of voting in a leader based solely on their charisma (or negative media portrayal of the opposition), rather than on their experience, which is the most important factor. Always, vote with your head, not your heart...
Whow, albeit a different perspective is often refreshing, this writer (Ali Sina) is taking a rather extreme position. AGDI2, I agree with your own words, but did you read the whole article? Some of these thoughts are interesting, but the article ends up in a very insulting and, in my opinion, rather simplistic view. The clear comparison with a.o Hitler (Godwin's law) is, to put it mildly, not the optimal vehicle to start a valuable debate.
Yeah, I did read the entire thing. I don't think the intention is to liken Obama to Hitler, but rather to illustrate the disastrous chain of events that can potentially unravel when citizens vote in a leader due to their smooth-talking ways, instead of their policies or prior experience. Voting for "change", for the sake of change, but not bothering to investigate whether Obama's proposed change will actually turn out for better or worse.
While the article does portray an unlikely "worst case scenario" conclusion, I don't think the basis of the argument is entirely unreasonable. History has proven multiple times what can happen when a leader with severe narcissistic tendencies comes to power by democratic process, and while Obama may not exactly become the next Hitler if elected president, at the core of the issue, the question still remains: how will he run a country based on charisma and very little else?
The results of this election will affect the entire world, not just the US, which is why I think so many foreigners are taking such a vested interest in it. Voting is always a matter of trying to choose between the better of two evils, as all politicians will lie and end up doing a 180 on their policies at some point. So, the best thing is to ignore all the flashy vernacular and base the decision on experience and things based in reality. Would you prefer a pilot who has never flown a plane before yet boasts that he's the best pilot in the world? Or would you prefer a pilot who has flown over 2000 flights, yet doesn't need to try and boast to elevate his status to compensate for inexperience? Obama comes off so over-confident that anyone would think he's an NBA star! He'd make a great celebrity personality, but does that criteria qualify him to be leader of the world's largest super power?
I voted for Obama and I'm proud of it. Because I don't want another George W. Bush Clone for another 4 years which McCain is even though he tried to be different than Bush but failed miserably. I dont want gas prices to be 4 bucks a gallon again. and Palin is just like Bush very stupid and doesn't even know what is going on. I doubt that the Republican party would allow her to run for President in 2012. Also Im glad Obama won enough of of those greedy jerks getting money that they don't even deserve. and Enough with the two wars that we are in. I dont think Obama will become the next Hitler. You cant even compare the two. Also Bush all ready similar to Hitler.
But Obama hasn't done anything yet. Not a single thing. In the lead-up to being elected, he's done little more than deliver the same tired old promises of change, yet he offers no tangible solutions. The ability to 'say' and the ability to actually 'do' are totally different things. And I think it's kinda scary to see how the media and celebrities can whip so many people into such a frenzy - crying and dancing because Obama won when he hasn't even proven himself capable of anything other than being Anthony Robbins black doppleganger. Why are people celebrating and rejoicing because he's the first 'black' president? How on earth does his color have anything to do with the fact that he's going to be a good leader? Isn't that almost reverse-racism? It's scary that so many people can lose sight of the larger picture and be sucked in by eloquence.
In light of the financial crisis, it's easy to lose sight of the fact that Islamic terrorism and expnasion is still the biggest threat to humanity today. After the 9/11 attacks, Bush's popularity was at an all-time high, indicating that people approved of his initial actions. His popularity gradually sunk to an all time low, not because he started doing anything different, but because he tried to stay the course which made people ansy. Wars are as old as mankind itself. They're not going to go away. There have always been wars and there have always been people protesting them. And there will always be wars as long as religion, money, and politics exist. Regardless which leader is elected, that's never going to change.
What's important, then, is to elect a leader who understands the extent of the threat the world is up against, and Obama clearly does not. He's never even served in the military before. It's sheer arrogance/nativity on Obama's part to claim that he's the savior who can diplomatically negotiate with Mahmoud Ahmadinejad, the President or Iran or other extremist leaders. Ahmadinejad called for Israel to be "wiped off the map" not long ago so it's quite clear what his ultimate motives are. Now, how is Obama going to 'diplomatically' make Iran discontinue their nuclear program and mining for uranium to develop nuclear weapons, and prevent Ahmadinejad from fulfilling these wishes? Obama already underestimates the savagery of the threat he's up against if he thinks 'easing up' on extremists is the answer. It does not matter whether foreign troops are in these Muslim countries or not. Muslim extremists will continue to wage jihad on the West, even if every last foreign soldier is pulled from Afghanistan and Iraq, because they believe it's their purpose and duty to Islam. This has been going on for thousands of years, before the US even existed as a country, so don't beleive for a second that the president appeasing extremist leaders will do a thing to change their minds or stop terror attacks on the West. Global expansion and domination is the goal they strive for, and no action that any Western president takes will ever override that.
Obama's faltering on this very serious issue seems like a repeat of Bill Clinton's inaction which paved the way for 9/11 to unfold in the first place in the 90's. And as unpopular as he is, to his credit Bush has successfully prevented further terrorist attacks for occurring on American soil since 9/11, and also kept extremists largely at bay. A lot of good has also been done in Iraq. My sister ex-boyfriend served there and said that the media only report the over-sensationalized things like the deaths, but they do a huge disservice by not reporting much about the huge progress that has been made. And now Obama wants to pull out of an unfinished job, leaving an unprepared government and untrained Iraqi police force to fend for themselves. If that happens, extremists will swoop on the country and it will quickly revert back to the way it was before. What a colossal waste of taxpayer dollars that would be. The US initiated the invasion, and regardless of whether it was right or wrong, the responsibility is now on them to make sure Iraq is stable before withdrawing.
But I suspect Obama will do a backflip on his policies regarding these issues at some point, as his stance seemed to be an attempt to capitalize on the unpopularity of the war and win him votes. He's more or less just saying what people want to hear, but doesn't really have a clue on how he'll proceed. Once he realizes that extremists like Ahmadinejad mean business, and are NOT going to give up their nuclear ambitions just because Obama asks nicely, perhaps there will be less pussyfooting around the issue, and he'll start to take a more hard-line approach -- potentially making him just as unpopular as Bush in the long-run.
Having said that, I'd say that I've personally been apolitical about all this entire election. The Republicans policies are based too heavily upon religious persuasion for my liking, while the Democrat's policies seem to be based entirely on hype and nonsense without much merit behind them. Therefore, I think the single most important factor comes down to who can best deal with the biggest threat known to humanity today. I really do hope Obama has what it takes; the electoral process might have been a fun game for him, but what awaits him now is anything but a game.
Uff. There's a good reason political discussions should not be allowed in a gaming community. Or elsewhere.
I don't want to start a war here (enough wars in the real world already) but I can not remain silent.
AGC2, I usually admire your opinions and the way you express yourself. You are obviously an intelligent person, with strong opinions. But I feel your arguments are full of mistakes or at least, based on some propagand ideas not entirely truth. While we don't have to agree, let me point a few things:
Quote:
But Obama hasn't done anything yet. Not a single thing. In the lead-up to being elected, he's done little more than deliver the same tired old promises of change, yet he offers no tangible solutions. The ability to 'say' and the ability to actually 'do' are totally different things. And I think it's kinda scary to see how the media and celebrities can whip so many people into such a frenzy - crying and dancing because Obama won when he hasn't even proven himself capable of anything other than being Anthony Robbins black doppleganger.
He hasn't done anything, that's right, we can only hope, now that he won, he will do something. How could he do something before having the tools to do it? At least he hasn't done anything yet, unlike the Republicans who have done a lot of damage already.
Quote:
Islamic terrorism and expnasion is still the biggest threat to humanity today
Really? More innocent people have died in Irak as a direct result of the US invasion than in all the terrorist attacks in all the world combined. It's easy to say they were "Al-Qaeda terrorists" after they are dead, but among the dead there have been women, children, farmers, old men, etc., all dead in bombings, attacks and terrorist-related conflicts. More than 1 million people have died in Irak after the invasion. Not even under Sadam Hussein (who was one mean son of a b*) there were so many dead.
On the other hand, I'd say hunger, lack of sanitation or many other problems are really the "biggest threat to humanity". Thousands of people die of malaria or hunger each year, specially in Africa. How many died from islamic terrorism?
Quote:
There have always been wars and there have always been people protesting them. And there will always be wars as long as religion, money, and politics exist. Regardless which leader is elected, that's never going to change.
This part, sadly, I agree.
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Now, how is Obama going to 'diplomatically' make Iran discontinue their nuclear program and mining for uranium to develop nuclear weapons, and prevent Ahmadinejad from fulfilling these wishes? Obama already underestimates the savagery of the threat he's up against if he thinks 'easing up' on extremists is the answer.
So, just to get this straight, even if Ahmadinejad was the beast some people (and news) think it is, are you saying that looking for a diplomatic solution is stupid, and the correct solution would be to make war on Iran, kill thousands of iranian innocent people (since that's inevitable in any war), and then proceed to the next "country who threatens West"? That would mean bombing at least Cuba, North Korea and Syria, according to the US "friend or foe" map of the world. Mmh, sounds like millions of dead people to me. No, I think I'll stick with the stupid solution of trying to find a diplomatic way out of this.
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Muslim extremists will continue to wage jihad on the West, even if every last foreign soldier is pulled from Afghanistan and Iraq, because they believe it's their purpose and duty to Islam. This has been going on for thousands of years, before the US even existed as a country, so don't beleive for a second that the president appeasing extremist leaders will do a thing to change their minds or stop terror attacks on the West. Global expansion and domination is the goal they strive for, and no action that any Western president takes will ever override that.
Really? Sounds more like the description of west imperialism than that of muslim terrorists. If you are talking about religious wars, then yes, it's been going for thousands of years, but not only on the part of islam, let's not forget the Crusaders and their holy mision of taking the word of the Lord to the "barbarians". But if you are talking about terrorism, it's really something that started in the XX century, as a response to some nationalist non-religious movements who some religious leaders found threatening (Armenia and Turkey come to mind, and of course, the creation of Israel.) Needless to say, in most interpretations of the Quran, violence is frowned upon, and the term yihad is used as a "holy war that must be started when Islam is attacked". Of course, there are harder interpretations and that's where terrorists appear, but this is only a small fraction of muslims, and many other Islam leaders have pronounced against this hard, belicous interpretation of the Quran. Most of these interpretations come from Saudi Arab, by the way, a country who never gets mentioned by the US since it's one of his most important oil-related partners. OK, in short, all I'm saying is: let's not confuse Islam with terrorism, most of islamic people are the kindest persons in the world.
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A lot of good has also been done in Iraq.
Tell that to iraqis themselves! Sure you can have a wonderful time in Iraq if you stay in the so called "Green Area". Try stepping outside of it to see how much good has been done to the country.
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extremists will swoop on the country and it will quickly revert back to the way it was before
Before the US and UK bombed the country to tears all through the 90's people actually had running water and electricity in their houses, which is more than can be say of today's conditions. Under Saddam life was tough and cruel, that's for sure, but today is simply hell. Can you really say iraqis are in better condition today?
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The US initiated the invasion, and regardless of whether it was right or wrong, the responsibility is now on them to make sure Iraq is stable before withdrawing
This I also kind of agree with, although is very difficult that the US manages to make Iraq stable, seeing that part of the unstability comes from the mere US presence. It's called resistance.
As I said, I'm not trying to start a war here, I'm just trying to clarify some points which I consider to be innacurate. But that's it, I won't go further because political and religious discussions usually go nowhere and end very bad.
About the original question, I prefer Obama not because I think he will really change everything just like that (it's never, ever, that easy) but because I think that the Bush years have been the worst american years in its recent history (in foreign affairs and economy, at least) and I think no one save the Republicans could do it worse. That's it.
Personally, I don't see anything wrong with such conversations, as long as they don't resort into personal slander.
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He hasn't done anything, that's right, we can only hope, now that he won, he will do something. How could he do something before having the tools to do it? At least he hasn't done anything yet, unlike the Republicans who have done a lot of damage already.
That's precisely what I'm getting at. He hasn't done anything yet, and yet there's already so much rejoicing that Obama is already the next savior of America. Only time will tell how good a president Obama will make, not his race or anything else. But since his campaign was based mainly on rhetoric, if you brush all the hype aside, what other noteworthy leadership qualities does he possess that we know of? None yet.
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Really? More innocent people have died in Irak as a direct result of the US invasion than in all the terrorist attacks in all the world combined. It's easy to say they were "Al-Qaeda terrorists" after they are dead, but among the dead there have been women, children, farmers, old men, etc., all dead in bombings, attacks and terrorist-related conflicts. More than 1 million people have died in Irak after the invasion. Not even under Sadam Hussein (who was one mean son of a b*) there were so many dead.
Of course collateral damage is unavoidable in any war. But the big difference here is that the US troops and coalition forces try their best to minimize and avoid casualties. Whereas, Al Queda and extremists routinely pull aside women, kids, and the elderly as human shields to protect themselves from gunfire and also to tally up the body count against the coalition. A friend of my sister's ex (a 21 year old kid) serving in Iraq, fired upon and killed, an entire family of women and children in Iraq because some terrorist piece of shit, who was hiding in the back of their vehicle, coerced them to drive through a checkpoint and ignore repeated warnings to stop. It was all over the news here in Australia and they really portrayed this kid to be evil for doing what he did. He was really psychologically messed up over it. Yet, the reality is that this car could have been carrying suicide bombers or explosives and there was no other choice he could have made after the car refused to stop multiple times and the car started speeding towards them. These extremists are completely without remorse or compassion for life. They will do absolutely anything to win, even if that means killing other Muslims in the name of their cause.
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On the other hand, I'd say hunger, lack of sanitation or many other problems are really the "biggest threat to humanity". Thousands of people die of malaria or hunger each year, specially in Africa. How many died from islamic terrorism?
I'm not attempting to downplay those things, but they are self-contained/isolated to certain parts of the world. Political Islam is by far a bigger threat on a worldwide scale, not only in regards to deaths but also due to the nature of its expansion and its penchant for slowly dissolving the cultural identity of any other country in encroaches upon. This is no secret and while I guess people don't like to talk about it, you only need look at North Africa, parts of Asia, and Western Europe to see the effect it's having. While I don't have exact numbers, this site documents ongoing casualties and deaths committed in the name of Islamic terror on a daily basis and dates back several years. (You need to scroll to the bottom of the page for the list). As you can see, there are quite a lot. But killing in the name of Allah has been going on for centuries, unlike the Iraq war.
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So, just to get this straight, even if Ahmadinejad was the beast some people (and news) think it is, are you saying that looking for a diplomatic solution is stupid, and the correct solution would be to make war on Iran, kill thousands of iranian innocent people (since that's inevitable in any war), and then proceed to the next "country who threatens West"? That would mean bombing at least Cuba, North Korea and Syria, according to the US "friend or foe" map of the world. Mmh, sounds like millions of dead people to me. No, I think I'll stick with the stupid solution of trying to find a diplomatic way out of this.
Looking for a diplomatic solution is never a bad idea. But negotiating with a leader who is an Islamist to the extent that Ahmadinejad is, is like trying to get blood from a stone. This is a man who permits 16 year-old-rape victims to be stoned to death by a mob shoulting "Allahu Akbar" after being buried waist-deep in dirt with their arms tied -- because the legal assumption by Iranian law is that she must have committed adultery; A man who allows homosexuals to be hung simply for existing in his country. Ahmadinejad has publicly made his intentions for Israel and the rest of the non-Muslim world quite clear. Knowing this, should we simply wait for a man like him to develop nuclear weapons and only try to take action when it's too late? Keep in mind that allowing such a monster to develop nuclear weapons and use them would also result in fatalities in the millions.
Sitting down for diplomatic discussions is all well and good, and if it works, then that's great. But not everything can always be resolved diplomatically. And if not... what happens then? What if Ahmadinejad takes advantage of these diplomatic discussions in order to buy himself time and draw attention away from Iran's nuclear program while possible weapons development continues? Obama will, at some point, have to take political actions that could make him lose his current level of popularity when he's dealing with extremist leaders in matters of conflict. He can't be president and then hide behind a rock, hoping to avoid that confrontation. That's all part of the job description.
Iranians also appear to be unique in the Middle East, in that many of them (particularly the younger generation) when surveyed, said that they would welcome a US invasion to help overthrow their government. From what I have read, a lot of Iranians are still partial to the former Zoroastrian religion and proud of their Persian ancestry, not Islam which they consider was forced upon them.
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Needless to say, in most interpretations of the Quran, violence is frowned upon, and the term yihad is used as a "holy war that must be started when Islam is attacked". Of course, there are harder interpretations and that's where terrorists appear, but this is only a small fraction of muslims, and many other Islam leaders have pronounced against this hard, belicous interpretation of the Quran.
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OK, in short, all I'm saying is: let's not confuse Islam with terrorism, most of islamic people are the kindest persons in the world.
The crusades were defensive conflict where Muslims were the aggressors. By the time the Crusades started, Muslims had already conquered over half of the Christian countries. Besides, the Crusaders did not invade any Muslim territory. But either way, I don't support brutality in ANY religion. Just because Christians occasionally do bad things too, this still doesn't address the issue that Islam is, at its core, a political movement fueled by violence and intolerance.
I'd be interested to know where you're getting this information that there are multiple versions of the Quran? Let's call a spade a spade here, shall we? This is the tried and true story that many Muslim apologists will often feed to people who are ignorant about their religion to reiterate to others to try and portray it in a positive light. In truth, you really don't need to be a scholar to pick up any copy of the Quran and find that it is absolutely riddled with violence, abuse, pedophilia, rape, misogyny, and murder. I mean, just open the book and it's right there in front of your eyes! I could rattle off a bunch of verses that verify all of the above, but I won't bother since they're all easy enough to locate online if you're so inclined. The name Islam means "submission" in itself, which is pretty telling. And the Quran has never been 'reformed' like the New Testament of Christianity. There's a reason why Islamic terrorists are committing these acts and it's not because they are misinterpreting Islam; it's because they're following the Quran verbatim as the word of Allah/Mohamed. Heck, the fact that merely talking critically about Islam can get a fatwa on your head is scary enough. Or that doing so can force you into hiding for over a decade like Salman Rushdie, or even get you killed like Theo Van Gogh.
Now, as for 'moderate' Muslims. Yes, thankfully, they are the majority and many of them are very good people. But what kind of religion necessitates such terms as "moderate Muslim" and "Islamophobia"? These words indicate that there is already a distinction between different rifts in this religion! Why is this religion scary enough to some people, that they have to coin a specific phrase to illustrate that very valid phobia? Why does such stigma exist around discussing Islam in the first place, if it's not guilty of the charges leveled against it? Have you ever heard of a "moderate Buddhist" or a "Hinduphobe"? Nope, didn't think so!
However, Islam is not an easy religion to leave. The Quran itself states that apostates must be put to death. Many Muslims are fearful to leave Islam, many others have convinced themselves to interpret the violent parts as an analogy that means something different, while others are just content to non-violently support the cause for global expansion by deceiving people with misinformation about their 'peaceful religion' while simultaneously increasing their numbers in countries by outbreeding the original inhabitants and changing the demographics. Higher numbers mean more power, after all.
Another true story. My brother works as a plumber. He worked every day on a construction site with an apprentice electrician who was a 21-year-old Muslim. He seemed like a totally normal guy who talked to everyone with nothing suspect about him. Then, one day, my brother and his coworkers heard on the news that this Muslim guy had been arrested. He was being observed by police at Kinglake (a place about 35 minutes drive from where I live) in remote forest area. He and a bunch of other extremists had a training camp set up there and this piece of trash was planning to become Australia's first suicide bomber by blowing up the MCG (Melbourne Cricket Ground) and Crown Casino complex. I can't find a good news article on it right now, but you can Google it. Luckily, this asshole was arrested. But that's a little close to home, don't you think? It really makes me wonder about this Islamic expansion and how many Muslims living in the West are capable of being extremists. Rhetorical question: Once Muslims become a large majority of the population, how do you tell apart the extremists from the rest? Is there even a way? This is a cause for concern.
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Tell that to iraqis themselves! Sure you can have a wonderful time in Iraq if you stay in the so called "Green Area". Try stepping outside of it to see how much good has been done to the country.
Are you speaking from personal experience? Many Iraqis do prefer the state of their country without Saddam, though they'd be unlikely to admit that. They have also improved the infrastructure, roads, highways, etc. there. Though, it's a slanted perspective. Christian Iraqis would obviously prefer the troops to remain. Muslim Iraqis want them out. Unfortunately, I think the mistake with the war is that you cannot force democracy on people who don't want to embrace it. That seems to be the difference between the Iraqis and Iranians.
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Can you really say iraqis are in better condition today?
Not yet, and with Obama pulling out before the job's finished, they'll be even worse off.
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This I also kind of agree with, although is very difficult that the US manages to make Iraq stable, seeing that part of the unstability comes from the mere US presence. It's called resistance.
True. And it begs the question, why resist someone who is trying to help your situation? Again, the intolerance preached by Islam is partly to blame here. The Iraqis could make the task easier of rebuilding their country, but Islam has them torn on whether to accept help from the infidels or to kick them out of the Middle East. Most of these Iraqi's are not educated to a high level. They are susceptible to whatever vile trash and propaganda about Israel and the west their Imam spews to them at their mosque. To them, this is the extent of their 'education' on outside affairs. Therefore, the concept that US troops could enter their country to assist (and not invade and loot) is against everything they have been told about Americans. On one side, everything they read in the Quran and are preached to about by their Imam tells them to fight and kill the unbelievers, yet on the other hand, they see a compassionate side too. They do not know who to trust because of the conflicting information they're getting and this tends to make for a bumpy transition.
I would suggest researching more about Islam, not only from Muslims you might know who will, naturally, portray it in a very positive light, but from other unbiased sources too. Read the Quran, talk to ex-Muslims and see why they left Islam in order to get a full perspective. Ignorance about this kind of thing on such a large scale is quite frightening, and it's something that really bothers me, because political Islam/extremism already has its foot well in the door. It's so easy to see all around us if we open our eyes, yet so many people have their heads buried in the sand. Obama believes that because he lived in Indonesia, he will have credibility with Muslim leaders, but Indonesia is a very moderate country as far as Islamic values are concerned and I understand that most Arabs do not consider Asians be a 'true' Muslims anyway. So, good luck to Obama. I think he'll surely need it!
I just meant that he believes that he can accomplish what Bush could not through diplomatic means. But I think he'll have about the same level of success. It's more so Obama's fanbase that treats him as the second coming!
I also wanted to add to my previous post that I'm trying not to generalize all Muslims into one group and claim that they're all identical in their mindset. I understand that many Muslims have no say in their choice of religion and only posses a shallow understanding of what they were raised to follow. It's not Muslims I take issue with, but the ideology of Islam itself.
You have your vision and I have mine. I'll just advice the same you advice to me: research about Islam. I don't know where you get that Islam itself promotes violence. It's like saying christianity itself promotes violence because of the IRA terrorists, or because if you open the Old Testament is full of violence right there, as well as a nefast attitude towards women (check the Levitic).
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US troops and coalition forces try their best to minimize and avoid casualties
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why resist someone who is trying to help your situation?
Remember those photographs of Abu Ghraib prison where soldiers were abusing iraqi prisoners? Just because there are no more photos, doesn't mean tortures stopped. While I'm not saying every US soldier is doing the same, it's hard to convince a whole nation that you are "helping them" when that kind of photographs appear, your country is still in full civil war and, as you point it out, your are pretending to impose democracy (or any other political system). Democracy may seem very natural for us, but who are we to dictate how the whole world should be ruled? Based on what?
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While I don't have exact numbers, this site documents ongoing casualties and deaths committed in the name of Islamic terror on a daily basis and dates back several years. (You need to scroll to the bottom of the page for the list). As you can see, there are quite a lot. But killing in the name of Allah has been going on for centuries, unlike the Iraq war.
I was hoping you were linking to some serious site. A web page that states that dogs should be offended because some terrorist were temporaly put in their pens can not be taken seriously. Or comparing a terrorism strike with a jewish Nobel price, saying: "Look what muslims do in their holidays" is so obviously tendecious that I can just picture the israeli web master.
I'm pretty sure I can find some muslim website that paints a really nice picture of the arab world and then compares it with the "atrocities commited by the jewish demons" but I won't, let keep it objective and try to quote impartial sources.
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Iranians also appear to be unique in the Middle East, in that many of them (particularly the younger generation) when surveyed, said that they would welcome a US invasion to help overthrow their government. From what I have read, a lot of Iranians are still partial to the former Zoroastrian religion and proud of their Persian ancestry, not Islam which they consider was forced upon them.
AHHH! Wrong, wrong, wrong. C'mon, do you really believe that bullshit? Surveyed by Bush must be, yeah right. I have iranian friends, and while they don't like their president, they would NEVER support an invasion. That's the same lie Bush told about Irak. In the case of Irak, it was partly true, but in the case of Iran, c'mon, I really can not believe anyone falls for it. Iran is a DEMOCRATIC country. Like it or not, hardliner Ahmadinejad was ELECTED by its people. No iranian wants an invasion to overthrown their legitim government. The people probably voted for Ahmadinejad because they felt threatened that they were next on Bush agenda and they thought they needed a strong character to stop an invasion or to fight back, but that's a different discussion. Just please, don't repeat the US lies about Iran.
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Are you speaking from personal experience?
I've been planning a trip to Middle East for some time now. While I just have been in Morocco, which is the most "occidental" arab country, I have been researching the zone for quite a while. I still hope to make this trip next year, although the economic recession is not helping me in my efforts . When I do, I really hope that nobody kills me for being an infidel , which I seriously doubt. And then, maybe I can share some photos of me in beautiful Iran, if nobody decided to wipe it for the sake of "prevention", that is.
And finally, I know from experience that, while these discussions are interesting from a personal point of view (since we can learn more about each other's way of thinking) there are never satisfactory conclusions and nobody changes their minds because other people tell them so. So while you have all the right to reply, I want to tell now and for all, this is my last statement about the topic, I'm letting it be. I prefer discussing Pizza Elementals anyday.
I agree with your last sentence, Obama will need a lot of luck and inteligence if he really wants to help the Middle East situation. Let's hope for the better (whatever you think the "better" is!)
All I can do is reiterate that the situation is what it is. Sure, the Old Testament is filled with fire and brimstone rubbish too, but at least Christians had the good sense to reform their religion and leave that nonsense in the stone ages where it belongs. Christianity is now a religion of tolerance and understanding (for the most part), unlike Islam which still preaches the violence and hate of the Quran as it was written by a mass murderer prophet over 1400 years ago. Show me a case where a Christian has flown planes into buildings or otherwise committed mass murder and attributed their attack to Jesus Christ or their religion? Nowhere does the Bible talk about persecuting the Jews or that it's okay to kill the infidels and rape their women in the name of God like the Quran does. Muslims are unique, in that they are the only people who kill because their religion instructs them to.
Where do I get that Islam promotes violence? From the Quran itself, of course. The Muslim Holy Book which defines how Muslims should live their lives by following the footsteps of their prophet Mohamed. I don't really need to explain much further when you can simply open the Quran and the book will confirm all that violence and hatred for itself.
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Remember those photographs of Abu Ghraib prison where soldiers were abusing iraqi prisoners?
Those soldiers faced legal action over that, and the actions were publicly condemned by most American citizens. On the contrary, where was all the Muslim outrage and condemnation for the 9/11 attacks? A very small minority of Muslims spoke out about this, while the large majority remained silent or apathetic. Instead of accepting responsibility for Islam being the instigator of 9/11, Muslim groups like CAIR even went as far to make up outright lies and idiotic conspiracies in order to get the critical public eye away from Islam. Of course, such events are damaging to keeping strong foreign relations, but the key in moving forward is to set the wrongs right and apologize for such mistakes. The US has done that for Abu Ghraib. Have Muslim leaders for 9/11?
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I was hoping you were linking to some serious site.
The site isn't serious because it puts a humorous twist on illogical stupidity? Any statistics that site reports can be verified by other independent news articles, I'm sure. They wouldn't have much of a case otherwise. But then again, any site I link to could be claimed non-serious simply because it disagrees with the teachings of Islam. But rather than throw websites around, it would be better for you to prove that the Quran does NOT encourage violence, intolerance, and hatred. The Quran is, after all, the book that Muslims live by. If you can prove that the Quran doesn't promote more violence and intolerance than it does acceptance and compassion, then I'll eat my comments.
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I'm pretty sure I can find some muslim website that paints a really nice picture of the arab world and then compares it with the "atrocities commited by the jewish demons" but I won't, let keep it objective and try to quote impartial sources.
Hey, you don't even have to. The Quran had that base covered long before the Internet age!
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I agree with your last sentence, Obama will need a lot of luck and inteligence if he really wants to help the Middle East situation. Let's hope for the better (whatever you think the "better" is!)
Muslim leaders are rejoicing his election too, because they think that Obama will change US foreign policy in regards to Israel/Palestinian state. He's in a tough situation because to maintain his popular image both at home and abroad, he's caught in the middle of appeasing extremists and serving his own county's security interests. I don't envy his position at all!
Christianity is now a religion of tolerance and understanding (for the most part), unlike Islam which still preaches the violence and hate of the Quran as it was written by a mass murderer prophet over 1400 years ago. Show me a case where a Christian has flown planes into buildings or otherwise committed mass murder and attributed their attack to Jesus Christ or their religion?
And honestly, most religions have dark sides. You shouldn't compare extremist forms of any faith to the faith as a whole. Islam is typically rather tolerant of the other Abrahamic faiths (they see us as close enough to the final truth of Mohammed).
_________________There is balance in all things. Live in symmetry with the world around you. If you must blow things up and steal from those around you, THAT'S WHAT RPGS ARE FOR!
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Actors, television personalities and politicians are calling on their colleagues to stop giving fuel to online trolls in an effort to stop the spread of hate and abuse online.
The former England footballer Gary Lineker, the former home secretary Alan Johnson, the London mayor, Sadiq Khan, the anti-FGM campaigner Nimco Ali and the comedian and actor Eddie Izzard are among those uniting on Monday to advise people to stop engaging with trolls altogether online.
Izzard told the Guardian that acknowledging them was to effectively hand over a “megaphone” so they could spread their views to an even larger audience.
The call by these public figures is part of the launch of a new guide for victims of online trolling called Don’t Feed the Trolls, launched by the new Center for Countering Digital Hate (CCDH).
Johnson told the Guardian that MPs were now afraid of raising certain subjects likely to lead to them being trolled.
He said: “Many of my former colleagues in parliament fear speaking out on issues which might trigger another onslaught of trolling.
“I worked with the CCDH’s director, Imran Ahmed, on the EU referendum campaign, in which we saw outbreaks of virulent hate offline and especially online, and in which our colleague Jo Cox lost her life to a radicalised white nationalist terrorist.
“The CCDH’s Don’t Feed the Trolls report is a brilliant explanation of how we can start the process of cleaning up toxic discourse on social media so we can use it to do good.”
Izzard, who has previously spoken about receiving abuse for being transgender, said: “To directly engage with these trolls is to hand them a megaphone.
“The world would be a happier and less hateful place if, instead of giving these voices the attention and audience they crave, we all simply blocked and ignored them.”
Co-authored by the psychologist Dr Linda Papadopoulos and Ahmed, the report tells victims to block troll accounts and turn off notifications on their phones when they are being targeted.
The public figures backing the report believe responding to trolls on social media – even with a put-down or criticism – spreads hate by amplifying and legitimising their ideas. It also helps trolls attract new followers, and access an audience they would not normally be able to reach.
The guidelines suggest that in cases where victims receive messages which they believe may be unlawful, they should record a screenshot of the message, report it to the social media platform, and contact the police or lawyers. It also advises not to post about being the target of trolls.
The report references a playbook produced by the US neo-Nazi website The Daily Stormer, advising online trolls that the best way to gain “media attention and general infamy” was “to troll public figures and get them to whine about it”.
The research also cites evidence that trolls are more likely to have personality traits in which they enjoy seeing other people in pain, and so responding or complaining often leads to more abuse.
Lineker, host of the BBC’s Match of the Day, said recent incidents of racism directed at black footballers online showed the urgent need for the guide.
“We’ve all been shocked by the way in which racist trolls have been targeting footballers recently. It is frankly horrifying that they have done so in a calculated way to spread their abhorrent views. Let’s not allow the beautiful game to be tarnished in this way.
“Everyone across the sporting world will be grateful for this guide on how we can show online trolls the red card: don’t rise to the bait; block the trolls; and take some time out.”
Papadopoulos said: “It is perfectly natural for a victim of trolling to want to defend their reputations and values. But it is precisely this instinct that trolls exploit to keep victims engaged and to amplify their hate.”
| tomekkorbak/pile-curse-small | OpenWebText2 |
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abstract: 'By the Wolff’s cluster Monte Carlo simulations and numerical minimization within a mean field approach, we study the low temperature phase diagram of water, adopting a cell model that reproduces the known properties of water in its fluid phases. Both methods allows us to study the water thermodynamic behavior at temperatures where other numerical approaches –both Monte Carlo and molecular dynamics– are seriously hampered by the large increase of the correlation times. The cluster algorithm also allows us to emphasize that the liquid–liquid phase transition corresponds to the percolation transition of tetrahedrally ordered water molecules.'
author:
- 'Marco G. Mazza'
- Kevin Stokely
- Elena Strekalova
- 'H. Eugene Stanley'
- Giancarlo Franzese
title: 'Cluster Monte Carlo and numerical mean field analysis for the water liquid–liquid phase transition'
---
Introduction
============
Water is possibly the most important liquid for life [@sitges] and, at the same time, is a very peculiar liquid [@Debenedetti-JPCM03]. In the stable liquid regime its thermodynamic response functions behave qualitatively differently than a typical liquid. The isothermal compressibility $K_T$, for example, has a minimum as a function of temperature at $T=46~^\circ$C, while for a typical liquid $K_T$ monotonically decreases upon cooling. Water’s anomalies become even more pronounced as the system is cooled below the melting point and enters the metastable supercooled regime [@DebenedettiStanley].
Different hypothesis have been proposed to rationalize the anomalies of water [@Franzese-JPCM08]. All these interpretations, but one, predict the existence of a liquid–liquid phase transition in the supercooled state, consistent with the experiments to date [@Franzese-JPCM08] and supported by different models [@Debenedetti-JPCM03].
To discriminate among the different interpretations, many experiments have been performed [@angell2008]. However, the freezing in the temperature-range of interest can be avoided only for water in confined geometries or on the surface of macromolecules [@Franzese-JPCM08; @Stanley_etal]. Since experiments in the supercooled region are difficult to perform, numerical simulations have played an important role in recent years to help interpret the data. However, also the simulations at very low temperature $T$ are hampered by the glassy dynamics of the empirical models of water [@slow; @kfsPRL2008]. For these reasons is important to implement more efficient numerical simulations for simple models, able to capture the fundamental physics of water but also less computationally expensive. Here we introduce the implementation of a Wolff’s cluster algorithm [@wolff] for the Monte Carlo (MC) simulations of a cell model for water [@fs]. The model is able to reproduce all the different scenarios proposed to interpret the behavior of water [@kevin] and has been analyzed (i) with mean field (MF) [@fs; @Franzese-JPCM07; @kumar-JPCM08], (ii) with Metropolis MC simulations [@fmsPRE03; @kfsPRL2008] and (iii) with Wang-Landau MC density of state algorithm [@marques-PRE07]. Recent Metropolis MC simulations [@kfsPRL2008] have shown that very large times are needed to equilibrate the system as $T\rightarrow 0$, as a consequence of the onset of the glassy dynamics. The implementation of the Wolff’s clusters MC dynamics, presented here, allows us to (i) drastically reduce the equilibration times of the model at very low $T$ and (ii) give a geometrical characterization of the regions of correlated water molecules (clusters) at low $T$ and show that the liquid–liquid phase transition can be interpreted as a percolation transition of the tetrahedrally ordered clusters.
![A pictorial representation of five water molecules in 3$d$. Two hydrogen bonds (grey links) connect the hydrogens (in blue) of the central molecule with the lone electrons (small gray lines) of two nearest neighbor (n.n.) molecules. A bond index (arm) with $q=6$ possible values is associated to each hydrogen and lone electron, giving rise to $q^4$ possible orientational states for each molecule. A hydrogen bond can be formed only if the two facing arms of the n.n. molecules are in the same state. Arms on the same molecule interact among themselves to mimic the O-O-O interaction that drives the molecules toward a tetrahedral local structure.[]{data-label="picture"}](mssf-CPC-fig1.eps)
The model
=========
The system consists of $N$ particles distributed within a volume $V$ in $d$ dimensions. The volume is divided into $N$ cells of volume $v_i$ with $i\in[1,N]$. For sake of simplicity, these cells are chosen of the same size, $v_i=V/N$, but the generalization to the case in which the volume can change without changes in the topology of the nearest–neighbor (n.n.) is straightforward. By definition, $v_i\geq
v_0$, where $v_0$ is the molecule hard-core volume. Each cell has a variable $n_i=0$ for a gas-like or $n_i=1$ for a liquid-like cell. We partition the total volume in a way such that each cell has at least four n.n. cells, e.g. as in a cubic lattice in 3$d$ or a square lattice in 2$d$. Periodic boundary conditions are used to limit finite–size effects.
The system is described by the Hamiltonian [@fs] $$\begin{gathered}
\mathscr{H} = - \epsilon \sum_{\langle i,j \rangle} n_i n_j
-J \sum_{\langle ij \rangle} n_i n_j
\delta_{\sigma_{ij},\sigma_{ji}} +\\
-J_\sigma \sum_i n_i \sum_{(k,l)_i} \delta_{\sigma_{ik},\sigma_{il}},
\label{ham}\end{gathered}$$ where $\epsilon>0$ is the strength of the van der Waals attraction, $J>0$ accounts for the hydrogen bond energy, with four (Potts) variables $\sigma_{ij}=1,\ldots,q$ representing bond indices of molecule $i$ with respect to the four n.n. molecules $j$, $\delta_{a,b}=1$ if $a=b$ and $\delta_{a,b}=0$ otherwise, and $\langle i,j\rangle$ denotes that $i$ and $j$ are n.n. The model does not assume a privileged state for bond formation. Any time two facing bond indices (arms) are in the same (Potts) state, a bond is formed. The third term represents an intramolecular (IM) interaction accounting for the O–O–O correlation [@Ricci-Chaplin], locally driving the molecules toward a tetrahedral configuration. When the bond indices of a molecule are in the same state, the energy is decreased by an amount $J_\sigma\geqslant0$ and we associate this local ordered configuration to a local tetrahedral arrangement [@note]. The notation $(k,l)_i$ indicates one of the six different pairs of the four bond indices of molecule $i$ (Fig.\[picture\]).
Experiments show that the formation of a hydrogen bond leads to a local volume expansion [@Debenedetti-JPCM03]. Thus in our system the total volume is $$\label{vol}
V = N v_0 + N_{HB} v_{HB},$$ where N\_[HB]{}\_[<i,j>]{} n\_i n\_j \_[\_[ij]{},\_[ji]{}]{} is the total number of hydrogen bonds, and $v_{HB}$ is the constant specific volume increase due to the hydrogen bond formation.
Mean–field analysis
===================
In the mean–field (MF) analysis the macrostate of the system in equilibrium at constant pressure $P$ and temperature $T$ ($NPT$ ensemble) may be determined by a minimization of the Gibbs free energy per molecule, $g \equiv (\langle \mathscr{H} \rangle + PV -
TS)/N_w$, where $$\label{num}
N_w = \sum_i n_i$$ is the total number of liquid-like cells, and $S=S_n+S_\sigma$ is the sum of the entropy $S_n$ over the variables $n_i$ and the entropy $S_\sigma$ over the variables $\sigma_{ij}$.
A MF approach consists of writing $g$ explicitly using the approximations $$\begin{aligned}
\sum_{<ij>} n_i n_j &\longrightarrow 2 N n^2 \\
\sum_{<ij>} n_i n_j \delta_{\sigma_{ij}, \sigma_{ji}} &\longrightarrow 2 N n^2 p_\sigma \\
\sum_{i} n_i \sum_{(k,l)_i} \delta_{\sigma_{ik}, \sigma_{il}}
&\longrightarrow 6 N n p_\sigma\end{aligned}$$ where $n=N_w/N$ is the average of $n_i$, and $p_\sigma$ is the probability that two adjacent bond indices $\sigma_{ij}$ are in the appropriate state to form a hydrogen bond.
Therefore, in this approximation we can write $$\begin{aligned}
V & = N v_0 + 2 N n^2 p_\sigma v_{HB},\\
\langle \mathscr{H} \rangle & = -2\left[\epsilon n+\left(J n+ 3
J_\sigma\right)p_\sigma \right] n N .\end{aligned}$$
The probability $p_\sigma$, properly defined as the thermodynamic average over the whole system, is approximated as the average over two neighboring molecules, under the effect of the mean-field $h$ of the surrounding molecules $$\label{psig1}
p_\sigma = \left< \delta_{\sigma_{ij},\sigma_{ji}} \right>_h .$$
The ground state of the system consists of all $N$ variables $n_i=1$, and all $\sigma_{ij}$ in the same state. At low temperatures, the symmetry will remain broken, with the majority of the $\sigma_{ij}$ in the preferred state. We associate this preferred state to the tetrahedral order of the molecules and define $m_\sigma$ as the density of the bond indices in the tetrahedral state, with $0 \leq m_\sigma \leq 1$. Therefore, the number density $n_\sigma$ of bond indices $\sigma_{ij}$ is in the tetrahedral state is $$n_\sigma={{1 + (q-1)m_\sigma} \over q}.$$
Since an appropriate form for $h$ is [@fs] $$h = 3 J_\sigma n_\sigma,$$ we obtain that ${{3J_\sigma} \over q} \leq h \leq 3J_\sigma$.
The MF expressions for the entropies $S_n$ of the $N$ variables $n_i$, and $S_\sigma$ of the $4Nn$ variables $\sigma_{ij}$, are then [@Franzese-JPCM07] $$\begin{gathered}
S_\sigma = -k_B4Nn[n_\sigma\log(n_\sigma) + \\
(1-n_\sigma)\log(1-n_\sigma) + \log(q-1)] ,\end{gathered}$$ where $k_B$ is the Boltzmann constant.
Equating $$\label{psig2}
p_\sigma \equiv n_\sigma^2 + {{(1-n_\sigma)^2} \over {q-1}} ,$$ with the approximate expression in Eq. (\[psig1\]), allows for solution of $n_\sigma$, and hence $g$, in terms of the order parameter $m_\sigma$ and $n$.
By minimizing numerically the MF expression of $g$ with respect to $n$ and $m_\sigma$, we find the equilibrium values $n^{(eq)}$ and $m_\sigma^{(eq)}$ and, with Eqs. (\[num\]) and (\[vol\]), we calculate the density $\rho$ at any $(T,P)$ and the full equation of state. An example of minimization of $g$ is presented in Fig. \[mf\] where, for the model’s parameters $J/\epsilon=0.5$, $J_\sigma/\epsilon=0.05$, $v_{HB}/v_0=0.5$, $q=6$, a discontinuity in $m_\sigma^{(eq)}$ is observed for $Pv_0/\epsilon>0.8$. As discussed in Ref.s [@fs; @fmsPRE03] this discontinuity corresponds to a first order phase transition between two liquid phases with different degree of tetrahedral order and, as a consequence, different density. The higher $P$ at which the change in $m_\sigma^{(eq)}$ is continuous, corresponds to the pressure of a liquid–liquid critical point (LLCP). The occurrence of the LLCP is consistent with one of the possible interpretations of the anomalies of water, as discussed in Ref. [@Franzese-JPCM07]. However, for different choices of parameters, the model reproduces also the other proposed scenarios [@kevin].
![Numerical minimization of the molar Gibbs free energy $g$ in the mean field approach. The model’s parameters are $J/\epsilon=0.5$, $J_\sigma/\epsilon=0.05$, $v_{HB}/v_0=0.5$ and $q=6$. In each panel we present $g$ (dashed lines) calculated at constant $P$ and different values of $T$. The thick line crossing the dashed lines connects the minima $m_\sigma^{(eq)}$ of $g$ at different $T$. Upper panel: $Pv_0/\epsilon=0.7$, for $T$ going from $k_BT/\epsilon=0.06$ (top) to $k_BT/\epsilon=0.08$ (bottom). Middle panel: $Pv_0/\epsilon=0.8$, for $T$ going from $k_BT/\epsilon=0.05$ (top) to $k_BT/\epsilon=0.07$ (bottom). Lower panel: $Pv_0/\epsilon=0.9$, for $T$ going from $k_BT/\epsilon=0.04$ (top) to $k_BT/\epsilon=0.06$ (bottom). In each panel dashed lines are separated by $k_B \delta
T/\epsilon=0.001$. In all the panels $m_\sigma^{(eq)}$ increases when $T$ decreases, being 0 (marking the absence of tetrahedral order) at the higher temperatures and $\simeq 0.9$ (high tetrahedral order) at the lowest temperature. By changing $T$, $m_\sigma^{(eq)}$ changes in a continuous way for $Pv_0/\epsilon=0.7$ and $0.8$, but discontinuous for $Pv_0/\epsilon=0.9$ and higher $P$. []{data-label="mf"}](mssf-CPC-fig2a.eps "fig:") ![Numerical minimization of the molar Gibbs free energy $g$ in the mean field approach. The model’s parameters are $J/\epsilon=0.5$, $J_\sigma/\epsilon=0.05$, $v_{HB}/v_0=0.5$ and $q=6$. In each panel we present $g$ (dashed lines) calculated at constant $P$ and different values of $T$. The thick line crossing the dashed lines connects the minima $m_\sigma^{(eq)}$ of $g$ at different $T$. Upper panel: $Pv_0/\epsilon=0.7$, for $T$ going from $k_BT/\epsilon=0.06$ (top) to $k_BT/\epsilon=0.08$ (bottom). Middle panel: $Pv_0/\epsilon=0.8$, for $T$ going from $k_BT/\epsilon=0.05$ (top) to $k_BT/\epsilon=0.07$ (bottom). Lower panel: $Pv_0/\epsilon=0.9$, for $T$ going from $k_BT/\epsilon=0.04$ (top) to $k_BT/\epsilon=0.06$ (bottom). In each panel dashed lines are separated by $k_B \delta
T/\epsilon=0.001$. In all the panels $m_\sigma^{(eq)}$ increases when $T$ decreases, being 0 (marking the absence of tetrahedral order) at the higher temperatures and $\simeq 0.9$ (high tetrahedral order) at the lowest temperature. By changing $T$, $m_\sigma^{(eq)}$ changes in a continuous way for $Pv_0/\epsilon=0.7$ and $0.8$, but discontinuous for $Pv_0/\epsilon=0.9$ and higher $P$. []{data-label="mf"}](mssf-CPC-fig2b.eps "fig:") ![Numerical minimization of the molar Gibbs free energy $g$ in the mean field approach. The model’s parameters are $J/\epsilon=0.5$, $J_\sigma/\epsilon=0.05$, $v_{HB}/v_0=0.5$ and $q=6$. In each panel we present $g$ (dashed lines) calculated at constant $P$ and different values of $T$. The thick line crossing the dashed lines connects the minima $m_\sigma^{(eq)}$ of $g$ at different $T$. Upper panel: $Pv_0/\epsilon=0.7$, for $T$ going from $k_BT/\epsilon=0.06$ (top) to $k_BT/\epsilon=0.08$ (bottom). Middle panel: $Pv_0/\epsilon=0.8$, for $T$ going from $k_BT/\epsilon=0.05$ (top) to $k_BT/\epsilon=0.07$ (bottom). Lower panel: $Pv_0/\epsilon=0.9$, for $T$ going from $k_BT/\epsilon=0.04$ (top) to $k_BT/\epsilon=0.06$ (bottom). In each panel dashed lines are separated by $k_B \delta
T/\epsilon=0.001$. In all the panels $m_\sigma^{(eq)}$ increases when $T$ decreases, being 0 (marking the absence of tetrahedral order) at the higher temperatures and $\simeq 0.9$ (high tetrahedral order) at the lowest temperature. By changing $T$, $m_\sigma^{(eq)}$ changes in a continuous way for $Pv_0/\epsilon=0.7$ and $0.8$, but discontinuous for $Pv_0/\epsilon=0.9$ and higher $P$. []{data-label="mf"}](mssf-CPC-fig2c.eps "fig:")
The simulation with the Wolff’s clusters Monte Carlo algorithm
==============================================================
To perform MC simulations in the $NPT$ ensemble, we consider a modified version of the model in which we allow for continuous volume fluctuations. To this goal, (i) we assume that the system is homogeneous with all the variables $n_i$ set to 1 and all the cells with volume $v=V/N$; (ii) we consider that $V\equiv V_{MC}+N_{HB}v_{HB}$, where $V_{MC}\geqslant N v_0$ is a dynamical variable allowed to fluctuate in the simulations; (iii) we replace the first (van der Waals) term of the Hamiltonian in Eq. (\[ham\]) with a Lennard-Jones potential with attractive energy $\epsilon>J$ and truncated at the hard-core distance U\_W(r)
&\
&\
\[LJ\] where $r_0\equiv(v_0)^{1/d}$; the distance between two n.n. molecules is $(V/N)^{1/d}$, and the distance $r$ between two generic molecules is the Cartesian distance between the center of the cells in which they are included.
The simplification (i) could be removed, by allowing the cells to assume different volumes $v_i$ and keeping fixed the number of possible n.n. cells. However, the results of the model under the simplification (i) compares well with experiments [@Franzese-JPCM07]. Furthermore, the simplification (i) allows to drastically reduce the computational cost of the evaluation of the $U_W(r)$ term from $N(N-1)$ to $N-1$ operations. The changes (i)–(iii) modify the model used for the mean field analysis and allow off-lattice MC simulations for a cell model in which the topology of the molecules (i.e. the number of n.n.) is preserved. The comparison of the mean field results with the MC simulations show that these changes do not modify the physics of the system.
We perform MC simulations with $N=2500$ and $N=10000$ molecules, each with four n.n. molecules, at constant $P$ and $T$, in 2d, and with the same parameters used for the mean field analysis. To each molecules we associate a cell on a square lattice. The Wolff’s algorithm is based on the definition of a cluster of variables chosen in such a way to be thermodynamically correlated [@clusters; @coniglio]. To define the Wolff’s cluster, a bond index (arm) of a molecule is randomly selected; this is the initial element of a stack. The cluster is grown by first checking the remaining arms of the same initial molecule: if they are in the same Potts state, then they are added to the stack with probability $p_{\rm same}\equiv
\min\left[1,1-\exp(-\beta J_\sigma)\right]$ [@wolff], where $\beta\equiv(k_BT)^{-1}$. This choice for the probability $p_{\rm same}$ depends on the interaction $J_\sigma$ between two arms on the same molecule and guarantees that the connected arms are thermodynamically correlated [@coniglio]. Next, the arm of a new molecule, facing the initially chosen arm, is considered. To guarantee that connected facing arms correspond to thermodynamically correlated variables, is necessary [@clusters] to link them with the probability $p_{\rm facing}\equiv \min\left[1,1-\exp(-\beta J')\right]$ where $J'\equiv J-P v_{HB}$ is the $P$–dependent effective coupling between two facing arms as results from the enthalpy $\mathscr{H} + PV$ of the system. It is important to note that $J'$ can be positive or negative depending on $P$. If $J'>0$ and the two facing arms are in the same state, then the new arm is added to the stack with probability $p_{\rm facing}$; if $J'<0$ and the two facing arms are in different states, then the new arm is added with probability $p_{\rm facing}$ [@note2]. Only after every possible direction of growth for the cluster has been considered the values of the arms are changed in a stochastic way; again we need to consider two cases: (i) if $J'>0$, all arms are set to the same new value \^[new]{}=( \^[old]{}+) q where $\phi$ is a random integer between 1 and $q$; (ii) if $J'<0$, the state of every single arm is changed (rotated) by the same random constant $\phi \in [1,\dots q]$ \_i\^[new]{}=( \_i\^[old]{}+) q . In order to implement a constant $P$ ensemble we let the volume fluctuate. A small increment $\Delta r/r_0=0.01$ is chosen with uniform random probability and added to the current radius of a cell. The change in volume $\Delta V\equiv
V^{\rm new}-V^{\rm old}$ and van der Waals energy $\Delta E_W$ is computed and the move is accepted with probability $\min\left(1,\exp\left[-\beta\left(\Delta E_W+P\Delta V-T \Delta
S\right)\right]\right)$, where $\Delta S\equiv
-Nk_B\ln(V^{new}/V^{old})$ is the entropic contribution.
Monte Carlo correlation times
=============================
The cluster MC algorithm described in the previous section turns out to be very efficient at low $T$, allowing to study the thermodynamics of deeply supercooled water with quite intriguing results [@mazza]. To estimate the efficiency of the cluster MC dynamics with respect to the standard Metropolis MC dynamics, we evaluate in both dynamics, and compare, the autocorrelation function of the average magnetization per site $M_i\equiv\frac{1}{4}\sum_j\sigma_{ij}$, where the sum is over the four bonding arms of molecule $i$.
C\_M(t)\_i .
For sake of simplicity, we define the MC dynamics autocorrelation time $\tau$ as the time, measured in MC steps, when $C_M(\tau)=1/e$. Here we define a MC step as $4N$ updates of the bond indices followed by a volume update, i.e. as $4N+1$ steps of the algorithm.
![Comparison of the autocorrelation function $C_M(t)$ for the Metropolis (circles) and Wolff (squares) implementation of the present model. We show the temperatures $k_BT/\epsilon=0.11$ (top panel), $k_BT/\epsilon=0.09$ (middle panel), $k_BT/\epsilon=0.06$ (bottom panel), along the isobar $Pv_0/\epsilon=0.6$ close to the LLCP for $N=50\times 50$.\[corrfu\]](T0.11-P0.6-L50.eps "fig:") ![Comparison of the autocorrelation function $C_M(t)$ for the Metropolis (circles) and Wolff (squares) implementation of the present model. We show the temperatures $k_BT/\epsilon=0.11$ (top panel), $k_BT/\epsilon=0.09$ (middle panel), $k_BT/\epsilon=0.06$ (bottom panel), along the isobar $Pv_0/\epsilon=0.6$ close to the LLCP for $N=50\times 50$.\[corrfu\]](T0.09-P0.6-L50.eps "fig:") ![Comparison of the autocorrelation function $C_M(t)$ for the Metropolis (circles) and Wolff (squares) implementation of the present model. We show the temperatures $k_BT/\epsilon=0.11$ (top panel), $k_BT/\epsilon=0.09$ (middle panel), $k_BT/\epsilon=0.06$ (bottom panel), along the isobar $Pv_0/\epsilon=0.6$ close to the LLCP for $N=50\times 50$.\[corrfu\]](T0.06-P0.6-L50.eps "fig:")
In Fig. \[corrfu\] we show a comparison of $C_M(t)$ for the Metropolis and Wolff algorithm implementations of this model for a system with $N=50\times
50$, at three temperatures along an isobar below the LLCP, and approaching the line of the maximum, but finite, correlation length, also known as Widom line $T_W(P)$ [@Franzese-JPCM07]. In the top panel, at $T\gg T_W(P)$ ($k_BT/\epsilon=0.11$, $Pv_0/\epsilon=0.6$), we find a correlation time for the Wolff’s cluster MC dynamics $\tau_{\rm W}\approx3\times10^3$, and for the Metropolis dynamics $\tau_{\rm M}\approx10^6$. In the middle panel, at $T>T_W(P)$ ($k_BT/\epsilon=0.09$, $Pv_0/\epsilon=0.6$) the difference between the two correlation times is larger: $\tau_{\rm W}\approx2.5\times10^3$, $\tau_{\rm M}\approx3\times10^6$. The bottom panel, at $T\simeq T_W(P)$ ($k_BT/\epsilon=0.06$, $Pv_0/\epsilon=0.6$) shows $\tau_{\rm
W}\approx3.7\times10^2$, while $\tau_{\rm M}$ is beyond the accessible time window ($\tau_{\rm M}>10^7$).
Since as $T\rightarrow 0$ the system enters a glassy state [@kfsPRL2008], the efficiency $\tau_{\rm M}/
\tau_{\rm W}$ grows at lower $T$ allowing the evaluation of thermodynamics averages even at $T\ll T_C$ [@mazza]. In particular, the cluster MC algorithm turns out to be very efficient when approaching the Widom line in the vicinity of the LLCP, with an efficiency of the order of $10^4$. We plan to analyze in a systematic way how the efficiency $\tau_{\rm M}/
\tau_{\rm W}$ grows on approaching the LLCP. This result is well known for the standard liquid-gas critical point [@wolff] and, on the basis of our results, could be extended also to the LLCP. However, this analysis is very expensive in terms of CPU time and goes beyond the goal of the present work. Nevertheless, the percolation analysis, presented in the next section, helps in understanding the physical reason for this large efficiency.
The efficiency is a consequence of the fact that the average size of Wolff’s clusters changes with $T$ and $P$ in the same way as the average size of the regions of correlated molecules [@coniglio], i.e. a Wolff’s cluster statistically represents a region of correlated molecules. Moreover, the mean cluster size diverges at the critical point with the same exponent of the Potts magnetic susceptibility [@coniglio], and the clusters percolate at the critical point, as we will discuss in the next section.
Percolating clusters of correlated molecules
============================================
The efficiency of the Wolff’s cluster algorithm is a consequence of the exact relation between the average size of the finite clusters and the average size of the regions of thermodynamically correlated molecules. The proof of this relation at any $T$ derives straightforward from the proof for the case of Potts variables [@coniglio]. This relation allows to identify the clusters built during the MC dynamics with the correlated regions and emphasizes (i) the appearance of heterogeneities in the structural correlations [@hetero], and (ii) the onset of percolation of the clusters of tetrahedrally ordered molecules at the LLCP [@percolation], as shown in Fig. \[clus\].
![Three snapshots of the system with $N=100\times 100$, showing the Wolff’s clusters of correlated water molecules. For each molecule we show the states of the four arms and associate different colors to different arm’s states. The state points are at pressure close to the critical value $P_C$ ($Pv_0/\epsilon=0.72\simeq P_Cv_0/\epsilon$) and $T>T_C$ (top panel, $k_BT/\epsilon=0.0530$), $T\simeq T_C$ (middle panel, $k_BT/\epsilon=0.0528$), $T<T_C$ (bottom panel, $k_BT/\epsilon=0.0520$), showing the onset of the percolation at $T\simeq T_C$. \[clus\]](mssf-CPC-fig3a.eps "fig:"){width="42.00000%" height="38.00000%"} ![Three snapshots of the system with $N=100\times 100$, showing the Wolff’s clusters of correlated water molecules. For each molecule we show the states of the four arms and associate different colors to different arm’s states. The state points are at pressure close to the critical value $P_C$ ($Pv_0/\epsilon=0.72\simeq P_Cv_0/\epsilon$) and $T>T_C$ (top panel, $k_BT/\epsilon=0.0530$), $T\simeq T_C$ (middle panel, $k_BT/\epsilon=0.0528$), $T<T_C$ (bottom panel, $k_BT/\epsilon=0.0520$), showing the onset of the percolation at $T\simeq T_C$. \[clus\]](mssf-CPC-fig3b.eps "fig:"){width="42.70000%" height="38.00000%"} ![Three snapshots of the system with $N=100\times 100$, showing the Wolff’s clusters of correlated water molecules. For each molecule we show the states of the four arms and associate different colors to different arm’s states. The state points are at pressure close to the critical value $P_C$ ($Pv_0/\epsilon=0.72\simeq P_Cv_0/\epsilon$) and $T>T_C$ (top panel, $k_BT/\epsilon=0.0530$), $T\simeq T_C$ (middle panel, $k_BT/\epsilon=0.0528$), $T<T_C$ (bottom panel, $k_BT/\epsilon=0.0520$), showing the onset of the percolation at $T\simeq T_C$. \[clus\]](mssf-CPC-fig3c.eps "fig:"){width="42.00000%" height="38.00000%"}
A systematic percolation analysis [@clusters] is beyond the goal of this report, however configurations such as those in Fig. \[clus\] allow the following qualitative considerations. At $T>T_C$ the average cluster size is much smaller than the system size. Hence, the structural correlations among the molecules extends only to short distances. This suggests that the correlation time of a local dynamics, such as Metropolis MC or molecular dynamics, would be short on average at this temperature and pressure. Nevertheless, the system appears strongly heterogeneous with the coexistence of large and small clusters, suggesting that the distribution of correlation times evaluated among molecules at a given distance could be strongly heterogeneous. The clusters appear mostly compact but with a fractal surface, suggesting that borders between clusters can rapidly change.
At $T\simeq T_C$ there is one large cluster, in red on the right of the middle panel of Fig. \[clus\], with a linear size comparable to the system linear extension and spanning in the vertical direction. The appearance of spanning clusters shows the onset of the percolation geometrical transition. At this state point the correlation time of local, such as Metropolis MC dynamics or molecular dynamics would be very slow as a consequence of the large extension of the structurally correlated region. On the other hand, the correlation time of the Wolff’s cluster dynamics is short because it changes in one single MC step the state of all the molecules in clusters, some of them with very large size. Once the spanning cluster is formed, it breaks the symmetry of the system and a strong effective field acts on the molecules near its border to induce their reorientation toward a tetrahedral configuration with respect the molecules in the spanning cluster.
As shown in Fig.3, the spanning cluster appears as a fractal object, with holes of any size. The same large distribution of sizes characterizes also the finite clusters in the system. The absence of a characteristic size for the clusters (or the holes of the spanning cluster) is the consequence of the fluctuations at any length-scale, typical of a critical point.
At $T<T_C$ the majority of the molecules belongs to a single percolating cluster that represents the network of tetrahedrally ordered molecules. All the other clusters are small, with a finite size that corresponds to the regions of correlated molecules. The presence of many small clusters gives a qualitative idea of the heterogeneity of the dynamics at these temperatures.
Summary and conclusions
=======================
We describe the numerical solution of mean field equations and the implementation of the Wolff’s cluster MC algorithm for a cell model for liquid water. The mean field approach allows us to estimate in an approximate way the phase diagram of the model at any state point predicting intriguing new results at very low $T$ [@mazza].
To explore the state points of interest for these predictions the use of standard simulations, such as molecular dynamics or Metropolis MC, is not effective due to the onset of the glassy dynamics [@kfsPRL2008]. To overcome this problem and access the deeply supercooled region of liquid water, we adopt the Wolff’s cluster MC algorithm. This method, indeed, allows to greatly accelerate the autocorrelation time of the system. Direct comparison of Wolff’s dynamics with Metropolis dynamics in the vicinity of the liquid-liquid critical point shows a reduction of the autocorrelation time of a factor at least $10^4$.
Furthermore, the analysis of the clusters generated during the Wolff’s MC dynamics allows to emphasize how the regions of tetrahedrally ordered molecules build up on approaching the liquid–liquid critical point, giving rise to the backbone of the tetrahedral hydrogen bond network at the phase transition [@percolation]. The coexistence of clusters of correlated molecules with sizes that change with the state point gives a rationale for the heterogeneous dynamics observed in supercooled water [@hetero].
Acknowledgments
===============
We thank Andrew Inglis for introducing one of the authors (MGM) to VPython, Francesco Mallamace for discussions, NSF grant CHE0616489 and Spanish MEC grant FIS2007-61433 for support.
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The results of [@clusters; @coniglio] guarantee that the cluster algorithm described here satisfies the detailed balance and is ergodic. Therefore, it is a valid Monte Carlo dynamics.
M. G. Mazza, K. Stokely, H. E. Stanley, and G. Franzese, “Anomalous specific heat of supercooled water”, cond-mat/0807.4267 (2008).
M.G. Mazza et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 96 (2006) 057803; N. Giovambattista et al., J. Phys. Chem. B 108 (2004) 6655; M.G. Mazza et al., Phys. Rev. E 76 (2007) 031203.
A. Oleinikova, I. Brovchenko, J. Phys.: Condens. Matter 18 (2006) S2247.
| tomekkorbak/pile-curse-small | ArXiv |
Q:
Dirichlet's Divisor Problem
We know that if $ \displaystyle d(n)= \sum\limits_{d \mid n} 1$, then we have
$$ \sum\limits_{n \leq x} d(n)= x\log{x} + (2C-1)x + \mathcal{O}(\sqrt{x})$$
I have referred Apostol's "Analytic Number theory" and i understood the first half of the proof where the error term is $\mathcal{O}(x)$, but please tell me as to how to improve the error term to $\sqrt{x}$.
A:
You can use inclusion/exclusion:
$$\sum_{n\leq x} d(n) = \sum_{mn\le x} 1 = \sum_{m\le \sqrt{x}} \ \sum_{n\le x/m} 1 + \sum_{n\le \sqrt{x}} \ \sum_{m\le x/n} 1 - \sum_{m\le\sqrt{x}} 1 \sum_{n\le\sqrt{x}} 1.$$
Now the first two double sums are the same (with the roles of $m$ and $n$ interchanged). Hence
$$ \sum_{n\leq x} d(n) = 2 \sum_{n\le \sqrt{x}} \Big\lfloor\frac{x}{n}\Big\rfloor - \Big( \big\lfloor\sqrt{x}\big\rfloor \Big)^2$$
where $\lfloor x \rfloor$ denotes the largest integer less than or equal to $x$. Now use the fact that $\lfloor x \rfloor=x+O(1)$ to finish the proof. You will have to use the identity
$$ \sum_{n\leq x} \frac{1}{n} = \log x +\gamma + O\Big(\frac{1}{x}\Big)$$
where $\gamma$ is Euler's constant.
A:
I'd post this as a comment, but I don't have the reputation:
There usual route is via the Hyperbola Method: http://myyn.org/m/article/dirichlet-hyperbola-method/
| tomekkorbak/pile-curse-small | StackExchange |
Breakups & Divorce Support Group
Just broke up with someone or in the midst of a difficult divorce? Breaking up is difficult no matter what the circumstances are. They say that time heals all wounds, but sometimes a listening ear or a hug can work wonders for the heart. Whether you need a place to vent, someone to hold you to No Contact, or need advice about what to do, we're here to help.
If you don't want to call your STBX
My STBX finally contacted the therapist/counselor I have been seeing. The therapist oddly enough did not recommend reconciliation. She actually said that my STBX was everything I described and that staying with her would only lead to more pain.
My STBX has lied about loving me for years and her actions were the exact opposite of someone who is in "love". The Therapist said my STBX is confused and believes her own stories. She said my STBX also keeps people at a distance and probably really can't get close to anyone. Since she cannot be honest about the situation it will only lead to more pain.
The Therapist went on to tell me the story about a snake that begged a man to help him across the river. The man helped the snake across the river and when they got to the other side the snake bit the good samaritan. As the samaritan was dying he asked the snake why he bit him and the snake said... "because I am a snake, it's in my nature".
She said my STBX has gotten comfortable with hurting me and keeping me at a distance, It's how she handles relationships. If I let her back into my life, she will "bite" me again.
Armed with this insight I programed her name in my phone as "Snake". Whenever I go to call/text her the word snake appears and I lose interest in talking to her because I'm not into being bitten. Whenever she calls me now this reminder will pop up and I will be aware that I am talking to a snake and I will proceed with caution.
Some of us want to work it out so badly that we forget who we are trying to work it out with. Change their name from who they were to what they are to you right now.
That's a good point! Sounds like we were with the same person! I just bought a new phone, and I keep putting off entering her number, I never changed her nickname in my old phone. I thought about just putting Bitch, but I still love her too much to do that. I do think I will put snake though!
I like reading posts like this. My therapist asked me if I really wanted to be with someone who treats people the way that my stbx has treated me. If it was someone else telling me the story I would tell them, NO WAY. So to hear you see your stbx the way that she really is, rather than the way you held her in your mind and heart is good. Mine is not a snake but is self centered, confused, incapable of being a full partner..ah I could go on and on but whatever. Good job!
theatre and I are there already. I'm having a very berry tea with crackers, cheese and cherry tomatoes and she's having a joint with some beer and we're both on really comfy recliners on thick pile carpet. we need some help with the decor if anyone is around??
I'm trying to exercise daily. I was doing fairly well until I sprained my ankle 2 weeks ago but now I'm getting back on the horse. Today I walked over a mile with my arm weights that are about 22lbs total. I was out of shape and it was hard on my arms. I also did my 30 situps. I'm also going to drink a lot of water and try to eat healthy. I do tend to have a sweet tooth but I'm cutting...
All content posted on this site is the responsibility of the party posting such content.
Participation on this site by a party does not imply endorsement of any other party's content,
products, or services. Content should not be used for medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. | tomekkorbak/pile-curse-small | Pile-CC |
I Just Watched the Yankees Win Two Playoff Games in Two Nights and I’ve Peaked
So my last blog basically called for Joe Girardi’s head after he literally gift-wrapped Game 2 and gave it to the Indians, putting the Yankees’ backs against the wall in this best-of-5 ALDS. While he is still absolutely not off the hook for that, especially if the Yankees lose Game 5 tomorrow, my spirits are infinitely higher than they were Friday night after witnessing two Yankee wins. Let me explain how the past 48 hours were the peak of my Yankee fandom/probably life in general.
My friends and I were in attendance the last time the Yankees made the playoffs in the 2015 wild card game. That Yankee team limped into the playoffs and got dominated by the Astros. After missing the playoffs in 2016 and having an exciting season this year, my friends and I again decided to try and go to the wild card game. However, tickets were very expensive. So we decided to take our chances and get ALDS game 3 tickets, which were significantly cheaper.
After the Yankees gave us all heart attacks as we watched from scenic New Brunswick, New Jersey on Tuesday, they beat the Twins to advance to the ALDS. We were going back to Yankee Stadium for some playoff baseball.
The next two games were less than ideal, with Trevor Bauer dominating the Yankee lineup in Game 1 and Joe Girardi forgetting how to use his brain in Game 2. So here we were, headed to watch what could be the last Yankee game all season, down in a 2-0 hole. The series should’ve been 1-1. We knew it. The Yankees knew it. The Indians knew it. Everyone knew it. But regardless, the Stadium was rocking for Game 3.
After a solid tailgate, we all grabbed our tickets and headed into the game. As I went to take everything out of my pockets I noticed my wallet was gone. I freaked out a little, but told myself at least it wasn’t the ticket I lost. Thank goodness, because what I witnessed after that was one of the best Yankee playoff games I can remember. Seven shutout innings from Masahiro Tanaka, Aaron Judge robbing Francisco Lindor of what could have been another game-changing home run, and Greg Bird’s solo shot gave us a 1-0 victory to force a Game 4. The Stadium was absolutely electric, hanging on each and every pitch. I was a wallet down, but at least I saw a Yankees playoff win in person for the first time.
The next day, as I was about to begin the process of replacing everything in my wallet (Drivers’ license, school ID, tampons, etc.), my Mom suggested I call the Stadium and see if they had my wallet. Worth a shot, right? After being on hold for 5 minutes and the guy asking my name like 3 times, they said that they actually have my wallet. I was absolutely shocked and ecstatic. This was about to save me a lot of time and money. I texted the group chat with all my friends who had been to the game the night before. I jokingly suggested that since they found my wallet, we had no choice but to go back for Game 4. Then we checked ticket prices.
I would’ve thought tickets would be well over $100, considering it could’ve been the last home game for the Yankees all year. Somehow, tickets were even cheaper for Game 4 than we got our Game 3 tickets for. Maybe people realized they had last minute conflicts, or were scared off by the chance of rain. Whatever. Regardless, we all had to decide within minutes whether or not to abandon our original plan of watching on the game on TV and “send it,” as the kids say these days. Send it, we did.
We walked in through Gate 2 and I quickly retrieved my wallet. Shoutout to the guy who said “I’d ask you to show ID but I doubt you have any left,” that made me laugh. We stood on the third base side near left field for the Yankees’ 2nd at-bat. We were right there for Todd Frazier’s and Aaron Judge’s doubles. The Stadium was going absolutely nuts. From where we were standing, it looked like Judge had just hit a three-run homer. Regardless, the Yankees had just scored four runs and knocked that nerd Trevor Bauer out of the game. (Disclaimer: I have nothing against nerds and am in fact a nerd myself but when you injure your finger flying a drone during the playoffs you bet your ass I’m gonna make fun of you for it.)
The Yankees tacked on three more runs with a Brett Gardner infield single (sorta), a sac fly by Gardner where third-base coach Joe Espada embodied our “send it” mentality for the night because it was a very shallow fly ball, and a solo homer by El Gary. Luis Severino completely bounced back from his disastrous wild card game start, pitching 7 great innings and giving up only three runs. After Dellin Betances did something that definitely wasn’t pitching for two batters, Tommy Kahnle slammed the door shut. Kahnle was brilliant, getting six outs on 22 pitches, including five strikeouts.
If you told me 24 hours after Game 3 I’d be walking out of Game 4, having witnessed another Yankee win and gotten my wallet back, I’d say you were absolutely insane. But baseball and life are both unpredictable, and anything can happen.
I’m obviously ecstatic the series is going to Game 5, especially after it seemed like we were done after the way we lost Game 2. But if you’re a Yankees fan that’s satisfied because they proved everyone wrong, you are incorrect. They need to win Game 5. This team has outplayed the best team in the AL (and all of baseball at the end of the season) in 3 out of 4 games. It’s time to take what they deserve and win this series.
CC/Kluber round 2, a literal rematch of Game 2. This time, it’s win or go home for both teams. Let’s go Yankees, baby. | tomekkorbak/pile-curse-small | Pile-CC |
3rd to 24th February 2018 Carnival in 脕guilas
Águilas is the largest Carnival in the Murcia Region
Carnaval de Águilas
Águilas is justifiably the most famous Carnival in the region, as well as the largest, renowned for its flamboyant costumes, perfectly synchronised dance groups, humorous presentation, glamour and acres of feathers and glitz.
The parades are the biggest, and longest, three of them focusing on the Águilas carnival peñas themselves and one in which invited peñas from other parts of the region and across Spain take part.
There are parades throughout the main week, which in 2018 is completely during the month of February, with a number of activities leading up to the last few days of partying.
Águilas is always busy and buzzing for Carnival week, with all accommodation packed solid, so if you would like to reserve a hotel, or book seats for a large group for one of the main parades, then it’s advisable to do so as far in advance as possible.
The main processions in Águilas during 2018 are on the 11th, 13th and 17th February
Because the parades are so long, and we´re talking 2-4 hours long, seats are sold in the specially constructed stands which line the streets for the main parade. Although these are sold in advance by the peñas, there are generally plenty of seats still available and tickets can be purchased on the night, although if you have a health issue and need to sit, it´s worth making sure of seats in advance or bringing your own.
There are plenty of places to stand and watch the parade go by, particularly near the start point, and carnival veterans bring a chair, a blanket for their knees and a hot flask, although there are plenty of cafes open behind the parade route to purchase a warming cup of coffee and a cognac should the night air prove a little nippy.However, buying a seat in the stands helps to support this carnival, which costs an absolute fortune to produce.
As well as the carnival parades there are a number of other activities, with the famous battle between Don Carnal and Doña Cuaresma, the Batalla de Cascarones, the battle of the eggs, the paper costume competition, drag queen and body painting competitions, descent of the Mussona from the castle and la cuerva, the famous drink of Águilas carnival.
Don Carnal is much in evidence at this carnival, with the famous battle of the eggshells taking place, in which supporters of both sides throw confetti filled eggshells, Cascarones, at each other.
For months leading up to the carnival, eggs are blown rather than broken, the shells carefully dried and stored until a few days before the festivities begin, when the older family members and children fill them with confetti, sealing the ends with tissue paper, stuck down using a mixture of flour and water.
Although regularly broken onto the heads of passers-by during the fiestas, thousands of them are broken during the Batalla de Cascarones between Don Carnal and Dona Cuaresma.
Buying Tickets for Águilas Carnaval
All parades follow an itinerary of Avenida Juan Carlos I, Rey Carlos III and the port.
Seats may be purchased in advance or on the day from the Carnival Peña and help to pay for the huge cost of putting on the carnival. Although you don’t have to buy a seat, it is a very long procession and it´s highly recommended that you do. There are plenty of places to sit and watch the procession. Tickets are on sale in Calle Rey Carlos III ( next to the tobacconist) between 5 and 8pm in the evening, Monday-Saturday or on the day of the parades.The seats sold are in Avenida Juan Carlos 1.
Tickets in the stands are 25 euros for all 4 days. Individual seats for just one day are 10 euros. Chairs at street level are 5 euros.
On the day of the parades seats are sold in Calle Rey Carlos III next to Cuplé, or in Avenida Juan Carlos I alongside the Banco Sabadell Cam
If you are a group and need a larger number of seats, contact the federation of peñas, Sr Ángel on 629 494 669. ( Spanish speaking only.)
To contact the tourist office if you need help, accommodation or for further info; call 968 49 32 85
Parking advice.
The main drive in to central Águilas is sealed off by police (Click Here for a plan of the blocked roads). A good parking spot is along the edge of the rambla ( the waterway): turn right driving down into Águilas just before the road is blocked off. From here it’s a 5 minute walk to the main parade route.
Carnival Schedule 2018:
Saturday 3rd February
9pm Grand Gala night for the peñas, transfer of powers between the main characters of the carnival from 2017 to 2018.
13:00. Festival of musical bands, free entry, with the participation of several local bands in the Auditorio Infanta Elena:X Festival Nacional de Bandas de Música “Concierto Extraordinario de Carnaval”.
Location: Auditorio y Palacio de Congresos “Infanta Doña Elena”.
21.00 Open competition for the best paper costumes and body make-up. This is quite extraordinary, these paper costumes are magnificent, and it’s really difficult to believe they’re made of paper. Tickets are sold by the Federation of Carnival Peñas
XVIII Concurso de Trajes de Papel y Maquillaje Corporal.
Location: Auditorio y Palacio de Congresos “Infanta Doña Elena”
Tuesday 6th February
20:00 The 25th annual literary competition reveals its winners and official presentation of the printed book accompanying this year's festivities takes palce in the Casa ed Cultura Francisco rabal.
Wednesday 7th February
19:00 Children's drawing and writing competition, run by the local schools. Taking place in the Casa de la Cultura Francisco Rabal.
Thursday 8th February
09:30am Children's parades in the schools
22.30 : XX Suelta de la Mussona.
The Mussona, a hissing, spitting beast wearing a costume created from natural materials, is released from the Explanada of the Castle along with its handler, making its way down to the Plaza de Espana where the official act to begin the carnival begins.
The Mussona is a figure which represents the dual nature of man, as both something wild, the beast within and man seen from outside, a way of expressing the battle between order and chaos, which is what carnival is essentially about.
The Mussona arrives in the Plaza de Espana at around 23.45 and there are fireworks at midnight.
Friday 9th February
09:30 Local schoolchildren hold their own mini parades in local schools
20:15 In the Plaza de España. The traditional ceremony to weigh the main figures in the carnival, and donate their weight in products to local good causes.
20:00 In the headquarters of the Federation of Peñas the competition begins to find the best Cuerva in Águilas, Cuerva being a fruity punch drink with a hefty alcohol content.
20:00 The children’s Mussona leaves the Colegio Las Lomas, heading for the Plaza de España
From 21.30 in the Plaza de Espana the formal welcome speeches for the children’s carnival take place, followed by the children’s battle of the eggshells in which supporters of Don Carnal and Dona Cuaresma pelt each other with confetti filled Cascarones. (eggs which ahve been blown out and filled with confetti). This is a noisy, fun event.
Saturday 10th February
18:30 Prize-giving ceremony for the annual carnival regatta at the nautical club of Águilas
22:00 Plaza de Espana. Opening speeches and official adult carnival begins with speeches by the mayor and guest celebrity, followed by battle of confetti eggs between adult supporters of Don Carnal and Dona Cuaresma. Another noisy, fun event in which supporters of both camps pelt each other with confetti-filled eggs.
Sunday 11th February
18:00 First grand parade of the carnival with floats and carriages.
Avenida Juan Carlos I and Calle Rey Carlos III
Monday 12th February
From Midnight, Carnaval de Noche in the Plaza de España.
Tuesday 13th February
18:00 Second Grand parade with floats and carriages
Friday 16th February
18:00 XXIII Concurso Nacional de Comparsas Foráneas, Competition of external comparsas, which comprises all the peñas from other areas invited to take part in the carnival. Some of these are fabulous and come from right across Spain. This parade only includes the peñas from outside of Águilas, not the Águilas peñas themselves, but is still a spectacular parade.
Location: Avenida Juan Carlos I y Calle Rey Carlos III.
Saturday 17th February
18:00 : Third and last parade of carriages and floats with all of the Águilas peñas participating.
Location: Avenida Juan Carlos I y Calle Rey Carlos III.
Following the parade, Don Carnal is seized whilst in the Plaza de Espana, and taken down to the La Colonia beach where he is executed in grand style on the bonfire around midnight, ( an effigy is burnt representing Don Carnal, followed by an enormous carnival fireworks display to end the celebrations.)
After this, the peñas return to the Plaza de España where prizes are awarded for the parades.
Friday 23rd February
21:00 National Drag Queen competition in the Auditorio Infanta Elena
Saturday 24th February
22:00 The third national Chirigotas competition in the Auditorio Infanta Elena. This attracts a number of Chirigotas, witty groups who perform using song and dance. The songs are usually targeting local or national issues, or public figures and are witty, socially relevant and irreverent in tone, aiming to entertain.
More information about Águilas including beaches, what to see, what's on and tourist information can be found on ÁGUILAS TODAY | tomekkorbak/pile-curse-small | Pile-CC |
Asia stocks advance on ‘cliff’ deal optimism
SarahTurner
V.Phani Kumar
HONG KONG (MarketWatch) — Most Asian stocks rose Thursday after U.S. President Barack Obama and House Speaker John Boehner expressed optimism about a deal to avert the “fiscal cliff,” sparking a solid rebound on Wall Street.
But mainland Chinese shares declined for a fourth straight session, however, dropping further toward their lowest level in nearly four years, with brokerages and commodity companies pacing the losses. The Shanghai Composite Index
000001, +1.63%
dropped 0.5%.
The broad gains came after Obama said he hoped to have a deal by Christmas to avoid the more than $600 billion of tax hikes and spending cuts kick in from January, which investors worry will drag the U.S. economy into a recession. Rep. Boehner also told reporters he was optimistic Republicans could forge an agreement with the White House. Read: U.S. stocks rally as politicians talk deal.
Some strategists said investors should be wary about paying too much attention to this week’s headlines about the “cliff.”
Alan James at Barclays Capital said that “with substantive discussions between Congressional leaders and the president not expected to kick off until next week, we would not read much into the volatile headlines.”
Peter Lai, director at DBS Vickers, said “people are waiting for concrete measures to build confidence.”
Lai added that while stocks in Shanghai have fallen to levels that he believes are oversold, he was “not pessimistic.”
Shares of brokerages suffered heavy losses on mainland Chinese bourses, helping erase gains recorded earlier in the day. Reuters cited a Chinese media report as saying that there has been discussion by key industry players to cut broker commission fees.
Intraday Data provided by SIX Financial Information and subject to terms of use. Historical and current end-of-day data provided by SIX Financial Information. All quotes are in local exchange time. Real-time last sale data for U.S. stock quotes reflect trades reported through Nasdaq only. Intraday data delayed at least 15 minutes or per exchange requirements. | tomekkorbak/pile-curse-small | Pile-CC |
Cutis marmorata telangiectatica congenita with multiple congenital anomalies.
Cutis marmorata telangiectatica congenita (CMTC) is a rare cutaneous vascular anomaly. Congenital persistent livedo reticularis, telangiectases, and superficial ulceration are the hallmarks of this syndrome. There is an association of CMTC with other congenital abnormalities in at least 50% of the patients. A newborn girl is described with a diagnosis of CMTC combined with multiple congenital abnormalities including imperforate anus, rectovaginal and urethrovaginal fistulas, and absent clitoris. These abnormalities have not been previously reported with CMTC. Congenital abnormalities that have been recognized with this syndrome are reviewed. | tomekkorbak/pile-curse-small | PubMed Abstracts |
INTRODUCTION
============
Despite recent advances in HIV-1-prevention strategies, there remain over 2 million new HIV-1 infections each year \[[@R1]--[@R4]\]. Therefore, an effective HIV vaccine is needed in order to abrogate new infections and reach the target of ending the global AIDS epidemic by the year 2030. There have been six human HIV-vaccine efficacy trials conducted to date \[[@R5]\]. Only one -- the RV144 Thai trial -- has demonstrated any evidence of vaccine-mediated protection, with a modest estimated vaccine efficacy of 31% \[[@R6]\]. Similar to most licensed vaccines \[[@R7]\], a comprehensive analysis of the immune correlates of reduced infection risk in the RV144 trial identified multiple aspects of vaccine-induced humoral immune responses as contributing to reduced risk of infection \[[@R5],[@R8]--[@R10],[@R11]\]. Unexpectedly, non-neutralizing antibodies capable of mediating Fc-dependent antiviral effector functions were identified as a correlate of reduced infection risk (see review by C. Moog \[[@R12]\]) \[[@R8],[@R13]\]. The limited success of the RV144 trial demonstrated the proof of principle that vaccination can impart protection from HIV-1 infection, and provides a foundation for development of the next generation of candidate vaccines designed for improved effectiveness in diverse and higher-risk populations. Passive protection studies conducted in nonhuman primate model systems have provided evidence that broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs), defined as those capable of neutralizing multiple difficult to neutralize (tier 2 \[[@R14]\]) HIV-1 primary isolates, are highly effective in preventing infection \[[@R15],[@R16],[@R17]\]. These results suggest that inducing bNAb responses by vaccination will be required to improve upon the results of the RV144 clinical trial and to develop a highly effective global HIV vaccine.
Although bNAb responses have not yet been observed in human HIV-1 vaccine trials, recent data from the RV144 and RV305 clinical trials suggest that antibody lineages with long third heavy chain complementarity determining regions (HCDR3s), a characteristic associated with some bNAb lineages \[[@R18]\], were initiated by the vaccine regimen \[[@R19]\]. In this review, we summarize studies of antibody effector functions that have been induced to date with experimental HIV vaccines, and speculate on what may be needed to achieve improved vaccine efficacy.
{#FB1}
BROADLY NEUTRALIZING ANTIBODY RESPONSES HAVE NOT BEEN INDUCED BY ANY CANDIDATE VACCINE TESTED IN HUMAN CLINICAL TRIALS
======================================================================================================================
There have been six HIV-vaccine efficacy trials \[[@R5],[@R11]\], and a recent search of clinicaltrials.gov (search term: HIV vaccine; intervention: biological; search date: 2 November 2016) identified over 400 completed human clinical studies of candidate HIV vaccines. A general overview of these studies indicated the evaluation of diverse assortments of vaccine regimens, vectors, routes of vaccine administration, adjuvants, immunogens, and study populations (many strategies recently reviewed in \[[@R10]\]). These clinical trials were themselves preceded and informed by preclinical studies in various animal models, further multiplying the number of studies and varieties of approaches that have been conducted in search of an effective vaccine to prevent HIV. Despite this robust and earnest effort, there have been no publications describing induction of HIV-1 antibody responses capable of broad neutralization by a human vaccine trial. The VAX004 trial provided the only evidence of tier 2 virus neutralization, but at low titer and only in a subset of vaccine recipients \[[@R20]\]. Thus, from the human HIV vaccine trials conducted to date, detectable bNAb responses are difficult to induce by vaccination. Nonetheless, careful analysis of these unsuccessful efforts and of bNAbs generated during natural infection is necessary to inform vaccine design.
UNIQUE CHARACTERISTICS OF HIV-1 BROADLY NEUTRALIZING ANTIBODIES IMPEDE THEIR INDUCTION THROUGH VACCINATION
==========================================================================================================
The neutralizing breadth observed for plasma or serum antibodies generated during natural infection has been studied by isolation of individual monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). bNAbs can be detected in up to 50% of HIV-1-infected individuals, but these responses are subdominant to those lacking neutralizing breadth and develop only after several years of exposure to replicating virus \[[@R21]--[@R25]\]. In rare cases, HIV-infected individuals can develop a dominant bNAb response with the ability to overcome the vast genetic diversity and glycan-shielding that characterize the HIV-1 envelope protein (Env) \[[@R26],[@R27],[@R28]^▪▪^\]. Antibodies with the greatest breadth target conserved regions of neutralization vulnerability on the HIV envelope trimer: the CD4-binding site (CD4bs), the variable region 1 and 2 (V1/V2) glycan, the variable region 3 (V3) glycan, the gp120--gp140 interface, and the gp41 membrane proximal external region \[[@R29]^▪▪^\]. Significant advances have recently been made in identifying common immunogenetic characteristics of bNAbs -- extensive somatic hypermutation, polyreactivity or autoreactivity, and atypically long heavy chain complementarity determining region 3 (HCDR3) or short CDRL3s -- all of which are normally restricted by immune tolerance mechanisms and therefore uncommon in the B-cell repertoire \[[@R21],[@R29]^▪▪^\]. The collective observations from natural HIV infection (reviewed in more detail by A. McKnight \[[@R30]\]) illuminate the underlying reasons why human HIV vaccine trials have yet to induce bNAb responses.
WHAT SHOULD WE EXPECT TO LEARN FROM PAST AND CURRENT HUMAN HIV VACCINE STUDIES?
===============================================================================
Given the slow development, rarity, and subdominance of bNAb responses in natural HIV-1 infection, it is unsurprising that vaccine-recipient plasma or serum samples with broad HIV-1-neutralizing activity have not yet been induced by candidate vaccines. However, this observation is not sufficient to rule out the possibility that subdominant bNAb responses were induced, or more likely, whether the vaccine has stimulated expansion of B cells that produce bNAb precursors. Detailed characterization of the vaccine-induced B-cell response is critical for identifying strategies that could be used to further drive maturation and expansion of early bNAb responses through subsequent vaccination. The techniques required to identify early potential bNAb lineages or subdominant responses in vaccine recipients include antigen-specific B-cell isolation or total B-cell isolation for memory B-cell culture, sequencing and deep sequencing of immunoglobulin heavy and light chain genes, and production of mAbs by recombinant production methods. These techniques are resource and labor-expensive, and require considerable time and expertise (contribution of D. Corti \[[@R31]\]). Thus, practical constraints have limited the widespread deployment of this level of analysis to only a subset of human vaccine trials, and to only a small subset of vaccine recipients within these trials. Regardless of these limitations, application of B-cell repertoire analysis to vaccine recipients enrolled in the RV144 and RV305 clinical trials has provided new insight into the antigen-specific B-cell responses.
WHAT HAS BEEN LEARNED FROM B-CELL REPERTOIRE ANALYSIS OF ALVAC-HIV + AIDSVAX B/E GP120 IMMUNIZED HUMANS WITH TIER 1 PLASMA NEUTRALIZATION
=========================================================================================================================================
The ALVAC-HIV (vCP1521) prime AIDSVAX B/E gp120 boost vaccine regimen used in the RV144 HIV-1 vaccine trial reduced HIV-1 acquisition risk with an estimated vaccine efficacy of 60% at 12 months \[[@R32]\] and 31% at 42 months \[[@R6]\]. Risk of infection correlated inversely with plasma IgG antibody binding of Env V1/V2, and directly with plasma Env-specific IgA levels \[[@R8],[@R33]\]. Neither the polyclonal plasma, nor mAbs isolated from RV144 vaccine recipients had neutralization activity beyond tier 1 viruses. The impact of additional vaccine boosts on the quality and quantity of the vaccine-induced humoral response was evaluated in the follow-up study, RV305.
The RV305 HIV-1 clinical trial was a delayed (6--8 years later) and repetitive boosting of RV144 vaccine -recipients with the same immunogens that were used in the RV144 vaccine regimen. In the primary plasma analysis of RV305, like in the RV144 trial, no heterologous tier 2 neutralizing activity was detected \[[@R34],[@R35]\]. Whereas Env-specific antibody responses rapidly waned after completion of the RV144 vaccine- regimen \[[@R36]\], a longitudinal interrogation of the post-RV144 and post-RV305 vaccine-induced memory B-cell repertoires found that B-cell clonal lineages started in the RV144 vaccine trial could be boosted many years later \[[@R19]\]. These data suggested that even though plasma Env antibody titers were not sustained at high levels, Env vaccination did induce long-lived memory B cells, and possibly memory CD4^+^ T cells, that can be recalled with boosting \[[@R37],[@R38]\].
The CD4bs, V2-glycan, and V3-glycan bNAbs frequently have a long HCDR3 \[[@R18],[@R39],[@R40]\]. Compared to the post-RV144 Env-specific memory B cells, after RV305 there was a substantial increase in Env-reactive antibodies with long HCDR3s \[[@R19]\]. A subset of the long HCDR3 antibodies isolated after RV305 were CD4bs antibodies with an epitope that overlapped the CD4bs bNAb B12 (Easterhoff *et al.*, \[[@R41]^▪▪^\]). Structural analysis of one of these antibodies found preferential binding to open Env trimers, thus limiting their ability to neutralize more difficult-to-neutralize isolates with closed trimers. Whereas the CD4bs antibodies isolated after RV305 were not bNAbs, these data reiterate that immunizing with Env protein induces a spectrum of responses from easy-to-induce dominant responses to more difficult-to-induce subdominant responses, and that repetitive boosting with the same immunogen can expand subdominant responses. Given that most HIV-1 vaccine trials have abbreviated vaccine regimens and contain a restricted Env sequence diversity compared to natural infection, it is unlikely that if and when a bNAb precursor is induced, there will be broad and potent neutralizing activity present in the plasma. The only way to determine if the vaccine-induced memory B-cell responses contain antibodies that target a vulnerable site on the virion and have the capacity to develop neutralization breadth and potency is by a deep and careful interrogation of the Env-reactive B-cell repertoire.
ANTIBODY-DEPENDENT CELL-MEDIATED CYTOTOXICITY AND OTHER FC RECEPTOR-MEDIATED FUNCTIONS THAT HAVE PROTECTIVE EFFICACY
====================================================================================================================
Although it is not yet possible to induce bNAb responses with vaccination, antibodies with limited neutralization breadth and with non-neutralizing Fc receptor (FcR)-mediated effector functions can be elicited. These types of antibodies have been correlated with reduced risk of infection during vertical transmission \[[@R42],[@R43]\], in nonhuman primate challenge studies \[[@R44]\], and in the RV144 clinical trial \[[@R8],[@R45],[@R46]\]. In RV144, two immune correlates of decreased transmission risk were identified: high levels of V1/V2 binding antibodies, with subsequent analysis demonstrating a key role for antibodies specific to a linear V2 epitope centered on the lysine at amino acid position 169 (K169) in providing immune pressure that selected for virus escape \[[@R13],[@R46]\]; and increased antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) activity in the presence of low circulating Env-specific IgA \[[@R8],[@R11]\]. Correlating with these observations, an unbiased analysis of the vaccine-induced memory B-cell repertoire identified V2-specific K169-dependent linear peptide-binding antibodies \[[@R46]\], and antibodies that target conformation epitopes in the first conserved region (C1). The C1 antibodies preferentially used the VH1 gene family, and constituted the major component of the ADCC response \[[@R45]\]. The isolated V2 mAbs are presumed to be representative of the class of antibodies associated with reduced infection risk, and were demonstrated to be capable of multiple antiviral functions including autologous tier 1 neutralization, ADCC activity against tier 2 virus infected cells, and the ability to capture infectious virus \[[@R46]\]. The levels of circulating V2 antibodies in vaccine recipients were not high enough to be effective based on in-vitro testing, but it was demonstrated that the anti-C1 and V2 antibodies could synergize to mediate ADCC at levels compatible with those present in vaccinees \[[@R47]\]. In contrast, a RV144 vaccine-induced IgA mAb was able to block the ADCC activity of vaccine-induced IgG antibodies \[[@R33]\]. Collectively, these observations generated the hypothesis that Fc-dependent immune functions including ADCC likely contributed to the protection observed for RV144, and high levels of IgA may have limited the vaccine efficacy through competition with beneficial antiviral functions of IgG.
The results of the RV144 correlates study highlighted the potential utility of non-neutralizing antibodies in prevention of HIV, leading to interest in exploring ADCC antibodies as immunotherapeutics for treatment and possible cure of HIV infection. Non-neutralizing antibodies including the C1 mAb A32 have recently been engineered into bi-specific antibody-based molecules that allow redirection of endogenous polyclonal CD8^+^ T cells for potent killing of HIV-infected cells and reactivated latently infected cells \[[@R48],[@R49]\]. A phase I clinical trial is being planned to evaluate one of these bi-specific molecules in HIV-infected humans, and other novel therapeutics based both on ADCC antibodies and bNAbs are currently being tested in preclinical studies \[[@R50]^▪▪^\].
Collectively, the data from RV144 suggest that in absence of bNAbs, protection can be mediated by a polyclonal and polyfunctional antibody response. However, the RV144 study was conducted in a cohort with low risk of HIV infection \[[@R51]\]. It is unclear if the efficacy observed for RV144 would translate to higher-risk populations. Results from a high-dose mucosal challenge study conducted in nonhuman primates failed to demonstrate protection by an ADCC antibody, although the number of founder viruses that established infection were reduced compared to controls \[[@R52]\]. In a recent vertical transmission study, ADCC activity of passively acquired antibodies did not correlated with transmission risk, but higher ADCC was associated with reduced risk of infant mortality \[[@R53]\]. These data suggest that a vaccine with efficacy beyond that observed for RV144, and effective in higher-risk groups, will likely need to induce both neutralizing and non-neutralizing antibody responses working in concert to prevent infection, and possibly to control viremia and limit disease progression in the event of a breakthrough infection (contributions of C. Moog \[[@R12]\] and R. Ruprecht \[[@R54]\]).
IMMUNIZATION IN INFANCY TO INDUCE BROAD NEUTRALIZATION BEFORE SEXUAL DEBUT
==========================================================================
Inducing bNAbs will likely require novel immunization strategies that selectively recapitulate the immunological milieu in chronic HIV-1 infection. Potential strategies being explored include the use of novel immunogens based on structural understanding of the native envelope trimer and soluble stable trimers \[[@R55]--[@R59]\] (contribution of M. Ramirez \[[@R60]\]), B-cell lineage immunogen design \[[@R61],[@R62]\], use of novel adjuvants (see review by J. McElrath \[[@R63]\]) to induce robust T-follicular helper cell responses \[[@R64],[@R65]^▪▪^\], and the inclusion of immunomodulators to transiently inhibit immune tolerance checkpoints in order to overcome constraints that limit the development of polyreactive or autoreactive bNAbs \[[@R29]^▪▪^\]. Many of these candidate strategies will require several immunizations over an extended period of time. Therefore, immunization in infancy could be an attractive strategy to achieve durable broad anti-HIV neutralizing antibody responses prior to sexual debut. Although it is generally assumed that the developing infant immune system responds poorly to vaccination, recent studies have demonstrated that infants can mount robust responses following HIV vaccination \[[@R66]\]. Moreover, recent studies have indicated that young children can develop bNAb responses earlier than adults, and with neutralization breadth comparable to the top 1% of adult neutralizers \[[@R67]\]. Similarly, Adland *et al.* \[[@R68]\] measured neutralizing antibody responses in HIV-1-infected children and found that 70% of infant slow progressors, but only 15% of HIV-1 clade C chronically infected adults, were able to neutralize at least 50% of viruses tested. Children also had higher neutralization titers than adults. Importantly, Simonich *et al.* \[[@R69]\] reported that a broad neutralizing mAb isolated from a HIV-infected child has lower levels of mutation when compared to adult bNAbs, further suggesting that it could be easier to induce bNAbs in children than in adults. It is therefore critical to test novel immunization strategies in pediatric populations.
CONCLUSION
==========
All the HIV vaccine trials conducted to date, including the moderately efficacious RV144 Thai trial, failed to induce plasma bNAb responses. Recent analysis of the vaccine-induced memory B-cell repertoire in RV144/305 vaccine recipients demonstrated that repetitive immunization can shift the Env-specific repertoire expanding subdominant populations of B cells. These data highlight the importance of analyzing vaccine-elicited antibody responses beyond plasma. A thorough analysis of vaccine-elicited responses at the B-cell repertoire level is crucial to determine if a candidate vaccine was able to recruit subdominant B-cell lineages with characteristics of bNAbs, and to inform rational design of a boosting immunogen to select for B-cell clonal lineage members with increased neutralization breadth. Ultimately, an effective HIV vaccine will likely need to elicit a diverse antibody response that includes bNAbs and non-neutralizing antibodies with FcR-mediated antiviral effector functions.
Acknowledgements
================
*We thank Drs Barton F. Haynes, Georgia D. Tomaras, Sallie R. Permar, and Guido Ferrari for helpful discussion in preparation of the manuscript.*
Financial support and sponsorship
---------------------------------
*The study was supported by the Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Immunology-Immunogen Discovery (CHAVI-ID; UM1-AI100645), the Duke University Center for AIDS Research (CFAR; NIH 5P30 AI064518), the University of North Carolina Collaboratory of AIDS Researchers for Eradication (CARE; U19 A1096113), by NIH Grants R21 AI127022 and R03 HD085871--01, Duke CTSA KL2 career development award (KL2TR001115), Duke Surgery Clarence E. Gardner award, and Collaboration for AIDS Vaccine Discovery grants from the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation.*
Conflicts of interest
---------------------
*There are no conflicts of interest.*
REFERENCES AND RECOMMENDED READING
==================================
Papers of particular interest, published within the annual period of review, have been highlighted as:▪ of special interest▪▪ of outstanding interest
| tomekkorbak/pile-curse-small | PubMed Central |
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My boyfriend for about two years now told me he doesn't feel like having sex. I told him I still do. He says all we ever do is have sex. That's not true. It's frustrating but I want sex and he doesn't. He is going to college this year and I won't see him as much because he will be so far way....
Information on this site is provided for educational purposes. It is not meant to and cannot substitute for advice or care provided by an in-person medical professional. The information contained herein is not meant to be used to diagnose or treat a health problem or disease, or for prescribing any medication. You should always consult your own healthcare provider if you have a health problem or medical condition. | tomekkorbak/pile-curse-small | Pile-CC |
It is remarkable what a value is still put upon wood even in this age and in this new country, a value more permanent and universa...l than that of gold. After all our discoveries and inventions no man will go by a pile of wood. It is as precious to us as it was to our Saxon and Norman ancestors. If they made their bows of it, we make our gun-stocks of it.LESSATTRIBUTION DETAIL »
The conclusion has never changed: the worst sort of people come here for the worst sort of reasons and put upon those of us who ha...ve conveniently forgotten where we came from and how we got here.LESSATTRIBUTION DETAIL »
It is easy after a day full of hassles to experience a child as being just one more hassle, one more person who wants to sap our s...trength. We feel emotionally fragile and put upon. We long to have someone take care of us and soothe our emotions. Instead, we are required to take care of a child who might be exhausted and needy as well, and who is acting unreasonable.LESSATTRIBUTION DETAIL »
Who are our true rulers? The Negro poets, to be sure. Do they not set the fashion, and give laws to the public taste? Let one of t...hem, in the swamps of Carolina, compose a new song, and it no sooner reaches the ear of a white amateur, than it is written down, amended (that is, almost spoilt), printed, and then put upon a course of rapid dissemination, to cease only with the utmost bounds of Anglo-Saxondom, perhaps with the world. Meanwhile, the poor author digs away with his hoe, utterly ignorant of his greatness.LESSATTRIBUTION DETAIL »
Paradoxically, the most constructive thing women can do ... is to write, for in the act of writing we deny our mutedness and begin... to eliminate some of the difficulties that have been put upon us.LESSATTRIBUTION DETAIL »
We say justly that the weak person is flat, for, like all flat substances, he does not stand in the direction of his strength, tha...t is, on his edge, but affords a convenient surface to put upon. He slides all the way through life.... But the brave man is a perfect sphere, which cannot fall on its flat side and is equally strong every way.LESSATTRIBUTION DETAIL » | tomekkorbak/pile-curse-small | Pile-CC |
The ORICA-GreenEDGE Tour de France Nine
ORICA-GreenEDGE has named its nine man Tour de France squad. The line-up includes six riders who raced the Australian outfit’s inaugural Grand Boucle alongside three riders making their Tour de France debut.
“The team objective this year is to win a stage at the Tour de France,” said Sport Director Matt White. “That’s our main goal. We’re bringing a more diverse team this year to give us a few more options for intermediate stages and days in the medium mountains. The sprint stages remain a big focus, and we bring a dedicated sprint train to support Matt Goss on the flatter days.”
The nine riders who will head to Corsica for the 100th Grand Départ are: Stuart O’Grady, Matt Goss, Daryl Impey, Brett Lancaster, Svein Tuft, Simon Gerrans, Michael Albasini, Simon Clarke and Cameron Meyer
“Last year, we brought together a group of riders who hadn’t raced together much before the Tour de France,” noted White. “This year, we have six who raced the Tour together last year and five who recently worked together at the Tour de Suisse. This is a group of riders that have learned to work together seamlessly.”
The team will be captained by Stuart O’Grady, who has appeared in every Tour de France since he made his debut in 1997. O’Grady has supported three riders, Andy Schleck, Fränk Schleck and Carlos Sastre, to a total of six Tour de France overall podium finishes, including Sastre’s victory in 2008. With 16 Tour de France starts, 14 finishes, two stage wins and nine days in yellow to his name, O’Grady is the most experienced Grand Tour rider in the professional peloton. The South Australian equals the record set by George Hincapie for most Tour de France starts when he lines up for his 17th Tour de France this year.
“Stuey knows his way around the bunch, and he knows his way around the Tour,” said White. “He’s experienced the yellow jersey, the green jersey, stage wins and everything in between. Having the sort of leadership that comes from his knowledge is invaluable.”
Matt Goss is the team’s designated leader for the sprint stages. The Tasmanian gave ORICA-GreenEDGE its first Grand Tour win last year at the Giro d’Italia. He came close to repeating the feat at the Tour, where he sprinted to five stage podiums. Lining up for his fourth Tour de France start, Goss is firmly focused on pulling off a stage win in the sprints.
“Gossy will be our man on all the sprint stages,” said White. “He had some devastatingly close calls last year. We saw him win a tough stage at Tirreno-Adriatico in March, finish third in the first week of the Giro d’Italia last month and race a quite consistent Tour de Suisse as part of his build-up to the Tour. The boys will look to deliver Gossy to the top step on one of the many stages that are available to the sprinters.”
Daryl Impey made his Tour de France debut with ORICA-GreenEDGE last year. Equally comfortable in the sprint train as he is seizing personal opportunities, the South African will play a pivotal role in supporting the team’s objectives.
“Impey is the last guy in front of Gossy in the sprints,” noted White. “He’s also quite handy in the medium mountains. We brought him to his first Tour de France last year and have seen him develop into one of the best lead out guys in the world over the last 12 months. He’s an important asset for us at any race.”
Brett Lancaster, who recently sprinted to victory on the fourth stage of Tour de Slovénie, has shown repeated dedication to the sprint train during his career. Lining up for his sixth Tour de France, Lancaster will work with Impey and Goss in the fast finishes.
“Brett is coming off a very solid Giro d’Italia backed up by a win in Slovenia,” said White. “He’s another crucial member of our sprint train, and he’s the most experienced guy we have in that role. He handles pressure well and provides a sense of calm to the train in what can be a very hectic final.”
Svein Tuft will ride his first Tour de France with ORICA-GreenEDGE. No stranger to Grand Tours, Tuft has twice raced the Giro d’Italia and once raced the Vuelta a España. The eight time Canadian National Time Trial Champion earned his spot on the team’s Tour squad in large part due to his versatility.
“Svein is a world class time trialer,” said White. “He’ll be crucial for our team time trial ambitions. He’s a strong guy with a huge amount of power to chase breakaways or look after the sprint train. We can use him in a lot of ways. I’m really looking forward to taking him to his first Tour de France.”
Beyond the sprint train, the team will look to a group of opportunists who will target key stages that suit their various strengths.
Simon Gerrans snagged four wins last year, including the Tour Down Under overall and Milan-Sanremo. He has backed up last season’s success with three stage victories in the first six months of the 2013 season. Gerrans is the first Australian to win a stage at all three Grand Tours. He hopes to add a second Tour de France victory is his ever-growing palmarès in his eighth start.
“Gerro has been one of our most successful athletes since the team’s inception,” said White. “He has a knack for winning from a breakaway or a reduced bunch. I expect to see Simon pick and choose stages throughout the Tour where he sees an opportunity for himself to get into a break or make an elite selection.”
Michael Albasini is a solid all-rounder with a gritty style of racing that has netted him six wins in the last 18 months. Most recently, Albasini took a hometown win from a small group sprint at GP Gippingen. A Tour de France win has eluded Albasini, who lines up for his fifth start eager to change that.
“Albasini shares similar qualities to Gerrans,” noted White. “Two years ago, he won a stage at the Vuelta, but he’s yet to win a stage at the Tour. He’s an opportunist with a good chance of winning out of a breakaway. He’s experienced, versatile and capable in a lot of different scenarios.”
Simon Clarke raced his first Grand Tour with ORICA-GreenEDGE at the Vuelta a España last year. Most riders hope to survive their first Grand Tour. Clarke thrived. He won the mountains classification and one stage, giving ORICA-GreenEDGE its second Grand Tour stage victory.
“Clarkey had a breakthrough year last year culminating in a wildly successful Vuelta,” explained White. “He deserves a ride at the Tour de France after what he accomplished in Spain. In addition to capitalizing on personal opportunities in the medium mountain stages, Simon is a fantastic teammate who can do whatever sort of work we might need on days that are better suited to another rider on the team.”
Cameron Meyer rounds out the nine man squad. The Western Australian recently finished tenth in the Tour de Suisse overall after winning the stage one time trial and spending two days in yellow. Meyer has four Grand Tour starts and two finishes to his name. This will be his first Tour de France.
“Cam comes to the Tour off the back of a consistent last couple off months where he finished in the top ten overall at Turkey, California and Switzerland,” said White. “He’s been building steadily since his setback after an operation to treat a saddle sore early in the season.”
“We haven’t previously had anyone for the high mountain stages,” White continued. “With the form he showed us last week in Switzerland, we realise that Cam gives us an option. He can climb with a very select group of riders, and that opens us up to opportunities on stages that we’ve been forced to overlook in the past.”
White believes the team’s nine riders provide the best possible opportunity to secure a stage victory during their three weeks in France.
“This sport is very result focused,” acknowledged White. “We’re judged on wins, and we have yet to tick the box of our first stage win at the Tour de France.”
“Wins can come in different ways,” he continued. “We’ll be happy with any win we can grab. Each day, we focus on our goals and the process we need to follow to achieve the goals. If we do our best to hit those goals, it’s our best chance to get that win. When we tick off small boxes every day, we become confident that we’ll get to tick off the big box eventually.”
ORICA-GreenEDGE for the Tour de France:
Brett Lancaster
Cameron Meyer
Daryl Impey
Matt Goss
Michael Albasini
Simon Clarke
Simon Gerrans
Stuart O’Grady
Svein Tuft | tomekkorbak/pile-curse-small | OpenWebText2 |
The effects of cyclosporine versus standard care in dogs with naturally occurring glomerulonephritis.
Glomerulonephritis (GN) is a leading cause of chronic renal failure in dogs. However, little is known about the efficacy of available treatment options for GN in this species. The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of cyclosporine (Cy) administration on the outcome of naturally occurring GN in dogs. Thirteen dogs from 4 institutions were included in the study. Randomization of dogs into placebo-versus Cy-treated groups was stratified according to initial morphological diagnosis and contributing institution. Seven and 6 dogs were assigned to be given placebo or Cy, respectively. The initial Cy dose of 10 mg/kg every 24 hours was adjusted to maintain 24-hour trough, whole blood Cy concentrations between 250 and 400 ng/mL. There were no statistically significant differences between placebo- and Cy-treated groups with respect to serum total protein, albumin, urea nitrogen and creatinine, and plasma protein concentrations; platelet count; urine protein-creatinine ratio; endogenous creatinine clearance; 24-hour urine protein concentrations; or 24-hour urine protein-endogenous creatinine clearance ratio. However, PCV was significantly lower in the Cy-treated group. Decreased appetite, diarrhea, vomiting, weight loss, involuntary shaking, and thrombocytopenia were noted in both treatment groups; however, clinical signs in Cy-treated dogs subjectively were more severe. One Cy-treated dog developed gingival hyperplasia.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) | tomekkorbak/pile-curse-small | PubMed Abstracts |
Image source
Today, data is the main fuel for business growth: it helps to figure out clients’ preferences and demands and provide them with what they need. With valuable information at hands, companies can improve the quality of service and define the further direction of development.
Why do businesses need data?
Segmentation of the audience. Modern algorithms allow for dividing customers into groups according to their age, interests, location, and many other factors. The cluster models help to make a better targeting marketing strategy. Better targeting. According to the customer behavior and priorities, platforms can suggest recommended services, products, etc. Behavior analysis. Knowing some patterns of customer behavior the marketing specialists can predict the chances of engagement, clicks on content, potential spending, and so on. Marketing strategies. Feedbacks and statistics enable companies to improve their products.
Deficiencies of monetization
Typically, companies obtain customer data from third sources, though in most cases, it’s simply stolen without people’s consent. The modern situation of data monetization is not fair: users are often left with nothing, while both trading networks and the companies using data get what they need. Therefore, the personal contribution isn’t incentivized properly. The industry needs a monetization approach that would be more transparent and fair.
SWIPE Platform: Making data monetization clear
Being based on the blockchain, SWIPE network allows users to share information anonymously while rewarding them for participation. The project serves the following purposes:
· Give developers a better insight into customers’ and users’ needs.
· Enabling the monetization of app data.
· Incentivizing and rewarding of app users for sharing their data.
· Total control over privacy and data for users.
Being based on blockchain powering smart contracts, SWIPE distributes data across numerous applications smartly and processes data according to certain algorithms and contexts.
How Does it Work? SWIPE Use Case
Let’s see how SWIPE works. Company A wants to get data about its target audience (say, these are middle-aged people with families and average income). It makes a request in SWIPE platforms and pays some certain amount of SWC tokens for the services. John, just like many other SWIPE users, has some personal data stored here (his date of birth, education, marital state, number of children, occupation, etc.) and controls who can access it. When he has the opportunity to share some of his personal data with Company A, he agrees and chooses what he wants to share, and what not. John gets incentivized for that with SWC tokens. Each party wins.
Advantages of SWIPE
SWIPE project was designed to face the major concerns in the modern centralized data processing model. Its key benefits include:
Rewarding of both app developers and data owners who share the information.
Trustless transfer of data with the help of smart contracts. Users have overall control over their information and can choose which data they want to share, and what are the rights for it. SWIPE applies certain policies to data and revenue distribution.
Total transparency.
Ultimate security and safety of individual data. Thanks to re-encryption after access granting, it is protected one more time.
Role of blockchain and SWIPE token
As it has been mentioned, modern data monetization model can be changed for the better, if it’s based on the principle of transparency and fairness. Thanks to the blockchain, access to personal data can be totally controlled, and both contributors get fairly incentivized for sharing. Besides, blockchain enables proper encryption and guarantees absolute safety and integrity of data.
What about SWIPE tokens? They are used to reward users and companies in need of data, but this is not the only role they play. All stakeholders of the network can use the tokens to get access to some privileges and discounts on the platform. After the ICO, some part of tokens will be frozen to be later used for development and growth of the platform.
Bottom Line
Changing the way we treat personal data, SWIPE is aimed at making the system fairer. Data processing approach they offer can encourage people to share their data – this is a considerable advantage for companies that need customer data and statistics. The fact that the developers combine a mobile-first approach with blockchain-first approach makes this platform highly convenient for customers. Even if you don’t represent any company, you can simply become a SWIPE member and earn cryptocurrency on sharing personal information. The project promises to become a real find for users from all over the world and is definitely worth your attention.
Web | Whitepaper | Telegram | Bounty
Author profile: https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?action=profile;u=993461 | tomekkorbak/pile-curse-small | OpenWebText2 |
Last week, we learned that the Australian government had funded a nasty little comic book intended to deter those seeking asylum from making the journey to Australia; the narrative culminates with images of asylum seekers languishing miserably in mosquito-plagued camps.
Perhaps an updated version can now depict them being shot or hacked at with machetes.
Why not? That’s the logic of deterrence, isn’t it? Continue to make refugees miserable until the oppression they face from Australians becomes worse than that which they’re fleeing.
Immigration minister Scott Morrison has, naturally, provided few details of the tragedy unfolding on Manus Island other than to confirm the death of one asylum seeker and injuries to 77 others during a riot in the Australian-sponsored detention centre, but description from refugee advocate Ian Rintoul sounds almost like a tsarist pogrom:
Gangs of armed police and locals actually went from compound to compound, hunting down asylum seekers and inflicting very serious injuries on people that they got their hands on.
Of course, Rintoul’s version can’t currently be confirmed – but that’s scarcely surprising. Australia has deliberately cloaked its detention centre archipelago in so many layers of secrecy that we know almost nothing about what goes on there. The camps are the equivalent of private businesses remotely located in foreign countries, and everything about them is designed to frustrate journalists seeking to report on them.
In Vietnam, the press corp dubbed general Westmoreland’s press conferences the “five o’clock follies”, since the information divulged there bore so little relation to the truth. The staged presentations by Scott Morrison and his tame generals might be described in the same way, except that journalists – especially those at the ABC – have learned that overt cynicism about the Great War on People Smugglers will bring the concerted wrath of Murdoch’s odious culture warriors.
The Operation Sovereign Borders graphic campaign warning off refugees from coming to Australia. Photograph: customs.gov.au Photograph: customs.gov.au
In any case, Morrison, and behind him, Tony Abbott, understand that there’s no political pressure on them to reveal anything very much, especially since the Labor party possesses no appetite at all for a debate on refugees. Let’s not forget that the PNG solution was Kevin Rudd’s signature policy, a typically too-clever-by-half move to outflank the Tories on border security that simply resulted in pushing the debate further to the right.
And yet we can’t say we don’t know what happens in the camps. We know. Of course we know. We know and we are meant to know.
Orwell says somewhere that, by the late 1930s, everyone who didn’t deliberately blind themselves understood what Stalin was doing in Russia. It’s the same with our own little cluster of 21st century refugee gulags.
The camps are designed to be cruel. Again, that’s what deterrence means, spelled out in the immigration department’s graphical grief porn – try to come here and we will make your life a living hell.
Sure, details might remain hazy (how many Australians knew their government was paying a PNG police unit implicated in murders and torture to guard refugees?) but the government has made sure the central message came through loud and clear, both to domestic and international audiences: asylum seekers are going to suffer. And suffer they duly have, with today’s incident underscores.
So the sinister, cynical double game will continue.
On the one hand, the government will deny any knowledge and any responsibility of whatever atrocities just took place on Manus Island. Nothing happened – and if it did, it’s now a matter for PNG authorities. On the other hand, the deaths and the injuries and the general wretchedness of life in limbo in a jungle camp will be tacitly used to deter asylum seekers overseas and, more importantly, to remind voters that Abbott is hard on refugees, just as he promised.
You might think that, now that desperate people have been shot, killed or severely injured in an Australian-run camp, we cannot possibly sink any lower. But that’s not true. At the moment, the dynamic of refugee policy is one of escalation. The only limit is that which we’re prepared to bear. | tomekkorbak/pile-curse-small | OpenWebText2 |
Q:
R concatenate every few elements of a vektor
I was wondering, if there is a way in R to concatenate elements of a vektor without a loop. For example concatenate every 3 elements like this:
Before:
"1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9"
After:
"1 2 3" "4 5 6" "7 8 9"
Thank you!
A:
We can split the string using a lookaround regex
trimws(strsplit(str1, '(?<=([^ ]\\s){3})', perl=TRUE)[[1]])
#[1] "1 2 3" "4 5 6" "7 8 9"
If we have a numeric vector, create a grouping variable for every 3 consecutive elements with gl and use one of the group by functions (tapply) to paste the elements together.
v1 <- 1:9
tapply(v1, as.numeric(gl(length(v1), 3, length(v1))),
FUN= paste, collapse=' ')
data
str1 <- "1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9"
| tomekkorbak/pile-curse-small | StackExchange |
You know the story, SF wanted to ban toys from Happy Meals or other fast food marketing if the product(s) was not nutritionally upgraded. Well the Mayor Newsome (an otherwise POS) vetoed the bill and law makers voted to override the veto.
What are your thoughts on the government telling a company what they can and cannot put in their food marketing campaign or intervening in a parents way of feeding their child?
I've totally flip flopped on this, at first I saw this as typical government interference and all that BS and didn't like this one bit. Then after I stepped back and took it all in context I have to say I am more for this than against. I see all the differing POVs, but at the EOD I do not see this as forcing any parent to do anything (or spend their money in any particular way). I see it as the government taking some action for a very serious health concern (both now and for the future) in terms of obesity, and with the ever changing HC climate and the always rising HC costs, you could say it was over due.
I don't see rights being tramples on here, I do not see choice being taken out of the hands of parents either. More than anything I see this as some decision makers saying look mom and dad you've been told for years to watch out for this crap and you're not getting it done and the kids and the rest of the country are going to suffer for it soon. Also see it as a bit of a hit on the marketing approach of a giant that can legitimately be considered preying on uneducated innocent minds to a point.
We'll see if these joints improve their menus due to this.
Plus we have't argued with each other in awhile, so
Criminals in this town used to believe in things...honor, respect."I heard your dog is sick, so bought you this shovel"
Parents are supposed to Parent. The only way to stop getting kids to eat McDonalds is by not letting it taste so damn good. It isnt as if the toys are arsenic, they aren't the problem, the food is. Only an idiot or a lazy person feeds their kids McDonalds more than occasionally. If it is part of a child's regular diet then taking the toy away doesn't mean shit anyway.
Off Topic:Can't believe I haven't snagged a McRib yet, maybe I will grab one at lunch. That thing is so damn good. I do admit the fake bones freak me out a bit though
FUDU wrote:What are your thoughts on the government telling a company what they can and cannot put in their food marketing campaign or intervening in a parents way of feeding their child?
Whole lotta fat kids running around. Poor, fat kids. Guess who foots the bill when they develop diabetes at 25? Or have a heart attack at 40? There should be skull and cross bones on Big Macs, just like cigarettes. If Joe Camel gets burned at the stake, so should Ronald and his hetero-lifemate Grimace.
FUDU wrote:What are your thoughts on the government telling a company what they can and cannot put in their food marketing campaign or intervening in a parents way of feeding their child?
Whole lotta fat kids running around. Poor, fat kids. Guess who foots the bill when they develop diabetes at 25? Or have a heart attack at 40? There should be skull and cross bones on Big Macs, just like cigarettes. If Joe Camel gets burned at the stake, so should Ronald and his hetero-lifemate Grimace.
Toys, Grimace, Ronald McDonald, Dora the Explorer action figures, all of it is diverting attention from the real issue. I dont see any 6 year olds pulling through the drive through.
Educate or put a 18 year old limit on it like cigarettes. More education would be my preference, however, there are legit issues of whether the cost could somehow justify it, just can't imagine anything that drastic could ever be implemented. However, everything else is at best a band-aid.
Two options, you either some how convince parents that a steady diet of garbage isn't healthy or you straight up don't allow them to do it. Neither are all that practical so put me in the corner of banning toys and mascots as pointless.
But hey, at least they will all have their health insurance footed by our tax dollars.
If someone was serious about obesity in this country they would start looking at the corn subsidies and look to take that money away from producing HFCS and other garbage to making broccoli, spinach and apples the more affordable choice. We not only fund effect (their health insurance), but also the cause (market imbalances that push people towards unhealthy choices).
Ever shopped for produce at a Heinens, Safeway, or Giant Eagle? Cost 3.99 sometimes for a Red Pepper. Shit, I can get 2 Big Macs for that.
Glad that here in hippieland we have grocery stores that have much cheaper and reasonable produce.
One important thing for consumers to note is that in 2009, $15.4 billion in subsidies were lavished on the growers of corn, cotton, rice, wheat, and soybeans. In that same year, fruits, vegetables, and organics received only $825 million in support from the federal government. And that money doesn't go directly into fruit and vegetable growers' pockets, but mostly goes toward procurement for schools, research and market promotion programs.
Good points Ziner, I think either way this is a worthwhile almost needed approach and a message toward parents and the convenience food industry. It says get your act together to both, and if by some stroke of luck it helps save me/us money in the long haul then I'm for it right now.
Criminals in this town used to believe in things...honor, respect."I heard your dog is sick, so bought you this shovel"
Orenthal wrote:You're all fucking nuts. Just take away this or that, its for their own good. Put a skull and crossbones on beer/alcohol. Fuck the Browns sucking probably cause some homocides, ban them.
Forget slippery slope, shit is already bumping the bottom of one hill ready for another.
Fun part below...
Just let fat people die. That will slow thier obesity.
I agree with OJ.
Take electricity out of houses because some fucktard likes licking light sockets.
You know how I get my kids to not eat McDonalds? I don't fucking take 'em there and I tell them and teach them why.
Incidentally it's the same reason none of my kids has taken any of my guns and shot themselves, each other or neighbors yet.
Everyone is just too accepting of letting other people do their thinking and decision making for them. There's no accountability to the parents. As Peeker said, you don't want them to have it, don't introduce it.
Galley Boys are slop on top of a so-so burger and a bun you coulde get from a Covneninet food mart generic pack. They the Antoine Joubert of burgers; soft, sloppy, oozing grease and cheap sauce and extremely overrated by a biased fan base. Proof that if you throw enough cheap sauce shit on a burger you still can't overcome the lame burger. -JB
I think a lot of opponents to this are oblivious to the fact we are already past the point odf no return whith regards to the let em die or let parents be parents arguments, if not oblivious then just flat out obtuse.
We already bailed out every Tom, Dick & Leroy from their poor choices in housing, at the expense of everyone else (including those who do/did it right). So if I personally have to get behind a political move like this for the hope and sake of future HC in this country then so the fuck be it. Either this or let us opt out of paying for other people's mistakes, if not then fuck everyone and their mothers if they cannot choose what their fat fuck kids want to eat.
Fuck peoples choices when they aren't making any worth a damn.
Criminals in this town used to believe in things...honor, respect."I heard your dog is sick, so bought you this shovel"
FUDU wrote:I think a lot of opponents to this are oblivious to the fact we are already past the point odf no return whith regards to the let em die or let parents be parents arguments, if not oblivious then just flat out obtuse.
We already bailed out every Tom, Dick & Leroy from their poor choices in housing, at the expense of everyone else (including those who do/did it right). So if I personally have to get behind a political move like this for the hope and sake of future HC in this country then so the fuck be it. Either this or let us opt out of paying for other people's mistakes, if not then fuck everyone and their mothers if they cannot choose what their fat fuck kids want to eat.
Fuck peoples choices when they aren't making any worth a damn.
My point is that it's futile.
It's been determined more than a few times, some very publically, that too much of that shit could KILL you.
If that fact hasn't harmed sales yet, I highly doubt eliminating a toy is going to shake people conscious.
Every kid has parents. And nobody can subsitute for them. Especially, as has been proven over and over again, the government.
FUDU wrote:I think a lot of opponents to this are oblivious to the fact we are already past the point odf no return whith regards to the let em die or let parents be parents arguments, if not oblivious then just flat out obtuse.
We already bailed out every Tom, Dick & Leroy from their poor choices in housing, at the expense of everyone else (including those who do/did it right). So if I personally have to get behind a political move like this for the hope and sake of future HC in this country then so the fuck be it. Either this or let us opt out of paying for other people's mistakes, if not then fuck everyone and their mothers if they cannot choose what their fat fuck kids want to eat.
Fuck peoples choices when they aren't making any worth a damn.
Quick question FUDU: what'd you eat the other night at the old Buffalo meeting?
You mind if I eliminate that as an option?
Why or why not?
Don't tell me how to bring up my kids. That's on me. And don't eliminate options because some parents don't do their jobs. Or eliminate every fucking option til I feel it's fair.
Trying to do my thing to keep the kids from getting fat. Meat, Veggies, Meat, veggies, some fruit and keep the grains based stuff to bare minimum. Even school lunches you almost have to make them a sandwich. At least once a week it seems like we are rushed and end up buying some kind of crap. If we happen to get McD, I just insist on no fries. I'd rather seem them eat two quarter pounders, but even there the meat is probably some soy-laden shit, and not real food.
Shelf based food with low-fat on the box is almost guaranteed to be just as bad for you. Kids are fat because the low-fat lobby won years ago, and most of the dollars are thrown at agri-business (HFCS, Corn etc.) If you aren't cooking them meat and veggies at every meal (real food) then it's probably just as shitty as KFC. I think kids being fat is a direct result of too much sugar, the HFCS issues, and too many carbs that aren't from vegetable matter (fruit to an extent is ok, but eating a whole bag of grapes gets your insulin rev'd up).
The simple-minded do-gooders put way too much blame on fast food, when it's likely that almost everything in these people's homes isn't much better. Sounds like symbolic BS if you ask me.
FUDU wrote:I think a lot of opponents to this are oblivious to the fact we are already past the point odf no return whith regards to the let em die or let parents be parents arguments, if not oblivious then just flat out obtuse.
We already bailed out every Tom, Dick & Leroy from their poor choices in housing, at the expense of everyone else (including those who do/did it right). So if I personally have to get behind a political move like this for the hope and sake of future HC in this country then so the fuck be it. Either this or let us opt out of paying for other people's mistakes, if not then fuck everyone and their mothers if they cannot choose what their fat fuck kids want to eat.
Fuck peoples choices when they aren't making any worth a damn.
My point is that it's futile.
It's been determined more than a few times, some very publically, that too much of that shit could KILL you.
If that fact hasn't harmed sales yet, I highly doubt eliminating a toy is going to shake people conscious.
Every kid has parents. And nobody can subsitute for them. Especially, as has been proven over and over again, the government.
It may or may not be Lead, I won't even argue that point. Then let some of the rest of us opt out of saving the other of the rest of us's asses. Besides nobody is losing ANY choices here or any options, it is just a toy, the parents can get it somewhere else.
Criminals in this town used to believe in things...honor, respect."I heard your dog is sick, so bought you this shovel"
FUDU wrote:I think a lot of opponents to this are oblivious to the fact we are already past the point odf no return whith regards to the let em die or let parents be parents arguments, if not oblivious then just flat out obtuse.
We already bailed out every Tom, Dick & Leroy from their poor choices in housing, at the expense of everyone else (including those who do/did it right). So if I personally have to get behind a political move like this for the hope and sake of future HC in this country then so the fuck be it. Either this or let us opt out of paying for other people's mistakes, if not then fuck everyone and their mothers if they cannot choose what their fat fuck kids want to eat.
Fuck peoples choices when they aren't making any worth a damn.
Quick question FUDU: what'd you eat the other night at the old Buffalo meeting?
You mind if I eliminate that as an option?
Why or why not?
Don't tell me how to bring up my kids. That's on me. And don't eliminate options because some parents don't do their jobs. Or eliminate every fucking option til I feel it's fair.
Deal?
I had onion rings, notice how I didn't eat em all?
Take em off the menu, no sweat off my back, I'll either get something else or I won't eat anything there. Those would be my choices at that establishment, onion rings aren't a right, nor is a toy with a crap ass shit burger, right?
I'm not telling you how to raise your kids no more than you are personally forcing me to pay more money in my HC insurance.
Hell ban the sale of PS 2's and 3's in the name of good health for all I care, with the black market that would arise I'd be the richest MoFo on the planet with the amount of gaming stuff I have.
I do love how it is everyone else's families that eat at McD's though and not ours.
Criminals in this town used to believe in things...honor, respect."I heard your dog is sick, so bought you this shovel"
FUDU wrote:Take em off the menu, no sweat off my back, I'll either get something else or I won't eat anything there. Those would be my choices at that establishment, onion rings aren't a right, nor is a toy with a crap ass shit burger, right?
Onion rings arent a right, but do you want Uncle Sam approving the menu at every restaurant? That seems like what you are implying. Govt tells us what it acceptable and that is what is served. You cant be saying that are you?
FUDU wrote:I do love how it is everyone else's families that eat at McD's though and not ours.
I eat at McDonalds, I freaking love it, but I eat at it like once every two months tops. I also work out 6 times a week and usually end up skiing or hiking on my day off. Eating McDonalds isn't a bad thing, you can have a healthy lifestyle and eat it occasionally.
Don't take away my Double Cheeseburger with Supersized fries because other people are lazy and fat. They could work it off if they wanted.
Besides I could argue that many meals at McDonalds have fewer calories than a meal at Chipotle, and I know someone here loves it there.
For instance, my Burrito, Chips and Guac tonight came in at 1785 calories and 81 grams of fat.
FUDU wrote:Take em off the menu, no sweat off my back, I'll either get something else or I won't eat anything there. Those would be my choices at that establishment, onion rings aren't a right, nor is a toy with a crap ass shit burger, right?
Onion rings arent a right, but do you want Uncle Sam approving the menu at every restaurant? That seems like what you are implying. Govt tells us what it acceptable and that is what is served. You cant be saying that are you?
FUDU wrote:I do love how it is everyone else's families that eat at McD's though and not ours.
I eat at McDonalds, I freaking love it, but I eat at it like once every two months tops. I also work out 6 times a week and usually end up skiing or hiking on my day off. Eating McDonalds isn't a bad thing, you can have a healthy lifestyle and eat it occasionally.
Don't take away my Double Cheeseburger with Supersized fries because other people are lazy and fat. They could work it off if they wanted.
Besides I could argue that many meals at McDonalds have fewer calories than a meal at Chipotle, and I know someone here loves it there.
For instance, my Burrito, Chips and Guac tonight came in at 1785 calories and 81 grams of fat.
But it is all natural so it doesn't count right??? I should work off a nice chunk of that tomorrow during my 5K though.
Happy Thanksgiving all, enjoy your tofurkey!!!
No I am not suggesting government control over all menus, but that is not what is happening here either to my knowledge. From my understanding McD's will not be able to offer toys with certain meals anymore UNLESS they up their game and up the nutritional value of said meals. I know 6yr olds don't pull up in the drive through, but 11, 12 and 13 year olds most certainly go to McD's on their own. Please direct me to the rights being violated with this ruling and the options being taken away from us, b/c frankly I don't see any sign of that happening. Has it got that bad that we are to the point we think McD's is a right.
This is part what is in McD's food and part how McD's market to an unsuspecting audience of lifers.
As far as Chipotle's puhlease, it has been shown time and time again how healthy that damn food is. Lots of calories, sure, but calories aren't just what does you in. There isn't a meal at McD's that can compare nutritionally with Chipotles in regards to how healthy the food and ingredients are.
I'm just not giving any sympathy out anymore, none left to give out. So they ban the toys, ooh well, ban McD's or Chic Fil A for all I care, hell ban Christmas, you wanna talk about putting money back into people's pockets, our kids are spoiled anyway.
Like I said already, let me opt out of saving other's asses and we'll call it even.
Happy Turkey Day.
Criminals in this town used to believe in things...honor, respect."I heard your dog is sick, so bought you this shovel"
When the government takes over total control of health care in this country in 2014, the bureaucracy will have the legal power to dictate what you can’t eat, what you can’t drink, and what you can’t smoke -- all in the name of saving the government’s health care dollars so that all the previously uninsured can head to the emergency room for every friggin’ hangnail.
If you’re fine with no toys in Happy Meals, are you also fine with New York outlawing sugary soft drinks or the feds sticking a 100% or 200% tax on Jack Daniels? Don’t laugh: the New York thing is happening now, and stiffer restrictions will follow if Obamacare stands.
These incremental infringements on our personal freedoms are setting terrible legal precedents that do not bode well for our future. Sure, they're small steps ... but they're steps in the wrong direction.
When the government takes over total control of health care in this country in 2014, the bureaucracy will have the legal power to dictate what you can’t eat, what you can’t drink, and what you can’t smoke -- all in the name of saving the government’s health care dollars so that all the previously uninsured can head to the emergency room for every friggin’ hangnail.
If you’re fine with no toys in Happy Meals, are you also fine with New York outlawing sugary soft drinks or the feds sticking a 100% or 200% tax on Jack Daniels? Don’t laugh: the New York thing is happening now, and stiffer restrictions will follow if Obamacare stands.
These incremental infringements on our personal freedoms are setting terrible legal precedents that do not bode well for our future. Sure, they're small steps ... but they're steps in the wrong direction.
Believe me I feel yeah and am often of that attitude, this goes against 90% of my perspective on government intervention and my political mantra.
I'm looking at it from a priority stand point. From my understanding obesity is the second leading cause of preventable death, behind only smoking. Due to by pass smoking as number one within 10-20 years and blow by it big time.
To Ziner, just to give you more insight to my line of thinking here. You're in education correct? Over 60% of my property tax supposedly goes to the school systems here in NEO. Now I do not have children, probably never will, so I am paying into a system I will personally not use, ever. One could argue the benefits I will receive from that system regardless. Would you agree with those two previous sentences? I am forced to pay the property tax, I do not have a choice on the matter as a land owner in this county. One could argue that I will see a benefit to my property taxes in the school system b/c it is beneficial to society as a whole, right?, common sense to a point, no? Would you personally think it be fair for any individual to be able to opt out of the 60+% of their property tax that goes into the schools?
Now apply that thinking to getting behind this SF ruling, it would be could be should be beneficial to all of society no?
Criminals in this town used to believe in things...honor, respect."I heard your dog is sick, so bought you this shovel"
FYI Donny- My kids eat occasionally at McD's. I'm saying that they understand that shit isn't good for you on a regular basis any more than Dairy Queen is. But I take my kids for ice cream too.
It's about moderation dude. And no amount of government involvement or toy removal is going to fix what's wrong.
Personally if they wanna implode every McD's on the planet I'm good. Can't bring myself to eat it anymore and it actually makes me ill if I do.
And their coffee isn't even as good as it used to be.
BTW- I would like to open up a restaurant that serves nothingbut salads.
The 'Saladium' would be kicking. I'd also make sure to offer plenty of cheese, sour cream and fatty ranch and blue cheese dressings so that those eating a 'healthy' Chipotle diet could eat a 'healthy' salad.
peeker643 wrote:FYI Donny- My kids eat occasionally at McD's. I'm saying that they understand that shit isn't good for you on a regular basis any more than Dairy Queen is. But I take my kids for ice cream too.
It's about moderation dude. And no amount of government involvement or toy removal is going to fix what's wrong.
Personally if they wanna implode every McD's on the planet I'm good. Can't bring myself to eat it anymore and it actually makes me ill if I do.
And their coffee isn't even as good as it used to be.
BTW- I would like to open up a restaurant that serves nothingbut salads.
The 'Saladium' would be kicking. I'd also make sure to offer plenty of cheese, sour cream and fatty ranch and blue cheese dressings so that those eating a 'healthy' Chipotle diet could eat a 'healthy' salad.
Chipoltle is hardly healthy. Portion size alone....
Better than "total shit" but hardly "healthy."
You Could go to Chipoltle and eat reasonably healthy. You could go to Starbucks and start your day reasonably as well, instead of a whip cream topped 2,000 calorie latte, or to a bagel shop and start healthy - until you pile bacon, sausage and cheese on to the bagel.
Again, impossible to hold peoples hands. Again, informing them it's deadly hasn't helped a huge group of people to this point. If that's not warning enough - tough shit.
The Chipotle's is unhealthy "b/c it huge" arguments are borderline ignorant. No offense of course. You can get an awesome burrito there for 500 calories (even less), not a dangerously high caloric meal what so ever, and sure you can also get one with 1200+. Salt is Chiptole's top flaw in ingredients otherwise it is traditionally considered very healthy food they serve (yeah you want find fruit there, big whoop. Context.
Calories are not evil, not even bad.
This goes deeper than just this surface talk about personal accountability and menu choices though.
Just a side note about McD's in general though, there is a great misconception about who eats there more often than others and why. People love to believe the $4.50 value meal (or dollar menu) they offer sucks in the poor and lower class (which it can and does) but the more frequent visitors of McD's are: men (v. women), HS diploma and college educated, people with higher incomes and larger households like 4 or 5 or more. You know who visits McD's less than all them, people with income levels at poverty level or below. In way it is both surprising and not surprising I guess.
I understand all the arguments against this ordinance but if a country like ours is going to almost force feed this national HC reform stuff down our throats (and we are all going to be forced to throw our money in a giant collection basket to tackle our collective HC needs), then this approach only makes sense if we are to remain... intellectuality honest.
Criminals in this town used to believe in things...honor, respect."I heard your dog is sick, so bought you this shovel"
Erie Warrior wrote:Whole lotta fat kids running around. Poor, fat kids. Guess who foots the bill when they develop diabetes at 25? Or have a heart attack at 40? There should be skull and cross bones on Big Macs, just like cigarettes. If Joe Camel gets burned at the stake, so should Ronald and his hetero-lifemate Grimace.
All these fat kids are gonna strain our insulin supply.
And FTR nobody gives a shit what San Francisco does, NOBODY. People crowing and clucking about "dat damn Gubmint screwin with our lives" should fuck off.
Donny- After you stfu about Chipotle could you do the same on the intellectual honesty shit? Here's my intellectual honesty regardless of your 'research': I don't fucking eat McDonalds regardless of what your demographics say and my kids eatc it rarely enough. Go burn some books and leave my Mocha McCafe shit alone. And dude, a Chipotle argument in a healthy food choices thread? Shake yourself brother.
The fact it has orginated in SanFran pretty much sums up that it is retarded. If I want to take my kids to McDonald's and get that damn happy meal I should be able to. As a kid my parents rarely bought us a Happy Meal, but when we did something mediocre they would ocassionaly treat us and it felt great.
FUDU's argument is basically sit back and enjoy it... Erie wants all kids to eat soy fag burgers (just being descriptive, don't take it the wrong way), all I am saying is what every happened to a properly portioned meal? My entire life I had meals of meat, starch, and veggies. The fact it is well known that that moderation is healthy (along with exercise) and that pigging out on McDonalds and soda and chips will make you fat should preclude government interference.
Fuck fat people as much as you fucking do gooders. I don't want to eat your tasteless shit, or run till my lungs are on fire. Stay the fuck away from me and my moderation, and minimal exercise.
"When a man with money meets a man with experience, the man with experience leaves with money and the man with money leaves with experience."
OJ: nobody is prohibiting anyone from getting happy meal. Kids just aren't getting a toy reward for their parents retardation for taking them there anymore.
Peeker: chicken, rice, some veggies, how is that unhealthy...
CDT: smoke up Johnny!
ETA: I get not wanting the government involved with what we "can and can't" eat, but remember that when bitching about a welfare/food stamp recipient and what they "should and shouldn't" be allowed to purchase at the grocery store. Nobody, even here has any problem with that though... ::rolleyes::
Criminals in this town used to believe in things...honor, respect."I heard your dog is sick, so bought you this shovel"
FUDU wrote:The Chipotle's is unhealthy "b/c it huge" arguments are borderline ignorant. No offense of course. You can get an awesome burrito there for 500 calories (even less), not a dangerously high caloric meal what so ever, and sure you can also get one with 1200+. Salt is Chiptole's top flaw in ingredients otherwise it is traditionally considered very healthy food they serve (yeah you want find fruit there, big whoop. Context.
Calories are not evil, not even bad.
This goes deeper than just this surface talk about personal accountability and menu choices though.
Just a side note about McD's in general though, there is a great misconception about who eats there more often than others and why. People love to believe the $4.50 value meal (or dollar menu) they offer sucks in the poor and lower class (which it can and does) but the more frequent visitors of McD's are: men (v. women), HS diploma and college educated, people with higher incomes and larger households like 4 or 5 or more. You know who visits McD's less than all them, people with income levels at poverty level or below. In way it is both surprising and not surprising I guess.
I understand all the arguments against this ordinance but if a country like ours is going to almost force feed this national HC reform stuff down our throats (and we are all going to be forced to throw our money in a giant collection basket to tackle our collective HC needs), then this approach only makes sense if we are to remain... intellectuality honest.
What's borderline ignorant is thinking more than 10% of the people that go in there on any given day are eating a 500 calorie meal.
That's the point FUDU, they COULD eat somewhat healthy there, but they don't, knowing in advance the ramifications.
In a 2-quart heavy saucepan, heat oil or butter over low heat, stirring occasionally until melted. Add rice and lime juice, stir for 1 minute. Add water and salt, bring to a full rolling boil. At boiling, cover, turn down to simmer over low heat until rice is tender and the water is absorbed, about 25 minutes. Fluff rice with a fork.
As I mentioned before this is a little deeper than just a menu, ingredients and the choices of "educated" people. It is the all encompassing circumstances surrounding the issue of obesity and ways to go about fighting it AND the approach taken by places such as McD's in marketing their product, to adults and children. But you keep on trying to compare McD's ingredients and food to Chipotle's if it makes you feel better...
This whole thing isn't all that different from tobacco & the wide spread concern for the health risks it caused and causes.
Time for nap 2.
Criminals in this town used to believe in things...honor, respect."I heard your dog is sick, so bought you this shovel"
FUDU wrote:OJ: nobody is prohibiting anyone from getting happy meal. Kids just aren't getting a toy reward for their parents retardation for taking them there anymore.
Peeker: chicken, rice, some veggies, how is that unhealthy...
CDT: smoke up Johnny!
ETA: I get not wanting the government involved with what we "can and can't" eat, but remember that when bitching about a welfare/food stamp recipient and what they "should and shouldn't" be allowed to purchase at the grocery store. Nobody, even here has any problem with that though... ::rolleyes::
Dude, you should order the Chipotle Straw Man combo next time you go in there.
I get ya. There's no one in Chipotle ordering the 10 vats of queso they go through each day, the 10 tubs of sour cream that get eaten or the 75lbs of shredded cheese.
Just like no one goes to McDonalds and gets a salad everyone eats a moderately sized portion of chicken, rice and veggies at Chipotle.
I'm sure you go with the healthyiest of otions:
A Center for Science in the Public Interest report stated that Chipotle's burritos contain over 1,000 calories, which is nearly equivalent to two meals' worth of food.[45][46] MSNBC Health placed the burritos on their list of the "20 Worst Foods in America" because of their high caloric content and high sodium.[47] When a burrito with carnitas, rice, vegetables, cheese, guacamole, and salsa was compared with a typical Big Mac, the burrito had more fat, cholesterol, carbohydrates, and sodium than the Big Mac, and the burrito had more protein and fiber.[48] The restaurant has also received praise – Health.com included the restaurant in its list of the "Healthiest Fast Food Restaurants".[49]
You know who did get fat off Chipotle? McDonalds. $300m investment when they owned the place and sold it off at $1.5billion.
I can't believe we're having a 'Chipotle is Healthy' discussion.
Put the toy with a fuckin' McSalad then.
Cuz clearly the removal of the toy broken before the car leaves the parking lot will get the kids and parents back in shape.
Chipotle hands out a fucking tree hugging white guilt message with their food. "Dur this bag is made of post composted recycled fecal matter." The food is eh, and its a bunch of conformist uptight white surburbanites that double fist those death rolls.
Nothing more pathetic then a couple college tards in a tent outside a Chipotle when it first opens.
"When a man with money meets a man with experience, the man with experience leaves with money and the man with money leaves with experience."
Never stated that people visiting McD's don't get a salad, or everyone at Chipotle's gets 300 calorie stuff, never once.
But talk about straw men, the end of our freedoms is upon us b/c some municipal lawmakers told restaurants they cannot add child oriented incentives to their meals until those meals are nutritionally improved. My God you'd think McDonald's itself was incorporated into the Constitution.
Criminals in this town used to believe in things...honor, respect."I heard your dog is sick, so bought you this shovel"
So is that my queue to move on to the recent findings of how food such as we are discussing (fast food, and really bad food in general) has been connected with chemical reactions in the brain that cause normal chemical responses to shut down, which connect to addictions.....no, OK.
Criminals in this town used to believe in things...honor, respect."I heard your dog is sick, so bought you this shovel"
In a 2-quart heavy saucepan, heat oil or butter over low heat, stirring occasionally until melted. Add rice and lime juice, stir for 1 minute. Add water and salt, bring to a full rolling boil. At boiling, cover, turn down to simmer over low heat until rice is tender and the water is absorbed, about 25 minutes. Fluff rice with a fork.
As I mentioned before this is a little deeper than just a menu, ingredients and the choices of "educated" people. It is the all encompassing circumstances surrounding the issue of obesity and ways to go about fighting it AND the approach taken by places such as McD's in marketing their product, to adults and children. But you keep on trying to compare McD's ingredients and food to Chipotle's if it makes you feel better...
This whole thing isn't all that different from tobacco & the wide spread concern for the health risks it caused and causes.
Time for nap 2.
I asked if you've ever SEEN them prepare the rice. Because if you ever have, one thing you can be sure of, it ain't 1 teaspoon of oil or 1 teaspoon of butter. The hig school kids I've seen preparing it usually stop the butter and oil at about 4 glugs.
Which again, is to the overall point, not only shouldn't you go regulary to a fast food joint to eat healthy, you have no REAL idea what is really in that crap. Modern families have substituted many home cooked meals with the easy way out. That simple.
It's really not that hard for a parent to have their child understand that McDonald might be a "special treat" for them, but that they will get sick if they eat too much. On the other hand, it ain't too hard for a parent to know where their 13 year old is at 2:00 am, and that he's not in possession of a gun. But, the latter parents kid will end up dead, and look to blame the evils of the world, and the former parents kid will wind up fat, with social problems and they'll blame fast food joints or the schools.
Personal. Fucking. Responsibility.
Have it. Instill it in your kids. And we aren't worried about some fucking toy. | tomekkorbak/pile-curse-small | Pile-CC |
Background
==========
That air pollution can trigger asthma symptoms is well known \[[@B1]\], and there is increasing evidence that traffic also induces asthma incidence in both children \[[@B2]\] and adults \[[@B3]-[@B6]\]. This increasing evidence from epidemiological studies has been parallel with and probably dependent on the development of long-term exposure measures of traffic with a geographically high spatial resolution, which capture contrasts in exposure better than data from air pollution monitor stations only \[[@B7]\].
Although the exposure models for traffic have becomes better in recent years, most studies still estimate only exposure to traffic at residential address, even if a large proportion of traffic exposure, especially for adults, is commuting time, and workplace exposure \[[@B8]\]. The misclassification from using residential exposure as a proxy for total exposure can be expected to distort the true risk estimates, and reduce the power to detect an effect \[[@B9]\]. While personal sampling exposure studies can estimate the relationship between traffic and respiratory symptoms in short-term studies, this is expensive and not feasible for longer time periods or larger populations. It can also be a disadvantage to measure concentrations of a specific pollutant from all sources, rather than the effects of a specific exposure source (i.e traffic) with its complex mixture. It has been suggested that geographical informations systems (GIS) should be used for dynamic, 24 h- modelling of long-term exposure from traffic \[[@B10]\], and this has been done in simulation studies \[[@B11]\], but empirical epidemiological studies linking this to health effects have been rare \[[@B12],[@B13]\].
This is to our knowledge the first study on asthma and traffic to use GIS to estimate traffic exposure, not only at residential address, but also on workplace address and with self-reported information on commuting time to work or other outdoor activity in traffic. Traffic intensity and modelled outdoor NO~x~was used as proxies for local traffic-related air pollution, rather than exposure to NO~x~per se (which also comes from indoor sources like gas stoves). The aim was to investigate the association between traffic exposure and prevalence of asthma and asthma symptoms in adults in occupationally active age. We investigated 1) separate associations with traffic at residence, workplace, and daily time in traffic, and 2) if combining the exposures, i.e. accounting for total exposure, would strengthen the association between traffic and asthma.
Methods
=======
Study area &sampling
--------------------
This study was conducted in two stages (figure [1](#F1){ref-type="fig"}): A first large sample study was followed by nested sampling of a subgroup of asthma cases and controls for more detailed exposure assessment and confounder information.
{#F1}
The first study was a cross-sectional public health survey (Additional files [1](#S1){ref-type="supplementary-material"}, [2](#S2){ref-type="supplementary-material"}) conducted in Scania (southern Sweden) in 2004 (N = 24 819; 59% participation rate, age 18-80 years, however, we restricted our analysis to age 18-65 (n = 22693). The sampling was stratified by age, sex and geographical area, with equal number of subjects randomly sampled in each strata, independent on population size in order to increase the statistical power in some smaller administrative areas \[[@B14]\]. Thus, the descriptive data in the study are only representative for the entire Scania region in a weighted analysis. The survey had a broad public health purpose.
The sampling frame for the second survey (Additional files [3](#S3){ref-type="supplementary-material"}, [4](#S4){ref-type="supplementary-material"}) was those in the public health survey who had agreed to participate in additional studies (7874 persons, 31.7% of the participants in the first survey) and were in occupationally active age (18-65). The second survey was sent in 2005 to all eligible asthmatics and to controls (1:3, frequency matched on sex). The final case-control study included 2856 respondents (86% response rate), 705 asthmatics and the rest controls. The questions in this survey were focused on traffic exposures, housing conditions and occupational factors including information on workplace address.
The study was conducted in accordance with the Helsinki Declaration. No animals were used in the study and human subjects participated only after informed consent. Ethical permission for the study was obtained from the Regional Ethics Review Boards, Lund, Sweden. Reference number: dnr 387/2004.
Geocoding
---------
In the first survey, residential addresses for all participants were geocoded. For those participating in the second survey, workplace addresses were also geocoded. At residential address, geocoding was achieved by linking each individual\'s unique 10-digit personal identity codes to a registry containing the geographical coordinates of nationally registered residential address. This assigned individuals a position in the centre of their real estate.
Workplace addresses were obtained by self-report in the survey, and individuals were manually geocoded to this address, which is more accurate positioning than applying the centre of the real estate.
Exposure assessment
-------------------
All geocoded addresses were linked to GIS-based registers from the Swedish National Road Database, containing information about traffic intensity on all major roads in the county, for the year 2004. To assess exposure to traffic, we identified the road with the heaviest traffic intensity within 100 m of the residence. Traffic intensity was categorized as 0-1 cars/min, 2-5 cars/min, 6-10 cars/min, and \>10 cars/min, based upon 24-hour mean levels.
All geocoded addresses were also linked to modelled concentrations of NO~x~based on a validated emission database based on year 2001 \[[@B15],[@B16]\]. The exposure information for NO~x~is thus extrapolated from 2001. Emission sources included were: road traffic, shipping, aviation, railroad, industries and larger energy and heat producers, small scale heating, working machines, working vehicles and working tools. Meterological data were also included. A dispersion model (AERMOD) was used for dispersion calculation of annual mean concentrations μg/m^3^, within a 250 × 250 m grid, using bilinear interpolation. A detailed description and discussion of exposure assessment methods has been published previously \[[@B17]\].
In addition to GIS-estimated exposure, questions about traffic at residential address, traffic at workplace address and time spent in traffic were present in the second survey.
In total, the following exposures were investigated:
• *Residential address*.
GIS measured traffic intensity on the heaviest road within 50, 100, 250 m
GIS-modelled exposure to NO~x~
Survey question: \"What is the traffic intensity on the heaviest road you can see from any window in your apartment? (within a distance of 50 m)\"
• *Workplace address*.
GIS measured traffic intensity on the heaviest road within 50, 100, 250 m
GIS-modelled exposure to NO~x~
Survey question:\" What is the traffic intensity on the street outside your work/school? (within a distance of 50 m)\"
• *Daily activities*
Survey questions: \"How much time do you on average spend outdoor in traffic every day? (in cars, buses, bike, walking on streets etc)?\" and \"How long time does it take for you to transport to work/school?\"
• Total exposure. N = 1488 people had complete exposure information (geocoded residential and workplace address, reported time spent in traffic and reported percentage of full time work) and were thus used for calculation of total exposure.
Total exposure.was calculated as ((Total time - time at work - time in traffic)\*NO~x~at home address) + (time at work\*NO~x~at workplace address) + (time in traffic\*C). The constant C representing the hypothesized average NO~x~-dose from time in traffic was varied between 30 and 300, since concentrations of fresh exhaust emissions like NO can be many times higher in curbside intense traffic, compared with background levels \[[@B18]\]. NO~x~at residential and workplace addresses were estimated by the GIS-modelling. Time in traffic was estimated from the survey question \"How much time do you on average spend outdoor in traffic every day?\". Time at work was estimated by reported percentage of full-time (40 h/week) occupation.
Categorisations of variables were chosen to be comparable with previous study in the area \[[@B17]\] and for the GIS-measures to be comparable with the self-reported questions. Information on years of living at current address was available.
Outcome measures
----------------
The following questions were investigated, as obtained from the postal questionnaires:
• *Asthma prevalence*. \"Do you have asthma?\" The potential answers \"No\" \"Yes, but no symptoms\" \"Yes, minor symptoms\" \"Yes, severe symptoms\" were dichotomized to \"No\" and \"Yes \" (all three \"Yes\"-answers were categorized as \"Yes\"). This question was used in the first survey.
• *Asthma Symptoms during the last 12 months*. Have you had asthma symptoms during the last 12 months, i.e. intermittent breathlessness or attacks of breathlessness? This question was only used in the second survey.
Information about doctor\'s diagnosis of asthma and use of asthma medication was also available in the second survey.
Statistical analyses
--------------------
Univariate analyses of the association of asthma with the different traffic measures were performed. Analyses were also made restricted to those with asthma diagnosis, those with severe and minor symptoms, those with asthma medication (dichotomized as \"no\" versus \"yes\", where yes included both \"yes, when needed\" and \"yes, regularly\") and those which had been living \>5 years at current address.
Associations between asthma and total exposure to NO~x~were also estimated. Traffic exposure was categorised into quantiles and effect estimates from total exposure was compared with effect estimates from quantiles based on the single-variate exposures. It could then be assessed if the association got stronger by reclassification of the same individuals according to complete exposure information. Odds Ratios (ORs) with 95% Confidence Intervals (CI) were estimated by binary logistic regression, using version 17.0 of SPSS.
Confounders which were known risk factors and present in both first and second survey were adjusted for (table [1](#T1){ref-type="table"}). Adjusting for Socio-Economic Index (SEI) based on occupational status \[[@B19]\] and Body Mass Index (BMI) increased the effect estimates, while additional adjustment for the other confounders in table [1](#T1){ref-type="table"} did not change the estimates noticeably (below 10%), but these were still included in the model. Potential confounder variables from the second survey (damp, smell of mould, condensate on inside of window, more detailed work-exposure assessment by self-reported exposure to dust, motor exhaust or chemicals as separate entities, or by coding self-reported occupation to the ALOHA Job-Exposure-Matrix (JEM), showing probabilistic exposure to dust, gases or fumes \[[@B20]\]), did not noticeably change the estimate further and were not adjusted for.
######
Descriptive data from the 1st and 2nd survey
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
The 1^st^survey (2004) Non-cases stratified\ The 2^nd^survey (2005) Non-cases stratified on exposure
on exposure
------------------- --------------------------- ------------------------ ----------------------- ------------------------ ---------------------------------- ------------- ------------ ------------- ----------------- ------------- ------------
**Sex** Male 865 (40.4) 8726 (45.4) 1.0 7876 (45.5) 850 (44.9) 272 (39.0) 843 (39.0) 1.0 764 (39.3) 79 (36.6)
Female 1275 (59.6) 10494 (54.6) 1.2 (1.1-1.3) 9449 (54.5) 1045 (55.1) 426 (61.0) 1317 (61.0) 1.0 (0.84-1.2) 1180 (60.7) 137 (63.4)
**Age** 18-24 282 (13.2) 2119 (11.0) 1.0 1867(10.8) 252 (13.3) 69 (9.9) 216 (10.0) 1.0 186 (9.6) 30 (13.9)
**(5 Groups)** 25-34 454 (21.2) 3521 (18.3) 0.97 (0.83-1.1) 2937 (17.0) 584 (30.8) 142 (20.3) 435 (20.1) 1.0 (0.73-1.4) 364 (18.7) 71 (32.9)
35-44 395 (18.5) 4341 (22.6) 0.68 (0.58-0.80) 3980 (23.0) 361 (19.1) 139 (19.9) 470 (21.8) 0.93 (0.67-1.3) 436 (22.4) 34 (15.7)
45-54 460 (21.5) 4276 (22.2) 0.81 (0.69-0.95) 3937 (22.7) 339 (17.9) 154 (22.1) 461 (21.3) 1.0 (0.75-1.5) 419 (21.6) 42 (19.4)
55-65 549 (25.7) 4963 (25.8) 0.83 (0.71-0.97) 4604 (26.6) 359 (18.9) 194 (27.8) 578 (26.8) 1.1 (0.77-1.4) 539 (27.7) 39 (18.1)
**Smoking** No 1630 (76.6) 14890 (77.9) 1.0 13556 (78.6) 1334 (70.7) 530 (76.3) 1690 (78.6) 1.0 1534 (79.2) 156 (72.6)
Yes, sometimes 131 (6.2) 984 (5.1) 1.0 (0.92-1.2) 836 (4.8) 148 (7.8) 34 (4.9) 99 (4.6) 1.2(0.92-1.4) 84 (4.3) 15 (7.0)
Daily 367 (17.2) 3250 (17.0) 1.2 (1.0-1.5) 2846 (16.5) 404 (21.4) 131 (18.8) 362 (16.8) 1.1(0.73-1.6) 318 (16.4) 44 (20.5)
**BMI** \< 25 1001 (48.4) 10325 (55.0) 1.0 9228 (54.5) 1097 (59.3) 315 (46.3) 1193 (56.2) 1.0 1066 (55.7) 127 (60.8)
Overweight 740 (35.8) 6399 (34.1) 1.2 (1.1-1.3) 5821 (34.4) 578 (31.2) 264 (38.8) 676 (31.9) 1.5 (1.2-1.8) 614 (32.1) 62 (29.7)
Fat 327 (15.8) 2057 (11.0) 1.6 (1.4-1.9) 1881 (11.1) 176 (9.5) 102 (15.0) 253 (11.9) 1.5 (1.2-2.0) 233 (12.2) 20 (9.6)
**SEI** Professionals, etc 234 (11.8) 2333(12.9) 1.0 2132 (13.1) 201 (11.3) 81 (12.6) 307(14.9) 1.0 278 (15.0) 29 (14.3)
Intermediate non-manual 340 (17.1) 3366 (18.7) 1.0 (0.85-1.2) 3086 (19.0) 280 (15.8) 124 (19.3) 436(21.2) 1.1(0.79-1.5) 399 (21.5) 37 (18.2)
Assistant non-manual 187 (9.4) 1735 (9.6) 1.1 (0.88-1.3) 1559 (9.6) 176 (9.9) 71 (11.0) 188(9.1) 1.4 (0.99-2.1) 175 (9.4) 13 (6.4)
Skilled workers 245 (12.3) 2359 (13.1) 1.0 (0.86-1.3) 2171 (13.3) 188 (10.6) 72 (11.2) 251(12.2) 1.1(0.76-1.6) 226 (12.2) 25 (12.3)
Unskilled workers 334 (16.8) 3150 (17.5) 1.1 (0.89-1.3) 2854 (17.5) 296 (16.7) 100 (15.5) 287(13.9) 1.3 (0.95-1.8) 252 (13.6) 35 (17.2)
Self-employed (non-prof.) 107 (5.4) 1275 (7.1) 0.8 (0.66-1.1) 1177 (7.2) 98 (5.5) 38 (5.9) 155(7.5) 0.93 (0.60-1.4) 145 (7.8) 10 (4.9)
Disability pensioners 192 (9.7) 1042 (5.8) 1.8 (1.5-2.3) 927 (5.7) 115 (6.5) 66(10.2) 131(6.4) 1.9(1.3-2.8) 117 (6.3) 14 (6.9)
Unemployed 139 (7.0) 1073 (5.9) 1.3 (1.0-1.6) 893 (5.5) 180 (10.2) 32(5.0) 107(5.2) 1.1 (0.71-1.8) 91 (4.9) 16 (7.9)
Students 210 (10.6) 1702 (9.4) 1.2 (1.0-1.5) 1464 (9.0) 238 (13.4) 60(9.3) 197(9.6) 1.2(0.79-1.7) 173 (9.3) 24 (11.8)
Exposure to
chemicals, dust,\ Never 909 (61.7) 8876 (62.7) 1.0 8054 (62.4) 91 (62.3) 333 (65.7) 1085 (66.9) 1.0 988 (67.1) 97 (65.1)
or fumes at work
More seldom 303 (20.6) 2731 (19.3) 1.0 (0.86-1.2) 2511 (19.5) 30 (20.5) 101 (19.9) 282 (17.4) 0.97 (0.68-1.4) 256 (17.4) 26 (17.4)
Few days/week 94 (6.4) 946 (6.7) 0.97 (0.78.-1.2) 872 (6.8) 8 (5.5) 28 (5.5) 103 (6.4) 0.89 (0.57-1.4) 91 (6.2) 12 (8.1)
Every day 168 (11.4) 1597 (11.3) 1.1 (0.95-1.2) 1468 (11.4) 17 (11.6) 45 (8.9) 152 (9.4) 1.2 (0.90-1.5) 138 (9.4) 14 (9.4)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Results
=======
Description of study population, selection, and exposure
--------------------------------------------------------
Descriptive data for the study population are given in table [1](#T1){ref-type="table"}. White-collar workers were more willing than blue-collar workers to participate in further studies. This was more pronounced among non-asthmatics than asthmatics. Those with high residential traffic exposure were also more willing to participate in additional studies than those with low residential traffic exposure. This difference was more pronounced among asthmatics than non-asthmatics.
In the second survey, there was an increased proportion of white-collar workers and decreased proportion of blue-collar workers answering the second survey, compared to the first survey. In the second survey, there was also a slightly higher response rate among those exposed to \>19 μg/m^3^NO~x~, but this was not dependent on asthma status.
Description of overlap between the different traffic exposures can be seen in table [2](#T2){ref-type="table"}. Residential exposure to NOx was predictive of exposure at workplace address, but less predictive of time spent outdoor in traffic. Pearson correlation between NO~x~(continous) at residential and workplace address was 0.5 (p \< 0.001). The modelled concentrations of NO~x~(μg/m^3^) at residential address were: (1^st^-3^rd^quartile = 4.4-13), (min-max = 0.4-37), and at workplace address: (1^st^-3^rd^quartile = 7.1-18), (min-max = 0.8-42).
######
Description of joint exposures
The 2^nd^survey NO~x~at workplace address (μg/m3) Time outdoor in traffic/day (self-reported)
------------------------------------- ------- ----------------------------------- --------------------------------------------- ----------- ------------ ----------- ----------- ----- ------------ ------------ ------------ ------------
NO~x~at residential address (μg/m3) 0-8 770 412(53.5%) 78(10.1%) 132(17.1%) 60(7.8%) 88(11.4%) 770 159(20.6%) 306(39.7%) 188(24.4%) 117(15.2%)
8-11 210 30(14.3%) 44(21.0%) 59(28.1%) 32(15.2%) 45(21.4%) 210 34(16.2%) 87(41.4%) 55(26.2%) 34(16.2%)
11-14 210 13(6.2%) 15(7.1%) 102(48.6%) 26(12.4%) 54(25.7%) 210 41(19.5%) 88(41.9%) 65(31.0%) 16(7.6%)
14-19 161 4(2.5%) 7(4.3%) 38(23.6%) 39(24.2%) 73(45.3%) 161 29(18.0%) 65(40.4%) 41(25.5%) 26(16.1%)
\> 19 137 9(6.6%) 4(2.9%) 18(13.1%) 26(19.0%) 80(58.4%) 137 20(14.6%) 53(38.7%) 37(27.0%) 27(19.7%)
Percentage within row total. Exposure to residential traffic was predictive of exposure at workplace address, but less predictive of time spent outdoor in traffic. The first row shows that of those who live at a residential address with 0-8 ug NOx/m^3^, 53.5% also have a workplace address with 0-8 ug NOx/m^3^and 20.6% spend 0-30 min outdoor in traffic/day.
The distribution of NO~x~at residential address differed between the different municipalities, with almost all in the high exposure range living in the major municipality Malmö (figure [2](#F2){ref-type="fig"}).
{#F2}
The distribution of working hours for the subjects included in the analysis of total traffic exposure was (40 hours week was considered 100% of full time): 43 persons reported working more than 100%, 984 persons worked 100%, 270 persons worked 75 to 100%, 144 persons worked 50 to 75%, and 47 persons worked less than 50%. Of those reporting asthma symptoms, 85% also reported that they used asthma medication regularly or when needed (table [3](#T3){ref-type="table"}).
######
Use of asthma medication.
Asthma medication
-------------------- ----- ------- ------------------- ------- ------- --------
Asthmatic symptoms NO Count 2253 81 45 2379
\% 94.7% 3.4% 1.9% 100.0%
YES Count 68 185 200 453
\% 15.0% 40.8% 44.2% 100.0%
Of those who reported asthmatic symptoms last 12 months did 85% also report using asthma medication regularly or when needed.
Residential traffic
-------------------
Living within 50 m of a road with a traffic intensity of \>10 cars/min according to GIS showed increased asthma prevalence compared to having no road within this distance (table [4](#T4){ref-type="table"}). High traffic intensity within 50 and 100 m was associated with asthma symptoms last 12 months (table [4](#T4){ref-type="table"})
######
Asthma and traffic at residential address
The 1^st^survey (2004) The 2^nd^survey (2005)
---------------------------------- ---------------- ------------------------ ------------------------ ----------------- ------ ------------ ----------------- ------------ ------------------
Self-report Heaviest road \<50 m 0-1 cars/min \- \- \- 445 105 (23.6) 1.0 71(16.0) 1.0
\< 2 cars/min \- \- \- 1512 339 (22.4) 1.10 (0.81-1.5) 216(14.4) 0.95 (0.66-1.4)
2-5 cars/min \- \- \- 410 113 (27.6) 1.17 (0.80-1.7) 81(19.9) 1.2 (0.76-1.8)
6-10 cars/min \- \- \- 203 56 (27.6) 1.20 (0.74-2.0) 34(17.0) 0.79 (0.42-1.5)
\> 10 cars/min \- \- \- 258 76 (29.5) 1.5 (0.94-2.3) 48(18.5) 1.2 (0.72-2.1)
GIS Heaviest road \<50 m no heavy road 15584 1542 (9.9) 1.0 2100 494 (23.5) 1.0 316 (15.1) 1.0
\< 2 cars/min 3691 375 (10.2) 1.0 (0.90-1.2) 472 121 (25.6) 1.2 (0.89-1.6) 79 (16.8) 1.1 (0.81-1.6)
2-5 cars/min 1555 159 (10.2) 0.95 (0.76-1.2) 216 61 (28.2) 1.2 (0.79-1.7) 39 (18.1) 1.1 (0.71-1.8)
6-10 cars/min 307 35 (11.4) 1.0 (0.65-1.6) 34 10 (29.4) 1.0 (0.33-3.2) 7(20.6) 1.4 (0.39-5.1)
\> 10 cars/min 223 29 (13.0) 1.8 (1.1-2.8) 36 12 (33.3) 2.3 (0.99-5.2) 12 (33.3) 4.6 (2.0-10.6)
GIS Heaviest road \<100 m no heavy road 10875 1062 (9.8) 1.0 1461 330 (22.6) 1.0 215 (14.7) 1.0
\< 2 cars/min 5741 589 (10.3) 1.1 (0.92-1.2) 744 197 (26.5) 1.4 (1.1-1.7) 128 (17.4) 1.2 (0.92-1.7)
2-5 cars/min 3309 327 (9.9) 0.96 (0.81-1.1) 462 121 (26.2) 1.2 (0.88-1.6) 75 (16.3) 1.1 (0.80-1.7)
6-10 cars/min 894 101 (11.3) 1.2 (0.92-1.6) 119 29 (24.4) 1.4 (0.82-2.3) 14 (11.8) 0.81 (0.38-1.7)
\> 10 cars/min 541 61 (11.3) 1.3 (0.95-1.8) 72 21 (29.2) 1.6 (0.82-3.2) 21 (29.2) 2.7 (1.3-5.5)
GIS Heaviest road \<250 m no heavy road 4412 429 (9.7) 1.0 590 136 (23.1) 1.0 84 (14.2) 1.0
\< 2 cars/min 7079 698 (9.9) 1.0 (0.86-1.2) 904 225 (24.9) 1.1 (0.85-1.5) 147 (16.4) 1.1 (0.7-1.5)
2-5 cars/min 6297 636 (10.1) 0.96 (0.82-1.1) 870 220 (25.3) 1.1 (0.83-1.5) 139 (16.1) 1.0 (0.7-1.4)
6-10 cars/min 2100 222 (10.6) 1.1 (0.86-1.3) 298 68 (22.8) 1.2 (0.77-1.7) 42 (14.1) 1.0 (0.6-1.9)
\> 10 cars/min 1472 155 (10.5) 0.98 (0.76-1.3) 196 49 (25.0) 0.8 (0.51-1.4) 41 (20.7) 1.1 (0.6-1.9)
GIS NOx (μg/m^3^) (250 × 250 m) 0-8 11273 1111 (9.9) 1.0 1508 376 (24.9) 1.0 240 (16.0) 1.0
8-11 3133 300 (9.6) 0.94 (0.79-1.1) 371 78 (21.0) 0.79 (0.56-1.1) 45 (12.3) 1.0 (0.74-1.49)
11-14 2496 256 (10.3) 1.1 (0.93-1.3) 388 90 (23.2) 1.2 (0.86-1.6) 57 (14.8) 0.97 (0.68-1.39)
14-19 2319 229 (9.9) 0.84 (0.69-1.0) 298 77 (25.8) 1.0 (0.73-1.5) 55 (18.4) 0.99 (0.60-1.6)
\> 19 2139 244 (11.4) 1.1 (0.93-1.4) 293 77 (26.3) 1.1 (077) 56 (19.1) 1.1 (0.60-1.9)
^1^Adjusted for age, sex, BMI, socio-economy, smoking, and occupational exposure. \[OR(95%CI)\]
No associations were seen with traffic intensity within 250 m or with annual mean of NO~x~.
Traffic exposure at workplace address
-------------------------------------
No effects on asthma prevalence were seen in association with traffic at workplace address (table [5](#T5){ref-type="table"}) although asthma symptoms last 12 months showed a tendency to higher prevalence with high exposure to traffic.
######
Asthma and traffic at workplace address and during daily activities
**The 2**^**nd**^**survey**
------------------------------------ ------------------ ------- ------------------ -------------------- ---------------------------- -----------------------------
**WORKPLACE ADDRESS** **n** **Asthma n (%)** **Asthma (OR)^1^** **Asthma Symptoms. n (%)** **Asthma Symptoms (OR)^1^**
Self-reported Heaviest road \<50 m 0-1 cars/min 601 144 (24.0) 1.0 80 (13.4) 1.0
2-5 cars/min 571 132 (23.1) 1.1 (0.80-1.5) 79 (14.0) 0.95 (0.66-1.4)
6-10 cars/min 351 75 (21.4) 1.2 (0.79-1.7) 49 (14.0) 1.2 (0.76-1.8)
\> 10 cars/min 606 147 (24.3) 1.2 (0.73-1.9) 96 (15.9) 0.79 (0.42-1.5)
Workplace varies 214 50 (23.4) 1.5 (0.93-2.7) 34 (16.0) 1.2 (0.72-2.1)
GIS Heaviest road \<50 m no heavy road 161 36 (22.4) 1.0 21 (13.2) 1.0
\< 2 cars/min 267 61 (22.8) 1.0 (0.62-1.7) 34 (12.7) 1.1 (0.55-2.1)
2-5 cars/min 673 149 (22.1) 0.91 (0.57-1.4) 94 (14.0) 1.2 (0.65-2.1)
6-10 cars/min 407 83 (20.4) 0.92 (0.56-1.5) 45 (11.1) 1.1 (0.58-2.0)
\> 10 cars/min 326 78 (23.9) 1.0 (0.62-1.7) 51 (15.7) 1.4 (0.72-2.6)
GIS Heaviest road \<100 m no heavy road 527 126 (23.9) 1.0 74 (14.1) 1.0
\< 2 cars/min 327 76 (23.2) 0.88 (0.61-1.3) 41 (12.5) 0.79 (0.49-1.3)
2-5 cars/min 509 102 (20.0) 0.85 (0.61-1.2) 67 (13.2) 0.97 (0.65-1.5)
6-10 cars/min 277 58 (20.9) 0.98 (0.66-1.5) 35 (12.7) 1.2 (0.74-1.9)
\> 10 cars/min 194 45 (23.2) 0.99 (0.63-1.5) 28 (14.5) 1.2 (0.72-2.1)
GIS Heaviest road \<250 m no heavy road 161 36 (22.4) 1.0 21 (13.2) 1.0
\< 2 cars/min 267 61 (22.8) 1.0 (0.62-1.8) 34 (12.7) 1.1 (0.55-2.1)
2-5 cars/min 673 149 (22.1) 0.91 (0.57-1.4) 94 (14.0) 1.2 (0.65-2.1)
6-10 cars/min 407 83 (20.4) 0.92 (0.56-1.5) 45 (11.1) 1.1 (0.58-2.0)
\> 10 cars/min 326 78 (23.9) 1.0 (0.62-1.7) 51 (15.7) 1.4 (0.72-2.6)
GIS NO~x~(μg/m^3)^(250 × 250 m) 0-8 558 129 (23.1) 1.0 70 (12.6) 1.0
8-11 163 34 (20.9) 0.88 (0.55-1.4) 23 (14.1) 1.1 (0.65-2.0)
11-14 455 94 (20.7) 0.91 (0.65-1.3) 56 (12.4) 0.99 (0.64-1.5)
14-19 227 48 (21.1) 1.0 (0.68-1.5) 27 (11.9) 1.2 (0.71-2.0)
\> 19 431 102 (23.7) 0.98 (0.70-1.4) 69 (16.1) 1.3 (0.88-2.0)
**DAILY ACTIVITIES** **n** **Asthma n (%)** **Asthma (OR)^1^** **Asthma symptoms n (%)** **Asthma Symptoms n (%)**
Time outdoor in traffic/day 0-30 min 622 134 (21.5) 1.0 79 (12.8) 1.0
30 min-1 h 1066 248 (23.3) 1.1 (0.8-1.4) 159 (15.1) 1.2 (0.83-1.7)
1-2 h 715 194 (27.1) 1.1 (0.8-1.5) 121 (17.0) 1.4 (0.91-2.0)
\> 2 h 453 121 (26.7) 1.0 (0.7-1.4) 92 (20.4) 1.3 (0.83-2.0)
Commuting time to work \< 15 min 881 211 (24.0) 1.0 117 (13.4) 1.0
15-30 min 915 207 (22.6) 0.90 (0.70-1.1) 140 (15.4) 1.1 (0.84-1.5)
30 min-1 h 408 99 (24.3) 1.0 (0.73-1.4) 60 (14.8) 1.2 (0.78-1.7)
\> 1 h 129 29 (22.5) 0.77 (0.45-1.33) 18 (14.2) 0.92 (0.47-1.8)
^1^Adjusted for age, sex, BMI, socio-economy, smoking, and occupational exposure. \[OR(95%CI)\]
Traffic exposure during daily activities
----------------------------------------
No effects on asthma were seen from self-reported daily time spent in traffic or commuting time to and through work, after adjustment for confounders (adjusted estimates in table [5](#T5){ref-type="table"}), although time spent in traffic showed an unadjusted association with asthma symptoms, 1-2 h in traffic (OR = 1.4 (1.0-1.9)) and \>2 h in traffic (OR = 1.8(1.3-2.4)) compared to 0-30 min in traffic.
Accounting for total traffic exposure
-------------------------------------
Combining traffic exposure at residential address, with workplace address and self-reported daily time spent in traffic did not increase the association with asthma (table [6](#T6){ref-type="table"}).
######
Total traffic exposure.
**The 2**^**nd**^**survey**
------------------------------------ ------- ------------------- ------------------- ------------------ ---------------------------- -----------------------------
**COMBINED EXPOSURE** **n** **Asthma, n (%)** **Asthma, n (%)** **Asthma OR^1^** **Asthma symptoms, n (%)** **Asthma symptoms (OR)^1^**
Total exposure^2^*C = 30* 1^st^ 298 72(24.2%) 1.00 41(13.8%) 1.00
2^nd^ 298 68(22.8%) 0.90 (0.61-1.35) 32(10.8%) 0.70(0.41-1.18)
3^rd^ 297 59(19.9%) 0.76 (0.51-1.15) 43(14.5%) 1.09(0.67-1.77)
4^th^ 298 65(21.8%) 0.87 (0.58-1.31) 41(13.8%) 1.09(0.66-1.79)
5^th^ 297 70(23.6%) 0.96 (0.64-1.44) 48(16.2%) 1.28(0.79-2.08)
Total exposure^2^*C = 300* 1^st^ 298 67(22.5%) 1.00 35(11.8%) 1.00
2^nd^ 298 67/22.5%) 1.02 (0.68-1.53) 35(11.8%) 1.06(0.63-1.79)
3^rd^ 297 69(23.2%) 1.00 (0.66-1.50) 48(16.2%) 1.50(0.91-2.48)
4^th^ 298 65(21.8%) 0.88 (0.58-1.34) 45(15.2%) 1.33(0.79-2.21)
5^th^ 297 66(22.2%) 0.88 (0.58-1.33) 42(14.1%) 1.18(0.71-1.99)
Residential + workplace Address^2^ 1^st^ 298 73(24.5%) 1.00 41(13.8%) 1.00
2^nd^ 298 69(23.2%) 0.91 (0.61-1.35) 36(12.1%) 0.89(0.53-1.47)
3^rd^ 297 54(18.2%) 0.64 (0.42-0.97) 36(12.2%) 0.87(0.52-1.44)
4^th^ 298 69(23.2%) 0.98 (0.66-1.46) 46(15.5%) 1.31(0.81-2.12)
5^th^ 297 69(23.2%) 0.94 (0.63-1.41) 46(15.5%) 1.27(0.78-2.07)
Workplace Address 1^st^ 298 74(24.8%) 1.00 40(13.5%) 1.00
2^nd^ 298 64(21.5%) 0.81 (0.54-1.22) 41(13.8%) 1.12(0.68-1.85)
3^rd^ 297 66(22.2%) 0.87 (0.58-1.31) 41(13.8%) 1.11(0.67-1.85)
4^th^ 298 67/22.5%) 0.92 (0.62-1.37) 40(13.5%) 1.14(0.70-1.88)
5^th^ 297 63(21.2%) 0.77 (0.51-1.16) 43(14.6%) 1.19(0.72-1.96)
Residential Address 1^st^ 298 71(23.8%) 1.00 41(13.8%) 1.00
2^nd^ 298 70(23.5%) 0.90 (0.60-1.34) 35(11.8%) 0.80(0.48-1.33)
3^rd^ 297 58(19.5%) 0.78 (0.52-1.18) 41(13.9%) 1.08(0.66-1.75)
4^th^ 298 66(22.1%) 0.91 (0.60-1.36) 40(13.4%) 1.09(0.66-1.80)
5^th^ 297 69(23.2%) 0.96 (0.64-1.44) 48(16.2%) 1.31(0.81-2.13)
^1^Adjusted for age, sex, BMI, socio-economy, smoking, and occupational exposure. \[OR(95%CI)\]. ^2^Total exposure assessment (residential address + workplace address + time in traffic) is explained in methods section. The estimate based on only residential + workplace address is also time-weighted. C is the exposure dose time in traffic is hypothesized to contribute.
The association between traffic and asthma is not stronger when combining total exposure compared to using only residential exposure. Using quantiles, i.e holding the number of individuals fixed in each category, the changes in estimates reflects individuals moving between the low/high categories depending on what exposures (residential address, workplace address, time outdoor in traffic) that are combined to estimate high vs low traffic exposure.
Adjusting the association between asthma and traffic intensity at residential address (within 100 m), for traffic intensity at work-address(within 100 m), and daily time spent in traffic, with and without adjustment for other confounders, did not change the estimate at residence noticeably (\< 10%).
Similarly, associations with traffic intensity at workplace address (within 100 m) and time spent in traffic, were robust to adjustment for other traffic exposures.
Restricted analyses
-------------------
The effects on asthma prevalence from traffic were stronger and statistically significant when limiting to people living on their current address \>5 years (data not shown). Restricting the analysis to asthma cases which also had doctors diagnosis of asthma did not significantly alter the estimates. Restricting the analyses to subgroups of asthmatics who had answered \"Yes, minor symptoms\" or \"Yes, severe symptoms\" (compared to \"No asthma\") did not significantly alter the estimates. Use of asthma medication was associated with having a road with a traffic intensity of \>10 cars/min, within 50 m (adj. OR = 3.24(1.39-7.58) and within 100 m (adj. OR = 2.07(1.01-4.27) of residence, compared to having no road within the same distance, but use of asthma medication was not associated with the other traffic exposures.
Discussion
==========
Living in close proximity to traffic was associated with increased prevalence of asthma and asthma symptoms last 12 months. No statistically significant effects were seen from traffic exposure at workplace address, daily time spent in traffic, or commuting time to work, after adjustment for potential confounders. A combined exposure estimate did not give higher association with asthma.
Discussion of exposure assessment
---------------------------------
This is to our knowledge the first epidemiological study on asthma to use GIS not only to estimate traffic at residential address but also at workplace address and with information about commuting time to work or other outdoor time in traffic. However, while this more complete exposure information could be expected to strengthen any association with asthma, this was not found in this study.
A potential reason that no significant adverse effect was seen on workplace address could be if misclassification of exposure, due to invalid geocoding, was larger for workplace address. Since geocoding for the workplace address was made for the exact address, the geocoding technique in itself is not likely to be the reason for no association. However, if the study subjects are not stationary at their work location, or the company address might refer to larger commercial areas or buildings there might be little association between the personal exposure and the outdoor-indoor levels for that location. Exposure estimates at the residential addresses might on the other hand have inaccuracies due to imprecise geocoding since individuals are positioned at the centre of their real estates. In urban areas there might therefore be substantial misplacement for individuals living in large family-housing, or for large estates with vast land areas in the rural areas. It is well known that geocoding error generally gives conservative estimates \[[@B21]\], as does exposure misclassification in general if not related to disease.
It should be noted that effects of traffic on asthma symptoms were indicated at workplace addresses, but the effect estimates were lower than at residential address, and not statistically significant.
Since the associations between traffic-related air pollution and asthma generally shows distance-dependent relationship with strongest effects on asthma from living within 50 m of roads, and with sharp decline of many air pollutants within 30-150 m, a modelled resolution on NO~x~of 250 × 250 m might be too low to detect any effects from traffic. This must be weighted against the fact that a higher spatial resolution may not be meaningful considering the likely location uncertainty of workplace address.
An effect from daily time spent in traffic on asthma symptoms was indicated in unadjusted estimates, but not after adjustment for confounders. Exposure studies and simulations studies have shown that personal NO~x~dose *per se*is only marginally influenced by commuting time \[[@B11]\], but if NO~x~is seen as a proxy for NO and ultrafine particles, or other pipe-exhausts, the contribution from time in traffic outdoor at street-level i.e in congested traffic, may be many times higher and very influential of total exposure. In this study we regarded NO~x~as a proxy for traffic pollution and treated use of gas stove as a potential confounder rather than exposure. When calculating the contribution of \"time in traffic\" to total exposure, we let the \"dosecontribution\" vary between 30 μg/m^3^and a more extreme scenario of 300 μg/m^3^, but this did not give a stronger association with asthma, although some of the asthma cases were moved from the lowest to a higher exposure category.
The major source of exposure misclassification may be the cross-sectional study character, especially for asthma prevalence, which showed an increased association with traffic when analysis was restricted to subjects which had been living at least 5 years at current address. Although asthma may start in adult age, most asthma begin in childhood \[[@B22]\], hence, a cross-sectional study in adults may poorly reflect retrospective exposure. This however should less affect the results for asthma symptoms last 12 months, a condition which is better related to current exposure, but may have different etiology and be affected differently by air pollution \[[@B23]\].
Since air pollution is well known to trigger symptoms \[[@B1],[@B23]\], (even if it is less certain if it contributes to the development of asthma), asthmatics may be more likely to move away from than towards traffic. Therefore a migrational bias is most likely to decrease the effects on asthma prevalence and asthma symptoms. It is also likely that the large proportion (44%) who regularly used asthma medication further would diminish the association between traffic and asthma symptoms, especially since people living closing to roads had a higher prevalence of asthma medication. In conclusion, cross-sectional studies need to be confirmed by prospective studies, not only to establish the casual link, but also to measure the true burden of disease from traffic.
Since this study was conducted in an area with low levels of air pollution in a European perspective, high exposure to traffic was rare and the study was slightly underpowered to estimate effects from residential traffic at traffic levels which has previously shown to be related to effects. This also hindered any further analysis of effect modifications by other risk factors than traffic. Pooling of exposure groups would not help since only the highest exposure groups showed a relation to traffic, thus pooling would severely dilute the effects.
Discussion of potential confounding and selection bias
------------------------------------------------------
A strength of the study was the large number of potential confounder information which was collected, such as BMI \[[@B24]\], occupational exposure \[[@B25]\], and presence of indoor dampness and mould \[[@B26]\], which are known risk factors for adult asthma and often associated with socio-economic status of the neighbourhood. Socio-economic status (SEI), with the classification system used in this study, has in Sweden shown an association with asthma incidence in recent years \[[@B27]\]. Confounder adjustment slightly increased the effect estimates for residential address, suggesting that competing risk factors sometimes dilute the effects from traffic, something we have previously suggested \[[@B17]\]. A weakness was that we did not have more detailed data on triggers for asthmatic symptoms, since we previously have observed a association between traffic and asthma triggered by pollen and furred animals, but not with asthma triggered by other factors \[[@B28]\]. Degree of confounding (measured or unmeasured) is not likely to be directly generalizable between studies since the association between covariates such as socio-economic status and air pollution (NO~x~) has been shown to be reversed depending on area in Scania \[[@B29]\]. Confounding is better controlled for with respect to asthma symptoms than to asthma prevalence in this study, since we had information about current but not past exposure to risk factors.
The effect estimates for residential traffic were stronger in the case-control study than in the first survey, indicating potential selection bias. In previous public health surveys in the region it has been shown that the response rate is dependent on geographical strata \[[@B30]\]. It is thus not unlikely that selection bias can have occurred, however the objective exposure assessments used in this study is a true advantage. Ideally, since this study was sampled on geographical strata, an analysis conditional on geographical stratum might have increased the validity. This was however not possible since exposure ranges were not comparable between the different stratas/communities (figure [2](#F2){ref-type="fig"}). This also excluded the possibility to use a dummy variable for urban/rural areas to adjust for potential residual urban-rural confounding. It should be noted that accounting for total traffic exposure could further have strengthened any residual urban-rural confounding by comparing people who are both working and living in rural environments, with people who are both working and living in urban environments.
Results discussion
------------------
To our knowledge, all previous studies on adult asthma prevalence have only estimated traffic exposure at residential address. A previous cross-sectional study in southern Sweden found asthma triggered by allergic factors to be associated with high traffic intensity within 100 m of residence, and with modelled *NO~x~*\> 19 μg/m^3^\[[@B17],[@B28]\]. A cross-sectional study in northern Sweden found that asthmatic symptoms increased significantly with modelled NO~2~-concentrations and self-reported heavy vehicles outside the kitchen window \[[@B31]\]. A Swedish case-control study found measured home outdoor NO~2~(min-max: 0-29 μg/m^3^) to be associated with asthma incidence among atopics \[[@B5]\]. The Swedish cities in the Nordic Rhine study found modelled NO~2~to be associated with incident asthma (OR = 1.5, 95% CI 1.0-2.4, per 10 μg/m^3^) (min-max: 3.3-46 μg/m^3^) \[[@B6]\].
A few European cohort studies have supported that traffic pollution increases asthma incidence in adults: The ECRHS study found an association between modelled NO~2~and increased asthma incidence (OR 1.4; 95% CI 1.0-2.0, per 10 μg/m^3^) \[[@B3]\], The SAPALDIA study found that asthma incidence was associated with modelled change in TPM~10~, hazard ratio (1.3, 95%CI: 1.1 - 1.6 per 1 μg/m^3^change) \[[@B4]\]
The results from other Swedish studies support that asthma symptoms are affected at relatively low levels of air pollution. Cohort studies in adults, although still few, also supports that the association between traffic exposure and asthma prevalence observed in this cross-sectional study may reflect a true increase in asthma incidence when living close to traffic.
However, if the most recent studies support the association between air pollution and asthma, the relation with asthma incidence is not fully settled and there are also a few recent negative studies in adults \[[@B32],[@B33]\], and some cohorts in children \[[@B34]\].
There are two studies in children which have investigated the effects of traffic at both home and school, on asthma. McConnell et al found an increased hazard ratio when combining traffic-related pollutants at school-and residential address, on new-onset asthma, compared to the independent effects \[[@B12]\]. The other study by Kim et al make a reservation that the study was not designed for independent assessment of exposure at school- and residential address, and the sample size was insufficient to properly do so, but they report that they found a slight attenuation of effects on current asthma from residential traffic pollution when adding both residential and school exposure in the same model \[[@B13]\].
In our study, effects at workplace address in the highest exposure categories were statistically insignificant partly because lack of power to confirm small effect estimates. Further studies in areas where high levels of air pollution is rare, should consider to strongly oversample exposed subjects in relevant exposure ranges and population groups.
However, the lack of power can not explain that the association did not get stronger for total exposure. Alhough our lack of statistically significant association with traffic at workplace address and time spent in traffic may be due to misclassification of exposure, it may also indicate that residence is still the most influential exposure determinant of traffic exposure among adults.
Conclusions
===========
Living within 50 m of a road with high traffic intensity was associated with higher prevalence of asthma and asthma symptoms last 12 months. No statistically significant effects were seen from traffic exposure at work-address, daily time spent in traffic, or commuting time to and through work. A combined total exposure estimate did not give a stronger association with asthma prevalence or asthma symptoms.
Competing interests
===================
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Authors\' contributions
=======================
AL wrote the main part part of the manuscript and conducted the statistical analyses. ES provided GIS-data and made revisions on draft. JB and KJ designed and conducted the surveys and made revisions on drafts. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Pre-publication history
=======================
The pre-publication history for this paper can be accessed here:
<http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2458/10/716/prepub>
Supplementary Material
======================
###### Additional file 1
**Survey1_2004_Swedish original**. The Swedish original questionnaire for the first survey (2004).
######
Click here for file
###### Additional file 2
**Survey1_2004_English translation**. English translation of the first survey questionnaire (2004).
######
Click here for file
###### Additional file 3
**Survey2_2005_Swedish orginal**. The Swedish original questionnaire for the second survey (2005).
######
Click here for file
###### Additional file 4
**Survey2_2005_English translation**. English translation of the second survey questionnaire (2005).
######
Click here for file
Acknowledgements
================
The authors would like to thank Susanna Gustafsson for development of the NO~x~-database, and Region Scania for public health survey data.
**Funding**: This work was supported by the Swedish National Air Pollution and Health Effects Program (SNAP), the Swedish Emission Research Programme (EMFO), and the Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Sweden.
| tomekkorbak/pile-curse-small | PubMed Central |
Sex-cess
Did the title get your attention? As a marriage coach, sex and money are the two big topics that divide couples in my ministry. They are also the subjects that families rarely talk about. You can’t become knowledgeable, comfortable, and practiced on an issue when you don’t or won’t talk about it? Why do some couples avoid the topic of sex? A sampling of replies to my question: “Why don’t you talk about sex with your spouse?”
I’m just not comfortable. Our family never talked about sex.
I don’t really have much of a sex drive. If we talk about it, I’m afraid it will hurt my wife’s feelings.
I’m not sure. I guess we should talk more about it.
My husband is addicted to pornography. I’m angry at him, so why would I want to have sex with him.
I don’t want sex. If I avoid talking about it, I’ll feel less pressure to have sex.
I’m afraid to tell my husband what I really want because of what he’ll think of me.
I’ve faked too many orgasms that I’m afraid to tell my husband the truth. He’ll think I’m a liar, and I don’t want him to feel bad that he didn’t please me. I love my husband though.
I was sexually abuse as a child, and it’s too painful to talk about sex.
For years, it’s all about him, not me. Why bother?
I’m tired of asking, so I’ve just given up.
We don’t need to. We have unspoken understandings. For me to get sex, I need to do ….
What would you answer? Differences in individual values, needs, relationship conditioning, and preferences can naturally cause sexual conflict, but if you won’t talk through these differences, nothing will be resolved or managed? If you want to have a fulfilling, aka successful, sex life with your spouse, it starts with you. Becoming sex-cessful in the bedroom is a journey taken at a pace you’re comfortable committing to. You might consider the following steps:
Sharing and learning about partner’s needs and wants as well as uncovering the whys and feelings behind both
Negotiating, compromising, and developing a sex plan
Acting on the plan
You may think that may work for some, but what if my spouse and I have wildly different sexual appetites. That’s where you need to take a hard look at the cause. Is it because of conditioning, taboo stereotypes, performance anxiety, sexual abuse, or just plain skewed hormones? As with most problems, there’s usually more than one contributor. Identifying the main issues will give you a starting point on where to focus. In some cases, you may never fully emotionally or physically enjoy sex, but that doesn’t mean you should withhold sex from your spouse unless he or she is abusive. I know a few couples who have fluctuating and divergent sex drives over the course of their marriages. How do they handle the incompatibility? They give sex gifts?
People routinely give gifts to family and friends whom they love and care about. What better way to love your spouse than to give them the gift of sex? There may be times when you’re both “into it”, and sex is a big theatrical production. Other times, it’s a gift of pleasure. As with any other gift, you don’t expect anything in return. Your spouse will appreciate your gift of sex, even when he or she knows you weren’t in the mood and gave it freely.
Some believe they shouldn’t be pressured into sex when they don’t want to. I agree. I’m not suggesting they do something they don’t want to. I’m suggesting they intentionally give a gift to their life partner.
Note: If you are in sexually abusive marriage or relationship or have untreated sexual trauma in your history, I encourage you to seek help. The effects of sexual trauma are devastating for the individual and their relationships. Seek the healing you need, so you can experience the power of healthy relationships and focus on the purpose God has called you into.
About the Author: Sandra Dillon is a professional coach with an extensive background in life, premarital/marriage, finances, and ministry. She coaches individuals and couples to be the best versions of themselves. Sandra welcomes comments and conversations. You can reach out to her at shinecrossings@gmail.com | tomekkorbak/pile-curse-small | Pile-CC |
Just Slim
Paul Chilupe Banda (born June 17, 1989), better known as Just Slim is a Zambian singer, songwriter, Music producer and disc jockey. Paul is an activist of positive living with HIV/AIDS and Ambassador to the Brothers for Life Campaign in Zambia. He made his debut with a single Me which was released on December 1, 2010 along with another single Wachelwa released on the same date and both featured in an MTV documentary entitled Me, Myself and HIV.
Early music career
Just Slim's music career started in 2007 as a producer and song writer. He made his official debut in December 2010 with his first single titled "ME" which followed a number of hit singles. He has also recorded cover songs, such as "Best of Me" (Tyrese) and "Through the Wire" (Kanye West).
Music career
Paul made his singing debut with a single released in December 2010 entitled Me. In May 2012, the song ME was put as part of a mix-tape entitled "Proof: The Mixtape" which included a reggae cover of Tyrese's "Best of Me" from the album Open Invitation.
He has once played the role of music supervisor on Zambia's Award Winning TV Drama Series: Love Games produced by Media 365 through the Financial and Technical Support from the Government of the Republic of Zambia's National HIV and AIDS Council as well as The United States Agency for International Development (USAID) and US President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief-funded Communication Support for Health project.
Paul is working on a new project with producer, Shom-C.
Personal life
Paul was born on June 17, 1989 with the HIV virus, but he didn't know until he was about 15.
In 2003, he was diagnosed with tuberculosis and recovered after undergoing treatment. Barely a year later, the TB reoccurred, a development which prompted doctors to recommend that Paul, who was then in secondary school, take an HIV test. Having in mind that he never had any sexual relationship, he found the physician's recommendation very puzzling. This gave his mother the opportunity to disclose her HIV-positive status to him. After receiving some motherly counsel, Paul agreed to go for the HIV test which turned out positive but with a very low immune system whose CD4 count was four.
He decided to come out in the open about his HIV-positive status because he believed that if he talked about it with someone that person might use it against him and also knowing the type discrimination surrounding people living with HIV/AIDS that also compelled him to reveal his HIV status.
Awards
2013 – Bravery Courage & Commitment award – Ministry of Education
Selected songs
"Pon Replay"
"Know your status" ft. B Flow
"Wachelwa"
"Me"
References
External links
Category:Zambian musicians
Category:1989 births
Category:Living people
Category:People from Lusaka
Category:Zambian male singers | tomekkorbak/pile-curse-small | Wikipedia (en) |
About twice a year someone says that there’s a new band that’s gonna save Rock and Roll. Some trendsetter decides that leather jackets and guitars are cool again, and critics old and young praise them for “saving” Rock, like it’s some feeble old man on his deathbed. Well the Gaslight Anthem has given us proof that Rock and Roll doesn’t need any saving, it’s alive and well and it’s living in central Jersey.
The Gaslight Anthem emerged out of the New Brunswick, New Jersey hardcore scene in 2005 with their first album Sink or Swim, an unpolished highly energetic LP that laid the groundwork for their future material. In between the dates of their daunting tour schedule they wrote and recorded their second album, an EP called Senor and the Queen, which was considerably stronger and more focused than their first attempt. The ’59 Sound continues to build on the formula of their previous efforts, finally showing what the Gaslight Anthem is really capable of.
This album is not a technical masterpiece. Pat Metheny fans should probably stop reading this review right about now. No single musician stands out as a virtuoso, and very similar chord patterns are used in almost every song. What’s great about this album is that it sounds like a real band recorded it. Brain Fallon’s voice is comfortable and confident while still sounding urgent, and his band supports him without stepping on his toes. In every track you can hear endless hours of basement practices and months upon months of touring.
The ’59 Sound is full of images. Each song paints a picture of the social and physical landscape from which it emerged. Diners and Ferris wheels populate a landscape of beaches and highways. The characters aren’t glamorous, but they’re immediately recognizable. Who doesn’t know someone like Sandy and Johnny in “Even Cowgirls Get the Blues”, a couple who grew up and lost their exuberance?
Or Anna in “Here’s Looking At you, Kid,” the girl who moved out of a small town and lost herself in the city? The characters and places in this album are what make it genuine, like it came to life by itself and this album is merely a record of it.
The masterpiece of this album is the last song “The Backseat”, a gut-wrenching tribute to the pain of adolescence. In every line you can hear the frustration of someone who doesn’t know where he’s going, how he’s getting there, or why he’s even trying. It’s a battle cry for the confused and vulnerable. Anyone who has ever been a teenager knows what Fallon means when he sings,
“In the back seat we just tried to some room for our knees In the backseat we just tried to find some room to breathe”.
So thanks a lot, but Rock and Roll doesn’t need any help. You can keep your sunglasses and you can keep your prop guitars. You can keep your savior, as long as we’ve got the Gaslight Anthem. | tomekkorbak/pile-curse-small | Pile-CC |
---
author:
- |
Mihai Mihăilescu$\,^{a,b}$ and Vicenţiu Rădulescu$\,^{a,c}$\
$^a\,$Department of Mathematics, University of Craiova, 200585 Craiova, Romania\
$^b\,$Department of Mathematics, Central European University, 1051 Budapest, Hungary\
$^c\,$Institute of Mathematics “Simion Stoilow" of the Romanian Academy,\
P.O. Box 1-764, 014700 Bucharest, Romania\
E-mail addresses: [mmihailes@yahoo.com]{}
title: 'A continuous spectrum for nonhomogeneous differential operators in Orlicz-Sobolev spaces[^1]'
---
[. We study the nonlinear eigenvalue problem $-{\rm div}(a(|\nabla
u|)\nabla u)=\lambda|u|^{q(x)-2}u$ in $\Omega$, $u=0$ on $\partial\Omega$, where $\Omega$ is a bounded open set in $\RR^N$ with smooth boundary, $q$ is a continuous function, and $a$ is a nonhomogeneous potential. We establish sufficient conditions on $a$ and $q$ such that the above nonhomogeneous quasilinear problem has continuous families of eigenvalues. The proofs rely on elementary variational arguments. The abstract results of this paper are illustrated by the cases $a(t)=t^{p-2}\log (1+t^r)$ and $a(t)= t^{p-2} [\log (1+t)]^{-1}$.\
35D05, 35J60, 35J70, 58E05, 68T40, 76A02.\
nonhomogeneous differential operator, nonlinear eigenvalue problem, continuous spectrum, Orlicz-Sobolev space.]{}
Introduction and preliminary results
====================================
Let $\Omega$ be a bounded domain in $\RR^N$ ($N\geq 3$) with smooth boundary $\partial\Omega$. In this paper we are concerned with the following eigenvalue problem: $$\label{1}
\left\{\begin{array}{lll}
-{\rm div}(a(|\nabla u|)\nabla u)=\lambda|u|^{q(x)-2}u, &\mbox{for}&
x\in\Omega\\
u=0, &\mbox{for}& x\in\partial\Omega\,.
\end{array}\right.$$ We assume that the function $a:(0,\infty)\ri\RR$ is such that the mapping $\phi:\RR\rightarrow\RR$ defined by $$\phi(t)=\left\{\begin{array}{lll}
a(|t|)t, &\mbox{for}&
t\neq 0\\
0, &\mbox{for}& t=0\,,
\end{array}\right.$$ is an odd, increasing homeomorphism from $\RR$ onto $\RR$. We also suppose throughout this paper that $\lambda>0$ and $q:\overline\Omega\ri (0,\infty )$ is a continuous function.
Since the operator in the divergence form is nonhomogeneous we introduce an Orlicz-Sobolev space setting for problems of this type. On the other hand, the term arising in the right hand side of equation is also nonhomogeneous and its particular form appeals to a suitable variable exponent Lebesgue space setting.
We point out that eigenvalue problems involving quasilinear nonhomogeneous problems in Orlicz-Sobolev spaces were studied in [@Gar] but in a different framework. In what concerns the case when $a(|\nabla u|)=
|\nabla u|^{q(x)-2}$, problem was studied by Fan [*et al.*]{} in [@fann; @FZZ] who established the existence of a sequence of eigenvalues, by means of the Ljusternik-Schnirelmann critical point theory. Denoting by $\Lambda$ the set of all nonnegative eigenvalues, Fan, Zhang and Zhao showed that $\sup\Lambda=+\infty$ and they pointed out that only under additional assumptions we have $\inf\Lambda>0$. We remark that in the homogeneous case corresponding the $p$-Laplace operator ( $p(x)\equiv p$) we always have $\inf\Lambda>0$. A different approach of the eigenvalue problem corresponding to $a(|\nabla u|)=
|\nabla u|^{p(x)-2}$ and $p(x)\not=q(x)$ is given in Mihăilescu and Rădulescu [@pams].
We first recall some basic facts about Orlicz spaces. Define $$\Phi(t)=\int_0^t\phi(s)\;ds,\;\;\;\Phi^\star(t)=\int_0^t\phi^{-1}(s)\;ds,\qquad \mbox{for all}\ t\in\RR.$$ We observe that $\Phi$ is a [*Young function*]{}, that is, $\Phi (0)=0$, $\Phi$ is convex, and $\lim_{x\ri\infty}\Phi (x)=+\infty$. Furthermore, since $\Phi (x)=0$ if and only if $x=0$, $\lim_{x\ri 0}\Phi (x)/x=0$, and $\lim_{x\ri \infty}\Phi (x)/x=+\infty$, then $\Phi$ is called an [*$N$–function*]{}. The function $\Phi^\star$ is called the [*complementary*]{} function of $\Phi$ and it satisfies $$\Phi^\star (t)=\sup\{st-\Phi (s);\ s\geq 0\},\qquad\mbox{for all $t\geq 0$}\,.$$ We observe that $\Phi^\star$ is also an $N$–function and the following Young’s inequality holds true: $$st\leq\Phi (s)+\Phi^\star (t),\qquad\mbox{for all $s,t\geq 0$}\,.$$
The Orlicz space $L_\Phi(\Omega)$ defined by the $N$–function $\Phi$ (see [@AHed; @A; @Clem1]) is the space of measurable functions $u:\Omega\ri\RR$ such that $$\|u\|_{L_\Phi}:=\sup\left\{\int_\Omega uv\;dx;\ \int_\Omega\Phi^\star (|v|)\;dx\leq 1\right\}<\infty\,.$$ Then $(L_\Phi(\Omega),\|\,\cdot\, \|_{L_\Phi} )$ is a Banach space whose norm is equivalent to the Luxemburg norm $$\|u\|_\Phi :=\inf\left\{k>0;\ \int_\Omega\Phi\left(\frac{u(x)}{k}
\right)\;dx\leq 1\right\}.$$ For Orlicz spaces the Hölder’s inequality reads as follows (see [@rao Inequality 4, p. 79]): $$\int_\Omega uvdx\leq 2\,\|u\|_{L_\Phi}\, \|v\|_{L_{\Phi^\star}}\qquad\mbox{for all $u\in L_\Phi(\Omega)$
and $v\in L_{\Phi^\star}(\Omega)$}\,.$$
We denote by $W_0^1L_\Phi(\Omega)$ the corresponding Orlicz-Sobolev space for problem , equipped with the norm $$\|u\|=\||\nabla u|\|_\Phi$$ (see [@A; @Clem1; @G]). The space $W_0^1L_\Phi(\Omega)$ is also a Banach space.
In this paper we assume that $\Phi$ and $\Phi^\star$ satisfy the $\Delta_2$-condition (at infinity), namely $$1<\liminf\limits_{t\rightarrow\infty}\frac{t\phi(t)}{\Phi(t)}
\leq\limsup\limits_{t>0}\frac{t\phi(t)}{\Phi(t)}<\infty.$$ Then $L_\Phi(\Omega)$ and $W_0^1L_\Phi(\Omega)$ are reflexive Banach spaces.
Now we introduce the Orlicz-Sobolev conjugate $\Phi_\star$ of $\Phi$, defined as $$\Phi_\star^{-1}(t)=\int_0^t\frac{\Phi^{-1}(s)}
{s^{(N+1)/N}}\;ds.$$ We assume that $$\label{2}
\lim_{t\rightarrow 0}\int_t^1\frac{\Phi^{-1}(s)}{s^{(N+1)/N}}\;ds<\infty,\;\;\;{\rm and}\;\;\;
\lim_{t\rightarrow\infty}\int_1^t\frac{\Phi^{-1}(s)}{s^{(N+1)/N}}\;ds=\infty.$$ Finally, we define $$p_0:=\inf_{t>0}\frac{t\phi(t)}{\Phi(t)}\;\;{\rm and}\;\;p^0:=\sup_{t>0}\frac{t\phi(t)}{\Phi(t)}.$$
Next, we recall some background facts concerning the variable exponent Lebesgue spaces. For more details we refer to the book by Musielak [@M] and the papers by Acerbi [*at al.*]{}, Edmunds [*et al.*]{} [@edm; @edm2; @edm3], Kovacik and Rákosník [@KR], Mihăilescu and Rădulescu [@RoyalSoc], Samko and Vakulov [@samko], Zhikov [@zhikov].
Set $$C_+(\overline\Omega)=\{h;\;h\in C(\overline\Omega),\;h(x)>1\;{\rm
for}\;
{\rm all}\;x\in\overline\Omega\}.$$ For any $h\in C_+(\overline\Omega)$ we define $$h^+=\sup_{x\in\Omega}h(x)\qquad\mbox{and}\qquad h^-=
\inf_{x\in\Omega}h(x).$$ For any $q(x)\in C_+(\overline\Omega)$ we define the variable exponent Lebesgue space $L^{q(x)}(\Omega)$ (see [@KR]). On $L^{q(x)}(\Omega)$ we define the Luxemburg norm by the formula $$|u|_{q(x)}=\inf\left\{\mu>0;\;\int_\Omega\left|
\frac{u(x)}{\mu}\right|^{q(x)}\;dx\leq 1\right\}.$$ We remember that the variable exponent Lebesgue spaces are separable and reflexive Banach spaces. If $0 <|\Omega|<\infty$ and $q_1$, $q_2$ are variable exponents so that $q_1(x) \leq q_2(x)$ almost everywhere in $\Omega$ then there exists the continuous embedding $L^{q_2(x)}(\Omega)\hookrightarrow L^{q_1(x)}(\Omega)$.
If $(u_n)$, $u\in L^{q(x)}(\Omega)$ then the following relations hold true $$\label{3}
|u|_{q(x)}>1\;\;\;\Rightarrow\;\;\;|u|_{q(x)}^{q^-}\leq\int_\Omega|u|^{q(x)}\;dx
\leq|u|_{q(x)}^{q^+}$$ $$\label{4}
|u|_{q(x)}<1\;\;\;\Rightarrow\;\;\;|u|_{q(x)}^{q^+}\leq
\int_\Omega|u|^{q(x)}\;dx\leq|u|_{q(x)}^{q^-}$$ $$\label{4biss}
|u_n-u|_{q(x)}\rightarrow 0\;\;\;\Leftrightarrow\;\;\;\int_\Omega|u_n-u|^{q(x)}\;dx
\rightarrow 0.$$
The main results
================
We say that $\lambda\in\RR$ is an eigenvalue of problem if there exists $u\in W_0^1L_\Phi(\Omega)
\setminus\{0\}$ such that $$\int_{\Omega}a(|\nabla u|)\nabla u\nabla v\;dx-\lambda\int_{\Omega}
|u|^{q(x)-2}uv\;dx=0,$$ for all $v\in W_0^1L_\Phi(\Omega)$. We point out that if $\lambda$ is an eigenvalue of problem then the corresponding $u\in W_0^1L_\Phi(\Omega)\setminus\{0\}$ is a weak solution of , called an eigenvector of equation corresponding to the eigenvalue $\lambda$.
Our first main result shows that, in certain circumstances, any positive and sufficiently small $\lambda$ is an eigenvalue of .
\[t1\] Assume that relation is fulfilled and furthermore $$\label{6}
1<\inf_{x\in\Omega}q(x)<p_0\,,$$ and $$\label{6biss}
\lim_{t\rightarrow\infty}\di\frac{|t|^{q^+}}
{\Phi_\star(kt)}=0,\;\;\; {\rm for}\; {\rm all}\; k>0.$$ Then there exists $\lambda^\star>0$ such that any $\lambda\in(0,\lambda^\star)$ is an eigenvalue for problem .
The above result implies $$\inf_{u\in W_0^1L_\Phi(\Omega)\setminus\{0\}}\frac{\di\int_\Omega
\Phi(|\nabla u|)\;dx}{\di\int_\Omega|u|^{q(x)}\;dx}=0.$$
The second main result of this paper asserts that in certain cases the set of eigenvalues may coincide with the [*whole*]{} positive semiaxis.
\[t2\] Assume that relations and are fulfilled and furthermore $$\label{stea2}
\sup_{x\in\Omega}q(x)<p_0.$$ Then every $\lambda>0$ is an eigenvalue for problem . Moreover, for any $\lambda>0$ there exists a sequence of eigenvectors $\{u_n\}\subset E$ such that $\lim_{n\rightarrow\infty}u_n=0$ in $W_0^1L_\Phi(\Omega)$.
[**Remark 1.**]{} Relations and enable us to apply Theorem 2.2 in [@Gar] (see also Theorem 8.33 in [@A]) in order to obtain that $W_0^1L_\Phi(\Omega)$ is compactly embedded in $L^{q^+}(\Omega)$. This fact combined with the continuous embedding of $L^{q^+}(\Omega)$ in $L^{q(x)}(\Omega)$ ensures that $W_0^1L_\Phi(\Omega)$ is compactly embedded in $L^{q(x)}(\Omega)$.
[**Remark 2.**]{} The conclusion of Theorems \[t1\] and \[t2\] still remains valid if we replace the hypothesis in Theorems \[t1\] and \[t2\] by the following relation $$\label{66}
N<p_0<\liminf_{t\rightarrow\infty}\frac{\log(\Phi(t))}{\log(t)}.$$ Indeed, using Lemma D.2 in [@Clem2], it follows that $W_0^1L_\Phi(\Omega)$ is continuously embedded in $W_0^{1,p_0}(\Omega)$. On the other hand, since we assume $p_0>N$, we deduce that $W_0^{1,p_0}(\Omega)$ is compactly embedded in $C(\overline\Omega)$. Thus, we obtain that $W_0^1L_\Phi(\Omega)$ is compactly embedded in $C(\overline\Omega)$. Since $\Omega$ is bounded it follows that $W_0^1L_\Phi(\Omega)$ is continuously embedded in $L^{q(x)}(\Omega)$.
Proof of Theorem \[t1\]
=======================
Let $E$ denote the Orlicz-Sobolev space $W_0^1L_\Phi(\Omega)$.
For any $\lambda>0$ the energy functional $J_\lambda:E\rightarrow\RR$ corresponding to problem is defined by $$J_\lambda(u)=\int_{\Omega}\Phi(|\nabla u|)\;dx-\lambda
\int_\Omega\frac{1}{q(x)}|u|^{q(x)}\;dx.$$ Standard arguments imply that $J_\lambda\in C^1(E,\RR)$ and $$\langle J_\lambda^{'}(u),v\rangle=\int_{\Omega}a(|\nabla u|)
\nabla u\nabla v\;dx-\lambda\int_\Omega|u|^{q(x)-2}uv\;dx,$$ for all $u,\;v\in E$. Thus the weak solutions of coincide with the critical points of $J_\lambda$. If such a weak solution exists and is nontrivial then the corresponding $\lambda$ is an eigenvalue of problem .
\[l1\] There is some $\lambda^\star>0$ such that for any $\lambda\in(0,\lambda^\star)$ there exist $\rho$, $\alpha>0$ such that $J_\lambda(u)\geq\alpha>0$ for any $u\in E$ with $\|u\|=\rho$.
By the definition of $p^0$ and since $\frac{{\mathrm d}}{{\mathrm d}\tau}\left(\tau^{p_0}\Phi (t/\tau)\right)
\geq 0$ we obtain $$\Phi(t)\geq\tau^{p^0}\Phi(t/\tau),\;\;\;\forall\; t>0\;{\rm and}\;
\tau\in(0,1]\,,$$ (see page 44 in [@Clem1]). Combining this fact with Proposition 6 in [@rao page 77] we find that $$\label{7}
\int_\Omega\Phi(|\nabla u(x)|)\;dx\geq\|u\|^{p^0},\;\;\;\forall\;
u\in E\;{\rm with}\;\|u\|<1.$$
On the other hand, since $E$ is continuously embedded in $L^{q(x)}(\Omega)$, there exists a positive constant $c_1$ such that $$\label{8}
|u|_{q(x)}\leq c_1\|u\|,\;\;\;\forall\;u\in E.$$ We fix $\rho\in(0,1)$ such that $\rho<1/c_1$. Then relation implies $$\label{9}
|u|_{q(x)}<1,\;\;\;\forall\;u\in E,\;{\rm with}\;\|u\|=\rho.$$ Furthermore, relation yields $$\label{10}
\int_\Omega|u|^{q(x)}\;dx\leq|u|_{q(x)}^{q^-},\;\;\;\forall\;u\in E,\;{\rm with}\;\|u\|=\rho.$$ Relations and imply $$\label{10biss}
\int_\Omega|u|^{q(x)}\;dx\leq c_1^{q^-}\|u\|^{q^-},\;\;\;\forall\;u\in E,\;{\rm with}\;\|u\|=\rho.$$ Taking into account relations , and we deduce that for any $u\in E$ with $\|u\|=\rho$ the following inequalities hold true $$J_\lambda(u)\geq\|u\|^{p^0}-\frac{\lambda}{q^-}
\int_\Omega|u|^{q(x)}\;dx
=\rho^{q^-}\left(\rho^{p^0-q^-}-\frac{\lambda}{q^-}c_1^{q^-}\right).$$ We point out that by relation and the definition of $p^0$ we have $q^-<l\leq p^0$. By the above inequality we remark that if we define $$\label{11}
\lambda^\star=\frac{\rho^{p^0-q^-}}{2}\cdot\frac{q^-}{c_1^{q^-}}$$ then for any $\lambda\in(0,\lambda^\star)$ and any $u\in E$ with $\|u\|=\rho$ there exists $\alpha=\frac{\rho^{p^0}}{2}>0$ such that $$J_\lambda(u)\geq\alpha>0.$$ The proof of Lemma \[l1\] is complete.
\[l2\] There exists $\phi\in E$ such that $\phi\geq 0$, $\varphi\neq 0$ and $J_\lambda(t\phi)<0$, for $t>0$ small enough.
Assumption implies that $q^-<p_0$. Let $\epsilon_0>0$ be such that $q^-+\epsilon_0<p_0$. On the other hand, since $q\in C(\overline\Omega)$ it follows that there exists an open set $\Omega_0\subset\Omega$ such that $|q(x)-q^-|<\epsilon_0$ for all $x\in\Omega_0$. Thus, we conclude that $q(x)\leq q^-+\epsilon_0<p_0$ for all $x\in\Omega_0$.
Let $\phi\in C_0^\infty(\Omega)$ be such that ${\rm supp}(\phi)\supset\overline\Omega_0$, $\phi(x)=1$ for all $x\in\overline\Omega_0$ and $0\leq\phi\leq 1$ in $\Omega$.
We also point out that there exists $t_0\in(0,1)$ such that for any $t\in(0,t_0)$ we have $$\|t|\nabla\phi|\|_\Phi=t\|\phi\|<1.$$ Taking into account all the above information and using Lemma C.9 in [@Clem2] we have $$\begin{aligned}
J_\lambda(t\phi)&=&\int_{\Omega}\Phi(t|\nabla\phi(x)|)\;dx-\lambda
\int_\Omega\frac{t^{q(x)}}{q(x)}|\phi|^{q(x)}\;dx\\
&\leq&\int_{\Omega}\Phi(t|\nabla\phi(x)|)\;dx-\frac{\lambda}{q^+}
\int_\Omega t^{q(x)}|\phi|^{q(x)}\;dx\\
&\leq&\int_{\Omega}\Phi(t|\nabla\phi(x)|)\;dx-\frac{\lambda}{q^+}
\int_{\Omega_0} t^{q(x)}|\phi|^{q(x)}\;dx\\
&\leq&t^{p_0}\|\phi\|^{p_0}-\frac{\lambda\cdot
t^{q^-+\epsilon_0}}{q^+}|\Omega_0|,\end{aligned}$$ for any $t\in(0,1)$, where $|\Omega_0|$ denotes the Lebesgue measure of $\Omega_0$. Therefore $$J_\lambda(t\phi)<0$$ for $t<\delta^{1/(p_0-q^--\epsilon_0)}$, where $$0<\delta<\min\left\{t_0,\frac{\frac{\lambda}{q^+}|\Omega_0|}{\|\phi\|^{p_0}}\right\}.$$ The proof of Lemma \[l2\] is complete.
Let $\lambda^\star>0$ be defined as in and $\lambda\in(0,\lambda^\star)$. By Lemma \[l1\] it follows that on the boundary of the ball centered at the origin and of radius $\rho$ in $E$, denoted by $B_\rho(0)$, we have $$\label{12}
\inf\limits_{\partial B_\rho(0)}J_\lambda>0.$$ On the other hand, by Lemma \[l2\], there exists $\phi\in E$ such that $J_\lambda(t\phi)<0$ for all $t>0$ small enough. Moreover, relations , and imply that for any $u\in B_\rho(0)$ we have $$J_\lambda(u)\geq\|u\|^{p^0}-\frac{\lambda}{q^-}c_1^{q^-}\|u\|^{q^-}\,.$$ It follows that $$-\infty<\underline{c}:=\inf\limits_{\overline{B_\rho(0)}}J_\lambda<0.$$ We let now $0<\epsilon<\inf_{\partial B_\rho(0)}J_\lambda-\inf_{B_\rho(0)}J_\lambda$. Applying Ekeland’s variational principle [@E] to the functional $J_\lambda:\overline{B_\rho(0)}\rightarrow\RR$, we find $u_\epsilon\in\overline{B_\rho(0)}$ such that $$\begin{aligned}
J_\lambda(u_\epsilon)&<&\inf\limits_{\overline{B_\rho(0)}}J_\lambda+\epsilon\\
J_\lambda(u_\epsilon)&<&J_\lambda(u)+\epsilon\cdot\|u-u_\epsilon\|,\;\;\;u\neq u_\epsilon.\end{aligned}$$ Since $$J_\lambda(u_\epsilon)\leq\inf\limits_{\overline{B_\rho(0)}}J_\lambda+\epsilon\leq
\inf\limits_{B_\rho(0)} J_\lambda+\epsilon<\inf\limits_{\partial B_\rho(0)}J_\lambda\,,$$ we deduce that $u_\epsilon\in B_\rho(0)$. Now, we define $I_\lambda:
\overline{B_\rho(0)}\rightarrow\RR$ by $I_\lambda(u)=J_\lambda(u)+\epsilon\cdot
\|u-u_\epsilon\|$. It is clear that $u_\epsilon$ is a minimum point of $I_\lambda$ and thus $$\di\frac{I_\lambda(u_\epsilon+t\cdot v)-{I_\lambda}(u_\epsilon)}
{t}\geq 0$$ for small $t>0$ and any $v\in B_1(0)$. The above relation yields $$\di\frac{J_\lambda(u_\epsilon+t\cdot v)-J_\lambda(u_\epsilon)}{t}+
\epsilon\cdot\|v\|\geq 0.$$ Letting $t\rightarrow 0$ it follows that $\langle J_\lambda^{'}
(u_\epsilon),v\rangle+\epsilon\cdot\|v\|>0$ and we infer that $\|J_\lambda^{'}(u_\epsilon)\|\leq\epsilon$.
We deduce that there exists a sequence $\{w_n\}\subset B_\rho(0)$ such that $$\label{13}
J_\lambda(w_n)\rightarrow{\underline c}\;\;\;{\rm and}\;\;\;
J_\lambda^{'}(w_n)\rightarrow 0.$$ It is clear that $\{w_n\}$ is bounded in $E$. Thus, there exists $w\in E$ such that, up to a subsequence, $\{w_n\}$ converges weakly to $w$ in $E$. By Remark 2 we deduce that $E$ is compactly embeddded in $L^{q(x)}(\Omega)$, hence $\{w_n\}$ converges strongly to $w$ in $L^{q(x)}(\Omega)$. So, by relations and Hölder’s inequality for variable exponent spaces (see e.g. [@KR]), $$\lim\limits_{n\rightarrow\infty}\int_\Omega|w_n|^{q(x)}\;dx=\int_\Omega|w|^{q(x)}\;dx\;\;\;
{\rm and}\;\;\;\lim\limits_{n\rightarrow\infty}\int_\Omega|w_n|^{q(x)-2}w_nv\;dx=
\int_\Omega|w|^{q(x)-2}wv\;dx$$ for any $v\in E$.
We conclude that $w$ is a nontrivial weak solution for problem and thus any $\lambda\in(0,\lambda^\star)$ is an eigenvalue of problem . Similar arguments as those used on page 50 in [@Clem1] imply that $\{w_n\}$ converges strongly to $w$ in $E$. So, by , $$\label{LLLLet11}
J_\lambda(w)=\underline c<0\;\;\;{\rm and}\;\;\;J_\lambda^{'}(w)=0.$$
The proof of Theorem \[t1\] is complete.
Proof of Theorem \[t2\]
=======================
We still denote by $E$ the Orlicz-Sobolev space $W_0^1L_\Phi(\Omega)$. For any $\lambda>0$ let $J_\lambda$ be defined as in the above section of the paper.
In order to prove Theorem \[t2\] we apply to the functional $J_\lambda$ a symmetric version of the mountain pass lemma, recently developed by Kajikia in [@K]. Before presenting the result in [@K] we remember the following definition.
[**Definition 1.**]{} Let $X$ be a real Banach space. We say that a subset $A$ of $X$ is [*symmetric*]{} if $u\in A$ implies $-u\in A$. For a closed symmetric set $A$ which does not contain the origin, we define the [*genus*]{} $\gamma(A)$ of $A$ as the smallest integer $k$ such that there exists an odd continuous mapping from $A$ to $\RR^k\setminus\{0\}$. If there does not exist such an integer $k$, we define $\gamma(A)=+\infty$. Moreover, we set $\gamma(\emptyset)=0$. Finally, we denote by $\Gamma_k$ the family $$\Gamma_k=\{A\subset X;\; 0\not\in A\; {\rm and}\; \gamma(A)\geq k\}.$$
We state now the symmetric mountain pass lemma of Kajikia (see Theorem 1 in [@K]).
\[t3\] Assume $X$ is an infinite dimensional Banach space and $\Lambda\in C^1(X,\RR)$ satisfies conditions (A1) and (A2) below.
(A1) $\Lambda(u)$ is even, bounded from below, $\Lambda(0)=0$ and $\Lambda(u)$ satisfies the Palais-Smale condition (i.e., any sequence $\{u_n\}$ in $X$ such that $\{\Lambda(u_n)\}$ is bounded and $\Lambda^{'}(u_n)\rightarrow 0$ in $X^\star$ as $n\rightarrow\infty$ has a convergent subsequence);
(A2) For each $k\in\NN$, there exists an $A_k\in\Gamma_k$ such that $\sup_{u\in A_k}\Lambda(u)<0$.
Under the above assumptions, either (i) or (ii) below holds true.
\(i) There exists a sequence $\{u_n\}$ such that $\Lambda^{'}(u_n)=0$, $\Lambda(u_n)<0$ and $\{u_n\}$ converges to zero;
\(ii) There exist two sequences $\{u_n\}$ and $\{v_n\}$ such that $\Lambda^{'}(u_n)=0$, $\Lambda(u_n)=0$, $u_n\neq 0$, $\lim_{n\rightarrow\infty}u_n=0$, $\Lambda^{'}(v_n)=0$, $\Lambda(v_n)=0$, and $v_n$ converges to a non-zero limit.
In order to apply Theorem \[t3\] to the functional $J_\lambda$ we prove two auxiliary results.
\[l3\] The functional $J_\lambda$ satisfies condition (A1) from Theorem \[t3\].
Clearly, $J_\lambda(u)=J_\lambda(-u)$ for any $u\in E$, i.e. $J_\lambda$ is even, and $J_\lambda(0)=0$. On the other hand, since by relation we have $$\int_\Omega\Phi(|\nabla u(x)|)\;dx\geq\|u\|^{p^0},\;\;\;\forall\;
u\in E\;{\rm with}\;\|u\|<1,$$ while by Lemma C.9 in [@Clem2] we have $$\int_\Omega\Phi(|\nabla u(x)|)\;dx\geq\|u\|^{p_0},\;\;\;\forall\;
u\in E\;{\rm with}\;\|u\|>1,$$ we deduce that $$\label{stea3}
\int_\Omega\Phi(|\nabla u(x)|)\;dx\geq\alpha(\|u\|),\;\;\;\forall\;
u\in E,$$ where $\alpha:[0,\infty)\rightarrow\RR$, $\alpha(t)=t^{p^0}$ if $t<0$ and $\alpha(t)=t^{p_0}$ if $t>1$.
By Remark 1, the space $E$ is continuously embedded in $L^{q^{\pm}}(\Omega)$. Thus, there exist two positive constants $d_1$ and $d_2$ such that $$\label{stea4}
\int_\Omega|u|^{q^+}\;dx\leq d_1\|u\|^{q^+},\;\;\;\int_\Omega|u|^{q^-}\;dx\leq d_2\|u\|^{q^-},\;\;\;\forall\;u\in E.$$ Combining relations and we get $$J_\lambda(u)\geq\alpha(\|u\|)-\frac{d_1\lambda}{q^-}\|u\|^{q^+}-\frac{d_2\lambda}{q^-}\|u\|^{q^-},\;\;\;\forall\;u\%in E.$$ Since by relation we have $q^+<p_0$ the above relation shows that $J_\lambda$ is bounded from below.
Next, we show that $J_\lambda$ satisfies the Palais-Smale condition. Let $\{u_n\}$ be a sequence in $E$ such that $\{J_\lambda(u_n)\}$ is bounded and $J^{'}(u_n)\rightarrow 0$ in $E^{'}$, as $n\rightarrow\infty$. We show that $\{u_n\}$ is bounded in $E$. Assume by contradiction the contrary. Then, passing eventually to a subsequence, still denoted by $\{u_n\}$, we may assume that $\|u_n\|
\rightarrow\infty$ as $n\rightarrow\infty$. Thus we may consider that $\|u_n\|>1$ for any integer $n$.
By our assumptions, there is a positive constant $M$ such that for all $n$ large enough we have $$\begin{aligned}
M+1+\|u_n\|&\geq&J_\lambda(u_n)-\frac{1}{q^-}\langle J^{'}(u_n),u_n\rangle\\
&=&\int_{\Omega}\Phi(|\nabla u_n|)\;dx-\lambda
\int_\Omega\frac{1}{q(x)}|u_n|^{q(x)}\;dx-\frac{1}{q^-}\cdot
\int_\Omega\phi(|\nabla u_n(x)|)|\nabla u_n(x)|\;dx+\\
&&\frac{\lambda}{q^-}
\int_\Omega|u_n|^{q(x)}\;dx\\
&\geq&\int_{\Omega}\Phi(|\nabla u_n|)\;dx-\frac{1}{q^-}\cdot
\int_\Omega\phi(|\nabla u_n(x)|)|\nabla u_n(x)|\;dx\\
&\geq&\left(1-\frac{p^0}{q^-}\right)\int_{\Omega}\Phi(|\nabla u_n|)\;dx\\
&\geq&\left(1-\frac{p^0}{q^-}\right)\|u_n\|^{p_0}.\end{aligned}$$ Since $p_0>1$, letting $n\rightarrow\infty$ we obtain a contradiction. It follows that $\{u_n\}$ is bounded in $E$. Similar arguments as those used in the end of the proof of Theorem \[t1\] imply that, up to a subsequence, $\{u_n\}$ converges strongly in $E$.
The proof of Lemma \[l3\] is complete.
\[l4\] The functional $J_\lambda$ satisfies condition (A2) from Theorem \[t3\].
We construct a sequence of subsets $A_k\in\Gamma_k$ such that $\sup_{u\in A_k}J_\lambda(u)<0$, for each $k\in\NN$.
Let $x_1\in\Omega$ and $r_1>0$ be such that $\overline{B_{r_1}(x_1)}\subset\Omega$ and $|\overline{B_{r_1}(x_1)}|<|\Omega|/2$. Consider $\theta_1\in C_0^\infty(\Omega)$ be a function with ${\rm supp}(\theta_1)=\overline{B_{r_1}(x_1)}$.
Define $\Omega_1=\Omega\setminus\overline{B_{r_1}(x_1)}$.
Next, let $x_2\in\Omega$ and $r_2>0$ be such that $\overline{B_{r_2}(x_2)}\subset\Omega_1$ and $|\overline{B_{r_2}(x_2)}|<|\Omega_1|/2$. Consider $\theta_2\in C_0^\infty(\Omega)$ be a function with ${\rm supp}(\theta_2)=\overline{B_{r_2}(x_2)}$.
Continuing the process described above we can construct by recurrence a sequence of functions $\theta_1$, $\theta_2$,..., $\theta_k\in C_0^\infty(\Omega)$ such that ${\rm supp}(\theta_i)\neq
{\rm supp}(\theta_j)$ if $i\neq j$ and $|{\rm supp}(\theta_i)|>0$ for any $i,\;j\in\{1,...,k\}$.
We define the finite dimensional subspace of $E$, $$F={\rm span}\{\theta_1,\theta_2,...,\theta_k\}.$$ Clearly, ${\rm dim}F=k$ and $\int_\Omega|\theta|^{q(x)}\;dx>0$, for any $\theta\in F\setminus\{0\}$. We denote by $S_1$ the unit sphere in $E$, i.e. $S_1=\{u\in E;\;\|u\|=1\}$. For any number $t\in(0,1)$ we define the set $$A_k(t)=t\cdot(S_1\cap F).$$ Since for any bounded symmetric neighborhood $\omega$ of the origin in $\RR^k$ there holds $\gamma(\partial\omega)=k$ (see Proposition 5.2 in [@S]) we deduce that $\gamma(A_k(t))=k$ for any $t\in(0,1)$.
Finally, we show that for each integer $k$ there exists $t_k\in(0,1)$ such that $$\sup_{u\in A_k(t_k)}J_\lambda(u)<0.$$ For any $t\in(0,1)$ we have $$\begin{aligned}
\sup_{u\in A_k(t)}J_\lambda(u)&\leq&\sup_{\theta\in S_1\cap F}J_\lambda(t\theta)\\
&=&\sup_{\theta\in S_1\cap F}\left\{\int_{\Omega}\Phi(t|\nabla\theta|)\;dx-\lambda
\int_\Omega\frac{1}{q(x)}t^{q(x)}|\theta|^{q(x)}\;dx\right\}\\
&\leq&\sup_{\theta\in S_1\cap F}\left\{t^{p_0}\int_{\Omega}\Phi(|\nabla\theta|)\;dx-\frac{\lambda t^{q^+}}{q^+}
\int_\Omega|\theta|^{q(x)}\;dx\right\}\\
&=&\sup_{\theta\in S_1\cap F}\left\{t^{p_0}\left(1-\frac{\lambda}{q^+}\cdot\frac{1}{t^{p_0-q^+}}\cdot
\int_\Omega|\theta|^{q(x)}\;dx\right)\right\}\end{aligned}$$ Since $S_1\cap F$ is compact we have $m=\min_{\theta\in S_1\cap F}\int_\Omega|\theta|^{q(x)}\;dx>0$. Combining that fact with the information given by relation , that is $p_0>q^+$, we deduce that we can choose $t_k\in(0,1)$ small enough such that $$1-\frac{\lambda}{q^+}\cdot\frac{1}{t^{p_0-q^+}}\cdot m<0.$$ The above relations yield $$\sup_{u\in A_k(t_k)}J_\lambda(u)<0.$$ The proof of Lemma \[l4\] is complete.
[Proof of Theorem \[t2\].]{} Using Lemmas \[l3\] and \[l4\] we deduce that we can apply Theorem \[t3\] to the functional $J_\lambda$. So, there exists a sequence $\{u_n\}\subset E$ such that $J^{'}(u_n)=0$, for each $n$, $J_\lambda(u_n)\leq 0$ and $\{u_n\}$ converges to zero in $E$.
The proof of Theorem \[t2\] is complete.
Examples
========
In this section we point out two concrete examples of problems to which we can apply the main results of this paper.
[Example 1.]{} We consider the problem $$\label{ex1}
\left\{\begin{array}{lll}
-{\rm div}(\log(1+|\nabla u|^r)|\nabla u|^{p-2}\nabla
u)=\lambda|u|^{q(x)-2}u,
&\mbox{for}& x\in\Omega\\
u=0, &\mbox{for}& x\in\partial\Omega,
\end{array}\right.$$ where $p$ and $r$ are real numbers such that $1<p$, $r$, $N>p+r$ and $q(x)$ is a continuous function on $\overline\Omega$ such that $1<q(x)$ for all $x\in\overline\Omega$ and furthermore $$\inf_\Omega q(x)<p\;\;\;{\rm and}\;\;\;\sup_\Omega q(x)<\frac{Np}{N-p}.$$ In this case we have $$\phi(t)=\log(1+|t|^r)\cdot|t|^{p-2}t,\qquad \mbox{for all}\ t\in\RR$$ and $$\Phi(t)=\int_0^t\phi(s),\qquad \mbox{for all}\ t\in\RR.$$ Clearly, $\phi$ is an odd, increasing homeomorphism of $\RR$ into $\RR$, while $\Phi$ is convex and even on $\RR$ and increasing from $\RR_+$ to $\RR_+$.
By Example 2 on p. 243 in [@Clem2] we know that $$p_0=p\;\;\;{\rm and}\;\;\;p^0=p+r$$ and thus relation in Theorem \[t1\] is satisfied. On the other hand, by Proposition 1 in [@JMAA] (see also [@CRAS]) we deduce that relations and are fulfilled. Thus, we verified that we can apply Theorem \[t1\] in order to find out that there exists $\lambda^\star>0$ such that any $\lambda\in(0,\lambda^\star)$ is an eigenvalue for problem .
[Example 2.]{} We consider the problem $$\label{ex2}
\left\{\begin{array}{lll}
-{\rm div}\left(\di\frac{|\nabla u|^{p-2}\nabla u}{\log(1+|\nabla u|)}\right)=\lambda|u|^{q(x)-2}u, &\mbox{for}&
x\in\Omega\\
u=0, &\mbox{for}& x\in\partial\Omega\,,
\end{array}\right.$$ where $p$ is a real number such that $p>N+1$ and $q\in C(\overline\Omega)$ satisfies $1<q(x)<p-1$ for any $x\in\overline\Omega$. In this case we have $$\phi(t)=\frac{|t|^{p-2}}{\log(1+|t|)}t$$ and $$\Phi(t)=\int_0^t\phi(s)\;ds,$$ is an increasing continuous function from $\RR^+$ to $\RR^+$, with $\Phi(0)=0$ and such that the function $\Phi(\sqrt{t})$ is convex. By Example 3 on p. 243 in [@Clem2] we have $$p_0=p-1<p^0=p=\liminf_{t\rightarrow\infty}\frac{\log(\Phi(t))}{\log(t)}.$$ Thus, conditions , and from Theorem \[t2\] and Remark 2 are verified. We deduce that every $\lambda>0$ is an eigenvalue for problem . Moreover, for each $\lambda>0$ there exists a sequence of eigenvectors $\{u_n\}$ such that $\lim_{n\rightarrow\infty}u_n=0$ in $W_0^1L_\Phi(\Omega)$.
The authors have been supported by Grant CNCSIS PNII–79/2007 [*“Procese Neliniare Degenerate şi Singulare"*]{}.
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[^1]: Correspondence address: Vicenţiu Rădulescu, Department of Mathematics, University of Craiova, 200585 Craiova, Romania. E-mail: [vicentiu.radulescu@math.cnrs.fr]{}
| tomekkorbak/pile-curse-small | ArXiv |
Data compression is the reversible encoding of data into a more compact expression which permits more efficient storage and transmission of the data. Some data compressing procedures result in the loss of some of the data upon uncompression; when the data is compressed and then uncompressed, it no longer matches the original data exactly. These so-called "lossy" compression schemes are commonly used for video image data or audio data, where some loss of information can be tolerated or perhaps not even noticed. For example, lossy compression is used extensively in video image compression for multimedia computing and also high-definition television. Although lossy compression loses some of the data, it is highly effective in achieving compression, with compression ratios of 20-to-1 and up to 200-to-1.
Other compression algorithms are "lossless" in that the data can be compressed and then uncompressed, and the resulting output matches the original input exactly. Lossless compression is the only acceptable procedure for compressing information or program data in which losses are not tolerable. Such information and program data constitute the great majority of information and program data outside of the field of video and audio applications. The demands for lossless compression usually result in much lower compression ratios as compared to lossy compression, with ratios of 1.5-to-1 and up to 10-to-1 being typical. The present invention is concerned with lossless data compression.
Most data compression systems used today rely on the fact that sets of data are typically repetitious in limited ways. For example, data such as ASCII files contain byte streams representing alphanumeric symbols, words and phrases that appear repeatedly in the text. By replacing the byte streams with abbreviated byte streams, the data can be compressed considerably. This is generally accomplished using a "dictionary" containing the abbreviations for the byte streams that are to be compressed. The value of using a fixed dictionary is diminished, however, as the size of the dictionary increases, because the savings achieved in compressing the data becomes offset by the expense of comparing the data to a large dictionary. Therefore, the ideal dictionary is limited in scope to contain only those byte streams that are seen often enough in the data to justify the comparison with the dictionary.
Early theoretical work on the use of dictionary compression encoding was done by Jacob Ziv and Abraham Lempel and is described in their article "On Complexity of Finite Sequences", IEEE Transactions on Information Theory, 22:1 (1976) 75-81. The Ziv and Lempel work developed the idea of "adaptive dictionaries" in which the content of the dictionary and hence the compression scheme for future encoding is based on the recent data output. Therefore, the dictionary is adaptive to the data itself. The many compression techniques based on the theoretical work of Ziv and Lempel are commonly referred to as Lempel-Ziv coding or LZ coding, and the essence of those techniques is that byte streams are replaced with pointers to where the byte streams occurred earlier.
An example of LZ coding is presented in an article by J. A. Storer entitled "Textual Substitution Techniques for Data Compression", Combinational Algorithms on Words (edited by A. Apostolico and Z. Galil) Springer-Verlag, Berlin, p. 120-121, 1985. In the Storer technique, an encoder and decoder are provided with a fixed amount of memory for use as a dictionary containing a number of dictionary entries. Each entry has a unique pointer associated with it. As data is received, the encoder finds the longest string of characters in the data that matches an entry in the dictionary, transmits the pointer associated with the matched entry in place of the string of characters, updates the dictionary, and if the dictionary is full then deletes one of the entries.
Other examples of LZ coding are found in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,876,541 by Storer (and the references discussed and cited therein), 5,003,307 by Whiting et al., 4,847,619 by Kato et al., and 4,701,745 by Waterworth.
One of the principal variables in LZ coding which tends to distinguish the many variations of that technique from one another, is the way in which the dictionary is established and updated. Some techniques utilize a sliding window dictionary in which the incoming data are compared against the data in a window sliding over a fixed number N of previous bytes of data. Thus the dictionary in this approach is actually a sequential portion of the text itself. This is sometimes called LZ 77 or LZ 1 coding.
LZ 77 coding can give good data compression provided that the dictionary window is long enough, such as 8K bytes. Common words and fragments will often be matched wholly or partially by a sliding window dictionary of that length. With respect to less common words and fragments, the sliding window dictionary takes advantage of the fact that these less common words and fragments are often concentrated in a single portion of the text. Unusual words are often used repeatedly in a brief portion of text to discuss a single concept, rather than scattered through a long text.
The principle disadvantage to sliding window dictionaries as used in LZ 77 coding is not that they are ineffective in achieving good compression, for they are indeed effective in achieving good compression. The principal disadvantage to sliding window dictionaries is that they require a large and constant amount of time for performing the encoding because of the relatively large window length. The encoding speed can be increased by using various known data structures, but that also increases the required memory. LZ 77 coding is relatively fast at the decoding step, however, and so it is suitable for applications which require only one encoding on a fast computer with large amounts of memory and multiple decoding, as commonly is the case with on-line help files, and electronic books.
Other techniques in LZ coding replace the sliding window dictionary with a true adaptive dictionary which accumulates phrases found in the incoming data under the broad assumption that phrases that occur once are likely to occur again. By using known data structure and hashing techniques, the comparison of the incoming data to the entries in the adaptive dictionary can be done relatively quickly. Adaptive dictionaries also have an advantage over sliding window dictionaries in that the adaptive dictionaries may include entries generated much earlier than the current incoming data, while the entries in a sliding window dictionaries are limited to the span of the window. The main drawback to adaptive dictionaries is that once the limited adaptive dictionary is full, no further entries can be made without deleting some of the existing entries. While the dictionary can be made very large so that it accommodates a large number of entries before being filled, this increases memory requirements and comparison times. | tomekkorbak/pile-curse-small | USPTO Backgrounds |
Shit with Britt: Waffles and Topples
Good news, Britt and Tiffany are back! Bad news, we did this show sober. That doesn’t mean it is PG oh no…
We start out innocent enough talking about high school graduations, teaching children about money, our credit score competition and more. Then work our way up to what Britt wants in a man, Mother’s Day, who is a rule follower and who isn’t and my upscale grill cleaning. We end with who has gotten black out drunk, who falls down when drunk and gray pubic hair. You will learn a new term: twat waffle. So stick with this one it’s worth the wait. | tomekkorbak/pile-curse-small | Pile-CC |
Kotkai
Kotkai is a union council of the Lower Dir District in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan.
Lower Dir District has 37 union councils with a population of 797,852, according to the 1998 census report. The population growth rate of the Lower Dir District was 3.42% per annum between the 1981 and 1998 censuses.
See also
Lower Dir District
External links
Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa Government website section on Lower Dir
United Nations
Category:Lower Dir District
Category:Union Councils of Lower Dir District
Category:Union councils of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa | tomekkorbak/pile-curse-small | Wikipedia (en) |
The Foundation Review
The Foundation Review is a peer-reviewed academic journal that publishes articles for foundation staff. It covers evaluation results, tools, issues confronting the philanthropic sector, and reflective practice. The journal's editor in chief is Teresa (Teri) Behrens of Grand Valley State University. The journal was established in 2009 and is published quarterly by the Dorothy A. Johnson Center for Philanthropy.
The Foundation Review is a hybrid journal, with a mix of subscriber-only and open-access content. Sponsored issues are open access. For non-sponsored issues, individual authors can pay an open-access fee. All content becomes open access after two years.
Abstracting and indexing
The Foundation Review is abstracted and indexed in Scopus and the Emerging Sources Citation Index and in the databases EBSCO, Gale, and ProQuest.
References
External links
Johnson Center for Philanthropy
Category:Philanthropy
Category:English-language journals
Category:Quarterly journals
Category:Publications established in 2009 | tomekkorbak/pile-curse-small | Wikipedia (en) |
Stephen Downing (producer)
Stephen Downing is an American television producer and screenwriter best known for such films and television series as Walking Tall, RoboCop: The Series, T. J. Hooker and MacGyver.
References
External links
Category:American television producers
Category:American television writers
Category:American film producers
Category:American screenwriters
Category:Living people
Category:Year of birth missing (living people) | tomekkorbak/pile-curse-small | Wikipedia (en) |
Poling, West Sussex
Poling is a village and civil parish in the Arun District of West Sussex, England, southeast of Arundel on a minor road south of the A27. About 25% of the parish is wooded foothill slopes of the South Downs which is the area north of the A27 here.
The 2001 Census recorded 173 people lived in 75 households, of whom 96 were economically active. At the 2011 Census the population had risen only marginally to 174.
The small village has two Grade I Listed buildings: the Church of England parish church of Saint Nicholas, (in whose churchyard the cricketer Colin Cowdrey is buried), and some remains of St John's Priory (founded by the Knights Hospitallers) beside the main road. Many of the cottages are Grade II listed.
History
Poling was an agricultural part of the Rape of Bramber, one of the traditional sub-divisions of Sussex and a former Norman barony.
In the Anglo-Saxon era Poling, like most coastal villages, had outlying areas of land in the Weald (forest) within Sussex used for summer grazing and timber production. Thus Poling gave its name to Pallingham north of Stopham and Pallinghurst west of Rudgwick. Poling also had land north of Petworth, then known as "Palinga Schittas", mentioned in a charter of AD 953. in connection with the pannage of pigs to feed on acorns.
Parish church
St. Nicholas' parish church is on the south-east edge of the village next to Manor Farm and is reached by a footpath from Poling Street, next to the Old Vicarage.
Burials in St. Nicholas' churchyard include the Kent and MCC cricketer and cricket administrator Colin Cowdrey (1932–2000) and the explorer, botanist, artist and colonial administrator Sir Harry Johnston (1858–1927). Johnston is also commemorated by a wall plaque in the nave carved by the Arts and Crafts sculptor and typeface designer Eric Gill, who lived at Ditchling, East Sussex. The main typeface used on the plaque seems to be Gill's Perpetua, which he designed in 1925 but did not release until 1929. The lower-case typeface used for the Latin quote below is not presently recognised.
References
Sources and further reading
External links
Category:Villages in West Sussex
Category:Arun District | tomekkorbak/pile-curse-small | Wikipedia (en) |
**What is already known about the topic?**
- Nursing homes play an important role in end-of-life care as an increasing number of people spend their last days in this setting.
- End-of-life hospitalizations in nursing home residents are common, although they often result in aggressive treatment, inconsistent with the residents' preferences.
- The proportion of in-hospital deaths is often considered as an indicator for potentially inappropriate care at the end of life.
**What this paper adds?**
- Our systematic review found a wide variation in the proportion of in-hospital deaths between countries but also between studies from the same country, ranging between 5.9% and 77.1%.
- More than half of all studies were conducted in the United States, and the majority of studies were limited to the place of death.
- The few studies examining age and sex differences indicate that males were more often hospitalized at the end of life or died in hospital than female residents, as were younger residents compared to residents of higher age.
**Implications for practice, theory, or policy**
- Countries or regions with low proportions of end-of-life hospitalizations should serve as examples to those with high proportions to improve end-of-life care in nursing homes by adopting targeted interventions, such as advance care planning or palliative approaches.
- Future studies should not only focus on the site of death but also examine patterns of end-of-life care.
Introduction {#section7-0269216319866648}
============
Even though palliative care, hospice care, and advance care planning have become more common in nursing homes in recent years to improve end-of-life care, these are not yet routinely available in this setting.^[@bibr1-0269216319866648],[@bibr2-0269216319866648]^ Most people wish not to die in hospital,^[@bibr3-0269216319866648][@bibr4-0269216319866648]--[@bibr5-0269216319866648]^ but do-not-hospitalize orders in nursing homes are rare, often not interpreted literally or even unknown in many countries.^[@bibr6-0269216319866648]^
Although in some situations, hospital admissions at the end of life might be considered appropriate and unavoidable,^[@bibr7-0269216319866648],[@bibr8-0269216319866648]^ it is often critically discussed whether the benefit of hospitalization outweighs potential burdens. Prior research has shown that emergency department and hospital admissions often result in various health complications like gastrointestinal or respiratory tract infection, delirium, functional decline, pressure ulcers, or antibiotic-resistant bacteria in nursing home residents.^[@bibr9-0269216319866648]^ The psychologic burden is also immense, which translates to higher emotional distress as well as a decreased quality of end-of-life care.^[@bibr10-0269216319866648],[@bibr11-0269216319866648]^ Despite this, mortality is high during hospitalizations of nursing home residents^[@bibr12-0269216319866648],[@bibr13-0269216319866648]^ and end-of-life hospitalizations within this population are often considered to measure potentially inappropriate admissions.^[@bibr14-0269216319866648],[@bibr15-0269216319866648]^
Overall, large variations in hospital deaths among the general population were found between European countries.^[@bibr16-0269216319866648]^ This also seems to be the case among nursing home residents. For instance, the percentage of in-hospital deaths of nursing home residents varies widely not only internationally (e.g. Scotland with 11%^[@bibr17-0269216319866648]^ vs the United States with about 32%)^[@bibr18-0269216319866648]^ but also between neighboring countries or even within countries.^[@bibr14-0269216319866648],[@bibr19-0269216319866648],[@bibr20-0269216319866648]^ Previous studies also analyzed different years or measured hospitalizations during different periods before death.^[@bibr21-0269216319866648][@bibr22-0269216319866648]--[@bibr23-0269216319866648]^ Nevertheless, hospitalization rates of nursing home residents steadily increase as death approaches, especially during the last month of life.^[@bibr24-0269216319866648],[@bibr25-0269216319866648]^ End-of-life hospitalizations of nursing home residents and differences between studies have not yet been systematically evaluated, however.
Therefore, the aim of our systematic review is to summarize the literature on the proportion of deceased nursing home residents with end-of-life hospitalizations. We also focused on the influence of age and sex as well as on differences across countries and time periods.
Methods {#section8-0269216319866648}
=======
A protocol was registered in the PROSPERO database (CRD42017072276). We followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) statement for reporting this systematic review.^[@bibr26-0269216319866648]^
Data sources and searches {#section9-0269216319866648}
-------------------------
The literature search was performed using PubMed, CINAHL, and Scopus, which were searched from inception until 24 October 2017 (see [Table A1 in the supplemental appendix](https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/suppl/10.1177/0269216319866648) for the search strategy). The search was rerun on 9 April 2019 to identify any relevant studies published since the original search date. We used an adapted version of the search strategy of a previous systematic review on hospitalization in nursing home residents^[@bibr27-0269216319866648]^ and added search terms for end of life. In addition, we scanned the reference lists of included studies.
Eligibility criteria {#section10-0269216319866648}
--------------------
We included studies reporting on the proportion of end-of-life hospitalizations of deceased nursing home residents due to all causes. End of life was defined as the last month before death. Therefore, studies had to provide information on the proportion of deceased nursing home residents who had been in hospital during any period in the last month of life (e.g. the last 30, 14, 7 days) or on the proportion of deceased residents who had died in hospital (i.e. in-hospital death). Published observational and interventional studies were eligible for inclusion. We also included studies from countries using other terms for nursing homes (e.g. long-term care facilities in the United States, care homes with nursing in the United Kingdom, or residential care facilities in Australia). We excluded studies on other kinds of institutions, such as assisted living facilities or long-term care hospitals. We also excluded studies limited to residents from skilled nursing facilities, as these might be quite different compared to long-term care residents. Interventional studies that neither reported baseline data nor had a control group and studies with a sample size smaller than 100 deceased nursing home residents were also excluded, as they are not considered to ensure robust and generalizable results. Furthermore, studies limited to specific groups of nursing home residents, such as residents with cognitive impairment or residents who died non-suddenly, and studies referring to specific hospital admissions (e.g. specific diagnoses) were excluded. When authors published multiple reports based on the same dataset and outcome, only the report with the larger sample size was included. No language restrictions were imposed.
Study selection and data extraction {#section11-0269216319866648}
-----------------------------------
After removing duplicates, two of the authors independently screened articles based on title and abstract for inclusion or exclusion. The full text of all articles that met the inclusion criteria was independently assessed by the two reviewers, and any disagreement was resolved by discussion or by a third reviewer.
We abstracted data for study characteristics (e.g. country, data source), resident characteristics (mean age, sex, dementia), and outcome results. We used a standardized data abstraction form. Data extraction was performed by one reviewer and verified by a second. Discrepancies were resolved by discussion or by a third reviewer. When proportions were not directly specified in the publication, we calculated it, whenever possible, by dividing the number of nursing home residents being hospitalized or dying in hospital by all deceased residents. If the original publication stratified its results by different groups, such as hospice versus non-hospice residents, we reported the results for all residents. If a study examined all discharges from the nursing homes (i.e. all deaths as well as all discharges to other facilities), we used data for deceased residents only.
Quality assessment {#section12-0269216319866648}
------------------
Two reviewers independently assessed the quality of included studies using the Joanna Briggs Institute's critical appraisal checklist for studies reporting prevalence data, which includes nine items.^[@bibr28-0269216319866648]^ We chose this tool because of its flexibility to be used across different study designs.^[@bibr29-0269216319866648]^ Any disagreement between the two reviewers was resolved by discussion. If necessary, a third reviewer was involved. The assessment of study quality was performed to establish the validity of studies, but it had no impact on the inclusion or exclusion of the study.
Data synthesis {#section13-0269216319866648}
--------------
We analyzed the results using a narrative synthesis and by calculating overall medians and interquartile ranges (IQR) to summarize proportions derived from individual studies. If a study reported proportions for several years, only the latest year was included. Data analyses were performed using SAS for Windows version 9.4 (SAS Institute Inc, Cary, North Carolina, USA). Given the expected heterogeneity between studies, a meta-analysis was not planned.
Furthermore, we analyzed differences between age and sex, when reported. We also reported the influence of facility characteristics on end-of-life hospitalizations that were statistically assessed in at least three studies. According to the protocol, a subgroup analysis was planned to compare end-of-life hospitalizations between nursing home residents with and without dementia. Since only few studies compared those two groups and most studies are limited to residents with dementia without a control group, which were excluded in this review, we decided to do a separate systematic review on this topic (PROSPERO CRD42018104263).
Results {#section14-0269216319866648}
=======
Literature search {#section15-0269216319866648}
-----------------
The literature search resulted in a total of 1696 articles, of which 123 were deemed potentially relevant. We excluded 85 full-text articles that did not meet the inclusion criteria. Full texts could not be retrieved for two studies. A total of 35 studies and 3 companion reports fulfilled our inclusion criteria ([Figure 1](#fig1-0269216319866648){ref-type="fig"}).
{#fig1-0269216319866648}
Study characteristics {#section16-0269216319866648}
---------------------
The characteristics of the 35 included studies are shown in [Table 1](#table1-0269216319866648){ref-type="table"}. The data used were generated between 1992 and 2016. More than half of all studies are from the United States (*n* = 18),^[@bibr18-0269216319866648],[@bibr20-0269216319866648],[@bibr30-0269216319866648][@bibr31-0269216319866648][@bibr32-0269216319866648][@bibr33-0269216319866648][@bibr34-0269216319866648][@bibr35-0269216319866648][@bibr36-0269216319866648][@bibr37-0269216319866648][@bibr38-0269216319866648][@bibr39-0269216319866648][@bibr40-0269216319866648][@bibr41-0269216319866648][@bibr42-0269216319866648][@bibr43-0269216319866648][@bibr44-0269216319866648]--[@bibr45-0269216319866648]^ five from Japan,^[@bibr46-0269216319866648][@bibr47-0269216319866648][@bibr48-0269216319866648][@bibr49-0269216319866648]--[@bibr50-0269216319866648]^ four from Canada,^[@bibr14-0269216319866648],[@bibr24-0269216319866648],[@bibr51-0269216319866648],[@bibr52-0269216319866648]^ two from the United Kingdom,^[@bibr17-0269216319866648],[@bibr53-0269216319866648]^ two from Australia,^[@bibr54-0269216319866648],[@bibr55-0269216319866648]^ two from Germany,^[@bibr59-0269216319866648],[@bibr60-0269216319866648]^ and one each from Belgium^[@bibr56-0269216319866648]^ and France.^[@bibr57-0269216319866648]^ The sample size ranged between 102 and 2,954,276 residents.
######
Baseline characteristics of the studies included (by country).
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Country References Data source Year of data^[a](#table-fn3-0269216319866648){ref-type="table-fn"}^ Number of deceased residents Number of included facilities Inclusion/exclusion criteria Age at death (% females) Deceased residents with dementia
--------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ---------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------ ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
United States Cai et al.^[@bibr30-0269216319866648]^ Linkage of MDS and Medicare data July 2007--September 2010 394,948 Not reported Inclusion criteria\ Mean age: 85.4 years^[b](#table-fn4-0269216319866648){ref-type="table-fn"},[c](#table-fn5-0269216319866648){ref-type="table-fn"}^ (71.6%)^[c](#table-fn5-0269216319866648){ref-type="table-fn"}^ 65.8%^[c](#table-fn5-0269216319866648){ref-type="table-fn"}^
- Residents aged ⩾65 years\
- Long-term residents (⩾90 days)\
- NH decedents defined as those who were in NH within 7 days before death
United States Cai et al.^[@bibr31-0269216319866648]^ Linkage of MDS, Medicare claims and OSCAR January 2000--December 2009 2,954,276 14,294 Inclusion criteria\ Not reported Not reported
- Residents who were in NH for the last 30 days of life\
- Freestanding NH with at least 8 years of data and at least 30 beds
United States Gozalo and Miller^[@bibr32-0269216319866648]^ Linkage of MDS, Medicare claims, OSCAR, hospice provider of service files, and ARF January 1995--December 1997 183,742 (hospice and non-hospice) Not reported Inclusion criteria\ Mean age: 85.0 years^[c](#table-fn5-0269216319866648){ref-type="table-fn"}^ (67.2%)^[c](#table-fn5-0269216319866648){ref-type="table-fn"}^ 47.1%^[c](#table-fn5-0269216319866648){ref-type="table-fn"}^
- Residents who were not enrolled in hospice before their NH admission
United States Intrator et al.^[@bibr33-0269216319866648]^ Linkage of MDS, Medicare claims, and OSCAR 2006 5379^[d](#table-fn6-0269216319866648){ref-type="table-fn"}^ 202^[d](#table-fn6-0269216319866648){ref-type="table-fn"}^ No patient characteristics as exclusion criteria Not reported Not reported
United States Kelly et al.^[@bibr34-0269216319866648]^ Interviews with family caregivers (Sample of the Health and Retirement Study) January 1992--December 2006 1817 Not reported Inclusion criteria\ Mean age: 83.3 years^[b](#table-fn4-0269216319866648){ref-type="table-fn"}^ (59.1%) Not reported
- Residents aged ⩾50 years
United States Levy et al.^[@bibr35-0269216319866648]^ MDS, Veterans Affairs Vital Statistics files, Veterans Health Administration Support Services Center Datasets Library June 2005--May 2007 7408 Not reported Inclusion criteria\ Median age: 78 years (2.5%) Not reported
- Veterans living in Veterans Affairs NH
United States Li et al.^[@bibr36-0269216319866648]^ Linkage of MDS, Medicare beneficiary file, hospice claims, and hospital claims, [LTCFocUS.org](http://LTCFocUS.org) January 2003--December 2007 1,261,726 (2007: 236,619) 16,347\ Inclusion criteria\ 2007:\ 2007: 60.9%
(2007: 15,098) - Residents aged ⩾ 65 years\ Mean age: 86.6 years (69.9%)
- Long-term residents (\> 3 months)\
- Residents who died in LTC facility or in hospital within 8 days\
Exclusion criteria\
- Rehabilitation and postacute residents\
- Residents in coma
United States Miller et al.^[@bibr37-0269216319866648]^ Linkage of survey data, MDS, Medicare claims, OSCAR, and ARF July 2009--June 2010 58,876 1981 Inclusion criteria for in-hospital death\ Not reported Not reported
- Resident died in an acute care hospital within 7 days of transfer from the NH\
Exclusion criteria\
- Residents in coma\
Exclusion criteria for any hospitalization in last 30 days of life\
- Residents with less than a 30 day total nursing home stay
United States Miller et al.^[@bibr38-0269216319866648]^ Linkage of palliative care consult data, OSCAR, MDS, Medicare claims, and ARF 2000--2010 Not reported 148 Exclusion criteria\ Not reported Not reported
- NH that operated for less than 3 years\
- Others with less than 3 years of data
United States Mukamel et al.^[@bibr39-0269216319866648]^ Linkage of MDS, Medicare enrollment files, hospital claims, and hospice claims 2003--2007 1,447,926 \>16,000 Inclusion criteria\ Mean age: 86.3 years (69.0%) Not reported
- Long-term residents (\>3 months)\
- Residents who died in NH, or within 8 days of a NH stay\
Exclusion criteria\
- Residents in coma
United States Mukamel et al.^[@bibr18-0269216319866648]^ Linkage of MDS and vital status data October 2012--September 2013 39,590 626 Inclusion criteria\ Mean age: 84.7 years (61.9%) 56.6%^[c](#table-fn5-0269216319866648){ref-type="table-fn"}^
- All residents who died in the NH or died in the hospital within 18 days of being discharged from the NH to the hospital
United States Sloane et al.^[@bibr40-0269216319866648]^ After-death interviews with staff and family respondents (Collaborative Studies of Long-Term Care (CS-LTC)) July 2002--January 2005 314^[d](#table-fn6-0269216319866648){ref-type="table-fn"}^ 31^[d](#table-fn6-0269216319866648){ref-type="table-fn"}^ Inclusion criteria\ Not reported 78.7%^[c](#table-fn5-0269216319866648){ref-type="table-fn"}^
- Having spent 15 of the last 30 days of life in a study facility\
- Having died no more than 3 days after leaving the facility
United States Temkin-Greener et al.^[@bibr41-0269216319866648]^ Linkage of MDS, Medicare beneficiary file, inpatient and hospice claims January 2005--December 2007 915,688 13,206 Inclusion criteria\ Not reported Not reported
- Residents aged ⩾65 years\
- Long-term residents (\>3 months)\
- Decedents who died in a NH or within 8 days of discharge to a different care setting\
Exclusion criteria\
- Facilities with \<20 decedents
United States Temkin-Greener et al.^[@bibr20-0269216319866648]^ Linkage of MDS, Medicare denominator file, and Medicare inpatient and hospice claims January 2003--December 2007 2,530,374 16,872 Inclusion criteria\ Age groups\ Not reported (only for Alzheimer)
- Decedents who died in a NH or within 8 days of discharge to a different care setting \<65 years: 3.6%\
65--74 years: 10.8%\
75--84 years: 28.3%\
85+ years: 57.3%\
(63.8%)
United States Temkin-Greener et al.^[@bibr42-0269216319866648]^ Linkage of MDS and vital status data October 2012--April 2016 119,486^[e](#table-fn7-0269216319866648){ref-type="table-fn"}^ 609^[e](#table-fn7-0269216319866648){ref-type="table-fn"}^ Inclusion criteria\ Mean age: 84.7 years (61.7%) 57.9%^[c](#table-fn5-0269216319866648){ref-type="table-fn"}^
- Residents aged ⩾65 years\
- Died in NH or died in acute care hospital within 18 days
United States Teno et al.^[@bibr43-0269216319866648]^ MDS, Medicare enrollment and inpatient hospitalization data, OSCAR 1999--2007 Not reported 15,784 Inclusion criteria\ Not reported for deceased residents Not reported
- Residents aged ⩾66 years\
- NH with at least 25 deaths per year\
- Residents residing in a NH at least 8 days prior to death
United States Zheng et al.^[@bibr44-0269216319866648]^ Linkage of MDS, Medicare inpatient and hospice claims January 2005--December 2007 49,048 555 Inclusion criteria\ Mean age: 87.1 years^[b](#table-fn4-0269216319866648){ref-type="table-fn"},[c](#table-fn5-0269216319866648){ref-type="table-fn"}^ (70.7%)^[c](#table-fn5-0269216319866648){ref-type="table-fn"}^ Not reported
- Residents aged ⩾ 65 years\
- Long-term residents (\> 3 months)\
- Black and white NH decedents (other minority groups were not included)\
Exclusion criteria\
- Residents who were transferred to a different NH after last MDS health assessment\
- Residents in coma\
- Decedents from facilities that are:\
- \<70 beds\
- With no black residents\
- With more than 90% of residents being black
United States Zheng et al.^[@bibr45-0269216319866648]^ Linkage of MDS and Medicare Beneficiary File, Inpatient and Hospice Claims, Provider of Services File and ARF January 2005--December 2007 747,641 (hospice and non-hospice) 14,030 Inclusion criteria\ Mean age: 86.7 years^[c](#table-fn5-0269216319866648){ref-type="table-fn"}^ (70.9%)^[c](#table-fn5-0269216319866648){ref-type="table-fn"}^ Not reported (only for Alzheimer)
- Long-term residents (\>3 months)\
Exclusion criteria\
- Facilities with less than 20 decedents\
- Residents in coma
Japan Hirano et al.^[@bibr46-0269216319866648]^ Medical records, death certificates, notes of nurses, caregivers, and counseling staff April 1998--June 2008 131^[d](#table-fn6-0269216319866648){ref-type="table-fn"}^ 1 No patient characteristics as exclusion criteria Mean age: 87.6 years^[c](#table-fn5-0269216319866648){ref-type="table-fn"}^ 90.1%^[c](#table-fn5-0269216319866648){ref-type="table-fn"}^
Japan Ikegami and Ikezaki^[@bibr47-0269216319866648]^ NH questionnaires 2009 1158 241 No patient characteristics as exclusion criteria Mean age: 88.5 years (70.5%) Not reported
Japan Nakanishi et al.^[@bibr48-0269216319866648]^ Survey data 2007, 2010, 2013 1647 Not reported Exclusion criteria\ Mean age: 88.8 years^[c](#table-fn5-0269216319866648){ref-type="table-fn"}^ (74.7%)^[c](#table-fn5-0269216319866648){ref-type="table-fn"}^ 25.8%^[c](#table-fn5-0269216319866648){ref-type="table-fn"}^
- Residents covered by respite care
Japan Shinoda-Tagawa and Ikegami^[@bibr49-0269216319866648]^ National survey data November 2002--December 2002 4175 835 No patient characteristics as exclusion criteria Mean age: 87.1 years^[c](#table-fn5-0269216319866648){ref-type="table-fn"}^ (72.3%)^[c](#table-fn5-0269216319866648){ref-type="table-fn"}^ Not reported
Japan Takezako et al.^[@bibr50-0269216319866648]^ Nursing home records (chart review) April 1999--September 2004 102^[f](#table-fn8-0269216319866648){ref-type="table-fn"}^ 1 Inclusion criteria\ Mean age: 86.6 years (77%)^[f](#table-fn8-0269216319866648){ref-type="table-fn"}^ 65%^[f](#table-fn8-0269216319866648){ref-type="table-fn"}^
- All deceased residents who died in the NH or in hospital\
Exclusion criteria\
- Those who were predicted to have a long hospital stay (\>1 month) and agreed to be discharged from the NH\
- Those who once were discharged and readmitted to the NH
Canada Krishnan et al.^[@bibr14-0269216319866648]^ Review of medical charts, Resident Assessment Instrument-Minimum Data Set (RAI-MDS), and review of death certificates April 2010--March 2013 118 1 No patient characteristics as exclusion criteria Mean age: 88.8 years (79.7%) Not reported
Canada Krishnan et al.^[@bibr51-0269216319866648]^ Data from interviews with family members May 2006--December 2008 119 Not reported No patient characteristics as exclusion criteria Mean age: 86.7 years (58.8%) 68.1%
Canada McGrego et al.^[@bibr52-0269216319866648]^ Secondary administrative data from the Ministry of Health, supplemented with facility data April 1996--August 1999 14,413 Not reported Inclusion criteria\ 65--74 years: 7.7%^[c](#table-fn5-0269216319866648){ref-type="table-fn"}^\ Not reported
- Residents aged ⩾65 years\ 75--79 years: 11.8%^[c](#table-fn5-0269216319866648){ref-type="table-fn"}^\
- Freestanding publicly funded NH\ 80--84 years: 21.1%^[c](#table-fn5-0269216319866648){ref-type="table-fn"}^\
- Died within 30 days of hospital admission\ 85--89 years: 26.9%^[c](#table-fn5-0269216319866648){ref-type="table-fn"}^\
Exclusion criteria\ 90--94 years: 20.7%^[c](#table-fn5-0269216319866648){ref-type="table-fn"}^\
- NH attached to a hospital\ ⩾95 years: 11.7%^[c](#table-fn5-0269216319866648){ref-type="table-fn"}^\
- Deaths occurring in mental health group homes, dedicated rehabilitation and palliative care facilities, those receiving respite or personal care (62.6%)^[c](#table-fn5-0269216319866648){ref-type="table-fn"}^
Canada Menec et al.^[@bibr24-0269216319866648]^ Administrative health care records January 2003--December 2004 2379 60 Inclusion criteria\ \<74 years: 9.2%^[b](#table-fn4-0269216319866648){ref-type="table-fn"}^\ Not reported
- Facilities with at least 20 deaths\ 75--84 years: 29.5%^[b](#table-fn4-0269216319866648){ref-type="table-fn"}^\
Exclusion criteria\ 85--94 years: 48.2%^[b](#table-fn4-0269216319866648){ref-type="table-fn"}^\
- Individuals who died in locations other than a hospital or LTC facility ⩾95 years: 13.1%^[b](#table-fn4-0269216319866648){ref-type="table-fn"}^\
(64.2%)
UK Finucane et al.^[@bibr17-0269216319866648]^ Case note review May 2013--January 2014 120 8 No patient characteristics as exclusion criteria Mean age:\ 74%
86 years^[b](#table-fn4-0269216319866648){ref-type="table-fn"}^\
(61.9%)^[c](#table-fn5-0269216319866648){ref-type="table-fn"}^
UK Kinley et al.^[@bibr53-0269216319866648]^ Notes and daily records from NH that were participating in the Gold Standards Framework in Care Homes (GSFCH) program June 2008--May 2011 2444 38 No patient characteristics as exclusion criteria Mean age:\ 47.5%
85 years^[b](#table-fn4-0269216319866648){ref-type="table-fn"}^\
(61%)
Australia Chapman et al.^[@bibr54-0269216319866648]^ Quasi-experimental study of specialist palliative care January 2012--December 2014^[e](#table-fn7-0269216319866648){ref-type="table-fn"}^ 173^[e](#table-fn7-0269216319866648){ref-type="table-fn"}^ 4 No patient characteristics as exclusion criteria Mean age: 86.6 years\ 30.1%^[c](#table-fn5-0269216319866648){ref-type="table-fn"},[e](#table-fn7-0269216319866648){ref-type="table-fn"}^
(63.6%)^[c](#table-fn5-0269216319866648){ref-type="table-fn"},[e](#table-fn7-0269216319866648){ref-type="table-fn"}^
Australia Horey et al.^[@bibr55-0269216319866648]^ Interviews with RACF staff and GPs, RACF manager surveys, and prospective audits of deaths and EOL care pathway use, resident records (The Good Death Project) April 2008--April 2009 267^[e](#table-fn7-0269216319866648){ref-type="table-fn"}^ 14^[e](#table-fn7-0269216319866648){ref-type="table-fn"}^ No patient characteristics as exclusion criteria Not reported Not reported
Belgium De Gendt et al.^[@bibr56-0269216319866648]^ Structured mail questionnaires September 2006--October 2006 1240^[d](#table-fn6-0269216319866648){ref-type="table-fn"}^ 318^[d](#table-fn6-0269216319866648){ref-type="table-fn"}^ No patient characteristics as exclusion criteria Mean age:\ 65.2%
86 years\
(68.9%)
France Morin et al.^[@bibr57-0269216319866648]^ with companion report^[@bibr58-0269216319866648]^ Survey data 2013 70,622 3705 Inclusion criteria\ Not reported Not reported
All deceased residents in France who died in 2012
Germany Hoffmann and Allers^[@bibr59-0269216319866648]^ with companion report^[@bibr25-0269216319866648]^ Health insurance claims data January 2010--December 2014 67,328 Not reported Inclusion criteria\ Mean age:\ 43.1%
- Residents aged ⩾65 years\ 85.3 years\
- Newly admitted to a NH between 2010 and 2014 (69.8%)
Germany Ramroth et al.^[@bibr60-0269216319866648]^ with companion report^[@bibr61-0269216319866648]^ Data from examinations by the medical service of the social health insurance plans and records of the health insurance plans 2000--2001 792 97 Inclusion criteria\ Mean age:\ Not reported
- Newly admitted to a NH in 2000 84.7 years^[b](#table-fn4-0269216319866648){ref-type="table-fn"}^\
(70.7%)
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
MDS: minimum data set; NH: nursing home; OSCAR: online survey certification and reporting system; ARF: area resource file; LTC: long-term care; RACF: residential aged care facility; GP: general practitioner; EOL: end of life.
Proportions are reported with one decimal place (provided decimal places were given or could be calculated).
Month of data collection are reported whenever these were provided in the respective study.
Age/dementia not (explicitly) reported for the time of death.
Calculated by the reviewers based on data given in the publication.
Sample differs from the total study sample as we were only interested in deceased nursing home residents.
Residents included in control/baseline group or pre-implementation period.
Study inclusion criteria required that residents had not died suddenly (*n* = 86), we added the given number of sudden deaths (*n* = 16); data for age, sex, and dementia apply only to the residents who died non-suddenly.
Overall, 26 and 25 studies included in the review reported data on all deceased residents' age and sex, respectively. The mean or median age in the studies ranged from 70 to 89 years and was measured at different points of time, for example, age at nursing home admission or at time of death. Female residents were in the majority in 24 studies, ranging from 59.1% to 79.7%. One study examined decedents from veteran nursing homes with predominantly male residents.^[@bibr35-0269216319866648]^ The proportion of residents with dementia was reported in 15 studies and varied between 25.8% and 90.1% (median: 60.9%; IQR: 47.1%--68.1%).
Methodological quality and risk of bias {#section17-0269216319866648}
---------------------------------------
The quality assessment for each study is presented in [Table A2 (supplemental appendix)](https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/suppl/10.1177/0269216319866648). In a total of 25 studies (71.4%), the sample frame was appropriate to address the target population of all nursing home residents. In the majority of studies (88.6%), study participants were sampled in an appropriate way, and the sample size was adequate in 77.1%. End-of-life hospitalizations were measured with valid methods in most studies (74.3%).
In-hospital deaths {#section18-0269216319866648}
------------------
Overall, 29 out of 35 studies reported a proportion of in-hospital deaths, which ranged from 5.9% in a Canadian study^[@bibr14-0269216319866648]^ to 77.1% in a study from Japan^[@bibr46-0269216319866648]^ ([Table 2](#table2-0269216319866648){ref-type="table"}), with an overall median of 22.6% (IQR: 16.3%--29.5%). Comparing countries with three or more studies, the country with the highest median rate of in-hospital deaths was Japan (52.7%; IQR: 49.0%--64.1%; *n* = 5). The United States and Canada had a median proportion of in-hospital deaths of 17.5% (IQR: 16.0%--22.6%; *n* = 13) and 19.1% (IQR: 5.9%--24.6%; *n* = 3), respectively.
######
Results of the studies included.
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Country References Year of data Proportion of residents with hospitalizations during the last month of life Proportion of in-hospital deaths
--------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
United States Cai et al.^[@bibr30-0269216319866648]^ 2007--2010 Last 30 days of life: 33.0%^[a](#table-fn10-0269216319866648){ref-type="table-fn"}^ --
United States Cai et al.^[@bibr31-0269216319866648]^ 2000--2009 Last 30 days of life\ --
2000: 24.8%\
2009: 33.3%
United States Gozalo and Miller^[@bibr32-0269216319866648]^ 1995--1997 Last 30 days of life: 42.0%^[a](#table-fn10-0269216319866648){ref-type="table-fn"}^ --
United States Intrator et al.^[@bibr33-0269216319866648]^ 2006 -- 17.5%
United States Kelly et al.^[@bibr34-0269216319866648]^ 1992--2006 -- 22.6%
United States Levy et al.^[@bibr35-0269216319866648]^ 2005--2007 -- 13.4%
United States Li et al.^[@bibr36-0269216319866648]^ 2003--2007 -- 2003: 16.5%\
2004: 17.2%\
2005: 17.0%\
2006: 16.5%\
2007: 16.3%
United States Miller et al.^[@bibr37-0269216319866648]^ 2009--2010 Last 30 days of life: 30.9% 15.0%
United States Miller et al.^[@bibr38-0269216319866648]^ 2000--2010 Last 30 days of life: 29% 16%
United States Mukamel et al.^[@bibr39-0269216319866648]^ 2003--2007 -- 20.3%
United States Mukamel et al.^[@bibr18-0269216319866648]^ 2012--2013 -- 31.7%
United States Sloane et al.^[@bibr40-0269216319866648]^ 2002--2005 Last month of life: 25.5%^[a](#table-fn10-0269216319866648){ref-type="table-fn"}^ 8.4%^[a](#table-fn10-0269216319866648){ref-type="table-fn"}^
United States Temkin-Greener et al.^[@bibr41-0269216319866648]^ 2005--2007 -- 17.4%
United States Temkin-Greener et al.^[@bibr20-0269216319866648]^ 2003--2007 Last 30 days of life\ 2003: 20.6%\
2003: 31.9%\ 2004: 20.5%\
2004: 33.4%\ 2005: 20.5%\
2005: 33.8%\ 2006: 20.3%\
2006: 34.1%\ 2007: 20.3%
2007: 34.7%
United States Temkin-Greener et al.^[@bibr42-0269216319866648]^ 2012--2016 -- 31.2^[b](#table-fn11-0269216319866648){ref-type="table-fn"}^
United States Teno et al.^[@bibr43-0269216319866648]^ 1999--2007 Last 7 days of life\ --
1999: 15.0%\
2007: 14.8%
United States Zheng et al.^[@bibr44-0269216319866648]^ 2005--2007 -- 25.6%^[a](#table-fn10-0269216319866648){ref-type="table-fn"}^
United States Zheng et al.^[@bibr45-0269216319866648]^ 2005--2007 Last 30 days of life: 33.0%^[a](#table-fn10-0269216319866648){ref-type="table-fn"}^ --
Japan Hirano et al.^[@bibr46-0269216319866648]^ 1998--2008 -- 77.1%
Japan Ikegami and Ikezaki^[@bibr47-0269216319866648]^ 2009 -- 52.7%^[a](#table-fn10-0269216319866648){ref-type="table-fn"}^
Japan Nakanishi et al.^[@bibr48-0269216319866648]^ 2007, 2010, 2013 -- 46.9%^[a](#table-fn10-0269216319866648){ref-type="table-fn"}^
Japan Shinoda-Tagawa and Ikegami^[@bibr49-0269216319866648]^ 2002 -- 64.1%
Japan Takezako et al.^[@bibr50-0269216319866648]^ 1999--2004 -- 49.0%^[a](#table-fn10-0269216319866648){ref-type="table-fn"}^
Canada Krishnan et al.^[@bibr14-0269216319866648]^ 2010--2013 -- 5.9%
Canada Krishnan et al.^[@bibr51-0269216319866648]^ 2006--2008 Last month of life: 69.7% --
Canada McGregor et al.^[@bibr52-0269216319866648]^ 1996--1999 Last 30 days of life: 30.6%^[a](#table-fn10-0269216319866648){ref-type="table-fn"}^ 24.6%
Canada Menec et al.^[@bibr24-0269216319866648]^ 2003--2004 -- 19.1%
UK Finucane et al.^[@bibr17-0269216319866648]^ 2013--2014 -- 10.8%^[a](#table-fn10-0269216319866648){ref-type="table-fn"}^
UK Kinley et al.^[@bibr53-0269216319866648]^ 2008--2011 Last month of life: 34% 27%
Australia Chapman et al.^[@bibr54-0269216319866648]^ 2012--2014 -- 24.9%^[a](#table-fn10-0269216319866648){ref-type="table-fn"},\ [b](#table-fn11-0269216319866648){ref-type="table-fn"}^
Australia Horey et al.^[@bibr55-0269216319866648]^ 2008--2009 -- 14.2%^[b](#table-fn11-0269216319866648){ref-type="table-fn"}^
Belgium De Gendt et al.^[@bibr56-0269216319866648]^ 2006 -- 19.7%
France Morin et al.^[@bibr57-0269216319866648]^ 2013 -- 25.3%
Germany Allers and Hoffmann^[@bibr25-0269216319866648],[@bibr59-0269216319866648]^ 2010--2014 Last month of life: 51.5%\ 29.5%
Last week of life: 37.4%
Germany Ramroth et al.^[@bibr62-0269216319866648]^ 2000--2001 -- 28.9%
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Proportions are reported with one decimal place (provided decimal places were given in the publication or could be calculated).
Calculated from data given in the publication.
Data refer to control group/baseline group or pre-implementation period.
Nine studies provided sex-specific proportions of in-hospital deaths, and this proportion was greater in males in all studies.^[@bibr14-0269216319866648],[@bibr20-0269216319866648],[@bibr24-0269216319866648],[@bibr35-0269216319866648],[@bibr47-0269216319866648][@bibr48-0269216319866648]--[@bibr49-0269216319866648],[@bibr52-0269216319866648],[@bibr59-0269216319866648]^ Ten studies compared age distribution by place of death. Eight out of these 10 studies found that older residents died less often in hospital than younger residents,^[@bibr20-0269216319866648],[@bibr24-0269216319866648],[@bibr46-0269216319866648][@bibr47-0269216319866648][@bibr48-0269216319866648]--[@bibr49-0269216319866648],[@bibr52-0269216319866648],[@bibr59-0269216319866648]^ while two studies found no difference between the mean/median age of those who died in a nursing home and those who died in a hospital.^[@bibr14-0269216319866648],[@bibr35-0269216319866648]^ Nine studies used logistic regression to determine the relationship between in-hospital death and age and sex. Male residents were significantly more likely to die in hospital in four studies,^[@bibr36-0269216319866648],[@bibr47-0269216319866648],[@bibr52-0269216319866648],[@bibr59-0269216319866648]^ while four further studies^[@bibr18-0269216319866648],[@bibr24-0269216319866648],[@bibr44-0269216319866648],[@bibr49-0269216319866648]^ found higher odds for male residents, but the figures were not statistically significant. In one study, female sex was associated with slightly higher odds of in-hospital death.^[@bibr39-0269216319866648]^ Younger age was associated with a higher likelihood of in-hospital death in all nine studies ([Table 3](#table3-0269216319866648){ref-type="table"}).^[@bibr18-0269216319866648],[@bibr24-0269216319866648],[@bibr36-0269216319866648],[@bibr39-0269216319866648],[@bibr44-0269216319866648],[@bibr47-0269216319866648],[@bibr49-0269216319866648],[@bibr52-0269216319866648],[@bibr59-0269216319866648]^
######
End-of-life hospitalizations by age and sex.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Country References Hospitalizations during the last month of life by age and sex In-hospital deaths by age and sex
--------------- -------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------ ----------------------------------------------------------------------- -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
United States Gozalo and Miller^[@bibr32-0269216319866648]^ -- Last 30 days of life\ -- --
Age\
\<75 years: Reference\
75--80 years: OR = 1.03 (95% CI = 0.99--1.07)\
80--85 years: OR = 0.99 (95% CI = 0.95--1.03)\
85--90 years: OR = 0.95 (95% CI = 0.91--0.98)\
90+ years: OR = 0.78 (95% CI = 0.74--0.81)\
Sex\
Male: OR = 1.07 (95% CI = 1.05--1.10)\
Female: Reference
United States Levy et al.^[@bibr35-0269216319866648]^ -- -- Median age of residents that died in\ --
Hospital: 78.6 years vs\
NH: 78.1 years, *p* = 0.26\
Sex\
Male: 13.5%^[a](#table-fn14-0269216319866648){ref-type="table-fn"}^\
Female: 12.0%^[a](#table-fn14-0269216319866648){ref-type="table-fn"}^
United States Li et al.^[@bibr36-0269216319866648]^ -- -- -- Age (in years)\
OR = 0.70 (95% CI = 0.50--0.98)\
Sex\
Male: Reference\
Female: OR = 0.93 (95% CI = 0.90--0.95)
United States Mukamel et al.^[@bibr39-0269216319866648]^ -- -- -- Age (in years)\
OR = 0.71,^[a](#table-fn14-0269216319866648){ref-type="table-fn"}^ *p* \< 0.001\
Sex\
Male: Reference\
Female: OR = 1.06,^[a](#table-fn14-0269216319866648){ref-type="table-fn"}^ *p* \< 0.001
United States Mukamel et al.^[@bibr18-0269216319866648]^ -- -- -- Age (in years)\
OR = 0.98,^[a](#table-fn14-0269216319866648){ref-type="table-fn"}^ *p* \< 0.001\
Sex\
Male: OR = 1.06,^[a](#table-fn14-0269216319866648){ref-type="table-fn"}^ *p* ⩾ 0.05\
Female: Reference
United States Temkin-Greener et al.^[@bibr20-0269216319866648]^ -- -- Age\ --
\<65 years: 28.0%\
65--74 years: 25.6%\
75--84 years: 23.1%\
85+ years: 17.7%\
Sex\
Male: 22.4%\
Female: 19.3%
United States Zheng et al.^[@bibr44-0269216319866648]^ -- -- -- Age\
\<80 years: Reference\
80--90 years: OR = 0.90 (95% CI = 0.85--0.96)\
\>90 years: OR = 0.77 (95% CI = 0.72--082)\
Sex\
Male: Reference\
Female: OR = 0.99 (95% CI = 0.94--1.04)
Japan Hirano et al.^[@bibr46-0269216319866648]^ -- -- Mean age of residents that died in\ --
Hospital: 86.5 years vs\
NH: 91.3 years
Japan Ikegami and Ikezaki^[@bibr47-0269216319866648]^ -- -- Mean age of residents that died in\ Association with dying in a NH\
Hospital: 87.9 years vs\ Age (in years)\
NH: 89.2 years\ Unadjusted OR = 1.02 (95% CI = 1.00--1.04)\
Proportion of male residents that died in\ Sex\
Hospital: 32.2% vs\ Male: Reference\
NH: 26.5% Female: Unadjusted OR = 1.33 (95% CI = 1.03--1.71)
Japan Nakanishi et al.^[@bibr48-0269216319866648]^ -- -- Mean age of residents that died in\ --
Hospital: 87.7 years vs\
NH: 89.8 years, *p* \< 0.001\
Sex\
Male: 56.6%^[a](#table-fn14-0269216319866648){ref-type="table-fn"}^\
Female: 43.7%^[a](#table-fn14-0269216319866648){ref-type="table-fn"}^
Japan Shinoda-Tagawa and Ikegami^[@bibr49-0269216319866648]^ -- -- Mean age of residents that died in\ Association with dying in a NH\
Hospital: 86.4 years vs\ Age (in years): OR = 1.02 (95% CI = 1.01--1.05)\
NH: 88.5 years, *p* \< 0.001\ Sex\
Sex\ Male: OR = 0.8 (95% CI = 0.6--1.2)\
Male: 70.4%^[a](#table-fn14-0269216319866648){ref-type="table-fn"}^\ Female: Reference
Female: 61.6%^[a](#table-fn14-0269216319866648){ref-type="table-fn"}^
Canada Krishnan et al.^[@bibr14-0269216319866648]^ -- -- Mean age of residents that died in\ --
Hospital: 88.9 years vs\
NH: 88.8 years, *p* = 0.992\
Sex\
Male: 8.3%\
Female: 5.3%, *p* = 0.629
Canada McGregor et al.^[@bibr52-0269216319866648]^ -- -- Age\ Age\
65--74 years: 34.2%\ 65--74 years: Reference\
75--79 years: 27.7%\ 75--79 years: OR = 0.69 (95% CI = 0.58--0.83)\
80--84 years: 26.5%\ 80--84 years: OR = 0.63 (95% CI = 0.53--0.74)\
85--89 years: 25.2%\ 85--89 years: OR = 0.57 (95% CI = 0.48--0.66)\
90--94 years: 21.5%\ 90--94 years: OR = 0.45 (95% CI = 0.38--0.53)\
95+ years: 15.5%\ 95+ years: OR = 0.33 (95% CI = 0.27--0.40)\
Sex\ Sex\
Male: 27.8%\ Male: OR = 1.17 (95% CI = 1.07--1.27)\
Female: 22.7% Female: Reference
Canada Menec et al.^[@bibr24-0269216319866648]^ -- -- Age\ Age\
⩽74 years: 29.2%\ ⩽74 years: OR = 3.308 (95% CI = 1.990--5.497)\
75--84 years: 24.0%\ 75--84 years: OR = 2.792 (95% CI = 1.814--4.295)\
85--94 years: 16.7%\ 85--94 years: OR = 1.839 (95% CI = 1.213--2.787)\
95+ years: 9.9%\ 95+ years: Reference\
Sex\ Sex\
Male: 21.7%\ Male: OR = 1.187 (95% CI = 0.945--1.492)\
Female: 17.6% Female: Reference
Germany Hoffmann and Allers^[@bibr59-0269216319866648]^ -- -- Age\ Age\
65--74 years: 27.5% (26.5%--28.6%)\ 65--74 years: OR = 1.50 (95% CI = 1.37--1.64)\
75--84 years: 32.1% (31.5%--32.8%)\ 75--84 years: OR = 1.77 (95% CI = 1.64--1.91)\
85--94 years: 29.6% (29.1%--30.1%)\ 85--94 years: OR = 1.49 (95% CI = 1.39--1.60)\
95+ years: 21.7% (20.6%--22.9%)\ 95+ years: Reference\
Sex\ Sex\
Male: 32.4% (31.8%--33.1%)\ Male: OR = 1.24 (95% CI = 1.19--1.28)\
Female: 28.3% (27.9%--28.7%) Female: Reference
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
OR: odds ratio; CI: confidence interval; NH: nursing home.
Proportions are reported with one decimal place (provided decimal places were given in the publication or could be calculated).
Calculated from data given in the publication.
Four studies assessed the time spent in hospital before death. One study from Germany reported that the terminal hospital stay lasted on average 9 days and the length of hospital stay was 1 day in 9.8%, up to 3 days in 32.6% and up to 7 days in 58.8%.^[@bibr60-0269216319866648]^ Another study from Germany also reported that the last hospital stay lasted less than 3 days for 33.2% of residents who died in hospital,^[@bibr60-0269216319866648]^ while another study from Scotland found that of the 13 residents who died in hospital, 7 died within 3 days of admission (53.8%).^[@bibr17-0269216319866648]^ A study from Japan showed that 18% of those who died in hospital died within 24 h of admission.^[@bibr49-0269216319866648]^
Hospitalizations during the last month of life {#section19-0269216319866648}
----------------------------------------------
Twelve out of the 35 studies (eight from the United States, two from Canada, and one each from the United Kingdom and Germany) assessed the proportion of residents being in hospital during the last month of life and found proportions ranging from 25.5% to 69.7% ([Table 2](#table2-0269216319866648){ref-type="table"}).^[@bibr20-0269216319866648],[@bibr25-0269216319866648],[@bibr30-0269216319866648][@bibr31-0269216319866648]--[@bibr32-0269216319866648],[@bibr37-0269216319866648],[@bibr38-0269216319866648],[@bibr40-0269216319866648],[@bibr45-0269216319866648],[@bibr51-0269216319866648][@bibr52-0269216319866648]--[@bibr53-0269216319866648]^ The overall median of the 12 studies was 33.2% (IQR: 30.8%--38.4%).
Only one study examined the influence of age and sex on hospitalizations in the last month of life. Logistic regression was used in this study, and male sex was associated with a higher likelihood, whereas older age was associated with a lower likelihood of hospitalization in the last month of life ([Table 3](#table3-0269216319866648){ref-type="table"}).^[@bibr32-0269216319866648]^
Besides in-hospital deaths (*n* = 29) and hospitalizations during the last month of life (*n* = 12), only one further period was assessed. Two studies examined the hospitalizations in the last week of life, reporting a proportion of end-of-life hospitalizations of 14.8%^[@bibr43-0269216319866648]^ and 37.4%^[@bibr25-0269216319866648]^ ([Table 2](#table2-0269216319866648){ref-type="table"}). Differences by age and sex were not assessed.
Longitudinal trends {#section20-0269216319866648}
-------------------
Four studies, all from the United States, assessed trends over time.^[@bibr20-0269216319866648],[@bibr31-0269216319866648],[@bibr36-0269216319866648],[@bibr43-0269216319866648]^ Two studies analyzed a period of 5 years,^[@bibr20-0269216319866648],[@bibr36-0269216319866648]^ one of 9 years^[@bibr43-0269216319866648]^ and one of 10 years^[@bibr31-0269216319866648]^ up to the year 2009. Findings varied between studies. While in two studies, in-hospital deaths and hospitalizations during the last 7 days of life remained virtually unchanged,^[@bibr36-0269216319866648],[@bibr43-0269216319866648]^ one study found an increase in hospitalizations during the last 30 days of life from 24.8% in 2000 to 33.3% in 2009.^[@bibr31-0269216319866648]^ Another study found an increase in the likelihood of in-hospital death in a multivariable analysis between 2003 and 2007, as well as in the proportion with hospitalizations during the last 30 days of life.^[@bibr20-0269216319866648]^
Influence of facility characteristics on end-of-life hospitalizations {#section21-0269216319866648}
---------------------------------------------------------------------
Facility characteristics reported in at least three studies were for-profit ownership, smaller nursing home size, higher number of registered nurses, and availability of physicians ([Table 4](#table4-0269216319866648){ref-type="table"}). The nine studies included were from the United States (*n* = 3),^[@bibr36-0269216319866648],[@bibr38-0269216319866648],[@bibr41-0269216319866648]^ Canada (*n* = 3),^[@bibr24-0269216319866648],[@bibr51-0269216319866648],[@bibr52-0269216319866648]^ and Japan (*n* = 3).^[@bibr47-0269216319866648],[@bibr49-0269216319866648],[@bibr50-0269216319866648]^ The results were rather inconclusive. While two studies found that for-profit facilities had higher odds of in-hospital death,^[@bibr24-0269216319866648],[@bibr41-0269216319866648]^ two others reported no significant differences.^[@bibr36-0269216319866648],[@bibr52-0269216319866648]^ Four out of five studies reported no association with respect to nursing home size.^[@bibr36-0269216319866648],[@bibr41-0269216319866648],[@bibr49-0269216319866648],[@bibr51-0269216319866648],[@bibr52-0269216319866648]^ While in some studies a higher number of registered nurses or a higher availability of physicians was associated with a decreased chance of end-of-life hospitalization,^[@bibr36-0269216319866648],[@bibr49-0269216319866648],[@bibr50-0269216319866648]^ others reported no significant results.^[@bibr38-0269216319866648],[@bibr41-0269216319866648],[@bibr47-0269216319866648],[@bibr51-0269216319866648]^
######
Influence of facility characteristics on end-of-life hospitalizations.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Facility characteristics ↑\ ↔\ ↓\
(increase of end-of-life hospitalization) (no significant association) (decrease of end-of-life hospitalization)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------
For-profit ownership Menec et al.^[@bibr24-0269216319866648]^\ Li et al.^[@bibr36-0269216319866648]^\ --
Temkin-Greener et al.^[@bibr41-0269216319866648]^ McGregor et al.^[@bibr52-0269216319866648]^
Small NH size McGregor et al.^[@bibr52-0269216319866648]^ Temkin-Greener et al.^[@bibr41-0269216319866648]^\ --
Li et al.^[@bibr36-0269216319866648]^\
Shinoda-Tagawa and Ikegami^[@bibr49-0269216319866648]^\
Krishnan et al.^[@bibr51-0269216319866648]^
Staffing capacity/higher number of registered nurse hours per resident per day -- Miller et al.^[@bibr38-0269216319866648]^\ Li et al.^[@bibr36-0269216319866648]^
Temkin-Greener et al.^[@bibr41-0269216319866648]^
Availability of physicians -- Ikegami and Ikezaki^[@bibr47-0269216319866648]^\ Takezako et al.^[@bibr50-0269216319866648]^\
Krishnan et al.^[@bibr51-0269216319866648]^ Shinoda-Tagawa and Ikegami^[@bibr49-0269216319866648]^
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
NH: nursing home.
Discussion {#section22-0269216319866648}
==========
Main findings {#section23-0269216319866648}
-------------
We systematically examined the epidemiology of hospitalizations shortly before death and found the proportions of in-hospital deaths ranging from 5.9% to 77.1% across studies, with a median of 22.6%. In studies assessing the last month of life, there was less heterogeneity, with about one-third of residents being hospitalized within the last month of life. More than half of all studies were conducted in the United States. The majority of studies reported proportions of in-hospital deaths, and only one-third of studies assessed other periods during the last month before death. Most studies indicate that males were more often transferred to hospitals at the end of life and died in hospital than female residents, as were younger residents compared to residents of higher age. However, few studies examined differences between age and sex, and only four studies assessed trends, showing mixed findings.
On one hand, we found varying prevalences of end-of-life hospitalizations across countries. Overall, the highest median proportion was reported for Japan, with more than half of residents dying in hospital.^[@bibr46-0269216319866648][@bibr47-0269216319866648][@bibr48-0269216319866648]--[@bibr49-0269216319866648]^ One explanation for frequent end-of-life hospitalizations in Japan compared to Western countries is that many Japanese nursing homes do not provide 24-h nursing care.^[@bibr47-0269216319866648]^ The study with the lowest proportion of in-hospital deaths is from Canada. The authors suggest as one reason that this low proportion may be related to a full-time nurse practitioner who is available within the facility as well as the high frequency of advance care planning.^[@bibr14-0269216319866648]^ The latter might be supported by our finding of lower proportions of in-hospital deaths in countries that already have comprehensive advance care planning programs (e.g. Australia, Belgium) compared to countries with less implementation of advance care planning (e.g. Germany, Japan). Advance care planning aims to define a person's preferences regarding future medical treatment and care before their health deteriorates.^[@bibr62-0269216319866648]^ In this way, unwanted transfers to hospital at the end of life can be reduced, while the use of palliative care, the quality of life, and patient satisfaction with care can be increased.^[@bibr1-0269216319866648],[@bibr62-0269216319866648],[@bibr63-0269216319866648]^ Instead of life-prolonging treatments, palliative care approaches and quality of life seem to play a more important role in some countries like the Netherlands.^[@bibr16-0269216319866648],[@bibr64-0269216319866648]^ For instance, the majority of residents with dementia had a palliative care goal on the day of death in a Dutch study although advance directives were rare.^[@bibr65-0269216319866648]^ Furthermore, the availability of skilled nursing home professionals and medical resources probably explain why in some countries a greater percentage of residents die in the nursing home instead of a hospital.^[@bibr16-0269216319866648],[@bibr66-0269216319866648]^
On the other hand, even in a given country, the proportions of in-hospital deaths varied widely, for example, ranging from 8.4% to 31.7% in the United States. Our findings are in line with those of Temkin-Greener et al.^[@bibr20-0269216319866648]^ and Levy et al.,^[@bibr67-0269216319866648]^ who found substantial, though much smaller, variation across different regions in the United States. This is also consistent with a French study showing major regional differences.^[@bibr57-0269216319866648]^ Explanations for such variations discussed by the authors include different state regulation policies^[@bibr20-0269216319866648]^ as well as differences in region-specific end-of-life practices and medical cultures as well as varying perceptions with regard to hospitalizations.^[@bibr57-0269216319866648]^ In addition, several studies found that advance care planning or the presence of advance directives including do-not-hospitalize and do-not-resuscitate orders as well as hospice care were associated with lower proportions of end-of-life hospitalization, irrespective of the country where the study was conducted.^[@bibr20-0269216319866648],[@bibr32-0269216319866648],[@bibr33-0269216319866648],[@bibr45-0269216319866648],[@bibr54-0269216319866648],[@bibr56-0269216319866648]^
With increasing age, residents are less likely to be transferred to hospital near end of life which suggests less aggressive treatment in older age. Although the findings on the influence of sex on end-of-life hospitalizations are less conclusive, some studies indicate that male sex was associated with higher proportions and odds of end-of-life hospitalizations, including when controlling for age. These sex differences were also found when assessing all hospitalizations of nursing home residents, not restricting to end of life,^[@bibr27-0269216319866648]^ as well as for populations outside the nursing home.^[@bibr16-0269216319866648]^ This suggests that men may receive more aggressive treatment compared to women. The reasons for these differences, however, are not clear.^[@bibr27-0269216319866648],[@bibr68-0269216319866648]^
Besides the above-mentioned aspects, there might also be other relevant resident as well as facility-level characteristics predicting end-of-life hospitalizations. We assessed the influence of facility characteristics on end-of-life hospitalizations and found inconclusive results. However, we only included facility characteristics that were reported in at last three studies to be able to draw robust conclusions and hence not included all potential characteristics that might have an influence. However, a general problem is that many variables are not operationalized uniformly and results are therefore difficult to compare. For example, seven studies investigated the influence of the length of nursing home stay with different operationalization (e.g. categorical, with long-stay (⩾90 days) vs short stay (\<90 days), or continuous, in mean number of days) and showed inconclusive findings.^[@bibr14-0269216319866648],[@bibr18-0269216319866648],[@bibr20-0269216319866648],[@bibr32-0269216319866648],[@bibr35-0269216319866648],[@bibr49-0269216319866648],[@bibr59-0269216319866648]^
Furthermore, the time or period at which a study was conducted may also play a role, as, for example, advance care planning has become more common in recent years. Overall, we found only four studies investigating trends over time, which were all conducted in the United States, analyzed data only up to 2009, and showed inconclusive findings. Also, when comparing temporal trends for in-hospital deaths, no clear pattern could be observed. However, comparability is limited due to the heterogeneity of the studies. Nevertheless, studies from the United States found that an increasing number of nursing homes introduced initiatives that aim at reducing potentially avoidable hospitalization.^[@bibr69-0269216319866648],[@bibr70-0269216319866648]^ Those initiatives show promising results, especially by integrating advanced practice registered nurses and interdisciplinary support teams.^[@bibr70-0269216319866648][@bibr71-0269216319866648]--[@bibr72-0269216319866648]^ This might indicate a shift to an improvement of end-of-life care. However, more studies reporting on trends and including more recent years are needed to support this conclusion.
It is important to bear in mind that we included all studies reporting a proportion of end-of-life hospitalizations, irrespective of whether or not this was the primary outcome. Therefore, we included studies that focus on different research questions, such as racial disparities, advance care planning interventions, palliative care consultations, or the effect of hospice use on terminal hospitalization. Moreover, three studies focused on only one facility and, therefore, their generalizability might be limited. Although we included 35 studies in our review, not all of these studies used end-of-life hospitalizations as a main outcome, and only some studies assessed differences between age or sex (*n* = 15). Out of 35 included studies, 12 studies focused on the last month and just 2 studies on the last week of life, while the majority of studies reported in-hospital deaths only. Thus, important information about the extent and patterns of end-of-life hospitalizations may be missed.^[@bibr24-0269216319866648]^ Furthermore, just four studies examined length of stay of the last hospitalization, finding that large proportions of residents died shortly after being admitted to hospital. Clearly, more research on hospitalizations in this vulnerable phase of life is needed.
Strengths and limitations {#section24-0269216319866648}
-------------------------
This is the first systematic review that summarizes the existing evidence on the frequency of end-of-life hospitalizations in nursing home residents. However, there are some limitations that must be considered. We might have missed studies that did not focus on end-of-life hospitalizations but mention such a proportion in the full text. However, we used a comprehensive search strategy and screened more than 100 full texts and the references of all included studies, resulting in 35 studies being included in this systematic review. Furthermore, we did not exclude studies based on language or time period.
While some studies compared death occurring in nursing homes to those in hospital only, other studies examined the place of death also, including death at home, at other facilities or in hospice, which might lead to small differences in the relative proportions when comparing the frequency of in-hospital deaths between those studies. However, as only very few residents die outside the nursing home or the hospital, these differences should have little effect on our findings.
To increase comparability, we excluded studies on specific subgroups, such as cognitively impaired residents or sudden deaths. However, the included studies focused on various kinds of research questions, for example, comparing hospice versus non-hospice residents or identifying racial differences. In addition, populations varied widely; for example, studies consisted of residents with different life expectancies, and one study included only veterans. Therefore, comparability is limited. In addition, differences between health care systems as well as types of long-term care facilities limit comparability between countries. Nevertheless, this review provides a comprehensive overview of the global extent of hospitalization of nursing home residents near the end of life.
Conclusion {#section25-0269216319866648}
==========
There is a wide variation in the proportion of nursing home residents with end-of-life hospitalizations not only between countries but also between studies from the same countries. Overall, hospitalizations at the end of life are common among nursing home residents. Countries or regions with low proportions should serve as examples to those with high proportions to improve end-of-life care in nursing homes by adopting targeted interventions, such as advance care planning or palliative approaches. Future studies should not limit their focus on the location of death but also examine the patterns of care during the last weeks of life as well as time spent in hospital before death. Moreover, studies outside the United States that stratify findings by age and sex as well as studies on trends over time are warranted.
Supplemental Material {#section26-0269216319866648}
=====================
###### Supplementary_file_1\_search_strategy -- Supplemental material for Hospitalizations of nursing home residents at the end of life: A systematic review
######
Click here for additional data file.
Supplemental material, Supplementary_file_1\_search_strategy for Hospitalizations of nursing home residents at the end of life: A systematic review by Katharina Allers, Falk Hoffmann and Rieke Schnakenberg in Palliative Medicine
Supplemental Material {#section27-0269216319866648}
=====================
###### Supplementary_Table_2 -- Supplemental material for Hospitalizations of nursing home residents at the end of life: A systematic review
######
Click here for additional data file.
Supplemental material, Supplementary_Table_2 for Hospitalizations of nursing home residents at the end of life: A systematic review by Katharina Allers, Falk Hoffmann and Rieke Schnakenberg in Palliative Medicine
**Author contributions:** All authors were involved in the development of study concept. K.A. performed the literature search. K.A., F.H., and R.S. participated in the selection of literature, in the data extraction, in the quality assessment, in the analysis of the literature, and wrote the manuscript. All authors reviewed earlier versions of the manuscript and read and approved the final manuscript.
**Declaration of conflicting interests:** The author(s) declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.
**Funding:** The author(s) received no financial support for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.
**ORCID iD:** Katharina Allers  <https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3458-8124>
**Supplemental material:** Supplemental material for this article is available online.
| tomekkorbak/pile-curse-small | PubMed Central |
A comparison of magnetic resonance imaging and arthroscopic evaluation of chondral lesions of the knee.
This study compared the sensitivity of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to arthroscopy in detecting localized chondral lesions of the knee, especially lesion depth, in 28 patients with 32 femoral and tibial lesions. Average patient age was 24.3 years. Chondral lesions were classified according to five grades. The sensitivity of MRI was 100% for grade 3 (deep) and higher lesions, but was less for superficial chondral lesions. Arthroscopic and MRI grades coincided for only three lesions. Magnetic resonance imaging was not so accurate regarding depth even for deep chondral lesions, although subchondral lesions undetectable by arthroscopy often were detected by MRI. | tomekkorbak/pile-curse-small | PubMed Abstracts |
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Fantastic romance suspense 5 By gingin615 Squeez!! This is my jam all the way! A new series, terrific writing, fabulous characters, a dangerous mission and a steamy romance. Everything I've come to expect from this amazing author and her wonderful storytelling. The owner of the new group, Jameson Force Security is Kynan, a hunky Brit with a sexy accent, a dominant personality and killer skills. His first mission is keeping a former flame alive and try to avoid left over feelings. Not happening when the former flame is a beauty and his only love. Joslyn left Kynan based on bad information but she trusts him to save her from a devious stalker out to kill her. She's also never gotten over Kynan. They're a sexy couple with real feelings. In the midst of his mission Kynan is also setting up a new office and hiring personnel for his new group. Great secondary characters in this story especially the super hacker, Bebe. Exciting action that takes the reader on a thrill ride while trying to catch a dangerous killer that challenges the JFS group. Not to be overlooked is the sizzling romance between Kynan and Joslyn. A fantastic romance suspense! I voluntarily reviewed an ARC.
5 stars 5 By c1ndySD If you like hot alpha males you need to read Sawyer Bennett’s books. Nobody can write a sexy alpha like her. This story is another 5 star read. It has it all. It’s sexy, suspenseful and a great read.
Forgiveness Is Divine 5 By Agent$$$$ Kynan McGrath, head of Jameson Force Security, is looking to take his company in a new direction. He’s tired of being a babysitter to the rich and famous. He’s an adrenaline junkie who’d rather lead his company in the direction of covert operations. His ultimate goal...entering into government contracts that are “off the books”. Until... Joslyn Meyers is a famous singer, songwriter, and actress. She’s also the only woman to have ever made Kynan believe in HEAs. When she left him a decade ago, without explanation, he was devastated. Kynan spent a decade trying to forget Joslyn. When she calls asking for assistance, he declines. Turns out, he’s still angry and doesn’t want anything to do with her. Joslyn, understanding his reluctance to take her case, pleads with Kynan until he finally relents. Just because Kynan’s taking her stalking case, doesn’t mean he wants anything to do with her. When I started reading this novel, I wanted to slap Kynan across the face for the way he treated Joslyn. He was extremely unlikeable! Kynan had so much anger towards Joslyn, I wasn’t sure Sawyer Bennett could make him likable, much less lovable. BUT I was sooo wrong! I loved Kynan! He was supportive, loving, and heroic. He was the ultimate “White Knight”! Joslyn started off meek and mild, as she should due to her stalker. BUT she turned into such a strong, powerful, empowering woman. I couldn’t put the book down and read it in one sitting. The twists and turns left me guessing until the very end! I can’t wait to read the rest of the series! I read a gifted copy and all opinions stated are my own.
Another great read and start to a new series from Sawyer Bennett! 5 By Samantha B. Sokol Another great read and start to a new series from Sawyer Bennett! I was really sucked into this story from the first chapter and read it all in one sitting – I had to finish it as soon as I started reading! Kynan and Joslyn were in love over ten years ago and thought each other was their true love, but after a misunderstanding, Joslyn runs to launch her career, leaving Kynan in the dust. Fast-forward to 12 years later and Joslyn runs to Kynan’s security business after she was attacked and almost killed by a stalker. While Kynan is initially not interested in helping her because of his feelings attached to their previous relationship, as soon as he sees her and the bruises around her neck, all his feelings come rushing back and vows to do protect her while taking her stalker down. Like most first books in a series, a portion of the book is introducing us to the other characters that will fill the next books within the series, but I found that I was excited to get to know who we would see in the future. The flow of this book was great, and the climactic moment was so big I was on the edge of my seat anticipating what happens when Joslyn’s stalker gets to her. Overall, it was a great book, which I totally expected from Sawyer, and I can’t wait for the next installment in this series. I voluntarily read and reviewed an Advance Reader Copy of this book.
Easy to Fall in Love Again 4 By ActionRay We first met Kynan and Joslyn in Wicked Force and Genesis picks up 12 years after Wicked Force ends. I'm not going to lie, Kynan was an a-hole when Genesis first started and I would have liked to have seen that behavior hang around for a few more chapters, but when faced with your first and only love it's hard to stay mad and not give into the feelings that simmer below the surface. I like Joslyn and Kynan's relationship, the seamless introduction to future characters ( Fingers crossed for Bebe's book), and the drama in the form of a psycho. Wonderful start to a new series and a suspense book that holds it in own in the genre. **ARC provided for an honest review**
A great read 5 By aretherereallyonlytwo Such a great story of love lost and rekindled. A little scary, a lot swoony! Don’t pass this one up. | tomekkorbak/pile-curse-small | OpenWebText2 |
Gorette Brandão | 13/04/2015, 19h06 - ATUALIZADO EM 13/04/2015, 20h31
Dirigentes de centrais sindicais protestaram nesta segunda-feira (13), em audiência pública no Senado, contra o projeto de lei que regulamenta os contratos de terceirização no setor privado e nas empresas públicas, de economia mista e suas subsidiárias e controladas pela União, estados e municípios. Contra a proposta, em fase final de exame na Câmara dos Deputados, eles anunciaram nova jornada de manifestações de rua e paralisações no setor produtivo nesta quarta-feira (15).
Os líderes adiantaram ainda que haverá ampla mobilização nacional no próximo 1º de maio, Dia Internacional do Trabalho, programado para ser o “mais badalado, o mais forte e o mais pra cima” já realizado, diante da “guerra” atual no país entre os direitos do trabalho e do capital, segundo Graça Costa, da Central Única dos Trabalhadores (CUT). Ela também incluiu um recado direto aos parlamentares que, optando pelo apoio ao projeto (PL 4.330/2004), votarem “contra os trabalhadores”.
— Pode votar contra, mas teu nome e a tua foto vai para o poste em todas as cidades em que você foi votado. Temos inclusive os mapas indicando onde cada um teve mais votos lá na base e vamos investir para desgastar quem é contra o trabalhador e a trabalhadora — garantiu.
Sessão temática
A audiência foi realizada pela Comissão de Direitos Humanos e Legislação Participativa (CDH), por indicação do seu presidente, senador Paulo Paim (PT-RS), que também dirigiu a reunião. Ainda durante os trabalhos, ele anunciou que recebeu um telefonema do presidente do Senado, Renan Calheiros, garantindo que será realizada uma sessão temática em Plenário para permitir amplo debate sobre a proposta na Casa.
— Ele está acompanhando nossa sessão e pediu que eu anunciasse. E eu senti na voz dele que como está não dá, não. Lá na Câmara foi atropelado [o debate], aqui não será atropelado — afirmou Paim.
Para que o texto tenha seu exame concluído na Câmara, basta apenas a votação dos destaques, que tratam de pontos mais polêmicos, que devem ser votados ainda nesta terça-feira (14) no Plenário daquela casa. Depois, a matéria será encaminhada ao Senado.
Retrocesso
Os líderes sindicais afirmaram que o projeto da Câmara representa um “retrocesso”, pois acentuará a “precarização” das condições de trabalho e dos salários. Um dos pontos críticos seria a possibilidade de terceirização de qualquer atividade no âmbito das empresas. Hoje, a Súmula 331 do Tribunal Superior do Trabalho impede o uso de terceirizados em atividade-fim, autorizando apenas em serviços que não fazem parte do objetivo principal da empresa, ou atividades-meio.
A representante da União Geral dos Trabalhadores (UGT), Telma Maria Cardia, afirmou que a terceirização chegou no Brasil como um “modismo”, mas seu real significado é abrir caminho para que empregadores “inescrupulosos” consigam escapar do cumprimento de direitos e conquistas trabalhistas, como vale-transporte e vale-alimentação.
Geraldo Ramthun, da Nova Central Sindical dos Trabalhadores (NCST), observou que a regulamentação não preocupa apenas os trabalhadores. Registrou que 19 dos 27 ministros do TST assinaram nota encaminhada à Câmara apontando os malefícios do projeto, e que o documento foi ratificado ainda por 24 presidentes de tribunais regionais do Trabalho, além de 15 dos seus corregedores.
Ramthun disse que a NCST também não abre mão da garantia da “responsabilidade solidária”, afirmando que tanto a empresa contratante, se deixar de fiscalizar a contratada, deva ter o mesmo nível de obrigação quanto ao cumprimento das obrigações trabalhistas.Também condenou a possibilidade de “quarteirização”, situação em que a terceirizada pode transferir ainda para outra empresa parte de seus serviços.
— Se a terceirização já é ruim, imagine a quarteirização — exclamou.
Subterfúgio
Joilson Cardoso, vice-presidente da Central dos Trabalhadores e Trabalhadoras do Brasil (CTB), classificou de inaceitável o argumento de que a regulamentação vem para proteger os terceirizados. Salientou que nos registros do Ministério do Trabalho o país tem 12,7 milhões de trabalhadores terceirizados (26% da mão de obra ativa) e 34 milhões (74%) na atividade principal das empresas. Na média geral, os terceirizados ganhariam menos 22% em relação aos que atuam na atividade principal e ainda trabalham três horas a mais.
— O que querem não é regulamentar os 12,7 milhões de terceirizados, mas colocar os 34 milhões de trabalhadores diretos na vala comum do rebaixamento salarial, da discriminação dentro do ambiente de trabalho, do assédio que as mulheres sofrem, na precarização, no tudo de ruim que representa a terceirização — contrapôs.
O presidente da Confederação dos Servidores Públicos do Brasil (CSPB), João Domingos Gomes Santos, observou que, depois de gestões na Câmara, o setor público direto saiu do alcance do projeto em debate na Câmara. Mas disse que a entidade continua mobilizada contra a proposta, tanto por solidariedade de classe como por ação preventiva para um eventual retorno da questão
Regra
Pela Central Sindical e Popular Conlutas, Luiz Carlos Prates observou que há pouco mais de duas décadas as empresas mantinham empregados diretos inclusive nos serviços de limpeza e segurança, áreas onde hoje prevalece a terceirização. A seu ver, a “precarização” tende a ser regra em todas as áreas se prevalecer o projeto em exame, com salários rebaixados e alta rotatividade. Por isso, disse que é preciso levar a questão para “as ruas e para a produção”.
A deputada federal Erika Kokay (PT-DF), que acompanhou a audiência, salientou que o projeto ameaça direitos conquistados “com muita dor” pelos trabalhadores. Como outros convidados, ela disse que o texto representa uma ameaça à Consolidação das Leis do Trabalho e à própria Constituição.
— É um desnudamento dos interesses que estão sendo representados na Câmara e também um atestado da necessidade da reforma política, para que tenhamos no Congresso uma representação de fato da sociedade brasileira, em sua maioria composta de trabalhadores e trabalhadoras — comentou.
Participou ainda do debate o o presidente da Confederação da Nacional dos Trabalhadores da Indústria da Alimentação e Afins (CNTA), Artur Bueno de Carmargo.
Participação popular
Por meio de canal eletrônico de participação, a CDH recebeu quase 700 manifestações de cidadãos a respeito do projeto de lei da terceirização. De acordo com Paim, com exceção de uma mensagem, cuja assinante manifestou dúvida sobre o projeto, todas as demais condenavam a proposta. | tomekkorbak/pile-curse-small | OpenWebText2 |
Q:
What are the advantages of a lapel "coat stick" pin over other pin styles?
I want to make a "boutonniere" using silk flowers, and was planning to do this by attaching the flower heads to a pin backing. When I searched for "pin blanks" online, I was expecting to find butterfly clutch types, like this:
or safety locking bar-style pins:
But, I also found some described as "coat stick pins", that look like this:
It appears that these are a traditional sort of pin which you insert through the buttonhole on the lapel (or just through the fabric, if no buttonhole). I'm not well-versed in men's formal attire, so this has me wondering: Is there any practical reason to choose this type of pin backing for a lapel pin over the other types, or is it just an aesthetic choice?
A:
The ones you call coat stick pins have a much longer pin and will therefor stay upright much better than the ones with a shorter pin.
The top kind, with just the short pin and the butterfly clasp will turn around and you will have to position the items on the front in such a way that it can be seen in any position and is likely not suitable for the kind of work you mention.
The second kind, the safety pin with or without a locking mechanism, will stay in the position you pin it on. But with only the short length, it is likely to lean away from the fabric you pin it on. This is more a problem with light fabrics and loose clothing, like women often wear, less with mans suits.
As I started out, the third kind, with its longer pin has a much more stable ground for the pin and will allow for less movement of the finished product.
But still consider the lighter fabrics and possible movement of the garments.
For boutonnieres to be worn on a suit coat, I would personally prefer the last kind.
For a boutonniere to be worn on a shirt, blouse or dress, I would prefer the second kind, the locked safety pin kind, and design the arrangement such that the weight of the flower drops down from the pin, not being above the pin at all.
| tomekkorbak/pile-curse-small | StackExchange |
Introduction {#Sec1}
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The majority of the current and most promising methods for the genetic control of pest and vector populations, including the malaria-transmitting mosquitoes *Anopheles gambiae*, rely on the expression of nucleases at specific stages of gametogenesis in one, usually the male^[@CR1]--[@CR5]^, or both sexes^[@CR1],[@CR3],[@CR6]--[@CR8]^. Homing-based gene drives, for example, require expression of the homing endonuclease gene (HEG) within diploid premeiotic germ cells and exploit the cellular DNA repair machinery to copy their coding sequence into the homologous wild-type target chromosome via homology-directed repair (HDR)^[@CR1],[@CR6]--[@CR9]^. We and others have shown that leaky expression of the endonuclease may severely impact the effectiveness of these strategies by reducing the fitness of mosquitoes carrying the driving elements^[@CR10]--[@CR13]^. Persistent expression at late stages of spermatogenesis can also result in deposition of the endonuclease into the fertilised embryo, leading to lethality^[@CR4],[@CR14]^ or production of resistant mutations at a high rate^[@CR10],[@CR12],[@CR15]^. Other strategies based on meiotic drive elements act by impairing the transmission of gametes during meiosis, for example, through the selective removal of *X*-bearing sperm to generate extremely male-biased progenies^[@CR4],[@CR5],[@CR16]^. In this case, the sex distorter element may be linked to the *Y* chromosome to increase its frequency in the population whilst being specifically active during meiosis when the haploid gametes are formed^[@CR8],[@CR17],[@CR18]^. However, we have shown previously that transcriptional silencing mechanisms may impede the expression of transgenes from the sex chromosomes^[@CR4],[@CR19]^. Although not yet demonstrated, this may be due to the epigenetic silencing of the *X* and *Y* chromosomes occurring exclusively in cells that undergo meiosis and generally denoted as meiotic sex chromosome inactivation (MSCI). Studies in other organisms revealed that MSCI is a specific case of a more general phenomenon responsible for the transcriptional silencing of unsynapsed chromosomes or their heteromorphic regions that fail to establish meiotic pairing, also defined as meiotic silencing of unsynapsed chromatin (MSUC)^[@CR20]^.
Whilst MSCI and MSUC have emerged as novel paradigms for studying epigenetic regulation, the mechanisms that regulate gene expression in the germline remain elusive across the insect taxa outside the well-studied *Drosophila* model and appear to vary considerably across different species^[@CR21]^. Meiotic silencing may have evolved to counter the spread of selfish genetic elements, such as natural sex ratio distorters and transposable elements, or to limit nonhomologous recombination between heteromorphic chromosomes. A distinct mechanism seems to regulate the transcription of the *X* chromosome in the male germline of *Drosophila melanogaster*, involving both chromosome-wide epigenetic transcriptional suppression (about 2--4 fold compared to the soma) and compensatory adaptation of sex-linked genes through the recruitment of regulatory elements that counteract the epigenetic silencing^[@CR22]^. All previous attempts to obtain transcriptional profiles from meiotic and premeiotic germline stages of insect models have relied on microdissection of gonadal tissues^[@CR23],[@CR24]^. These samples also included somatic cells that hindered the specific analysis of the enclosed germline cells, an essential prerequisite for a comprehensive characterisation of dosage compensation and MSCI^[@CR23],[@CR25]--[@CR30]^, or the selection of germline stage-specific genes and their regulatory sequences.
Significant progress has been made over the last decade towards the development of novel tools aiming to control *A. gambiae* populations. The flexibility offered by CRISPR-based nucleases has facilitated the development of gene editing and reverse genetics techniques. Nevertheless, the precise regulation of nuclease expression remains a cornerstone for the successful development of most of these strategies. The selection of functional germline promoters and the understanding of the mechanisms of gene regulation is currently very limited for the malaria vectors, relying on the transcriptomic analysis of entire germline tissues and/or orthology relationships with *Drosophila*. Seeking to fill this knowledge gap, we developed an innovative method combining the use of transgenic markers and fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) to separate distinct populations of germline cells according to their progression throughout spermatogenesis. Using this approach, we generated the first transcriptomic atlas of *A. gambiae* spermatogenesis.
Results and Discussion {#Sec2}
======================
Differential labelling of mosquito male germline cells with meiotic and premeiotic fluorescent markers {#Sec3}
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Previous studies have shown how the differentiation of progenitor germ cells into mature spermatozoa progresses along the longitudinal axis of the *A. gambiae* testis^[@CR31]^. Cells at different developmental stages occupy well-defined regions of the organ that can be visualised with florescent markers under the control of stage-specific promoters^[@CR32],[@CR33]^. In our study we generated three transgenic lines containing independent *piggyBac*-mediated insertions (Supplementary Table [S1](#MOESM1){ref-type="media"}) of a construct expressing the mCherry fluorescent marker under the *β*2 *tubulin* promoter, transcriptionally activated in concomitance with the first meiotic division and visible in the middle and basal area of dissected testis^[@CR32]^. The β2mC-2 line, carrying an autosomal integration of the construct, was selected for further analysis due to higher intensity of mCherry fluorescence compared to the β2mC-1 line. We also recovered an insertion in the *X* chromosome (β2mC-X) that failed to show detectable levels of fluorescence in agreement with previous indications of *X*-linked transcriptional silencing during male meiosis^[@CR4],[@CR19]^. Females from the β2mC-2 line were crossed to males from a previously constructed YVasG line expressing the eGFP fluorescent marker under the control of the *vasa2* promoter, visible in the apical region of the testis^[@CR34]^, to generate males expressing both mCherry in meiotic and postmeiotic germline cells and eGFP during the initial stages of spermatogenesis, including the germline stem cells (Fig. [1a,b](#Fig1){ref-type="fig"}, Supplementary Fig. [S1](#MOESM1){ref-type="media"}). Testis tissues were dissected from β2mC-2^+^/YVasG^+^ males and cell suspensions were generated by combining mechanical and enzymatic dissociation, before being subjected to fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS).Figure 1Isolation and RNA sequencing of germline cell populations from *A. gambiae* male gonads. **(a)** Schematic representation of marker transcription units utilised to identify differentiating germline cell populations. The β2:mCherry construct, containing the mCherry fluorescent marker sequence under the transcriptional control of the male meiotic β2 *tubulin* promoter, was used to generate the β2mC-2 transgenic line. The vasa2:eGFP construct, containing the eGFP sequence under the *vasa2* promoter, was previously used to generate the YVasG transgenic line^[@CR34]^. The construct used to generate the β2mC transgenic lines also contains piggyBac inverted repeats and a 3xP3 promoter expressing the DsRed marker (3xP3:DsRed) for the selection of single integration events, whilst the YVasG line expresses 3xP3:eCFP (not shown here). β2mC-2 and YVasG transgenic lines were crossed to generate male individuals expressing both β2:mCherry and vasa2:eGFP in the germline. **(b)** Brightfield and overlay microscopy images showing the distribution of red and green fluorescence in β2mC-2^+^/YVasG^+^ dissected testis. Based on combined fluorescence intensity of the red and green marker from each germline cell, four areas (demarcated with dotted lines) were identified as corresponding to the premeiotic (I), meiotic (II and III) and postmeiotic (IV) germ cells. Scale bar: 200 μm. **(c)** Flow cytometry dot plot of red (mCherry) and green (eGFP) fluorescence (arbitrary units) of live germ cell suspensions obtained from β2mC-2^+^/YVasG^+^ testes, displayed using FlowJo biexponential scaling. The four populations were further analysed and separated according to the expression of the transgenic markers, cell size and granularity (Supplementary Fig. [S2](#MOESM1){ref-type="media"}). **(d)** Two-dimensional Principal Component Analysis plot from RNA sequencing raw counts showing gene expression clustering of the three independent biological replicates sorted for each cell population.
Flow Cytometry purification and RNA sequencing of premeiotic, meiotic and postmeiotic germline populations {#Sec4}
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Cell viability, intensity of the fluorescent germline markers, cell size and granularity were all used as criteria to isolate four cell populations that were hypothesised to include mitotically dividing germline stem cells (GSCs) and spermatogonia in population I, meiotic primary and secondary spermatocytes in population II and III, and the postmeiotic spermatids in population IV (Fig. [1c](#Fig1){ref-type="fig"}, Supplementary Fig. [S2](#MOESM1){ref-type="media"}). The FACS fractionation was performed on three independent biological replicates yielding a minimum of 2817 to a maximum of 10127 cells for each sample. These were processed for RNA sequencing to obtain between 27.8 to 51.8 million 100 bp paired-end reads after quality filtering steps. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) on raw counts confirmed the existence of clearly distinct transcriptional profiles in the sorted populations, predominantly differentiating between the premeiotic and meiotic samples. Besides showing tight concordance between the three biological replicates, we observed close transcriptional correlation between the putative late meiotic and postmeiotic groups (III and IV respectively), whereas groups I and II were transcriptionally distinct between each other and the postmeiotic populations (Fig. [1d](#Fig1){ref-type="fig"}, Supplementary Table [S2](#MOESM1){ref-type="media"}).
Analysis of meiotic sex chromosome inactivation and dosage compensation in the *Anopheles gambiae* male germline {#Sec5}
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In order to reduce noise after read assembly, we introduced a minimum cut-off for each gene of 10 fragments per kilobase of transcript per million mapped reads (FPKM) resulting in a total of 7,009 annotated genes with transcript levels above threshold in at least one of the four populations. We identified 6,019 genes expressed in population I, 5,874 in II, 5,529 in III and 5,200 in IV, with 4,198 genes showing expression across all four populations (Fig. [2a](#Fig2){ref-type="fig"}, Supplementary File [S1](#MOESM2){ref-type="media"}). As the cell separation was also based on the intensity of the fluorescent markers, we confirmed the positive correlation between the expression of the eGFP and mCherry transgenes and the endogenous *vasa* and *β2 tubulin* genes, transcribed under the same *cis*-regulatory elements (Supplementary Fig. [S3](#MOESM1){ref-type="media"}).Figure 2Chromosome mapping, developmental stage distribution and expression ratios of genes transcribed in testis populations. (**a**) Venn diagram showing the number of genes expressed within and across the four germline populations. (**b**) Box plots showing the transcript abundance of genes mapping on chromosome *2*, *3* and *X* for each population. Boxes extend from the 25^th^ and the 75^th^ percentile of FPKM values, with the median values represented as horizontal red lines. Error bars represent the standard deviation (SD) and mean values are indicated with green cross marks. Significance between chromosome medians from consecutive populations was calculated using the Wilcoxon rank-sum test ("\*" corresponds to *P* \< 0.05 and "\*\*" to *P* \< 0.0001). Only transcripts with level of expression higher than 10 FPKM in at least one population were used in "a" and "b" (**c**) Chromosome-wide median expression ratios between *X* chromosome and autosomes (rhombus) and between autosomes (circles) as a function of increasing FPKM thresholds. Vertical bars indicate 95% confidence intervals. Population I is indicated in blue, II in green, III in yellow and IV in red.
We observed that only 32% of the currently annotated *X*-linked genes were expressed in at least one of the populations (350 genes from a total of 1090), compared to the 55% and 54% from chromosomes *2* and *3* respectively, confirming the underrepresentation of male-germline genes located on the *X* chromosome (Chi squared *P* \< 0.0001)^[@CR19]^. The analysis of the median expression of annotated genes located on each chromosome highlighted an extremely significant reduction (Wilcoxon rank-sum *P* \< 0.0001) of *X*-linked genes expression in the premeiotic population I, showing a median value of 37.0 log2(FPKM), compared to the meiotic population II (8.1 log2(FPKM)) and III (1.5 log2(FPKM)), as well as the postmeiotic population IV (1.9 log2(FPKM)). However, the median expression of autosomal genes was not negatively impacted across the four germline groups, supporting the MSCI hypothesis to explain the transcriptional repression of the *X* chromosome. On the other hand, whilst the mean expression of *X*-linked genes shows a reduction after the premeiotic stages, the mean expression of autosomal genes gradually increases during sperm development confirming that the majority of the genes that are highly expressed in the testis are located in the autosomes and may have a role during the meiotic and postmeiotic stages (Fig. [2b](#Fig2){ref-type="fig"}).
Besides ruling out the presence of wide *X* inactivation throughout male gametogenesis in favour of MSCI mechanisms, we were able to analyse the presence of dosage compensation across spermatogenesis and its impact within each developmental stage. We used the median expression value of each chromosome to calculate the ratio between *X* chromosome and autosomes (*X:A*) and between the two autosomes (*2:3*) applying a range of FPKM thresholds from zero to 40. Considering that males have only one *X* chromosome compared to two copies of each autosome, if compensation does not occur, we would expect a *X:A* ratio of 0.5 (assuming a *2:3* ratio equal to 1) in the premeiotic population I where the *X* chromosome expression is not affected by MSCI. Absence of dosage compensation and presence of MSCI in the meiotic and postmeiotic groups would instead result in *X:A* ratios below 0.5. Whilst chromosome *2:3* expression ratio oscillates around 1 across all the germline stages, the *X:A* ratio in the premeiotic population I ranges from a minimum of 0.35, when all the expressed genes are included (FPKM \> 0), to 0.71 when a minimum threshold of 4 FPKM is applied, indicating the absence of both dosage compensation and transcriptional repression of the *X* chromosome in the premeiotic germline stage. The inclusion of genes with very low expression (below 1 FPKM) is expected to bias the analysis of dosage compensation, lowering the *X:A* ratio, as most *X*-linked genes are scarcely expressed in the germline^[@CR19]^. In contrast, a low number of *X*-linked genes, highly transcribed in the premeiotic population (FPKM \> 10), show average expression close to or higher than the autosomal counterpart, possibly indicating the presence of compensation (or overcompensation for FPKM \> 30) mechanisms^[@CR35],[@CR36]^ that may be acting to counterbalance MSCI and maintain transcripts available during the transcriptionally silenced meiotic and postmeiotic stages. Furthermore, the effect of meiotic silencing is reflected on the meiotic and postmeiotic *X:A* ratios reaching values close to zero, when low thresholds are applied, and greater than 0.5 only when thresholds above 10 FPKM are applied (Fig. [2c](#Fig2){ref-type="fig"}, Supplementary Table [S3](#MOESM1){ref-type="media"}).
Differential expression analysis of germline stage-enriched genes and novel transcripts {#Sec6}
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Annotated genes with expression higher than 10 FPKM in at least one of the four populations were analysed for differential expression across the developmental stages by applying a likelihood ratio test (LRT). A total of 6872 genes were identified as differentially expressed and K-means clustering based on Z-Score ranking was used to define ten different clusters, grouped according to similarity of their expression profile. Among these, 1740 genes show germline enrichment based on the *Baker et al*. gene expression dataset^[@CR37]^ with 1139 genes being testis-enriched, 354 ovary-enriched and 247 germline-enriched for both sexes. Interestingly, many of the testis-enriched genes are highly transcribed in the late meiotic and postmeiotic clusters, suggesting that the formation of distinctive sperm structures relies on the cooperation of a number of testis-specific genes (Fig. [3](#Fig3){ref-type="fig"}, Supplementary File [S1](#MOESM2){ref-type="media"}). A similar pattern of expression was recently described in other organisms, including *D. melanogaster*^[@CR24],[@CR38]^, and it is also consistent with the increasing mean expression of genes located in chromosome *2* and *3* (Fig. [2b](#Fig2){ref-type="fig"}). We further investigated the expression pattern of meiotic genes that are highly conserved among eukaryotic taxa and have annotated orthologues in *A. gambiae*^[@CR39]^. *Msh4* (AGAP012245), *Msh5* (AGAP002642) and *Spo11* (AGAP010898), are indeed included in the clusters 4, 6 and 7 with peak of expression in the meiotic stages. Orthologues of *Drosophila* testis genes, previously analysed via *in situ* hybridisation^[@CR24]^, also show similar expression patterns in our dataset. Specifically, AGAP010253 (orthologue of *Prosalpha6*) and AGAP000261 (CG7556) in cluster 2, AGAP010672 (*SdhC*) and AGAP013212 (CG1409) in cluster 9, AGAP001744 (CG3803) in cluster 3 and AGAP005421 (CG6404) which does not show a significant differential expression as for its *Drosophila* orthologue (Supplementary Fig. [S4](#MOESM1){ref-type="media"}).Figure 3Transcriptional profiling of annotated genes that are differentially expressed across the four germline populations. (**a**) False-colour k-means clustering heatmap summarizing the expression patterns (as Z-score of log2(FPKM + 1)) of annotated genes that are differentially expressed (*P* \< 0.05 according to LRT) and have expression levels above 10 FPKM in at least one of the populations. The diagrams on the left report the expression trend of annotated genes for each cluster as log2(FPKM + 1). **(b)** Maximum absolute expression of each gene based on the highest log2(FPKM + 1) value detected across the four populations. **(c)** Absolute expression (as arbitrary unit of fluorescence intensity) of germline-enriched genes in adult males and **(d)** germline-enriched genes in adult females defined using MozAtlas microarray data^[@CR27]^ (tau-value ≥ 0.8). Z-score and expression values are displayed according to colour codes to indicate: high levels (red) and low levels (blue) of expression, the 50^th^ percentile (white), non-testis-enriched or non-ovary-enriched genes based on MozAtlas τ \< 0.8 (grey) and not-applicable data from MozAtlas (light yellow).
The RNA-seq dataset was further interrogated to identify unannotated genes that may be differentially expressed as well as alternative transcripts that may be differentially used during spermatogenesis. We therefore performed *de novo* transcriptome analysis and identified 4,983 novel transcripts not yet annotated in the AgamP4.8 genome. After applying differential expression analysis, we found a total of 925 differentially enriched transcripts, 238 of these were identified as novel transcript isoforms mapping within previously annotated genes whilst 127 aligned to non-annotated regions of the AgamP4.8 genome (Fig. [4](#Fig4){ref-type="fig"}, Supplementary File [S2](#MOESM2){ref-type="media"}). Between these we were able to pinpoint significantly switched transcript isoforms, such as alternative splicing or alternative transcription start or termination site, that are differentially used at specific timepoint of the male gametogenesis (Supplementary Fig. [S5](#MOESM1){ref-type="media"}).Figure 4*De novo* transcriptome profiling of germline populations. (**a**) Venn diagram showing the number of transcripts identified via *de novo* transcriptome analysis of the four populations. The number of novel transcripts (not yet annotated in the AgamP4.8 genome) is given between parentheses. **(b)** False-colour k-means clustering heatmap showing the expression as Z-score of log2(FPKM + 1) of non-annotated (novel) transcripts and **(c)** annotated transcripts that are enriched in each of the four populations (fold change \> 2 compared to each of the other three populations and adjusted *P*-value \< 0.05). Only genes that showed expression above 1 FPKM in at least one of the cell populations were included in the *de novo* transcriptome analysis.
Though a reduced expression of *X*-linked genes in the meiotic clusters was apparent, we further analysed the meiotic enrichment of annotated and non-annotated transcripts across the *A. gambiae* genome. We found a homogeneous distribution in chromosome *2* and *3*, whilst the *X* chromosome confirmed a paucity of meiotic genes. Nonetheless, four transcripts located in proximity to the centromeric region of the *X* chromosome show a positive meiotic/premeiotic fold change, suggesting a meiotic role and possible evasion of MSCI at this specific genomic region (Fig. [5](#Fig5){ref-type="fig"}). One of these genes, previously annotated as AGAP001056, is a highly conserved ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme that may have a role in epigenetic regulation of the sex chromosomes^[@CR20],[@CR40],[@CR41]^. Similarly, two *Y*-linked transcripts, previously described as associated and in multiple copies (*YG5* and *changuu*)^[@CR42]^, show an enrichment of expression in the meiotic stage of 4 and 11 fold respectively, whilst the other two *Y* genes expressed above threshold (*YG8* and *pemba*) show decreasing levels of transcripts (Fig. [5b](#Fig5){ref-type="fig"}). Previous studies highlighted a high degree of similarity between *Y*-associated and *X*-associated repetitive sequences positioned at the proximal end of the *X* chromosome indicating possible meiotic pairing and crossing-over between the sex chromosomes at these regions^[@CR42]^. The proximal end of the *X* chromosome also contains the ribosomal DNA (rDNA) locus, which defines the molecular forms of *A. gambiae* species^[@CR43]^. In *Drosophila* male meiosis, segregation of the *X* and *Y* chromosomes relies upon pairing between the proximal *X* heterochromatin and the short arm of the *Y* chromosome, respectively located nearby the *X* and *Y* rDNA arrays. Transgenic studies have also demonstrated that this pairing site consists mainly of repeats within the rDNA intergenic sequences which also contain RNA polymerase I promoters. One hypothesis is that these regulatory sequences must remain transcriptionally active to allow chromosomal pairing, therefore suggesting a possible correlation between pairing and transcription^[@CR44]--[@CR46]^.Figure 5Differentially expressed transcripts between meiotic and premeiotic stages. (**a**) Spatial mapping of transcripts relative expression, shown as log2 fold change, between the meiotic population III and the premeiotic population I across the *A. gambiae* genome. Transcripts not yet annotated in the current version of the genome (AgamP4.8) are indicated in red and annotated transcripts are in blue. Transcripts are ordered based on their start position on each chromosome whereas gaps between bars indicate transcripts below 1 FPKM or not differentially expressed (adjusted *P* \> 0.05). Rhombus symbols indicate the centromeres. **(b)** Expression profiles as log2(FPKM + 1) of meiosis-enriched transcripts (coloured lines) located on the *X* chromosome (left) and *Y* contigs (right) showing higher expression in the meiotic population III compared to the premeiotic population I and therefore positive fold change in Fig. 5a. Dashed lines indicate the alternative transcript isoform and grey lines indicate transcripts with negative fold change. Only transcripts above 1 FPKM in at least one of the populations are shown.
Biological process and metabolic pathway analysis {#Sec7}
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We performed gene ontology (GO) term enrichment analysis to highlight the biological role of genes expressed at different timepoints of *A. gambiae* spermatogenesis. We used the PANTHER online tool to interrogate the gene groups, previously clustered according to differential expression profiles and summarised in Fig. [3](#Fig3){ref-type="fig"}, as well as all the testes-enriched genes irrespectively of their temporal expression across spermatogenesis.
GO analysis of differentially expressed genes highlighted a significant enrichment for RNA processing, cytoskeleton organisation, ribosome biogenesis and translation-related terms distinctive of differentiating GSCs, for the clusters showing predominant premeiotic expression (1, 2 and 3). On the other hand, genes up-regulated in the postmeiotic population, grouped in clusters 9 and 10, show a significant overrepresentation of metabolic enzymes and mitochondrial activity related terms typical of postmeiotic sperm maturation where energy production, in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), is provided via oxidative phosphorylation. Interestingly, the most overrepresented GO in the meiotic and postmeiotic cluster 8 is associated with microtubule-based movement, which is essential for sperm motility (Supplementary Fig. [S6](#MOESM1){ref-type="media"}, Supplementary File [S3](#MOESM2){ref-type="media"}).
Unfiltered GO analysis of all the testes-enriched genes highlighted a peculiar overrepresentation of microtubule-associated terms whose expression profiles confirmed their requirement in the late-meiotic and postmeiotic stages. Other terms highly overrepresented are related to protein modification and ubiquitination functions, including genes that are predominantly transcribed in the premeiotic and postmeiotic stages, DNA repair and cellular response to DNA damage, which are mostly required in the initial stages of spermatogenesis as confirmed by their trends of expression in our dataset (Supplementary Fig. [S7](#MOESM1){ref-type="media"}, Supplementary File [S3](#MOESM2){ref-type="media"}). These results indicate that highly specialised genes, most of which are testis-specific or testis-enriched, are required to accomplish these crucial biological processes during sperm formation.
We also reconstructed the expression dynamic of the key KEGG metabolic pathways involved in male gametogenesis^[@CR47]^. Genes included within the ubiquitin-mediated proteolysis pathway show a characteristic trend of expression in the premeiotic stage, where ubiquitination is required for GSCs maintenance^[@CR48]--[@CR51]^, and high transcript levels in the postmeiotic stage, where these components are necessary for sperm individualisation, reorganisation of chromatin structure and nuclear condensation, acrosome formation and paternal mitochondrial elimination^[@CR24],[@CR52]^. On the other hand, oxidative phosphorylation and citrate cycle components, predominantly transcribed in the postmeiotic population, utilise the products of both nuclear and mitochondrial genes to provide the energy required in the late stages of spermatogenesis and mature sperm^[@CR53],[@CR54]^. We finally show that most of the genes involved in DNA replication, RNA transcription (within the Basal transcription factors and RNA polymerase pathways), RNA maturation (Spliceosome) and translation (Ribosome) are already present in the initial stages of spermatogenesis (Supplementary Fig. [S8](#MOESM1){ref-type="media"}) confirming that most of the genes required for the late stages are transcribed before meiosis, as previously observed also in other model organisms and human spermatogenesis^[@CR24],[@CR55],[@CR56]^.
Conclusion {#Sec8}
==========
The rapid development of gene editing tools aimed at controlling human malaria vectors and their recent proof-of-principle demonstrations have highlighted the need for furhter studies of the mosquito gametogenesis for at least two reasons. First, numerous genetic control methods intend to interfere with mosquito reproduction, for example by targeting genes that have a role in male or female fertility. Second, the majority of the genetic control technologies currently under development require specific spatiotemporal expression of nucleases in the germline. In this work we describe a multidimensional method that combines next-generation sequencing with genetic labelling and cell-sorting technologies to recapitulate the transcriptional repertoire of *A. gambiae* spermatogenesis. This approach allowed us to separate germline cells from somatic tissues, removing potentially confounding effects and facilitating a more detailed analysis of germ cell gene expression. In addition, our fluorescence-based fractionation allowed us to unravel the temporal gene expression programme from premeiotic, through meiotic and then postmeiotic germline lineages to clearly identify some of the mechanisms orchestrating transcriptional regulation during spermatogenesis. We show the first direct evidence of meiotic chromosome silencing that specifically downregulates gene expression on the *X* chromosome from the onset of the meiotic stages. Differential expression analysis between the meiotic and premeiotic stages also highlights possible presence of MSCI escapees. We show that only very few *X* and *Y*-linked genes show a positive fold change between the meiotic population III and the premeiotic population I, with all four *X*-linked transcripts being located at the proximal end of the *X* chromosome. Further studies will be required to clarify possible correlations between chromosomal pairing and transcription at these specific loci. On the other hand, our data also confirm unequivocally that dosage compensation does not act on the *X* chromosome in diploid germline cells as indicated by previous analysis of whole testes and in contrast to somatic tissues where dosage compensation is present^[@CR27]--[@CR29]^.
Additionally, we provide an extensive dataset of differentially expressed genes and differentially switched transcript isoforms, some enriched at specific stages of sperm development, which represents an invaluable resource for further functional analysis. Furthermore, we described the biological role of genes expressed at specific timepoints of spermatogenesis and reconstructed the spatiotemporal expression dynamics of the main metabolic pathways involved. A deeper analysis of these data will further our understanding of the complexity of cellular differentiation during gametogenesis and facilitate the identification of the genetic components regulating male fertility in *A. gambiae*. Some of these may offer novel targets for malaria vector control applications that aim to interfere with male fertility and provide new regulatory components for the fine-tuned expression of nucleases in the mosquito male germline. We believe that the approach we developed could be applied to the study of gene expression and epigenetic mechanisms in other relevant tissues or cell lineages, such as the female germline, olfactory organs or midgut, to better understand the processes of reproduction or the molecular interactions between the parasites and their insect vectors, in *Anopheles* as well as other vector species.
In this study we describe a novel multidimensional approach that combines genetic engineering, fluorescence-activated cell sorting and RNA sequencing technologies to reconstruct for the first time the transcriptional atlas of the *Anopheles gambiae* male germline. Besides providing a detailed transcript composition and biological function of genes expressed in the key stages of spermatogenesis, we were able to: elucidate the as yet mysterious mechanisms regulating *A. gambiae* spermatogenesis, provide a novel toolbox applicable to the study of other mosquito organs or other organisms and generate a highly valuable dataset that can offer novel targets as well as regulatory components for the genetic control of malaria-transmitting mosquitoes.
Methods {#Sec9}
=======
Generation of the β2mC transformation construct {#Sec10}
-----------------------------------------------
The coding region of mCherry was amplified using primers containing XhoI (TTTCTCGAGATGGTGAGCAAGGGCGAG) and PacI (CCTTAATTAATTACTTGTACAGCTCGTCCATGC) from a plasmid generated previously in our laboratory and was subcloned into the attB-eCFP(β2-β3'UTR) vector containing the regulatory regions of the *β*2 *tubulin* gene. The β2:mCherry expression cassette was then subcloned by using FseI into the pBac(3xP3:DsRed) vector containing the 3xP3:DsRed cassette flanked by *piggyBac* inverted repeats to obtain the final germline transformation construct pBac(3xP3:DsRed)(β2:mCherry) that was used to generate the β2mC transgenic lines.
Generation and characterisation of transgenic mosquito lines {#Sec11}
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A Femtojet Express injector and a Narishige 202ND micromanipulator mounted on a Nikon TE-DH100W inverted microscope were used to inject \~300* A. gambiae sensu stricto* embryos (here referred as wild-type) with a mixture of 0.2 μg μl−1 of the pBac(3xP3:DsRed)(β2:mCherry) plasmid and 0.4 μg μl−1 of a *vasa*-driven piggyBac transposase helper plasmid. Transient expression of the DsRed marker was analysed from the hatched larvae with a Nikon inverted microscope (Eclipse TE200) at a wavelength of 563 nm (Filter 630/30 nm emission, 595 nm dichroic). DsRed positive mosquitoes were individually crossed to wild-type and a total of three transgenic lines originated from single integration events (named as β2mC-1, β2mC-2 and β2mC-X) were selected by inverse PCR and \~50% mendelian inheritance of the DsRed marker as previously described^[@CR4]^. β2mC-2^+^/YVasG^+^ mosquitoes were obtained by crossing 50 YVasG virgin males^[@CR34]^ and 50 virgin females of the β2mC-2 line. Fluorescence was analysed from dissected testes on an EVOS FL Imaging System (Advanced Microscopy Group) equipped with a GFP LED Light Cube (470 nm excitation and 525 nm emission) and a RFP LED Light Cube (530 nm excitation and 593 nm emission).
Testis microdissection and cell dissociation {#Sec12}
--------------------------------------------
An average of 250 testes were dissected from 1-day old adult mosquitoes and mechanically homogenised (0.152--0.254 mm borosilicate glass homogeniser, Fisherbrand) in 50 μL DPBS (Thermo Fisher Scientific) before being transferred into an Eppendorf tube using a Hamilton syringe (SGE Analytical Science). The volume of the suspension was adjusted to 145 μl by adding DPBS and the enzymatic cell dissociation medium was assembled by adding 70 μl of trypsin 2.5% and 35 μl of collagenase 2.5%. Each sample was incubated for 15 min at room temperature on gentle shaking and then filtered through a 41 μm nylon mesh filters (Millipore) into 500 μL of Schneider's insect medium supplemented with 10% FBS (Sigma-Aldrich). Cells were harvested via centrifugation at 425 g for 5 min at 4 °C and resuspended in Schneider's insect medium prior to sorting. The dissection and cell dissociation procedures were repeated to obtain three independent biological replicates.
Flow cytometry isolation of germline cell populations {#Sec13}
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After adding 50 μl per ml of TO-PRO-3 Iodide (Invitrogen), for the exclusion of dead cells (less than 10% of total events), the cell suspensions were analysed and sorted using a BD FACSAria III sorter (BD Biosciences, Flow Cytometry Facility at Imperial College London) with a 100 μm nozzle and 28 PSI pressure. The following laser and filter combinations were used for the excitation and detection: 561 nm and 610/20 nm for mCherry, 488 nm and 530/30 nm for eGFP, 488 nm and 488/10 nm for side and forward scatter area (SSC-A and FSC-A), 640 nm and 660/20 nm for TO-PRO-3 stain. The FlowJo software package (LLC) was used for the gating of the four germline cell populations based on mCherry and eGFP fluorescence intensity. Each population was subsequently gated according to SSC-A and FSC-A for cell size, granularity and internal complexity. The cells positive only for the eGFP marker and above 65 K FSC-A threshold were selected and sorted as the premeiotic population I. Cells positive for both markers were gated in two distinct populations based on the low intensity of the mCherry fluorescence and FSC-A threshold above 105 K (population II), or high mCherry intensity and above 120 K FSC-A (population III). Cells positive only for mCherry fluorescence and FSC-A values between 40 and 60 K were gated as the postmeiotic population IV. Quality and homogeneity of the four populations obtained after sorting was assessed on an inverted microscope (EVOS FL Cell Imaging System) before proceeding with the RNA extraction.
RNA extraction, preparation of cDNA libraries and sequencing {#Sec14}
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Total RNA was extracted from the three replicates of each cell population sorted, composed of up to \~10,000 cells each, by using the PicoPure RNA Isolation Kit (Applied Biosystems) with additional DNase treatment using the RNase-Free DNase Set (Qiagen). Quality and quantity of the extracted RNA were assessed using Bioanalyzer 2100 (Agilent Technologies) before cDNA library preparation by using the SMART-Seq v4 Ultra Low Input RNA Kit (Clonetech) and the Nextera XT DNA Library Preparation Kit (Illumina). After quantification and quality inspection of the double-stranded cDNA obtained (BioAnalyzer 2100), the samples were diluted and pooled to generate two multiplexed cDNA libraries (between 3.5 and 3.6 nM). Library preparation and analysis was performed at Polo GGB (Italy). Sequencing was performed with the HiSeq 2500 System (Illumina) with paired end reads of 100 nucleotides (Genomics Facility, MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences - UK).
Differential gene expression analysis and k-means clustering {#Sec15}
------------------------------------------------------------
Sequencing reads were trimmed and cropped (Trimmomatic^[@CR57]^) before mapping (HISAT2^[@CR58]^) to the reference genome AgamP4.8 with the addition of β2:mCherry and vasa2:eGFP plasmid sequences and *Y* contigs^[@CR42]^. Uniquely mapped reads were quantified using featureCounts^[@CR59]^ before being imported into DESeq2 for differential expression analysis between the four populations^[@CR60]^. Likelihood ratio test was applied to determine differentially expressed genes (adjusted *P*-value below 0.05). Genes with expression above 10 FPKM in at least one population were selected and log2-transformed FPKM values were used for Z-score clustering using k-means method.
MSCI and dosage compensation analysis {#Sec16}
-------------------------------------
DESeq2 FPKM values of genes with FPKM above 10 in at least one population were used to calculate median, mean, percentiles and standard deviation of chromosome *2*, *3* and *X* gene expression. Wilcoxon rank-sum test was used to calculate significance between chromosome medians from consecutive populations (Fig. [2b](#Fig2){ref-type="fig"}). For the dosage compensation analysis, the "boot" package in R^[@CR61],[@CR62]^ was used to calculate the *X:A* and *2:3* chromosome-wide median expression ratios and the 95% confidence intervals for each cell population. Median FPKM values of genes located in the *X* chromosome or chromosome *2* (10,000 replicates of randomly selected gene subsets) were respectively divided by the median of all autosomal genes (for *X:A* ratios) and the median of all the genes in chromosome *3* (for *2:3* ratios) applying expression thresholds of 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 10, 20, 30 or 40 FPKM^[@CR63]^ (Fig. [2c](#Fig2){ref-type="fig"}).
Tissue-enrichment calculation {#Sec17}
-----------------------------
Male or female germline-enriched genes were defined by calculating the tau-value (τ)^[@CR64]^ from the MozAtlas microarray dataset^[@CR37]^.$$\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$${\rm{\tau }}=\frac{{\sum }_{i=1}^{N}\,(1-{x}_{i})}{N-1};\,{x}_{i}=1-\frac{{x}_{i}}{{\rm{\max }}(x)}$$\end{document}$$
*N* represents the number of tissues and *X*~*i*~ is the expression profile component normalised by the maximal component value. Genes with a τ close to 0 are broadly expressed across all tissues, whilst genes with tissue-enriched expression have τ close to 1. Genes showing values of τ ≥ 0.8 were selected as germline-enriched in *A. gambiae* adult males when showing maximum expression in testis, or females when showing maximum expression in ovaries samples.
*De novo* transcriptome analysis and alternative usage of transcript isoforms {#Sec18}
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Aligned reads from HISAT2 were assembled into potential transcripts with Stringtie^[@CR65]^ applying a threshold of 10 reads for coverage of exons and 15 for junctions and merged using the Cuffmerge tool (Cufflinks suite^[@CR66]^). A threshold of 5 FPKM in at least one population was used for the quantification of the resulting set of transcripts using Stringtie to reduce false positives. A new gene set was created by using the gffcompare program to include novel gene transcripts to the previously annotated in the AgamP4.8 gene set. After transcript quantification with Kallisto^[@CR67]^, differentially expressed isoforms were calculated using Sleuth (Pachter Lab)^[@CR68]^. Enriched transcripts in each population were selected based on fold change higher than 2 compared to each of the other three populations and adjusted *P*-value for multiple testing below 0.05. A threshold of 1 FPKM in at least one population was applied to filter out transcripts with very low expression. The reduced threshold applied for the *de novo* transcriptome analysis is due to the higher number of potential transcripts present in the novel gene set resulting in the reduction of FPKM values. The R package IsoformSwitchAnalyzeR^[@CR69]^ was used to identify, annotate and visualise differentially used isoforms (adjusted *P* \< 0.05) among the germline populations (also called isoform switching).
Gene ontology analysis {#Sec19}
----------------------
The PANTHER (protein annotation through evolutionary relationship) classification system^[@CR70]^ was used to identify *A. gambiae* biological processes enriched in each of the germline clusters and in the group of differentially expressed genes that show enrichment in testes. Significance of the statistical overrepresentation test was analysed by applying Fisher's Exact test with False Discovery Rate correction.
Supplementary information
=========================
{#Sec20}
Supplementary information Supplementary File S1, S2, S3
**Publisher's note** Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Supplementary information
=========================
**Supplementary information** accompanies this paper at 10.1038/s41598-019-51181-1.
We are grateful to Andrew Hammond, Alekos Simoni, Roya Haghighat-Khah, Nikolaos Trasanidis and Austin Burt for useful discussions, Matthew Gribble, Samson Lee and William Pannetier for technical assistance on the project. This study was supported by a grant from the Foundation for the National Institutes of Health through the Vector-Based Control of Transmission: Discovery Research (VCTR) program of the Grand Challenges in Global Health initiative of the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.
R.G. conceived the overall experimental approach; R.G., C.T. and A.C. designed the research; C.T., A.K., K.K. and F.B. performed the experiments; N.K. and C.T. performed bioinformatic analysis; R.G., C.T., N.K. performed data analyses; R.G., C.T. wrote the paper with input from S.R., T.N. and A.C.
RNA-Seq datasets will be deposited in the NCBI and VectorBase databases.
The authors declare no competing interests.
| tomekkorbak/pile-curse-small | PubMed Central |
A Veil of Vines # Excerpt Reveal
To most people, princes, princesses, counts and dukes are found only in the pages of the most famous of fairytales. Crowns, priceless jewels and gilded thrones belong only in childhood dreams.But for some, these frivolous fancies are truth. For some, they are real life. On Manhattan’s Upper East Side, people have always treated me as someone special. All because of my ancestral name and legacy. All because of a connection I share to our home country’s most important family of all.I am Caresa Acardi, the Duchessa di Parma. A blue blood of Italy. I was born to marry well. And now the marriage date is set. I am to marry into House Savona. The family that would have been the royals had Italy not abolished the monarchy in 1946. But to the aristocrats of my home, the abolition means nothing at all.The Savonas still hold power where it counts most.In our tight-knit world of money, status and masked balls, they are everything and more. And I am soon to become one of them.I am soon to become Prince Zeno Savona’s wife…… or at least I was, until I met Achille. And everything changed.
CaresaI closed my eyes as the music pounded through my body. The air was sticky from the mass of bodies on the dance floor. My body swayed to the beat, my feet ached from the five-inch Louboutin heels I was wearing, and my skin was flushed from the copious amounts of 1990 Dom Pérignon I had consumed.“Caresa!” My name split through the harsh sound of drums and synthesized piano notes. I rolled my eyes open and looked across our cornered-off section of the club at my best friend.Marietta was sitting on an oversized plush couch, waving a new bottle of champagne in my direction. Laughing, I followed my throbbing feet to where she sat and slumped down beside her. In seconds, a champagne flute was in my hand and the bubbly was flowing once more.Marietta sat forward, swishing her long blond hair over her shoulder. She raised her glass as though she was going to make a toast. But instead, her bottom lip jutted out into a pathetic pout.I tipped my head to one side, silently asking her what was wrong.“I was going to make a toast to the Duchessa di Parma, my very best friend,” she shouted over a new but similar-to-the-last song. “To my best friend leaving me here in dull old New York to go marry a real-life godforsaken prince in Italy.” Marietta sighed and her shoulders slumped. “But I don’t want to. Because that would mean this night is almost over, and tomorrow I lose my partner-in-crime.” A sudden sadness bloomed in my chest at her words. Then, when her eyes filled with tears, those words became a punch in the gut.Placing my glass on the table before us, I moved forward and put my hand on her arm. “Marietta, don’t get upset.”She put down her own drink and grabbed my hand. “I just don’t want to lose you.”My stomach rolled. “I know,” I said. Then I didn’t say anything else, but I could see Marietta register my unspoken words. I don’t want to go either.Keeping my hand in hers, I slumped back against the couch and let my eyes drift over the busy dance floor below. I watched the throng of Upper East Siders losing themselves in the music. A pang of fear swept through me.This really would be my last night in New York. In the morning, I would fly to Italy, where I would live from that day on.Marietta shuffled closer to me and cast me a watery smile. “How are you doing?” she asked as she squeezed my hand.“I’m okay. Just nervous, I guess.”Marietta nodded her head. “And your papa?”I sighed. “Ecstatic. Overjoyed that his precious daughter will be marrying the prince he chose for me as a child.” I felt a pang of guilt for speaking about him so negatively. “That was uncalled for,” I said. “You know as well as I do, Baroness von Todesco” —Marietta scowled playfully at my use of her title— “that we don’t really get a choice in whom we marry.” I leaned forward and picked up my champagne. I took a long swig, enjoying the feel of the bubbles traveling down my throat. I handed Marietta her glass and raised mine in the air. “To arranged marriages and duty over love!”Marietta laughed and clinked her glass with mine. “But seriously,” Marietta said, “are you okay? Truly okay?”I shrugged. “I honestly don’t know how to answer that, Etta. Am I okay with the arranged marriage? I suppose so. Am I okay with moving to Italy permanently? Not really. I love Italy—it’s my home, I was born there—but it’s not New York. Everyone I know is here in America.” Marietta’s eyes softened with sympathy. “And am I okay with marrying Zeno Savona? The infamous Playboy Prince of Toscana?” I took a deep breath. “I have no idea. I guess that will become apparent in the next three months.”“In your ‘courting period,’” Marietta said using air quotes, and snorted with laughter. “What a joke. What twenty-three-year-old woman and twenty-six-year-old man need a courting period?”I laughed at her sassy tone, but then soberly replied, “Ones who don’t know each other at all? Ones who have to see if they can stand each other’s company before sealing their marital fates forever?”Marietta shuffled closer. “You know as well as I do that you could hate this so-called prince, detest everything he is—and he you—and I’d still be your maid of honor at your wedding on New Year’s Eve.” She sputtered a laugh. “The very fact that the date has been set says it all. This marriage is happening.” Marietta held up her glass, got to her feet and, with arms spread wide, shouted, “Welcome to the life of the European blue bloods of the Upper East Side! Drowning in Prada and Gucci, dripping in diamonds, but having no free will to call our own!”I laughed, pulling her back down. She broke into hysterics as her ass hit the couch, spilling champagne all over the expensive upholstery. But our laughter waned as the house lights came on one by one. The last of the dance music drifted into silence, and the rich patrons of Manhattan’s most exclusive nightclub began making their way to their limos and town cars. It was three o’clock in the morning, and I had six hours left in the city I loved beyond measure.
Tillie Cole hails from a small town in the North-East of England. She grew up on a farm with her English mother, Scottish father and older sister and a multitude of rescue animals. As soon as she could, Tillie left her rural roots for the bright lights of the big city.After graduating from Newcastle University with a BA Hons in Religious Studies, Tillie followed her Professional Rugby player husband around the world for a decade, becoming a teacher in between and thoroughly enjoyed teaching High School students Social Studies before putting pen to paper, and finishing her first novel.Tillie has now settled in Austin, Texas, where she is finally able to sit down and write, throwing herself into fantasy worlds and the fabulous minds of her characters.Tillie is both an independent and traditionally published author, and writes many genres including: Contemporary Romance, Dark Romance, Young Adult and New Adult novels.When she is not writing, Tillie enjoys nothing more than curling up on her couch watching movies, drinking far too much coffee, while convincing herself that she really doesn’t need that extra square of chocolate. | tomekkorbak/pile-curse-small | Pile-CC |
Keep in mind that, in order to turn your PDF document into a coherent Word file, the PDF must have originally come from a text-based document, though you may be able to convert a scanned document into a Word document in some cases.
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Photographer: Patrick T. Fallon/Bloomberg Photographer: Patrick T. Fallon/Bloomberg
Nike Inc. is breaking up with Amazon.com Inc.
The athletic brand will stop selling its sneakers and apparel directly on Amazon’s website, ending a pilot program that began in 2017.
The split comes amid a massive overhaul of Nike’s retail strategy. It also follows the hiring of ex-EBay Inc. Chief Executive Officer John Donahoe as its next CEO -- a move that signaled the company is going even more aggressively after e-commerce sales, apparently without Amazon’s help.
“As part of Nike’s focus on elevating consumer experiences through more direct, personal relationships, we have made the decision to complete our current pilot with Amazon Retail,” the company said in a statement. “We will continue to invest in strong, distinctive partnerships for Nike with other retailers and platforms to seamlessly serve our consumers globally.”
Some big brands shun Amazon’s platform, where fakes flourish and unauthorized sellers undercut prices -- a recipe that diminishes the value of sought-after labels. The unraveling of the Nike arrangement threatens to reinforce retailers’ unease. Under the pilot program, Nike acted as a wholesaler to Amazon, rather than just letting third-party merchants hawk its products on the site.
Amazon operates an online marketplace, essentially a digital mall where merchants can sell products. More than half of all goods sold on Amazon come from independent merchants who pay the Seattle-based company a commission on each sale. Amazon also operates as a traditional retailer, buying goods from wholesalers and selling them to customers.
Nike said it will continue to use Amazon’s cloud-computing unit, Amazon Web Services, to power its apps and Nike.com services.
Amazon, through a spokeswoman, declined to comment. The company has been preparing for the move, according to two people familiar with the matter. It has been recruiting third-party sellers with Nike products so that the merchandise is still widely available on the site, they said. Amazon has also been working to stem the flow of counterfeits on the site through various initiatives, including one project that lets brands put unique codes on their products to make it easier to identify fakes.
Nike shares rose as much as 1.4% in New York trading Wednesday, while Amazon was off as much as 0.6%.
‘Enormous Reach’
The question now is whether other Amazon partners follow Nike’s lead. Few other brands possess the kind of muscle Nike has, so it may be harder for them to leave.
“Nike has enormous reach and its products are in demand, so it can afford to be selective about where its products are distributed because customers will come find Nike where it is offered,” said Neil Saunders, an analyst at GlobalData Retail. “I don’t think as many brands can be as selective as Nike.”
For years, the only Nike products sold on Amazon were gray-market items -- and counterfeits -- sold by others. Nike had little control over how they were listed, what information about the product was available and whether the products were even real.
That changed in 2017, when Nike joined Amazon’s brand registry program. Executives hoped the move would give them more control over Nike goods sold on the e-commerce site, more data on their customers and added power to remove fake Nike listings. The news of the Amazon tie-up, which Nike executives called a “small pilot,” sent shoe-retailer stocks tumbling and left many wondering if other major Amazon holdouts would quickly follow.
But Nike reportedly struggled to control the Amazon marketplace. Third-party sellers whose listings were removed simply popped up under a different name. Plus, the official Nike products had fewer reviews, and therefore received worse positioning on the site.
Leaving Amazon won’t necessarily solve Nike’s problems, which represent a big brand struggling to adapt to selling products in the digital age, said James Thomson, a former Amazon employee who now helps brands sell products online through Buy Box Experts.
“Just because Nike walks away from Amazon doesn’t mean its products walk away from Amazon and doesn’t mean its brand problems disappear,” Thomson said. “Even if every single Nike product isn’t on Amazon, there will be enough of a selection that someone looking for Nike on Amazon will find something to buy.”
Fewer Partners
Shortly after its Amazon pilot began, Nike unveiled plans to overhaul its retail strategy. With more attention aimed at direct-to-consumer avenues, particularly the Nike app and Nike.com, executives said the company would drastically reduce the number of retailers it partnered with.
In 2017, Nike did business with 30,000 retailers around the world. Elliott Hill, currently the company’s head of consumer and marketplace operations, told investors that year that Nike would focus its future efforts primarily on about 40 partners.
Nike wasn’t specific on what would separate those 40 partners from what it called “undifferentiated retail.” Reading between the lines, it appeared to want partners that gave its Nike brand separate space -- such as Nordstrom Inc.’s “ Nordstrom x Nike” shop on its website -- and was less interested in retailers that just placed Nike alongside its smaller competitors.
The Wall Street Journal reported at the time that Amazon was one of those 40 that Nike intended to prioritize.
Analysts said physical sporting-goods retailers would benefit from Nike’s departure from Amazon. The pilot program was an “overhang” to the stock valuation of Foot Locker Inc. that’s now removed, Raymond James analyst Matthew McClintock wrote in a note. Michael Baker of Nomura Instinet called Nike’s decision a modest positive for Dick’s Sporting Goods Inc.
Foot Locker was down 0.4% at 9:51 a.m. Wednesday in New York trading, while Dick’s was up 0.6%.
What Bloomberg Intelligence Says “Nike’s decision to end its wholesale pilot with Amazon.com is likely aimed at putting more focus on its own direct-to-consumer business, which is a key pillar of its Triple Double strategy. We still believe Nike’s goal for 33% of sales to be digital could be attained ahead of 2022.” --Poonam Goyal, senior retail analyst Click here to read the research.
About 68% of Nike’s annual sales come from wholesale channels, down from 81% in 2013. Though wholesale is still the bulk of the company’s sales, in that span Nike’s direct business has grown three times faster than top-line revenue.
Nike’s departure will rob Amazon’s brand registry program of a big name -- and potentially stoke the concerns of its partners. Nike’s participation had signaled that Amazon was taking the concerns of major brands seriously.
Such brands have expressed frustration that Amazon doesn’t do enough to fight counterfeits. They also fear that giving Amazon too much control over prices will devalue their products.
Amazon’s foray into private-label products has added to the fears. The company now sells everything from batteries to mattresses to snacks, further complicating the relationship between Amazon and brands.
— With assistance by Robert Williams
( Updates with shares in ninth paragraph, analyst comments in 21st paragraph. ) | tomekkorbak/pile-curse-small | OpenWebText2 |
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Secrets Volume 7 has three stories that range from subpar to okay but Angela Knight's short story is one of those stories that make me want to check and see if my hair isn't on fire because baby, is it getting hot in here or what? I can imagine why Angela Knight earns a strong cult following from her novellas because Kissing The Hunter makes my toes curl.
Julia Welles kicks off the show with Amelia's Innocence, a rather straightforward historical tale about Captain Quentin Hawke of the Soul-Catcher winning Amelia Fletcher's maidenhead in a game. He doesn't want to claim the bet, but when Amelia reveals that her father is a violent drunkard who would no doubt rape her one of these days, he decides that he has to take her in for her own good. She won't be actually having sex with him, he says, but it's easier said than done, of course. What do you expect? Men will always be men, pfffft. On the bright side, Amelia is no martyr and Hawke is a nice gentleman with some mild baggages. Still, this story is quite predictable and a little on the forgettable side.
Jade Lawless tells the tale of two reincarnated lovers in The Woman Of His Dreams but the heroine Joanna is so humorless, cold, and pessimistic that I'm surprised that the hero Graywolf Avonaco doesn't cash in his chips and move on to a less sullen woman. This story seems to go on forever, with plenty of mystic mumbo-jumbo and flashback love scenes, but I can't really get into it as the heroine is just too brittle to come alive as a passionate person. Because Joanna is so gloomy, even the story's most explicit love scene comes off like a chore to be endured.
Kathryn Anne Dubois' Surrender has a hellion eighteen-year old medieval dingbat Lady Johanna screaming and fighting and railing at her husband Nicholas Kentridge. The only time they stop acting like noxious children is when they are having sex. Those are barbaric times, right? So maybe we can tie up Johanna in a bag, weigh the bag down with some heavy stones, and throw the bag into a river just like they do to unwanted kittens and puppies, can we? The only time my head stop ringing is when I finally turn the page to get to the next short story.
Angela Knight's Kiss Of The Hunter has our Navy SEAL hero Logan McLean on a vengeance bent as he is on a vigilante killing spree on vampires to avenge the death of his wife at the hands of a villainous bloodsucker. His target Virginia Hart is a vampire but she doesn't kill her victims - she just takes a pint of their blood in between giving them great oral favors and more. Logan will need some convincing as to her benign nature and even more work to fall in love with a vampire after what happened to his wife, but the sexual tension is really too hot for words. The opening scene of Logan watching Victoria servicing her latest blood donor is splendidly pornographic kind of yummy. Even better, Victoria doesn't fall into that "poor misunderstood noble heroine" act - she takes no prisoners, people - while Logan is nicely drawn tortured hero. The characterization is very good given the short length of the story. Great sex, memorable characters, nice balance of angst and humor - all that's missing in this wonderful story is a cigar one can enjoy after the fun is done.
While three out of four stories being of the so-so variety will usually qualify this anthology as a dud, Angela Knight's short story makes Secrets Volume 7 worth at least the effort of smooching up to a friend that one can borrow this book from. | tomekkorbak/pile-curse-small | Pile-CC |
Q:
Measure duration of a non periodic message on FPGA with VHDL
I'm trying to measure the duration of a non periodic signal(message) on FPGA, as below :
I want to measure the duration of the measured signal by counting the number of reference clock's period. I set the first rising edge as the start trigger, but how should set the stop trigger?
I have no idea how to do this, can you give me some advice?
I want to implement this on FPGA with VHDL.
A:
Assumptions:
A "message" is a collection of transitions, with some sizable gap between messages that contains no transitions.
The clock period is smaller than the shortest gap between signal transitions.
Here's a block diagram; I'll leave it to you to convert it to your favorite HDL.
simulate this circuit – Schematic created using CircuitLab
U1 is a two (or more) stage synchronizer that makes sure the input signal is synchronous to the clock.
U2 is a synchronous edge detector that outputs a 1-clock pulse for every edge at the output of U1.
U3 is the "timeout" counter. It gets reset on every edge, and the message is over when it overflows.
U4 is a simple set-reset FF that keeps track of whether we're "in a message" (output is low) or "between messages" (output is high). It gets set when U3 overflows, and cleared whenever U2 detects an edge.
U5 is the "duration" counter. It needs to have enough bits to count the duration of the longest message. It starts counting on the first edge detected, and keeps counting until U3 overflows.
U6 is a simple N-bit register that captures the value of U5 for each detected edge. When U3 overflows, it contains the count for the last edge that occurred in the message.
Each of these blocks is just a couple of lines of code in either VHDL or Verilog.
| tomekkorbak/pile-curse-small | StackExchange |
# GINSENG, _The Divine Root_
DAVID A. TAYLOR
Algonquin Books of Chapel Hill
_For my parents,
Bill and Nancy Taylor_
SEN. ROCKEFELLER: ". . . I would say to the good senator from New York, if you're looking for good ginseng, come to West Virginia, sir. We have the best."
SEN. MOYNIHAN: "There are arguments. Delaware County, New York, is—(laughter)—still ahead among the Chinese elite, no doubt about it. Chairman Mao smoked only ginseng cigarettes from Delaware County. West Virginia is close. (Laughter.)"
—Capitol Hill hearing, June 6, 1996
"Hell, I wasn't aiming on shooting nothing today, I's just looking for sang," he said. "Got me a alimony payment due."
"Oh, well, then," she said, nodding seriously, "good thing you brought that rifle. Sang plants can get real mean in breeding season."
—BARBARA KINGSOLVER, _Prodigal Summer,_ 2000
"Do you think I wanted to walk with this woman? She was talking about ginseng for an hour and a half!"
—LARRY DAVID, _Curb Your Enthusiasm,_ 1999
## CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION
ONE: The Root at Hand
TWO: The Doctors Debate
THREE: The Emperor's Favorite
FOUR: Life in a New World
FIVE: Pursued by Trappers
SIX: Courted by Traders, and Dancing the Ginseng Polka
SEVEN: Traders Again
EIGHT: Outlaws on the Road to Nowhere
NINE: Tamed, but Not
TEN: Shanghaied Once More
ELEVEN: Served by the Finest Chefs
TWELVE: Back in China
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
APPENDIX: Ginseng Use and Recipes
SOURCES
## INTRODUCTION
_The Cherokees speak of the plant as a sentient being . . . able to make itself invisible to those unworthy to gather it._
—WILLIAM BARTRAM, naturalist, Philadelphia, 1791
RESTING ON MY DESK is a single dried ginseng root. It looks small and insubstantial, a shriveled, pale brown finger against a dark background. This one is four years old and came from a craft shop in Cherokee, North Carolina.
Few Americans would recognize this root as ginseng. Most people think of ginseng as a Chinese herb used in energy-boosting food supplements. A visit to a health-food super-market reveals a staggering array of them. The soft-drink aisle launches a rainbow brigade of shrink-wrapped bottles that list ginseng on their labels. The tea section has its own universe of ginseng items, from Yogi Tea to American Ginzing herbal tea. Even industry stalwart Lipton sells yellow boxes of Lemon Ginseng tea bags. In the dietary supplement section, shelves and shelves are devoted to ginseng capsules and tinctures of all kinds, often packaged with images of white-haired Asian philosophers or powerful dragons.
The root on my desk, however, is simply American ginseng, _Panax quinquefolius,_ a native to North American forests and virtually identical to its sister in Asia, _Panax ginseng._ Asian ginseng has indeed been used for several thousand years as a popular health tonic. Less known is the fact that for nearly three centuries, this surprising family resemblance between the two plants has led American ginseng to navigate a labyrinthine passage around the world.
This ginseng root holds other surprises. For one thing, it's harder than you'd expect of an herb. Biting off a piece is like snapping a half-inch wooden dowel in two. Even before a small piece reaches my mouth, I smell the soil it came from. I place the root on my tongue and the tannic tang reminds me vaguely of cloves. Not exactly a pleasant taste, it's been described as slightly aromatic, or like licorice root. The flavor evokes an earlier age, a time of sarsaparilla and anise seed. The root catches on my teeth, and within a minute its woody texture gives way to fibrous threads.
IF YOU LIVE NEAR mountains in the eastern half of North America, you can wander the woods for days, hoping to find a ginseng plant in the wild. I have kept my eyes open on many hikes where the terrain looked right: shady, north-facing slopes, mossy rock outcroppings, clusters of hardwood trees. But ginseng is a shy creature. Novice visitors always need an introduction from someone who knows the herb well. It's not like other famous forest residents. Oak and walnut trees are easily recognizable, lording over the forest like statuesque movie stars. Ginseng isn't like that. It blends in easily with other plants, such as poison oak. Yet a Park Service botanist who has tromped the Great Smokies for years says that of all the rare plants in the woods—of all the ones that she could choose in the forest's vastness—ginseng is her favorite. She enjoys tracking its aboveground life as it races through the seasons, from a single stem in spring, to a flush of leaves, to sports-car-red berries that last just a week in mid-summer. By fall, its leaves turn a pale yellow before the plant seems to disappear altogether.
Below the soil, however, the root (technically, a rhizome) continues to develop with painfully slow deliberation. Each year adds a wrinkle on its neck, establishing a unique signature, like a tree's rings. And while that signature might seem meaningless hidden in the forest, it will gain significance later. For generations of collectors who call themselves ginsengers, that root and its wild signatures have been an excellent reason for an autumn walk in the woods. People in Pocahontas County, West Virginia, can still point to farms that were bought with ginseng money. More often, digging ginseng roots and selling them to a buyer in a bait shop down the road produced enough cash to buy Christmas gifts or school supplies. When the crunch of dead leaves and sunlight against bare tree trunks signaled darker days coming, ginseng promised that Christmas bonus.
American ginsengers through the centuries were happy to collect the roots to sell, but it was rare for them to chew the root themselves. And there's still a good deal of debate among American doctors about whether ginseng does any good. Depending on who you ask, ginseng either works to catalyze the body's vital energy, or it acts as a mild tonic and antioxidant, or it's a fraud. Some U.S. researchers have found that certain chemicals in American ginseng may protect brain cells against degenerative conditions like Parkinson's disease. No one denies, though, that ginseng has, at least, a very powerful effect on the imagination. Few elements of nature have inspired such an enormous range of creative responses as ginseng. This refers not only to farmers who have tried to grow it and researchers who have devised new ways to study the herb's chemical compounds, but also to the hucksters who for so long hawked ginseng as an aphrodisiac. (The world of ginseng holds an abundance of lowbrow imagination. Seedy massage parlor owners in Hong Kong's Kowloon Tong have figured out how to infuse ginseng into their sauna baths to boost revenues, and the ways to invoke ginseng in fraudulent mail-order schemes that promise better sexual performance are seemingly infinite.) Ginseng has inspired poems, stories, novels by Jack London and others, dance numbers, paintings, and the slide-guitar sounds of "Ginseng Sullivan," a song that recounts the trials of a soul digging ginseng in cold, hard ground.
Few plants have been as vividly anthropomorphized as the one known in Chinese as the "divine herb," the "king of herbs," and the "returned cinnabar with the wrinkled face." Whether in an Appalachian ginsenger's tale or a Chinese legend, stories about ginseng testify to an amazement at the plant's capacity to endure, and they speak to our own aspirations for weathering change. Wild ginseng has grown scarce, and the ginsenger's way of life, passed from father to son, may be passing. But in many places people still talk of the plant as having a thrill to it.
"I love to fool with that ginseng," George Albright, a digger in West Virginia, told me. "You don't know what it's going to do."
Albright had led me up a slope into the woods behind his house. A freight train echoed in the morning air, a reminder that we were in coal country, but soon we were surrounded by Appalachian deciduous forest, bright green after weeks of rain. Albright had hunted ginseng in this part of West Virginia for over fifty years. As a boy, he spent most of his time in the woods, and now that he was retired, he had returned to them. He knew that pound for pound, wild ginseng was one of the most valuable commodities in those mountains, and that the plant's value had put it on the endangered species list. He talked about how the root was saved only by being so hard to find. Some of his neighbors speculate that Albright has an extra gland that helps him find it.
After we walked a distance under the forest canopy, he stopped and bent down low. "Here," he said. Suddenly we were peering down on a four-prong ginseng plant. Its slender stem rose about six inches above the ground and branched into four smaller ones, each with a cluster of five arrow-shaped leaves. Albright set about the careful operation of unearthing the root, gently scraping away the dirt. When he finally held it up, the six-inch-long root twisted in every direction, with odd and irregular bends. A ginseng dealer at the bait shop down the road might pay Albright a few dollars for it, but a customer in a shop in San Francisco or Hong Kong would pay at least ten times more for a wild root like that.
In fact, this was another creative response to ginseng. Strictly speaking, this slender prize wasn't wild ginseng. Yes, it was growing without fertilizers or crop rows in its native forest, but it had help: George had sown the seed himself. This was "simulated-wild" ginseng, an ingenious wrinkle in the market that could pay off for ginsengers and breathe new life into American forests. George had made a domesticated plant look wild, and got a better price for it. Since boyhood, ginseng had given him a way to look at his forest with a sense of magic and purpose. Now he repaid it with a creative approach that made it more abundant.
Not far from George Albright's land, Daniel Boone had dug ginseng in the 1780s and sold it to Philadelphia merchants with ships bound for China. Ever since that time, American ginseng has ridden waves of prosperity, crime, and human frailty. The ginseng trade fed the fortune of America's first millionaire, ensnared peasants in back-breaking work, promised long life to kings in Europe and Asia, and lured others to prison and even death.
Ginseng's expressive contortions invite the attention of millions. That shape! That aroma! The expectation of a quickened pulse, and the scent of the soil. Ginseng takes people to the limits of speech. How do you describe a taste precisely? How do you translate _vital energy_? "Ginseng's mystery defies logic and Western thinking," Bob Beyfuss, an agricultural agent, told me. "It satisfies a need that cannot be defined, much like sex." There have been houses that have burned down where the most-grieved loss was an old ginseng root in a glass case. "I can remember a whole lot of times digging 'sang," one ginsenger told me, "but I can't remember much else from when I was little."
DURING FOUR YEARS I spent in Asia as a science editor, I never suspected such an eventful past or intense connection between that part of the world and my home state of Virginia. Ginseng has something of a forgotten history, which began when Jesuit missionaries made the discovery that American ginseng was nearly identical to the Asian ginseng so treasured in China. Through the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, the plant held an honored place in American life, commerce, foreign relations, and medicine, and reflected attitudes that can be hard for many today to fathom. Ginseng hunting, often a bond between father and son, remained a vital part of rural livelihoods well into the 1900s. Its abundance and value helped thousands of poor families make a living, people whom _The New York Times_ derided as "shiftless, roving people, wholly incapable of keeping up with the march of modern progress."
This hidden history is one of thousands among medicines used by people around the globe. When they get sick, most of the world's population still turns to plants, not packaged pharmaceuticals. Ethnobotanists say that plants gain value as medicine only after many generations of people using them for food and other needs. Throughout the Americas and Africa, in Europe and Asia, medicinal plants have left deep memories of tastes and sensations. These plants are collected mostly from the wild and move through the world on informal pathways, unchecked by customs agents or health regulations. Ginseng, like many others, faces the possibility that it will not survive in the wild for much longer. If it doesn't, strands of our own history will be lost.
Meanwhile, every fall, American ginseng continues to get shepherded along routes that lead from forests to the world's cities and suburbs, passing through an eclectic assortment of hands. Some roots wind up in court as evidence, some in the clinics of Cedars-Sinai Hospital in Los Angeles. American ginseng roots, both wild and farm-grown, are shipped to South America, Europe, and Asia. In Hong Kong, a street crammed with traditional medicine shops sells wooden bins full of the root, while high above on the steep hillside in a shiny university lab, scientists track its chemical fingerprints. The history of this modest plant brings together Iroquois botanical knowledge and the theory of continental drift, diverse histories of Jesuit studies, ethnography and fur trapping, acupuncture and old-time musicians, fraud and folklore. Perhaps no other plant encompasses quite this range and intensity of human experience.
This book is about a plant poised between the danger of the wild and the safety of domestication, and is a picaresque of what life is like for a species balancing between extinction and stardom.
Throughout one fall and winter, I followed American ginseng. From upstate New York, it led me down North America's eastern mountains to North Carolina, westward to the Mississippi River, and across the Pacific to Hong Kong and southern China. The plant, like a secret handshake or an epic told by a series of storytellers, introduced me to trappers in West Virginia, Harvard-trained medical researchers, Cherokee elders, gourmet chefs, smugglers, law-enforcement officers, cultural anthropologists and history professors, and a business mogul or two. I set out on ginseng's wild journey through the world, and discovered a path it has charted through human nature.
### _A Note on Terms_
WILD GINSENG refers to the plant as it grows in its native forest, with no help from people. Wild ginseng commands the highest price, and is limited to the plant's native range. For American ginseng _(Panax quinquefolius),_ that means mountains east of the Mississippi River. Wild Asian ginseng _(Panax ginseng)_ is found only in northeastern China, Korea, and parts of Siberia.
Other ginseng relatives are: _Panax notoginseng,_ found in China as _san chi_ or _tien chi_ ginseng; _Panax japonicum,_ or Japa-nese ginseng and found only in Japan; and _Panax trifolium,_ known as dwarf ginseng. There is a less documented basis for these plants than for the main two ginseng species, and they are not nearly as valuable. _Eleutherococcus senticosus,_ sometimes called Siberian ginseng, is not a true ginseng, but a relative in the same plant family; it has almost no ginsenosides (the active chemical compounds in _Panax_ species), and labeling rules now prohibit it from being marketed under the name "ginseng."
CULTIVATED GINSENG is the farm-grown version, which requires shade arbors, chemical pesticides and fungicides, and intense labor. For generations it was primarily cultivated in Wisconsin, but it is now widely grown in China and on farms around the world.
SIMULATED-WILD GINSENG is a fairly new, middle category (although experts maintain that thousands of years ago, Koreans grew simulated-wild ginseng in forests, too). Promoted as an ecologically sustainable alternative to cultivated ginseng, simulated-wild plants grow from seed sown by people in forest conditions that mimic the habitat of wild ginseng. Simulated-wild ginseng is mainly limited to areas where ginseng also grows wild—in America, in forests east of the Mississippi—and it is raised with no or very few chemicals or tilling. Markets in Asia have been slow to acknowledge this as a separate category; simulated-wild roots are easily mistaken for wild roots and command a higher price than cultivated roots.
## ONE
## The Root at Hand
_Wisdom . . . requires patience, persistence, curiosity and hard work. These are precisely the same requisites for growing ginseng._
—BOB BEYFUSS, _American Ginseng Production in the 21st Century_
ON A CRISP DAY in September 2002, a few maples flared red against the green ridge on the east bank of the Hudson River and signaled the start of ginseng season. On the west bank, two festival tents flapped in a breeze at Catskill Point park, in the village of Catskill, New York. Food vendors in the Dutchman's Galley were doing brisk business in hot dogs and schnitzel, and the festival was drawing an eclectic assortment of people. The organizers had sent announcements to farms all over the surrounding county and posted handbills in neighborhoods throughout New York City, two hours south. They translated the flyers into Chinese and Korean, invited New Age medicine specialists and dairy farmers, and arranged for entertainment, from acoustic duos to gospel choirs. Now, as a man in a kilt droned away on bagpipes in the center of the fairground, buses arrived in the parking lot, hauling scores of people from Manhattan's Chinatown.
What brought them all together was ginseng, a plant at home on two continents, treasured in one for millennia and traded in the other for centuries, and still something of an enigma even to those who know it best. This was Catskill's first annual Ginseng Festival, but the plant was no newcomer here.
Ginseng is so old that scientists call members of its genus "living fossils," meaning plants that have remained unchanged since the first appearance of angiosperms more than 65 million years ago. Ginseng's family, Araliaceae, is among the oldest known group of angiosperms. (Angiosperms are flowering plants with enclosed seeds, the group that dominates the plant world today: everything from poppies to apple trees.) Outlines of _Panax_ plants have appeared etched in stones found in Colorado dating back at least to the Oligocene Epoch, which began 38 million years ago.
Geobotanists say ginseng goes back seventy million years, when the two _Panax_ species began as one. (The name, like _panacea,_ stems from the Greek word for "cure.") Back then, a megacontinent known as Laurasia dominated the Northern Hemisphere and was blanketed by a thick deciduous forest. That explains why over three quarters of the plant families native to China's eastern Hubei Province are also native to the Carolinas. Magnolias, whose scent I always associated with Faulkner and the American South, abound in East Asia—over fifty species. Hydrangeas, too.
North America split off from Laurasia about fifty million years ago, and the Pacific slowly widened. At the end of the Miocene Age, about two million years ago, the western half of North America buckled and a tumultuous climate shredded the plant habitats in the American West. Fragmented populations in that region dwindled below their survival threshold and died out, but in the more stable terrain east of the Mississippi, forests remained nearly intact and still resembled those of northeast Asia. Eventually, people on both sides of the new ocean started using the plants that grew near them. The Cherokee used _Jeffersonia diphylla,_ a small herb found in forests from Ontario down to North Carolina, as a poultice for sores and inflammations, and the Iroquois boiled the plant to treat diarrhea. That plant's Asian relative, _Jeffersonia dubia,_ became a folk cure for stomach problems in northern China and Korea. And people on both sides of the Pacific started using ginseng.
Asian ginseng and American ginseng adapted slightly differently to their respective homes, with subtle variations in chemistry. The two have been described as the "twin pillars of both traditional and modern herbal medicine: the Asian a stimulant, the American a relaxant; the Asian a virility booster, the American a feminine tonic; the Asian an embodiment of yang, the American of yin."
AT THE FESTIVAL, THE first tent was crowded with displays of ginseng products and memorabilia from different eras. A local couple was handing out Ziploc bags of maple-chip candy coated in ginseng syrup, so a teenaged girl asked for a taste. "Sweet!" she said. Then her smile turned into a sour face as the bitter aftertaste hit.
Two Korean businessmen at a nearby booth outlined their strategy for exporting American ginseng to Asia. They were also there to buy American ginseng roots at an incredibly high price, as it turned out. They paid several local diggers about $1,500 per pound for twenty-five-year-old wild ginseng roots. That was three times the peak price that most North American diggers would see that season.
A camera crew wearing baseball caps with the gold National Geographic logo was filming an interview with a young Korean-American couple who had driven three hours from Long Island. The camera operator zoomed in as the woman bit into a long, pale tendril of American ginseng. She smiled and said it tasted just like Korean ginseng, which has been cultivated there at least since the sixteenth century. She held it out for her husband to take a bite.
The second tent was so crowded that it resembled a huge white millipede, with human legs poking from under the back flap. Inside, a bearded man spoke above the noise of the bagpiper and the bucking tent flaps. He spoke in a quiet drawl to a mix of New Agers, farmers, and city people about the best soil medium for germinating ginseng seeds—aquarium sand—and told the rapt audience how to apply fungicidal sprays. Suddenly a man in the back row strode forward as if he was going to storm the stage. He had a shock of flowing white hair and a huge plant tattoo on his right bicep. A few people in the crowd would later recall that moment with some alarm. "He looked like this wild Jack Nicholson character," one said, "moving closer so he could heckle the speaker."
The wild man was Bob Beyfuss (rhymes with _typhus_ ), the resident ginseng expert and festival organizer, preparing to introduce the next presenters.
SEVERAL WEEKS BEFORE THE festival, I had visited Beyfuss in the Greene County office building west of Catskill for the first ginseng hunt of the season. Every surface in his office was covered, with papers but also with photos of his grown children, ginseng roots carved with faces, and books on ginseng—everything from its trade and medicinal use to an 1881 manual on its growth and diseases. The walls held mounted fish, a stuffed red-tail hawk perched behind the door, certificates (one announced that Beyfuss was an "Official Fun Person"), and a small gold marker warning THIS ANIMAL IS DANGEROUS.
The tattoo on his arm, he said, was a midlife crisis: a full-color, life-size illustration of a huge five-prong ginseng plant, from leaves to root. Ginseng diggers everywhere talk about prongs—the bracts that branch off from the main stem and give a rough idea of the plant's age. One-prongs are a year old, two-prongs are two years, and a four-prong generally signals a plant four years old or older. After four years, a plant rarely adds prongs, so to tell the age you have to dig up the root and count the scars that gather on its neck, one every year. Beyfuss had a botanical illustrator paint the image from one of his own plants, a nine-year-old. Then a tattoo artist needed most of a day to transfer the illustration to Beyfuss's arm. Beyfuss hiked up his blue shirt sleeve to reveal the botanically correct image: a flush of leaves on his shoulder in rich greens, the red berries full, and the brown, branchy root only slightly smaller than it should have been.
Beyfuss had been involved with ginseng for twenty years, starting at a low point in his life. In 1984 he had been working as a county agricultural agent for seven years and his marriage had just ended. He was going back to school for a master's degree after a long hiatus, and he felt old among the other graduate students. Plus, the atmosphere at Cornell was much more competitive and stressful than at Rutgers, where he had gotten his undergraduate degree. He was commuting two hours each way from his day job in Greene County. With the added strain of studying, he was a wreck.
He started taking ginseng, chewing a bit of root daily, and found that despite getting less sleep, he could keep going through a full schedule of work, study, and almost-daily racquetball games. Ginseng seemed to cut his stress load, improve his energy, and, he thought, help him to lose weight.
Ginseng also gave him a niche at Cornell, where the agriculture program is world famous and the precedents were daunting. After months of searching for a thesis topic, Beyfuss found that most natural products and ecosystems already had their champions there. "At Cornell, they know everything about everything," he told me. "Nobody knew _nothing_ about ginseng."
That itself was strange, since just a century before, upstate New York had been home to the first popular efforts to cultivate ginseng outside its native forests, on farmland. But Beyfuss found that knowledge of ginseng has historically gone through cycles of fascination and complete indifference. At the start of the twentieth century, growing ginseng for the China market was a hot focus of scientific research and the subject of several USDA manuals. By mid-century it was all but forgotten. Interest in digging the wild root would spike in one locality for a while, then die down until just a handful of people even remembered what ginseng looked like. These cycles are not unique to ginseng, but like so much else about the plant, they seem more pronounced.
For professional foresters, ginseng has always fallen into a category awkwardly labeled _nontimber forest products,_ which covers everything from mushrooms to maple syrup, rubber to log moss, and wildflowers to wild turkeys. Modern forestry has a primary focus on timber; everything else is secondary. Yet history is full of instances where people considered other forest items more essential than wood. Gum arabic, a resin from the acacia tree in the Sudan, was a major commodity in ancient Egypt for its use in paints and the mummifying process. Olive oil and cork, from the bark of the cork tree, drove trade in the Mediterranean. In 300 BC wild silphion was so recognizable and valuable as medicine and commodity in Cyrene (present-day Libya) that coins were embossed with the plant's image. Forest plants often accrued cultural meaning and importance, too.
Beyfuss wrote his thesis on ginseng's history, medicinal uses, and cultivation. He described how to prepare the seeds, and the six to eight years it takes for the root to reach the size desired by Asian markets. He gets irked now when he finds sections of his thesis lifted in articles, and is proud that copies keep getting stolen from the Cornell library's shelves. His thesis also routinely disappears from the stacks of Greene County's public library. He likes to say it's poached.
BEFORE WE LEFT HIS office to go to the woods, a woman entered carrying a glass jar. She was a client—that's extension-speak for _county resident with a problem._ The jar in her hands contained a bug, and she wanted to know what it was. She complained that they had gotten inside her house and become a nuisance. Beyfuss told her it was a black vine beetle, usually found on rhododendrons. He nosed around the piles of papers for a book with a passage about the black vine beetle, pulled on cerulean-blue-framed reading glasses, and read it aloud. Then he photocopied the page for her. His professional recommendation: Squish the bugs.
Few of the county's residents these days rely on farming, or need advice from farm agents like Beyfuss. Since the turn of the twentieth century, he explained as we drove out along the ridges west of Cairo, Greene County's population has shrunk by half. Most of the farms are now owned by people who don't live there. Forests have recovered from near-leveling early in the 1900s; now they cover almost 90 percent of the county. Nature has made this stretch of the Catskills very desirable to millionaires, and magazines have dubbed the area "the new Hamptons."
Speculative buying by the wealthy has sent property taxes through the roof. Every week, Beyfuss would get another call from a farmer desperate to make his or her land (mostly old dairy pastures and wood lots) productive enough to cover the taxes. That's why Beyfuss became an advocate of growing "simulated-wild" ginseng, the awkward term for a practice that mainly consists of laying down seeds lightly in a forest, covering them and leaving them alone. Beyfuss figured that the high value of this nearly-wild ginseng (not truly wild, because someone put the seeds there) could help farmers make enough money after eight years to keep their land under forest cover. But the residents who came to Beyfuss in desperation could rarely wait eight years to turn a profit. He had to reach them earlier. He had tried different ways, including a column in local papers and a weekly TV show on Sunday mornings. "Kids across the county hated me," he said, "because their cartoons didn't start until I was off." He tried getting the word out in compendiums, too; for the _Encyclopedia of New York State,_ he boiled down his years of accumulated wisdom on ginseng into a haikulike compression of one page. He struggled with that distillation for months.
Beyfuss was not introducing a radical idea. Ginseng has haunted the Catskills for centuries. He pointed, through his windshield, to a green knob in the distance, known as Ginseng Mountain. That was how it was designated when these hills were given names on maps in the early 1800s. The name recalls a time when ginsenging expeditions went into the woods for days at a time and returned with many sacks full of root to sell.
Back then, you could almost make a career digging ginseng. In 1837, residents of one remote valley in western North Carolina pulled 86,000 pounds of ginseng root out of the ground. That's roughly twenty large wagonloads, or a small house filled up to eye-level with roots, estimates Gary Kauffman, a botanist with the Forest Service. Go back to 1800 and you find that ginseng was established as the United States' first major export to the Far East. Rewind further back into the empires of France and England, and you find the two superpowers in the 1700s battling over ginseng and furs in North American forests.
There's not much ginseng on Ginseng Mountain anymore. The name drew generations of diggers and they mined it out. (In 1889 _The New York Times_ reported that large quantities of big roots were still being dug in the Catskills and sold for what, in 2004, would be over sixty-two dollars a pound.) There are still a few old-timers in Greene County who know how to collect the root and sell it, but they are increasingly rare.
Women diggers have always been rare, Beyfuss said, even though women make better diggers. "Girls are better at finding ginseng than guys," he said. He speculated that women may be more observant.
Ginsenging traditions remain stronger further south, in Appalachia. For one thing, Beyfuss said, digging wild ginseng doesn't pay people in this area a wage comparable to what they could find in the city not so far away. Then there's the climate. "Our winters are ferocious. People get the hell out of here." Maybe you could survive winter in a tar-sided shack in the West Virginia woods, but here—due east of Buffalo—that's just not possible. Yet Beyfuss hoped that with simulated-wild ginseng, he could help revive a New York tradition in which families supplemented their income with native species from local forests, in ways more ecologically sound than conventional dairy farms, which invest a great deal of energy, resources, and antibiotics to grow animals that are not well suited to these hill slopes.
The ginseng festival, he believed, might rekindle interest among old-timers and spark curiosity among a group that he called "new down-homers": people who grew up nearby, moved to the city for work, and later returned to the countryside. Beyfuss knew the obstacles to making ginseng more profitable, which include layers of middlemen and the fact that consumers lack good information about the value of locally grown ginseng. But he also saw possibilities: a huge market familiar with ginseng's use as a tonic lay in the city just a few hours down the Hudson, but many of those people didn't know that ginseng grew in forests so close to them. So he printed his festival handbills, posted them all through the city's Chinese and Korean neighborhoods, and waited.
BY THE TIME WE left the car at the roadside and hiked into the woods for the first ginseng foray of the season, it was a warm late morning on the way to hot. _Hunt_ struck me as a strange term to apply to a plant, but ginseng doesn't just sit there like other plants. According to legends on both sides of the Pacific, ginseng retreats from view. It camouflages itself, or stays underground, dormant, still as a stone, for several years in a row before sending up a stalk. "Ginseng is the tiger of the plant world," begins a report by TRAFFIC International, a watchdog organization that monitors endangered species. One grower, a former accountant with decades of hard-nosed farming experience, would talk about ginseng as if it had human qualities. "In the spring," he said, "if they think the year's going to be crummy, they won't grow. They'll just lie dormant." He caught himself and said of course plants don't think, _people_ think. All the same, he insisted that ginseng could sense weather months in advance and respond to it.
Beyfuss, too, was intrigued by the way that ginseng plants go dormant, apparently for years at a time. The root doesn't die, but stays in a kind of suspended animation. Then another year it will send up a shoot. This unpredictability has caused people to watch ginseng very closely.
As we ducked under a barbed-wire fence, Beyfuss explained that in New York ginseng season starts September 1, but often harvesters will go a few weeks early to scout out patches. For confusing historical reasons, the government lumps ginseng with fish and wildlife, not plants. Every year, the Office of Scientific Authority in the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service assesses the demographics of wild American ginseng in the eastern states and decides what controls to put on its export. Each of the nineteen states that exports ginseng runs its own program of registering buyers and recording how much ginseng they purchase from diggers. States have imposed a hunting season on ginseng collection. That season varies from state to state, and not with great consistency. You might expect the season to start earlier in the north, where the fall comes first, and later in the south. Nope. Tennessee's season starts two weeks before New York's.
Beyfuss was a friend of the man in whose woods we were foraging. The land was relatively low-lying, almost too damp to support ginseng. We continued downhill through maples and clusters of hemlock. The underbrush was sparse where the shade was heaviest. Ginseng likes shade. A dry stream bed angled along at our left. Beyfuss crossed over.
Standing on top of a berm on the far side, he inhaled.
"Smells like ginseng habitat," he said. "I don't know what it is, but I know that smell." I couldn't tell if he was hamming or sincere—all I smelled was the warm scent of decomposing wood and leaves—but there was no denying that Beyfuss knew this terrain like an old lover. And his claim on the place felt more intimate than science. In fact, he denied any scientific authority. "I'm just walking around the woods," he said, referring all questions about science to the Forest Service botanists. No, Beyfuss prowled the woods more like an old ginseng hunter.
Poaching is a common problem among ginsengers, but Beyfuss drew a line between poaching and theft. Theft, of course, was wrong. Theft involved taking something from someone who was obviously planning to use it. By contrast, poaching meant illegally using a natural resource that nobody else was planning to use. Intent plays a major role in this distinction. If you posted signs declaring GINSENG: KEEP OUT!, Beyfuss insisted that would help you make a legal case for treating any trespasser as a felon, because the signs show you know the value of what you have. His distinction between theft and poaching dovetailed nicely with his own past, which included digging ginseng on land whose owner didn't know the plant was there.
We had the woods to ourselves. He pointed out plants that signal ginseng territory: baneberry, another light shrubby plant called black cohosh, and jack-in-the-pulpit, a low-lying flower with red berries like ginseng's. "Fool's ginseng" is a good impostor, except that the leaflets don't all start from the same point on the stem; it's sarsaparilla. Other plants look like ginseng, too: Virginia creeper, hickory seedlings, and occasionally poison ivy. (Poison-ivy hives are a ginsenger's occupational hazard.) We passed hemlock and pines, partridgeberry, herb Robert, doll's eye, maidenhair fern, false Solomon seal, yellow-topped boletus mushrooms. Beyfuss picked a handful of mushrooms to use at home for seasoning meals.
This landscape had attracted him ever since he was a kid in Jersey City. In visits to his uncle's dairy farm, Beyfuss decided early on (at the age of four, he claims) that one day he would live here. Soon he was working summers on the farm.
"By the time I was sixteen I'd grown to hate cows," he told me, a furtive confession for an agriculture agent. From the dairy farm he switched to a horse farm. After graduating from Rutgers, he got jobs shoeing horses, working at gas stations, cleaning toilets at a factory in Schenectady. In 1976, when he got married and needed a steady job, the county posted an announcement for an assistant extension agent. He took that job and has been there through two marriages, two kids, and twenty-five 'sang seasons.
Suddenly, standing amid stinging nettle and blackberry prickers, he knelt down. There it was. "Four prong," he said.
This ginseng plant, he estimated, was fifteen to twenty years old. We studied it without a word. This was the first ginseng of the season, and its ordinary appearance made me pause. It was indeed a four-prong, with several clusters of leaves off the central stem—a good-size buck in ginseng terms—but it did not stand out markedly from the shrubs and the jack-in-the-pulpits nearby. Yet we were in a ginseng patch.
"The more you look, the more you see," Beyfuss said. Almost immediately, he pointed out another, just a bare stem. Although deer had nibbled off the leaves (deer and wild turkey love ginseng), Beyfuss could identify the plant by its central stem and the remaining bracts.
I had been thinking that by the end of that fall, I would be able to find the plant in the wild by myself. A century ago that would have been easy: ginseng patches grew thick with sprouts that multiplied from a granddaddy, enough so that one patch could yield a hundred pounds of root. But those days were gone. Now I wondered if my goal was reasonable. I have loved wandering in the woods since I was a kid, but I'm not patient enough to find a needle in a haystack.
Beyfuss had hunted ginseng throughout its range, which at one point stretched to the eastern edge of Nebraska and down into Florida, although reports of it in the Sunshine State have been disputed. He could reel off the regional names it had sprouted: "We call it ginseng or jin shang or 'sang. Down South, they call it 'sang or 'seng. In the Midwest, they call it shang." As you go south through the plant's native range, down the Alleghenies through the Appalachians to Georgia, the indicator plants change, too. Blue cohosh gives way to black cohosh. But core terms like _prong_ remain the same.
Despite his obvious passion for the plant, Beyfuss showed restraint as a digger. Even though it was in season now, he merely pointed out the ginseng to me and moved on. He wanted to keep these patches intact. "It makes me nervous that I'm not seeing any babies here," he said, scanning one patch where the demographics weren't right. "This is the third year in a row that I haven't seen them." A responsible digger, he will spread ginseng berries around to germinate and assure another generation. He didn't harvest much wild root anymore. After all, he had a lot of simulated-wild ginseng on his own land. And although he had a dealer's license, he didn't sell much. At this point in his career, Beyfuss' main quarry was the plant's odd habits, like the dormancy phenomenon.
Beyfuss knew a digger who was walking across a pasture one day and, right in the middle of the field, found a ginseng patch. Given the plant's habitat, this is like finding a skateboarder on the eighth green of an exclusive private golf course. Its appearance in that open field made the digger question the pasture's history, so he did some research. Ten years before becoming a pasture, it was a meadow; ten years before it became a meadow, it was underwater in a pool dammed by beavers. The digger decided that the ginseng plants must have been submerged by the dam with a suddenness that virtually pickled them. When the dam broke, the soil resurfaced just as suddenly, leaving ginseng _en pleine air._
SEVERAL YEARS AGO BEYFUSS launched an effort to collect American ginseng seeds everywhere the plant is native. That requires tromping the woods in almost every state east of the Mississippi, although in many of those states it's exceedingly rare. So far he has taken samples from New York, Pennsylvania, Ohio (where he'd gathered seeds just a few weeks earlier), Kentucky, Tennessee, West Virginia, and North Carolina. He was planning trips to Illinois, Indiana, Wisconsin, and Michigan. Soon he would be rummaging around Maine, New Jersey, Massachusetts, Vermont, Minnesota, and South Carolina. He paused at New Hampshire: "I could probably find it there but it's going to be work." (There's also a state law there against collecting wild ginseng.) And he was sure that ginseng grows wild somewhere in Connecticut, probably behind a big suburban estate. He also located a source on the outskirts of Washington, D.C. "I've got to see if she can find some ginseng in Maryland," he mused. "That will be a trick."
His original plan was to collect all the native varieties so that he could cross-breed a "truly American ginseng," but that changed. He didn't see noticeable differences among plants from the various regions. Plants from Ohio seeds looked a lot like plants grown from New York stock. A Cornell colleague conducted DNA analyses that showed that genotypically, too, Beyfuss's seeds from various provenances were as varied—and as alike—as any two plants within the same population. (Beyfuss tells people that he scrapes together a thousand dollars a year to collect the seed, while his coworker in the Cornell lab gets fourteen times that amount to run the DNA analyses.) It seemed to him that ginseng expresses genetic traits as randomly as apples, which are notoriously unstable. Others disputed this, but Beyfuss was convinced that there is no truly wild American ginseng anywhere, that all the ginseng in forests across North America was fostered by centuries of people putting seed back in the soil; that even the most remote ginseng patch has had some human contact, however deep in the distant past.
Then what's the point of collecting all that seed? If there are no longer any native populations, why bother foraging for seed in forests everywhere as if there were? He gave two reasons: first, to prove himself wrong (a.k.a. the null hypothesis). If populations across the native range really do vary, he wants to know. Second, he wanted to have representatives of the full range available for further genetic studies. He has planted his stash of all his selections at two discrete locations several hours' drive apart.
BEYFUSS STILL FOUND IT hard to describe why, exactly, ginseng merits all this treatment. "What is ginseng good for?" he asked, and then answered himself: "Everything, and not really anything." In Chinese medicine it's an all-purpose tonic, often blended with more toxic herbs to mellow their effect. In Western medicine it's gaining converts for relieving severe fatigue. Doctors at New York City's prestigious Sloane-Kettering hospital have prescribed American ginseng to help cancer patients cope with the stresses of chemotherapy and radiation treatment. It's a medically respected herb, he said, and there's a great demand for it.
With the few wild ginseng roots that he does collect, and several other herbs, Beyfuss makes a small private line of Doctor Bob's medicinals. The Doctor Bob line includes a cough medicine made from colt's foot, _Tussilago farfara._ There's also Doctor Bob's Mullein, a tabasco made from the leaves of _Verbascum,_ a tall, spiky plant that grows in the stream bed we passed. Then there's Doctor Bob's Ginseng Elixir, which he makes by taking old roots, at least fifty years old, and extracting them in Everclear. "You know Everclear?" he said with a bad-boy grin. He immerses the root in the pure grain alcohol, waits until the liquid turns golden, and decants it. Then he mixes it with grape juice, apple juice, and maple syrup. (It actually doesn't taste that bad.) Then there's Doctor Bob's ginseng berry wine.
At that point, imagining the combination of ginseng bitterness with the sourness of homemade wine, I nearly gagged.
Beyfuss admitted that it tasted terrible. The year before he took thirteen pounds of ginseng berries and fermented them "the way you make any fruit wine." It had quite a kick. As he started talking about how you can smoke Verbascum, I remembered my mother asking me hesitantly, "Can you get high from ginseng?" People have tried. My wife tried to smoke ginseng back in high school. Talking with Beyfuss, that question hovered in the air. He started describing Doctor Bob's ginseng berry wine, and I realized the man lives for the adrenaline rush of his interest in the plant more than the plant itself. Unlike most ginseng manufacturers, Doctor Bob makes only modest claims for his products.
We crawled under the rusty barbed wire and walked back to the road nearly empty-handed, except for the boletus mushrooms that Beyfuss held between splayed fingers. We passed back into grassland along a pond's edge. Closing his friend's outer gate behind us, he explained why he's not interested in testing cropping combinations or companion plants that could possibly make simulated-wild ginseng more profitable. "Ginseng's the only one I care about," he said frankly. "The others are just plants. Ginseng's special."
Pressed to explain why, words failed him. He can't articulate the feeling he gets from hunting shang, he said, except to say that it "reinforces the primeval connection between humans and plants." For Beyfuss, ginseng's mystery defies rational thought.
We crossed the road and re-entered the everyday world, stopping in a driveway to retrieve a fertilizer spreader for his friend. The magic was already fading. You could tell, as Beyfuss settled into the car, that the rest of the day would be routine. The first hunt of the season was done.
## TWO
## The Doctors Debate
_Of all the panaceas, adaptogens, and tonics, the "gold standard" is ginseng._
—WALTER H. LEWIS AND MEMORY P. ELVIN-LEWIS, _Medical Botany,_ 2003
AMERICANS NOW SPEND WELL over $100 million a year on items that list ginseng as an ingredient, ranging from dietary supplements, teas, and lozenges to facial scrubs and ointments. The brands on supermarket shelves have, in a few years, grown as varied as genres in a music store: there's New Age (Gaia Herb, Garden of Life brands), folk (Traditional Medicinals), country (Country Life), and heavy-metal counterparts (Ginseng Powermax 4x and Siberian Sport 5000). Even venerable One-a-Day has adapted, with its Energy Formula that combines American ginseng with B-vitamins.
Ginseng's popularity is part of a larger surge in Americans' consumption of herbal foods and beverages: from $20 million in 1997 to over a billion dollars a year now. This trend caused concern at the U.S. Food and Drug Administration, and in 2001 it warned companies that some products with "novel ingredients" like ginseng could be illegal.
In the face of this seismic change, it's understandable why consumer advocates and medical skeptics are leery of ginseng root and the claims made for it. An assessment by Nutrition Action Newsletter in 1999 said that ginseng products had the worst track record of mislabeling of any popular supplement; 15 percent of the purported ginseng products they tested contained no ginseng at all. Soon after that, a report by Consumer Lab found that less than half of the ginseng products tested contained even a threshold level of 2 percent ginsenosides, the active chemical compounds in ginseng. Worse, many of the products in their test were contaminated by pesticides or heavy metals (elements such as mercury, arsenic, and lead that can cause damage at low concentrations); eight had high levels of the pesticides quintozene and hexachlorobenzene, which are potential carcinogens, and two contained high concentrations of lead—over three micrograms per daily serving. Finding a true health supplement on retail shelves was no easy task. Manufacturers have since begun to improve their reliability in response to wary consumers.
Besides false labeling, skeptics hold a second, deeper layer of distrust of the root itself. Stacks of clinical trial results have so far failed to clarify the exact action of ginseng in the body. Some nutritionists state flatly that ginseng doesn't work, and that Asian ginseng, the more studied of the two, doesn't boost energy levels or memory and doesn't reduce stress. A visit to www.quackwatch.org, a website dedicated to exposing medical fraud and bad advice, reveals an equally adamant stance. Dr. Stephen Barrett, the website's editor and vice president of the National Council Against Health Fraud, is a retired psychiatrist and an aggressive watchdog who has tracked the literature for over a quarter century. He has said he has yet to find a mailorder health product that lives up to its claims, and remains skeptical about ginseng's benefits. In his article "Why Quackery Sells," ginseng appears alongside such suspects as aromatherapy, bee pollen, and pyramids as products hawked with a series of quack arguments. One example is the idea that everyone's body chemistry is slightly different, and therefore the FDA's Recommended Dietary Allowances don't apply. Barrett also becomes suspicious when people say a product is part of a philosophical conflict or paradigm shift. These arguments have indeed been used to explain why ginseng's value in Asian medicine has not been clearly validated by Western clinical research.
Yet interest in ginseng and other natural products continues to grow among Western physicians as well, many of whom have grown frustrated with the limitations of conventional allopathic medicine and concerned by the mounting costs of its treatments. Their interest shows the lines are not as clear-cut as quack versus physician, or science versus superstition, or even East versus West. What explains this ongoing ferment?
Some experts say it all goes back to Nixon—the misinformation, the distrust. Skeptics and proponents both point to the moment when Richard Nixon opened the door for U.S. relations with China in the early 1970s as a landmark event. The skeptics say that started a fractured relationship with the truth; the advocates say it opened Western awareness to alternative ways of healing. Three decades later, American medical opinion on ginseng's healing properties remains divided.
PROBABLY THE MOST IN-DEPTH comparison of Western medicine and Chinese medicine came near the end of the twentieth century in a posthumous publication by Joseph Needham, a distinguished biochemistry researcher in England. Needham is recognized as the first director of the natural sciences department in the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization. (Biographers say that he put the _S_ in UNESCO.) At the age of forty, Needham gave up biochemistry research, in which he was moving toward a chemical explanation for embryonic development. Instead, he embarked on a second career studying Chinese science and medicine. This change was triggered by meeting three young Chinese students at Cambridge, one of whom would eventually become his wife. Needham spent the next forty years of his life compiling a seventeen-volume opus, _Science and Civilisation in China._ At one point in that exhaustive assessment, he drew up a balance sheet tallying the merits and weaknesses of both medical systems.
Particularly since the discovery of penicillin and other anti-biotics, Western medicine's great strength has been in the treatment of acute diseases, Needham concluded. Chinese medicine, on the other hand, has a long history of clinical experience in relieving painful but less-acute conditions, like arthritis, that have resisted successful treatment in Western medicine. Another strength of Chinese medicine, Needham wrote, lay in two core concepts: the view of the healthy body as a balanced system, and the idea that disease is a process with different stages. Both Eastern and Western systems had weaknesses. Western medicine's focus on single-chemical medications could involve serious side effects, and too often failed to consider the body as a whole. The main weakness of Chinese medicine was that its theories had adapted little to our improved understanding of the body's chemistry and physiology. Needham viewed the two systems as complementary parts of a puzzle, and saw that this posed an opportunity to create a powerful new medical approach that would draw on the best of both traditions. The question was how and when this fusion would happen.
THE BOTTLES OF CAPSULES ON supermarket shelves don't look like promising forerunners of the synthesis that Needham envisioned, but health innovations have grown from lowly beginnings. Experimenting with plants has traditionally been an inelegant science. The father of herbal medicine in China, Shen Nong, would ingest leaves and roots as part of his testing method. A legendary emperor also known as the "Divine Farmer," Shen Nong reportedly lived around 2000 BC and compiled the first compendium of herbal medicines and their uses. He is said to have discovered and personally tested Asian ginseng, as well as rhubarb ( _Rheum_ species) and cinnamon _(Cinnamomum aromaticum)._ By 225 BC, his compendium, known as _The Divine Farmer's Classic of Materia Medica,_ was famous. From that earliest written record, ginseng was important for maintaining a person's _qi_ (pronounced "chi"), the vital energy at the heart of Taoist medicine.
The _Materia Medica_ fused empirical experience with herbs and the emerging philosophy of Taoism, which looked to nature for clues on how to live. The Taoists realized that nature contained all kinds of contradictions, so their system of mysticism included life's many contradictions as well. As one scholar wrote, "nothing, however strange it may be, is outside Nature."
The Taoists believed that by harmonizing the body's basic elements of male _(yang)_ and female _(yin),_ a person could maintain balance and prevent illness. "The best physicians always treat disease when it is not [yet] a disease," says the _Tao Te Ching,_ or _Book of the Way._ "And so [their patients] are not ill." For Taoists, the idea of giving drugs to a sick person was like waiting until you're thirsty to dig a well. Wasn't that too late?
Asian ginseng's reputation as a mild stimulant fit well with the Taoist idea of maintaining the body's qi: when people nibbled at ginseng, they seemed to feel more energy. Described as sweet and cool—not too potent or toxic—it was mild enough to combine well with other herbs. Plus, its shape corresponded with another Taoist idea, that humans mirror the universe around them. (Early medical encyclopedias made this literal, saying that objects in nature could help cure their counterpart in the human body. That's why walnuts were good for the brain.) The resemblance between an odd, branchy ginseng root and the human form made ginseng promising for many human ills. The name _ginseng_ stems from the Cantonese term for "image of man."
The Taoist view of balance spans medicine and philosophy, with qi at its core. Chinese philosophy, like the Bible, holds that the world started from a "block of chaos," in the words of Paul Hsu, one of the largest dealers in American ginseng. "Qi made that move into yin and yang. Qi means what? Power. Movement." The big bang of qi.
THESE CONCEPTS RESOUND MORE clearly against a forest backdrop than they do in a laboratory. In fact, a temple forest grove in Thailand introduced me to Taoism. There a tree with a handwritten placard nailed to its trunk offered a passage from Chuang Tzu and its final, startling contradiction:
The man in whom Tao acts without impediment does not struggle to make money and does not make a virtue of poverty. He goes his way without relying on others and does not pride himself on walking alone. . . . He is not always looking for right and wrong, always deciding "Yes" or "No." The ancients said: The man of Tao remains unknown. Perfect virtue produces nothing. No-self is true-self. And the greatest man is "Nobody."
These ideals of independent thought, nonjudgmental observation, and humility come naturally when surrounded by soaring teak trees or ancient, gnarled oaks.
In another forest, a different interpreter of the Tao appeared in Syl Yunker, a ginseng grower from Kentucky. Yunker, aged seventy-three, was leading a group on a brisk walk in Virginia's Blue Ridge mountains. Yunker had absorbed Taoist teachings while living in Asia, and spoke of ginseng in terms of balance and energy, but made no claim to medical authority. He was more down-to-earth. He took a bit of ginseng root between his gum every day, and when he went hunting 'sang he carried a crossbow to scare off poachers. As we walked in the woods, he explained his view of the relationship between American ginseng and Asian ginseng.
By reputation, Asian ginseng is "hot" and a greater stimulant than American ginseng, which many regard as "cool." This polarity became exaggerated in the 1800s, possibly due to geography. Asian ginseng came from the cold climes of northeastern China, Korea, and Siberia and seemed to be in contrast with those wintry origins. American ginseng came into China from the subtropical port of Canton, where people wanted it to cool them off. So American roots were yin, and Asian roots were yang.
Yunker said these distinctions might also indicate the different character of the two cultures. He calls ginseng an _adaptogen_ (a word from Chinese medicine that refers to plants that help the body with everyday adjustments) and uses the term broadly. "Look at the cultures," he said. "Americans are all stressed out. They need to slow down." American ginseng, which contains more calmative ginsenosides, is suited for that. "In China, under the bureaucracy of fifty years of communism, everybody's bored. They're looking for excitement." So they turn to Asian ginseng as a stimulant.
THE DIFFERENCES BETWEEN THE two types of ginseng are less important than similarities in how they react with qi, and their shared classification as adaptogens. Chinese medicine categorizes herbs by their nature, taste, configuration, color, and physical properties. An herbalist combines herbs into a formula for a particular mix of properties that suit the diagnosis and understanding of the body's systems. Like the Divine Farmer's _Materia Medica,_ later Chinese medical texts described ginseng as a plant that nourishes or tonifies qi, particularly for the heart organs. Deficiency of qi, for example, is common among elderly people with chronic heart disease who suffer from cold arms and legs, and shortness of breath. (It can correspond to a form of angina in Western medical diagnostics.) For qi deficiency, ginseng might be prescribed together with herbs that warm the body and eliminate dampness. Different herbs are used when the need is to expel excess qi, tonify moisture, or build blood.
Alongside the classical texts of the pharmacopoeia, Chinese medicine progressed through "lineages" of clinical practice. The clinical experience continued to grow through these lines of training, apprenticeship, and physicians' case studies, long after the conceptual framework behind Chinese medicine stopped evolving. The case studies were often extremely detailed about symptoms and procedures used with each patient, and as subtle in their arguments about diagnoses and treatments as Western research articles. They described formulas as combinations of leading and supporting ingredients, a hierarchy that designated each herb in the formula as a ruler, minister, assistant, or envoy. One formula that combined mild herbs for tonifying qi was known as the Four Gentlemen (the name comes from a Confucian term for an exemplar of ideal behavior). Besides Asian ginseng _(ren shen),_ the other three gentlemen were _bai zhu_ ( _Atractylodis macrocephalae,_ or Largehead Atractylodes), _fu ling (Sclerotium poriae cocos),_ and _zhi gan cao_ (honey-fried root of _Glycyrrhizae uralensis,_ also called Chinese licorice).
In the late Song dynasty (AD 960–1279), Chen Ziming, a medical professor at an academy in Nanjing, criticized the misinformation that had grown up in earlier teachings and urged physicians to "search deeply for an all-round view." He reevaluated ginseng and used it in his "Pills Better than Gold," which he prescribed for women recovering from childbirth. In that formula Chen used ginseng to stimulate qi and support white peony root, angelica and lovage rhizome, tree peony bark, and corydalis tuber, which all helped build blood.
Later in the Ming era (AD 1368–1644), Li Shizhen took up Chen's challenge and tackled the herculean task of distilling and organizing the accumulated knowledge of herbs, weeding out misinformation that had gathered over the centuries. Li devoted twenty-seven years to compiling his _Great Compendium of Herbs._ Published in 1596, after his death, it described ginseng as a mild, cool-natured tonic that "expresses the yang influence of spring" and that can be used to treat illnesses that affect both the upper and lower body. Li's work remains one of the definitive classical texts of herbal medicine. Experience with ginseng was growing more sophisticated, although the experts couldn't explain exactly how it worked.
AS GINSENG'S USE BECAME increasingly canonized, its stock rose. Even beyond its health value, it gained a prestige worthy of the highest nobility. As early as 1274, Marco Polo had recounted for Europeans that ginseng was made into powders, teas, syrups, and a condiment for Asian dignitaries he visited in his travels. Then in the 1680s, a delegate of Louis XIV's am-bassadorial mission to Siam (present-day Thailand), after conversations with other diplomats, became intrigued by this "treasure" and wrote back to Paris, "I have just learned . . . the method of using ginseng." He went on:
Its principal effect is to rectify blood and to return strength to those who have lost it. One puts water in a cup, makes it boil vigorously, throws in the roots of ginseng cut into small pieces, covers the cup well in order to infuse the ginseng, and when the water cools, one takes it in the morning before eating.
At the time, an epicurean sophistication was sweeping through Europe, and Europeans were mad for new spices and flavors. France was importing Asian herbs and foods and introducing them to the rest of Europe with the urgency of a fashion craze, so the envoy's message resonated in Paris. An exotic herb that also offered health effects? That would be a double bonus. Soon Italian naturalist and physician Francesco Redi was gushing over ginseng's benefits, saying that the tonic must be an ingredient in any stew that repeals old age. (The word _tonic_ itself gained currency around that time. The dictionary defines it as "something that invigorates, restores, or refreshes," but a more specific usage, going back to 1649, referred to anything that restores organs or muscles to their normal, healthy condition.)
The French envoy, Abbé François-Timoléon de Choisy, a playboy known for extravagant gambling and flamboyant transvestite adventures, wrote a compelling account of Siamese life and culture that became a bestseller back home. So when Siam sent an ambassadorial mission to France in 1687, it stirred great excitement.
The entourage docked in the harbor at Brest with a caravan of gifts from the Siamese capital and an elaborate letter from the Siamese king to Louis. The letter rested in a lavish gilt pyramid that required eight guards to carry. The royal gifts included an array of lacquered tables, porcelains, silver sets, dishes for chocolates, and "a measure of eight taels of ginseng, placed in the hands of the ambassador himself," as well as a silver teapot for preparing the roots. ( _Tael_ is a traditional Chinese measure still used for weighing herbs and gold, one tael equaling three quarters of an ounce.) Ginseng, now an international symbol of good health and sophistication, had arrived on the global stage as the perfect thing for one cosmopolitan monarch to give another.
As the Siamese envoys took their procession from the coast to Paris, they were saluted at each village they passed with a royal fusillade. In Nantes, the local nobility lined up on horseback while the cannons boomed out the welcome. The whole country was abuzz over the exotic visitors. When they finally reached Paris, the exhausted diplomats were ushered to the grand palace at Versailles. Louis received them with great pomp in a state room, seated on his silver throne. In the formal ceremony, the Sun King expressed his deep appreciation for all their gifts, including the ginseng. Afterward he invited them to share in the kind of feast for which Versailles was famous, a "magnificent collation" of ragouts and other dishes. For years after that visit, French nobles sampled ginseng to revive flagging energy.
IN AMERICA, INTEREST IN medicinal herbs often re-flected trends from Europe, with cycles of high regard and acceptance followed by skepticism. In the late 1700s, China was recognized as a powerful and ancient empire, and its influence on Europeans' use of herbal remedies was at a peak. As a man of science, Benjamin Franklin followed these developments, and brought the first true Chinese rhubarb (used as a purgative) from London to Philadelphia for his friend, the naturalist John Bartram. A medical text of 1818 featured a drawing of American ginseng and described its use in China and Japan. The treatment was respectful if not embracing: ginseng's use in America was simply "as a demulcent in a few skin ointments," but the text noted that ginseng "has been one of the most important exports to China and other countries of the Far East." An 1836 encyclopedia of botanical medicines was more enthusiastic, saying there is "no reasonable doubt that the ginseng has really an invigorating and stimulant power when fresh." The _U.S. Pharmacopoeia_ included ginseng in its list of herbs with therapeutic value for much of the nineteenth century, for use as a stimulant and a stomach medicine.
Early in the twentieth century, American use of medicinal herbs declined following the 1910 Flexner Report, a searing critique of medical education in the United States that influenced medical schools profoundly. The report urged that American medical schools focus on allopathic medicine, to the exclusion of many approaches that had once been popular, including herbalism.
As a result, most Americans didn't hear about Chinese herbal medicine again until the early 1970s, when growing popular interest in alternative lifestyles and traditions led to an exploration of other cultures and health systems. Chris Wanjek, who writes about health and medical misconceptions for _The Washington Post,_ conducted an informal survey of health fads since that time and traced the rising interest in Chinese medicine back to Richard Nixon's trips to China. During an early diplomatic visit there, journalist James Reston was stricken with acute appendicitis and needed emergency surgery. With no time to consult Western doctors, Chinese physicians performed surgery, using acupuncture in lieu of anesthesia. Afterward Reston wrote accounts of his experiences with Chinese medicine for _The New York Times_ and observed several more operations. Reston reported that even the surgeons "cannot agree on the theory of how the needle anesthesia works," and yet "they are operating on the pragmatic evidence and not waiting for theoretical justifi-cations." The time was right for "serious medical exchange" between the two countries, he said.
Soon after that, Dr. Samuel Rosen, a physician with the Mount Sinai School of Medicine in New York, visited clinics in China and penned his own eyewitness account of acupuncture's benefits under the headline, "I Have Seen the Past and It Works." He wrote, "I have seen one of the most venerable arts in Chinese traditional medicine applied in the most modern of contexts in today's China." He described seeing an acupuncturist carefully locate target points on a patient's arm and insert needles that allowed the man to remain conscious and calm even as his chest was cut open for heart surgery. "I have no explanation for this phenomenon," Dr. Rosen conceded, "but science has no explanation for many observations that still elude investigation."
"Suddenly Chinese medicine was in the public eye," Wanjek told me. "I think it was at this point, in the 1970s, that Western medicine began to clash with Chinese medicine." The American public wanted to know more, but Chinese medicine isn't easily adapted to clinical trials. It proceeds empirically and prescriptions vary, based on a patient's balance of characteristics. There was no way to plug Chinese acupuncture or whole-herb formulas into the standardized Western approach to clinical trials. Curious Americans fell back on hearsay.
Amid growing interest in finding alternatives to conventional medicine, many were intrigued by China's long-isolated culture, but they had no foundation for understanding it. Health news coverage of herbs became more hopeful and less cautious. In his informal survey, Wanjek found that articles on Chinese medicine were often upbeat and rather uncritical. Not until much later, when a pitcher for the Baltimore Orioles died from the Chinese herb ephedra in early 2003, did Wanjek see more critical reports about herbs. (Ultimately that death led to a ban on ephedra sales.) "In the United States, we have a caveman approach to herbs," he wrote in an e-mail. "Ginseng good; me take more ginseng. We add it to candy bars and sugary drinks. That can't be healthy."
OVER THE YEARS, ONE expert that both ginseng advocates and skeptics came to respect was Dr. Varro Tyler, a professor of pharmacology at Purdue University and a leading expert in pharmacognosy, the study of drugs from natural sources—plants, animals, and microorganisms. (An avid stamp collector, he also wrote a series of books about philatelic forgeries.) Tyler grew up in Nebraska, studied pharmacology at Yale and the University of Connecticut, and began to research local folk remedies while teaching at Purdue. His aim was to sift through remedies with a critical, scientific eye. This led him to travel throughout the country and abroad. His book, _Tyler's Honest Herbal,_ first published in the early 1980s, provided a levelheaded guide to the use of herbs. He reiterated his approach in a revised edition:
Herbs are actually nothing more than diluted drugs. . . . They do not possess any magical or mystical properties, and like other drugs, they must be administered in proper doses for appropriate periods of time to produce their benefits. . . . As is the case with other drugs, the administration of herbs may produce undesirable side effects.
Tyler regarded ginseng warily. Although its botany and chemistry were reasonably well known, scientists still lacked a clear understanding of how—and if—ginseng worked. After reviewing the clinical research on both Asian and American ginseng since 1968, he concluded that "whatever pharmacological activity ginseng may possess is probably due mainly to its many chemical compounds, which are triterpenoid saponins." Those chemical compounds became commonly known as ginsenosides. When scientists placed thin slivers of Asian and American ginsengs under the microscope with a solvent, they found a baker's dozen of these ginsenosides, to which they gave imaginative monikers: Ra, Rb, Rb1, R1, Rf, Rh1, F1, F2, etc. They discovered that while ginsenosides were in all parts of the ginseng plant (roots, rhizomes, leaves and stems, and flowers), they tended to be more concentrated in the roots. Saponins react with water to make foam or lather; a number are used in detergents and emulsifiers. Ginseng's concentration of these saponins appeared to increase slightly as the plants got older. In the root, total saponin levels stepped up from 1.6 percent in the first year to 1.9 percent in the second, gradually increasing to the sixth year. The main differences between Asian and American ginsengs, it seemed, resulted from their different proportions of these ginsenosides.
The building blocks of its chemical makeup were becoming known and their effects were being tested in small animals, but how ginseng worked in the human body was a very different matter. In a revised edition of his book, Tyler noted clinical studies that indicated standardized ginseng extract appeared to promote a slightly improved quality of life—that is, a feeling of well-being and less fatigue. The revised edition was less skeptical about ginseng, but Tyler still doubted that the plant's activity could be proven until clinical trials were designed better for testing herbs, which contain too many compounds for conventional clinical studies to analyze well. In the 1990s, more clinical trials suggested that older people might benefit in varying degrees from a regimen of ginseng. Then in 1999, a series of monographs on herbal medicines authored by a German panel of experts was translated into English. These books, known as the Commission E monographs, evaluated the research literature on ginseng (along with three hundred other herbs) and approved it as a tonic for relieving extreme physical and mental fatigue, and for use in convalescence. The World Health Organization gave its own seal of approval for ginseng in a report released that same year.
In the summer of 2001 I spoke with Dr. Tyler to ask if recent research had changed his estimation of ginseng. He had retired, but at seventy-four remained very active in his field. He cited findings on ginsenosides that suggested some were stimulants, while others had a calmative or depressive effect on the central nervous system. (Rg1 appeared to be a main stimulant, and Rb1 a main calmative component. Recent research at the Baylor College of Medicine has suggested that Rb1 and Rb3 can slow brain-cell deterioration.) He was glad that the National Institutes of Health had taken up research that private industry had been unwilling to fund, and had established in 1998 a National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine, which funded a series of innovative experiments on ginseng and other herbs. Tyler applauded that effort and had few kind words for drug companies that refused to invest in research on herbs. "Frankly," he said, "I think some of the industrial firms have made a lot of money out of these herbal products and probably should put some of it back into research."
The studies that he found most impressive were conducted in St. Michael's Hospital in Toronto, on American ginseng's effect on adult-onset diabetes, also called type 2 diabetes. The Toronto researchers, led by Vladimir Vuksan, had published several papers that suggested that American ginseng, administered to a person within two hours before a meal, could help prevent the surge in blood sugar typically triggered by food. While that finding required further study, it showed promise for controlling such surges in diabetics.
Dr. Tyler remained doubtful of the sweeping claims made in ginseng's name, and skeptical that there was much difference between young and old roots. He repeated the need for standardization of how herbal extracts are made. But the word _tonic_ had entered his vocabulary. "I think ginseng does have a tonic effect," he said. "As we learn more about these things our perceptions change, and I'm much less skeptical about ginseng than I was when I wrote that chapter." In his summary of the differences between American and Asian ginseng, he echoed Chinese medicine, but with a basis in science. Overall, he said, American ginseng had more calmative ginsenosides than Asian ginseng.
"If you're overwrought and you want to take ginseng to calm down a little bit, American ginseng may be your herb of choice," he told me. "If you need energy to pep up, then the Asian ginseng would be the herb of choice."
VARRO TYLER WAS A mentor for Dr. Mary Hardy, the medical director of the Integrative Medicine Medical Group at the Cedars-Sinai Medical Center in Los Angeles. They traveled together to the Amazon to study how medicinal plants were used there, and he continued to share his experience through the years, answering her questions and pointing out new developments. Hardy also studied with traditional Eastern herbalists. Having grown up in New Orleans, a fifth-generation physician and the granddaughter of a Louisiana family doctor, she has always been an independent thinker, fascinated by a wide range of medical practice. Her thumbnail metaphor for the relationship between Western and Eastern approaches is that Western medicine acts as the head and Eastern medicine is the heart. Western medicine follows a linear, analytical approach to how medicine works; Eastern medicine focuses more on the relationships within the body's systems. Each tells you something useful.
"In Chinese medicine there's a functional approach," she told me. "So ginseng activity occurs in a formula; it occurs in a functional context."
Hardy, who talks faster than anyone I have ever met, came face-to-face with Chinese medicine during her residency at Tufts University's New England Medical Center, on the edge of Boston's Chinatown. There she was a primary-care provider for the community, and her patients were mainly unassimilated Chinese who had come to Boston from Hong Kong. Older patients would arrive at the clinic without an interpreter, and a routine examination would turn into a major challenge. Hardy made flashcards with various phrases ("Good morning." "Hello, I'm the doctor." "Point to where it hurts.") and asked a social worker to translate them into Chinese. Hardy would hold these up one at a time for her patients. Sometimes she would hold up a card that said, "May I examine you?" and wave her stethoscope around. The women's responses gave her an unexpected lesson in cultural exchange.
"They would roll back their cuffs, they'd unbutton two buttons around their navel, and they'd stick out their tongue," Hardy told me. "I was like, 'I think I'm missing something.'"
The need to understand her patients pushed Hardy out into the neighborhood. She talked with people and visited the local grocery and herb shops, where she encountered ginseng. She walked into Chinese pharmacies and asked about the products and what they cost. Older ginseng roots sold for two hundred dollars each. This raised other questions for her. Slowly she came to understand the context for how ginseng is used in Chinese medicine.
Hardy finds an analogy in the language. Chinese doesn't have a past tense in the way that English does; an event's location in time is understood by looking at the whole phrase. A modifier like _yesterday_ or _tomorrow_ places the event in its context. In the same way, she said, Chinese physicians use ginseng in the context of improving quality of life. That's an elusive concept for Western medicine, which prefers absolute quantitative measures. She found just a few Western studies that assessed improved quality of life from ginseng use. One paper in the _Annals of Pharmacotherapy_ found that Asian ginseng enhanced aspects of mental health and social functioning after four weeks of use. (On the other hand, the incidence of adverse effects for ginseng users was higher than for the placebo group.) In another study, researchers at Connecticut's Hartford Hospital concluded that ginseng use may have improved "various facets of Quality of Life," although the overall improvements were slight.
Gradually Hardy moved toward a medical practice that combined Eastern and Western approaches. She traveled to China with a group of doctors in April 1982, when the country was still closed and it was very difficult for foreigners to get around. In hospital pharmacies she watched technicians prepare herbal medicines for prescriptions. Behind a bank of glass, they stood before cabinets of wooden drawers, measuring out combinations of roots and leaves, and scribbling instructions for the patients on how to cook the mixture at home. Hardy saw that a lot of those pharmacy cabinets contained ginseng.
During that trip Hardy fell ill with what a Western doctor would probably diagnose as a fungal lung infection, caused by the dust storms that blow through Beijing every spring. She was with a group of physicians, so all her tour mates had suggestions of what she should take. "I was like, 'Hell no! I'm going to go to the Chinese doctors.'" Hardy was diagnosed as having excess heat in the lung, and given an herbal solution.
"It was _hideous,_ " she said. "But I got much better. Then I left it on the plane. And I relapsed, and I was sick as a dog for a month."
Years later, Hardy returned to China. It was her turn to surprise her hosts. She gave a talk at Beijing's Guanamen Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital on her use of Asian ginseng as a single herb to help relieve the extreme fatigue of cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy. She knew her audience of Chinese physicians might use ginseng as a cancer prophylactic, but never during treatment. Their response to her presentation was immediate and blistering. "You can't give this to patients with cancer! It's too hot! It will promote growth!' Blah, blah, blah. They just went nuts, totally nuts." Her audience reacted with as much outrage as American doctors might have registered at the idea of sticking needles into their patients. Working between two medical systems seemed to ensure attacks from both sides.
For Hardy and other physicians who would like to see Western medicine integrate ginseng into its practice, three main priorities are: better understanding of the herb's uses (both traditional and modern), good quality control for products, and better education of patients. She is leery of ginseng's commercial bandwagon and does not recommend products on health-store shelves. She prefers to work with experienced herbalists, but that, too, depends on the individual herbalist and their training. Since most people don't have ready access to well-trained herbalists, Hardy believes that what is needed is a combination of traditional and modern systems.
TO GET A CLOSER PERSPECTIVE on Chinese medicine, I consulted a listing of licensed New York Chinese herbalists and made an appointment with Susan Eng in midtown Manhattan. For Eng, the tension between Eastern and Western medicine is a family affair. Her father was a Western-trained doctor who had little use for terms like "qi deficiency." He had studied in Hong Kong and received his medical license there before the family emigrated to the United States on New Year's Eve, 1972. He wanted one of his children to become a Western doctor, but Susan resisted. She loved medicine but not Western medicine.
"When I was born, I was very, very sick," she explained. "My godmother nursed me back to health with herbs. So in the back of my mind, I always wanted to study herbology."
Eng dutifully got an undergraduate degree from Yale, but then, as she describes it, found her way back. She completed the program in acupuncture and herbology at the Pacific College of Oriental Medicine, on Broadway, and apprenticed with a clinician before getting her certification.
A member of the American Association of Oriental Medicine, Eng's practice was located in an airy office building on Thirty-first Street. Her reception area resembled any doctor's office, but inside the door was pasted a cartoon. It showed a mastodon with spears sticking out of its butt, as caveman hunters closed in. A thought balloon from the mastodon said: "That's odd. My neck suddenly feels better." The caption read "Early acupuncture."
Eng met me in the reception area with the relaxed, confident voice of a therapist or a good deejay. Her office had the standard examining table covered in a white paper sheet. Her diagnostic procedure starts with questions, asking about all aspects of a patient's health to learn what that person's usual balance is, and any "pattern of imbalance or disharmony" that has concerned them. To treat a woman with unusually cold hands or feet, for example, Eng would ask about the patient's energy, her appetite, her stools. Loose stools might signal a deficiency of qi or yang. Americans are often embarrassed to discuss their bowel movements. "A lot of people are not so aware of their bodies," Eng said. "They'll say, "I've never thought about this.'" After those questions Eng makes her own observations, checking the patient's tongue, stomach, and pulse.
Taking the pulse is more complex than merely counting off a minute's worth of arterial surges. Eng took both of my wrists in her hands and worked three fingers on each wrist. The effect was like having someone fret each wrist like the neck of a guitar. The pulse on the right wrist told her about my qi and yang, while the left side indicated more about yin and the blood system. There are nine different pulse positions on each side, at different pressure levels beneath the skin.
Finally, after these questions and observations, Eng makes a diagnosis based on her experience and the classical medical texts. She admires those texts for the elegance of their treatments. "There are a few really beautiful classical formulas that use ginseng," she said. She mentioned the Four Gentlemen, and another formula that she uses often, _gui pi tang._ She wrote it out on a sheet of stationery, explaining that it helps with insomnia related to qi deficiency, which can involve fatigue and a digestive problem, like poor appetite. When qi doesn't flow well, that causes imbalance, ill health, and disease. If Eng identifies qi deficiency, blood deficiency, yang deficiency, or a combination of those, she prescribes ginseng with other herbs.
The thick book of the classical materia medica on her desk was a 1986 volume edited by two practitioners, Dan Bensky and Andrew Gamble. She had marked her copy with color tabs in green, yellow, blue, and red, with handwritten headings that would baffle most American doctors: Regulate Blood, Regulate Qi, Tonify Qi, Drain Dampness, Clear Heat, Calm Spirit, and Nourish Yin. Under the heading Tonify Qi, the first herb listed was ginseng. Problems with qi are most commonly found in the spleen and lungs, the main yin organs that extract qi from food and air. The text goes on to say that Asian ginseng is used for "severe collapsed qi conditions," that it benefits yin and generates fluids, and that wild roots from Jilin Province are best but are so expensive that they're used only in the gravest situations. Cultivated ginseng works fine and is cheaper. In fact, ginseng has nearly been priced out of clinical practice. Eng admitted that, depending on a patient's insurance and ability to pay, she may substitute a cheaper plant, like codonopsis, for the king of herbs.
Eng also made very clear that ginseng and other tonics are not always good for you. If qi is trapped in the stomach, for example, tonifying that qi would only make matters worse. She cited a case from her clinical apprenticeship of a patient who had taken huge doses of ginseng for years and had contracted liver damage. Rather than self-medicating, people should consult a trained herbalist.
When I voiced amazement that almost no English translation of the classical Chinese medical texts existed before 1986, Nixon raised his head again. For centuries, Eng reminded me, Chinese medicine interested only Chinese physicians. It gained broader popularity in the West, she said, only after Nixon traveled to China.
Eng's use of ginseng rigorously followed those medical texts, but the pressures of consumerism were evident in the Chinatown pharmacy where some of her prescriptions get filled. There, according to Tom Leung, a fourth-generation Chinese pharmacist and the pharmacy's manager, many people come in and simply buy ginseng without a prescription. Sometimes a patient insists that the pharmacist add items such as deer antler velvet or seahorses to a prescription, even though these are rarely mentioned in the medical texts. Leung likened this to someone asking their doctor for Prozac after seeing ads on television.
So his pharmacy sold both Asian and American ginseng, even though the classical texts were codified before Chinese physicians knew about the American species. Leung's supply of Asian ginseng came from a buyer in Shanghai who would wait for the price to go down, and then head into Anhui Province to collect a containerful. For American ginseng, Leung flew to Wisconsin with his uncle to buy shang from growers there. He would marvel at their farms, their big rough hands, and occasionally their awkwardness with business. It was as if they lived in different worlds, he said.
AFTER DECADES OF LIVING between two worlds, studying science and medicine in both West and East, the biochemist Joseph Needham concluded that every medical system was bound by the culture where it developed. The ways that our medical systems gather knowledge are subtly shaped even by the languages we use. Still, he envisioned "an ecumenical medicine of the future," which would combine the clinical insights and techniques of Eastern medicine with a foundation in modern biology and physiology. That synthesis required people willing to take a hard look at the knowledge frameworks they inherited and to look beyond.
As clinical trial methodology advances and adapts to the complex compounds of whole herbs, ginseng might help nudge physicians toward such a synthesis. Then again, maybe that idea places too much weight on a small, gnarled root.
It was becoming clear, though, that ginseng's story involved much more than medical practice or malpractice. Another entry point stood just a few minutes' walk from Tom Leung's pharmacy.
## THREE
## The Emperor's Favorite
_Ginseng and sable skins are what our people rely on for a livelihood._
—HUANG TAIJI, Emperor of China (1592–1643)
ABOUT THREE TIMES A year, Bob Beyfuss makes the trip from the Catskills to Manhattan's Chinatown. "I love Chinatown," he says. "I love Manhattan. And I always like to bring a few ginseng roots down and eat really good." He uses his own roots to promote New York–grown ginseng in Chinatown herb shops like Tom Leung's.
The city has changed since Beyfuss was a teenager taking the subway from Jersey City: some neighborhoods have shrunk, others revived. "Little Italy is about a half a block now, to be honest," he says. "You've got Forlini's, Umberto's, two or three other restaurants, a bakery, a cheese store, which is now run by Chinese people, and that's it. The rest of Little Italy has been swallowed by Chinatown. Chinatown's still very cool."
Beyfuss relishes the energy of walking in the city and the thrill of a bargain. Not sidewalk-vendor haggling, but a more basic barter. He likes a deal that takes place more through gestures than words. He walks into a Chinatown restaurant with some wild ginseng roots and sits down at a table.
"I just lay them out on the table and wait for someone's eyes to bug out." He wants to surprise people. Given the sight of an old wild ginseng root in the hand of an eccentric-looking white man, he usually doesn't have to wait long.
"Quite often a waiter or waitress will be walking by, and it will catch their eye," he says. "I'll say, 'Bring me dinner and I'll give you these roots.' Next thing you know, they're dragging somebody out of the kitchen. Grandpa, in most cases. And there's a translator, one of the younger ones will translate and say, 'How much do you want for that root?' And I'll say, 'I want you to feed me.' They'll say, 'What?'
"Bring me food," he explains, "not on the menu." Sometimes he brings friends along, too. "And they're just—Oh God, we eat really well."
For three shapely roots, Beyfuss can get a very good dinner. Once he and seven friends were served a six-course seafood dinner, drinks included. It cost him six roots. "I didn't know what the hell I was eating half the time," he says. "I just love Chinese cuisine. It's my favorite cuisine in the whole world."
ONE KEY TO GINSENG'S enduring fascination is its story in China, which could be glimpsed in a place Beyfuss has passed many times: the general store at 32 Mott Street, the oldest shop in Manhattan's Chinatown. With its dark shelves crammed with flatware, porcelain, flour, and vegetable seeds, the shop has remained a small antique surrounded by a big new Chinatown. In the late 1800s, it was a neighborhood hub where people bought supplies, paid their bills, and caught up on news from the old country around Fujian. The clerks wrote letters for their customers and read the replies, and on Sundays men gathered for a cup of tea or coffee and swapped stories about family, homes, and business. Until recently, people in the neighborhood still came to 32 Mott Street for news or to pay their wireless phone bill.
There, behind the window display adorned with various herbal soaps (sandalwood, rose, jasmine, and yes, ginseng), are clues to a deeper role that ginseng has played through history. In the back above the long counter hangs an old scale where ginseng and other herbs are measured out. On the wall behind the scale are two strips of wood about three feet long, one dark blue, the other pale yellow. These strips represent imperial banners and illustrate the long arm of the Chinese empire. They used to signal that the shop was a government-authorized retailer of Chinese herbal medicines.
Paul Q. Lee, the shop's owner and a grandson of one of the store's original cofounders, explained. "It's like being the exclusive distributor for Bayer," he told me during one visit. "We were the sole authorized dealer at that time." Besides being the imperial Chinese version of the FDA's seal of approval, the banners show how closely the fortunes of China's emperors were bound to ginseng.
As famous as ginseng is in Chinese medicine, rarely mentioned is the plant's pivotal role in that country's political history, or the fact that one of China's most powerful dynasties was launched by a man who started life as a ginseng trader in a rural horse market.
Power and medicine were never very far apart in ancient China. In the Warring States period (475–221 BC), people who traveled the country's forests and wastelands were urged to carry herbs to protect themselves against deadly diseases like schistosomiasis. Often the medicine served mainly to calm travelers' fears of forces beyond their control, such as wild beasts and flash floods. As time passed and experience sorted out promising plants from the ordinary, ginseng accumulated powerful names throughout China: yellow root, the root that turns its back on the sun, divine herb, the "returned cinnabar with the wrinkled face," and "abounds in spirits." The popular imagination gave ginseng legendary abilities. In one story, a man was repeatedly woken up in the middle of the night by someone calling his name. He would rouse himself and look around, but he never found anyone. One night, at wit's end, he scoured the entire area within a half-mile of his house, and finally stopped before a magnificent ginseng plant that stood as high as his waist. When he dug it out, the root was nearly six feet long and shaped like a man. The cries in the night stopped.
Ginseng could escape from diggers by morphing into a tiger, a man, or a bird. In one Chinese legend, a man happens onto a huge patch of mature ginseng plants. Thrilled, he starts greedily digging them up. Suddenly a little girl appears and starts throwing sand in his eyes. He staggers blindly away, and she chases him so far that he can never find that place again. The girl, of course, was a morphed ginseng plant. The root also was thought to have the power to make itself resemble many other plants, which my ramble with Beyfuss seemed to confirm.
The gist of these stories is that ginseng hunting was never simply a walk in the woods. To people searching for it, the root acquired the power and cunning of everything in the forest, and finding the plant required courage, discipline, and endurance. Some collectors tried to make themselves worthy of it with strict preparations before the hunt: they abstained from alcohol, meat, and even sex. Running through Chinese manuscripts on the history of ginseng digging is a strong fear that any ginseng plant could suddenly vanish or cause mayhem. As soon as a digger spotted the plant, tradition dictated that he throw himself on the ground and shout, "Don't flee!" He then had to explain quickly that he was a good person and that his motives were pure. If he were with a group expedition, he had to keep shouting until his cries brought others running to help. Then one of them would carefully dig up the root while the first digger kept watch to make sure the plant didn't escape. This notion of a root capable of flight still echoes in stories told by diggers in America.
SUCH A POWERFUL PLANT inevitably drew the at-tention of the government. Van Symons, a China scholar at Augustana College in Illinois, wrote what may be the only English-language study of ginseng's critical role in China's last dynasty. The Qing dynasty (pronounced "ching") rose to power with a substantial foundation in ginseng money and a monopoly on the ginseng trade.
For centuries, China's emperors struggled unsuccessfully to control how much ginseng people gathered. By the late 1400s, it was nearly extinct in central China, and diggers had moved northward to the land known as Manchuria, and into the Long White Mountains near Korea. The region was a rough, cold frontier, where emperors exiled their disobedient subjects. Manchuria had rich forests abounding with wildlife and ginseng, and a strange atmosphere that blended gold-rush fever with the air of a penal colony. Its hard-edged native Jurchens (later known as Manchus) ventured only rarely into the Chinese outpost towns inhabited by imperial troops and Han exiles. The Han, China's ethnic majority, regarded the Jurchens as uncouth bumpkins.
In those days, a ginseng digger trekking from the village of Fushun to the regional town of Mukden (present-day Shen-yang) would have crossed through a landscape of hardwoods and pine scrub. Mukden was mainly a place to do business with grumpy Han Chinese bureaucrats, but the Jurchen digger would nonetheless encounter some puzzling sights there. The same ginseng and furs that he sold in the market would form part of a much more elaborate spectacle of tribute payments to the emperor. Three times a year, caravans from Korea, a vassal to China, passed through Mukden on their way to Beijing. The envoy from the Korean court and his entourage of forty people or more paraded through with gifts of ginseng and leopard skins (as well as gold, silver, linen, hemp, inlaid boxes, paper, calligraphy brushes, weapons, and slaves). The Korean envoys made money on the side by selling extra roots in Mukden (Korean ginseng sold well). On their return trip they would pass through again, this time loaded up with the emperor's gifts back to the Korean king: jade, robes, musical instruments, medicines, and books—a fantastical display of finery.
One young Jurchen named Nurhaci would eventually grasp the connection between the ginseng roots that he brought to market and the elaborate gifts brought by the rich Korean officials. Nurhaci's grandfather was chief of the Aisin Gioro clan, in the tundra north of the Yalu River. As a teenager in the 1570s, Nurhaci traded ginseng in the Fushun horse market and went with his father on Jurchen tribute missions to Beijing. Although he never learned to read, Nurhaci liked action stories with epic battles and political intrigue, little realizing that his own life would take on those dimensions.
The visits to Beijing piqued his curiosity. Nurhaci was no doubt proud that his family was allied to a powerful general of the Ming court, but his life took a horrific turn when they joined a looting raid that went bad. His grandfather burned to death in a fire set by Ming soldiers, and his father was murdered. Suddenly, the burden of clan leadership landed on Nurhaci's shoulders. He became a target of rivals who provoked him in brawls and sent assassins to his home at night, when he was alone with his family. The Ming court used these rivalries to play one Jurchen faction against another, but in 1586, at age twenty-seven, Nurhaci emerged as the leader. He prospered through two well-connected marriages and ingratiated himself with Beijing, despite its past betrayals. He captured bandits and freed their Chinese hostages. When Japanese aggressors threatened Korea, he offered to lead an army against them. The grateful emperor gave him the title "Dragon-Tiger General."
Nurhaci eventually saw ginseng as a ticket to greater Jurchen power and prestige. He taught Jurchens a new technique for steam-drying the roots that made them softer and more pliant, and therefore easier to transport and more valuable, because they didn't break or rot as easily. He kept a tight focus on the ginseng trade, and as his power grew he sent thousands of men into the Long White Mountains to dig the plant for him. His men apprehended outlaw-ginsenger expeditions and seized their roots as booty.
In time, Nurhaci marshaled enough power to wangle a treaty from Ming generals that gave him control over all ginseng harvests in his territory. His people's profits from the ginseng trade grew to between 30,000 and 90,000 kilograms of silver every year (between $4.5 million and $14.3 million in 2004 dollars). In the summer of 1609, he nearly triggered a war with the Ming court because they were late with payments for ginseng purchases. He sent five thousand troops to collect the money and stopped sending tribute payments to Beijing.
Nurhaci's sense of destiny was crystallizing. He commissioned the creation of a writing system for the Jurchen language and organized his troops with a new system of banners. Grouped under yellow, blue, white, and red flags, his battalions became more efficient and less bound by tribal rivalries. The banners waving overhead became a basis for organizing everything from battle maneuvers to peacetime farming, taxation, and craft-making.
When Nurhaci decided his following was strong enough, he unleashed his pent-up outrage against the Ming rulers. Declaring himself Khan, or emperor, he announced seven grievances against the Ming emperor, including the murders of his father and grandfather. And he complained about how Ming officials mishandled ginseng poachers. Nurhaci led ten thousand troops toward Mukden in a series of stunning victories against a much larger Ming army.
Nurhaci declared Mukden his capital and built a palace that showed his imperial ambitions. Seated on a royal apricot-colored cushion, he dispatched generals and received dignitaries. By the time he died at age sixty-seven, Nurhaci had galvanized his people for a new dynasty in an empire where they had always been outsiders. He had wrestled from Beijing favorable terms for Jur-chen ginseng, a trade that fueled their power. As Japanese historian Inaba Iwakichi wrote, "The Qing dynasty rose on ginseng and fell on opium."
Nurhaci's son Huang Taiji built a grand tomb for his father in the wooded hills outside Mukden, carefully situated for good _feng shui_ with its back to Tianzhu mountain. (People used the Chinese science of feng shui to channel qi in the landscape just as they used ginseng to direct qi in the body.) The tomb still stands today as a palace for the next world, its great plaza protected by stone animals and watchtowers.
Then Huang Taiji took up his father's ambitions. He dropped the term _Jurchen_ and its bumpkin connotations. Instead he called his people _Manchu_ and established their dynasty as the Qing. The Chinese characters for Manchu and Qing contain the water symbol, in contrast to the name Ming, which evokes "bright" and "red," and suggests fire. The message was clear: the Qing wave would quench Ming fire. Nurhaci's son launched an assault on Beijing, and although he wouldn't live to see it, the Manchu army breached the Great Wall at Shanhaiguan and marched on the capital in June 1644.
Yet even with their army at Beijing's gates, it was not clear that the Manchus could take power. There again, the economic power of ginseng would be important. As Manchu troops descended on the city, a rival army approached from the south, led by a former postal employee named Li Tzu-ch'eng. Li had led an assembly of bandit groups up and down the Han river basin, and reached the capital weeks before the Manchus. When Li arrived at Beijing, the Ming emperor climbed a hill that commanded a panorama of the Forbidden City and, having lost face, hanged himself.
Now Chinese officials and generals were forced to choose between two invaders: Li or the Manchus. Li notoriously hated the Chinese ruling class. The Manchus were considered barbarians, but posed less of a threat to Chinese culture. They also had the advantage of a strong economic base. So the Manchus were welcomed as the lesser of two evils, and the postman was forced to flee westward after burning the city gates. The Manchus chased him back to the Han valley and nearby mountains, where he was murdered by farmers when he tried to raid their village.
By that autumn, the Manchus held Beijing and were shoring up their economic base. They put the ginseng trade under an imperial monopoly and used Nurhaci's banner system to manage all harvests and sales. The emperor's control over ginseng became even more firm than earlier imperial monopolies over salt. From the customs towers of Beijing's Ch'ungwen Gate, the Ministry of Finance held a taut rein on ginseng that stretched all the way to the Long White Mountains. The Manchus enforced their monopoly with stiff penalties. Any chief who encouraged ginseng poachers was flogged a hundred strokes, a punishment later increased to beheading or strangulation. Tipsters who helped to catch poachers were rewarded with the confiscated property plus up to five ounces of silver for every ounce of root seized.
Once in power, the Manchus tried to protect the forests that had been a source of their power. They set up an epic-scale fence to keep gangs and malcontents out of Manchuria: the "willow palisade" was an embankment planted thick with saplings beside a ditch, intended to serve as a kind of growing Great Wall. Where the Ming had once planted willows to protect Han settlements from Manchu invaders, the Qing emperors turned that idea around: they would guard the Manchu homeland and its forests from Han Chinese intruders from the south. They extended the wall of willow trees for nearly five hundred miles.
Still, the growing Han Chinese population pushed north past the willows and soon was digging ginseng and settling new farms in Manchuria, despite the region's hardships of fierce cold and disease. There were also outlaw gangs, known as blackmen, that poached ginseng from imperial lands, freelance gold miners who staked illegal claims, and other desperate souls who waded icy streams for pearls. (The Chinese had treasured freshwater pearls for over a thousand years; Qing rulers preferred the ones from rivers in their Manchu homeland.)
THE DRAMATIC CHANGES IN China were closely watched by Europe. Through the 1600s, Europeans were hungry for Chinese medicinal herbs such as cinnabar, rhubarb, cassia, camphor, and ginseng. Cinnabar, a crystal form of mercuric sulfide, was used against syphilis and intestinal obstructions. Rhubarb was a common laxative. Cassia bark was valued as a stimulant or antacid, to treat mild diarrhea. Once the English got a toehold in the southern port of Canton, the East India Company's records show, ginseng became one of the main drugs shipped from there, along with rhubarb, cinnabar, and "dragon's blood," a resin used against skin disease (in England it was rumored to be a love charm). A flyer published in London in 1680 described the "root called Nean, or Ninsing," and catalogued its "wonderful Virtue" in curing everything from shortness of breath to "languid tempers." William Simpson, the Yorkshire physician who authored the brochure, had tested a parcel of ginseng and found that it restored an emaciated patient's appetite and ruddy complexion "to the amazement of his desponding relations." In China, Simpson wrote, a pound of ginseng root sold for three times its weight in silver.
The Europeans' only entry point for this valuable trade was the port of Canton, where foreigners had established themselves and Jesuit priests, wearing Chinese clothes and adopting their hosts' customs, had put a sympathetic face on Christianity. By 1651 there were over a hundred thousand Chinese Christians. As the Qing mopped up the last resistance to their rule in the South, they decided not to alienate the missionaries but instead respected the Jesuit accomplishments in science and map-making. Nurhaci's great-grandson, the emperor K'ang-hsi (1662–1722), commissioned the Jesuits to make an atlas of his empire. That eight-year mission produced the first map of China to include longitude and latitude. And during the travels for that mission, a French mathematician named Pierre Jartoux made observations about ginseng that would soon bring unexpected consequences a world away, in America.
TWO CENTURIES AFTER NURHACI sold roots in the horse market and dreamt of power, ginseng diggers were still slogging into Mukden to sell their roots. By the 1700s Mukden had become a greater city, but diggers remained mired in a grim life that shocked foreign visitors. Father Jartoux, for example, was appalled to find ginseng diggers sleeping in the wild without shelter, covered only in branches and leaves. Another traveler found men "wretched in their entire being" who had "no other means of sustaining life than that of giving themselves up, with incredible fatigue, to the search for the ginseng."
A ginseng digger trekked cross-country through "vast and bewildering forests, always left alone to his thoughts and exposed to every discomfort; not knowing if today or tomorrow he may fall victim to the wild beasts that surround him."
"Our work is difficult and dangerous," one digger told another foreigner in the 1800s. The task was grueling emotionally as well as physically, since diggers were sure that their quarry had supernatural powers. Before finding the ginseng, diggers had to fight off its henchmen: the root was often reportedly guarded by panthers and a big tiger she-cat. (The digger quoted above said that in six years of pursuing ginseng he had killed nine tigers, two panthers, and several bears.) Even more terrifying was the little devil with glowing red eyes who would set the underbrush on fire to flush diggers away. "It also happens that the devil takes the form of the ginseng root," that digger added. "When the hunter approaches it, the root retreats further and further, until the man loses his way and perishes in the forest."
A digger had to set out into the hills even before the winter had ended and the spring thaw made the northern rivers treacherous. He loaded provisions onto a snow sledge and set out early, or else had to canoe or pack into the wilderness and risk losing the best claims. A digger would plan to spend the spring and summer out in the wild, but the government limited his supplies to keep him from provisioning outlaws. He could take just six pecks of grain, and a pack animal only if it had a government brand. He was also barred from taking seeds or spears or hunting dogs. The government only wanted diggers out there to get ginseng, not to make a life for themselves. And all along the way, they got short-changed. One year officials siphoned off up to 80 percent of the money designated for ginseng diggers.
Diggers were taken to designated ginseng concession areas by military escort, and had to return under escort, too, according to a schedule. Once encamped in the forest, a ginseng digger would set out in the morning with a small knife, a bag of tinder, a digging stick (he could only use tools made of wood or bone, to prevent scratching the precious roots) and a leather bag for roots. He crawled through thickets wearing a coarse blue shirt and trousers, moccasins, a birchbark hat, and a leather apron to keep from getting dew-soaked and stung by nettles. At the end of the day he trudged back to camp and spent the evening washing, scraping, and boiling his roots with the same technique Nurhaci had used—often steaming his dinner in a double-boiler at the same time. Finally he would string the roots on a line to dry, eat his dinner, and prepare for another day.
The palace set impossibly high ginseng quotas. The Manchu homeland grew more lawless, and the Qing emperors lost control of ginseng harvests. More and more they were losing control of China itself. The Imperial Household realized it couldn't stop poachers, it could only compete with them. As China scholar Van Symons explained to me, officials hungry for revenues set the quotas knowing that poachers would get any roots that licensed diggers left behind. Public demand was soaring, stoked by merchants who exaggerated ginseng's healing abilities. Charlatans claimed it could revive the dying. Ginseng carried the ultimate status: long life and official power. Europeans commented on the high ceremony that surrounded the plant. William Lockhart, a missionary doctor in Shanghai in the 1840s, visited a ginseng merchant and was struck by the elaborate ritual that his host used to unveil the root from fine silks, and the accompanying tea ceremony.
Resigned that ginseng would be overharvested no matter what, the imperial court decided to reap the plant's riches while it could. Diggers were sent deeper into the hills and endured more hardships; roots became still harder to find. In the end, China's last dynasty ebbed and the wild root vanished from its forests.
## FOUR
## Life in a New World
_In China, Your Grace, there is not a single plant that can compare to Ginseng._
—FATHER JOSEPH-FRANÇOIS LAFITAU, scholar-missionary, Paris, 1718
AUTUMN IS STILL THE season for wild ginseng, but these days more of it passes through lower Manhattan than through Mukden. Wild American ginseng, specifically, accumulates in the storerooms of a few wholesale exporters in New York (as well as San Francisco and Seattle), before getting weighed and shipped to Asia.
Mid-September finds David Law, America's largest exporter of wild ginseng, seated in his Manhattan office five minutes north of Chinatown, pondering his next steps. Law is debating, as he says, "when to get the engine started." This involves complex calculations. Are diggers demanding too high a price early in the season? Will it go down? It's like the stock market, Law says; you don't want to jump into buying ginseng at the wrong time or you'll take a bath. The right time is usually around the twentieth of September. That's when the engine starts.
"Whether or not I make a living depends on two months: mid-September to mid-November." David Law speaks in quick, energetic bursts. When he talks about ginseng, his voice goes down and then swoops high, punctuated by occasional spurts of laughter.
"This year I think I'll stay off a little bit," he tells me. "I think the price will get as high as possible." Bob Beyfuss, too, mentioned that ginseng's price was high that season. Starting from about $100 per pound of fresh roots, buyers were suddenly paying twice that. (The price for fresh roots is usually a good deal less than for dried roots, since drying concentrates the valuable root matter. The Chinese market prefers dried ginseng, but in Korea consumers pay a premium for fresh roots.) "There's one buyer who seems to be driving up the price," Beyfuss had said. "I don't know who's bankrolling him." This would become a theme throughout that fall: everybody knew the price for wild ginseng was up; nobody seemed to know what was causing it.
GINSENG'S LIFE IN THE New World was fraught with nearly as much power and peril as it was in China. Empires rose and fell. Plants appeared and disappeared. The story of how the hunt for wild ginseng was relocated from Asia to America led me from Law's office up the Hudson to the Mohawk River. About the time when Nurhaci's followers were storming Beijing, Europeans were charging up the Mohawk Valley to the League of the Iroquois, a group of five nations that Hiawatha united in the late 1400s. (Besides the Mohawk, the league included the Oneidas, Onondagas, Cayugas, and Senecas.) If money from furs and ginseng together was what propelled the Manchus to power in China, Europeans were drawn to America mainly by the desire for furs. They simply didn't know ginseng from poison ivy. But the Iroquois did; colonial observers in the mid 1700s noted the use of American ginseng among many Native American groups. The Penobscots in Maine reportedly took ginseng to improve fertility, and the Menominee in Wisconsin used it as a tonic that improved mental sharpness. The Micmac employed ginseng as a "detergent for the blood." Down at the southern end of the Appalachian chain, where Tennessee met North Carolina, the Cherokee used ginseng against convulsions, palsy, vertigo, dysentery, headache, colic, and thrush.
There's debate, however, about whether Native Americans used ginseng extensively before it became valuable in trade with China. Steven Archer, an anthropologist at Berkeley, doubts that ginseng played a large role in the lives of Native Americans. Archer has studied archaeological remains at farm sites in colonial Virginia dating to the late 1600s, searching for clues to indigenous knowledge that passed from Algonquin residents to Europeans. Ginseng, he told me, "may not have been a big deal before European contact." Colonial Virginians learned many health lessons from the Algonquins, from snakebite remedies to sassafras, but Archer found no sign of ginseng. "My hunch is that the commercial value of ginseng was probably the key factor in incorporating it into the Native American pharmacopoeia," he added. Bob Beyfuss was equally unconvinced that ginseng was widely used by Native Americans before the China trade. "That's another big argument I had with the people at the New York Encyclopedia," he told me. "I mean, Native Americans knew the plant—they knew all the plants. And they used it—they used all the plants. But I don't think it was an important medicine."
This was a disagreement I couldn't resolve. In following the root and its history, I was reminded of a line from Lao Tze on the distinction between the path that can be named and the path that cannot. In the world of people I found almost too many words about ginseng. But on the plant's home turf in the forest, the competing words gave way to silence and a life lived far from any language. Legends about roots that screamed in the night or that fled further into the forest, were, I figured, attempts to express things that happened in the wordless realm of nature—fears, frustrations, and desires.
Soon after my visit with Beyfuss, I drove to a Mohawk community near Fonda, west of Albany, hoping to find out how Native American groups actually used ginseng. The community held workshops on Iroquois herbology and healing, where a prominent Iroquois herbalist had shown people how to pick, dry, and prepare medicinal herbs. Last time the herbalist and her students had found over forty types of medicinal plants in the woods.
As I drove west on I-90, stone bluffs rose up on the river's south bank. I left the highway and soon several signs flashed past me, announcing the Mohawk Bed and Breakfast and the Mohawk Craft Shop.
"You are in the valley of the Bear Clan of the Mohawk," said the woman behind the counter in the craft shop of Kanatsiohareke (gah-nah-JO-hah-LA-gay). The name is the Mohawk word for "clean pot" and comes from the stone pockets in the nearby limestone creek. She explained that for two centuries after they were chased from this valley, the Mohawk nurtured a dream that someday they would return. Finally in 1993 a Mohawk leader named Tom Porter had enough support to buy ninety acres of farmland here. He turned three old wood frame buildings into a latter-day longhouse and named the place Kanatsiohareke. At the time of my visit fourteen people lived there, practicing a more-or-less traditional Mohawk lifestyle except for e-mail and a few other technologies that didn't conflict with those traditions. The medicinal plant weekend was one of several workshops designed to reinvigorate those same Mohawk (and more broadly, Iroquois) traditions.
This area was the first home of the Mohawks who later showed ginseng to the Jesuit missionary who documented it for the world. Mary, the craft-shop manager, had come to Kanatsiohareke six years earlier from New York City, where she had grown up and worked for years as a film editor. She was proud of the Iroquois knowledge of plants and equally conversant on global climate change. We talked for over an hour, and I learned about participatory Iroquois government and politics. She sold me a copy of the Mohawk Thanksgiving Address.
By the time I stepped outside, the sun was low to my right, and across the river the steep, conifer-covered bluffs known as Big Nose and Little Nose had turned a warm ochre. At the left edge of the farm property, a stream bed was blooming with purple lythrum. That was the shallow stream with the limestone pockets that gave this place its name. Here was the site of a Mohawk village where a Dutch merchant and Indian trader named LaJelles Fonda had made his home, according to a historical marker by the road. Fonda's great-grandfather, a Dutch whaler, had come to the valley in the 1640s when it was a hotspot in the European trade war over furs. The Mohawk River valley was the gateway into the League of the Iroquois, which stretched westward to Lake Erie, and influenced life as far west as the Mississippi River. For thousands of years the Mohawk valley had given the Iroquois a path to the coast. The Dutch traders were coming in the other direction, followed by the French and the English.
European visitors saw in this landscape idyllic versions of their own memories—mountains "so exceedingly high that they appear to almost touch the clouds," one wrote, pausing to admire the fir trees, oaks, alders, chestnuts, elms, plums, walnuts, blueberries, strawberries, and wild grape. Waterfowl filled the skies (swans, geese, widgeons, teal, brant, and ducks) and fish of all kinds teemed in the "excellent river"—catfish, pike, perch, lampreys, eels, sunfish, bass, and shad. In the spring, a man with a hook and line could catch more perch in an hour than a dozen men could eat.
Some travelers commented on Mohawk life and health care. In the 1630s a Dutchman named Harmen van den Bogaert was traveling up the valley with two other fur traders and found villages reeling from a smallpox epidemic that followed an earlier wave of Dutch travelers, killing half the population. Van den Bogaert reported everything from the pungent smell of dried salmon to the Mohawks' hospitality and their meals of baked boiled pumpkins, beans, and venison. He was a barber-surgeon, performing operations along the way ("I made some cuts with a knife in Willem Tomssen's leg," went one entry, "and then smeared it with bear's grease") and taking notes on local medical practices. When Mohawk doctors built a large fire to sweat out a patient's illness, Van den Bogaert watched as they soaked medicines in water, stuck them down their own throats, and then vomited on the patient's head. Other Europeans were more impressed by the Mohawk combination of a sauna and a leap into a cold stream, and by their "wonderful" treatment of wounds and injuries using "herbs, roots, and leaves from the land." Women were the ones who gathered the medicinal roots, along with firewood and wild nuts, berries, greens, and mushrooms. (They also did the farming, made clothing, cooked the food, made maple sugar in the spring.) The men cleared the fields for crops and went on hunting expeditions.
On the opposite shore from where I stood, beneath the bluffs that looked warm and glowing at sunset, the French came in the autumn of 1666 and destroyed Mohawk villages and crops in order to secure their access to the fur trade. Eventually the Mohawk made up with the French and allowed Jesuit missionaries into their village of Caughnawaga. When the English muscled into the valley, the Jesuits and their Mohawk converts were sent packing northward to Montreal. The villagers took along their possessions, including their ginseng.
Mohawk and other Iroquois used ginseng and other wild plants in medicine primarily to give thanks and practice preventive health care. In _Iroquois Medical Botany,_ a botanical compendium by anthropologist James Herrick, American ginseng is listed as a remedy for sore eyes (boil a small root in a cup of water, squeeze drops into eyes every hour), tapeworms, vomiting, bad appetite, earaches, and a difficult childbirth. For an upset stomach, boil roots in a quart of water. "Drink all you can," urged the text.
For the Iroquois, everything and everyone possessed a life force, or _orenda,_ which could influence other parts of the cosmos. In Iroquois culture, "the key unifying principle was that of harmony or balance," and so they tried to balance orenda through repeated greetings and thank-yous to nature. But before I could try to connect the dots between Iroquois and Taoist philosophies and their search for balance, Herrick insisted that instead of puzzling over why traditional societies share these broad views, we might ask why the Western world view _doesn't_ share a belief in balance. Why does Western thought prefer to break things down into small, separate categories?
For the Iroquois, too, everything had a purpose from the Creator. Every plant had its use, and it was the duty of people to remind it of that use. A speech of thanksgiving performed that function and created a bond between the person who spoke it and the plant.
The Iroquois Thanksgiving Address offered a clue to how significant the Iroquois considered an item like ginseng, Herrick suggested. Things with narrower uses usually got thanked early in the address, and items with more universal functions came later. I found medicinal herbs thanked halfway through, after food plants and before all animal life. Medicinal herbs, the address said, "are always waiting and ready to heal us. We are happy there are still among us those special few [people] who remember how to use these plants for healing. With one mind, we send greetings and thanks to the Medicines and to the keepers of the Medicines."
The Iroquois viewed the body's tendency to heal as proof that nature leans toward balance: a scab forms over a wound and falls off, revealing new whole skin. Modern Americans often see traditional medicine either negatively, as an unscientific novelty, or through a romantic lens, as an exotic set of long-lost secrets to the universe. Herrick considered the mechanisms of traditional medicine to be more straightforward. One "secret" that Westerners often forget is the need to reduce stress and allow the body's healing properties to work, Herrick wrote. Faith in any kind of medicine reduces stress. Regardless of what medical system you follow, the attitude "Medicine helps" contributes at least a little to healing because it helps us relax. Freed from stress, the body can devote itself to healing. This falls in the realm of the placebo effect but is different from the delusion usually implied by that term. Herrick suggested that when medical researchers dismiss the placebo effect as background noise, they dismiss a mechanism that helps any medicine work. In scientific terms, however, it's not reproducible, and Western science relies on replicable results in its progress toward truth.
GINSENG IN THE AMERICAS was not just used in medicine. It was part of the landscape of the mountains, from the Iroquois league south to the Cherokee. So I visited the town of Cherokee, North Carolina, during the ninetieth annual Cherokee Indian Fair. At night people parked beside my motel and walked to the fairground where the amusement rides glowed with fluorescent lights. They were all ages, like visitors to any county fair. I followed them past food tents and a row of vendors selling frybread, burgers, and Indian dinners (beanbread, greens, beans and hominy, chicken and fatback). On the green, eight-year-olds tackled each other and compared shoes. The eight finalists in the Teen Miss Cherokee Pageant waved, sang, walked the catwalk, and performed dances and chants. One contestant recited a poem, "To a U.S. Warrior," that blended the war on terror with tribal metaphors. The evening closed with an Elvis impersonator rocking through "Johnny B. Goode" and "Suspicious Minds."
The Eastern band of the Cherokee traces its history back to a people known for the great earthworks they made in the hills of what is now western North Carolina. In the 1790s, the Quaker naturalist William Bartram noted the Cherokee reverence for ginseng in his _Travels,_ which became a bestselling adventure memoir. The Cherokee spoke of the plant as a sentient being, Bartram wrote, "able to make itself invisible to those unworthy to gather it." Being worthy meant not being greedy: taking just one plant in four, and repaying any harvested root with a bead, a prayer, and a replacement seed. It meant giving thanks.
In the winter of 1838, the U.S. government used a fraudulent treaty to force the Cherokee from their ancestral lands throughout the Southeast. As a result fifteen thousand Cherokee were marched nearly a thousand miles, west of the Mississippi, on a trek that became known as the Trail of Tears. Nearly a third of them died on the way. Left behind in the hills of North Carolina was a small group of Cherokee known as the Oconaluftee. The Oconaluftee had separated from other Cherokees almost twenty years before, saying that the Cherokee Nation's efforts to modernize marked a betrayal of their traditions. Ironically, the more traditional Oconaluftee were allowed to stay in North Carolina because they weren't bound by the bad treaty, while the modernizing Cherokees were forced westward. Along with a few who escaped the march, the Oconaluftee remained in their mountains and through the 1800s sold ginseng to white traders for shipment to China. Historian Barbara Duncan writes that proceeds from ginseng sales probably helped the Eastern Cherokee buy back more of their ancestral lands. They have continued to collect and sell ginseng through to the present.
A century ago medicine shows traveled these hills. There were white medicine shows and black medicine shows, and some that combined Cherokee herbalism with the African tradition of root-doctoring. Ginseng was a regular headliner in Lotus Flower Medicine and other cures. Not far from the town of Cherokee, Phoebe Sullivan, who described herself as part white, part black, and part Cherokee, dispensed herbal medicine and Christian teachings for decades, until she died in 1960. Patients came from as far as Detroit for appointments with her and for her medicines, including yellowroot and ginseng, which she paid herb gatherers to collect.
I strolled through the Cherokee fair with an eye peeled for ginseng. One tent held displays of prize-winning crafts and foods—canned beans and a blue-ribbon pumpkin two feet in diameter, delicious-looking peach and pumpkin pies—but no old-time medicinal herbs.
The next day at the Museum of the Cherokee, tribe elder Jerry Wolf agreed to talk with me about ginseng after he finished his lunch. Wolf worked at the museum several days a week and kept himself involved in Cherokee ceremonies like one that dedicated a trail at the Sequoyah Birthplace Museum in Vonore, Tennessee. While waiting, I walked through the museum's permanent exhibit, pausing at the Mississippi Era diorama of a little hogan. Suddenly a holographic shaman stepped out and tossed some grains onto a holographic bonfire. It flared brightly and gave off smoke with a crackling sound.
"That's powerful medicine," the shaman said. Then he told the Cherokee story of how disease originated. It said that animals inflicted illness on man as their revenge on hunters. Medicine came about when the plants of the world took pity on humans and offered them a remedy for most diseases. As a result of the plants' generosity, there's a cure for every disease that the animals inflicted, and every plant has a use, if we know what it is. (On that point the Cherokee agreed with the Iroquois.) The little holographic shaman then exited.
Jerry Wolf came downstairs and we went outside and sat on a stone bench. The museum stood next to the Cherokee fairgrounds, so as we talked people stopped to say hello to Wolf or ask a question. He always answered patiently. Two huge young museum staffers who had been working in the gift shop hailed him on their way to the parking lot, headed for lunch. One had a tattoo on his close-cropped scalp.
"They need to eat, don't they?" Wolf said after they passed. "They're starving to death."
His voice was a gentle baritone like the actor Dennis Weaver's. Wolf was slender and wore a pale shirt with the museum's logo, a beaded tie, and a black, wide-brimmed hat with a Stars and Stripes sticker on the back. At seventy-seven, Wolf was beginning to stoop but was still light on his feet. On his right forearm were two tattoos: one of a young Indian woman's face and one representing his unit in the Navy.
Wolf knew ginseng well, mainly from the perspective of someone who collects it in the woods. He had hunted ginseng since selling his first roots to country stores when he was growing up, in the 1930s and '40s. He recalled people trading roots for groceries. With the museum at our backs, Wolf shifted into Cherokee legends and storytelling. "We have a name for it in the Cherokee language," he said. _"Ah-dili-gah-lee. Ah-dili-gahlee."_ The word had its own rolling rhythm that contrasted with the plant's staccato English name (which was itself a corruption of its Cantonese name).
Wolf said the mountains, too, sounded completely different in Cherokee. "There's a good example right through there." He pointed at a sharp, coned summit to the north. "Right below those clouds heaping up there. That's called Rattlesnake Mountain. Rattlesnake Mountain," he repeated. "I don't know how they got that name, but that's the English name for it. The Cherokee name is _Atsilawo-i. Atsilawo-i_ means 'covered with fire.' See the difference?"
The mountain's Cherokee name came from the story of a great snake with a crystal on its head that drew prey like a magnet. The snake's body was as thick as a tree trunk and covered with glittering scales. (One scholar has noticed a "marked similarity" between the snake-with-the-crystal-on-its-head legend and the dragon of Chinese mythology.) Wolf said that like the crystal, the mountain would light up every so often. One night his son looked up at the mountain and saw a big ball of fire up on its summit.
Ginseng, by contrast, had the power to repel people, especially those who look for it. To defuse that power, the Cherokee traditionally had a shaman call on a spirit to help them find ginseng. Sometimes the shaman would give the ginseng seeker a chant and tell him to go toward something fearful, for example a bear or a snake, in order to find the plant. Wolf told a story from his own experience. "I was back in the mountains," he said, "and I came back to a big rock cliff. There was a rock that you could sit on, just like this." He patted our stone bench.
"I was ginseng-digging and I came to this and I sat down," he said. "And I started breaking out my sandwich." Then, on a moment's inspiration, he broke off a piece of the sandwich and tossed it in the crevice at the base of the cliff and said in Cherokee, "Help me find what I'm looking for."
"I said, _'Eks deya sadong hey honga du si.'_ I said it like that. Well, I started eating my sandwich. It wasn't long before I heard a noise back in there. And I thought, 'My gosh, is that real? Is that noise coming from in the crevice?' And then I'd look around and I'd stick my head out and listen."
Wolf told himself to finish his sandwich and not get scared. "I got up. I went around this big rock—you had to go around quite a ways. About from here to that wall." He gestured to a spot about twenty feet away. "And it was _rough_ in that area. Straight up and down, like these mountains. Just _straight_ up and down. And I got around that rock cliff and I looked down the way I had come, and I saw a _big_ ginseng, standing there like this."
Wolf put his hand out about thirty inches off the ground.
"Do you know, just in that little area, I found a big bunch of ginseng? And it was time for the berries, too, so I sowed all the berries back." He added, "Somebody told me it was probably the little people, back in there. There's a lot of different tribes of little people in these Great Smokies."
The Cherokee knew the local flora so well that they could go fishing without either hook or spear, using only poisonous plants like devil's shoestring or goat's rue _(Tephrosia virginiana)_ and red buckeye _(Aesculus pavia)_ that, when immersed in small pools, would paralyze fish without rendering them inedible.
In the Cherokee sacred formulas, ginseng was addressed by a name that translates as "Little Person" or "little man of the mountain." According to Cherokee medicine man Hawk LittleJohn, ginseng was a symbol of balance and harmony. "You take it in the winter and it strengthens you like sunlight," LittleJohn told an interviewer. (Their version of balance was not entirely peaceful. In Cherokee justice, balance meant an eye for an eye. One life balanced another: a murdered person's family could restore balance only by killing the murderer. Any Cherokee who left such an imbalance unaddressed forfeited his own right to live. "If men neglected to avenge the deaths of their kinsmen," wrote local historian Theda Perdue, "others would be free to kill them without fear, as men are free to kill bears.")
Jerry Wolf seemed far removed from the Cherokee sacred formulas, but he still respected ginseng's powers and the need to repay the plant for its harvest. He taught his children how to recognize the plant in the wild, too, even though they showed no interest in digging it.
"It's a strange plant," Wolf said. "If you find a big patch of ginseng, it's usually just about dark. It's too late to dig it. You're in a hurry to get back to your car, or walk home, or wherever you are. And you can mark it or do anything you want to find that area, and think, "I'll be back tomorrow and dig it.' You go back tomorrow, you'll never find that place. Never. You won't find it.
"You better dig it right then." Wolf explained why with a story of a knife he lost.
He was up in the mountains looking for ginseng. "I remember cutting some briars. And there was a ginseng mixed in with all those briars, so we had to cut the briars out to get into where you could dig the 'sang without getting scratched up. And I got back in. I took my knife out, cut them all, got it clear. But when I found the ginseng standing there, I looked over here and I looked over there, to see if there was any more. There was no other 'sang anywhere. I got down and dug it. Meantime I lost the knife.
"I got home that night, and I told my wife, I said, I lost my knife in the woods.' And I said, "That's an expensive knife. I'm going back in the morning and I'm going to see if I can find it.'
"I got back up to the area after a hard, long hike. I finally found the place where I had been. I wasn't really looking for ginseng. I was looking for my knife, because that was the last place I used it that I could remember. And I looked around and I didn't see the knife. But not far from where I had dug that big one was another one this tall." Wolf raised his open palm two feet off the ground. "I pointed my finger at that ginseng and I said, "You weren't there yesterday. You were not there yesterday!'
"It's a _strange_ plant," he stressed. "It will be there and it won't."
MEANDERING CONVERSATIONS ABOUT strange plants could yield astonishing results and had, in fact, led directly to the multimillion-dollar trade in American ginseng. Such was the experience of Father Lafitau, the man who uncovered the link between American and Asian ginseng.
Joseph-François Lafitau, an eighteenth-century Jesuit cleric, made a discovery near Montreal that set in motion the reunion of yin and yang roots, and launched American ginseng's travels around the globe. Although little known today, Father Lafitau's name is recognized almost like a password among longtime ginsengers and root traders. He was born in Bordeaux, France, on New Year's Day, 1681, into a family of bankers and wine merchants. (At that time in China, Nurhaci's dynasty was less than forty years old.) Bordeaux was a major Atlantic port, and had a long history with vineyards and trade. The city prospered on a triangular commerce: slaves from Africa went to the French West Indies; coffee and sugar from the Indies went to Bordeaux; and wine and guns left Bordeaux for Africa. In the harbor young Lafitau saw ships from the Antilles, New France (that is, Canada), and South America. Sailors and traders filled the streets with foreign languages, and city festivals displayed Native Americans as exhibits.
Lafitau absorbed these sights and sounds. Always bookish, he joined the Jesuits while still a teenager, studied philosophy and rhetoric, and then taught grammar in the mountainous Massif Central region. He eventually finished his theology studies in Paris. At that point the Enlightenment was dawning. Scholars were expected to go beyond theory and draw conclusions from observing the world. The Jesuits were well suited to meet that challenge, since they combined scholarship with energetic missionary work abroad. They were closely allied with the pope and had a strong political arm that often involved them in diplomacy.
On April 10, 1711, Lafitau petitioned his father superior for permission to go work as a missionary among the Iroquois. It wasn't clear why he wanted to. He wasn't a parish priest or a naturalist intrigued by a new land. Lafitau was more at home in the world of ideas. He was uninterested in landscapes, or as William Fenton, an Iroquois scholar, later put it, "unaware of the beauties of silent rivers and deep forests of the New World." Permission was granted—Lafitau would set sail at the end of the year. He spent the summer and fall of 1711 in his hometown, teaching rhetoric to college students and preparing for the journey.
LAFITAU REACHED QUEBEC in the early, icy months of 1712 and immediately went upriver to Montreal to immerse himself in the world of the Iroquois. His first task was to learn their language from missionaries who had spent decades brokering treaties among the North American tribes. He learned most from Father Julien Garnier, an energetic veteran of nearly half a century on the western frontier who had spent his entire adulthood among the Iroquois. Lafitau later paid tribute to Garnier as a mentor of rare "understanding and knowledge." With Garnier as his first guide, Lafitau plunged into everything about the Iroquois: how they prepared food, how they cleared the fields, how the women tended the crops. He listened and quoted them at length in his journal, even their defenses of customs that, as a missionary, he was supposed to discourage. He reports one Mohawk woman's protests when he urged her to stop using a divining fire to predict events:
I have never understood what harm there is in it and I still have great difficulty in seeing any. Listen, God has given men different gifts. To the Frenchmen, he has given the Scriptures by which you learn the things which take place far from you as if they were in front of you; to us he has given the art of knowing, by fire, things remote in time or place. Suppose then that this fire is our book, our Scriptures, thou willst not see that there is any difference or more harm in the one than in the other. My mother taught me this secret in my infancy as thy parents taught thee to read and write. I used it successfully several times before I became a Christian. I have done it sometimes with some success since. I have been tempted and yielded to temptation but without thinking that I was committing any sin.
He may even have been secretly delighted by her comparison of her divining fire with his own books. Such observations were drawing him toward knowledge that the Mohawk rarely shared, including their use of ginseng.
He was assigned to a settlement called Sault St. Louis, known in Iroquois as Caughnawaga. Opposite Montreal on the south bank of the St. Lawrence, the village was home to the six hundred Mohawk converts who had been uprooted from a village of the same name two hundred miles south, on the Mohawk River near Tom Porter's present-day settlement of Kanatsiohareke. Using their knowledge of the terrain between British Albany and French Montreal, the villagers plied a dangerous but profitable contraband business while England and France battled for the fur trade.
The scholar-priest was intrigued not just by their outer life, but also by the Iroquois view of dreams; he wrote about how they felt their lives depended on granting wishes expressed in dreams. Certain dreams obligated the dreamer and the community to fulfill them or else everyone risked terrible consequences. Such a belief obviously opened possibilities for corruption. Lafitau recounts a battle of wills that followed after an Iroquois man met a French trapper with a nice blanket. The Iroquois asked for the blanket, and since he had dreamt of owning it, the trapper granted the request. Within days, though, the trapper said he had dreamt of the Iroquois' fine buffalo robe; the owner handed it over.
These alternating daydreams went on for some time, the Indian continuing to dream and the Frenchman having always a return dream. . . . Finally the Indian grew tired first. He went to find the Frenchman and made him agree that they would no longer dream of one another's possessions.
Lafitau's commentaries often suggest more sympathy for pagan beliefs than a missionary could safely admit. In his description of the Iroquois marriage ritual, you can almost hear him burble an apology to the church censor: "It appears of the simplest nature but I can say that it is all sacramental, so to speak, if I dare express myself thus. . . ." Lafitau always considered an item from several angles. He admired the craftsmanship of Iroquois canoes, for example, yet complained they were awkward and their elm bark construction wasn't as good as the Algon-quins' birch bark canoes.
In October 1715 Lafitau was visiting the Jesuit mission in Quebec and saw, in their copy of the order's newsletter from France, an item that caught his attention. An article by Father Pierre Jartoux, the Jesuit mathematician who had traveled through Mongolia to make an atlas of China, described Asian ginseng and its value in Chinese medicine. Dated 1713, Jartoux's article told of meeting with ten thousand people sent to collect ginseng for the emperor, and how his hosts in China had given him four ginseng plants to try. Jartoux wrote that, after an hour, "I found my Pulse much fuller and quicker, I had an Appetite, and found myself much more vigorous." He tried the root again four days later, when he was so exhausted he could hardly stay in the saddle. An hour later he felt good as new. Jartoux reported that ginseng lived up to its Chinese reputation as a restorative, and described the plant's botany, preparation, and mountainous habitat. Almost as an afterthought, he added that it might possibly grow in a similar environment in the New World.
The article intrigued Lafitau. He became fixated on it, in fact, and quietly dedicated himself to finding a plant in the Canadian wilderness for which he had no name, with barely any reason to think that it might grow there. Winter passed, and finally spring came and flushed. Although careful not to draw attention to his efforts or risk being seen as condoning pagan beliefs, Lafitau took time from his mission work to search for the plant, and asked Mohawk herbalists and others about the plants they used. He made field trips into the forest, and described again and again what he was looking for to his Mohawk sources, as well as to Huron and Abenaqui. His intensity proved contagious, and soon they wanted to find the plant as much as he did.
After three months of searching and puzzling, he finally found a plant that matched Jartoux's description of the Chinese panacea, right near a house he was having built. It was a mature plant "whose vermillion fruit captured my attention." Lafitau couldn't believe it might really be the plant he had been searching for. Wracked with eagerness, he carried it to a Mohawk woman he had hired to help him. Sure, she said, she knew that little bush. It was one of their common cures; her people used it for minor complaints, but not with the same fervor as the newsletter indicated in China. Lafitau urged the woman (whom he didn't name) to boil the crushed root the way that Jartoux described, and drink the decoction. She did, and it cured an intermittent fever that had bothered her for months.
To confirm his hopes, he sent for the copy of the newsletter article and botanical illustrations he had seen in Quebec. When that arrived, he brought some fresh roots into his cabin and compared them with the engravings. Lafitau's Mohawk advisors confirmed that they were the same plant. Holding them side by side, he wrote later, "we had the pleasure of seeing a description so exact . . . that it did not lack the least detail of which we had the proof before our eyes."
This reunion of American ginseng with its Asian cousin was by no means inevitable. There are surely dozens of species of hydrangeas and magnolias that have never reconnected with their relatives across the Pacific. Most of the two continents' shared history remains unexplored. It was the agency of human enterprise—human desires for health, or wealth, or power—that would carry wild American ginseng roots halfway around the world, to be sold in Canton beside Asian roots. But in another sense it wasn't human enterprise alone; the wild root's own shape and interaction with the human body helped to enlist people to make the voyage happen. For the Iroquois, words of thanksgiving confirmed a bond between a plant and the person who knew its use. Jartoux's newsletter article about ginseng in China offered something almost as sacred for Father Lafitau: an idea.
By then, Lafitau had spent three years with the Iroquois and was starting to see parallels between their ways of life and customs he had read about in the literature of ancient Greece and Rome. He was always looking for connections and parallels, and Jartoux's article had piqued his curiosity because he suspected that the Chinese use of ginseng might correspond with some of the remarkable Iroquois remedies. Ultimately, as it has done for so many others, ginseng supplied Lafitau with a focus for his passions. Lafitau reasoned that if the Chinese plant ginseng really did grow in both the New World and the Orient, the plant might be an outward and visible sign of a hidden and ancient connection between the two worlds. If Lafitau could find evidence that linked how America's natives used plants with the ways the Chinese used them, he would have a foundation for arguing that American Indians originally came from the Old World.
Furthermore, there might be worldly benefits to finding ginseng. Jesuits in South America had had great success discovering useful plants. Lafitau felt that his colleagues were missing equally important opportunities in Canada simply because they disregarded the knowledge of the people there. Lafitau understood that progress for Christianity and the Jesuits was tightly woven with the progress of France. From his upbringing in Bordeaux and his training as a Jesuit, an order that approached its mission with an entrepreneurial eye, Lafitau would have anticipated the French government's desire to extract a valuable resource from Canada.
His main interest, though, was larger than commerce. Lafitau's use of Jartoux's illustrations became the first documented use of botanical drawings in field research, and his research method made him a father of comparative anthropology. The _Encyclopedia Britannica_ counts him among the four most important chroniclers of non-European religions of his age.
Within months of his discovery, however, Lafitau was called back to Paris and became caught up in litigation over the sale of liquor to Indians. The son of wine merchants had to testify for a ban against liquor sales in the colonies.
In Paris, Lafitau found himself surrounded by a society at odds with his beliefs, and a jarring contrast from the Iroquois world where he had spent the last five years. The Iroquois priorities were survival and loyalty; Paris was obsessed with luxury. Lafitau could barely restrain his contempt. He countered rumors of American promiscuity by pointing out that in Europe "we see, everywhere, unbridled license and boundless scandal which would horrify the Indians themselves." He contrasted the hardy Iroquois with the "soft, lazy life" of Europeans and their "excess and variety of wines."
Lafitau completed the account of his discovery of ginseng in America thirty years after the Sun King had celebrated his first gift of Asian ginseng at Versailles. A Paris publisher on the narrow Rue St. Jacques put it out as a booklet addressed to the Duke of Orleans, the crown regent and patron of the Jesuits.
Today Lafitau's book is as elusive as the plant it describes. After many hours spent in musty library stacks, it was a thrill for me to come across an original edition. In the shell of translucent marble that holds Yale's rare book collection, a librarian brought out the slim volume bound in red-and-gilt leather, not much larger than a three-by-five index card. On the spine it said simply,
_Lafitau
La Plante
du
Gin-Seng_
Inside, an intricate centerfold of botanical drawings depicted a four-prong plant with berries and root. The centerfold also included drawings of not one but five different roots, over a dozen wrinkles on each neck, a cross-sectional view, and flowers and bracts. (Typically, the restless Lafitau critiqued even these illustrations: "badly done," he grumbled in the text, citing another book where the images were better.)
Lafitau, always the exhaustive researcher, began his account with a survey of the literature, building a case from Jartoux and other sources, documenting ginseng's use and fame in China. The miracle herb restored lost energy. It grew on black, granular soils and preferred shade. It cost a fortune. Then he recounted the detective story of his research: the months of searching for the plant in Canada, the help of the Iroquois woman, and the confirmation, using Jartoux's engravings, that Asian ginseng and American ginseng were virtually identical. Same plant, two continents. He added that the plant's Iroquois name, _Garent-oguen,_ translated as very similar to the Chinese name: "resembles man." The discovery held great promise, since the plant was abundant in Canada.
Lafitau's booklet ignited an excitement comparable to what the California Gold Rush inspired a century later. The timing was perfect: Louis XIV's gift of Asian ginseng roots from the Siamese ambassador had spurred French nobles into trying Asian ginseng as a cure for exhaustion and impotence. Now ginseng's New World connection became the buzz of the royal court. Merchants were thrilled that the colonies offered a trade complement to furs. When Lafitau's botanical samples arrived in Paris, the Royal Academy erupted with speculation about the exact relationship between Asian and American ginseng, and with arguments over Lafitau's hypothesis that the similarity of the plant's Iroquois and Chinese names signaled a historical link between Asia and America. The scientific debate jumped the English Channel and consumed London as well, but a commercial scramble quickly overwhelmed the academic questions. By 1724 English colonials in New York were digging ginseng and sending samples to London for analysis. Ginseng added fuel to the feverish competition between the French and the British for the fur trade. In America, the fortunes of ginseng would now be linked, through generations of trappers and traders, with the hides of fur-bearing creatures.
LAFITAU'S DISCOVERY HAD AN immediate effect in Canada. All through the summer of 1716, the Iroquois of Montreal made good money selling ginseng to French merchants for shipments to China. A Swede visiting Canada wrote that Indians were scouring the forest for the root, and the ones in his neighborhood were so busy digging ginseng that French farmers couldn't find anyone to hire for regular farm work. Soon colonists were learning how to find it, too, and the plant that Lafitau had said was abundant near Montreal became almost extinct there. The Iroquois had to venture far into the English colonies to dig enough for the French merchants of La Rochelle.
"There was a ginseng frenzy in New France," according to Andreas Motsch, a Lafitau scholar at the University of Montreal. By 1752, Canada's ginseng exports amounted to half a million francs a year. And Canada's forests would soon be stripped clean. Other New World discoveries have brought more destructive transformations. The discovery of rubber, for instance, triggered a boom that ripped through South America in the 1800s, claiming the lives of nearly half of Brazil's indigenous population and entirely extinguishing dozens of ethnic groups. Rubber barons turned villages into private fiefdoms and sent them deep into malaria-ridden forests to tap more and more rubber trees. Compared to that, the rush for ginseng was benign.
Meanwhile Lafitau remained stuck in France, swamped in administrative chores. In 1724 he published a massive work on North American Indians. He compared their customs with the ancient Greeks and Romans, citing over two hundred sources, from Boetius, Casaubon, and Herodotus to Homer, Ovid, Plato, Plutarch, Socrates, Tacitus, Virgil, and Xenophon. His writing style was awkward and off-putting, and a contemporary reviewer found the work too long, confusing, and hard to read. The book sank almost without a trace.
So at age forty-six Lafitau returned to Canada to lead the Montreal mission, apparently glad to go. He stayed there for several years and then retired to his hometown of Bordeaux, where he died. In his lifetime he was dismissed by other intellectuals. Voltaire mocked Lafitau's theory of a link between Native Americans and the ancient Greeks:
[Lafitau] would derive the Americans from the ancient Greeks and these are his reasons: The Greeks have myths; some Americans have them too. The first Greeks went hunting; the Americans go too. The first Greeks had oracles; the Americans have sorcerers. In the festivals of Greece there was dancing; there is dancing in America. It must be avowed that these reasons are convincing.
Lafitau's system for comparing cultures was ignored for most of a century, but by the early 1800s German scholars had discovered his work. He was called the "first of the modern ethnographers and a precursor of scientific ethnology," and a founder of anthropology. The idea of an ancient link between Asia and the Americas is no longer ridiculed. It's accepted. But more than that, every fall his living legacy is found in the thousands of diggers who fan out into forests across eastern North America, searching for a plant.
## FIVE
## Pursued by Trappers
_As a Help to bear Fatigue, I us'd to chew a Root of Ginseng as I Walk't along. That kept up my Spirits, and made me trip away as nimbly in my Jack-Boots as younger men cou'd in their Shoes._
—WILLIAM BYRD, Virginia colonial propagandist (1674–1744)
AS SEPTEMBER ADVANCED I followed the fall colors to West Virginia. The Mountain State is one of the largest exporters of wild American ginseng and a place where the country's digging history still lives in the present. Approaching Charleston, I looked out the airplane window at the misty valleys and mountaintops, many of them bald with angular clearings that resembled fairways—strip mines replanted with grass.
In West Virginia I arranged to meet up with Dave Cooke, an agricultural agent, in the parking lot of a Magic Mart off Route 119. A year before, Cooke had introduced me to George Albright and several other ginsengers. Ginsengers could be hard for an outsider to find, owing to the need for secrecy. "The way it's been in the past, if somebody finds out you got ginseng on your land, it disappears," one West Virginia digger explained. "It's like having money buried on your property."
During that first visit George had taken me and Cooke to hunt ginseng in his woods. George had pointed out the signs of good ginseng habitat and the indicator plants he looked for: sarsaparilla, cohosh, certain kinds of ferns, bloodroot, may-apple. He showed me other things too, like how a handful of minerals could attract deer (he called the mixture "deer cocaine"), and beneath the canopy of maples and poplars, he demonstrated his digging technique. He started nearly a foot away from the stem, to avoid cutting the root, "because it might be going up the hill, you don't know which way it's laying." George had scraped the soil surface with a pick and a degree of respect worthy of a Manchu digger. "You don't know which way it's laying," he had repeated, almost to himself.
As I sat in front of the Magic Mart waiting for Cooke, I recalled George's concentration and wondered if there was something almost primordial in ginseng's allure. In _The Botany of Desire,_ Michael Pollan suggests that, in evolutionary terms, a plant may use its desirability to dispersal agents—including humans—to increase its population as widely as possible through the world. Apples, for example, were once native only to western Asia, but their taste and appeal to people through the ages had spread them to every continent. Pollan was talking about plants that humans have cultivated for thousands of years—apples, tulips, potatoes, and marijuana. But ginseng had resisted cultivation for a long time—its requirements for shade and soil are too particular for most farms. Yet its chemistry or its shape made it a particular prize for people where it grew: indigenous groups in both Asia and North America had helped to replenish it (alongside other plants they valued) in the forest.
Beyond that, could a wild plant's survival power snowball as it gained economic and cultural importance? After several thousand years of use in China, ginseng's reputation as a medicinal tonic gave it a value so high that it financed Nurhaci's gambit to take over an empire in the seventeenth century. Nurhaci took what was merely a valuable medicinal plant and turned it into an item of cultural identity for the Manchus. Their monopoly on its trade boosted ginseng's status even more throughout Qing-era China and increased the likelihood that foreigners like Father Jartoux would notice the plant during his travels for the atlas and write home about it. Ginseng's significance in Appalachian culture today is thus a direct result of its cultural importance in Asia. Although that has caused wild American ginseng to be dug nearly to extinction in some states, it has generally helped increase the plant's global population, mainly through commercial farming. Ginseng has been cultivated, or at least attempted, on every continent except Antarctica.
From a plant's perspective, Pollan argues, it doesn't really matter whether it survives as wild or cultivated, as long as the species survives in the long haul. A widespread population helps, and so does a genetic base broad enough to handle the challenges of new viruses and disease. That's where infusions of genetic variation from the wild are important; even common crops need the varied genetic resources of their wild relatives for adapting to new climates and new diseases. If ginseng's wild populations disappeared, its ability to come up with new genetic combinations would be diminished and with that, its ability to adapt. Yet with people like Bob Beyfuss gathering wild samples of American ginseng seed from throughout its native range and saving that variety, and with farmers planting the root far and wide, ginseng may be _gaining_ resources for long-term survival, despite its endangered label. It's hard to tell.
In a more subtle way, it might also be true that ginseng gains resilience by attracting different elements of human society—not just people involved in medicine, but also in culture and commerce. Plants that have adapted to several ecosystems have more flexibility to survive climatic changes; in the same way, maybe a plant that has niches in several societies is more adaptable. Ginseng harvests in China became more important when Nurhaci, a person with direct, rural knowledge of ginseng, moved to the center of Chinese society. Yet without someone in America familiar with the Jesuit experience in China, it's unlikely that American ginseng would ever have become an international item. Making the leap from knowing about a valuable Chinese plant to finding it in America's forests probably required a scholar like Lafitau (and a copy of the Jesuit newsletter). It also required his knowledge of Native American culture. Furthermore, Lafitau's information on ginseng in North America could have remained an obscure bit of academic trivia tucked in the Duke of Orleans' library if merchants hadn't taken up the baton. A plant's cultural habitats—the communities where it lives in stories of large 'sang patches, cash payoffs, and botanical novelties—could become a field of study itself.
For the wild heart of the ginseng culture, West Virginia is a good place to look. Some of the liveliest stories about ginseng originated there, including several involving Daniel Boone, the prototypical American woodsman. Boone embodied the overlapping histories of ginsenging and fur trapping and trading. One of the most popular stories, featured everywhere from _Fur-Fish-Game_ magazine to the Discovery Channel, tells of Boone and his barge of ginseng. One fall, the story goes, he worked hard digging ginseng and buying more and more until he had a bargeload full of roots ready to take to market. But as he was crossing the Ohio River from Kentucky to Point Pleasant, the barge swamped. Instead of despairing, Boone commissioned men to go out and dig more ginseng. The epi-sode said something both about ginseng's enduring value and Boone's perseverance.
BEFORE LONG DAVE COOKE appeared at the Magic Mart. Cooke is tall and rangy, and his collar-length hair and white-streaked goatee give him a Buffalo Bill–style panache. He was born in nearby Lincoln County to a mining family. "Where we came from there were two sources of income," Cooke told me, "you had ginseng and moonshine." When Dave was four, his father was injured in the mines and the family moved to Huntington. Dave's older brother recalled digging 'sang with their father, but Dave was raised in town. He grew up, moved away, married, worked as a furniture maker in Florida, divorced, and then came back to Appalachia. He didn't learn about the woods or ginseng until he was forty.
His job as an extension agent in the state's agricultural system meant that he covered four counties, giving people advice on everything from livestock to nutrition. Dave was also the official state resource on ginseng. In that capacity he gave workshops around West Virginia and answered questions from would-be ginseng growers. Cooke described himself as "just an old redneck boy, a coal miner's son," but that's partly a matter of positioning for his audience. At other times he called himself a "reverted hippie."
In the year since our first meeting, Cooke had remarried and moved out of his home on Big Ugly Creek to his wife's house by the four-lane. When I met him at the Magic Mart he looked tired and sounded congested. "This cold is kicking my ass," he said. He had also just learned that his 4-H coordinator was leaving, which meant that Cooke would have to stack another job onto his full workload for at least six months. And he had left the chemistry kit for testing fishponds at his office, so he had to pick that up. We'd be late for our meeting with George.
Like Bob Beyfuss, Dave Cooke took ginseng occasionally when he felt a little ragged. Despite the terrible taste, which he described as resembling an extremely bitter carrot, he mixed thin slices of the root in a glass of water and drank it down. Overall, he was more interested in ginseng's promise of income for rural families than in its medicinal value. Cooke preached the root's potential as a moneymaker for West Virginian families. He told me that while folks all through Lincoln County relied on ginseng for their kids' school clothes and Christmas presents, he wanted to make ginseng more than just an occasional digging expedition.
"We're constantly fighting what I call the corn-and-bean mentality," he told me once. That mentality says, If you can't get a crop out of the ground in ninety to a hundred and twenty days, and sell it, why do it? The bias toward short-rotation crops gave short shrift to longer-term enterprises like ginseng growing. Cooke once compared the state's investment in beef cattle, which are not suited to its mountain slopes and forest land, with its investment in ginseng, which is native to both. Support for the cattle industry was many times greater than support for ginseng. The state dedicated fifty to sixty employees full-time to beef cattle, along with facilities like auction barns, weighing installations, and county fairgrounds that supported beef-cattle farms. To ginseng, it allocated just one part-time expert: Dave Cooke. Yet the state's exports of beef cattle were just four times its ginseng exports. The disparity, Cooke felt, was glaring.
Cooke, like Beyfuss, fulminated against an unthinking agriculture that he considered poorly adapted to mountains. But living against a more dire background, Cooke gave vivid and apocalyptic sermons that turned on a cycle of logging and coal. Arguably the most famous image of Boone County, where Cooke lived, was _The Dancing Outlaw,_ a 1991 cult documentary about a white-trash Elvis impersonator/clogger and his family. The local unemployment rate was roughly twice the national average, and a quarter of the county's families lived below the poverty level.
"I'm seeing this right now, driving out of my holler on Big Ugly," he told me once. "It used to be everybody who lived on that holler, somebody in that family worked in the coal mines. That's not the case now. But I'm seeing hills over there that look like they've been hit by tornadoes, because the loggers are coming back. You see this every couple of generations all through this part of Appalachia. And we're seeing it very powerfully now."
On the other hand, Boone County still had a lot of ginseng-friendly forest. The technical classification of "mixed mesophytic" meant that it was a rare relic of the old forest that once covered Laurasia: hickories and oaks in the valleys, and maples, hemlock, and mountain laurel higher up the slopes. The tradition of ginsenging for extra cash was still alive here. Boone County was the third-highest ginseng-producing county in the state. In the 1990s a field researcher from the Library of Congress found plenty of residents who identified themselves as 'sangers. "I make my living in construction," one man said, "but really, I consider myself a ginsenger." His philosophy combined self-reliance and a knowledge of the woods: "Don't lay around on your deadbeat ass and get a check from the government. There's ginseng, there's bloodroot, there's yellowroot."
You might think that people in Boone County would fill Cooke's seminars on how to make more money with ginseng. When he gave workshops in Ohio, Virginia, and elsewhere, they drew a wide range of old and young, men and women, people who knew the woods well and not at all. He got retirees, New Age holistic-health practitioners, old hippies, and many "practical, hardheaded people." He got calls from men who hauled water by hand uphill to grow ginseng in their woods, and from a husband-and-wife team who planted whole hillsides with root. (West Virginia may have proportionally more women
ginsengers than New York. Local journals include stories of mother-daughter 'sang hunts.) People asked him about regulations governing ginseng. When the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service announced that wild ginseng roots under five years old would be seized at the export docks, Cooke said, "I had people calling me on the phone in tears. I had people calling me cursing." (That law, intended to spare young ginseng plants from harvest pressures, proved difficult to enforce.)
Yet folks locally didn't come out for his workshops. Maybe they thought they already knew about ginseng, or maybe they just didn't go for workshops. A local ginseng dealer, one of the biggest in the county who also ran a fee-fishing operation off Six-Mile Road, came to one workshop just to disrupt it.
"He just thinks I'm full of shit," Cooke said. "He wants to keep things quiet. He doesn't want anybody to know any more about it than they do." The buyer walked up to a table where Cooke had laid out a variety of unlabeled ginseng roots to illustrate different ages and growing conditions. With a flourish, he confidently identified each one.
"He got every one of them wrong," Cooke said. "With absolute certainty. I just let him get his spleen out, and he left. And then we got on with the workshop. Guys like that you can't talk with."
Cooke also knew you couldn't lead a ginseng workshop the way you teach a seminar on the university's main campus. Farmers would laugh at you and walk out. Printed handouts are almost useless, since many who show up are functionally illiterate. So Cooke made what he calls his "corny little ginseng video," a twenty-minute introduction to wild-simulated 'sang that shows Cooke in the woods sowing, planting, and harvesting. He has given out hundreds of copies of that tape and even had it dubbed in Mandarin for viewers in China. ("They thought that was too funny for words," he said.) He wants to make an updated, longer version with an accompanying CD.
Cooke's efforts to inform growers about the market often met with resistance from ginseng buyers and traders. Dealers have always had a strong interest in keeping ginseng's price secret. Through the years their profit margin remained healthy if the people who gathered the root in Appalachia, where the plant was abundant, didn't know what consumers paid for it in China, where it was rare. Generations of diggers had no leverage for getting a better price for their ginseng, because they had no clue about its market value in Hong Kong. They were selling their root blind.
Given these problems where ginseng grows naturally, Cooke was amused at how much effort people outside the plant's native range put into growing it. Farmers in the Pacific Northwest have planted tons of root, and so have growers in Arizona. There was even a man growing it in Australia. "There's something wrong with that guy in the head," Cooke said, noting Australia's forbiddingly dry climate. "But now he's got a big, big market."
FROM THE MAGIC MART we drove beside a winding stream to where the road ended in gravel. Yellow POSTED signs were wrapped around tree trunks, and a big plywood sign announced in red letters:
POSTED
STAY OUT!
GEORGE ALBRIGHT
We passed the gate and drove to the far end of a clearing, to a house near the edge of the woods. George Albright kept a tidy one-story ranch house. Inside he had the living-room TV tuned to MSNBC.
Albright combined the ginsenger tradition with the information savvy of a new breed. He was thin, his hair and beard were a pale blond, and his eyes were an unsettling blue. Dave Cooke described him as "lean and kind of greyhound-looking." For decades, George operated the hydraulics equipment that served the mining industry in five states ("They got big shovels that you could park off two or three automobiles in," he told me). After retiring, he returned to these woods, near where he had learned to dig 'sang over fifty years ago, and brought back an eye for market trends. Besides ginseng, George tinkered with markets from wildflowers to butterflies. This morning he asked Cooke about the bullfrog market, which he had read about. Bullfrogs require investments in fencing, lights, and feed, Cooke explained, but if George was interested he knew where to buy tadpoles. These two were checking angles on a rural economy I hadn't dreamt of.
They were mulling over an awareness of the land that was increasingly scarce, one sustained through generations by people making a living from sweat, soil, and the vagaries of nature. Their talk was a reminder that such knowledge has often been saved at higher elevations. Around the world, mountains shelter vanishing cultural traditions as well as rare plants and wild-life. Upland areas have a greater variety of species than lowlands because they have more varied habitats—more niches of differing moisture, temperature, and sunlight. Plant life and the colors of autumn vary from one valley to the next, and from the east face of a mountain to its west side. These hills likewise have given refuge to people who don't find a niche in mainstream society. Another West Virginian I met described his theory of how topography influenced the state's social history. The eastern half of the state, hatched by straight ridges and valleys, was easily settled in the 1700s by marginalized groups like the Mennonites. The more remote and serpentine ridges of the western half attracted idiosyncratic latecomers, including snake-handling sects and loners. The obstacles of terrain shaped the contours of life for people as well as plants.
"Bullfrog legs are expensive," George said, still weighing the options.
Back in the 1980s, before Dave Cooke started coming around, Albright started seeding ginseng in his own woods. But he rarely uses the awkward term "simulated-wild."
"I had ginsenged all my life," George said, "and I just got it in my head I wanted to do it." He bought seed from Paul Hsu in Wisconsin and dropped it along the bottomlands beside a creek, beneath poplar and sycamore, because he had dug root under that mixture of trees before.
So far this season he hadn't dug much ginseng but he'd scouted a few spots. From year to year he tracked ginseng on his own land and on various parcels around town—near a school, beside a path he takes to the grocery store. "There's one patch right across the creek up here," he said. "The year I had surgery, I found a little patch up there. But every year I go back to check and that ginseng's not there. And I marked it! I haven't been by there this year but I'm going to wait. It's stirring me. I'm going to wait one more year . . ."
It was George who told Cooke about ginseng's ability to stay dormant for years on end with no sign of it aboveground. He studied it this way and memorized its points in the landscape. He talked of one spot in the woods that had its own season. "Right here on the hill, the road goes to a fork. In May the phlox are blue, they grow about this tall, about twelve inches, geraniums are pink," he said emphatically. "The mountain is just a blanket of flowers just as far as you can see. It's one of the most beautiful sights you ever seen in your life. May. Absolutely beautiful."
Growing up in the woods, George hunted and trapped, and when somebody killed a groundhog he was sent to fetch spice-bush twigs, which his mother would cook with the groundhog "to take the wild taste out of it." When he was about twelve, he learned to dig ginseng from his father and friends. They also dug goldenseal, which people there called yellowroot. When George had a cold his mother would make a yellowroot tea for him to gargle. He figured the horrible taste just distracted him from the sore throat. "It's bitter, ain't it, Dave? Lord have mercy."
When George said he lived twenty-eight years at the edge of the city, he was referring to Logan, population under fifty thousand. He was one of the most informed and curious people I've ever met, tracking changes in the laws that affected him and holding opinions on them, including the new Fish and Wildlife rule that banned harvests of roots under five years old. (He regarded the law as well-intentioned but probably not effective at reducing the harvest of young ginseng. In 2005, the agency raised the minimum age to ten years.) When he saw a plant he didn't know, he went straight to his plant book. "I'm just that type," he said. "I love the outdoors." Every time I visited him, he had just found a new plant that he was trying to identify.
George was wary of loggers, saying they routinely took advantage of people and ignored the rules a landowner gave them about the limits of their harvest. They often cut trees beyond the boundaries set out, or they clear-cut areas where they were told to cut selectively. If loggers found a ginseng patch, George said, the boss would give them a ten-minute break to dig it out.
One particular patch still tugged at his heart. He found it on his neighbor's land after loggers had cleared it. "They went up there, cut timber, took it over and just tore it open," he said. "I dug about a pound in about four hours, which is very good. It seemed like every treetop where they'd been through and the tree was dying, I'd find big ginseng. I found a log that was topped, it fell on this ginseng. There was three-, four-prong . . . The log was laying like this and the ginseng was growing out from under the logs. I was under this log a-digging, and I turn around and looked. And here was a big four-prong about that tall." He put his hand out about three feet high. "Berries. If I hadn't just looked up and saw those berries, I never would have found that four-prong.
"But you run into a lot of things," he went on. "You find some place where you don't think there should be any ginseng, there's all kinds of it there."
Our conversation moved on to other things, but later George circled back to that logging site. "When I saw that big one, it made cold tears go over me when I got up and looked at it. I'd give anything if I'd had my camera. I'd give _anything_ if I'd had my camera that day."
GEORGE ALSO HAD EXPERTISE with ginseng dealers. There are two types of dealer, he said: One type runs a local business—a recycling shop, for example, or a bait-and-tackle shop—and buys people's ginseng on the side, usually small amounts. He usually doesn't pay the highest price, but he's convenient because he's nearby. The second type comes around year after year during the fall, a circuit rider: he pays more but you don't know when you'll see him next. When George was a boy, a man would pass through this part of the state with a thick roll of hundred-dollar bills in his bib overalls. People in towns up and down the Big Coal River recall Giles the 'sang man coming around on foot. People in Peytona say he was a big man with a dark beard. He might start walking in Whitesville and cover over twenty miles in a day, buying ginseng along the way. He could spend the night anywhere darkness caught him. He might look like a bum but he would show local boys one of his C-notes and call it his pocket change. His nearest counterpart these days is a guy in Huntington, an hour and a half away, who comes through during the season.
George didn't sell his roots to just anybody. He checked the newspaper, where buyers advertise, and shopped around for the best price. In magazines like _Fur-Fish-Game_ you find classifieds like this:
Wanted: Dealers and diggers of Ginseng, Goldenseal, Kansas Snake Root, Sassafras, Root Bark and others. We are direct buyers of ginseng for the Chinese. Ship Parcel Post or UPS. Send SASE, including phone number to: Hammond's Fur, Hide & Root Co., 3050 E. Ramp Creek Dr., Bloomington, IN 47401
As we talked, George's year-old gray cat prowled the porch. "Ground moles, ground squirrels, she brings everything in," he said. "She's a hunter, all right."
When we started talking about poaching, George's mood darkened noticeably. He complained that people don't pay attention to his POSTED signs. He had to run off six or eight people already this year. This led the conversation crabwise to a story about Chicken Charley, a neighbor with family problems and who drank. When three of George's patches of ginseng walked away, George intended to find out who was responsible. He suspected Charley. "The reason they call him Chicken Charley was, he'd go up here and steal this boy's chickens off the roost. Yeah, he would. I was standing up there ginsenging, and I was taking a break. And here he comes walking around the hill, looking like . . . I guess looking for pot or something." (Dave Cooke interjected that marijuana was one of the biggest sources of cash income in the county.) "I said, 'What do you say, Charley?' He jumped. He said, 'What are you doing?' I said, 'What are _you_ doing?'
"He said, 'I was just looking around.'
"I said, 'Go back and look th' other way.' I said, 'It's posted, you don't need to be looking up here.' I knew what he was doing. He had found my ginseng. I had the first three patches up, I had planted two years in a row, and he got every bit of it."
You could still hear the outrage in George's voice. Yes, there are laws on the books against ginseng theft, but state agencies rarely prosecute. "The enforcement sucks," Dave Cooke said. By this point we had walked out past George's blackberry bushes to his fishpond, where he hoped to raise bullfrogs. George waded into the pond and hauled a cylindrical wooden trap from the water. He dumped its contents on the grass—a bunch of pesky crawfish—and, still furious, began to stomp them with his boots until they crunched underfoot.
"Look at all that food he's squashing!" Dave said in mock horror.
"Food!" George said sarcastically.
LIKE DANIEL BOONE, George combined the skills of a ginsenger with those of a trapper, and Albright often sold his ginseng through contacts in the fur trade. Most dealers traded in both; they bought ginseng in the fall and furs in the winter. They sold furs through one channel and exported ginseng through another. The fur trade had created a closed network for ginseng, controlled largely by New York furriers. (That may be why trappers cared more about ginseng than foresters, and why now it's tracked by the Fish and Wildlife Service, not the Forest Service. Foresters rarely bothered with ginseng, apart from the logging crews that would dig out your patches when you hired them to cut your timber.) Through the twentieth century, fur prices fell and ginseng prices rose. When the fur industry finally tanked in the early 1980s—brought down in good measure by changing ideas about animal rights—the seasonal symbiosis disappeared. But those ties remain visible in the West Virginia Trappers Association.
About a dozen years ago George went to a fur-and-root auction organized by the trappers association. The auction is a biannual event at which brokers come to bid and ginsengers and trappers come to sell. The fall auction is just for plant material (roots, bark, and leaves); the one in winter sells both plants and fur. For that one, held at a community center or a racetrack (George couldn't recall for sure), he went with his younger son, then a teenager, who one summer had made six hundred dollars digging 'sang and trapping muskrats. They planned to make the two-hour drive to the auction, sell their ginseng, and get home on the early side.
"You walk in and there's a smell like nothing you ever smelled," said Cooke, who had been to several auctions himself. "Raw, dried fur. Literally thousands and thousands of hides. Everything from muskrat and bobcat to wolf . . . Bear. Everything you could think of." Some of the people look like Grizzly Adams, some reportedly come out of the hills only for the auction or to buy salt and coffee.
"They've got their own clothes they've made out of their furs," George said. "They'd sell everything. They make knives out of deerhorn. They're mountain men. Play guitar, sit there and play a banjo." The spectacle held George spellbound. In the auction they got top price for their ginseng. He and his son ended up staying the whole day, just watching people.
As we talked, the bad taste from the poaching discussion was fading. "They had a pile of ginseng about that deep! These guys bring their instruments. They sit, pick, and sing. I really enjoyed it," George said.
"It would be good to go back," he added. Then he turned to Cooke. "When did you say it's going to be?"
GINSENG'S DEEP CONNECTIONS with fur traders spawned legends that gave it animal characteristics and intelligence. Taxonomies of plant and animal life are clear and reasonable, but they are, after all, artificial frameworks for understanding a complicated world. When André Michaux, a French botanist of the 1700s and a strong ginseng advocate, wanted information about plants on the frontier, he sought out fur trappers. If you spend a lot of time looking for wildlife, he reasoned, you'll also know the plants. In some ways, ginseng has more in common with deer than it does with walnut trees. It certainly has a more intimate relationship with deer, which browse on ginseng's leaves and berries. The ginseng seeds wind their way through the deer's digestive organs and get dispersed to new sites in the animal's droppings. The bonds of survival cross over the borders of taxonomy.
Daniel Boone and his friend Paddy Huddleston were the first colonists to trap beavers in the Kanawha River valley above Charleston, and hunted ginseng there too. For years, they sold beaver pelts to dealers in Philadelphia. Huddleston ran an inn upriver in the town of Alloy. By then Boone was already famous thanks to a biography published in 1784, when he was fifty years old, that portrayed him as a swashbuckling frontiersman. Boone himself was more modest. When asked if he had ever been lost in the woods, he answered, "I was never lost, but I was be-wildered once for three days." Just as that biography made him famous, Boone's fortunes suffered a downward spiral. His businesses and attempts at land speculation failed. When he came to the Kanawha valley in the late 1780s, he was looking for the next big thing.
Judging by reports in newspapers then, the next big thing might be ginseng. Boone had dug ginseng for years before the Revolution, but when the war started he and other ginsengers lost access to the China-bound British ships. Soon after the war ended, the _Empress of China_ became the first American ship to venture to the Far East, and returned to New York harbor with tales of a strong market for American ginseng. So the winter of 1787 found Daniel Boone digging hard and buying up other people's root, too. His son Nathan was just six years old, but big enough to camp out and help with the digging. "By the next spring we had some twelve or fifteen tons," Nathan recalled later. He estimated his father trapped four or five hundred beaver pelts every winter and sold them for about $2.50 each. That meant over a thousand dollars for a winter's work of rubbing sticks with castor bait and sticking them into the banks of Limestone Creek. Boone could dig ginseng in the fall while scouting the best terrain for winter trapping sites.
He planned to take his ginseng cargo up the Ohio River in the spring to Wheeling, where he could pack it on horses along the Wilderness Road to Hagerstown, Maryland. From there they could take a main route to Philadelphia, the port for ships going to the Far East. Walking through Philadelphia then, you could see the city's new wealth from the China trade in the homes of merchants on Walnut Street, and in shops that sold porcelain, crystallized ginger candy, and Chinese cinnamon. More and more men were wearing work trousers made from nankeen, a sturdy yellowish cotton fabric (the name came from Nanking, the cloth's home port). By the late 1780s even George Washington, who always had a weather eye out for enterprise, tracked ginseng as it moved from the hills to the docks. "I met numbers of Persons & Pack horses going in with Ginsang," he wrote in his journal of a trip through the Appalachians one autumn, "& for salt & other articles at the Markets below . . ."
Following Boone's trail, I drove downriver from Charleston, beside the Kanawha's flat water as it cut through a wide valley of cornfields. Where it flowed into the Ohio River, I crossed a metal bridge into the town of Point Pleasant and found the spot, just beyond on Route 2, where Boone's trading post had stood, now commemorated by a roadside marker. In the park nearby two FedEx drivers took a break from the last of the summer heat. There was still a ginseng dealer in town, but these days she lived in a one-story suburban home with a massive rhododendron bush.
The front desk clerk at the old Lowe Hotel on the waterfront told me about Point Pleasant's heyday as a transport hub for traffic on the Ohio River, and that the hotel had been a popular riverboat stop in the early 1800s. His name was Rush and he was in a conversational mood. He explained how George Washington had named the town and envisioned it as a future nation's capital, facing a westward trade. Rush talked about Daniel Boone's trading post, and confirmed that ginseng still grew wild locally but higher up, in the dark hollers. He had dug 'sang as a kid. He told me about Mark Twain's grandfather and namesake, Samuel Clemens, who lived in Point Pleasant as a tax collector and was killed at a house-raising here under questionable circumstances. (There was no evident link to ginseng in the death, but Twain's father dealt in 'sang when he ran a general store in Tennessee.) Rush voiced strong opinions about why Simon Kenton, not Boone, should be called the father of Kentucky, and he offered advice on how to float a raft down rapids: portage the cargo, loosen the raft's lashing to let the logs absorb the shocks, let it go and recapture it downstream, retighten the lashings, and reload the cargo. He enumerated the advantages of river travel over land travel (cleaner and faster; on deeply rutted roads, horses slogged nearly up to their bellies in mud), assessed the state's best farm country (here), and affirmed the beauty of the Shenandoah.
I walked outside and stood in a park at the point where the two rivers meet, looking out across the Ohio. Two tugboats passed, and to my left the late sun struck the bridge over the Kanawha, against inky storm clouds beyond. To my right the Ohio flowed to where the land seemed to spread wider and flatter.
This was where Boone's keelboat full of ginseng ran into trouble. He and his family were crossing the Ohio River just a few hundred yards upstream from Point Pleasant when the powerful current pushed them onto driftwood. The barge tipped and filled with water. No lives were lost, but the tons of ginseng were ruined. The family sent a runner into town for help, and when a friend of Boone's arrived, they spread the roots out on the shore to dry. But the damage was done. "Father didn't get half the regular price," Nathan recalled. Worse, the delay meant that the ginseng reached Philadelphia after the price had tumbled. "Father lost money by the operation."
So the story of Daniel Boone's ginseng barge, routinely cited as a case of ginseng's enduring marketability, showed instead that ginseng has always been a risky business. Even when ginseng was a good bet, it could be more of a gamble than Dave Cooke or Bob Beyfuss might want to admit.
TO MAKE GINSENG a more reliable enterprise for growers, Dave Cooke needed better information on the market in China. In 1996, that meant going with two other extension agents to China, supported by the U.S. Department of Agriculture. Amazingly, no agency had ever before sought direct knowledge of the ginseng market, even though it had once been a leading U.S. export. Since the early twentieth century, the plant had remained in a backwater of officialdom. Mechanized agriculture for field crops and dairy cattle grew more profitable than furs or medicinal plants. Information on the ginseng market grew scarce. Even lifelong diggers knew almost nothing about what their end-customers really wanted—what size roots, or color, or texture. Few ginsengers had ever met a person who bought ginseng for their own use. So ginsengers would stop by Cooke's house and excitedly show him their harvest: a huge root with its neck broken off. "This is a decades-old root—valuable!—and they've cut its market value at the end-user by fifty percent," he told me with exasperation.
Cooke and two other county agents made the seventeen-hour, world-spanning flight from Charleston's Chuck Yeager Airport to Beijing. From there they were whisked to northeastern China, the home of Asian ginseng, formerly known as Manchuria. Their first stop was Shenyang, Nurhaci's old capital. In the countryside, jet lag amplified the disorienting sensation of undoing continental drift.
"There's that band through northeast China that has the same mesophytic temperate, mixed-hardwood forest that we do," Cooke explained to me. "So it was really cool to walk through what woods we could see. If you'd squint just a little bit, it was like being here. The oak trees, the hickory trees, the poplars, the walnuts. They were _slightly_ different—it was a mandarin walnut as opposed to a black walnut—but it was so close."
Further north, near Jilin City, they looked out on five hundred acres of cultivated American ginseng growing under artificial shade, monitored by a squad of more than two dozen scientists who handled plant breeding, physiology, and processing. Their hosts asked the three Americans, How many Ph.D.s are working on ginseng back where you come from?
Cooke recalls that moment clearly. "We just looked at each other." There wasn't a Ph.D. among them. "They persisted in calling us 'doctor.' I'm about as far from a doctor as you could hope." It was a vivid reminder of the differences between the two countries. Here ginseng was an unrefined product; in China it _was_ agribusiness.
FROM GEORGE ALBRIGHT'S PLACE, Cooke pointed me toward my next rendezvous, in another parking lot, this time east of Charleston. Fred Hays, I knew, would be an excellent guide to where old ginsenging skills came up against new realities. Hays ran a "holistic farm." He was a younger entrepreneur, and spoke more plainly than Cooke or George Albright about a coming conflict between urban and rural attitudes. Fred had offered to take me 'sang hunting on his land, and met me just off the interstate. I followed him to his place. Where Dave Cooke could riff easily on many topics, Fred chose his words carefully. With short reddish hair and a few days' growth on his jaw, he had the air of a big teddy bear.
In a way, Fred embodied several types of people who went into simulated-wild ginseng, which he described as a "growing movement." It attracted mountain men as well as back-to-thelanders from the suburbs. He himself grew up here in the Kanawha valley but went to college, a fact that by itself put him between cultures. "There's people up and down this road," he told me, "that if you went to college, they don't trust you." He was a farmer but also a professional artist whose wife was trained in psychotherapy. Fred met Bob Beyfuss at a ginseng conference that Beyfuss hosted several years before and had seen Beyfuss go through a tough divorce. They kept in touch by e-mail, and Fred let the older man dig roots on his land. "Bob's a pretty down-to-earth guy," Fred said. "He fit right in here."
Fred's holistic farm covers a hundred and fifty acres and includes a fishpond and a grassy slope where goats were grazing, as well as many acres under forest. As he adjusted the goats' tethers so they wouldn't tangle, he explained his new effort at timber-stand improvement, which involved mapping every single tree in his forest, pruning out unwanted newcomers and freeing desirable native tree species to grow. Hays combined that native-tree approach with growing simulated-wild ginseng under the forest canopy.
On a porch overlooking the fishpond, he told stories of hunting 'sang that tended to be more deadly than George Albright's. For instance: "One of ginseng's favorite places is very rocky areas. That's also where rattlesnakes are. And if ginseng's out, so are rattlesnakes. I was at a place the summer before last, and I spotted some big ginseng but there were two boulders the size of this house, with a gap about five feet wide between them. And you had to go through there or you weren't getting out, because it was straight up and down everywhere else. I started through there and saw a rattlesnake. He was almost five feet long, reared up waist-high in front of me, started rattling. It was either me or him. I've got his hide over at the house.
"The worst are the copperheads. They're silent," he said. "When you dig wild ginseng, you've got to have along protection."
Fred learned ginseng from his father, who learned from _his_ father's brother, an old-style mountain man who knew everything about ginseng, hunting, tracking, how to trap muskrats and mink, the whole ball of wax. Fred's great-uncle was the kind that stayed in the hills all winter and lived off the land without cash crops like tobacco or corn. "There was a season for everything. They dug ginseng, they trapped fur, and they made ends meet that way."
Fred knew animals as friend and foe, with the intimacy of a cranky neighbor. He had watched their behavior all his life and he had problems with some of their antics, for example when mink killed the fish in his pond for sport. "They don't take one fish out and eat it," he complained, "they spend all night taking _every_ fish out of the cage and piling them on the dock, just letting them flop and die. You'll go up and there will be a hundred fish laying there." He imitated a mink catching a fish and tossing it aside, already bored. "Wow! Look at all these fish!"
He paid his way through college as a ginseng digger and a trapper. Back then a red fox hide sold for $120, he could dig a pound of ginseng in a day, and he could sell both nearby. He found it ironic that fur became such a dirty word, as if we're all better off wearing polymers made from crude oil.
He saw a culture clash coming. Back-to-the-landers were bringing new ideas of ecological farming and landscapes to the country. They give new names to old plants: rattleweed becomes black cohosh (and, incidentally, a chichi garden plant). Yellowroot becomes goldenseal. The urbanites bring weapons against which mountain people are especially vulnerable, like bureaucracy. Back-to-the-landers, Fred said, "are more social than rural people. That's not the correct word. They end up on local council boards and all that kind of stuff, and they start making policies for you." _Policies_ sounded particularly disgusting. "They seem to come from the city with the idea that they're coming here to save the environment from the heathen who are already here. And then they eventually become one of them and realize they weren't such heathen after all."
He thought the next ten or twenty years would be critical. "I can see it as headline news at some point. We're on a collision course. It's going to be: 'Urban America Goes to Rural America.' And how are they going to live together? It's almost like different races."
Ginseng offered him a rare bright spot; in it, he saw economic promise for rural people and an incentive for wiser use of forests. "Ginseng is a survivor," he said. "If there's one plant out there that would be hard to make extinct, it would be ginseng." He viewed the plant's dormancy behavior as a way to get through bad times. After neighbors up the road had their timber cut several years before, Fred walked through and found an ancient ginseng plant waist-high. It was seventy years old. "Seventy notches on the roots. It had probably been hiding for forty years, come up once every ten years or so. There's a lot more ginseng there than people are ever going to find."
FRED'S STORIES OF GINSENG traders were nearly as harrowing as his rattlesnake tales. The local 'sang and fur dealer when Hays was a boy was Old Man Naylor, a little old man with oily gray hair. He could barely see, but he was a hard nut who "really knew how to skin you." Naylor lived in a room the size of a small store, and buying fur and roots was all he did. He would run his hands over a trapper's hides, feeling them up and down, and always found a reason to push the price down. "I think you got some rocks in there," he'd whine in a high voice.
Naylor paid more or less the same price every year. "You'd go in there and he would lay your roots out on an old baloney scale, and that was the end of it." No negotiating, take it or leave it.
Anglers Roost, a sporting-goods shop that has become one of the state's largest ginseng dealers, was today's version of Old Man Naylor. Fred said the store gulled diggers who dug ginseng only while hunting something else and who liked to sell their roots at the same place where they bought ammo and hunting supplies. Basically, these diggers used ginseng to pay for their hunting season.
That accurately described Tom Carte, a digger in his fifties who lived not far from Anglers Roost. Ginseng meant a lot to Carte; he and his brothers learned to dig at their uncle's mountain cabin. They would leave at daybreak carrying a bucket of biscuits and stay out until evening. You could fill trucks with the ginseng he dug, he said. Carte used the money to buy school clothes. Back then he read all he could about ginseng, and about how rare Manchurian 'sang was. (He still remembered the price paid for Asian ginseng in 1958: $1,240 per pound.) He and his brother used to pore over topographic maps to locate new ginseng patches. They knew all the ones in the nearby counties and across the state line into the Shenandoah Valley. Carte spoke of nine-prong plants with berries the size of kidney beans. But now he dug just once or twice a year, enough to cover his hunting season costs. That season he might not get into the woods at all. His time was taken up by a kitchen renovation at home and twelve-hour shifts at the mine. "I wish I had time," he told me.
After Fred and I had yakked away much of the afternoon on his porch, he took me out to dig ginseng in his woods. Most of the stems had already gone down. The tree trunks were damp and dark, against a yellowed mat of leaves. For timber-stand management, Fred stopped to cut away thick furry ropes of poison ivy from a tree trunk. I kept my eyes trained on the ground, hopeful. By now I had been out ginsenging five times, and I felt I should be able to spot the leaf cluster. Every time I thought I saw it, though, it was a tree seedling or poison ivy.
Fred wasn't having much luck either. "There was plenty here a few weeks ago," he said. The overcast sky started to spit on us.
We circled back to a poplar we had passed earlier. Fred scanned the ground again, and that's when he found it. Once the first three-prong revealed itself, others followed. In a half hour we had five roots. At that rate, a day might yield a hundred roots. Not bad for a walk in the woods, but no gold mine either.
NEAR SUNSET I DROVE out the four-lane to a racetrack outside Charleston. I looked out over the raked rows of seats and the wet oval track, and kept thinking of ginseng as a sort of gamble. What kept ginseng in the lives of people like Fred and George appeared to be a sort of trifecta. First, there was a tradition of stories that traced back through the generations to Daniel Boone's era. Then there was the prospect of just enough cash to give those stories some traction. Finally, people enjoyed the puzzle of finding an elusive plant in its native forest. But for that gamble to pay off, ginsengers had to rely on another group of people: the notorious dealers.
## SIX
## Courted by Traders, and Dancing the Ginseng Polka
_The shades of night were falling fast,
As o'er the muddy highway passed
A youth, who bore, across a stick,
A tin-pail, knapsack, hoe and pick!_
_Dig Ginseng!
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
A traveler, passing by the place,
Reports, that all the vacant space
Is packed with the gigantic weed!
The youth, with unabated speed,_
_Digs Ginseng!_
—AUTHOR UNKNOWN, _Minnesota Statesman,_ May 27, 1859
THE MORNING AFTER my visit with Fred Hays, my hand itched where I had brushed against the poison ivy. Ginsengers call poison ivy an occupational hazard. I scratched my hand with a perverse sort of pride.
It was my last day in West Virginia, and I had an appointment with Tom Cook, a ginseng trader and owner of Anglers Roost. Cook was impossible to reach directly by phone, but through a series of voicemail messages we arranged to meet at his Summersville store, in the state's eastern mountains. Traders were even more secretive than ginsengers. The first one I called clammed up as soon as I asked how many diggers he worked with. "I don't have any idea on that," he said. Conversations with other dealers were even shorter.
As tight-lipped as they are, ginseng dealers are also the agents of diggers' dreams, the people who turn their roots into cash. The relationship, like a quarrelsome marriage, has a long history. The names of these enterprises reveal the hodgepodge of that history: Lowe Fur and Herb, White Brothers Fur and Ginseng Company, Rainbow Recycling & Botanicals. This patchwork is a mere remnant of the trading network that grew in the century after Father Lafitau's discovery near Montreal, when the international commerce in ginseng rivaled the fur trade and attracted all kinds of agents, including John Jacob Astor, America's first multimillionaire. Astor's interest and the hopes of diggers then grew in large measure from reports of the _Empress of China,_ the first U.S. ship to sail to the Far East.
When the _Empress_ started out in early 1784, the new United States had no trade agreements or consulates in Asia, and hardly any in Europe. No American ship had ever ventured past Africa's southern tip. That winter was the coldest in memory, and for six weeks the ship was stalled in New York's frozen harbor, waiting for the ice to melt. Several generations of colonists had sold their ginseng to China through the British. In the 1750s, Chinese buyers had soured on Canadian ginseng when French merchants sold them roots that had been scorched from careless drying. The Canton merchants refused to buy more Canadian roots and the French trade dropped from a half million francs a year to nothing. The British colonies had rushed to fill the supply shortage, but the Revolutionary War had choked off their access to the Far East trade for nearly a decade, and it wasn't clear they could reopen it. Nevertheless, a pair of money men hired a small, copper-bottomed ship built for speed, renamed her the _Empress of China,_ and outfitted her for the Far East: the $120,000 investment was roughly ten times the amount needed for a Europe-bound cargo. At the helm stood Captain John Green, a veteran of the Continental Navy.
Americans looked to Canton with great hopes. Western fascination with Chinese culture was at a peak, and its fashions swept through Europe and America; the pigtail hairstyle, porcelain, and silks. Westerners were particularly intrigued by China's long experience with herbal remedies. In considering what cargo would make the best impression, the owners of the _Empress_ settled on ginseng. The ship's surgeon procured over thirty tons of American ginseng roots through a series of feverish trips up and down the mountains of Pennsylvania and Virginia, a buying spree that almost single-handedly forced up the price that season. On February 22, the _Empress_ finally left New York harbor. The fact that it was George Washington's birthday was seen as a good omen.
The _Empress_ was not the only vessel stocking up on ginseng that season, as it happened. It had a rival in the _Harriet,_ another sloop, from Hingham, south of Boston. The _Harriet_ had got the faster start and left for China in December 1783, laden with ginseng. At the Cape of Good Hope, she met up with veteran British traders to the East Indies who were startled to learn of Yankee competitors. To squelch that challenge the British bought out the _Harriet_ on the spot, paying double for her cargo. Her captain made a good bargain but lost out on the fame that would come to the _Empress._
In August 1784, the _Empress_ dropped anchor outside Canton harbor and fired off an exuberant thirteen-gun salute. Other schooners from France, Great Britain, Denmark, and Holland responded, welcoming her with return volleys. Captain Green wrote in his log book that the _Empress_ "had the honour of hoisting the first Continental Flagg Ever Seen or made Euse of in those Seas."
Despite their planning, the captain and his crew had stumbled into Asia almost blind. They needed help from a French ship to navigate the rocky straits between Java and Sumatra, and they failed to bring Cantonese customs officials any of the usual courtesy gifts. Nevertheless, the _Empress_ received permission to unload her cargo in a Canton harbor crammed with brightly colored ships and smaller vessels. The casks of ginseng were hauled up and stirred a commotion on the docks. One of the crew members of the _Empress_ later crowed that it was "the largest quantity of ginseng ever brought to the Chinese market" at one time. A Cantonese artist captured the event with a fanciful image of the _Empress_ he painted into a sweeping pano-rama. The Americans were assured they would be welcomed back. When the _Empress_ returned home, her story of a handsome profit was published in newspapers up and down the Atlantic coast. Even before Congress could agree on a Constitution, it was moved by the _Empress_ 's journey to pass a resolution expressing "its peculiar satisfaction in the successful issue of this first effort of the citizens of America to establish a direct trade with China." Ginseng root became an entrepreneur's bonanza.
AMERICA'S PREMIER ENTREPRENEUR of that era, John Jacob Astor, responded eagerly. Astor had come to America during the winter of 1784. While the _Empress of China_ waited in New York harbor for the ice to melt for her outbound journey, Astor waited in steerage on an inbound vessel down the coast, poised to enter the Chesapeake Bay when the ice cleared. He came from Europe with musical instruments and sheet music, and when he reached New York established himself quickly as a shrewd businessman. (Astor had left his family in Germany and visited a brother in London before continuing to Baltimore. Some sources claim that Astor bankrolled a ginseng shipment to China in 1782, but at that time he was still a teenager in Europe.) Within two years he had his own business in lower Manhattan, and advertised imported pianofortes, flutes, clarinets, and violin strings. Soon he was expanding his inventory and traveling to Montreal for new products. By the mid-1790s Astor was exploring the China trade, buying space on other merchants' ships and sending 3,300 pounds of ginseng to China along with skins of otter, beaver and fox. Some say he made fifty-five thousand dollars on another ginseng shipment before he became America's fur monopolist. Astor's coast-to-coast network of trading posts eventually created a direct Pacific link for his American Fur Company. His agents on the frontier became notorious for taking the law in their own hands and swindling Native Americans. And the fur trade, with its web of buyers and its grasp on ginseng exports, endured well into the twentieth century.
ONE OF ASTOR'S COUNTERPARTS today can be found at Anglers Roost. The outdoorsman's superstore has several outlets in West Virginia and a shopping center façade as big as a Wal-Mart. WE BUY GINSENG AND GOLDENSEAL announces a sign in front. Inside is everything the modern consumer-sportsman could ever desire. You're greeted by a standing grizzly, a wolf, a beaver, and a deer, all stuffed and poised to take your hand. Beyond them stretch racks and racks of hunting bows, rifles, and shotguns. There are aisles of sight mounts and safety vests, ammo clips and a Camo Compac (camouflage makeup kit), game bags, high-tech wading staffs with a thermometer and other weather instruments embedded on them. Here you can buy an Ugly Stik, metal traps, turkey calls and scents, and gun-cleaning rods. The fishing section has everything from rods to boats. You can buy a license to hunt or fish or dig 'sang, and afterward you can come sit and play checkers in the Lyin' Den and b.s. about what you bagged.
During my visit that morning, the owner's son offered me a cup of coffee and pointed me down a row of temporary cubicles at the front of the store, like a trailer several steps up from the vast showroom.
Inside the last door Tom Cook sat at his desk, wearing a beige shirt with forest green cuffs and a gun-butt patch on the right shoulder: the image of a sportsman—plus a pager. He had an air of informal but brisk competence. He kept moving as he spoke with me, tapping an unlit cigarette against his desk, eyes roving the retail floor behind him. Photos of children and grandchildren lined the wall alongside wry motivational prov-erbs. On his bulletin board hung a wild ginseng root with a wrinkled neck over four inches long, pinned to a handwritten note that states its age at fifty-eight years, a gift from the man who dug it.
"We're hillbillies," Cook said. "Some people want to call us mountaineers but hell, we're hillbillies." The next minute he told me that people from Appalachia take an eye for ginseng wherever they go, whether it's New York or Indiana. Locals in those places weren't good ginsengers until Appalachians showed them how, he said.
"The hillbilly groundhog-hunted in May and June, fished in June and July, and squirrel-hunted in October." And as summer turned to fall, he dug ginseng. A decade ago Tom Cook started positioning ginseng as recreation, "something to do between hunting seasons that gives another excuse to go out and spend time in the woods." That focus on sport fit well with his business and diverted diggers from haggling over the price. (Anglers Roost also bought diggers' black cohosh, ramps, and log moss.) When the question of price came up, Anglers Roost rested its reputation on their digital scale, accurate to 0.3 ounces on 250 pounds. Cook himself could tell you the exact weight of a grocery bag. If another dealer offered a slightly higher price per pound, Cook said, it was just bait-and-switch. "If he can steal an ounce from you he can pay an extra fifteen dollars a pound."
The owner of Anglers Roost started out in life as a ginseng digger. He learned from his father, a timbercutter and veteran of weeklong ginseng-digging expeditions with friends. At least one farm near where Cook grew up was bought with ginseng money. His father would weave back and forth across a slope, reading the landscape for signals in the terrain and timber. If he saw a walnut tree or a certain kind of rock outcropping, he would work toward it. He taught Tom by standing at the foot of a hill and directing the boy as he walked up the slope. "He'd wave me left and right like you do a damn bird dog and I'd finally step on it."
The father then showed the boy how to sell their roots to a grocer in Hillsborough. At the time, few buyers worked in that part of the state, apart from circuit-riders like F.G. Hamilton of West Augusta, Virginia, who had dealt in ginseng and furs at least since the 1940s. Hamilton, a living legend among buyers, was now in his nineties.
"Hamilton was the market. He handled most of the eastern ginseng. An awful lot of it went through him." Cook tapped a cigarette on the desk. "Hell, the son of a bitch is still buying! Can't see to sign his check. Has to use a magnifying glass. . . . But he won't quit, he won't die." Tapped the cigarette again.
When Tom Cook started buying furs back in his twenties, he also started dealing in ginseng. He rode the circuit and traveled the Blue Ridge like Hamilton. Once he bought a root from a produce-and-cider stand in Sperryville, Virginia, that weighed twenty-nine ounces. He bought roots as big as a water bucket.
For decades, Cook traced ginseng's fluctuations in detail, marking the root's dwindling tracks through the county on charts. He graphed harvests against a startling variety of factors: root weight, precipitation, temperature, and digging location, as well as indicators for deer kills, unemployment, and fur trapping. Although he conceded his graphs weren't scientific, they were meticulous. Yet they turned up no clear correlations. He had once hypothesized that ginseng harvests might rise with unemployment (figuring that people would try to compensate lost wages by hunting root) but found that when the coal companies laid off workers, the workers moved to other states with more jobs. There might be a correlation with local deer numbers: when a deer population soared, they browsed ginseng back to mere stems, making it hard for diggers to find the plants.
The one clear relationship that Cook discovered involved the quality of fur and ginseng at a particular spot. Areas that produced high-quality fur also had top-quality ginseng, he said. But for Cook, the biggest factor in what he called ginseng's "declining dig" was the dwindling network of local dealers. When a dealer passed away, casual diggers lost a familiar contact, and sometimes interest in digging. Cook's point was that ginseng goes nowhere without its human fire brigade of middlemen. Whether Fred Hays liked it or not, dealers filled gaps in the supply chain that ginsengers couldn't always cover on their own. Neither Hays nor Cook thought that ginseng would go extinct; but they both worried that the ginsenging culture—the knowledge of wild ginseng in the woods and the lore passed from one generation to the next—would disappear.
Before leaving Anglers Roost, I asked to see the storeroom where they kept the ginseng. I had a mental image of a high-security vault, trip wires and concrete. Cook hesitated.
"You got ID?" For a moment I thought he was kidding. We'd just spent an hour talking together. "If I'm not being a horse's ass . . ." I pulled out my wallet and showed him my driver's license.
As we crossed the showroom, people in the checkout lines watched us pass. I followed him behind the gun counter, a long lethal row of them, into a room lined with shelves full of more rifles, and through another cinderblock storeroom. We stopped at a fist-size padlock that he worked with two keys.
Cook was explaining that all his charts that tracked roots and their weight against unemployment and the other factors went up in flames when Anglers Roost burned down. Actually, Anglers Roost burned twice, the second time just three months before my visit. Arson. Which explains why fears about crime simmer in the back of a dealer's mind.
We were standing inside a fifteen-by-twenty-foot cinderblock shell, as fireproof as Cook could make it. It was bare except for three big brown dish barrels in the far corner and an industrialsize floor scale with a digital LED readout mounted on the wall near the door. Those three hundred-pound barrels contained about twenty thousand dollars worth of dried roots. No fancy processing, just carefully cleaned and dried. The room, if full, could probably hold an inventory worth a quarter of a million until Cook either sold the lot to a New York wholesaler or exported it himself. A state inspector would come check the ginseng and weigh it, maybe take samples. When Cook exports directly, he has to prepare the international paperwork required under the endangered species treaty and then send the roots to Philadelphia, where they exit the country, following Daniel Boone's soggy harvest by air freight to Hong Kong.
Our words echoed against the concrete walls. Cook took a lunch bag full of roots from the one open barrel and poured a handful onto the scale. The LED display read 0.12, or two ounces. He eyeballed it. "That's about thirty dollars." For the whole lunch bag full of roots, the ginsenger got a hundred and forty dollars.
ACROSS MUCH OF NORTH America that fall, roots were swarming by the millions into storerooms like the one at Anglers Roost. From north Georgia to Minnesota's west bank of the Mississippi, diggers were moved to head for the woods. Although they numbered in the thousands and together made an estimated $18 million each year (at least through legal channels), they were hard to find. There's never been a Wild Ginseng Diggers Association. Farmers who grow ginseng as a crop have associations in Wisconsin, Ontario, the Pacific Northwest, New York, West Virginia, and even Australia. Wild ginseng, however, is an underground guild, no longer on the public radar as it was in the 1800s, when Americans looked to nature for their medicinal herbs and livelihoods. One autumn not long after he published _Walden,_ Henry David Thoreau made a trip to Vermont and encountered people collecting ginseng and cohosh. He wrote of the mountain near Brattleboro "wearing a misty cap each morning," and of women who made their "pin money," or spending money, by collecting and selling ginseng, snakeroot ( _Aristolochia serpentaria,_ used as a tonic) and goldenthread ( _Coptis trifolia,_ a bitter root used in New England to treat children with thrush).
Over a hundred years later, William Lass, like Thoreau, was on the lookout for evidence of how people made a living from nature. In the 1960s Lass, a history professor at Mankato State College, about an hour and a half outside Minneapolis, stumbled onto signs of an outbreak of ginseng fever. Lass, who habitually kept an eye peeled for objects that could make history real for his students, one day found himself in the Mankato office of Ohsman & Sons, which bought furs from trappers. He asked the manager, Herman Ohsman, if he could borrow some pelts to convince his students that Minnesota had once supported a fur industry. In the back room of the small shop, they talked about furs and about the ginseng that Ohsman had bought from trappers at least since the 1930s. Ohsman's father had started the business in Iowa. It had branches in Mankato, Illinois, and New York, and shipped furs and roots to Europe and the Far East.
Not long after that, Lass was researching the state's history with the Dakota and Winnebago when he came across several yellowed newspaper articles that pointed him to the remarkable incident of Minnesota's Ginseng Rush. Intrigued by the first few articles, he delved further. From old dailies and weeklies published in towns around the Big Woods region, he pieced together the story of an episode overlooked in official histories.
IN THE 1850S MANKATO was a steamboat landing on the Minnesota River. From the edge of town, Minnesota's Big Woods stretched north over a hundred miles to St. Cloud, on the Mississippi, and eastward to Rush City on the St. Croix River. The thick forest held mostly basswood, sugar maple, elm, and oak in the north; between the two rivers in the south, the woods were mainly oaks and conifers. Minnesota was still being settled, and the forest remained largely unfamiliar to newcomers who staked their claims in towns or on farmland. Then a major land trust went bust, and the state's economy tumbled into depression.
In the fall of 1858 three men arrived at the edges of the Big Woods looking for roots. On the forest's southern edge in St. Peter, Col. B.F. Pratt, reportedly from Virginia, paid locals to scout the area for ginseng. Pratt was understood to have a contract "with some heavy root doctor in the east." At the same time in Wayzata, near Minneapolis, the Chilton brothers from Iowa started buying and drying ginseng. Not much later, shipments of the root started arriving at the receiving dock of a Philadelphia exporter. The Minnesota point-of-origin label was smeared past legibility, apparently by someone who wanted to keep a discovery to himself. In May of 1859 the newspapers reported the previous fall's ginseng harvest—about $10,000 (or $210,000 in 2004 dollars). The secret was out. Almost immediately, scores of men were digging root in the woods near St. Peter. By the end of the month diggers claimed earnings of up to five dollars a day (over a hundred dollars a day now). One of the Chilton brothers showed up from Virginia with a lot of money, the _Minnesota Statesman_ reported. A new ginseng-drying facility on Lake Washington was touted as a boon to the unemployed people in the area, "as these diggings will bring the gold more certainly than those at Pike's peak" (a reference to a Colorado gold strike that soon fizzled).
Meanwhile at the north edge of the Big Woods more mysterious Virginians showed up. One evening in Rockford, two men asked if ginseng grew nearby. The next morning locals brought a root to the older of the two, a well-dressed gentleman named Robert Blaine. Blaine promptly offered good money to anyone who brought him more roots like that one.
Handbills appeared on roadsides and street corners in towns throughout the area, offering a high price for ginseng. Wagon-loads of people and tools came from Minneapolis, headed into the Big Woods for ginseng expeditions. Groups appeared from Wisconsin and beyond. The rush was on.
If you had stood in the woods and squinted, the scene of men combing the underbrush on their knees probably would have resembled what was happening just then in the forests of northeastern China. In Minnesota, as in Manchuria, diggers struck into the forest in early morning with a sack and a ginseng hoe, and worked until they filled the sack or daylight faded. Daily yields of ten to twenty pounds were common, with some up to fifty pounds. As in Manchuria, some Minnesota diggers got hopelessly lost in the woods. Others complained of being exploited by dealers who paid them eight cents a pound and then turned around and sold the root for nine or ten times as much (after washing and drying).
By early June, the _Daily Pioneer and Democrat_ reported that towns were emptied of able bodies and the forest was full of them:
bar-rooms are abandoned; eucher and draw-poker have lost their facination [sic]; even fishing, ducking, politics and religion are not now displayed as peculiar fortes; but old and young, the patrician and the plebian, the prudent and the desolate are all agog with—'Ginseng.'
Everybody in St. Peter who could not otherwise make three dollars a day was out in the woods digging sang. The _Red Wing Sentinel_ ran a banner headline: GINSENG FEVER. In Chatfield, some residents made roughly a hundred dollars in a week of digging. Minnesota was catapulted to the front of ginseng-producing states.
People around the Big Woods saw ginseng as a godsend. The _Minnesota Statesman_ published poems about the root. The town of Mankato threw a ball in its honor. An announcement for that celebration said the dance would distract diggers from the "musquito bite or toil of delving for the bulbous root, whilst 'tripping the light fantastic toe.'" You can imagine the scene in the town's Union Hall, a clapboard structure on the main street near the river: the summer twilight lasting longest then, and the dance numbers following a familiar sequence, up to the newly composed Ginseng Polka.
The music faded quickly. By late June the boomlet had stalled. Roots had flooded into exporters' warehouses back east faster than the market could absorb them. The price slumped. Still, the fling had helped many people make their mortgage payments and buy groceries, and for three years the state shipped more than half of the total U.S. ginseng harvest. Sometimes twenty-five tons left St. Paul in a single week. Although it never struck again with quite the same intensity, Minnesota's ginseng fever simmered into the early 1860s. By 1861, the main diggers were the Sioux and Winnebago along the Minnesota River at the western frontier, along with smaller-scale diggers like farm boys and housewives who sold it for spending money.
In 1865 the Minnesota legislature passed "An Act to preserve and protect the growth of Ginseng." It was probably the first regulation that restricted American ginseng hunting to a season, which the law set as May 1 to August 1. Digging at other times became a misdemeanor subject to a fine of up to a hundred dollars. The law aimed to reassure the moneymen back east that they could depend on a regular supply of quality Minnesota roots in the future. Yet within thirty years the root was just about dug out of Minnesota. By the 1890s, old-timers of the '59 rush had grown nostalgic. Articles in the _Faribault Republican_ and the _Wright County Republican_ recalled the old days when ginseng saved Minnesota.
"What made the 1859 episode unique," Lass told me, "was that it came when the Minnesota economy had crashed. So you found many people out in the woods collecting it who otherwise wouldn't have been there." In the article Lass wrote about the Minnesota Ginseng Rush for the state's history journal, he had called it a "legendary" interlude that helped pioneers through perilous times.
"Are you aware," he added slowly, "that the United States government at one point encouraged the production of ginseng?"
Near the end of our conversation, Dr. Lass mentioned that just a week before, he had spoken with someone who knew someone who reportedly had "gone out and gathered the wild root," he said, the last word rhyming with _soot._ He offered to put me in contact with that individual.
While there may be a few diggers left in Mankato, the town's last trader was gone. Herman Ohsman lived just long enough to see the fur market vanish and ginseng decline. A few years after he died, the company closed its Mankato office. Today his great-nephew Mike Ohsman owns the family-owned company, still based in Cedar Rapids, Iowa. They got out of ginseng when supply of the wild root dwindled and the price fluctuated too much. When it became an endangered species, the mounting paperwork ended ginseng as an enterprise for Ohsman. He said they weren't in the business of counting rings on the neck of each root.
BOOMS LIKE THE ONE in Minnesota explain why ginseng pops up in songs, verse, and stories. There are other plants that inspire celebratory festivals and statues: corn has the Corn Palace in South Dakota and a city fountain in Peru's Sacred Valley of the Incas. Potato festivals are all over the place. There's even a festival for ramps—a kind of wild leek—in West Virginia. But ginseng leaves a wistful note that's unique. Its allure and illicit undertones are captured in "Ginseng," a poem by Indianapolis reporter Jared Carter:
Even now, He explained, men dig it up, ruin Whole stands, steal it from farmers. But all of them together—hunters, Thieves, those who keep the old ways—Pass it from hand to hand along A chain of those who know exactly Where it is going, what it is worth—Until eventually it arrives On the other side of the world. Where it is ground into dust And mixed into potions they say Can make an old man young again.
There's the mystery of "potions" and an elixir of youth, elements that don't quite suit a plant of progress. Maybe ginseng was a plant of a backward-looking regime. That's the tone of "Ginseng Sullivan," a song about a long-haired, aging worrywart who yearns to leave his shack in the north Georgia hills and return to the Mississippi Delta. But he frets that he won't ever be able to get home because his ticket depends on how much he gets for the next summer's roots. The song, by old-time musician Norman Blake, is a crippling blend of fear, hope, and longing.
In America, these hopes seem to stem from the stories brought back by the _Empress of China._ When she came back to New York with a trove of tea, silks, and china, the _Empress_ paid a substantial twenty-five percent profit to her investors. She also spawned her share of regrets: when she returned to China the following year, European crews regarded her as a competitor. In Canton, Samuel Shaw, the ship's business agent, would find Captain Green spreading scurrilous rumors about him. Shaw would have challenged Green to a duel, except for the fact that Chinese law regarded dueling as simply murder, for which the punishment was strangulation. The _Empress_ herself was later sold and renamed; she sank in Dublin Bay in 1791. None of this, however, dimmed the tales of the ship's triumph that would hearten Astor and other ginseng traders deeper in the countryside.
TODAY SOME OF THE largest traders are in Wisconsin, including Hsu's Ginseng, the country's top dealer in cultivated ginseng and a principal buyer of wild roots as well. The company began in the 1970s and by 1994 was handling a third of all American ginseng exports to Asia. When I called, the marketing director said they had just shipped a container load to Asia and expected to send another later that fall. He said I could visit in October when founder Paul Hsu would be back from China, where he was growing his franchise.
So continues the lure of roots and cash. I caught up with William Lass's ginseng-digger friend in Minnesota. George Schmeling grew up on the west bank of the Mississippi, two hours downstream from Red Wing, and learned how to hunt ginseng from his father on the rocky bluffs above the river. Then he moved away, took a job farther north, and forgot about shang for twenty years. Eventually Schmeling moved back to Mankato. One fall he went out in the woods with his brother-in-law, back to the bluffs where he grew up, and the memory came back. Schmeling found ginseng there, and in other woods nearby, big roots in ravines off the Minnesota River and under elms. He found ginseng not just on northern slopes but on south-, east- and west-facing slopes, too. He found it under oaks near his sister-in-law's place to the northwest, where nobody expected to find it anymore. The roots were like old coins discovered in a dusty family heirloom.
Now Schmeling thinks a lot about where the plant grows and what makes the root's wrinkled neck. He has sold roots to the same dealer for thirteen years, getting $425 per pound, not far off the peak of $525 a few years before. He finds himself walking the woods near the road for hours in the early morning after working the night shift of his maintenance job, scanning the forest understory for the telltale leaf. Late September is the best time, he said, when the leaf turns that unique shade of yellow.
My mind conjured the image of thousands of wild ginsengers stretched from northern Georgia to eastern Minnesota, united in their solitary moments by an ineffable bond, a shared focus. People like George Schmeling, leaving the night shift and wandering alone for miles, were keeping an eye open for the plant that gives meaning and music to those long, lonely walks in the woods.
## SEVEN
## Traders Again
_History and science have their romances as vivid and as fascinating as any in the realms of fiction. No story ever told has surpassed in interest the history of this mysterious plant Ginseng . . ._
—A. R. HARDING, _Ginseng and Other Medicinal Plants,_ 1936 edition
ON A BRISK autumn day, David Law, the country's leading exporter of wild ginseng, welcomed me into his home office in Manhattan. The ginsengers I had spoken with regarded wholesalers like Law as snakeheads in the roots' middle passage to Asia, even worse than the roadside retail buyers. The big brokers hustled root to warehouses and shipped it out to Asia (most of it landed within a few hundred miles of the port that had welcomed the _Empress of China_ ). Park rangers said that the big dealers manipulated the ginseng market the way that OPEC rigged the oil market. They could raise the price they paid and send thousands of diggers out beating the woods for root. Just as suddenly, they could drop the price, forcing ginsengers to sell their roots cheap or hold tight until the next year. The consensus was that all dealers would, like Old Man Naylor, squint at your root and screw you out of your fair share.
Dealers held a different view, of course. For example, Ray Bowkley, a top North Carolina dealer, painted himself as a long-suffering entrepreneur who had to reckon with a formidable series of obstacles to help producers get their product to market. "People like me are squishy middlemen," Bowkley said. "The interesting part of this business is out in the woods." In his twenty-five years of dealing ginseng (he started right out of high school), Bowkley had weathered dramatic shifts in the industry. At first, he sold his ginseng to the New York furriers like everybody else; when the fur business died, he had to cobble together a new series of contacts. Now that Chinese importer-exporters had bypassed the old New York brokers, the world had become a smaller place. Not a cozy place, mind you. More like a cramped family home. Bowkley got competition from the Cherokee reservation, where dealers could pay a slightly higher price because they weren't subject to state laws and taxes. Then Korean buyers would sweep through during the season and pay very high prices for small amounts of fresh ginseng that suited their niche market. That left ginsengers with unrealistically high expectations, and Bowkley had to talk sense back into them. There's also the bureaucracy. Bowkley's hometown was just five miles from the Tennessee line, but because Tennessee's ginseng season starts a month before North Carolina's, Bowkley lost a month to buyers a few miles away. State inspectors came to his office and riffled his paperwork (he needed a certificate from the state's Department of Agriculture before his ginseng could leave North Carolina), and extension agents like Dave Cooke and Bob Beyfuss confused diggers with new ideas about simulated-wild ginseng and getting more money for their roots. To Bowkley, that kind of talk sounded like bureaucrats desperate to steer farmers away from a dying tobacco industry and its government subsidies, even if that meant more risk to the farmers. "To be cynical, which I often am," Bowkley said, "that gets the monkey off the government agent's back, onto the farmer's."
Dealers further up the market chain shared Bowkley's penchant for a low profile. When David Law greeted me at the door of an unassuming brick house on Manhattan's Lexington Avenue, he was wearing a plain white T-shirt, black shorts, and low white sport socks with sneakers. He had a few gray hairs, but his rounded face looked youngish and his bursts of laughter reminded me of Ed Wynne floating around the room in _Mary Poppins._ David Law did not put on airs.
"Right now," he said. "The digging is going on right now."
He invited me down to his basement office. The first floor was dimly lit by a bulb in the large aquarium near the front door. As we descended to the basement the first thing I saw at the foot of the steps was a scale with a large box on it, a cube two feet on each side, postmarked from rural Virginia. Then I noticed, crammed along the walls, fourteen brown dish barrels full of root—1,400 pounds, or over a half a million dollars worth, by my arithmetic. Like the barrels in Anglers Roost, these resembled huge ice-cream containers. There were so many they obscured the fluorescent-lit desk at the back, which was silted with paper and notebooks. Off to the side was a large flat-screen computer monitor and a fine stereo system, the only two things in the room that looked new. Law rolled his black desk chair over for me and he sat in a smaller one. While we talked, he leaned back often, lit a cigarette, fished out a checkbook, looked over figures in his notebook, shushed the dachshund barking outside the back door.
A native of Guangzhou (formerly Canton), Law grew up in Hong Kong. After more than a quarter of a century dealing in American ginseng, he called it "a dead-end business." Farmers who grew cultivated ginseng were getting hammered by the high costs of pesticides, and wild-ginseng diggers were running out of supply. When Law started buying wild ginseng in America in the mid-1970s, the ginseng graders' guild in Hong Kong would hold an auction almost every week where he would sell eight or ten hundred-pound drums. Sometimes twenty drums, or two thousand pounds a week. Now, even as U.S. demand for ginseng products was climbing, the dwindling wild ginseng harvests and a shift in Asian demand were making it hard to scare up three auctions a year.
Nonetheless, every fall Law takes a four- to six-week driving trip through the heart of wild ginseng country to buy his annual inventory. Law's first expedition began in April 1976, and remained clear in his mind: he started at Williamsport, Pennsylvania, and wended south through West Virginia, Virginia, and North Carolina, then skirted west through Tennessee, Kentucky, Missouri, Iowa, and Wisconsin. It lasted over two months and involved a tremendous amount of salesmanship for the twenty-something Cantonese chemist. He had to prove his trustworthiness to old-timers like F.G. Hamilton, who lived in the mountains west of the Shenandoah Valley.
Law recalls driving the backroads of Virginia with a map on his passenger's seat, looking for Mr. Hamilton's place. He had never met the man, but he knew that Hamilton was one of the biggest buyers in Appalachia, handling over ten thousand pounds of wild ginseng every year. The elderly bachelor lived like a hermit in an old house with a cast-iron woodstove. There was an awkward moment at the door, and then Law was invited in. He still recalls seeing the woodstove and being surprised by its rustic dimensions. He was a long way from Hong Kong.
GINSENG DEALERS HAVE LOST ground in many ways, Law told me. But they've also gotten stronger. In the early days, his suppliers dealt in everything from furs to sporting goods to groceries. "A grocery store," he'd say, "or sometimes gasoline! A gasoline station." He might cover West Virginia in a day, chartering a puddle-jumper to touch down at five or six spots in the state, and then fly back to Charleston. Or he might drive the route instead.
Law had a fascinating, off-the-cuff way of talking. Sometimes he seemed to be trying out answers to hear how they sounded or to see how I would react. Throughout our conversation he revised himself.
He grabbed a handwritten notebook. "Last year we bought about . . ." He flipped through its pages. "I shipped out fourteen thousand [pounds] altogether. You see?" He turned another page. "Everything is on record."
He didn't set out to be America's top wild-ginseng dealer. He came to the United States as a young man in the early 1970s to study at the University of South Carolina. He majored in chemistry and was interested in modern industry, not herbal medicine. After graduation he took a job with DuPont and spent several years moving up the ladder there. Then he went to Allied Chemical, conducting fuel tests at JFK airport: kerosene, PT-4, and others. Not an exciting job, but it got him to New York, where his fiancée lived. At the airfield every day, Law would check fuel quality by igniting it in a test area near the runways. He would test the water content and gauge the carbon content by how the fuel burned. Sometimes the smoke from the fuel tests billowed up ten stories high, but they could put it out in a few seconds. When he got home at night, his clothes stank of jet fuel.
"I wasn't really happy working in the airport," Law said. "It was so damn boring."
So when an acquaintance from Hong Kong called in the mid-1970s and asked him to drop what he was doing and join their ginseng business, Law thought about it. At that time, the New York furriers still had a lock on the ginseng trade. They handled things old school, making deals by mail or phone call. Law didn't know anything about ginseng, but it looked better than setting fires at the airport.
When he started dealing in the root, it was exciting. "On a good day I bought eight thousand pounds," he said. "In one day. Wild ginseng."
Law was one of the first to use a telex machine to take orders from Hong Kong. (Some of his clients still prefer telex because you can automatically confirm receipt of a telex in a way that's not always possible with a fax.) In 1975, he got a telex from Hong Kong: "David, go out and clean up the market."
"So I _did_ clean up the market. All I had to do was walk along Twenty-ninth Street towards the West Side, where the first World Trade Center building was," he said. "There were three stores that sold ginseng. You'd go in there in the morning before the other guy got up."
He would go into the first shop and ask how much they had. Five thousand pounds? He punched in calculations on an invisible calculator. Okay. Then he'd stop for a cup of coffee, walk to the next store. Buy their whole inventory.
Within a few hours, Law had bought eight thousand pounds. Back then you could deal on that kind of a scale. But he had never paid attention back in Hong Kong when his father had dealt in ginseng ("I was the black sheep"), so David still had a lot to learn. Sometimes he didn't time his purchases well, or he messed up a shipment. He flapped his lips with a finger, mocking the crazy missteps of his youth.
"You make stupid mistakes, right? You may end up losing thousands of dollars, but because of the up market, you may get through."
He had competitors but not enemies, he said. Sure, he knew Wisconsin mogul Paul Hsu. "Competitor with me, yeah," Law said. "I've known him since seventy-six! No, no, no. I think 1978, he opened up his store. Seventy-eight."
"So it's a small community—"
"No!" he said. "At that time there were quite a lot of ginseng buyers. There were quite a lot more. You'd be surprised! A lot of them don't exist anymore." In the Seventies he could buy ginseng from over two hundred dealers, but that pool has shrunk to about fifty. So in the decades that U.S. appetite for ginseng has grown, the number of dealers has dwindled. America seems to be shifting from a ginseng supplier to a consumer, like China. U.S. consumers buy Asian ginseng products as often as American ginseng, with roots imported from China, South Korea, and Hong Kong. In the first quarter of 2004, for example, the United States imported nearly 157,000 kilograms of ginseng from Asia—more roots by weight than it exported. But cultivated American ginseng gets a better price, so there's no move to grow the Asian variety here.
Now, after a boom in the 1990s, the market for cultivated ginseng was so low that it almost made Law feel guilty. He saw the rising costs of agrochemicals and the shrinking price for cultivated ginseng squeeze many farmers out of business. He blamed the bureaucracy. The EPA had banned certain fungicides, for example, that Canadians could still use, so Canadian farmers were getting yields nearly double what Wisconsin growers could get. Law told me about one farmer whom he had known for twenty years. The farmer had five acres of ginseng. With fungicides, fertilizers, and labor, it cost him $40,000 to grow an acre of ginseng, so he had invested $200,000 in his crop, most of it with a bank loan. But the wet weather had pummeled the roots that year and his total harvest amounted to two hundred pounds—a fraction of the normal yield. The farmer was on the brink of bankruptcy and furious over his debts. He grumbled about filing a lawsuit against the agrochemical company.
"He was crying when he took my check," Law said. "Two and a half drums, that's it."
They had stood at the edge of the field, the wooden shade trellises uncovered, the rows of earth brown after the harvest. They looked at the drums and then at each other. Then they loaded the drums into the back of Law's rented pickup.
"We didn't know what to say," Law said. "It's been twenty years that I've been buying his ginseng, and this shit thing happens. This year will be his last year.
"It's tough to make deals like that," he admitted. "You walk in there, the farmer asks for a price, you don't want to negotiate. And even though you know you're paying him a couple of dollars more, or ten dollars more, it's just . . . so sad. The amount is so small, you know?"
Law fished around in the papers on his desk and came up with the checkbook containing the carbon of last year's check. He studied it. He had rounded the amount upward. "Two thousand dollars I paid him. A whole year's harvest," he said quietly. "That's _miserable,_ isn't it?"
LAW HAD TWO MAIN complaints about the ginseng business now. The first was problems with China. When he said "problems," I thought he meant the steep tariff that China had long imposed on ginseng imports, tariffs that were expected to shrink now that China was joining the World Trade Organization.
"The problem is not the tariff," Law said. "The problem is corruption."
Say the whole world needs just a hundred shoes. If world production stays at a hundred shoes, everybody makes a little money. The problem was that China was producing a thousand shoes.
"Why are you producing a thousand shoes?" he asked.
"Maybe once the production within China stabilizes—" I said.
"No, China is not going to be stabilizing," Law insisted. "China is going to be increasing, because at that price they still make money. Not a lot, but they still make money. Just like the Canadians."
That was his second complaint: Canada was growing way too much cultivated ginseng, having passed U.S. production years ago. (Canada has outlawed the collection of wild ginseng.) Canadian farmers grew more than ten times as much ginseng as they used to—over five million pounds a year. And U.S. growers had only themselves to blame, Law said. He traced it back to a convention in Guelph, Canada, in the mid-1980s that created too much interest in ginseng. That convention alone, Law said, converted over two hundred Canadian farmers to ginseng growers. Wisconsin people had sold them their seed.
"That damn convention in Canada! That was the biggest mistake they ever made. Because at that time, the Canadian farmer was feeling the pain. The tobacco farmers were feeling the pain, and now this, a new relief." The Canadian tobacco farmers had land, they had capital, they had equipment. Turning them into ginseng competitors was asking for trouble.
"It was the biggest mistake," he repeated, shaking his head. "A couple of wiseguys sold them ginseng seeds. I remember I was in the parking lot. I read this: 'A hundred dollars a pound. Ginseng seed. Cash. Ten thousand dollars, buy a bag of ginseng seed.' I saw that ad with my own eyes! I know the buyers and the sellers, too." It was as if he was reliving a drug deal gone bad, one that he couldn't stop.
"It's a bad trade, I tell you," he said finally. "I'll be surprised if I survive the whole—" He searched for the right word. "—end tail of the damn business!"
I couldn't tell how much was smokescreen and how much was world-weariness. He seemed capable of both.
LEAVING LAW'S OFFICE, I waited for the uptown Six train in the Astor Place subway station. Standing by the tracks, I stared at a curious motif in the Beaux Arts tiles on the wall: _Astor_ was spelled in green, and at intervals large rodents gnawed on a plant. I stepped closer and realized, from the flat tail, that the rodent was actually a beaver. The walls commemorated that humble source of John Jacob Astor's wealth and power. I walked to the other end of the platform. All the tiles had the same beaver. I didn't see any tiles commemorating the plant that was another source of Astor's wealth.
On the train I recalled one of the root's earliest hucksters, William Byrd, a Virginia aristocrat and gambler. As a law student in London in the early 1700s, Byrd stirred up interest in ginseng at meetings of the Royal Society, calling it a "king of plants" that helped all kinds of illnesses. He wrote letters that claimed ginseng "gives an uncommon Warmth and Vigor to the Blood, and frisks the Spirit, beyond any other cordial." Byrd waxed as pithy as a Burma Shave ad writer: "It will even make Old Age amicable, by rendering it lively, chearful [sic], and good-humour'd." (This same William Byrd published an anonymous tract on the health benefits of tobacco for preventing the plague.) Byrd stopped short of claiming that the root was an aphrodisiac. He had a healthy appreciation for the absurd. Ginseng, he cautioned, grew "as sparingly as Truth & Public Spirit."
Once the trade in American ginseng to China got under way, European shipping agents tried to finagle samples of Asian ginseng so they could gauge the competition. Business heated up, and when American traders entered the fray they tried to circumvent the Cantonese monopoly. They nosed around in shops near the Canton harbor, looking for shopkeepers willing to buy ginseng outside the monopoly. This pushed the Co Hong merchants' guild closer to the English, who followed the rules. In response, the Americans cut their shipping rates to undercut the British on tea and other items.
The ginseng business continued to hone people's ability to skirt the bureaucracy and stiff their competitors. In 1947, Syl Yunker was a teenaged U.S. army recruit in Korea, where he fell in with a Virginian whom the Koreans had hired to rebuild their government agricultural monopoly. The agency focused on tobacco and ginseng. Yunker had never dug ginseng back in Kentucky. His first glimpse of the plant was a patch in Korea, surrounded by guard towers, each armed with a mounted machine gun. He quickly learned that ginseng was money.
For the first year that Yunker was there, the Koreans shipped their ginseng to Shanghai and Tenzen. Then China's Communists exiled the Nationalists to Taiwan, and Mao Zedong closed the mainland ports to foreign trade. (Mao also briefly discouraged use of ginseng as part of an early birth-control policy.) But even Mao couldn't change the market.
"When Mao closed the ports, we just took it all down to Hong Kong," Yunker told me. "There was no hitch at all in price or volume." The move did, however, give a de facto monopoly in American ginseng to merchants in Hong Kong. For decades, all the American ginseng coming to China funneled through Hong Kong, then officially disappeared.
In 1966, the Hong Kong government opened an office to monitor species under CITES, an international treaty that regulates trade in endangered plants and animals. American ginseng was added to the list of plants and animals that they observed, and under the Hong Kong agency for agriculture and forestry, they started tracking the wild root. Merely processing the fifteen thousand import/export permits a year was a tremendous job for a staff of fifteen.
The challenge, in other words, remained formidable. Hong Kong returned to China's control in 1997, while retaining a degree of semi-autonomy summed up in the slogan "One country, two systems." China was embracing international trade more directly. The channels that governed how ginseng flowed through the world were shifting. Sometimes it seemed the only way to gauge that river of wild roots was to leave the world of legal stamps and permits behind and wade into darker waters.
## EIGHT
## Outlaws on the Road to Nowhere
_I searched two seasons and found a single root of the wild mountain ginseng, which is esteemed so rare and precious a thing by the doctors that the Lady Om and I could have lived a year in comfort from the sale of our one root. But in the selling of it I was apprehended, the root confiscated, and I was better beaten and longer planked than ordinarily._
—JACK LONDON, _The Jacket,_ 1914
THERE WAS A moment one evening in the Great Smokies national park when I paused—the foliage was brushed with late sunlight and shadows. I was walking behind a park ranger, noticing the pistol on his right hip, following him into the glare of the low sun. Light flooded around every upright trunk and shone through the yellowing understory ahead of us. He stopped and turned his head, and in that second I wasn't sure if we were after a plant or a criminal. We continued forward, then stopped again, scanning the ground.
GINSENG IS NO STRANGER to crime. Sometimes it's the alibi, occasionally the motive, often a victim. Long before Father Lafitau had the eureka moment that turned American ginseng into a commercial hot potato, poachers in China were pilfering Asian ginseng from the emperor's forests. International trade merely opened new horizons for smuggling and criminality. Wild ginseng's black markets now span at least three con-tinents. In early 2000, TRAFFIC International covertly sent investigators into medicinal shops across Europe. Nearly a third of the 150 shops they visited—in France, Belgium, Germany, the Netherlands, and the United Kingdom—sold ginseng illegally, along with other rare species. When the authorities were tipped off, it sparked arrests and seizures of contraband in all five countries. In one instance, a dragnet in Brussels caught three Asian groceries and snared a pile of ginseng roots as well as plasters of tiger bone.
Siberia holds the world's last significant patches of wild Asian ginseng (not to be confused with so-called "Siberian ginseng," which is _Eleutherococcus senticosus_ and not ginseng at all). In black markets near Vladivostok, the root is worth up to $25,000 per kilogram (about $11,364 per pound). Every year roughly $50 million of wild Asian ginseng is smuggled into northern China through sleepy border towns such as Markovo and Poltavka, or in boats from the tiny ports of Olga and Terney. A covert survey found that although each village had only two to three smugglers, many accomplices stood behind them. In Chuguyevka, for example, over half the town's workforce made money from illegal ginseng. When Russian investigators infiltrated a crime ring in the 1990s they found traffickers in ginseng, tiger skins, and bear parts.
As wild Asian ginseng trickles into China through its northern border, wild American ginseng floods in from the south. Hong Kong newspapers occasionally cite increases in ginseng smuggling to the mainland, or report ginseng robberies on the island. In one case, a Hong Kong decorator wearing a doctor's white lab coat lifted roots from a clinic (along with birds' nests, sharks fin, and dried scallops). He was caught hiding in a nearby restroom with over $100,000 worth of medicinals and seafood. In South Korea, a man was jailed and fined over $21,000 for stealing and eating someone else's 150-year-old ginseng root.
Ginseng has a criminal past in America as well. In the 1890s New York newspapers described a racket involving ginsengers in the Great Smoky Mountains. Complaints from Chinese ginseng merchants in San Francisco and Hong Kong pointed to a scam in which roots had been hollowed out and refilled with lead to boost their weight. For the most part, though, ginseng crimes in the United States tend to be more local. The threat that worries growers most is poaching by neighbors like Chicken Charley. Everyone from New England down fears for their 'sang being stolen, but some regions are more secretive than others. Bob Beyfuss thinks that ginseng poaching is less common in New York than in the South. He knows that in southern parks like the Great Smoky Mountains, the 'sang gets hammered. Beyfuss argues that the best insurance against theft is to tell all your neighbors that you're growing ginseng: Post signs, put up fences, let everyone know. That way, you establish your claim and poachers can't say they didn't know the land was private.
Nobody in Appalachia would advise that approach. If you tell your neighbors in western North Carolina that you're growing 'sang, you might as well put a bull's-eye on it. Your ginseng will disappear. Appalachian growers, says agricultural agent Jeanine Davis, have excellent reasons for secrecy. Davis's home district in western North Carolina is a prime spot for finding ginseng's outlaw element.
Davis is a tall and generously built woman with an outsize laugh and no Southern accent. Before coming to North Carolina as an agricultural agent, she lived in Illinois, Kentucky, New York, suburban Philadelphia, and the Pacific Northwest. No place, however, prepared her for her new post.
"Western North Carolina is almost like a different country at times," she says. "When I first started in this industry, I was so incredibly naive."
When Davis came to work at the western Carolina agricultural experiment station near Asheville, she was the first female faculty member in that part of the state, and she was very pregnant. Davis's predecessor had managed a ginseng program, so one of the first things Davis did was plan a conference on ginseng. She believed, like Beyfuss, that raising awareness would help solve a problem like poaching. (That belief is characteristic of extension workers.)
When locals heard about her plans for a ginseng conference, many were intrigued but hid their faces when they came by to ask about it. Nobody wanted the information mailed to their homes. Davis was struck by how far people went to distance themselves from her. The paranoia was phenomenal. People didn't want their families or neighbors to know they knew anything about ginseng. One man quietly asked Davis to send ginseng pamphlets to an address two counties away from where he lived. He didn't want his mailman to know he _thought_ about ginseng. When Davis took photos of his ginseng patch later for educational presentations, she had to crop them to delete any landscape feature that suggested its location.
In the North Carolina hills, ginseng theft was sport and the root belonged to the bold. Victims had no recourse. Diggers warned Davis that the police weren't to be trusted to track down root poachers.
Davis considered that and reasoned that the problem was a lack of understanding by enforcement officials. So she called the district attorney and explained that ginseng wasn't just a wild plant, it was a valuable crop as worthy of legal protection as a farmer's herd of dairy cows. She pointed out the relevant laws under which ginseng theft was a felony, as long as the landowner had installed a fence. The D.A. was onboard with Davis's plan to educate police officers about the plant's value when local growers found out and begged her to stop. There were too many sheriffs and deputies related to poachers, they insisted.
"It was a real education for me," Davis says. She describes her first years in North Carolina as a time when she learned "the whole culture around ginseng." She discovered the inventions that people used to discourage poachers: one person parked a small trailer on their land and left a radio playing inside and laundry on a clothesline, all to create the illusion that someone was home. Others fashioned boxes to resemble surveillance cameras. Some employed a big dog or a shotgun that could be fired once in a while to scare off intruders. Some invested in wireless technologies, gate sensors that signaled when a gate chain is cut, or alarm systems that rang at your house or flashed lights or set off bells.
"Going out in the forest to collect these wild plants is like fishing, hunting, playing golf for some people," Davis says. "It's part of what we do here."
People in western Carolina regard ginseng as a God-given right. If you find ginseng growing on somebody's property you might ask their permission, but if nobody owns the land you don't ask. Russ McLean has practiced law there for over twenty-five years, and he has seen outsiders buy up mountain land for retirement homes. It's hard to know who owns a hillside now, he says, and it's even harder to ask absentee landowners for their permission to dig. Same with the national park. But now that the federal government has realized that ginseng is valuable—"that this natural resource that they have been graced with in the national parks is a product which a lot of people tend to dig and sell," as McLean puts it—park officials want to keep it to themselves. McLean thinks that park rangers have become overzealous in punishing people who are, after all, just practicing their way of life, a tradition older than any national park.
THE GREAT SMOKY MOUNTAINS National Park straddles the North Carolina–Tennessee line and some of the highest peaks in the Southern Appalachians. Its spectacular views, old-growth forests, and varied hiking trails make it the country's most visited national park. The Twin Creeks Natural Resource Center on the park's northern edge is a secluded log cabin in the Tennessee woods. The common room has government-issue paneling and metal chairs, with a duty board and names written in Magic Marker. A white butterfly net leans against one wall. This is where park botanist Janet Rock works, and where she fights crime.
The Twin Creeks center houses a forensics lab for plants that appear headed for extinction. 'Sang often ends up on ice downstairs, in the botanical equivalent of a morgue. That's where rangers bring the plants confiscated from poachers. It gets logged in as evidence in criminal proceedings, like heroin in a drug trial, and entrusted to Rock. To avoid tempting anyone, she keeps the ginseng stored out of sight.
Rock wears forest-green slacks and a gray-green shirt with a Park Service shoulder patch. Her hair is cut to her collarbone, and she has deep blue eyes. She fell in love with the Smokies since she first came here for college and has been in these mountains for over twenty years, but people still don't consider her local.
Rock got drawn into the outlaw side of ginseng in 1991, when she began to monitor rare plants full-time. Around that time Twin Creeks began to receive roots that rangers had seized from poachers. Rock and her supervisor realized these seizures were a way to gauge harvest levels and the ginseng population's overall health. And they grew alarmed by the steep rise in the amount of ginseng harvested illegally. Then in 1993 rangers at Deep Creek, on the park's southern edge, made two big arrests back-to-back. In both cases, groups of men had hiked deep into the park on extended poaching expeditions. Each group came out with around fourteen pounds of root. That was a quantum leap over previous ginseng poachers, who usually had a few dozen roots on them.
Around that time, Rock and another colleague briefed the park's law enforcement team on plant populations that were under threat. Rock showed them graphs of ginseng harvest levels and plant demographics. She told them a similar pattern was emerging for black cohosh, ramps, log moss, and even buttercups, which were also poached from the park. If the current harvest rates continued, she said, all those plants would be wiped out from the vast park within decades. The two arrests at Deep Creek impressed the reality of this trend on the district ranger, John Garrison. Garrison had been instrumental in Operation Smokey, a three-year undercover effort to uproot a black market in bear parts. (Black bears in the Great Smokies were hunted for their gall bladders, which commanded up to $3,000 each in Asia. Operation Smokey found remains of 368 slaughtered bears and made convictions in three states.) Now Rock was telling Garrison that the same threat was leveling the park's rare plants.
When she finished, Garrison and the other officers sat there stunned. They had been blindsided by another huge and complex market descending on the park.
DEEP CREEK LAY ON the opposite side of the park from Janet Rock's cabin, on the southwest edge, just outside Bryson City, North Carolina. A sign beside the road leaving town said ROAD TO NOWHERE. If you asked someone, they'd tell you the name is a jab at the government and leave it at that.
In early October Bryson City looked quiet, and life on its main street was returning to normal after the summer hordes of tourists had moved on. The barbeque restaurant had only a few customers, mainly regulars. Outside, on a handbill stapled to a telephone pole, there was a drawing of ginseng root and the announcement that someone was paying good money for it. The handbill didn't give a name, but it said you could find him on Friday afternoons in Lester's sporting goods shop. I stopped in at Lester's down the street and asked the burly guy with the beard if the 'sang buyer only comes on Fridays. Yep, he said.
"Same guy as last year?"
"Yep."
"How long will he be around?"
"Every week until there isn't any more, probably."
At that point I got a look that informed me I had exceeded an outsider's quota of questions. Locals knew they could find the buyer's pickup some evenings in the supermarket parking lot, or beside the recycling shop on Route 19 out toward Cherokee. You didn't need to ask a lot of questions, and the buyer wouldn't ask you where you got your roots.
The rangers at Deep Creek did ask questions. Their job protecting the park and its visitors involved handling the occasional camper's snakebite, but also investigating crimes on park land. A snapshot on the Deep Creek station's bulletin board showed a ranger standing next to a marijuana plant the size of a tall Christmas tree. _I'll take that one,_ the caption said. Not long ago marijuana growing was a major money-making venture in remote parts of the park. In parks across the country, gangs staked out large crops of marijuana visible only on aerial photographs.
"Used to get a lot of marijuana in this park," said Lamon Brown, "but aerial surveillance whacked the big gardens pretty heavy" in the early 1990s. "We were just killing 'em. Now it's either small patches or indoors." These days, ginseng poachers far outnumber the marijuana growers.
Lamon (rhymes with Raymond) wore a Smokey-the-Bear ranger hat on his shaved head and a moustache that bushed around his mouth. Still, he looked too boyish to sound so hardened about criminals. His face was smooth and untroubled as he explained how marijuana growers used GPS receivers to find their patches of weed, or how local gangs had switched from outdoor marijuana patches to stovetop meth labs in their kitchens, which were more cost-effective for "cranking out more product." Lamon said it was common for outlaws to take to the park for refuge, just as it was common for a sheriff's department to get a report of someone fleeing a vehicle or leaving the scene of a domestic dispute. Sometimes people bolted into park land. However, the high-profile manhunt for suspected serial bomber Eric Rudolph focused on the town of Andrews, thirty miles west. The FBI never searched the park for Rudolph; they felt certain he would stay near Andrews. Years later a rookie local cop found him behind a grocery store in Murphy, about an hour from Bryson City.
Lamon grew up twenty-five miles south of Deep Creek. When he was a boy, his grandfather led him to a grove of walnut trees behind his house and showed him a patch of ginseng that the old man had transplanted from the woods. Lamon understood that this was risky. If word got out that his grandfather was growing ginseng, people would slip in and dig it up. After that, Lamon developed a ginsenger's eye.
He told me this late in the afternoon as we walked up an old Indian trail from the Deep Creek station, deep into the woods. Lamon carried a daypack containing his tools for an all-night stakeout: camouflage jacket, rain jacket, some food, a seismic intrusion device, night-vision goggles, citation book. A layer of dry leaves underfoot made a sound like radio static. A swale on his right started low and rose to a high ridge.
"They love to hunt and ginseng-dig this area," Lamon said. Often he would come here prepared for a solo stakeout, but this evening I was coming along, too.
Lamon knew how poachers think. In the last days before the ginseng leaves disappear completely, diggers scramble to gather up a pound here and there, for that two- or three-hundred-dollar Christmas bonus. Their favorite time is dusky-dark, when there's still enough light for them to see the plants but not enough for them to be noticed by others. Serious poachers will backpack deep into the park, dig for days, and hike back out with fifteen or twenty pounds of ginseng in their pack. To avoid meeting a ranger on the trail, they'll lay low until three or four a.m., then hike to a trailhead, where they will rendezvous with their driver at a prearranged spot. It's planned as thoroughly as a bank job getaway: synchronize, pull up, get in the car and go. Lamon had enough of the criminal in him to understand that poachers simply enjoy the game. He sympathized with their preference for spending a day in the woods digging ginseng over a day on the job. "I mean, it's a beautiful time of year to be out in the woods," he said. "If they can make a hundred dollars in a weekend, it's just a bonus."
Some distance above where he planned to settle in, Lamon stopped and pulled out a canister that looked like a small propane bottle tied to a tent stake. It was a seismic device that worked like an early warning system. Stuck into the ground near a foot trail, the stake was a sensor that picked up vibrations as small as footsteps; the canister converted these to audio signals, then transmitted them on a direct communications channel to the receiver on Lamon's belt. It gave him a three- or four-minute heads-up if anyone was coming down the trail. Lamon hid the stake under a fallen branch and brushed leaves over the tether. A mechanical voice said, "Bleeight." Lamon told me to walk up the trail fifty yards and walk back. The monotone voice said: "Eight, eight, eight."
He adjusted the device's sensitivity setting, then we walked back down the hill and left the trail to find a place where we would sit for a good part of the night. To some, devoting this ranger's time to catching plant poachers is an extravagant waste of taxpayers' money. There are more violent crimes than digging roots in the forest, after all. Park officials respond that in nine years, ginseng poachers stole some $5.3 million worth of root from this park, and the long-term damage is profound.
Lamon saw it from the victim's point of view. "The ginseng and the bears don't write complaint letters."
We waded slowly through the brush in the late afternoon light, and I scanned the ground in vain for root. It was the first week of October, and most ginseng was already down. The chances of my spotting 'sang on my own this season were diminishing fast. I saw black cohosh, but when I approached what I thought was ginseng it turned out to be Virginia creeper.
As we sat at a spot overlooking the path, Lamon said, "There's that ginseng, right there." He kept his gaze locked as he got up, and came back holding a yellowed two-prong stalk. He had found it just by its empty bracts and a single yellow leaf.
We settled into our patch of woods and waited.
The previous week, rangers at Deep Creek arrested a poacher out on Lakeview Drive about this time of day. Two officers slowed down near a car parked almost in the road. As they approached it, a man scrambled up the embankment clutching a big four-prong. He had just dug eighteen plants in full daylight. One ranger said she was glad there were still some dumb ones out there.
Usually it's a lot harder. Every time, the rangers have to build a case from the ground up. Before making contact with a person, they have to establish a reasonable basis for suspecting that person of being a poacher and must be able to articulate those reasons. Trawling the park's roads, glancing at embankments, they watch for torn-up patches of soil or a vehicle that appears to be lurking. A woman driving a pickup back and forth on a park road may be looking to pick up her poacher husband.
For ginseng, probable cause usually means a person with dirt ground into the trouser knees, dirt under the fingernails, and a stick ground off at one end. If someone comes down a path in camouflage pants, with pockets bulging, acting nervous, that's probable cause. An officer will ask a few questions, pursuing any inconsistent answers with more questions. If the inconsistencies multiply, the person may be asked to empty their pockets or open their knapsack for inspection. If they say no, the officer might seize the knapsack and apply for a search warrant. At that point, the officer must be able to articulate very good probable cause. If the judge denies the request, the officer must give the sack back to the person and call it quits. But if Lamon makes an arrest, there are other decisions. First, he must decide whether to bring the accused into the station or issue a citation for them to appear in court later. If they're not a flight risk—that is, if they're local and they have a job—then they receive a citation and are released on their own recognizance.
AN ARREST LAUNCHES AN involved chain of events. The arresting officer must process the evidence, which can mean driving the seized roots forty-five miles across the park to Janet Rock and briefing prosecutors at the U.S. Attorney's office in Bryson City. "Basically, you're educating the U.S. Attorney's office on how much damage this actually is," Lamon explained. "Some of those folks, they're prosecuting rape and murder, and they see a few roots, you know?" The officer has to spell out the long-term effects of poaching, that it can cause a plant's extinction and a hole in the ecosystem. The prosecutors sift the evidence for points to make in court. Sometimes they ask for photos to be blown up; these will be placed on a tripod in the courtroom, along with a map of the region. During the trial, Lamon would point to the map to indicate such things as point of contact, location where the root was found, escape path, and point of arrest.
It had gotten almost silent. We listened to a vague rustle of sounds above the stream's purling. Lamon took a pinch of tobacco and occasionally let a discreet squirt fly to his left. In the distance came what might be a radio, or voices in a higher register. Maybe I was just spooking myself. I asked Lamon if he heard something.
"You, too?" he whispered. "I thought the water was playing tricks on me." His ears were clogged from a cold, so he kept turning to me to see if I reacted. He asked if I could say for sure that I had heard voices.
"It sounded a lot like voices," I said, and imagined repeating that on the witness stand. It sounded equivocal, uncertain. What I heard was like the distant hum of talk radio several rooms away.
The noise seemed to move up the facing ridge, as if someone was traversing the slope. Lamon thought they would either work their way across to our left and come down the path, where they would set off the seismic device, or they would come down to a narrow wooden bridge below us. Up the draw to our left, I heard a low hum. It may have been men's voices.
The day's last sunlight scaled further up the trunks of tulip poplar and maple. Two young oaks stood near us, dark, thin vertical slashes. In the quiet I watched one leaf fall from the topmost branch, all the way down, down, down, until it hit the forest floor. Fifteen seconds. Not long. But only here, with hours to kill, would I watch it all the way.
I kept listening. In the absence of other stimuli, the sounds created almost a delirium.
"This is prime time," Lamon whispered.
A DECADE AGO RANGERS couldn't get a ginseng conviction even when they caught a person red-handed. Either suspects would fling the evidence deep into the woods, or they would reach the park boundary before they got caught, making it hard to prove that the root came from inside the park. So the rangers in the Great Smokies honed their detective skills more than most park rangers ever need. They learned how to track poachers' footsteps back to the ginseng patches, and how to make casts of bootprints. In ideal conditions after a rain, they could follow the prints right back to a patch of ginseng. In one case, they did that and found ginseng tops lying beside a hole, so they photographed the tops and analyzed the photos down to the color of the soil, noting how exposed soil dries out and turns lighter in color. They made casts of the bootprints. No old-time plaster of paris: they used fine-grain, high-quality dental pumice that fills every nick of a boot's tread.
Lamon leaned forward for a closer look at my boot. An irrational worry flickered across my mind: Was I a suspect? "Look, like this right here," he said. "See where that chunk of rubber is gone? Right here?" Lamon called the leaf-shaped nick in my Vibram sole a "positive identifier."
Covering the vast area of the Great Smokies, the park rangers also used informants when they could. A jealous digger would occasionally rat out a rival, but more often the informant was close to the poacher. "Believe it or not, sometimes your best informants are the guys' wives or girlfriends," Lamon said quietly. Maybe the men neglect their families. Maybe the women want their husbands caught, "so they would quit that foolishness and spend a little more time at home."
One day the park got an anonymous tip from a caller who said that three men—she named them—would be crossing Fontana Dam with ginseng on a certain day at four p.m. The rangers at Deep Creek were skeptical, but Lamon drove with another officer to the dam and set up a stakeout. By four fifteen, three men walked across the dam. All three had loads of ginseng in their backpacks, totaling fourteen pounds.
AS DARKNESS SETTLED, the tree trunks fused into a lumpy gray mass. Lamon unzipped his sack and pulled out a pair of custom-looking binoculars. Some years after the park started night patrols, rangers received military night-vision goggles. Lamon now held a pair with aperture settings that let him adjust light sensitivity and focus. He also had an infrared unit like a slim penlight that could boost visibility on starless nights. The glow of a cigarette a hundred yards away burned as bright as a flashlight. With that, officers could identify someone at twenty-five yards even on an ink-black night. Lamon could track poachers by their flashlights, holding off from using his own flashlight until he got close enough to give chase.
"You want to be close. You want to be close," Lamon repeated slowly. "Try to get your hands on the guy with the gun."
FOR LAMON, NO CASE was more vivid than four days he spent on the north shore of Fontana Lake, at the park's western edge. It started from another anonymous call. "Somebody had given us a dime," he said. "A couple of fellas were in there digging ginseng." The caller gave a time frame when the two men would be coming out to the lake shore.
"What we _don't_ know is _how_ they're going to get out—if they're going to come out on a ferry with the ferry service, or a boat pickup. So we spend about three days just staking out that trailhead in there. It finally comes around to the pickup morning and we haven't laid eyes on these guys.
"We figure we had picked the wrong place. So we've gotten up a little before daylight and staked out the trail again going down to the lake, where they've got to get picked up. An hour after daylight we're thinking, 'Well, we've missed it.' So we start panicking."
They creep down to the lake shore. Lamon's partner crosses into the next wooded hollow. "And there they are on the bank, in behind a log, kind of hiding. Waiting for the boat to come in and pick up. And there's a pillowcase behind a tree," he said, pointing to a tree near us. "About that distance, too—about twenty feet above them. And here's a clear path in the leaves up to that tree, and there's a pillowcase, and the pillowcase is full of ginseng. They spent a week in there digging ginseng.
"We immediately separate them. My partner's got one guy over there, and I'm over here talking to this guy, you know: "You don't have to talk to me, but your buddy's over there. He's talking to this guy, and we're going to compare notes. And whoever gives us the truth, we'll pass that on to the U.S. Attorney's office. It would be good to cooperate.'
"So this guy looks at me and he says, "Well, you got us, don't you?'" So Lamon's man sits down and writes up what happened. "Right there on the spot, just spilled the beans." He jots down details of when they came in, where they dug, and where they camped each night. Meanwhile Lamon's partner hasn't gotten anything from the second man, the brother-in-law of Lamon's man. When the brother-in-law learns of the confession, there are words exchanged and threats of beatings. With the confession in hand, the rangers give both men mandatory citations to appear in court and let them go.
The defendants got a jury trial. The written confession made prosecutors confident enough to charge the two with Lacey Act violations, a serious charge that allows for a jail-term sentence. Although the government lawyers didn't plan to press for prison time, the Lacey Act charge entitled defendants to a jury trial and they got one. The confession was entered as evidence.
Lamon continued: "But then these two guys take the stand and my guy takes the stand and says, 'Yeah, I told him all those things but,' he said, 'I was just scared and I told the officer what he wanted to hear.' And the other guy got up, put one hand on the Bible, raised his other hand, and says, 'I don't know where that ginseng comes from.' Said, 'It wasn't ours.' Said, 'I don't even know what ginseng looks like.' Sat there and told a big pack of lies. And the jury bought it, and found them not guilty.
"You spend maybe four days out there in the woods, eating peanut butter," Lamon said. "You make a good case and then you spend all the pretrial time—a lot of time and effort—and then you lose it. It's part of the game."
FONTANA LAKE REMAINS A favorite locale for serious ginseng poachers. Typically they will get a friend to ferry them across with their gear, drop them off, and come back for them four or five days later. The poachers set up a base camp and hike deep into the north shore forest. These multiday expeditions can haul out many pounds of root.
The lake sits on top of a deep sense of betrayal, older than the park itself, going back to the 1930s when the federal government came to these mountains with big plans. To create the park, the government used eminent domain and negotiated with each family to buy their land. For some families, no doubt, it came as a boon in the Depression's darkest days. Their land was too steep for crops, their shacks shook with every cold wind, and they suffered from tuberculosis and other diseases. "A lot of these people were tired of trying to hack out a living out of a rocky piece of land," Lamon said. People in the most remote hollows were probably surprised and glad to receive the money and leave.
As part of the arrangement, the government offered to move family cemeteries across the lake onto more accessible land outside the park, or leave them in place and give families access to them by ferry or a road. The displaced families elected to leave the cemeteries where they were and have a road built along the north shore. A dam was built and the lake reservoir filled, with the understanding that the north shore road would be built.
Years passed but no road appeared. Eventually the government built six miles of road out of Bryson City. At that point, however, they struck an unusual acidic rock formation while tunneling through one slope. The rock, when cut, leached acid into nearby streams, killing salamanders, fish, and other wild-life. Tests proved that the Park Service had walked into a quagmire. Finishing the north shore road would cause a wildlife disaster in a national park, but not finishing it would cause a rift with the park's neighbors. The road project stalled.
Children of the families who sold land to the government had regrets. They saw that what had been a steep rhododendron thicket could now be sold to retirees as mountain real estate with pristine views. In Lamon's words, "The government took great-granddaddy's land, gave him twenty dollars an acre for it, and that's just highway robbery."
Today the landscape of old farmstead ruins and the lingering debate give the lakeshore a haunting presence. "You can almost see some old-timer sitting on his porch in his overalls and smoke coming out of the chimney," Lamon said one night as we drove along the park's edge.
A few minutes later he stopped the truck. The headlights shone on a big hand-lettered sign facing the road: ROAD TO NOWHERE, A BROKEN PROMISE, 1943–?
This history colors local views on the ginseng rules, too. In a survey of diggers in the next county west of Bryson City, most felt the government was biased against diggers (many of whom are poor) and inconsistent in how it issued ginseng licenses. A typical comment suspected the Forest Service of misusing license funds and not reinvesting in ginseng restoration. Others complained about haphazard changes in the rules. The report concluded that "past government actions resulting in the displacement of local families from their land" reinforced people's worries about ginseng and other issues "fundamental to their livelihoods, traditions and rights."
Ray Hicks, a nationally famous storyteller in these hills, gave poetry to that tradition. "I lived my life here studying God's creation," he said in his eightieth year, and affirmed that ginseng hunting was as much a part of that study as storytelling. "I just hit a lick when the time of year come for each one: keeping a garden, working engines, gathering the herbs in the forest and telling stories."
AS FAR AS DEFENSE attorney Russ McLean was concerned, Lamon's Fontana Lake stakeout reflected the government's arrogance. He recalled one ginseng case where the Park Service was so sure they had a conviction that they alerted TV stations to have cameras outside the courthouse, ready to report the guilty verdict. McLean stood on the other side, arguing for the defendants, who were Cherokee. McLean told me he had handled more ginseng cases than any other lawyer in western North Carolina or Kentucky.
We talked in his Waynesville law office, where a four-foot-high statue of Justice stood with her foot pressing down on the head of a large snake. Hunting prints and certificates lined the red wall behind his black leather chair.
"They never did catch the Indians, they never saw them," McLean said of the Cherokee case. Instead, the rangers found bootprints in ginseng patches, made castings of those prints, and confiscated the boots of the three suspects. "Tried to claim that these were the boots that made the tracks they had found at the ginseng patches. The problem was, half the people in Haywood County and Swain County and Grant County all wear pretty similar boots."
A former game warden on the Cherokee reservation and two codefendants were charged in that case with four counts of violating game conservation and national park regulations. They were released on bail in February 1994, and in late May the jury trial began in the Bryson City federal courthouse. The jury deliberated about an hour before finding the three not guilty. Park officials were publicly embarrassed.
Behind all that government effort, McLean suspected a desire to prevent anybody from making money off of park property. He also believed the feds held a grudge against the Cherokee for siding with the Confederacy. That's right, he said: the Cherokee fought for the South and as a result lost a thousand acres of their land after the Civil War ended, more than any other tribe. "They're the only people, besides Robert E. Lee," he told me, "who actually ever lost any land because they sided with the Confederacy."
After his three clients were acquitted, McLean said the government started using "this dye thing."
ONE DAY AMID THOSE cases, John Garrison remained in the back row of the courtroom after another set of poachers had been acquitted. A frustrated Garrison turned to Jim Corbin, a biologist with the North Carolina Department of Agriculture, and said, "What we need is a way to demonstrate to the court definitively that these plants came from the park."
Corbin took up the challenge. With a background in biology and as a sheriff's deputy on narcotics cases (his friends called him "half mad scientist"), Corbin plunged into his garage laboratory. (Corbin also once ran a Christmas-tree farm, and was, briefly, a running back for the Washington Redskins.) He came out with a method for marking the roots of ginseng plants within the park boundary. He modeled his plan on a practice from wildlife management on the West Coast, where biologists used wire inserts to mark clams. When seized by law officers, the marked roots would be solid physical evidence that the ginsenger had dug inside the park.
Corbin experimented with different types of markers. He tried tiny metal i.d. chips on which he punched a near-microscopic code in Navajo, a language he knew from several years as a missionary in New Mexico. When injected into ginseng roots, the chips were invisible until X-rayed. This worked fine technically but was useless; Park Police rarely had X-ray facilities. So Corbin tried combinations of bright orange dye, injections of calcium and magnesium, and metal and silicon filings. When mixed in a powder with minerals calcium and magnesium, the dye was absorbed quickly into roots as if it were food.
The dye proved a success. Dyed roots not only gave the rangers physical evidence against poachers in court, but the bright orange dye that suffused the roots took even unapprehended poachers out of the ginseng trade. As Corbin liked to say, "Nobody's going to buy a ginseng root that looks like a Tennessee football jersey."
Corbin has dyed roots in nearly every ginseng patch within the park's boundaries, an effort almost comparable to planting Manchuria's Willow Palisade. The process involves finding the plants, carefully unearthing them, sprinkling the dye on the roots, and replanting them. Some time ago, Corbin estimated that his team had logged fourteen hundred miles on the ground, marking roots. Not surprisingly, he knows Bob Beyfuss. As we hiked through woods near the park's Smokemont campsite looking for root, Corbin mentioned that he met Beyfuss years ago when they were both working on ginseng physiology. "Bob's really enthusiastic," Corbin drawled. Had I seen Beyfuss' ginseng tattoo? The tattoo no doubt showed well because Beyfuss kept in shape and "liked to wear skimpy-looking stuff."
Corbin spent a summer in the Deep Creek district working alongside Lamon Brown: each day, they hiked fifteen to eighteen miles through all terrains, unearthing roots, dyeing them, and moving on. The task quickly amplified the competitive element inherent in ginsenging. The two men found themselves racing to find the next 'sang patch.
"It's a competitive area, when you stick a little testosterone into the equation," Corbin said. "You get the fever hunting it."
When asked about Corbin, Lamon just smiled and said, "Jim's kind of a humorous guy after you've been around him a little bit."
With Corbin's dyed roots, night-vision goggles, and the dental pumice for footprints, the rangers' arsenal for evidence was growing, and the battle between the park and the poachers was escalating.
"In Southern Appalachia it's always been so much more intense." Corbin saw his neighbors' obsession with ginseng as a kind of addiction. "That seems to be the one weakness of these folks, is that they just _can't stand_ somebody else getting it," he said. "It's who gets the biggest plant."
"And why is that such a temptation?" Corbin asked. "Why go to the federal penitentiary for digging four pounds of ginseng?"
"TRY TO GET YOUR hands on the guy with the gun," Lamon told me. By now it was full dark. I wouldn't be able to see a gun in front of my face, but Lamon said the night-vision binocs would help.
"If you're stationary and three or four guys are coming in through here with some hunting dogs, you get a visual on which guy's got the gun. You know you ain't going to get all four . . . so you want the guy with the gun. Then you've got a good, solid hunting charge."
If you're lucky, you lay hands on someone's collar as soon as the words "police officer" are out of your mouth. Lamon demon-strated that grip in the air.
"If a foot chase ensues, if he gets out of sight around one curve," he warned, "the gun's _gone._ " Two syllables for emphasis. "He's going to pitch it, or he's going to keep on burning shoe leather for the boundary."
The same strategy applies to ginseng poachers: If three guys make like a covey of grouse and scatter in all directions, lay hands on the guy holding the bag of 'sang. He will be the fastest one. The decoys walk in front to draw out the law. If a badge appears, the runner takes off. "If he can get hid, he'll shove it under a log, put some leaves over it, and he'll mark it by that double tree right there." Lamon pointed out an accomplice tree. "He'll walk on out, let you contact him. 'Why'd you run for?' 'Ah, man, you just scared me.'"
IN JANUARY 1996, a Bryson City man named Harold Laws was tried for ginseng poaching, and Russ McLean was in his corner. Laws was caught red-handed, carrying roots dyed orange. The jury deliberated less than forty-five minutes before declaring Laws guilty. He received a sentence of six months of real prison time and twenty-four months probation. That conviction and several others caused a downturn in ginseng poaching, said the park rangers.
In some cases, the government seeks restitution for the cost incurred in replacing the seized roots, including the drive that Lamon Brown must make to take the roots to Janet Rock's plant morgue at Twin Creeks. There, as she has done many times, Rock takes the evidence to the basement, weighs each root on an electronic scale, and counts the neck scars to estimate its age. Most are five to nine years old; occasionally she sees a thirty-year-old root. The oldest was forty-eight years old. If they're still viable, she puts them in the fridge for replanting later. If they're too far gone, she'll dry the roots so that rangers can use them for educational presentations, or for undercover operations to catch dealers buying out of season. Then there's always the possibility that the suspect will be acquitted, in which case the roots are returned. So far, that's never happened.
Janet Rock monitors a rich tapestry of rare plants throughout the park, from log moss to black cohosh. She loves them all, but she concedes that her favorite is ginseng. It's always hovering near the brink of extinction. "There's a lot of mystique to it," she says. "It's exciting when you're out looking for it and you find it, and you have a hunch you're going to find it. You see plants that it likes to grow with, so you slow down."
She, too, has helped Corbin with the tedious work of marking the roots against poaching, and she agrees that ginseng itself injects adrenaline into the work. "It's always a thrill whenever I take technicians with me, when they start to learn to identify it," she says. She watches for all its forms: from seedlings with only three leaflets, to the summer's flush of red berries, the distinctive pale yellow in the fall, a bare-stemmed four-prong. Like Lamon, she keeps tabs on the buying price.
Replanting the seized roots back where they came from can mean returning them to the same hollow, possibly the exact spot where they were untimely ripped from the earth. Occasionally a poacher will tell where he collected the root and rangers will put it right back in that spot. So the convicted poacher might do time in a cell and then go on with his life, while the stolen roots might spend months on ice, and then return to theirs.
WHEN IT BECAME CLEAR that we had been hearing only phantoms, and that we weren't going to catch any poachers that night, Lamon and I walked back to the truck. We drove along the park border beside Fontana Lake to check another spot. It was a moonless night and the darkness was complete. He pulled to a stop on the road's shoulder, where I could just make out, in the truck's headlights, a bridge beyond a bank of rhododendron.
"This is it. This is the road to nowhere," Lamon said. He cut the engine. "If it were daylight you could see the beginning of the tunnel past that gate." The tunnel with no exit. This was where two poachers had been apprehended. Lamon described the flight of one of them into the woods, the arrest, and a nightlong vigil to protect the scene until incriminating evidence—two bags of roots, marked by bright orange dye—could be retrieved at daylight. It had meant another sleepless night for Lamon. "Some people just enjoy the game," he said.
## NINE
## Tamed, but Not
_What a story roots of this age could tell of the passing seasons—of storms, drought, forest fires, and escaping the roving eyes of the ginseng hunter. Most remarkable._
—VAL HARDACRE, _Woodland Nuggets of Gold,_ 1967
THE MARATHON COUNTY airport in central Wisconsin lay in the middle of a farmland platted with gray silos and ponds, quilted at the seams with woods that by October had turned yellow and orange. Black-and-white dots were spattered across the still-vivid green dairy pastures. Long, straight two-lane roads stretched into the distance, empty. There were few clues that this was a national bull's-eye for ginseng growing. But it was true: America's ginseng industry was centered in Wausau, and locals said the airport was built for the ginseng industry. Marathon City, a quiet town nearby of under two thousand residents, was home to two of America's leading ginseng exporters and many of its largest commercial ginseng farms.
The county's preeminence was due to a quirk of history and a few individuals. In the last decades of the 1800s, with the Industrial Age in full bloom, scientists decided they could refashion ginseng from a relic of wilderness and irregular harvests into an engine of trade and economic vigor. Progressive agriculturists set about taking the root out of the forest and sending it forth in orderly rows, like other field crops. In the 1880s J.W. Zahl was among the first to tinker with growing ginseng, on his farm in Antigo, an hour east of Wausau. Around that time, in upstate New York, a retired tinsmith named George Stanton was doing the same thing, building wooden shade arbors and laying out regular rows that could be weeded and sprayed with the efficiency of a modern farm. Stanton planted six thousand ginseng roots and another ten thousand seeds and hoped his efforts would pay off. The plants survived, and his neighbors caught on. Stanton organized his fellow New York ginseng farmers into an association, a move that sparked imitators elsewhere. He wrote articles that fanned interest in growing ginseng nationwide, and became known as the "father of cultivated ginseng." Seeing the growing demand, the U.S. Department of Agriculture published an 1895 bulletin on how to raise the plant, then a full manual eight years later. As the twentieth century dawned, ginseng gardens, as the farms were called, were sprouting up across the land.
GINSENG RISING IN VIRGINIA! trumpeted the Richmond _Dispatch._ The old view that ginseng could never be cultivated, the paper reported, "has been exploded," and growers were getting three dollars a pound (equivalent to about sixty-two dollars a pound in 2004) for their new crop.
Perhaps it's remarkable that it didn't happen earlier. Ginseng is an angiosperm, the group of flowering plants that have come to dominate the world's flora and have been generally amenable to domestication throughout history. Angiosperms bear their seeds in a protective ovary, and so for most of them, reproduction is relatively easy to influence. Yet ginseng stayed wild, and its demanding site requirements pushed would-be shang farmers to extraordinary lengths—they put seeds in aquarium sand and kept it moist for a year just to get them to germinate; they built shade structures and planted seedlings in beds raised off the ground to ensure the drainage and airflow the finicky roots demanded. Population biologists categorize species according to their life-history strategy. R-strategist species act like weeds: they're fast-growing and often short-lived to take over new habitats quickly (the _R_ stands for reproduction as a priority). K-strategists, on the other hand, tend to be slow-growing and long-lived, and focus their energy on maintaining a place in their native habitats. (The _K_ refers to carrying capacity and the fact that their habitats are more stable.) Ginseng is a K-strategist that requires, as one botanist puts it, "very exacting agronomic conditions for cultivation."
In April 1901 a teenager in rural northeastern Ohio named Val Hardacre watched out the schoolhouse window as a neighbor hammered away on a bizarre structure in his backyard. Later the boy asked his father about it and was told it was shade for a new crop. "It's called shang around here," his father said, "but the correct name is ginseng."
The next morning Val stopped on his way to school and asked the neighbor for a look at the thing. No plants had pushed up through the dirt yet, but the mysterious shade arbor haunted him for weeks. Val knew he wanted to grow shang, too. Before long he was trawling the woods, looking for the plant that was worth a dollar a pound, a fortune for a boy at that time. He and a friend finally found a small plant in the forest; the root was just a few inches long, but they were ecstatic. "Lady Luck had smiled on us that June day," Val recalled years later. More ginseng hunts followed. He would race home and show his finds to his father, who would look the plants over, occasionally expressing surprise at where his son had found them. "Boy, you have a dollar's worth there," he'd say. "Dr. Cowles is buying all the plants he can get."
Soon Val was paging through _Special Crops_ and _Ginseng Journal,_ magazines devoted to the ginseng enthusiast. The ginseng business was booming and old-timers were already afraid that it was "poised on the brink of ruin and over-exploitation." George Stanton wrote that "boomers and sharks" shouldn't overwhelm the business; he cautioned growers not to share their ginseng seed.
Nonetheless, the boom got a little crazy. Thieves burgled ginseng gardens. Some went to prison. Insurance companies started issuing policies that covered ginseng crop theft. _Special Crops_ published an account of a 'sang thief in Virginia who was electrocuted by a fence installed by a grower. The body was left to rot for a week before it was buried. "[H]e sleeps on there in peace," the grower wrote, "and my sleep is more peaceful, too, for I'm not afraid of my ginseng garden being robbed any more."
For Hardacre, what started as a treasure hunt gradually became something more. In the vocabulary of his taciturn family, ginseng expressed a bond that he would soon miss. His father died when Val was still in high school, a crushing blow to the large family. The son realized that his father's energy and quiet passion for the outdoors had come through in their talks about ginseng.
He soon tended a ginseng garden of his own (along with a factory day job) and spent weekends tramping the woods searching for wild plants. Hardacre was not a naturalist or a man of letters, but an ordinary citizen with a strong sense of wonder. He became proof that although farmers had taken ginseng's mystery out of the forest, they still believed in that mystery. Eventually, when his own mortality loomed closer, it was the story of ginseng that Val was moved to tell more than his own. In his eighties he published _Woodland Nuggets of Gold,_ a book that weaved world history and his life story together through ginseng. It rises almost to poetry when Hardacre reflects on the oldest plant he ever dug, a sixty-year-old wild ginseng root. "What a story roots of this age could tell of the passing seasons," he wrote. "Most remarkable."
Instead of demystifying ginseng, the business of cultivation added another facet of fascination. It was like grafting the appeal of the stock market onto an already seductive activity. Novelty ventures sprang up to manufacture ginseng chewing gum, ginseng ice cream and ginseng toothpaste. In 1926 the New York firm of Wm. J. Boehner & Co. set a new gold standard of farmers' hopes when it bought a crop of ginseng from the Fromm Brothers of Marathon County, for $107,388.75. For the Fromms, the sale represented a yield of over $16,521 per acre. It was the largest single purchase of a ginseng crop ever.
Then came the Great Depression and global unrest. When the Japanese quarantined Chinese ports in the 1930s, the ginseng trade came to a halt and the number of American ginseng farmers dwindled. Even after World War II ended and commerce resumed, doomsayers warned growers that they were being exploited. Often American growers received less than a seventh of the price their roots fetched in Hong Kong. A government botanist cautioned that ginseng was not a gold mine, and farmers shouldn't expect a great return for their labor and capital. Hard-core growers didn't listen to him.
WISCONSIN REMAINS THE largest source of cultivated ginseng in the United States, and nearly all the state's ginseng farms are in Marathon County. People in that part of the state still tend to think big about the ginseng business and aren't scared off by a bumpy ride. A few months before my visit, a former Marathon ginseng farmer had launched a soda for mainstream markets. Bottles of _Ginseng Rush_ were lined up on Wausau grocery shelves, and the company was preparing to expand nationwide. Then bad reviews brought a swift end to the enterprise, for the time being.
If the small-time ginsengers in Appalachia had their idiosyncrasies, I soon found that the industrial-scale folks had their own. The day after I arrived in Wisconsin, I was summarily dismissed from the grounds of the country's second largest ginseng exporter. Their facility was several miles outside Wausau, past large silos and old farm houses and newer suburban homes, on a narrow road among the fields. Through the doorway of a large white warehouse I could see the telltale brown barrels. The office echoed emptily as I entered, and a woman told me the owner was very busy, but she walked with me toward the warehouse and called to a heavily built man in overalls, who had his back to us.
He turned and there was no mistaking his bearish posture or his menacing silence. He wore thick glasses and appeared to be in his fifties, a farmer of northern European stock like the Fromms. I was writing about ginseng, I said. Could I get some information?
"What? No." Then: "Forget it. _For-get it!_ "
He stomped off toward the warehouse. As I drove away, the Neighborhood Watch signs around the property warned IF I DON'T REPORT YOU, MY NEIGHBOR WILL!
I SPENT SEVERAL DAYS in Wausau, and one morning met ginseng farmer Randy Brunn in a coffee shop when he was running late. His truck had frozen the night before and wouldn't start. He asked for ginseng tea but the waitress said they didn't have any. (He orders it in every café he visits, but only one in ten has it.) He settled for Earl Grey.
Brunn got bitten by the ginseng bug twice over: when he was a boy, his grandfather used to take him into the forest to dig for wild roots; and then as a grown-up he stumbled onto Marathon County's farming secret.
He had grown up two hours west of Marathon County but he had never heard of ginseng gardens and their riches. In 1975, after finishing college, he moved to the county for a new job. Driving through the farmland that summer, he noticed strange structures in the fields. Under a lattice roof eight or nine feet high, sometimes under plastic, gardens looked like a hybrid of a greenhouse and enclosed farm. The full-leaved plants, nestled together in long, unbroken rows of green, hardly resembled their thin, wild relatives in the forest.
"When I came through town the first thing I wanted to know was, 'What's all these pheasant ranches?'" he said. They're not pheasant ranches, people told him; they're ginseng gardens.
"It was a pretty closed lot, like mink growers or cranberry growers. They kind of kept to themselves. And even in those days you didn't hear a lot of Wisconsin ginseng talk. It just wasn't in the papers," he said. It wasn't in the libraries either. _Bright with Silver,_ a book by Katherine Pinkerton about the Fromm Brothers and their farm, still gets stolen from the county library, and used copies sell for up to $150 each. Randy recommended I read it if I could ever find a copy. (Back in Connecticut I did find a copy in the deep reserve of my local library, but it could only be read under the watch of a librarian.) The four Fromm Brothers began as furriers in mink and fox in the town of Hamburg. International buyers for their furs came from Russia and the Far East and stayed in Wausau's Landmark Building. It was a small step to attract international ginseng buyers, too, so around 1915 the brothers added ginseng gardens to their land. The Fromms were patient, methodical men. They tinkered with shade methods and designed elevated beds for good drainage and better airflow. They mulched their shang beds in winter months, and treated the seed in a way that improved germination. They hired housewives and teenagers for the labor crews needed to work their hundred acres, and built dormitories for some of the workers.
The Fromms remained patient through the Depression and China's trade quarantine. They stored their ginseng during the war years (raising silver foxes kept them going through the 1940s) and waited out world events.
"They had just a mountain of ginseng root in one big granary on the floor," Randy said. His eyes went distant. "I lost my train of thought," he said.
Like the Fromms, Randy's family came to Wisconsin from Germany in the late 1800s. His grandfather Hugo Singerhouse grew up in a large family and dug root. When Randy was about six years old, he came across a bunch of muddy, wrinkly roots upstairs in his grandparents' farmhouse, spread out on news-papers that covered the floor.
"Here he had all these roots laid out, and I asked, 'What is that?'" Randy recalled. "'Well, that's wild _ginsheng._ '" The dirty things looked like carrots or turnips or parsnips. Back then, his grandfather dug several pounds of root every fall and got forty to fifty dollars a pound. He also dug wild goldenseal. The old man taught him what to look for in the woods, how to dig the root, how to put seed back in the soil.
Randy forgot all that until he discovered the shang gardens of Marathon County. Then he decided he'd grow some ginseng himself, but it took him three years to find out how to do it. He couldn't find anyone who would talk about it or sell him any ginseng seed, so he asked his grandfather to show him again how to find it in the woods.
"I said, 'You'll have to take me in the woods and show me what ginseng looks like.'"
He followed the old man through the forest as he casually pointed out ginseng and goldenseal. Back in Marathon Randy prepared his garden. He hammered together shade structures for a couple of acres, plowed the land five and six times before putting in the roots. There were other tricks you had to know, including the history of your farm, because you could never plant shang on the same soil twice. It was such an intense plant that a single crop exhausted the soil's micronutrients for growing ginseng. There was also what Randy described as "a disease complex," caused when ginseng infects the soil with its own particular nemesis. Nobody knew exactly what caused this, but the result was that if you planted a second ginseng crop even fifteen or twenty years after the first one on that site, it might grow well for two years but by the third year it would wither from root rot. With root rot, you don't see the damage until it's too late. All your roots turn to mush in a week under healthy-looking leaves and stems. This situation turned Marathon County's cropland into a minefield.
"No one knows the magical answer to it," Randy said.
The waitress brought his tea. "It's too bad the industry has gone where it's gone," he said, steeping his tea bag.
Back then, Marathon County felt like the center of the world. Big firms like Boehner & Co. would buy large orders based on a single sample. Buyers flew in from New York and China, including two men whom Randy called Uncle Ho and his nephew Chung Ho. Those two by themselves would buy up nearly half the crop. Paul Hsu was getting big then, too.
In early October the buzz would start: "Uncle Ho is coming to town."
"We'd get a little nervous," Randy said, "because he was the most revered one. Everyone would bow to Uncle Ho." Uncle Ho installed himself at a table in a local café or cafeteria, where growers would bring him their roots and he would decide how much to pay per pound. Sometimes growers managed to get buyers into bidding wars, taking advantage of the fact that the buyers tried to wrap up purchases by the weekend so they could send the shang air freight the following Monday. Flying Tigers offered three-day air freight service to China.
Wet weather ruined the crops during a disastrous three-year stretch in the mid-1980s. The next fall Randy and his wife decided not to harvest their ginseng, to keep their three-year-old roots in the ground for another year unless the price got above thirty-five dollars a pound. In mid-October, the demand suddenly surged over that threshold. They harvested very late, almost the end of October. The roots came out of the ground nice and big: chunky, clean, three-year-old roots.
At this point in the story, Randy seemed to vacillate between a fascination with the biology and the adrenaline of the deal recollected.
"We had three buyers bidding on it," he said. "We started at thirty-eight dollars." The bids went to forty, forty-one, and continued over the weekend. For two nights he and his wife lay awake, wondering, "Do we take it or don't we?" At forty-one dollars a pound the bidding stalled and finally one of the buyers offered forty-one and a quarter. The Brunns sold to him.
The next year the price jumped again, to over sixty-two dollars a pound. If you had a ton of roots per acre, you got a return of over a hundred thousand dollars for that acre. Randy had three and a half acres. Those were salad days. Randy and his wife and family all worked together. Farming was fun. "You could afford your insurance, your labor, take a trip to Vegas if you wanted to."
Sure, there was risk. One year a grower in western Wisconsin had an excellent crop of eleven-year-old roots that he was finally ready to dig. He had invested ten years of labor and sweat in those roots, with a beautiful crop of ginseng to show for it. "I'm sure he's got pictures," Randy said. Then root rot came and wiped out ninety percent of the crop. If that farmer had harvested a year earlier he would have made a small fortune. Randy couldn't stop thinking about the pictures. "Just imagine an acre, just a forest full of big, green plants with big red seed heads on it. Beautiful!"
Then the word got out that Wisconsin's ginseng farmers were making over a hundred thousand dollars an acre. That was the threshold that put it in the newspapers. A few growers started selling their ginseng seeds to outsiders, and there was the convention. I remembered David Law: "That damn convention in Canada! That was the biggest mistake they ever made." When Law had mentioned it, the event sounded like a miscalculation, but Wisconsin farmers spoke of the convention like a blind right hook that had left them reeling. David Law had an aerial view of the disaster; Randy Brunn experienced it like a close-up shot.
In the mid-1990s the problems mounted along with the price of fertilizers and fungicides needed for battling diseases like root rot and rusty root. Soon it cost $35,000 per acre to grow ginseng on farms, yet the market price for farm-grown roots continued to decline. Then came competition from Canada on a big scale, and year after year of too much rain. Farmers could no longer cover their insurance premiums. One grower described the downturn this way: Back when he started growing ginseng in the late 1960s, you could buy a new Mustang for $2,000, and he made sixteen times that much off an acre of ginseng. Now an acre of ginseng farm didn't yield enough to buy one _used_ car.
Banks stopped lending to ginseng growers. Buyers stopped coming around. Farmers switched to other crops or bought dairy cows. Banks foreclosed on a number of farms and growers had to take jobs in town. At that point, Randy said, there was bitterness.
Randy scaled back his own ginseng operation. His daughters had no interest in farming ginseng now, and he and his wife were phasing out the last acre. But Randy hadn't given up. He was getting into simulated-wild ginseng, planting it in deep pockets of forest where people wouldn't look.
THE BIGGEST GINSENG GARDEN operation in Wisconsin, and one of the largest in the country, belonged to Paul Hsu. Mid-morning in the warehouse of Hsu's Ginseng, just north of Wausau, found him dressed in a dark blue suit, crisp white shirt, and red tie, kicking the top off a ginseng barrel for a Korean television crew. The top didn't budge.
"Not enough karate," he joked. He took a step back and prepared to launch himself at it again.
Paul Hsu has achieved success by attacking problems and taking chances. My first impression of him was cued by the high-end cell phone, wire clipped to his shirtfront, and the new gold Mercedes. His unlined face made him a young-looking sixty. Against a background of midwestern farmers and insurance businessmen, Paul Hsu stood out.
Hsu grew up in the Pescadores, a hardscrabble archipelago in the strait between mainland China and Taiwan, islands where people grow peanuts and sweet potatoes in dry, stony, treeless soil. His parents were farmers who thought Paul, the seventh son, was destined for the ministry. His grandfather had been the first in his village to convert to Christianity when an English missionary came through.
"I'm sort of the favorite," Hsu said, then corrected himself: "I _am_ the favorite." It's the only time he sounded less than self-assured, almost embarrassed.
As a young man he did not hear the call of the church. He worked with a U.S. Air Force project that brought medical supplies to the Pescadores, and found he enjoyed it. He decided to study social work, which in hindsight he sees was a compromise between the ministry and business. He met a young woman named Sharon at church, and asked her to go with him to Denver, where he'd been accepted in the University of Denver's social work program. He applied for a scholarship from the state of Wisconsin, which was granted with the condition that after he finished his master's degree he would spend two years as a social worker in Wisconsin. That was how a young man from Taiwan found himself in a state clinic in Fond du Lac, Wisconsin, counseling Midwesterners on domestic troubles and how to get out of debt.
Fond du Lac was where he heard about American ginseng. Few people in Taiwan knew anything about American ginseng; it was just an herb that came from Hong Kong. Hsu had early memories of ginseng's tannic scent, and he recalled his mother taking ginseng tea after each of her children was born, to help restore her strength. By the time she reached her sixties, after fourteen children, her mobility and digestion were poor. Friends suggested Paul send some ginseng home to her, so he sent home a handful of Wisconsin roots. When he visited his parents six months later, he saw that his mother's color had improved and she was moving around better than before. They said it was the ginseng. Hsu returned to Wisconsin resolved to find out more about shang farming.
He said, "I started because it helped my mother," a story tailor-made for marketing. But learning about the business was even harder for him than it was for Randy Brunn.
"Everybody took the Fifth Amendment," Hsu said of his efforts in the early 1970s. Everywhere he went in Marathon County he ran into stone walls, and he still had obligations in Fond du Lac, three hours away. But after a visit to the Fromm Brothers' operation in Hamburg he started to think that maybe he could make it in the ginseng business. He could become a direct link between American farmers and the Taiwan market, bypassing Hong Kong. His first order came from his younger brother, to send thirty pounds of root to Taipei.
That started Paul Hsu's career moonlighting in ginseng. He learned the business at night while handling domestic disputes during the day. Soon he was considering leaving social work and jumping into the ginseng business full-time. His parents thought the idea of ginseng as a full-time job was ridiculous. "You've got a good job with the government," his father said. "Why would you want to give that up?"
Sharon, now his wife, supported them with her nursing job while he got the business started. It was 1974, they had a newborn, and Nixon was hanging on to the presidency. In the fall Hsu worked seven days a week, often from seven a.m. until ten at night, buying root from farmers at the receiving dock of his warehouse and at their fields. He set up pickups and deliveries and established a system for taking purchase orders, shipping orders, organizing grading and packaging, making contacts with exporters, and marketing. He claims to have been the first Chinese-American business to get a toll-free phone number and run a mail-order operation in the United States.
He did everything himself for two years, then he hired a secretary. His brother ordered more shipments and helped out by sending payment up front. Growers helped by giving him thirty days from date of purchase to revolve funds. A Wausau bank gave Hsu a small-business loan. The 1970s weren't good for most small farmers, but it was a good decade for ginseng growers. So in 1978 Hsu decided to become a grower as well. He bought farmland north of Wausau, although he was only four years along as a dealer, and his family's farm background in the Pescadores didn't help. He had no experience with farm machinery.
Other growers felt threatened by Hsu's shift from dealer to grower. They thought he was trying to cut them out of the market. Hsu farmed over a thousand acres of ginseng, the largest cultivated ginseng operation in the country. As the market heated up, he felt more competition at the other end, too. Hong Kong buyers who had bought from Hsu soon began buying straight from farmers, cutting _him_ out of the chain. A few who spoke English best became his direct competitors. In 1987 Hsu's last major Chinese customer, with whom he had dealt for ten years, stopped buying from him.
That's when Hsu decided that if they were coming to Wisconsin to compete with him, he would take the competition to Hong Kong. The social worker turned to hardball. It wasn't enough to be a major exporter and a big farmer in America's Dairyland. He began strategizing about how he could break into Hong Kong's tight-knit circle of Cantonese ginseng importers, whose families had controlled the business for generations. Hong Kong had enjoyed a lock on ginseng imports to Asia at least since 1949, when Mao Zedong closed the mainland ports to foreign trade. After that, American ginseng went into Hong Kong and was smuggled into Guangzhou or up the South China coast. A fraction of it got shipped elsewhere in Asia.
The Hong Kong players had generations of experience and contacts that kept the industry concentrated in a few hands. Hsu's main competition was (and remains) a handful of large companies in Hong Kong, including Sun Ming Hong, David Law's company. Hong Kong's wholesale ginseng importers are centered on one street—Wing Lok Street—and they all belong to the ginseng graders' guild, a subset of the Ginseng and Deer Antler Association. For decades, these importer-exporters held silent auctions among themselves, bidding on the containers of American ginseng that entered the harbor. They smuggled most to the mainland but the rest went to Singapore, Malaysia, and elsewhere in Asia and Australia.
Hsu had no entrée into Hong Kong. He didn't even speak the language (having grown up speaking Mandarin, not Cantonese). But he banged his head against the door of the graders' guild for four years, trying to get into Hong Kong because he knew it was the opportunity of his lifetime. And beyond Hong Kong lay the vast mainland.
Finally, in the early 1990s Hsu opened a branch office in Hong Kong, and in December 1993 he negotiated to ship twenty thousand pounds of raw ginseng roots straight to the mainland port of Ningbo. China was opening up and Hsu was getting in. The next year he shipped a third of all American ginseng that went to Asia. The company's sales topped $18 million.
Not everyone was happy with Hsu's mainland contacts. His father's generation was wary of China. Still, many educated Taiwanese of Paul's generation saw that reunification with the mainland was probably inevitable. Hsu expected that in a few years over half of Taiwanese businesses would have investments in China.
In the warehouse outside Wausau, the Korean TV crew was shooting Hsu's employees at work. In an airy room, seven Hmong women in red aprons sat at three tables, each using clippers to trim roots for different categories. The atmosphere was one of quiet industry, and the only sounds were the snap of the graders' clippers and the low music of their conversation. In the wide window behind them, sunlight poured over a cornfield. The occasional red leaf of a weed in the field echoed the workers' red aprons. Korean interest in this scene is understandable, since ginseng has been important there for nearly as long as in China. Korea was a hub of trade in _Panax ginseng_ with China and Japan at least since the 1700s, and Korean farmers have cultivated Asian ginseng on a large scale (along with other me-dicinal plants) for over a century. At last count, twenty-two thousand households in South Korea were growing ginseng on over fifty thousand acres of land. Wild ginseng, practically extinct there, is a curiosity for TV viewers.
Then Paul Hsu was standing in a smaller room full of drums. "This room is all wild," he said. The cameraman aimed his Sony Digital 1000 down on six open barrels of wild roots. Hsu explained that he exported five thousand to seven thousand pounds of wild ginseng annually. He looked into the lens and said, "Wild ginseng is going to get more expensive every year."
PAUL HSU SEES HIS place in history. He may be the first big ginseng dealer to integrate his business from farm to wholesale export, to retail mail-order sales, to Hong Kong and China imports, and further to have retail kiosks in cities like Shanghai. Because he saw his opportunity as historic, he continued with Nurhaci-scale persistence to scramble over formidable hurdles, entering first the Marathon County clique, then the Hong Kong circle. (He put his Hong Kong office just a few blocks from the ginseng graders' guild.) He spent over a decade getting into mainland China, and says it was worth it. He is one of just five or six major players in the China market and the last one to enter before it hardened into its present division of market share.
THERE WAS ANOTHER, lesser-known factor in Mara-thon County's ginseng boom in the 1970s and 1980s. True, the Fromm Brothers had established the methods and knowledge among farmers in that part of Wisconsin, and yes, demand from China had risen. But a third factor was Wausau's Hmong community. With the end of the Vietnam War, central Wisconsin saw an influx in Hmong refugees, an ethnic group native to the mountains of Laos. During the war thousands of Hmong had helped the CIA cut off North Vietnamese supply lines. When the American army left Vietnam, Hmong hopes for a free homeland faded, and most were forced to flee. The Hmong in Wisconsin provided a pivotal labor force for a crop as labor-intensive as ginseng. Few people credited them, Paul Hsu said, but without the Hmong it's unlikely that the state's ginseng farmers could have sustained their production at a time when people were leaving farms. Ginseng gardens require an enormous amount of hand labor: weeding, picking seeds, sorting roots, and of course digging. You can't pull a combine through a shang garden. "For this, people have to get down on their hands and knees," one farmer told me. "It's a wet, cold, miserable bloody mess." Most Americans wouldn't take such work, he said, but a generation of Hmong immigrants had. How had they gathered here, in central Wisconsin? Did they know ginseng in their previous lives in Asia?
The Wausau Hmong Association occupied a small, white professional building in a neighborhood just east of downtown. Abraham Yi Vang, the executive director, is also small and professional. He stands under five feet tall, but his shoulders fill his size 42 tweed jacket, set off by a green lapel button. His moustache is trim and his wave of black hair makes his square face look much younger than his fifty-six years. But what strikes you when you meet him are the petite but strong brown hands. Almost delicate.
On one wall of his conference room hung the largest story quilt I have ever seen, roughly eleven by thirteen feet. Hmong story quilts (often just two feet square) use a traditional Hmong form to tell a story of modern displacement. They depict in embroidery chilling scenes from the Hmongs' exile from Laos: airplanes drop bombs, camouflage-wearing soldiers fire machine guns into huts, and tiny figures desperately swim a wide river to crowded refugee camps. There was something of that epic formality in Vang's quiet voice when he began to explain how Hmong came to be involved in farming American ginseng.
"So when we arrived in this new land, most people were very interested in becoming farmers," he said, "because in Laos they had self-sufficiency to support their own family." But why Marathon County?
He started again: "I came from a refugee camp to the United States in 1976 and lived in Memphis, Tennessee, for seven years," he said.
Vang grew up in the hills of northern Laos, about fifty miles from the Vietnamese border. The terrain was high and the climate was cold enough that morning could bring a frost that lasted until the sun was high. There were very few level places for growing field crops like rice. Most Hmong families grew food for their own subsistence. They used all types of plants. Some looked like potatoes, he said, but they were red, blue, many colors. For medicine, too, Hmong used local plants—roots, herbs, and shoots they found in the forest. But Vang never saw ginseng in Laos.
One of his grandmothers, an expert herbalist, could treat eye problems, wounds, and even chronic heart disease with plants she found locally. If a person's illness required a root, she'd go into the jungle and find it. Abraham saw her heal knife wounds with an unguent. When she fled Laos she took with her plants for medicine. Vang was nine or ten when his grandmother treated a man who had been confined to a wheelchair, a teacher from the lowlands. Their village had no schoolteacher, so a Hmong elder ("one of my grandpas," he said) rode his horse down to the nearest lowland village, outside Xieng Khouang, to bring back a teacher for their children.
"So my grandfather let this Laotian teacher ride the horse, brought him to our village. He came to our village for four years and my grandmother looked for the natural herbs to treat him. After four years, he went back to his hometown. He was walking strongly then." The rehabilitated teacher became a school principal back in the lowlands, but every year, in gratitude, he came back to their mountain village to visit Vang's grandmother.
From 1967 to 1969, Vang worked with the U.S. military along the Vietnamese border, leading a team of twenty-four Hmong, who monitored the movements of North Vietnamese troops and supplies southward on the Ho Chi Minh Trail. He maintained round-the-clock radio contact with bomber planes, guiding them to their targets based on his group's reconnaissance. The planes lit up the night.
Vang later moved to an artillery regiment near the border and was reassigned to Long Chang, the CIA's base of operations. For his collaboration with the Americans, he and over a hundred thousand other Hmong were forced to flee across the Mekong to Thailand. He was processed through refugee camps and ended up, along with other Southeast Asian refugees, in Memphis. There he found work installing carpets, delivering appliances, and other odd jobs. He saved enough money for vocational courses and got a job at a factory that manufactured water pumps.
Vang had been in Memphis seven years when one day his aunt and uncle suddenly appeared at his door with a U-Haul truck. They said they were taking him to Wisconsin. They, too, had come through the refugee camps, but ended up in a larger Hmong community in Wausau. "Better you move to the north," they told him. "Stay with us."
So they loaded up his belongings, and he moved north of Milwaukee. In Wausau, Vang saw opportunities for Hmong self-sufficiency. Gradually he found his place as a community leader. He was astonished that the climate felt like home, or at least more so than Memphis. "Here the weather is cool," he said. "The weather is not so different from Laos."
He even thought the hills outside town might hold plants like the ones back home. Such things had happened before. If the plants were there, he knew his grandmother the herbalist would recognize them. She had spent days at a time in the Laotian jungle and knew all the many-colored fruits and tubers.
"We tried to take her to the forest so she could see which ones were the same as in Asia," he said.
You can imagine them, their car parked on the shoulder near a stretch of woods. Two younger men follow their grandmother hesitantly as she looks up at the maples, birches, butternut, and black ash. She scans the grasses and vines on the ground, hunting for one that knits this place to their first home. Maybe she tilts her head and squints, the way Dave Cooke regarded Jilin's forests, with the men following her the way that Randy Brunn trailed his grandfather into the woods looking for ginseng.
"She said no, totally different," Vang said. "She couldn't find any kind."
With no familiar herbs nearby, the Hmong in Wausau adapted to ginseng and other local alternatives like goldenseal and echinacea. Sometimes they found what they needed in Asian grocery stores in Chicago's Chinatown. Vang ground ginseng roots into a powder for tea, or for soup, and he boiled it with chicken or pork and served it with rice or potatoes. "After six months, your body feels healthy," he said, pumping his arms. "When you walk it's almost like you're hopping." In the winter he'd drink a cup of ginseng tea and then go out and shovel snow without feeling cold. He'd also put a fresh root in a jar of drink; it lasts longer and you can have it anytime you want.
WAUSAU HAS THE HIGHEST concentration of Asians in Wisconsin, and most of them are Hmong. There are Hmong radio stations, bilingual newspapers, and restaurants. _Future-Hmong_ magazine has articles on how drivers can avoid hitting deer and how car insurance works. Until recently fifteen new Hmong families moved to the area every year. ( _Wausau_ is the Sioux word for "faraway place," which seems particularly apt for a Hmong sanctuary in America.) As executive director of the Wausau Hmong Association, Vang spent a lot of time persuading authorities not to punish Hmong for practicing their traditions. Animal sacrifice, for example, could pose problems. But Vang alerted doctors and police officers to Hmong culture and tried to calm the waters when, say, a shaman slaughtered a pig. You had to make special arrangements. In a hospital, you had to talk with doctors to get permission for a shaman to conduct certain rites. The Hmong association also filled needs left unmet by the U.S. government, which has never repaid them for their wartime service. Most Hmong want to become farmers, Vang said, but they don't qualify for bank loans or government assistance. Vang's challenge was working with local agencies to help families become self-sufficient. "Self-sufficient" was his mantra. Hmong were used to living independently in remote mountains, so life in a society as interconnected as America was a massive adjustment. To be branded as freeloaders added insult to injury. So Vang arranged job training and English-language courses. The association offers computer classes downstairs and Hmong language classes upstairs. There were workshops for preventing domestic violence, for helping young people avoid gangs, and for learning about Hmong culture.
FARMING IN WISCONSIN WAS different from Laos, but he knew what was needed to grow ginseng: land, machinery, certificates for applying fertilizers and pesticides. Market contacts. Those were the hardest. You could grow vegetables and take them to the local supermarket and they would say no. They wouldn't buy yours because they have a contract with other producers. That made many Hmong lose hope.
"They said, 'Well how are we going to survive in this land and support our families?' We don't want to rely on public assistance because our cultural history is not that way . . . So we said, 'Well, it sounds like in Marathon County ginseng is what is popular in the market.'"
Vang estimated there were sixty to seventy Hmong families growing ginseng in Marathon County, with more coming from elsewhere as seasonal workers. Many came from the Twin Cities and spent the summer. The numbers were declining, but Hmong still farmed over a hundred acres of shang, and they would go up again if the price rebounded. Vang himself was farming three to five acres about ten miles away from his home. He recruited his family—children, nieces, nephews—and traded his own labor with his friends. His children didn't like going to the farm. "They hate it," he laughed. "But there are times, you can say, 'Well kid, I need your help because I need more labor. Help me.'" His oldest son was twenty-nine years old and worked in a Wausau factory.
Vang's ginseng harvests had been down for three years. Too much rain and cold. Rain, flood, root rot, and rusty root. From nearly two thousand pounds per acre in a good year, harvests had dropped to under a third of that. Buyers might visit his garden and say that his roots were too long, or not "chunky" enough.
"I see people quitting ginseng growing," he said, "but I don't see any other crop that they can grow to replace it." He knew that potato farmers made marketing deals with Burger King and McDonald's, but how could Hmong growers compete with them? He also tried growing ginseng in the woods, but that takes even longer to pay off.
AMONG THE SHANG FARMERS that I met in Wisconsin, only one appeared unconcerned with the power of the buyers. Lyn Heise said he married into ginseng. He learned about the business from his wife, Germaine, who was growing a small patch when they met in the early 1960s, when Marathon County had only about forty growers.
The Heise farm stood on a red-dirt road twenty minutes outside Wausau, a few acres snugged up against a forest. As I drove up the driveway, I passed the ginseng patch: a nondescript acre of land covered in plastic, studded with wooden slats. Seasonal workers had just finished that autumn's harvest. Heise came out and met me at the door.
"Probably ninety percent of the work is still hand labor," he said. "At harvesting you want maybe thirty workers. You want to get it done in one day." Heise acknowledged he has relied a lot on Hmong labor.
Like all ginseng farmers, the Heises used extreme measures to fight root rot, sometimes sterilizing the soil to kill disease, sacrificing all the plants in the process. One year seemed disastrous: the seed was slow to germinate, the plants were buffeted by unseasonal winds and then by hard rains. The plants looked terrible aboveground, but when it came time to harvest, they got a bumper crop—about three thousand pounds an acre. "Everything went wrong, and it was the best crop," he said. "I didn't think there would be anything, and there were huge roots, as big around as a half dollar." Heise liked the unpredictability.
Inside he showed me the other reason he and his wife stayed in the business. About twenty years before, they discovered they could gain leverage against middlemen by processing ginseng into capsules and selling it themselves. "Now we're not at their mercy," he said. "If anything, we're their competitors."
"We bought a few health magazines and we saw this was the big thing," he said. "No matter which one you bought, it always had the capsules."
When they went into ginseng manufacturing, other growers thought they were crazy. The huge investment in processing equipment and marketing, with no ready distribution contacts, was unheard of. But the Heises found that manufacturing opened possibilities for getting a much better price for their ginseng and bypassing the wholesale bottlenecks. They filled the first batch by hand, grinding the roots into a powder and filling one capsule at a time. It took them a day to make five hundred capsules.
Later they got a machine that could make thirty thousand capsules an hour.
The couple placed only one ad, in a small magazine in Texas. Ever since, customers have found them through distributors or by word of mouth. They now have a large mail-order clientele and have figured out how to use even the pencil-thin roots that are the least profitable part of the market. The Heises sell them as Ginseng Chews. "People love them! Nobody else in the world has them, except us."
Heise led me through the barn-size processing room, with its shiny metal sorters and packaging machines. The customized equipment was expensive. He always had to keep several months' worth of inventory on hand to fill orders, so he had barrels of roots in the entrance, raw material ready to be ground into capsules.
As we came out, he paused before the small sales display case. Amid the chews and boxes of capsules, Heise pulled out the most valuable item there: a gnarled root shaped like a person: arms, legs, everything. He had been offered five thousand dollars for that root.
Lyn Heise couldn't say exactly what had gotten him into ginseng. Certainly curiosity was part of it, but as a former accountant he was more pragmatic than most ginsengers. He had gotten as much control over the plant as he could, from forest to farm to manufacturing and sales. But he still respected ginseng's surprises. Describing the plant's dormancy, he said, "If they think the year's going to be crummy, they won't grow." He caught himself. "I know they don't think— _people_ think." Still, it was easy to forget.
American ginseng couldn't quite stay put in America. Whether it was an Appalachian hillside or a Midwestern farm, someone was always prodding it to leave the soil and move on.
## TEN
## Shanghaied Once More
_Members of the public are reminded not to bring endangered species into Hong Kong without a license . . . Statistics showed that items commonly seized from travellers at customs checkpoints include orchids, cacti, American Ginseng roots, crocodile meat and crocodile leather products._
—PRESS RELEASE, Agriculture, Fisheries and Conservation Department, Hong Kong, 2002
DECEMBER WAS HALFWAY over, but David Law had not yet shut down the engine for the season. He was shipping out about eight hundred pounds of root every Friday from JFK. Wild roots had been coming into his office from Kentucky, West Virginia, the Blue Ridge, North Carolina, Ohio, and Wisconsin. (The company's office in Canada handled most of the cultivated harvest.) On the phone he laughed and told me he was buying a little more than he probably should, but he felt he had to ride it. Law let me tag along one Friday as he took another shipment to the airport.
All through the fall, people had told me surprising things. One Wisconsin grower mentioned, in passing, that the ginseng trade sometimes involved a black market in slaves between Hong Kong and the mainland. "Ginseng goes in and slave labor comes out, usually girls," he said. "So it's ginseng in, girls out." This guy had been a ginseng grower for decades; presumably he knew a few things. He added that smuggling American ginseng along China's southern coast was common, even legitimate. China was the only country he knew, he said, where smuggling was a profession. "It's as legal as being a writer," he said with an open hand toward me, "nothing wrong with it."
I considered that as I once again made the walk from the Astor Place subway station to David Law's place in lower Manhattan. The streets were flush with commuters—a man in a suit with his tie loosened, ready to be tightened for a nine-o'clock meeting, a nurse in whites lighting a cigarette against the cold on the way home from his shift. The rapid click of heels. The morning sky was pale gray, almost translucent. The neighborhood's shops were opening: Curry in a Hurry, Spice Corner, a nail salon, an Indian bookstore.
Law came to the door looking transformed from when I had seen him in September. Instead of an urban boho, he now looked like a woodsman dressed for a hunt: jeans, flannel shirt, a quilted hunting vest and a dark wool hat with narrow brim and earflaps over a new short haircut. He invited me inside for a cup of coffee before we left. A Christmas tree stood in the living room, not yet decorated. A carved wooden display case held several vases, a graduation photo, and Mariah Carey's latest CD.
Law's youngest son, James, rumbled down the stairs in pajamas, blinking.
"Where's Kenny?" his father asked.
"In his room. Should I wake him?"
Law said no, they could handle it. He went out and pulled a two-tone blue Astro minivan around front and set its flashers going as the morning rush filed down Lexington Avenue. He and James soon had the drums on the sidewalk and were loading them through the cargo door. The van's backseats had been removed, and a sheet of plywood reinforced the floor. Law raised each barrel with a practiced leg move that seemed to save his back, then James rolled each one back into position. Law prodded him to tighten up the arrangement. Soon all eight drums were in.
This happened every week. "It's become a ritual," James deadpanned as he swept sidewalk trash into a dustbin. He was still wearing his pajamas under a windbreaker. "This," he said, nodding toward the trash, "is a fifty-dollar fine."
Law smiled. He put a black briefcase in the cargo well and we pulled away from the curb. We slid down Third Avenue and eddied onto Broome and then Mott. We stopped first at a Chinatown bakery that Law ran with one of his brothers. When he came back to the van he handed me a piece of sponge cake in wax paper.
Crossing the Williamsburg Bridge toward Brooklyn, slices of the East River passed between the girders below us. Law told me about the fights he had with his own father back when he started in the ginseng business. His father had started working in a Hong Kong ginseng shop at sixteen, eventually opening his own store that sold ginseng. David made the mistake of selling one of his first shipments to his father.
"Oh boy. I got screamed at," he said. "Man, I got so much _negative_ reaction, right? I felt so _ashamed!_ I should just quit the damn business." This made him erupt in laughter. "You know how fathers can be. The most difficult person to make happy is your father."
Many years later, his father admitted that the shipment had actually been very good.
"'Now you say that!' I said, 'Look at me—during that time, you knew how vulnerable I was, right? I just started the business, right? You were my second customer!' Law laughed again. "That was terrible."
We passed into Brooklyn. A few minutes later he assured me that his father was a nice man, just strict; he demanded the best from his children, more than they could accomplish. Law thought a bit. Maybe he was too demanding of his children, too, he said through a bite of sponge cake.
Back when Law was still working at the airport and trading in ginseng on the side, everything—cultivated and wild—went to Hong Kong by air. But since the price for cultivated had dropped, it now went by surface, either shipped through the Panama Canal or by train to the West Coast and then by freighter to Hong Kong. If you time it right, a surface shipment gives you two months of storage free, which becomes significant when warehouse space in Hong Kong's harbor gets expensive.
The wild stuff still went air freight. He'd take the load first to customs for inspection of his CITES paperwork. Each drum of wild ginseng had to have a certificate from the state of origin. Law jerked his thumb over his shoulder and said that this batch contained roots from Virginia, West Virginia, Carolina, and Kentucky. He had some from a buyer I had talked with in North Carolina, and two drums from Tom Cook's bunker at Anglers Roost.
I craned around again at the drums riding behind us. The lid of one said, in magic marker, 'TCWV.' Tom Cook, West Virginia. For a moment it seemed that some of these roots were chasing _me._
"Nice guy," Law said. He has dealt with Cook for many years. And yes, Law had talked this season with F.G. Hamilton, the nonagenarian dealer in rural Virginia. Hamilton, with his hermit ways, was still an important buyer, and honest, Law said. Too bad that ginsengers sometimes took advantage of the old man's blindness.
There was one question I had asked everyone that season, about the price of ginseng. Was someone really driving it up? Rangers in the Great Smokies insisted it was high, one of them suspected a cartel. Everybody from Janet Rock to Bob Beyfuss had heard something, but nobody knew for sure. Dave Cooke in West Virginia didn't know what hiked the price. Jeanine Davis was tracking trends among Carolina dealers and saw some curious patterns, but she wouldn't hazard a guess.
Did David Law know who had driven up the price?
He looked straight ahead down the lanes. "I believe it was probably me," he said. "I was the bad guy." He backpedaled a moment, mumbled something about other factors. But after another minute's pause he came clean.
Law had begun the season with several thousand pounds of last year's root in his basement. If the price went up, he knew, that inventory could make an extra fifty dollars a pound. So maybe he offered a little more per pound for this season's harvest; that price would also float his inventory. Ordinarily Law handles between 10 and 20 percent of the total market; this year by being aggressive, he probably dealt with a quarter of it.
"That's how we play the game," he said. "Sometimes your inventory hurts you because the market goes against you. Sometimes your inventory helps you, if the market goes with you." He had jumped in and pushed the market higher, but other big dealers helped, too. He didn't think he could do it alone. "You've got to weigh the situation," he said. "Sometimes it works out."
We were approaching Hangar Road. "Just do it," he said, a little giddy from the confession. "You know what Nike says? Just do it."
He pointed over to where inky smoke was rising from near a runway. They were testing the fuel, just as he used to when he worked for Allied Chemical. "That's JP Four," he said. "For prop planes. See? They put it out." The smoke billowed black, then disappeared.
Just then we reached the big, green perishables building. U.S. CUSTOMS SERVICE, it said in silver letters above a bank of windows. Two men in inspectors' uniforms stood at a mobile snack truck buying cups of coffee. The large parking lot stretched away from several lanes that led to loading docks, and all the lanes were occupied.
"Oh shit," said Law. "We've got to wait."
At least since the early Qing dynasty, bureaucracy has played its role in ginseng's annual migration. In those days the imperial Ministry of Finance regulated the grading process: Roots were sorted by size and shape; those that resembled a human shape were most valuable. Age and place of origin were also factors; older, wild roots with well-defined rings and a fine grain were highly prized. Ginseng gathered later in the fall was judged more valuable than roots dug earlier. All roots were to reach Beijing by the twelfth month of the lunar calendar, in time for the New Year celebration. The shipments were scrutinized by officials from the Grand Council of State, the Imperial Household, chief eunuchs from the Inner Palace, and other supervisors before being shuttled to the palace warehouses.
During the 1700s Qing officials funneled American ginseng from Canton to Beijing through similar channels, although sailors and blackmarketeers skirted the restrictions of the Canton merchants' guild, or Co Hong, with furtive visits to merchants' shops.
Later came the U.S. Food and Drug Administration, the Fish and Wildlife Service, the state departments of agriculture or forests, and the Foreign Agricultural Service, which tracks exports of cultivated and wild ginseng roots (a third category for simulated-wild was recently introduced). U.S. exports for both wild and cultivated ginseng have declined, for different reasons. In addition to the competition from Canada, growers and markets also sprouted in Europe and Latin America. How do you explain a $67,000 spike in exports of farm-grown ginseng to Guadeloupe one year? Or the $31,000 cache of wild root spirited to Mexico in 1999? Neither country showed any interest in the years before or after. There was also a Colombia connection: every few years, somewhere between $40,000 and $90,000 of root passed through that country. U.S. exports of wild ginseng have declined at a more gradual pace as pressure on the natural populations have intensified and reached their limits.
Even as Law's minivan approached the customs dock at JFK, the U.S. Department of Agriculture was tracking the year's exports. By the end of December, wild ginseng exports to Hong Kong would spike 50 percent over the previous year, an aberration in a downward trend. As China lowered its import tariffs as a new member of the World Trade Organization, more American ginseng was going straight to the mainland; those shipments totaled over $6.3 million in wild root that year, a fifteen-fold increase over the year before. The trend was to bypass Hong Kong and ship directly to ports near Shanghai and along the coast of Guangdong Province. Meanwhile, cultivated ginseng shipments from the United States dropped by more than a third.
Like a vast electrocardiogram, the USDA figures from year to year were charting wild ginseng's vital signs, a complex of ecological decline, shifting demand, and changing tariff policies. Sorting out which factors jerked the needle down could be nearly impossible, but it seemed certain the wild ginseng population couldn't long sustain losing over sixty thousand pounds of plant material every year.
"The better the medicinal plant, the more it threatens its own existence," insisted James Duke, a retired medicinal plant expert from USDA. His statement echoed a saying attributed to Chuang Tzu: "The tree on the mountain height is its own enemy. The grease that feeds the light devours itself. The cinnamon tree is edible: so it is cut down! The lacquer tree is profitable: they maim it. Everyone knows how useful it is to be useful. No one seems to know how useful it is to be useless."
Ginseng being ginseng, part of the trade fell outside legitimate commerce. In Hong Kong, despite repeated official notices warning travelers not to bring endangered species without a license ("The public should pay more attention when buying wildlife products as souvenirs," chided one official), ginseng smuggling incidents were rising, and topped 145 by mid-year. There was also the aphrodisiac sidelight: the _South China Morning Post_ noted that Big Spender Sauna, a seamy massage parlor on the Kowloon side of the harbor, was hawking the benefits of ginseng in its spa water and massage oil, although it was "quite debatable whether ginseng osmosis will help Big Spender's customers keep their stamina up." Investigations into gray areas of the ginseng trade in the United States sometimes turned up awkward connections. A man who marketed Gerovita, a pill sold as "Mother Nature's Male Enhancer" that listed Asian ginseng among its ingredients, was convicted of mail fraud but was later pardoned by Bill Clinton in his last days in office. In the 1970s John Chancellor reported on national television that cult leader Rev. Sun Myung Moon owned businesses making ginseng tea, as well as others that sold titanium and Korean arms; Senator Robert Dole, who would later make commercials for Viagra, called for an investigation.
DAVID LAW FINALLY ROUSED the sleeping driver of the Ultimate Express van that was blocking the customs lane, and backed his own minivan into Bay 5. I followed him up the concrete steps to the loading dock, and he was buzzed in through a door. As we pushed through a butcher's curtain of wide, clear plastic strips, one of the inspectors hailed Law. The man was bearded and wore a crisp white shirt with a Customs Service shoulder patch. Law had explained that the Customs Service inspectors here were actually agents for the Fish and Wildlife Service. The inspector sat at a desk in the drafty warehouse and joked with Law; they had running gags that spanned the two decades he has been coming here. The inspector kept suggesting that he and Law should open a kosher bakery together. They would make lots of money.
Law knew the drill. He stepped onto the dock elevator and pressed a button. The platform lowered with a low motor hum to the minivan, where he would pull a drum for inspection. As the platform went down, the inspector seemed to have second thoughts.
"This is ridiculous," the inspector said. He knew that most of the roots had broken necks anyway—it would be impossible to tell if those plants were three years old or ten.
At that point a second inspector came up, a thinner man with a gray goatee. I had seen him at the coffee cart earlier, worrying with a coworker over his son's college expenses. He spoke in the argot of many warehouse workers, a weary and cynical knowingness.
"It all comes down to an acronym," the second inspector said, "IAB." The ginsengers, the buyers, the whole works, he said: It's All Bullshit. "You think the government knows what's going on, because of this rule?" Nope, he said, IAB. "The people who sell it are bullshit, the people who buy it are bullshit. They think it's going to make their shlong hard."
The first inspector offered a mild rebuttal: The aphrodisiac claim was passé. Nobody believed that anymore. "What ginseng is," he said, "is a mild stimulant."
Law didn't argue with them. Untaping the top of the drum, he simply stated what he had expressed earlier in the van: what people believe in, they buy. He had held up a coffee cup to explain: His bakery sells coffee at fifty cents a cup—good arabica, he insisted, better than Starbucks, but much, much cheaper. The eight-cent cup cost more than the coffee. But people pay more for Starbucks so they can believe that it's superior. When Starbucks customers pay three dollars for a latté, they _believe_ it's a better coffee. They feel good holding a Starbucks coffee cup as they walk down the street.
Law pulled off the top of the barrel, and the first inspector looked through the plastic interior bag.
"But it's so expensive," the goateed man objected.
"The more you believe in it, the more you pay," Law said. People don't trust a product if the price is too low, he said.
"IAB," said the second inspector.
The customs warehouse seemed an unlikely place to argue the value of ginseng, but here we were. David Law wasn't saying that ginseng was worth its high price because _he_ believed in it, or because Chinese medicine had proven its usefulness. Ginseng was worth its price because the _consumer_ believed. Law knew he wouldn't persuade these two with Chinese clinical experience, so he was basically staking an economic position that went back to Thorstein Veblen's ideas of conspicuous consumption. But he might just as easily have drawn on the idea behind the Iroquois Thanksgiving Address—that the high price for wild ginseng was a sort of thank-you transaction that recognized the plant's importance for the person who bought it, except that this transaction wasn't complete because it didn't cause any replacement seeds to be sown in the forest (except for any simulated-wild roots that had snuck their way into Law's drums).
The first inspector handed me the CITES forms to look over. The red stamp in the lower right was still fresh: RELEASED.
As we headed for the door, the first inspector reminded Law of his proposal: they should open a kosher bakery in Brooklyn. Law laughed over his shoulder.
"Usually I'm not this lucky," he said outside. Another inspector, Ralph, wasn't there today. Ralph would insist on inspecting the drum that was hardest to reach, the one flush against the driver's seat. So Law would have to haul out ten other hundred-pound drums to get it.
"Whenever he sees Chinese or black or whatever come in he doesn't like, he'll make you suffer," Law said. Ralph would insist on dumping the whole drum onto the floor—usually the biggest drum, 140 pounds of little roots on the concrete floor. It's impossible to put it all back, so Law would end up with several pounds of fragments that wouldn't fit. Larry would say, _That's your problem._ Sometimes he would dump out two drums on the floor.
For that reason Law brings most shipments himself. If a trucker weren't careful and shipped a drum five pounds light, that could kill the trust of a Hong Kong buyer, and Law's reputation would suffer.
"This is still three hundred thousand dollars," Law reminded me, glancing at the eight drums.
NOBODY SEES PROMISING NEWS in the plant's long-term trends toward extinction in the wild, and yet few involved in the trade have proposed restrictions on wild-ginseng exports besides the minimum-age rule instituted by the Fish and Wildlife Service. Gary Kauffman, the Forest Service botanist, asked, What would happen if the government banned all harvests of wild ginseng, at least for several years? Judging from experience, that could cause a rush of even more intense harvesting. Diggers would think: _Since there's no legal stake in wild ginseng or its future, I might as well take what I can now. I can dig it secretly and get the bonus of whatever the black market will bear._ For cultivated ginseng, on the other hand, it's reasonable to wonder what will happen when China becomes self-sufficient in that low end of the market. It's possible that the transPacific trade in American ginseng will dry up altogether from a combination of wild ginseng's disappearance and a glut of cultivated roots. (Few Western scientists, including Varro Tyler, the pharmocognosy expert, have found any chemical difference between wild and cultivated ginseng, or any significant differences between younger and older roots.) China is cultivating more and more American ginseng, and some predict it will be self-sufficient in farm-grown American ginseng before long.
From the customs dock, Law drove out Rockaway Boulevard to complete the paperwork with the freight forwarder. The top floor office of the air-freight company looked out on brown grassland, a Brooklyn wilderness. Models of China Airlines cargo planes stood on a shelf, nose up, near a row of clocks all set to ten-thirty. Law shared a laugh in Cantonese—about me, I suspected—with the man at the near desk. He passed a check for the bill of lading.
Law made sure the airbill stated the cargo only in general terms (he would advise the airline about the specifics once the drums were safely onboard and airborne) and double-checked to confirm that the papers did not indicate an insured amount that would attract attention.
As we pulled up to the airline freight dock to deliver the barrels, Law grumbled about the airline. "The service is lousy," he said. He unloaded the barrels from the minivan without ceremony. Law divided the order in two, and I helped him wrestle the drums onto two pallets. In Hong Kong the shipment would be split between two customers: barrels numbered one through four went to one customer, and five through eight to another. We waited for a forklift operator to come.
The warehouse was as deep as an airplane hangar, with blue metal racks rising four or five levels deep. Offhand, Law figured it was big enough to hold $800 million worth of root wholesale.
A bored security guard wandered over to us. "What's inside?" he asked. "Candy?"
"Yeah, powder," Law said.
"For candy?"
"Right. Sweet candy." Law knew of an incident where over twenty pounds of ginseng was stolen through the bottom of a container, in exactly this airport setting. The shipper had carelessly written HIGH VALUE on the box. Law couldn't afford that kind of mistake.
The forklift operator finished his root beer and swung over to impale the first wooden pallet. He rode away. We watched until he came back for the second pallet.
DRIVING BACK TO MANHATTAN, Law told me about his fishing trip earlier that fall. He and his two sons and a friend left the city one Saturday at four a.m. and drove upstate to a remote spot off the Taconic Parkway, a place where Law has fished many times over the years. Near there he owned a shack and ten acres of land where one day, he expected, he'd build a house and retire. His kids had no interest in the place: no television, no VCR. Not even a generator. For now it was adequate for an occasional fishing trip. But that day in early November the fish weren't biting. His sons were cold and bored.
"We sat beside the river for hours," he said, then they gave up. They decided instead to go into the hills and dig ginseng. Law knew those woods and over the years he had broadcast seed on his land. By the end of the day they had dug fifteen pounds of root.
"I haven't dug ginseng for a long time," Law said. "I was surprised to find so much!" They filled four brown grocery bags with roots.
The Manhattan skyline showed through the bridge girders before us, looking functional and unromantic above three lanes of clogged traffic.
"My kids don't even like ginseng," he said. "They like truffles."
As we ebbed back into the city, he grew philosophical. He was getting old, he said, and he doubted whether any of his kids would go into the ginseng business, or even that it would be there for them. But then he stepped back from pessimism. "Coming to America gave me opportunities," he said, his eyes straight ahead. "Gave me a chance. I made a little bit of money. I'm happy."
## ELEVEN
## Served by the Finest Chefs
_Inhale first that wondrous aroma of ginseng root so that the very first spoonful of this herbal soup will make your very senses reel with delight._
—TAN BEE HONG, restaurant critic, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, 2001
IN THE OPENING sequence of _Iron Chef,_ the Japanese cooking series, the show's theatrics are telegraphed in dramatic silhouettes of three gourmet chefs as they rise on pedestals like culinary gods. These gladiators are the Iron Chef masters who face challengers in each episode. Weapons include a primary ingredient and whatever secret ingredients the combatants can marshal in the fifty-minute period. The duels are covered by a team of journalist types, including a breathless reporter on the floor of Kitchen Stadium and commentators in the studio, and judged by critics in the dining room (these usually include a famous actor whose verdict was often "I like this" or "Really tasty"). All of this is dubbed into American English for another layer of surrealism.
One night as I watched, Kitchen Stadium hosted a duel that ranged across Western and Eastern cuisines. And knock me down if one of the secret ingredients wasn't the bitter, gnarled root. The challenger, grandson of a famous Shanghai chef, used ginseng in a soup with flat, silvery tuna and bird's nest. The judges savored their bites and gave the dish high marks, giving special mention to the ginseng taste.
Ginseng, it turned out, was not simply bad-tasting medicine. Before, I had thought that George Albright's verdict on the root's bitterness was a consensus: barely tolerable. Could that basic experience of flavor vary so much? Could a root that tasted bad on one continent taste good on another?
The question drew mixed responses. A producer for the Food Network, Maggie Shi, had childhood memories of her mother brewing a pot of "bitter, allegedly medicinal soup" and forcing Maggie to drink it. "The only way to tolerate it," she wrote, "is to gulp the liquid down as quickly as possible." Yet still she posted the recipe on Epicurious.com. Her mother's dish mixed together one American ginseng root, one chicken breast, five slices of dried abalone, and five or six cups of water, and got high ratings from people who tested it. Some suggested adding dried dates or angelica root to cut the bitterness. Others said that good health just tastes bad.
In Asia, restaurants from Singapore to Seoul have built reputations on blending that unpleasant tang of good health with more appealing flavors. Singapore's Imperial Herbal, located in the Metropole—a setting reviewers have called "medicine hall demeanor meets avant-garde"—specializes in tasty tonic dishes. Its soups use shark fin with Asian ginseng or codonopsis (a plant that herbalists sometimes use as a ginseng substitute), and astragalus with braised cod. In Kuala Lumpur, one dish at the Shangri-La hotel's Shang Palace sent a reviewer for the _New Straits Times_ into rapture. It was a soup served near the Chinese New Year (the name translated as "The Season of Spring Brings Smiles All Around") and reminded the critic of home cooking over a charcoal fire. For her, the "wondrous aroma of ginseng root" set the senses reeling with delight. Hong Kong restaurants serve winter tonics such as hot pot, sometimes called a casserole, in a half-donut-shaped tureen. These use ginseng along with bird's nest, snake, and deer antler.
Ginseng was probably used as a food before it gained currency as a health tonic. In China, tonic cuisine has a long pedigree. Instead of the four basic food groups of Western nutrition, Chinese cuisine generally aims to balance yin and yang. Yin foods are those that cool—grapefruit, melons, star fruit, bananas, and seaweed—and yang foods have a warming effect, like pepper, dried ginger, soybean oil, cinnamon, and ginseng. In between these extremes lie gradations of mildly yin (apples, mangoes, eggplant, strawberries, wheat, and tomatoes), neutral (beef, milk, peanuts, pumpkin, string beans, abalone, pork, honey, and figs), and mildly yang (asparagus, for example). In that tradition, a mother has a wide range of options for picking a dish for her sick child. If she decides he's cold and wet, she might make a yang soup; if he's hot, a sweet yin dessert of poached pears, lemon balm, and honey might help. Tonic soups range from sweet red bean soup, for warming the body in winter, to green mung bean soup, used for acne and skin rashes. You might make peanut soup for long life, or sweet potato and lotus-seed soup as a laxative.
"The relationship between soup and rice is like that between water and a boat," wrote Qing-era poet Li Yu. "When a boat is stranded on a sandy bank, only water can wash it back to the river; rice goes down better with soup." Soups have a strong tradition in Shanghai cuisine, and many recipes for tonic soups that use ginseng have a link to Shanghai.
In Korean cooking, too, ginseng is used in chicken soups and in other dishes. Barbecued ribs are sometimes marinated for a full day in red ginseng and served with fried rice noodles. (Red ginseng is Asian ginseng processed through a special steam-drying procedure that is found at only one facility in South Korea.)
MOST TRADITIONAL RECIPES CALL for Asian ginseng, but as experience with American ginseng has grown, many chefs have embraced it. Filipino recipes for chicken and pork soup advise you to toss in 'sang, red dates, and ginger. An Indonesian recipe for Stewed Bird's Nest includes American ginseng, and Paul Hsu lists a few recipes on his website: for ginseng whiskey, a fish soup with red dates, turkey stuffing, ginseng-banana muffins, tossed ginseng salad (dubious), and sex muffins. In the Chinatown of Washington, D.C., I found ginseng sold at a breakfast counter on H Street, where grits were on the menu and the clientele was mostly African-American.
For most Western palates, though, the root has a long way to go. Energy shakes and smoothies are a step in that direction, and Jeanine Davis, the agricultural agent in North Carolina, has a recipe for ginseng chocolate cake. A farm in Maryland promotes a "wild-simulated ginseng energy shake" along with a recipe for venison tenderloin that they marinate in soy sauce, sherry, and sugar before stir-frying and sprinkling with ginseng strips.
Despite the commercial failure of Ginseng Rush, many other soft drinks and teas have established themselves on the market, including an uncola counterpart: Ginseng Up! "This golden-colored herbal beverage has a mild spiced flavor and a nice bite," one ad notes, "plus it has the replenishing attributes of ginseng." Besides the original flavor, which tastes like lemony ginger ale, the company has expanded its line to lemon-lime, grape, orange, and apple.
Leonita Machado, a manager with the company in Massachusetts, felt sure that Ginseng Up! could take off like Coca-Cola did a century ago. Machado pointed out that Coke, too, started as a health drink, then succeeded by sheer force of marketing ubiquity and sweetness. "This has both," Machado said. "It's healthy and good tasting."
Originally from Quezon City, in the Philippines, Machado was a microbiologist and lab manager at the Ginseng Up! bottling plant, located on a narrow alley in Worcester, the industrial New England town where the first commercial valentine was mass-produced in 1847. Worcester is far from both Quezon City and ginseng country. It's much closer to Mansfield, a town where, in October 1996, the middle-school principal suspended three students for drinking ginseng tea. (The girls believed that the ginseng "would make you hyper," a school official explained. Their plan to reach an altered state, more than the ginseng itself, triggered the suspensions.)
In over a decade with Ginseng Up!, Machado had watched the drink's market grow steadily and leap the divide from marginal specialty shops to mainline grocery stores. Her lab in the Worcester plant had counters along all walls, lined with beakers and small vials of chemicals, as well as crayon drawings by her daughter and her two-year-old son.
Exactly how much ginseng actually went into Ginseng Up! was hard to say. The company imported its extract from Korea (the owner, also from Korea, insisted that Korean ginseng was the most pure). The extract came into port in New York and got trucked up to Worcester in large plastic containers of viscous dark brown liquid. Machado sampled the extract in her lab to check the quality and oversaw the mixing process next door in huge metal vats, where it was blended with flavorings and water. The water was triple-filtered through charcoal, sand, and paper, and then carbonated. The mixture got swirled and piped downstairs and poured into a seamless row of bottles that glide past on a conveyor. The bottles proceeded to a pasteurizing area, where they got labels plastered onto them. At the back of the bottling room, pallets loaded with white cases of the drink were stacked and shrink-wrapped, waiting for the eighteen-wheelers that scraped their sides to squeeze into the company's loading dock and take them to supermarkets across the country and beyond.
NOVELTY DRINKS OFFER A starting point for Western palates, but adventurous chefs have taken the blend of East and West further. In December I talked with Ming Tsai, bestselling chef and Emmy Award-winner for his first cooking show _East Meets West,_ and host of _Simply Ming_ on PBS. Tsai (pronounced _sigh_ ) and his wife own Blue Ginger, a stylish restaurant in an upscale Boston suburb that showcases his blend of Eastern and Western cuisines. He has been profiled in _People_ and _The New Yorker_ as a leader of a new breed. Tsai wears his celebrity with humor. "In our industry," he has said, "if you do a book you are legitimate and if you are on TV, you are considered a master chef."
At the taping of a celebrity chef competition in Connecticut, he arrives in a silver Lincoln with a black rag top. The camera crew has prepared two setups in the kitchen showroom studio. The first puts Ming in front of an Asian-style wood screen backdrop and a shelf holding a saki set and decanter. After a short interview taped there, he moves to a large kitchen set to chop up vegetables that will be used in the show. The crew has spent a day shooting celebrity chefs, and their energy is starting to flag. But Ming seems to bring verve onto the set: he walks in with the aura of a media professional—self-deprecating but no-nonsense. He sits down for the interview, pulls out a compact, and dabs pancake on his forehead. Clearly Ming is a media pro.
When the camera starts rolling, he's asked to describe the secret of his success. Throughout the day, the other chefs have typically invoked their passion for cooking, or their love of food. Ming is the only one to mention his family, saying he married well. He says success depends on the people you surround yourself with.
This TV kitchen studio is a long way from the shopping mall food court in Dayton where Ming's mother opened her restaurant, Mandarin Kitchen. Ming started there at fourteen and before long was working in the kitchen. His father was a mechanical and aeronautics engineer at the nearby air force base whose work often took him to Korea, and he would come home with little hospitality souvenirs, usually foil packets of ginseng tea. The ginseng was powdered or crystallized into tiny pellets, and Ming recalls the tea as a space-age fusion of East and West, combining the convenience of Tang with the complex flavor and traditional power of ginseng. When his mother brewed ginseng tea, Ming would have it too, with honey. He grew to appreciate the tannic flavor, and over time discovered new facets in it. There was the slightly mentholated aftertaste, for instance. He liked it. Most of his friends in Dayton preferred the syrupy sweetness of Coke.
Asked to share a cooking secret, Ming launches into background on his East-West approach, how he dislikes the term _fusion_ because as an engineering student at Yale, for him the word meant mixing atoms, and that sounded too cold for cooking. He prefers _blending._ But to blend two cuisines, you first have to learn the traditional uses of the ingredients. How do the Chinese use sesame oil? How do Thai and Malaysian cooks use lemongrass? He mentions mango-and-pork potstickers and his love of Julia Child. The crew is rapt—he's the most charismatic talent they've had all day—but Ming catches himself. The producer wanted just twenty seconds. "You mean twenty real seconds?" he asks. "As opposed to twenty Ming Tsai seconds?"
Ming has cooked with ginseng most of his life and has a fine sense of how the root strikes different palates. At Mandarin Kitchen, the root was too expensive to add to dishes for the casual Dayton mall patron. And he wouldn't try it on patrons at Blue Ginger because they wouldn't expect it. For them, it would appear from nowhere, this tannic bitter taste that stays in the mouth. "Ginseng's not like truffles or really high-grade vanilla bean or something that will make people go, 'Wow, this is really good,'" Ming says, "because they have nothing to compare it to."
In family trips to Europe and Asia, Ming got to taste other mutations of the traditional and the modern. (In China he and his brother were shocked to be regarded as foreigners.) He found ginseng in Taiwan's Snake Alley, near Taipei, in a scene that is seared onto his brain: stall after stall of various snakes cooked alive in broth. Most of those broths included ginseng, both for culinary and for business reasons. The business reason was that high-end customers liked to combine legendary tonics, so by adding a slice of ginseng, the Alley chefs could charge substantially more for a mediocre dish.
At home, the family added ginseng to soups. Making a chicken-mushroom or an Asian-style soup, for example, Ming's mother would toss in a little root. But you had to know what it could stand up to. "Because it is a very delicate flavor," he says, "you wouldn't add it to a cream soup, for example. You'd have to use a clear broth-type soup." In general, soups are the best medium for drawing every last drop from the root and balancing it with other flavors like smoked ham or other meats. Ming would never add ginseng slices to a stir-fry, for example; even a small slice would make the dish too bitter. You need to braise the root with a nice, clear stock.
When Ming was studying engineering at Yale (he was expected to follow his father's path), he and a friend would take the train into New York's Chinatown and buy ampules of ginseng. The glass ampules came with a small, round stone that you used to file a line in the glass. Then you'd crack it open and stick a little straw into the ginseng liquid. It was an exotic technology that gave you a little kick, an energy shooter for times when you felt down. The ampules weren't expensive, and tasted surprisingly sweet. Ming would knock those shooters back, curious about the rumor that ginseng preserved youth and restored your vitality.
"I think that was what Red Bull came from," he says, in a half-joking reference to the popular energy drink. "That was my first Red Bull."
MING TIES ON A white apron at the second camera setup and flourishes his special white-bladed knife over his own cutting board. He grabs a red pepper, and as the camera rolls, he slices it lengthwise, flips it, and slices it into thin cross-sectional strips. The white blade then goes through an English cucumber in a series of incredibly fine slicing motions. The cameraman moves in for a close-up on the cucumber. When Ming finishes, the crew bursts into applause for the first time that day.
When Ming realized that he had no desire to become an engineer, a visit to a friend in Paris reawakened his love of cooking. He later returned to Paris and studied at Le Cordon Bleu, the famous French cooking school. Paris was where he discovered East-West cuisine. And there, on a third continent, he found ginseng in the city's blend of traditions and the Thirteenth Arrondisement's Chinatown. The roots were sold in stores, dried in powders and in teas, and restaurants had ginseng sprinkled among their menu items, depending on the market price and the season.
"I would bike to Chinatown, fill up my bag, and bike to Natacha," the gourmet restaurant where he was sous-chef. Ming would show the head chef what he had brought: black beans, spring-roll wrappers, wood ear mushrooms. "Ginseng," Ming says, "didn't make the bike trip."
Years later, in an inventive mood at Blue Ginger, Ming tried ginseng in a dessert. He had settled on a ginger-ginseng cake that seemed promising. When it was finished, though, he couldn't taste the ginseng. "You could taste ginger, because ginger is a stronger, fiery, spicy flavor," he told me. "But the ginseng was kind of lost." It didn't make the menu. Ginseng is too pricey to hide in the background.
For years, Ming commuted from Massachusetts to New York every few months to tape his TV series for the Food Network. He makes cooking fun as he shows how to make surprising dishes like Asian gazpacho. In one episode of _East Meets West,_ he introduced viewers to his winter-melon soup, and there he tossed in some ginseng. Ming's winter-melon soup is a Shanghai-style tonic dish. You take a whole winter melon and bake it for hours. The soup forms slowly inside the melon, which you then stuff with ginger, basil, ginseng, and Chinese ham. Scrape the soup out of the melon and serve.
"It's awesome," he says. "Traditionally you would have someone carve the outside of the melon with dragons, flowers. It's phenomenal." Other ginseng dishes in his repertoire include a Beijing-style soup in which a whole duck is braised in lots of ginseng and red dates, which add a sweetness that balances the ginseng flavor.
People continue to bring new dishes and new versions of old favorites from their travels. Ming's father doesn't hesitate to pull out a camera at a restaurant table and snap a particularly delightful winter-melon soup to e-mail his son later. Favorites include a Beijing dish of old duck, cut into chunks and seasoned with tonic herbs. In Hongzhou, the town outside Shanghai where Ming's grandmother grew up, the elder Tsais sampled a casserole of slow-cooked old duck with ham, dried bamboo shoots, and ginseng. In Seoul they tried a famous soup called Fou Tiao Chiang, or Monk Jump Wall. It comes in a covered jar and is steamed slowly, blending ham, mushrooms, chicken feet, ginseng, and more. The soup's name comes from the idea that it was so delectable—almost sexual—that monks would jump the monastery wall for it. Another photo showed Ming's mother at a famous Seoul restaurant, with a poster showing a bowl of Monk Jump Wall in the background over her shoulder.
Surprisingly, Ming has never heard of American ginseng. "I would never have known that," he says. As we talk he became more animated. He asks about how Native Americans used ginseng. And if the two species were separated by continental drift, does that mean there's an American ginger as well? Ginger is a rhizome, like ginseng. I see where this could lead. If there were a native American ginger, the name Blue Ginger could have much more resonance for East-West cuisine than he previously realized.
As it happens, there _is_ a North American herb known as wild ginger _(Asarum canadense),_ but it belongs to a different family than real ginger. Wild ginger smells like ginger but it's much slower growing and not a good substitute. ( _Zingiber officinale,_ the main ginger species, has no American cousin. It was brought from Asia to Jamaica and the West Indies by Spanish colonists centuries ago, and became a staple of Caribbean cuisine, notably ginger beer.) Ming is nevertheless intrigued. American ginseng's existence seems to open up a new facet of a familiar ingredient for him. Near the end of our talk he asks where he could get a good sample to try, so I put him in touch with Bob Beyfuss for some New York roots. Meanwhile, if I go to China, Ming says he can suggest a place that serves fantastic ginseng dishes. I accept his offer, although it's not a taste for which I would have ever predicted traveling halfway around the world.
## TWELVE
## Back in China
_The Manchurians say that the success of the man who starts on a perilous journey across the taiga in search of the Root of Life depends entirely on his moral qualities._
—NIKOLAI BAIKOV, Harbin, Manchuria, 1936
PUNING WAS THE big unknown. Paul Hsu had insisted that to understand the full arc of the American ginseng trade, one had to visit China, and in particular this town on the South China coast. "To talk about ginseng, you ought to visit Puning," he said. According to him, Puning was becoming a more important distribution hub than Hong Kong, which had held the monopoly for generations. In the 1990s, as mainland China's ginseng imports grew, importers began looking for ways to bypass Hong Kong. Many of them gravitated to Puning. But Hsu was vague about how the ginseng got there.
"Under water," he deadpanned. "It's very hard to get there, you know. It's in the boondocks." He laughed. "That's the _center_ in China for American ginseng."
Depending on your source, Puning had a reputation as either the smuggling capital of China or the medicinal herb capital. Kim Wu, the Shanghai native who would be my translator there, told me by e-mail that Puning, notorious for its smuggling industry, "is the most wild place."
"All sorts of weird things happening there," Kim said, "way beyond your imagination." The BBC reported in 2001 that Puning residents had pulled the largest export tax fraud scheme ever uncovered. Local police had summarily executed four businessmen involved, but the whole area was steeped in the smuggling scandal. According to the BBC, the scam involved over a hundred criminal groups that included housewives and senior citizens, who together defrauded China's central government of almost half a billion dollars. The swindle was "an open secret in the area, with people from all walks of life becoming involved . . ."
FOR ME, TRACKING AMERICAN ginseng's reunion with its Asian roots meant following it from Hong Kong to the mainland port of Guangzhou (formerly Canton), up the coast to Puning, and further north to Nanjing.
As soon as I stepped off the plane, I felt the buzz I get from travel. In a new place the world is temporarily stripped of its everyday laminate, the sounds and smells are vivid, and I get the roller-coaster nerves of figuring out a sign or a person's gesture. First in Beijing, after gazing across the wide sea of Tiannamen Square and navigating through the impressive subway, I met Dr. Lily Sun, a family friend of Ming Tsai who invited me to lunch at Shen's Delicious Soups, a restaurant on the east side of the city. There, amid bright red décor and two rows of large pots, we enjoyed the Shanghai tradition of tonic cuisine. The row of brown pots contained "slow" soups: medicinal soups that simmered for days on gas burners. "Fast" soups, which cooked for only five or six hours, were in the row of white pots.
Lily Sun was a clinical trials manager for the international pharmaceutical firm Pharmacia. Having grown up north of Beijing and studied at Stanford, she now managed medical research throughout China, overseeing the scientific requirements of experimental design. Lily respected the diagnostic ability of the chef at Shen's Delicious Soups. One evening sometime before I arrived, she asked him which soup would help for a rash on her face. The chef recommended dishes that suited your symptoms as well as your palate, she explained. We ordered ginseng oolong tea and two entrées that contained ginseng. The first was a small portion of "herbal medicine, snake, and chicken soup," and the second was a larger dish of dark-chicken ginseng soup. The chef probably wouldn't recommend both together, but I had only one chance for a meal here, and I wanted to make the most of it.
When the dishes arrived, a slim root of fresh Asian ginseng bobbed near the surface of the dark-chicken broth. The other soup had both Asian and American ginsengs, as well as an unfamiliar, beanlike medicinal herb. Both dishes were well seasoned and flavorful, but they tasted, well, like chicken soup. The lighter soup had just a slight aftertaste, a kind of mentholation.
The ginseng taste was not meant to be a highlight, Lily explained. It was there mainly to add a healthy dimension, the idea of good health. The aftertaste proved you were getting your money's worth and a revivifying meal. We also ordered a plate of steamed greens and a shallow pan of something like stone soup. The stones were there just for heat—the dish was roast beef and scallions. It was delicious. We followed that with Shanghai-style pork dumpling, delicately cooked. But it was the mentholated chicken soup that stayed in my mouth for several hours afterward. Lily said good-bye at the subway station and wished me well. Sitting on the boxy blue Beijing subway car, I exhaled into my cupped hand, trying to savor, or at least recognize, the taste of good health.
IN HONG KONG, I walked up and down the island's steep canyons of high-rises and tried to sort out the story of American ginseng and its place here. Mainly what I wanted to know was, How did American ginseng come in and how did it go on to the mainland? Although returned to China by the British in 1997, Hong Kong retained its independent spirit, and imports that arrived duty-free there were still subject to tariffs and restrictions on the mainland. In many ways Hong Kong remained a unique place, old and new.
The Hong Kong market for American ginseng is staggering—open bins of roots, alongside umbrella mushrooms, seahorses, and other medicinals, fill nearly five full blocks of Wing Lok Street (the name means "Forever Happy") near the harbor. For over a hundred and fifty years, Chinese traders had brought traditional medicines down the Pearl River and traded them in Hong Kong's free port. The city's yellow pages had two headings dedicated to ginseng: Ginseng Products & Herbs, Retailers (286 listings); and Ginseng Products & Herbs, Wholesalers (105 listings). And that was just the English-language edition.
I walked down to the docks and stepped aboard the green ferryboat that crossed the harbor in the morning, where the crew wore blue sailor outfits with stars on their kerchiefs. As I watched a barge pass near us, loaded with red shipping containers and rimmed with tractor tires hanging off its sides, I tried to reconcile conflicting reports. A CITES official on the Kowloon side of the harbor told me that she expected that in the future American ginseng shipments would bypass Hong Kong and go straight to mainland ports, but she hadn't seen that shift yet. Paul Hsu had indicated that the shift had already happened. There also appeared to be a disconnect between the official figures for incoming and outgoing American ginseng: officially, that year Hong Kong imported 4,583,812 kilograms and exported 3,008,205 kilograms. That would mean that local consumers bought over 1,575,600 kilograms of American ginseng roots, which translated to about a half pound for every man, woman, and child in Hong Kong.
I understood that local demand was high. (According to Hong Kong _Tatler_ that month, the island's traditional medicine sector had grown by 10 percent in three years, fueled by the emotional stress of a depressed economy and its effects on the island's stockbrokers. An epidemic of impotence was traced to the stresses of financial woes, depression, and "damp-heat" infections, and ginseng was a popular remedy, along with antler velvet and deer penis, dried seahorses, and an herb known as Horny Goat Weed.) Still, half a pound per person? It seemed more likely that a lot of ginseng was being exported under the radar.
I stopped in a bare-bones shop on Wing Lok Street and looked into the open wooden bins. The clerk offered me a sample of what she said was good-quality ginseng: HK$330 per tael (the traditional unit of measure), or US$920 a pound. Using paring shears, she shaved off two samples and I popped them in my mouth.
"Wisconsin," she said.
Several blocks away, on the modern thoroughfare of Queens Road, red double-decker trams streamed past the chrome façade of a Madison Avenue version of the traditional medicine shop. The storefront had an emblazoned gold column and a knight in full armor, mounted on a horse. Display shelves featured pharmaceutically packaged qi pills and deer's-tail pills. In silver-fronted cases under the glass counter were squared bins of ginseng root, sorted by category: Wild American ginseng, Round-shaped, No. 4, went for about US$4,183 per pound. The expensive stuff was a package of five luxuriously long roots, Wild American No. 1 size, list price HK$120,000—over US$3,150 per individual root. That was ten times more than I had imagined! At the low end were small packets of cultivated ginseng, sliced. I walked out with one that cost about US$11.50.
Wing Lok Street was the place to be. Paul Hsu's franchise was at one end, and Sun Ming Hong, David Law's company, was near the other end, in a building with a big Canadian maple leaf on one side. The side street resounded with a twittering of birds, which emanated from an open second-floor apartment where at least a dozen reed cages hung from the ceiling. Two shops that sold fishing tackle made a strange sight, packed among the city's offices and restaurants. It was hard to imagine fishermen among the stock traders who lived up in the Mid Levels.
Sun Ming Hong's manager, Michael Chan, opened a locked grate and let me inside the warehouse office. Over cups of ginseng tea we sat at a bare table near a stack of boxes. He wouldn't say exactly how much American ginseng they imported during the previous year, but admitted he was among the top five importers. He laughed at my attempts to get more specific. "I don't want to confirm or deny," he said.
He described the process instead. The wild ginseng that David Law and I escorted to JFK had come into the Hong Kong airport and was met by Chan. The law required him to ask government CITES inspectors to check the paperwork before they could release it from the airport. After that it got warehoused and sold to buyers in the ginseng graders' guild. Sales took place in two ways: through closed auctions and direct sales. In a direct sale, Sun Ming Hong invited a buyer from within the guild for a private showing, and there they would negotiate a price one-on-one. The auctions were also restricted to guild members and took place at a warehouse on Bonham Strand near the docks. In recent years the number of auctions had declined as buyers came to prefer direct sales. Following the 2002 autumn harvest, there were only three auctions near the New Year celebration. Sun Ming Hong's was the last.
At the auction, the importer poured out the barrels of roots onto a mat, and buyers would inspect and mentally grade the lot. They would calculate, on the computer in their head, _If I set this crop price with these different classifications, approximately how much money is this batch worth?_ They would write a figure on a slip of paper, and Sun Ming Hong would collect the bids and accept the highest offer. The drums would be resealed by a guild official, who would then write on it the name of the buyer. The buyer could then either take the CITES paperwork and reexport the lot, or sell that ginseng within Hong Kong.
Sun Ming Hong worked mainly through the guild, as it has for over a half century. David Law and Chan both had relatives in the ginseng business, and their families had known each other since they were kids. Chan had gone to Australia and studied electrical engineering, never intending to join the family business. Like Law, he was trained as a scientist but nonetheless believed in the empirical evidence of Chinese clinical experience.
"Chinese look at ginseng as what we call a catalyst to improve your health," he said, not as a drug that directly improves health. He understood the Western scientific search to find agents that directly cause a physiological change, but said it's just not that easy with herbs in Chinese medicine. He drew an analogy from chemistry to explain the use of American ginseng and Asian ginseng. If a pH of 7 (that is, neutral) were the norm, then you would want to balance your body pH close to 7. How you get there depends on your starting point: some people are more acidic, so they would want to raise their level; others who are more alkaline would want to lower it. Based on an individual's system, you would prescribe Asian ginseng or American ginseng. This analogy fit reasonably well with what pharmacologist Varro Tyler had said: "If you're overwrought and you want to take ginseng to calm down a little bit, American ginseng may be your herb of choice. If you need energy to pep up and so on, then the Asian ginseng would be the herb of choice."
The business had changed a lot since the 1960s, when the American ginseng market was controlled by a small group in New York. "I should not use the word _mafia,_ " Chan said. "New York traders, cartel, whatever. Monopolistic traders." The cartel kept Sun Ming Hong from buying directly from Appalachian harvesters. Only in the 1970s, when David Law began his road trips, did the company manage to bypass the cartel and deal directly between American diggers and wholesale buyers in Asia.
Chan was vague about ongoing changes in the industry but admitted that his business model was conservative. "Perception and reputation, to me, are more important than making some money," he said. Yes, the business was shifting to the mainland, but he couldn't really say where. He left that to others. In eight years he had seen demand on the mainland increase tremendously, mainly for cheaper cultivated roots. But mainland policy changes were confusing, and he was frustrated by the growing bureaucracy around ginseng.
IN CONTRAST WITH Sun Ming Hong's warehouse, Hsu's Root to Health was a small retail shop open at street level. When the branch manager, Simon Wong, came forward from the back room, I was startled by his youth. We sat before the counter and chatted, his knee bouncing with energy the whole time. Behind the counter his two clerks measured out the daily special of dried plants into plastic packets, and served the occasional customer.
The differences between the two operations were stark. If Sun Ming Hong was an old-school wholesale importer, Hsu's company was a modern, aggressively integrated corporation. Hsu had expanded vertically, from farm source to retailer, and then horizontally, widening his range of products beyond ginseng to other medicinals. "Our trading method is an enterprising one," said Wong approvingly.
Wong had no family connections in the ginseng business. When he was a kid, ginseng was too pricey for his family. "It's kind of expensive stuff," he said. He didn't even _see_ ginseng until he worked at a Hong Kong guesthouse, where Korean customers occasionally gave ginseng as gifts to his boss. Wong studied journalism in Texas and moved to New York, where he took a job as a reporter for a Chinese-language paper in Chinatown. He met Paul Hsu there in 1994, and soon began working in Hsu's New York branch. After a year Wong returned to Hong Kong to help launch a new branch of Hsu's.
When the Asian financial crisis struck in 1997, imports of wild American ginseng slumped drastically. Just as Wong was getting his feet on the ground with the new store on the Kowloon side of the harbor, the region's economy bottomed out. The main branch manager quit, and Wong, who had expected to be learning one shop as a deputy, found himself running both branches.
With the economy still down, Wong's customers wanted the cheap cultivated roots that came by surface, along with things like birds' nests. He handled e-mail, faxes, and phone calls about shipments all over Asia. (Most customers still preferred to send orders by fax, not e-mail, because so many Chinese characters couldn't be entered on a computer keyboard. For tracking shipments, e-mail worked fine.) Just measuring orders required another wizardry of translation: American Chinese use ounces; Hong Kong uses the traditional units of taels and cattys that date back to the Qing era; and mainland consumers use grams. When a ship came in, Wong would send a truck to the Kowloon shipping terminals and ask CITES officials to certify the cargo for release. "They need to chop," he said, punching his knee in a stamping motion. I imagined the square, red-inked stamp coming down—the same type of chop that the _Empress of China_ needed in order to dock in Canton. The CITES office would send over an official who opened drums randomly, maybe one in ten, for inspection.
As a former journalist, Wong empathized with my effort to get a full panorama of the ginseng story, when people only wanted to show narrow slices of the landscape. He offered help with the Hong Kong ginseng graders' guild, Po Sau Tong, but cautioned it was a tight, secret society and only one or two members might talk with me. He introduced me to a member he called Sister Lin, who managed a shop on Queens Road West and dealt almost exclusively in ginseng. We found the place off an alley. Dozens of open bins with different-shaped roots stretched into her shop, behind displays of dried sea cucumber. At the entrance stood a small red offering to the spirits, and a banner overhead trumpeted the Wisconsin Ginseng Board. On the wall hung a cherished package of rare wild Asian ginseng, retail price about US$1,200. Wild American roots in the bins, wild Asian roots on the wall. Here was where the two ginsengs had their reunion—not in a shady, mixed mesophytic forest, but in this bustling urban marketplace.
Choi Oi Lin had a good smile. She had worked in the industry for over twenty years and was one of just a handful of women who had risen within the graders' guild. Unlike the other women, who had a husband or a brother in the business, Lin had no family connections. She claimed modestly that she was still learning about the various grades of roots, but she showed me how her graders spot fine differences. She looks at a root's color, shape, wrinkle, size, and texture. How does it feel between the fingers? She could tell American ginseng grown in China from the same species grown in America.
"American-grown is slightly more dense than China-grown," she said. Wild ginseng is harder to grade than cultivated because there are twice as many categories (over fifty), and because there's more at stake: price differences among the grades are steeper than between grades of cultivated root. Again, graders have to master regional preferences: buyers in Hong Kong and Guangzhou want to see the neck scars, but others cut the neck off. Lin's graders used hand shears to trim and sort the roots into different categories. The trimmings made a further category. After a while she excused herself; business was pressing.
Things were much quieter at the legendary guild office, Po Sau Tong Ginseng & Antler Association. The big silver characters dominated a dim elevator lobby on the second floor of a nondescript commercial building. The door was locked, so I rang the bell. I could see a light on inside, and beyond, the conference room shades were drawn. Nobody answered. The place was a sanctuary of silence amid the noisy streets.
A SHORT TRAIN RIDE from Hong Kong, Guangzhou was a rainy boomtown, old and new at once, sprawling across the Pearl River. There you could glimpse the retail side of the ginseng industry in the Xingping market. Xingping, one of the first markets in the country that opened for business in the late 1970s under Deng Xiaoping's market reforms, was a warren of walkways and covered one-room shop stalls. It stood opposite the old foreigner district where European sailors and merchants were housed in the 1700s.
In the market I followed my translator, Raymond (the name he asked me to call him, to save me from mangling his real name), past rows and rows of herb dealers. Sacks full of ginseng slices stood alongside boxes of umbrella mushrooms and sea horses. This was Home Depot–style medicine. Nobody came here to fill a doctor's Rx or an herbalist's scrip; there were pharmacies for that. This was discount stuff. As we threaded past stall after stall, Raymond explained that he never bought ginseng sliced because he suspected that sellers would have sucked out all the extract. He preferred to buy whole roots.
We spoke with a ginseng dealer in his twenties who had a certain _yakuza_ -like style, with his buttoned dark blue suit and no tie. He grew up in Puning and had started as a ginseng grader, and now trucked American roots down the coast four hundred kilometers to the market. He apparently thought I was an exporter looking for a way to sell my roots sub rosa in the Chinese market, just as American merchants had trawled the Canton shops in the eighteenth century, looking for black market openings.
My efforts to find the landing point of the _Empress of China_ began with promise. Raymond found the street that was once home to the Co Hong merchants' guild: Shi Sang Hang Lu, or "Thirteen Companies Street." Then he led the way to the harbor and Huangpu (or Whampoa) Island, where the _Empress_ had docked for her customs chop over two hundred years before. The place turned out to be an industrial desert. Guangzhou's explosive growth was obliterating even newer homes while people still lived in them. There was little hope of finding the nine-story pagoda that loomed over the harbor two centuries ago, but I insisted we try.
After asking directions several times, we came to an ancient-looking pagoda that rose above a disheveled garden. In a quagmire nearby, a dragon boat lay on its side. A woman working in a nearby factory said that more likely we were looking for the taller pagoda that was destroyed during the Cultural Revolution.
RAYMOND WARNED THAT THE road to Puning was risky. There were smugglers up the coast who could be dangerous, he said. He laughed at the insanity of taking a bus, and urged me to keep some money in my wallet for handing over to thieves so they would leave satisfied. The rest I should hide against my chest.
I considered his advice on the bus as _Rumble in the Bronx_ played on the screen above the driver's head. Outside my window the craggy and undulating peaks looked fantastic, like the brushstrokes of a Chinese painting. The bus left the highway amid more swooping mountains and took a road into Puning that was wide and rough. We entered town on a commercial strip with shop after shop of wholesale items for which I couldn't imagine any local demand: a load of brand new minivans still in their shipping plastic, acetylene torches, shops full of plumbing fixtures. The place itself appeared to be undergoing great changes, but it was impossible to tell if it was explosive growth or explosive demolition. Whole city blocks were covered in rubble, studded with ruins, and people were walking over the debris like war survivors. We passed stacks of huge tires, a cannibalized truck. A stagnant river.
The driver caught my eye in the rearview mirror and shot his right arm out, indicating my hotel as we passed. It was the only hotel licensed to handle foreigners (I didn't see another non-Chinese during my entire stay). That evening I met Kim, my translator, a diminutive woman in a wool plaid jacket that she wore the whole time I knew her. She explained that Puning had been a smuggling center ever since China began opening up under Deng Xiaoping in 1979. It started with small electronics and quickly scaled up to cars and larger goods. Local officials saw an unlocked door and they opened it. But people were reluctant to talk. Apparently the murdered businessmen mentioned in the BBC report I read had been invited by Beijing, so their deaths at the hands of local police drew the central government's wrath. More recently, a smuggling case in Xiamen up the coast diverted the spotlight from Puning, but the town was still under central government surveillance, Kim said. People here were terrified of drawing more attention. We really didn't know what sort of reception we would get from Hsu's colleague Xu Wei Ming the next morning, or what kind of conversation we would have.
I LOWERED MY HOPES for learning anything in Puning. The morning after I arrived, a dark green sedan with curtained back windows pulled in front of the hotel, and Xu Wei Ming stepped out. Xu (pronounced like _shoe_ ) was a nimble man, younger than I expected. He was dressed in a less formal version of the business-cum- _yakuza_ fashion preferred by the young men on Puning's streets: a dark sweater with a sportcoat and dark slacks, tan loafers. On his lapel he wore a redand-blue button for Paul Hsu's Root to Health. He was slim, about forty years old, and walked with his head high, looking friendly but preoccupied.
Xu was eager to show off the medicinal herb complex that had put Puning on the map. Puning's position between the mountains and the sea, he explained, was key to the town's traditions in herbal medicine. Puning had a local expertise that was generations old but had mushroomed in economic importance in two decades. Guangzhou's Xingping market might have been the first to open after Deng's reforms, but Puning was among the first to take advantage of the scope for growth. The Puning government, anxious to court business, helped the town's medicinal herb dealers eclipse the Guangzhou market by putting up money to build the market complex and by declining to collect import tariffs imposed by the central government. Smuggling was therefore a rather crude term for what the locals preferred to call a policy of local economic empowerment.
When Xu shows visitors around the herb market complex, he speaks of its hardware in a way that can be confusing until you know that people in China like to use the word _hardware_ whenever possible. Xu himself entered the medicinal herb business when he was still a teenager, over twenty years before. He grew up in a rural home, the youngest of eight children, and left school at seventeen. The medicinal herb trade then was dangerous—at that time, in the mid-1970s, _any_ business enterprise in China was risky business: capitalist forays were strictly illegal. "Business was banned," Xu said, "but if you were bold enough, you could make good money." He dug the herbs himself, gradually putting together a stake for business. When he started, he didn't know the plants well—didn't know what he was looking for—so he asked help from the family's doctor. Xu ventured deeper into remote areas, bought herbs from villagers, and sold them in town.
He was barely twenty years old when he had amassed enough money to build an expensive house for his parents. In China building a house is more than a way to show status—it's a duty to show that each generation is doing better than the one before. The house Xu built for his parents stood just east of town at the foot of a mountain, facing a river in the distance. He chose the site carefully for its feng shui: having a mountain at your back and water before you is auspicious. The house is a shrine to both his family and fine craftsmanship. The carvings on the doors, the carved stone downspouts, and the undulating roofline, a _chaosan_ style known as Tiger Coming Down the Mountain, all bumped the cost up to 200,000 Yuan—roughly US$25,000—a huge sum even now. (Recent government housing policy frowns on this traditional architecture, since hundreds of one-story houses use space less efficiently than a squared-off apartment building. Fewer and fewer applications to build traditional homes are being granted.)
Xu made a specialty of handling ginseng and found a niche bringing in American ginseng. He reasoned that it was worth a risk. In the same way that the government had changed its mind and legalized local business under Deng Xiaoping twenty years before, it might eventually legalize the international black market that skirted the current tariff on foreign goods. In other words, if the experience with market reform was any indication, then Xu couldn't afford _not_ to get involved in smuggling. If he waited until the trade was legal, the big guys would already have divided up the pie.
Far from being a nest of cramped stalls like the market in Guangzhou, Puning's herb complex was huge and modern: a massive gateway in front stands five stories high, and the whole chrome-and-tinted-glass affair echoed traditional _chaosan_ architecture with its winged corners and green-tiled roof. The place resembled nothing so much as an open-air version of the Mall of America. (At over 117 acres, the market covers an area half again the size of the Mall of America.) It had orderly rows of 328 stucco-walled shops and a central facility that doubled as a medicinal laboratory and stock exchange. The shop spaces had filled quickly, each rented out on a fifty-year lease, and there were enough wholesalers on a waiting list to warrant expanding the market's eastern flank. Many of the merchants had three generations of experience and investment, and most were from Puning.
The breathtaking scale of the market was the brainchild of Chen De Feng, an herb dealer who came back from retirement and led the effort to build the complex in 1997 with 150 million Yuan (about $18.7 million) from the provincial government. Chen resembles an Asian Ernest Borgnine, but better looking. Xu compared him to Li Shizhen, the Ming-era physician whose statue stands in front of the complex, saying his friend would be similarly memorialized one day. (Li is the epic figure in Chinese medicine whose massive pharmocopoeia, the product of twenty-seven years of work and travel, was published in 1596.) The older man shrugged off this flattery and led us on a tour through the central building's marble halls. Chen showed off a lab for chemical analysis on the fifth floor, where a photospectrometer and other high-tech equipment waited under plastic blankets for plant samples to test. One floor below were conference rooms and meeting areas where trade and government representatives from a dozen countries had recently visited, and room after room of display cases with botanical specimens, plant exudates, mineral crystals, and animal parts. American ginseng had its own place of honor.
The Puning market's volume had tripled in less than a decade, according to Chen. He paused to point out a row of six computer monitors that tracked market prices and trends. This place set a gauge for herb prices throughout China, he said, the Dow Jones of the medicinal market. Puning was the largest hub for traditional Chinese medicine in Guangdong Province, and probably in the country. American ginseng held a small but formidable position in that market. Roots arrived in shipping containers to the port of Shantou, two hours east, and were trucked to Puning. Strolling through the market, we passed containers fitted on the back of small trucks. A series of familiar hundred-pound brown drums rolled off one container, and Xu explained that a shipment from Canada had just arrived.
At Xu's own shop, the words AMERICAN GINSENG rose above the door in gilt letters on a green background. A mural covering the left wall featured a lush green ginseng garden in Wisconsin, red berries, and the Wisconsin Ginseng Board's seal prominently displayed. And there on the end of the mural was Paul Hsu, looking prosperous and bigger than life, holding an enormous ginseng root. There was also a prominent framed photo of Hsu with President George W. Bush. Hsu has contacts within both political parties and here was the payoff: in China, a picture is worth a thousand characters for establishing authority.
Upstairs Xu described how he met Paul Hsu. (Written in Chinese characters, the two men have the same family name; they are essentially relatives whose relationship is masked by accidents of history and different transliteration systems.) In 1990 Xu was visiting Hong Kong to order a shipment of roots, and Paul Hsu was there trying to get a branch started. They connected through a mutual acquaintance, and before long Xu was buying from Hsu's Ginseng. The network of Hsu's branch offices in China (he had three, plus a headquarters in Nanjing) has made it easier to move American ginseng. Xu no longer had to travel to Hong Kong so often. Since the previous November, he told me, he had brought in more than 136,000 kilograms of root.
Xu kept pouring cups of traditional kung-fu tea for us from a small clay pot. He explained that people in Guangdong would often have tea four or five times a day, especially after meals. "Tea three, drink four" was a local saying. Its meaning escaped me completely.
We were joined by the head of the local tax collection office, a loose-limbed man in another navy blazer, who had the casual authority you might expect of a smuggler. He was affable but brusque. He interrupted to have a word with Xu over several packages of Wisconsin root and then he left. When he reappeared several times over my three days in Puning, I began to wonder if he was checking on me. At one point he noted that Puning's seafood market was a good example of how enterprising this part of Guangdong was: fishmongers came from as far as Singapore to sell their goods in Puning's market, starting at six a.m. each day; by ten a.m. everything was sold out. Puning wasn't even a major city, or on the water! It was a tribute to the people of Guangdong and their business acumen, he said.
Asked about the smuggling bust of two years before, Xu admitted that the case hurt the herb market's growth and forced dealers to pay higher taxes. The tax man tapped Xu's leg and added that it wasn't just the herb market that suffered—the whole city had been set back ten years. The municipal government had nearly gone bankrupt from it. Even worse than the central tax hike, though, was the damage to their reputation. It would take years to recover, but he was confident that Puning would rebound.
Xu added quietly that the future depended on hard work. It was encouraging that the national import tariff had dropped from 35 percent to 11 percent since China joined the WTO, and was supposed to drop further. Eventually the tariff would be so low it wouldn't be a problem. For that reason, both Xu and the taxman were pleased with globalization. Puning had eclipsed Hong Kong as a ginseng market, and now the world would follow Puning's lead.
Xu and Chen took me for seafood, a local specialty. I have never seen so many tanks of live shrimp, crabs, fish, eels, and other aquatic life. Chen pointed out the health benefits of each. Then, over fried tofu, tender squid, fish balls, cracked crab legs and roe, skewered shrimp, and sticky-rice sweets, they complained about the capital. Beijing is so crowded, you can only get one thing done per day, they said.
"In Beijing, you realize how small an official you are," Chen said, referring to that city's concentration of high officials. He added, "In Guangdong, you realize how poor you are," a nod to the freewheeling wealth of the province's businessmen.
"And in Hainan Island, you realize how weak you are," joked Xu as he ladled out soup—a reference to the swarms of prostitutes on the resort off the Guangdong coast.
THROUGHOUT MY VISIT I was escorted from one sight to the next, treated by my hosts with great hospitality. That night in the Gold Leaf Hotel, our entourage of six or seven was ushered to a private dining/karaoke suite equipped with a full sound system and color-gel light displays. Xu and I sat on a plush sofa while the tax man stood and held forth on local politics. He talked more loudly now and seemed to be a little drunk, but during dinner he declined beer, choosing a medicinal tea instead.
Xu and I toasted each other frequently with Tsing Tao beer, and the young waitresses in red uniforms brought out dish after dish: pig's tail, fried bee larvae (light and slightly sweet), a fishand-sweet-potato dish, apricot soup, a plate of ginger, beef, greens with pickled carrot, vegetable dumplings, more fried tofu, and very fine, delicious hand-made wheat-flour noodles. Instead of being whacked by smuggling gangs for asking pesky questions, I was being wined and dined. Cell phones jingled around the table as the lazy Susan turned. The Wisconsin farmer's comment comparing smugglers and writers came back to me. I looked around the table and thought, _It's a strange world._
THE LAST MORNING IN Puning I dropped by Xu's store to say good-bye. He was in his office talking with a younger man from Shantou who had come to talk ginseng. On the table lay a local newspaper clipping, about new rules for money laundering. Throughout my visit to China the English-language press was full of official posturing on how corruption would no longer be tolerated.
Xu drove me and Kim back to the hotel as a farewell gesture. Passing the city's garment market he said, "Five or six years ago, you could get every kind of fabric from anywhere in the world." Now the market was nearly empty; rows and rows of traders but no business. The crackdown after the tax fraud scandal had chased business away to Guangzhou. The cigarette market was down, too. Only the herbal medicine market was left and, Xu maintained, there was never a lot of ginseng smuggled anyway. He ventured to add that whatever else smuggling did, it benefited local economies. Import tariffs, on the other hand, only helped the central government that collected them. In his view, smuggling was simply sound local policy.
EVERYWHERE YOU TURN IN China, there's a landmark that throws the past up against the present and future. In looking for ginseng's past, it was probably inevitable that I would brush up against its future. On my last day in Hong Kong, gliding along the long multiblock escalator up the mountainside to the Mid Levels, I kept thinking about something that the Sun Ming Hong manager had said. Over cups of ginseng tea, I had asked him about the prospects for wild ginseng.
"I do not have a crystal ball for the supply of wild ginseng," he said. Then he leaned forward on one arm, his face twisted in a laugh-grimace. He said that American ginseng had a future, even if wild ginseng did not.
Looking down on the narrow streets beneath the escalator, I wondered what that meant. Maybe this was the moment in history when a plant passed the threshold from wild to wholly domesticated, beyond which it no longer had a destiny separate from people. Maybe ginseng still had a long future ahead, but without all of its mystery. Or perhaps the root's curious ability to remain dormant in the soil for years, in a sort of suspended animation, gave wild ginseng an escape hatch from the immediate pressures of extinction that other species simply didn't have. Ginseng could wait out an intense burst of digging, or a clearcut, or a flood—at least for a few years.
High on the slope above Wing Lok Street, overlooking the harbor and the Kowloon peninsula beyond, is the campus of the University of Hong Kong, with its shiny biological sciences building. My appointment to talk ginseng was not in the botany department but in the zoology lab, of course. Even in Hong Kong ginseng was wildlife. A class had just let out, releasing students wearing trendy warm-up jackets with BIOTECHNOLOGY printed in red letters. In an office packed with an eclectic array of books— _Fish of Rare Breeding, The Evaluation of Forensic DNA Evidence, Avian Pathology_ —Dr. Fred Leung told me about the future of ginseng.
Leung spoke about it in the terms of Chinese medicine—of hot and cold—but he could also discuss ginsenoside content and the results of clinical trials. He had worked in the United States for years at Merck, the pharmaceutical giant. "I think genetics will tell the truth of who you are," he said. "When I look at Chinese herbal medicine, my culture tells me, 'Yeah it works,' but my scientific background says, 'I lack data.' So that's where I got into looking at the genetics of herbs."
He invented a method for "fingerprinting" ginseng using its DNA sequences. For that, he extracted DNA by grinding dried roots to a fine powder in liquid nitrogen, adding an extraction solution, and incubating the mixture for half an hour. After cooling and further extraction, he put the solution in a centrifuge and out came a DNA pellet. With that he identified a gene sequence that occurred repeatedly, in both _Panax_ species. Because the sequence was four to five times more abundant in Asian ginseng, it gave him an easy method for identifying, from a tiny sample, whether a root was Asian or American ginseng. A DNA library of ginseng genomic variation helped him to find other identification markers for distinguishing smaller differences. Leung's fingerprinting technique does what graders in Hong Kong say they do based on color, texture, and shape: determine where the plant comes from and compare it with others. As a result, Wisconsin farmers have buttonholed Leung at meetings and asked him to fingerprint their ginseng's DNA so they could prove its provenance. He said he can distinguish Wisconsin ginseng from New York ginseng, and even one farm's ginseng from another ten miles away. This capability could authenticate marketing claims and also reveal the original sources of seed material. Paul Hsu said of Leung's work, "I can tell the root from the outside, he can tell it from the inside." Besides confirming a root's source, Leung hoped that his work could serve the medical community and eventually provide a profile of the plant's bio-efficacy against human ailments. That was a long shot, but if successful, it might go a long way to change the perceptions of Western consumers.
Merchants, however, weren't interested. In Asia, where the biggest market was, you didn't need science to sell ginseng; you just needed the supply. People there already believed in ginseng, and more information did not necessarily pay off. "That whole marketing scheme is unbelievable," Leung said. He pointed down the hill. "There is more ginseng right now in Kennedy Town warehouses than in the rest of the world."
Ginseng's journey always points to surprising connections, but like Leung's research, it also points to gaps in understanding. People who buy wild ginseng are usually unaware of their link to forests in America and the health of those forests. And nobody yet knows exactly what happens when a medicinal herb enters the human body. Burrowing into ginseng's genetic makeup might answer some questions even as it raises others.
Leung expected that the industry would eventually adopt a standard technique for identifying roots and their genetic sources. I thought of all the human fingerprints on the ginseng pouring into Hong Kong's warehouses, and the stories and tangled strands of traditions that came with them: Jerry Wolf's roots from Cherokee, Jeanine Davis's farmers' plants in western Carolina, Fred Hays's simulated-wild root from the Kanawha Valley, Abraham Yi Vang and his farm's produce in central Wisconsin. The roots under the white tents of Bob Beyfuss's Catskill ginseng festival, all moving as fast as they could toward people with low qi. Despite warnings of its demise, ginseng still seemed to have a lot of energy and mystique left in it.
At least some of the mystery that people attributed to ginseng came from within themselves, I realized. It was a _Wizard of Oz_ moment: the scene where the wizard observes that the scarecrow already has a brain, and Dorothy has been carrying her home within her all along. With ginseng Nurhaci had summoned the power of the Manchus, and Lafitau had detected a key to his theory of relations between the Old and New Worlds. Bob Beyfuss found in it a channel for his own energy and efforts in conservation. The answer to ginseng's future in the wild, how it gains and loses value, the puzzle of its chemical interactions—all these were inseparable from people. "It certainly is closely tied to humans," Gary Kauffman, the Forest Service botanist, had said. "Maybe to its detriment."
This close relationship might suggest something else, too. In searching for ginseng's secrets, we glimpse what we value as humans. Its history tells us how much people through the ages have treasured good food, good health, and wealth, but also intangibles like tradition, longevity, and even (very recently) biodiversity. People are ginseng's predators, its dispersal agents, and in rare cases, its protectors. Right now the plant is poised at a precarious junction. In the end, we will probably grasp ginseng's true nature only when we appreciate our own mysterious place in the natural world.
## ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
MANY PEOPLE HELPED to make this book, from start to finish. Most of those who generously gave their time and experience appear in the list of sources. Bob Beyfuss, Dave Cooke, Paul Hsu, and David Law were especially helpful. Lamon Brown, Randy Brunn, Jim Corbin, Jeanine Davis, Susan Eng, Jim Garrison, Fred Hays, Ming Tsai, Abraham Yi Vang, and Jerry Wolf also provided important insights for understanding ginseng and its path. Christopher Robbins, of TRAFFIC International, and Phoebe Sze, of the CITES Management Authority in Hong Kong, answered a stream of questions with good humor. William Lass, Andreas Motsch, and Van Symons provided important historical information. Burkhard Bilger and W. Scott Persons were also generous with their time and expertise.
William Clark, my agent, believed in this book from the start and pointed the way. Antonia Fusco, my editor at Algonquin, gave invaluable guidance, support, and encouragement. This would not have happened without their enthusiasm.
In China, I owe much to the hospitality of Xu Wei Ming in Puning, Dr. Lily Sun in Beijing, and to Simon Wong and Michael Chan in Hong Kong. I would also like to thank my translator-guides: Luo Zheng in Guangzhou, Kim Wu in Puning, Sun Jun in Nanjing, and Jia Suang Fang in Shenyang.
I'm grateful to Kate Blackwell, Stephanie Joyce, Gary Kauffman, and John F. Ross for offering important suggestions and comments on various drafts, and to my family for their constant support. Above all, Lisa Smith gave me her priceless editorial eye, along with her endless support, patience, insight, and love.
## APPENDIX
## Ginseng Use and Recipes
THERE ARE SEVERAL WAYS to take ginseng root as a simple tonic, besides the many packaged products that list ginseng as an ingredient. This section is not a prescription, however. Before using ginseng or any other medicinal herb, you should consult a certified herbalist, a nutritionist, and/or your physician.
When buying dried ginseng, choose firm, light-colored roots and avoid shriveled ones. Roots usually come washed and dried. You can store them in a sealed plastic bag in your refrigerator's crisper for up to ten days. In his book _American Ginseng: Green Gold,_ Scott Persons notes that the optimal daily dose is 2–3 grams per day—roughly equivalent to a section of dried root about the size of an almond sliver or your little fingernail.
The two most common ways to prepare ginseng are as chewable root slices or as tea. Dried root slices can be chewed like a kind of licorice or jerky. For a pot of ginseng tea, place a dozen or so thin root slices in about a quart of boiling water, using more hot water as needed. People often add honey or sugar to improve the taste.
A third way to prepare ginseng is to place a sliver of root in a broth-style soup and let it simmer for an hour or so (see below). For ginseng-flavored honey, place a whole, washed root in a honey jar. You can make a stronger concoction by placing a slim, whole fresh root in a bottle of vodka.
In traditional Chinese medicine, ginseng is part of a balanced diet that is based not on food groups but on yin and yang (see chapter 11). In this view, everything—and everyone—consists, to varying degrees, of yin and yang. What constitutes a balanced diet depends on whether a person is predominantly yin or predominantly yang. People who are more yang are often outgoing, sometimes aggressive, and more likely to feel warm and to suffer from stress, congestion, constipation, headaches, heart disease, and other yang-type illnesses, according to Dr. Maoshing Ni, quoted in _New Choices in Natural Healing for Women_ by Barbara Loecher. Yin people, on the other hand, tend to be calm and reflective, sensitive to cold, and more vulnerable to fatigue, obesity, and diarrhea.
Foods that have a warming effect, such as chili peppers, are mostly yang. Watermelon and other foods that cool the body are mostly yin. Asian ginseng is said to be yang; American ginseng, yin. There are also neutral foods, such as brown rice and lettuce, that neither warm nor cool the body. A healthy diet includes all three types in balanced proportions. "Generally speaking, such a diet is heavy on grains and vegetables; uses a lot of beans and soy products; includes some fruits, nuts and seeds; and uses protein, like red meat, poultry and fish, as a condiment," says Dr. Ni. The menu also changes with the seasons.
Here are a few recipes from several different sources. To prepare the roots for cooking, remove all dirt and place them in water for about ten minutes. Scrub off the remaining dirt with a small brush under running water. Some sources suggest trimming off the minor forks, sometimes called "fine ginseng," as they can taste more bitter than the rest of the root.
GINSENG AND CHICKEN CASSEROLE
1 whole chicken
12 slices yam, peeled
2 tablespoons whole Chinese wolfberries
1 medium-size piece ginseng
2 slices ginger, peeled
1 spring onion, cut into lengths
6 cups chicken broth
1 teaspoon salt
1/4 cup rice wine
8 mushrooms
Cut the whole chicken down its back and place in boiling water for 2–3 minutes, then wash the chicken in cold water. Put the yam slices, wolfberries, and ginseng into a stewing pan and place the chicken on top of them. Add the ginger and onion. Pour the broth in, add the rice wine and salt, and cover the pan tightly; let the mixture simmer at a low heat for about 2 hours. Soak the mushrooms in warm water. Add them and stew for 1 hour more. Remove the ginger and onion. Place the ginseng on the chicken and serve. Makes 6–8 servings.
Adapted from www.China-on-site.com.
GINSENG AND BEEF
1 tablespoon soy sauce
1 tablespoon wine or sherry
1/2 teaspoon sugar
1/2 pound tenderloin, cut into narrow strips or chunks
3 cloves garlic, finely chopped
Vegetable oil
Up to 1/2 cup ginseng root, fresh or dried, thoroughly cleaned and thinly sliced
1/8 teaspoon ground black pepper
3–4 scallions
Mix together the soy sauce, sherry, and sugar. Marinate the beef in the soy sauce mixture in a bowl; cover and refrigerate for 2 hours. Remove the meat and reserve the marinade. Stir-fry the garlic and meat in oil until cooked through. Add the ginseng and sauté briefly while adding the soy sauce marinade and pepper to taste. Add the scallions and cook for 1-2 minutes. Makes 4–6 servings.
Adapted from www.hsuginseng.com.
WINTER MELON SOUP
2 pounds winter melon ( _dong gua,_ a melon with pale, sweet flesh found in Asian groceries)
1 teaspoon salt
6 cups chicken stock
1 small ginseng root
4 ounces straw mushrooms
1/3 cup shredded, cooked chicken breast
2 slices fresh ginger, peeled
1/4 cup cooked or canned crabmeat
1/4 cup canned asparagus tips, drained
6 dried lotus nuts, soaked and peeled, with the hard core removed
Cilantro leaves
Look for a winter melon that will hold at least 6 cups of liquid. Cut off the top. (If the melon is very large, slice it in half so that half will hold the soup.) Remove the melon's central fiber and seeds. Scrape out some of the flesh, leaving a layer about 3/4-inch thick still clinging to the inside. Sprinkle the inside with salt and put the melon in a large deep pan with enough boiling water to cover it. Simmer for 30 minutes, drain, and place it in a large steamer; steam for another 30 minutes. Bring the stock to a boil and pour it into the melon; cover and steam for 25 minutes. Add the ginseng and other ingredients and serve. Add some of the winter melon flesh, scraped out with a spoon, when ladling the soup into individual bowls. Garnish with cilantro. Makes 6 servings.
Adapted from _The Food of Asia_ by Kong Foong Ling, 2002.
CHOCOLATE PEANUT-BUTTER GINSENG COOKIES
11/2 cups all-purpose flour
1/2 cup unsweetened cocoa powder (not Dutch-process)
3/4 teaspoon baking soda
1/4 teaspoon salt
1 teaspoon powdered ginseng
2 sticks (1 cup) unsalted butter, softened
1 cup granulated sugar
1/4 cup packed light-brown sugar
1 large egg
11/2 teaspoons vanilla
12/3 cups (a 10-ounce bag) peanut butter chips
1 cup semisweet chocolate chips (about 8 ounces)
Preheat the oven to 350° F. In a bowl, sift together the flour, cocoa powder, baking soda, salt, and ginseng powder. Beat together the butter and sugars with an electric mixer until light and fluffy; beat in the egg and vanilla until combined well. Beat in the flour mixture until just combined and then stir in the chips.
Drop the dough by tablespoons about 2 inches apart onto an ungreased baking sheet and bake in the middle of the oven until the cookies begin to crack on top (about 12 minutes). Place the cookies on racks to cool. Makes 4–5 dozen cookies.
Adapted from www.epicurious.com and www.hsuginseng.com.
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1: THE ROOT AT HAND
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2: THE DOCTORS DEBATE
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3: THE EMPEROR'S FAVORITE
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4: LIFE IN A NEW WORLD
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Brunk, Robert S., ed. _May We All Remember Well,_ vol. 1. Robert S. Brunk Auction Services, Asheville, N.C. 1997.
Canadian Pacific Railway. "Ginseng in Canada." _Agricultural and Industrial Progress in Canada._ 4 (10) (October 1922).
Davis, Donald E. _Where There Are Mountains: An Environmental History of the Southern Appalachians._ Athens, GA: University of Georgia Press, 2000.
Fenton, William Nelson. "Contacts between Iroquois Herbalism and Colonial Medicine." _Annual Report of the Smithsonian Institution._ Washington, DC. 1941.
Fenton, William N., and Elizabeth L. Moore. Introduction, _Customs of the American Indians Compared with the Customs of Primitive Times,_ by J. F. Lafitau. Toronto: Champlain Society, 1974.
Foster, Martha Harroun. "Lost women of the matriarchy: Iroquois women in the historical literature." _American Indian Culture and Research Journal_ 19(3): 121–40. 1995.
Goldstein, Beth. "Ginseng: Its History, Dispersion, and Folk Tradition." _American Journal of Chinese Medicine_ 3(3): 223–34. 1975.
Herrick, James W. _Iroquois Medical Botany._ Syracuse: Syracuse University Press, 1995.
Horton, James H., Theda Perdue, and James M. Gifford. _Our Mountain Heritage: Essays on the Natural and Cultural History of Western North Carolina._ Raleigh: North Carolina Humanities Committee, 1979.
Lafitau, Joseph-Francois. Memoire presente a son Altesse royale Monseigneur le duc d'Orleans, regent du royaume de France: concernant la precieuse plant du gin-seng de Tartarie, decouverte en Canada par le P. Joseph Francois Lafitau, de la Compagnie de Jesus, Missionaire des Iroquois du Sault Saint Louis. Chez Joseph Monge, Rue St. Jacques, Paris. 1718.
Motsch, Andreas. _Lafitau et l'emergence du discours ethnographique._ Montreal: Septentrion, 2001.
Rossman, Douglas A. _Where Legends Live: A Pictorial Guide to Cherokee Mythic Places._ Cherokee, NC: Cherokee Publications, 1988.
Silver, Timothy. _A New Face on the Countryside: Indians, Colonists, and Slaves in South Atlantic Forests, 1500–1800._ New York: Cambridge University Press, 1990.
Sivertsen, Barbara J. _Turtles, Wolves, and Bears: A Mohawk Family History._ Westminister, MD: Heritage Books, 1996.
Snow, Dean R., Charles T. Gehring, and William A. Starna. _In Mohawk Country: Early Narratives about a Native People._ Syracuse: Syracuse University Press, 1996.
Williams, Samuel Cole, ed. _Adair's History of the American Indians._ New York: Promontory Press, 1974.
5: PURSUED BY TRAPPERS
Hammon, Neal O., ed. _My Father, Daniel Boone: The Draper Interviews with Nathan Boone._ Lexington: The University Press of Kentucky, 1999.
Hankins, Andy. "China–West Virginia ginseng research interchange." Unpublished report. n.d.
Hufford, Mary. "American ginseng and the idea of the commons." Library of Congress website, <http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/cmnshtml/essay1/index.html>.
———. "Stalking the mother forest: Voices beneath the canopy." _Folklife Center News_ 17 (5) (Summer 1995): 10–18. Washington, DC: Library of Congress.
Paine, Albert Bigelow. _Mark Twain: A Biography,_ vol. 1. New York: Harper & Brothers, 1912.
Pollan, Michael. _The Botany of Desire: A Plant's Eye View of the World._ New York: Random House, 2001.
6: COURTED BY TRADERS, AND DANCING THE GINSENG POLKA
Christman, Margaret C. S. _Adventurous Pursuits: Americans and the China Trade, 1784–1844._ Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1984.
Lass, William. "Ginseng rush in Minnesota." _Minnesota History_ 41 (6) (Summer 1969): 249–66.
Lee, Jean Gordon. _Philadelphians and the China Trade, 1784–1844._ Philadelphia: Philadelphia Museum of Art, 1984.
London, Jack. _The Jacket._ 1914. Republished by New York: Horizon Press, 1969.
Morison, Samuel Eliot. _The Maritime History of Massachusetts, 1783–1860._ New York: Houghton Mifflin Co., 1921.
———. Ohsman & Sons Co. _Journal of Commerce_ Nov. 8, 1991.
Smith, Philip Chadwick Foster. _The Empress of China._ Philadelphia: Philadelphia Maritime Museum, 1984.
Thoreau, Henry D. _Journal,_ vol. 3 (September 1856 entries). Edited by John C. Broderick. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1981.
7: TRADERS AGAIN
Madsen, Axel. _John Jacob Astor: America's First Multimillionaire._ New York: John Wiley & Sons, 2001.
8: OUTLAWS ON THE ROAD TO NOWHERE
Isbell, Robert. _The Last Chivaree: The Hicks Family of Beech Mountain._ Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1996.
Kim So-young. "Man to Pay for Wild Ginseng Mistake." _The Korea Herald,_ August 9, 2004.
Robbins, Christopher. "TRAFFIC Explores Eco-labeling as a Conservation Tool for American Ginseng." Unpublished paper prepared by TRAFFIC North America. 2002.
———. "Eco-labels may promote market-driven medicinal plant conservation." _HerbalGram_ 56: 34 ff. 2002.
9: TAMED, BUT NOT
Carlson, Alvar W. "Ginseng: America's botanical drug connection to the Orient." _Economic Botany_ 40 (2): 233–49. 1986.
Hardacre, Val. _Woodland Nuggets of Gold._ New York: Vantage Press, 1968.
Paja Thao, Xa Thao, and Dwight Conquergood. _I Am a Shaman._ Recorded in Chicago. 1984. _The Hmong World_ 1: 164–93.
Peckham, Pat. "Man Hopes Drink Boosts Ginseng Market." _Wausau Daily Herald,_ April 18, 2002, 1A.
Persons, W. Scott. _American Ginseng: Green Gold,_ revised edition. Asheville, NC: Bright Mountain Books, 1994.
Pinkerton, Kathrene. _Bright with Silver._ New York: William Sloane, 1947.
Williams, L. O. "Ginseng." _Economic Botany_ 11: 344–48. 1957.
10: SHANGHAIED ONCE MORE
U.S. Department of Agriculture, Foreign Agricultural Service, <http://www.fas.usda.gov/>.
Duke, James A. "Phytomedicinal forest harvest in the United States." In _Medicinal Plants for Forest Conservation and Health Care._ Rome: Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations, 1997.
11: SERVED BY THE FINEST CHEFS
_Nation's Restaurant News,_ 33 (21): 78. May 24, 1999.
_People Weekly._ "Ming Tsai: Chef." People's 50 Most Beautiful People in the World. May 8, 2000.
Schillinger, Liesl. "Ming's Thing." _The New Yorker,_ November 15, 1999: 60–67.
Tan Bee Hong. "Laughing Prawns and Pots of Gold." _New Straits Times,_ Food, 7, January 21, 2001.
12: BACK IN CHINA
"Investment guide in Puning city." Web site for Jieyang, China. <http://www.jieyang.gd.cn/TZZN/localintro_pn-e.htm/>
Hessler, Peter. _River Town._ New York: HarperCollins. 2001.
Ho, I. S. H. and F. C. Leung. "Isolation and characterization of repetitive DNA sequences from _Panax ginseng." Molecular Genetics and Genomics_ 266: 951–61. 2002.
Hong Kong Tatler. "Sexual Healing." _Tatler,_ February 2003: 101–105.
Leung, F. C. and I. S. H. Ho. "Development of low-cost DNA probe for fingerprinting Asian and North American ginseng." Paper presented at "INABIS '98: Fifth Internet World Congress on Biomedical Sciences," at McMaster University, Canada, Dec. 7–16, 1998.
APPENDIX
Kong Foong Ling. _The Food of Asia._ Singapore: Periplus Editions (HK) Ltd., 2002.
Loecher, Barbara, et al. _New Choices in Natural Healing for Women:_ _Drug-Free Remedies from the World of Alternative Medicine._ Emmaus, PA: Rodale Press, 1999.
Persons, W. Scott. _American Ginseng: Green Gold,_ revised edition. Asheville, NC: Bright Mountain Books, 1994.
For Information on Wild Ginseng Conservation:
Plant Conservation Alliance, National Park Service: www.nps.gov plants
United Plant Savers: www.unitedplantsavers.org
American Botanical Council: abc.herbalgram.org
Published by
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E-book ISBN 978-1-56512-744-9
| tomekkorbak/pile-curse-small | Books3 |
What is this Riddim Everyone Keeps Talking About?
Zach Landis | February 27, 2017
Riddim, the latest trend in the EDM world is quickly on the rise to the top of listener's playlists. But what is riddim? How does it differ from what's currently playing through your speakers? We took it upon ourselves to crank the volume and do a little research to find out.
The Roots of Riddim
To fully understand the depths of this newly emerging genre, we must first understand its roots: dubstep.
Dubstep, originated in South London, is a form of dance music with an emphasis on heavy bass lines, drums, and sporadic, short rhythms. Originators of the dubstep world include notable artists such as Grammy winning nominee Skrillex, to Rusko, Flux Pavillion, and the list goes on. The earliest dubstep release dates back to 1998, but with such a massive take off of the originating genre around 2008, the rise of similar sub-genres was inevitable.
Riddim is a sub-genre of the EDM world dominating genre, dubstep. However, this isn't the only origin of this new style of dance music. You may recognize it as the Jamaican Patois pronunciation of the word "rhythm." In fact, the triplet percussion arrangement in riddim is very similar to that of riddim reggae music.
The Transition
This track by riddim enthusiast, Boogie T., is a prime example of the integration of the new sound. "RiddimStep" has a blend of dubstep in this new flow accompanied by wonky beats that are guaranteed to keep that body in motion. "Boy's got the riddim!"
A Bass-Filled Bouncing Dance Floor
When listening to a riddim track, or preferably, attending a riddim concert, you still may not know what to expect. As soon as you walk on to the dance floor, the bass will take over and your heart rate aligns with the sound.
The use of layers in an average riddim track is minimal, ensuring that emphasis is on the drone (a continually held pulse or tone), and repetition. However, within these layers, you will also find wide delays filled with bouncy, wompy, and sometimes trappy sounds that induce a heavy bass arm and neck jerking motions. Usually accompanied by some sort of chorus filter and lots of flanger, the music may not permit you to stop dancing. Never stop dancing, it's good for you.
We at iEDM encourage you to listen to the tracks below and update your playlists, because riddim is here and it's here to stay!
about the writer
Zach Landis
Read More...Zach has been active in the concert and nightlife community for over 12 years. With a background in hip hop, and an evolved love for future bass music and EDM festivals, he has insight on just about every genre on the spectrum.
Zach enjoy's spinning poi and going to live music shows for fun. In the summer of 2017, Zach will be backpacking across Europe to dig into the music scene across the pond. | tomekkorbak/pile-curse-small | Pile-CC |
Paper is sheet material containing interconnected small, discrete fibers. The fibers are usually formed into a sheet on a fine screen from a dilute water suspension or slurry. Paper typically is made from cellulose fibers, although occasionally synthetic fibers are used.
Paper products made from untreated cellulose fibers lose their strength rapidly when they become wet, i.e., they have very little “wet strength”. Wet strength of ordinary paper is only about 5% of its dry strength. The wet strength of paper is defined as the resistance of the paper to rupture or disintegration when it is wetted with water. See U.S. Pat. No. 5,585,456. To overcome this disadvantage, various methods of treating paper products have been employed.
Wet strength resins applied to paper are either of the “permanent” or “temporary” type, which are defined by how long the paper retains its wet strength after immersion in water. While wet strength retention is a desirable characteristic in packaging materials, it presents a disposal problem because paper products having such characteristics are degradable only under undesirably severe conditions. Some resins are known which impart temporary wet strength and thus would be suitable for sanitary or disposable paper uses; however, they often suffer from one or more drawbacks. For example, their wet strength is generally of a low magnitude (about one-half of the level achievable for permanent-type resins); they are easily attacked by mold and slime; and/or they can only be prepared as dilute solutions.
Conventional resins, which are able to provide permanent wet strength to paper, typically are obtained by modifying polyamidoamine polymers such as A, with epichlorohydrin (B) (“epi”) to form polyamidoamine (PAE)-epichlorohydrin resin.
Conventional resin syntheses capitalize on the difunctional nature of epichlorohydrin to use the epoxy and chlorine groups for both cross-linking and generation of quaternary nitrogen sites.
In these conventional syntheses, the asymmetric functionality of epichlorohydrin leads to ring opening upon reaction of its epoxy group with secondary amines, followed by the pendant chlorohydrin moiety either intra-molecularly cyclizing to generate azetidinium functionality or inter-molecularly (cross-linking) with another polyamidoamine molecule. Thus, the first step of reacting polyamidoamine prepolymer A with epi B occurs with ring-opening of the epoxy group by secondary amine groups of the prepolymer backbone at relatively low temperature. New functionalized polymer C having chlorohydrin pendant groups is generated, and this process typically results in little or no significant change in the prepolymer molecular weight.
The second step involves two competing reactions of the pendant chlorohydrin groups: 1) an intramolecular cyclization which generates a cationic azetidinium chloride functionality, in which no increase in molecular weight is observed; and 2) an intermolecular alkylation reaction to cross-link the polymer, which significantly increases its molecular weight. The results of both reactions are illustrated in the PAE-epichlorohydrin resin structure D. In practice, the alkylation of epichlorohydrin, the intra-molecular cyclization and the cross-linking reactions are occurring simultaneously, but at different rates.
The finished wet strength polymer product contains a small amount of residual pendant chlorohydrin as illustrated in structure D, and a 3-carbon cross-linked group with 2-hydroxyl functionality, with a fairly large amount of quaternary azetidinium chloride functionality. The product also can contain substantial amounts of the epichlorohydrin hydrolysis products 1,3-DCP, and 3-CPD.
The relative rates of the three main reactions in this conventional method, namely the pendant chlorohydrin formation (ring opening), cyclization to azetidinium ion groups (cationization), and cross-linking (intermolecular alkylation), are approximately 140:4:1, respectively, when carried out at room temperature. Therefore, the pendant chlorohydrin groups form very quickly from ring opening reaction of the epichlorohydrin epoxide and the secondary amine in the prepolymer. This first step is performed at lower temperature (for example, around 25-30° C.).
In the second step, the chlorohydrin groups then relatively slowly cyclizes to form cationic azetidinium groups. Even more slowly, cross-linking occurs, for example, by: 1) a tertiary amine, for example, of a chlorohydrin pendent group reacting with moiety secondary amine; and/or 2) intermolecular alkylation of a tertiary amine with a pendant chlorohydrin moiety.
In order to maintain practical utility for minimum reaction cycle times, the conventional manufacturing process typically requires that the reaction mixture be heated to increase the reaction rates, for example to about 60-70° C. Usually, reactions are also carried out at high solids content in order to maximize reactor throughput and to provide finished wet strength resins at the highest solids possible to minimize shipping costs. High concentration favors the slower, inter-molecular reaction. Under these high temperature and high concentration conditions, the reaction rates between intramolecular cyclization and cross-linking become competitive. Thus, one problem encountered in the conventional manufacturing process is that the cross-linking reaction rate becomes fast enough that the desired viscosity end-point (molecular weight) is achieved at the expense of azetidinium ion group formation. If the reaction was allowed to continue beyond the desired viscosity end-point in order to generate higher levels of azetidinium groups, the reaction mixture would likely gel and form a solid mass.
Since both high azetidinium group content and high molecular weights are useful for maximum wet strength efficiency of PAE resins, azetidinium group formation and cross-linking desirably are maximized without gelling the product or providing a product that gels during storage. These conditions, coupled with the desire for high solids to minimize shipping costs, have been limiting aspects of the formation of higher efficiency wet strength resin products.
Therefore, there is a continuing need in the art for methods and compositions for imparting appropriate levels of wet strength to paper products. | tomekkorbak/pile-curse-small | USPTO Backgrounds |
---
abstract: 'We consider the viscous Camassa-Holm equation subject to an external force, where the viscosity term is given by second order differential operator in divergence form. We show that under some mild assumptions on the viscosity term, one has global well-posedness both in the periodic case and the case of the whole line. In the periodic case, we show the existence of global attractors in the energy space $H^1$, provided the external force is in the class $L^2(I)$. Moreover, we establish an asymptotic smoothing effect, which states that the elements of the attractor are in fact in the smoother Besov space $B^2_{2,\infty}(I)$. Identical results (after adding an appropriate linear damping term) are obtained in the case of the whole line.'
address:
- |
Milena Stanislavova\
Department of Mathematics\
University of Kansas\
1460 Jayhawk Blvd\
Lawrence, KS 66045–7523
- |
Atanas Stefanov\
Department of Mathematics\
University of Kansas\
1460 Jayhawk Blvd\
Lawrence, KS 66045–7523
author:
- Milena Stanislavova
- Atanas Stefanov
title: 'Attractors for the viscous Camassa-Holm equation'
---
[^1]
Introduction
============
The failure of weakly nonlinear dispersive equations, such as the celebrated Korteweg-de Vries equation, to model interesting physical phenomena like wave breaking, existence of peaked waves etc., was a motivation for transition to full nonlinearity in the search for alternative models for nonlinear dispersive waves ([@Whitham]). The first step in this direction was the derivation of the Green-Naghdi system of equations (see [@GN]), which is a Hamiltonian system that models fluid flows in thin domains. Writing the Green-Naghdi equations in Hamiltonian form and using asymptotic expansion which keeps the Hamiltonian structure, Camassa and Holm ([@Camassa]) derived the Camassa-Holm equation in 1993. They obtained the strongly nonlinear equation $$u_t-\frac{1}{4} u_{xxt}+\frac{3}{2} (u^2)_x-\frac{1}{8} (u_x^2)_x-\frac{1}{4} (u u_{xx})_x=0,$$ which was also found independently by Dai ([@Dai]) as a model for nonlinear waves in cylindrical hyper elastic rods and had been originally obtained by Fokas and Fuchsteiner ([@FF]) as an example of bi-Hamiltonian equation. The equation possesses a Lax pair and is completely integrable in terms of the inverse scattering transform, see [@Cam1],[@Camassa]. For recent and extensive treatments of the case of solutions on the real line, decaying at infinity, we refer to [@con5], [@con1], [@kaup], while for the periodic case, one should consult [@con2], [@con4] .
A dictinct feature of the Camassa-Holm equations is that it exhibits orbitally stable soliton solutions, which are weak solutions in the shape of a peaked waves, [@Co2], [@Co1], see also [@lenells] for the most complete description of traveling waves available as of this writing. Camassa and Holm, [@Camassa] have found that two solitary waves keep their shape and size after interaction while the ultimate position of each wave is affected only with a phase shift by the nonlinear interaction, see also [@Beals], [@Co3]. Finally we mention the presence of breaking waves for this equation ([@Camassa], [@Co],[@McKean], [@con3]), as well as the occurrence of global solutions ([@Co], [@Co2], [@Co3],[@Co4]).
Our main object of investigation will be the initial value problem for the Camassa-Holm equation, which takes the form $$\label{eq:1}
(CH) \ \ \left|\begin{array}{l}
u_t-u_{txx}=2u_x u_{xx}+u u_{xxx}-3 u u_x\\
u(x,0)=u_0(x)
\end{array}\right.$$ By reorganizing the terms, one sees that this is equivalent to $$\label{eq:10}
u_t+{\frac{1}{2}}{\partial}_x(u^2)+{\partial}_x{(1-{\partial}_x^2)^{-1}}[u_x^2/2+u^2]=0,$$ where the Helmholtz operator ${(1-{\partial}_x^2)^{-1}}$ is standardly defined in Section \[sec:helm\]. Denote here and for the rest of the paper the nonlinearity of $F(u,u_x)= {\frac{1}{2}}{\partial}_x(u^2)+{\partial}_x{(1-{\partial}_x^2)^{-1}}[u_x^2/2+u^2]$.
The viscous Camassa-Holm equation in one and more dimensions[^2] was studied extensively in the recent years. This was done in parallel with the non viscous one, so we refer to the papers, quoted above. In [@Stanislavova], we have shown in particular that for $$\label{eq:11}
u_t+{\frac{1}{2}}{\partial}_x(u^2)+{\partial}_x{(1-{\partial}_x^2)^{-1}}[u_x^2/2+u^2]={\varepsilon}{\partial}_x^2 u,$$ one has global and unique solution in the energy class $H^1({\mathbf R^1})$.
In [@Helge], the authors have taken a more general type of viscosity and forcing terms. They have shown (among other things) global well-posedness for the equation $$\label{eq:2}
u_t+{\frac{1}{2}}{\partial}_x(u^2)+{\partial}_x{(1-{\partial}_x^2)^{-1}}[u_x^2/2+u^2]={\partial}_x(a(t,x){\partial}_x u)+g(t,x,u),$$ with initial data $u_0\in H^2({\mathbf R^1})$. Here $a$ is bounded, positive and bounded away from zero, with number of additional technical assumptions on $a$, $g$.
In this article, we shall consider similar type of viscosity terms ${\partial}_x(a {\partial}_x u)$, which is motivated by recent works in conservation laws and which seem to better model the underlying physical situations. We will however stick to the case of [*time independent*]{} $a=a(x)$, although our arguments work in the time dependent case as well, subject to some minor modifications. This is done to reduce the unnecessary technicalities and it is also dictated by our interest in the dynamical system (rather than the cocycle) properties of .
It is also our goal to consider the question for global well-posedness of both on the whole line ${\mathbf R^1}$ and on any finite interval. As we shall see, the methods that we employ in the two cases are slightly different, but not conceptually so. The main difficulty for the case of ${\mathbf R^1}$ as usual will be the non compactness of the embedding $H^1({\mathbf R^1})\hookrightarrow L^2({\mathbf R^1})$.
Let us take a moment to explain our results. First, under standard assumptions[^3] on $a$ and $g$, [*we show that the dynamical system has an unique global solution*]{}, whenever $u_0\in H^1({\mathbf R^1})$ or $u_0\in H^1(0, 1)$ respectively.
For the case of finite interval, we are able to show [*the existence of global attractor*]{}. This is done under a smallness assumption on the Lipschitz norm of $a$.
In addition, the attractor (which is initially a subset of $H^1(0, 1)$) turns out to be a subset of the smoother space $H^{2-{\sigma}}(0, 1)$, [*that is the semigroup associated with exhibits asymptotic smoothing effect*]{}. More precisely, we show that for every ${\sigma}>0$, the attractor is a bounded subset of $H^{2-{\sigma}}(0,1)$.
For the case of considered as a integro differential equation on the whole line ${\mathbf R^1}$, the existence of an attractor is not clear, although we have not explicitly found a counterexample. The main difficulty is that nothing seems to prevent a low-frequency buildup, which may cause an unrestricted growth of $\|u(t, \cdot)\|_{H^1}$. That is, we expect that for a wide class of initial data $u_0$ and right hand side $g$, $\limsup_{t\to \infty} \|u(t, \cdot)\|_{H^1({\mathbf R^1})}=\infty$. This clearly would prevent the existence of an attractor.
On the other hand, if one adds an additional damping term (which is actually a relevant physical model, considered in two dimensions by Ilyin and Titi, [@Titi5]), one can show the existence of an attractor and boundedness in $H^{2-}$ in the case of the whole line as well. The discussion on that is in Section \[sec:conclusions\].\
Now and throughout the paper, we will require that the operator $A u=-{\partial}_x(a(x) {\partial}_x u)$ be coercive. That is, assume that $a(x)$ is $C^2$ real valued, so that for some fixed ${\varepsilon}>0$ $$\label{eq:c1}
{\varepsilon}<a(x) <1/{\varepsilon}$$ Note that under these assumptions, we can define the (unbounded) operator $A$ as a Friedrich’s extension of the unbounded operator defined by the quadratic form $$q(u,u) = \int_I a(x) |u'(x)|^2 dx=:{\langle u,Au \rangle},$$ with domain $\dot{H}^1(I)$ with the natural boundary conditions and where $I={\mathbf R^1}$ or $I=(0,1)$. That is, we impose the boundary condition $u(0)=u(1)$ in the periodic case and $\lim_{|x|\to \infty} u(x)=0$ in the case of the whole line. In particular, $A$ is positive and self-adjoint operator and $-A$ generates a strongly continuous semigroup.\
Our first theorem is a well-posedness type result.
\[theo:1\] For the viscous Camassa-Holm equation , assume that $a=a(x)$ satisfies[^4] and $g\in L^\infty_t L^2_x (I)$, where either $I={\mathbf R^1}$ or $I=(0,1)$. Then for every initial data $u_0\in H^1(I)$, there is an unique global classical solution $u$ to . More specifically, $u\in C([0,\infty), H^1(I))$ and for every $0<T_1<T_2<\infty$, $u\in C^2([T_1, T_2], I)$.
Our next result concerns the existence of global attractors for in the case of finite interval[^5] $I=(0,1)$. For technical reasons, we need to impose a smallness condition ${{\left\| a' \right\|}_{L^\infty}}<<{\varepsilon}$. We do not know whether such a condition is necessary or not, but it is possible that unless such a condition hold, one gets unbounded orbits for some sets of initial data, thus rendering the statements regarding the existence of attractors false.
\[theo:2\] Assume that $a$ satisfies and ${{\left\| a' \right\|}_{L^\infty}}\leq {\delta}{\varepsilon}$ for some sufficiently small ${\delta}$. Let $g=g(x)\in L^2(0,1)$ has mean value zero, $\int_0^1 g(x) dx=0$. Then, the viscous Camassa-Holm equation has a global attractor, when considered as a dynamical system over a finite interval $I=(0,1)$ with initial data in $H^1_0(0,1)=H^1\cap
\{f: \int_0^1 f(x) dx=0\}$.
[**Remark:**]{} The mean value zero condition imposed upon the forcing term $g$ is necessary for the existence of a global attractor and is in fact necessary merely for uniform boundedness of the orbits.
Indeed, an elementary computation shows that $
{\partial}_t \int_0^1 u (t,x) dx= \int_0^1 g(x) dx$, whence $\int_0^1 u(t,x) dx = \int_0^1 u_0(x) dx+ (\int g(x) dx) t$, which is not bounded as $t\to \infty$, unless $\int g(x) dx=0$.
Our next theorem addresses precisely the asymptotic smoothing effect of the corresponding dynamics.
\[theo:3\] The attractor ${\mathcal A}$ constructed in Theorem \[theo:2\] is contained in $\cap_{{\sigma}>0} H^{2-{\sigma}}(0,1)$. Moreover, for all ${\sigma}>0$, we have the estimate $${\sup\limits}_{f \in {\mathcal A}} {{\left\| f \right\|}_{H^{2-{\sigma}}(0,1)}}\leq C_{\sigma}{{\left\| g \right\|}_{L^2}}$$ That is, the attractor is a bounded subset in $H^{2-{\sigma}}$ with bounds depending only on the constants in the problem (${\varepsilon}, {\delta}, {\sigma}$) and ${{\left\| g \right\|}_{L^2}}$.
In fact, more generally, ${\mathcal A}$ is a bounded subset of $ B^{2}_{2, \infty}$, with the corresponding estimate $$\label{eq:smooth}
{\sup\limits}_{f\in {\mathcal A}} {\sup\limits}_k 2^{2k} {{\left\| P_{2^k} f \right\|}_{L^2}}= {\sup\limits}_{f\in {\mathcal A}} {\sup\limits}_k 2^{2k}
\left({\sum\limits}_{n=2^{k-1}}^{2^{k+1}} |\hat{f}(n)|^2\right)^{1/2}
\leq C{{\left\| g \right\|}_{L^2}},$$
We record that in the case of constant viscosity (i.e. $a=const>0$), all the conditions in Theorem \[theo:2\] and Theorem \[theo:3\] are satisfied.
For the case of the whole line, consider the Camassa-Holm equation with an additional damping factor, as considered in two dimensions by Ilyin-Titi, [@Titi5]. Namely, let $\mu>0$ and consider $$\label{e:1}
u_t +\mu u + {\frac{1}{2}}{\partial}_x(u^2)+{\partial}_x{(1-{\partial}_x^2)^{-1}}[u_x^2/2+u^2] ={\partial}_x(a(x) u_x)+g(x)$$ with initial data $u(0,x)=f$. We have the following
\[theo:9\] Assume that $a$ satisfies and either ${{\left\| a' \right\|}_{L^\infty}}<{\delta}{\varepsilon}$ for some sufficiently small ${\delta}$ [*or*]{} $a''(x)\leq 2 a(x)$. Then the equation is globally well-posed in $H^1({\mathbf R^1})$. It also has a global attractor ${\mathcal A}$ and the semigroup has the smoothing property: ${\mathcal A}$ is a bounded subset of $B^2_{2, \infty}$. More precisely, $${\sup\limits}_{f\in {\mathcal A}}\sup_k 2^{2k} {{\left\| P_{2^k} f \right\|}_{L^2}}\leq C{{\left\| g \right\|}_{L^2}}.$$
[**Remark**]{}
- If $a=const>0$, all the conditions in Theorem \[theo:9\] are met and the results hold.
- In contrast with Theorem \[theo:2\], note that we can impose the structural condition $a''(x)\leq 2 a(x)$, instead of the smallness of ${{\left\| a' \right\|}_{L^\infty}}$.
The paper is organized as follows. In Section \[sec:prelim\], we collect some useful facts from Fourier analysis and the theory of attractors both in finite and infinite domain setting. In Section \[sec:90\], we first show a local well-posedness of the Cauchy problem for the viscous Camassa-Holm equation, by using some elementary $C_0$ semigroup properties of the semigroup generated by $A=-{\partial}_x(a(\cdot) {\partial}_x \cdot)$. This is done by a contraction map principle and yields valid solution only for short time. We then derive[^6] some additional $H^2$ smoothness estimates in order to exploit the underlying $H^1$ conservation law.
In Section \[sec:global\], we show that $H^1$ [*a priori*]{} estimates hold on [*any time interval*]{} $(0,T)$ and thus global well-posedness is established.
In Section \[sec:attractor\_1\], we establish the existence of global attractors in the case of finite interval. This is done by verifying the point dissipativeness and the uniform boundedness of the dynamics. The uniform[^7] vanishing of the high frequency mass of the solutions, which is needed for the existence of attractors is addressed in Section \[sec:vanish\]. Incidentally, one obtains the smoothing estimate .
Finally, in Section \[sec:conclusions\], we prove Theorem \[theo:9\]. The methods here are quite similar to the ones used in the final interval case.\
[**Acknowledgement:**]{} We are grateful to our colleague Bixiang Wang for numerous discussions regarding the abstract theory of attractors and their properties.
Preliminaries {#sec:prelim}
=============
In this section, we collect some useful (generally well-known) facts. We start with the definition of the Fourier transform in the whole space and in the periodic setting.
The Fourier transform and the Helmholtz operator ${(1-{\partial}_x^2)^{-1}}$ {#sec:helm}
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
The Fourier transform on ${\mathbf R^1}$ is (initially) defined on the functions in the Schwartz class ${\mathcal S}$ by $$\hat{f}(\xi)={\int\limits}_{{\mathbf R^1}} f(x) e^{-2\pi i x\xi} dx.$$ We record the inverse Fourier transform $$f(x)={\int\limits}_{{\mathbf R^1}} \hat{f}(\xi) e^{2\pi i x\xi } d\xi,$$ and the Plancherel’s identity is ${{\left\| f \right\|}_{L^2}}=
\|\hat{f}\|_{L^2}$ for all functions $f\in L^2$.
On the interval $[0,1]$, we may introduce the Fouier transform $L^2([0,1])\to l^2({\mathcal Z})$, by setting $f\to \{a_k\}_{k\in{\mathcal Z}}$, where $$a_k= {\int\limits}_0^1 f(x) e^{-2\pi i k x} dx.$$ The inverse Fourier transform in that case is the familiar Fourier expansion $$f(x)={\sum\limits}_{k \in {\mathcal Z}} a_k e^{2\pi i k x}.$$ an the Plancherel’s identity is ${{\left\| f \right\|}_{L^2([0,L])}}={{\left\| \{a_k\} \right\|}_{l^2}}$. Note that here and for the rest of the paper $L^2([0,1])$ is the space of square integrable functions with period one.
The Helmholtz operator is the inverse of the operator $(1-{\partial}_x^2)$ or ${(1-{\partial}_x^2)^{-1}}$. This is well-defined on both $L^2({\mathbf R^1})$ and $L^2(0,1)$.
For (nice decaying) functions $f:{\mathbf R^1}\to{\mathcal C}$, it may be defined via the Fourier transform via $\widehat{{(1-{\partial}_x^2)^{-1}}f}(\xi)=
(1+4\pi^2|\xi|^2)^{-1} \hat{f}(\xi)$ or more explicitly, via $${(1-{\partial}_x^2)^{-1}}f(x)=e^{-|\cdot|}/2 *f(x) ={\frac{1}{2}}{\int\limits}_{-\infty}^\infty e^{-|x-y|}f(y) dy.$$ For the case of finite interval, we consider only the case $(0,1)$ for notational convenience. We remark that the results in the general case can be recovered by a simple change of variables in the equation. Thus for a function $f:(0,1)\to {\mathcal C}$ given by its Fourier expansion $
f(x)= \sum_k a_k e^{2\pi i k x}$, set $${(1-{\partial}_x^2)^{-1}}f (x)= {\sum\limits}_k {\frac{a_k}{1+4\pi^2 k^2}} e^{2\pi i k x}$$
Next, we verify that at least formally, the non viscous Camassa-Holm equation satisfies the conservation law $$\int_I (u^2(t,x) + u_x^2(t,x)) dx=const.$$
Conservation law for
---------------------
More specifically, let $I(t)= \int_I (u^2(t,x) + u_x^2(t,x)) dx$. If $u$ is a solution, which is sufficiently smooth and decaying[^8], we may take time derivative $I'(t)$ to get $$I'(t)= - 2 \int_I (u F(u, u_x) + u_x {\partial}_x [F(u, u_x)]) dx.$$
\[le:5\] Let $u\in C^2({\mathbf R^1})$, with square integrable second derivative. Then $$\int_I (u F(u, u_x) + u_x {\partial}_x [F(u, u_x)]) dx=0$$
This is a simple, although lengthy computation. Note that in what follows below, all the boundary terms are zero, either because $\lim_{|x|\to \infty} u=0$ (in the case $I={\mathbf R^1}$), or by the periodic boundary conditions. We have $$\begin{aligned}
& & \int_I (u F(u, u_x) + u_x {\partial}_x [F(u, u_x)]) dx= \\
& &= \int_I
u \left({\frac{1}{2}}{\partial}_x(u^2)+{\partial}_x{(1-{\partial}_x^2)^{-1}}[u_x^2/2+u^2]\right) dx + \\
& & + \int_I u_x \left({\frac{1}{2}}{\partial}^2_x(u^2)+{\partial}^2_x{(1-{\partial}_x^2)^{-1}}[u_x^2/2+u^2]\right) dx \end{aligned}$$ We start with the terms on the second line above. We have by integration by parts $$\begin{aligned}
& & {\frac{1}{2}} \int_I u_x {\partial}^2_x(u^2) dx= - \int_I u_{xx} u_x u dx = -{\frac{1}{2}} \int_I {\partial}_x[u_x^2] u dx=
{\frac{1}{2}} \int_I u_x^3 dx.\end{aligned}$$ For the second term, use that ${\partial}_x^2{(1-{\partial}_x^2)^{-1}}= -Id +{(1-{\partial}_x^2)^{-1}}$ to get $$\begin{aligned}
& & \int_I u_x {\partial}^2_x{(1-{\partial}_x^2)^{-1}}[u_x^2/2+u^2] dx = - \int_I u_x[u_x^2/2+u^2] dx + \\
& &+
\int_I u_x{(1-{\partial}_x^2)^{-1}}[u_x^2/2+u^2]dx = - {\frac{1}{2}} \int_I u_x^3 dx- \int_I u{\partial}_x {(1-{\partial}_x^2)^{-1}}[u_x^2/2+u^2]dx, \end{aligned}$$ where we have used that $\int_I u_x u^2 dx=0$. Putting everything together yields the Lemma.
Littlewood-Paley projections and function spaces
------------------------------------------------
Fix a smooth, even function $\psi\in C_0^\infty({\mathbf R^1})$, so that $0\leq \psi\leq 1$, $\psi(\xi)=1$, whenever $|\xi|\leq 1$, $\psi$ is decreasing in $(0, \infty)$ and $\psi(\xi)=0$ for all $|\xi|\geq 3/2$. Let also ${\varphi}(\xi):=\psi(\xi)-\psi(2\xi)$. Clearly ${\varphi}(\xi)=1$ for all $3/4\leq |\xi|\leq 1$ and $\textup{supp} {\varphi}\subset 1/2\leq |\xi|\leq 3/2$. For every integer $k$, define the [*Littlewood-Paley operators*]{}, acting on test functions $f\in {\mathcal S}({{\mathbf R}^n})$ via $$\begin{aligned}
& & \widehat{P_{<2^k} f}(\xi):=\psi(2^{-k} \xi) \hat{f}(\xi),\\
& &
\widehat{P_{2^k} f}(\xi):={\varphi}(2^{-k} \xi) \hat{f}(\xi),\end{aligned}$$ Clearly the kernels of these operators are given by $2^{kn} \hat{\psi}(2^k \cdot)$ and $2^{kn} \hat{{\varphi}}(2^k \cdot)$ respectively and thus commute with differential operators. It is also easy to see that since $\|2^{kn} \hat{\psi}(2^k \cdot)\|_{L^1}=C\|\hat{\psi}\|_{L^1}$ and similar for the other kernel, [*$P_{<2^k}, P_{2^k}$ are bounded on $L^p$ spaces for all $1\leq p\leq \infty$* ]{} with bounds independent of $k$.
The Calderón commutator theorem states that the commutator\
$[P_{2^k}, a] f:=P_{2^k}(a f)- a P_{2^k} f$ acts as a smoothing operator of order one[^9]. More precisely, we shall need a (standard) estimates of the form $$\begin{aligned}
& & {{\left\| [P_{2^k}, a] f \right\|}_{L^r}}\leq C 2^{-k} {{\left\| \nabla a \right\|}_{L^q}}{{\left\| f \right\|}_{L^p}},\\
& & {{\left\| [P_{<2^k}, a] f \right\|}_{L^r}}\leq C 2^{-k} {{\left\| \nabla a \right\|}_{L^q}}{{\left\| f \right\|}_{L^p}}\\
& & {{\left\| [P_{2^k}, a]\nabla f \right\|}_{L^r}}\leq C {{\left\| \nabla a \right\|}_{L^q}}{{\left\| f \right\|}_{L^p}},\\
& & {{\left\| [P_{<2^k}, a]\nabla f \right\|}_{L^r}}\leq C {{\left\| \nabla a \right\|}_{L^q}}{{\left\| f \right\|}_{L^p}},\end{aligned}$$ whenever $1\leq r, q, p\leq \infty$ and $1/r=1/p+1/q$.
This whole theory can be developed for the case of finite interval, with some notable differences, some of which we discuss below.
The Littlewood-Paley operators acting on $L^2([0,1])$ are defined via $$P_{\leq N} f (x) = {\sum\limits}_{k: |k|\leq N} a_k e^{2\pi i k x},$$ that is $P_{\leq N}$ truncates the terms in the Fourier expansion with frequencies $k: |k|> N$. Clearly $P_{\leq N}$ is a projection operator. More generally, we may define for all $0\leq N<M\leq \infty$ $$P_{N\leq \cdot\leq M}f(x) = {\sum\limits}_{k: N\leq |k|\leq M} a_k e^{2\pi i k x}.$$ It is an elementary exercise in orthogonality, that whenever $[N_1, M_1]\cap [N_2, M_2]=\emptyset$, then $\int_0^1
P_{N_1\leq \cdot\leq M_1}f(x)P_{N_2\leq \cdot\leq M_2}g(x)dx=0$.
For products of three functions, we have the following
\[le:80\] Let $f, g, h:[0,1]\to {\mathcal C}$, with Fourier coefficients $\{f_n\}, \{g_n\}, \{h_n\}$ respectively. Then $$\int_0^1 f(x) g(x) h(x) dx={\sum\limits}_{m, k\in{\mathcal Z}} f_m g_{-m-k} h_k.$$ As a consequence, for every $N>>1$, $$\label{eq:98}
\int_0^1 (P_{>N} f(x)) g(x) (P_{<N/2} h(x)) dx =
\int_0^1 (P_{>N} f(x)) (P_{>N/2} g(x)) (P_{<N/2} h(x)) dx$$
The proof is based on the Fourier expansion and the fact that $\int_0^1 e^{2\pi i n x} dx ={\delta}_n$. More specifically, $$\begin{aligned}
& & \int_0^1 f(x) g(x) h(x) dx = {\sum\limits}_{m,n, k\in{\mathcal Z}} f_m g_{n}
h_k {\int\limits}_0^1 e^{2\pi i (m+n+k) x} dx = \\
& & =
{\sum\limits}_{m,n, k\in{\mathcal Z}} f_m g_{n} h_k {\delta}_{m+n+k}= {\sum\limits}_{m, k\in{\mathcal Z}} f_m g_{-m-k} h_k.\end{aligned}$$ For , observe that if $|m|>N$ and $|k|<N/2$, then $|-m-k|>N/2$.
Our next lemma is a well-known Sobolev embedding type result for the spaces $L^q(0,1)$. We state it in the form of the [*Bernstein inequality*]{}, since this is what we use later on. One can also formulate a version in terms of the Sobolev spaces defined below.
\[le:bern\] Let $N$ be an integer and $f:[0,1]\to {\mathcal C}$. Then, for every $1\leq p\leq 2 \leq q\leq \infty$, $${{\left\| P_{<N} f \right\|}_{L^q}}\leq N^{1/p-1/q} {{\left\| f \right\|}_{L^p}}.$$
First, we establish the lemma for $p=2$, $q=\infty$. Let $f=\sum_n f_n e^{2\pi i n x}$. Then $${{\left\| P_{<N} f \right\|}_{L^\infty}}\leq \sum_{n :|n|<N} |f_n|\leq N^{1/2}
(\sum_{n :|n|<N} |f_n|^2)^{1/2}\leq N^{1/2} {{\left\| f \right\|}_{L^2}}.$$ Since by Plancherel’s theorem $P_{<N}:L^2\to L^2$, it follows that ${{\left\| P_N \right\|}_{L^q\to L^2}}\leq N^{1/2-1/q}$. The rest of the range follows by duality.
Introduce some function spaces. Take $$\begin{aligned}
& &
\dot{H}^s({\mathbf R^1}) = \{f:{{\mathbf R}^n}\to {\mathcal C}: (\int_{{\mathbf R^1}} |\hat{f}(\xi)|^2|\xi|^{2s}d\xi)^{1/2}<
\infty\}, \\
& & H^s({\mathbf R^1}) = L^2({\mathbf R^1})\cap \dot{H}^s({\mathbf R^1}), \\
& & \dot{H}^s(0,1) = \{f:(0,1)\to {\mathcal C}:
({\sum\limits}_{k\in {\mathcal Z}}|a_k|^2|k|^{2s} )^{1/2}<
\infty\}, \\
& &
H^s((0,1)) = L^2(0,1)\cap \dot{H}^s(0,1).\end{aligned}$$ By the Plancherel’s theorem ${{\left\| P_{2^k} f \right\|}_{\dot{H}^s}}\sim 2^{ks}
{{\left\| P_{2^k} f \right\|}_{L^2}}$ and ${{\left\| P_{>2^k} f \right\|}_{\dot{H}^s}}\gtrsim 2^{ks}
{{\left\| P_{2^k} f \right\|}_{L^2}}$.\
[**Remark:** ]{}We note that while the Littlewood-Paley operators acting on functions in $L^2({{\mathbf R}^n})$ enjoy the Calerón commutation estimates, [*such commutator estimate fails for Littlewood-Paley operators acting on functions in $L^2(I)$*]{}.
We will also frequently use the fractional differentiation operators of order $s: -\infty<s<\infty$, defined via $$\widehat{|{\partial}|^s f}(\xi):= |\xi|^s \hat{f}(\xi),$$ in the case of whole line and $$|{\partial}|^s ({\sum\limits}_k a_k e^{2\pi i k x}):= {\sum\limits}_{k\neq 0} a_k |k|^s e^{2\pi i k x}.$$ in the case $I=(0,1)$. We would like to point out that $|{\partial}|^s:H^s_0\to L^2_0$ is an isometry and in general $${{\left\| |{\partial}|^{s_2} u \right\|}_{\dot{H}^{s_1}}}= {{\left\| u \right\|}_{\dot{H}^{s_1+s_2}}}.$$
As a corollary of Lemma \[le:bern\], we have that for all ${\sigma}>0$, there is $C_{\sigma}$, so that $$\label{eq:sob}
{{\left\| u \right\|}_{L^\infty(0,1)}}\leq |\int_0^1 u(x) dx|+C_{\sigma}{{\left\| u \right\|}_{\dot{H}^{1/2+{\sigma}}}}.$$
Kato-Ponce Lemma in the finite interval case
--------------------------------------------
Recall the Kato-Ponce product estimates, that is for all $s\geq 0$ and $1\leq p, q_1, r_1, q_2, r_2 \leq \infty: 1/p=1/q_1+1/r_1=1/q_2+1/r_2$, then $${{\left\| |{\partial}|^s (f g) \right\|}_{L^p({{\mathbf R}^n})}}\leq C_s({{\left\| |{\partial}|^s f \right\|}_{L^{q_1}({{\mathbf R}^n})}}{{\left\| g \right\|}_{L^{r_1}({{\mathbf R}^n})}}+
{{\left\| f \right\|}_{L^{r_2}({{\mathbf R}^n})}}{{\left\| |{\partial}|^s g \right\|}_{L^{q_2}({{\mathbf R}^n})}}).$$ Unfortunately, we do not know of an analogue of such fractional differentiation product estimate for the case of finite interval. However, when $s$ is an integer, we have a similar, if somewhat weaker estimate.
\[le:KP\] Let $s\geq 0$ be an integer and $1\leq p, q_1, r_1, q_2, r_2 \leq \infty: 1/p=1/q_1+1/r_2=1/q_2+1/r_1$. Then for any $X\subset {{\mathbf R}^n}$, $${{\left\| {\partial}^s (f g) \right\|}_{L^p(X)}}\leq C_s({{\left\| {\partial}^s f \right\|}_{L^{q_1}(X)}}+
{{\left\| f \right\|}_{L^{q_2}(X)}})( {{\left\| {\partial}^s g \right\|}_{L^{r_1}(X)}}+{{\left\| g \right\|}_{L^{r_2}(X)}}).$$
Recall the differentiation formula $${\partial}^s (f g)= {\sum\limits}_{s_1=0}^s {\frac{s!}{s_1! (s-s_1)!}} {\partial}^{s_1} f {\partial}^{s-s_1} g.$$ and the Young’s inequality $ab \leq a^p/p+b^q/q$ for any $1<p,q<\infty: 1/p+1/q=1$. We have $${{\left\| {\partial}^s (f g) \right\|}_{L^p(X)}}\leq 2^s {\sup\limits}_{0\leq s_1\leq s} {{\left\| {\partial}^{s_1} f {\partial}^{s-s_1} g \right\|}_{L^p}}.$$ Thus, it will suffice to show that for any $s_1\in[0,s]$, $${{\left\| {\partial}^{s_1} f {\partial}^{s-s_1} g \right\|}_{L^p}}\leq C_s ({{\left\| {\partial}^s f \right\|}_{L^{q_1}(X)}}+
{{\left\| f \right\|}_{L^{q_2}(X)}})( {{\left\| {\partial}^s g \right\|}_{L^{r_1}(X)}}+{{\left\| g \right\|}_{L^{r_2}(X)}}).$$ Fix $s_1$ and denote ${\alpha}=s_1/s\in[0,1]$. If ${\alpha}=0$ or ${\alpha}=1$, an application of the Hölder’s inequality gives the result. If ${\alpha}\in(0,1)$, then in fact $1/s\leq {\alpha}<1-1/s$.\
Let $\tilde{q}, \tilde{r}$ be determined by $$\begin{aligned}
& &
\tilde{q}^{-1}={\alpha}q_1^{-1}+(1-{\alpha}) q_2^{-1},\\
& &
\tilde{r}^{-1}=(1-{\alpha})r_1^{-1}+{\alpha}r_2^{-1}.\end{aligned}$$ Clearly $\tilde{q}^{-1}+\tilde{r}^{-1}=p^{-1}$ and by Hölder’s inequality and convexity of the norms $$\begin{aligned}
& &
{{\left\| {\partial}^{s_1} f {\partial}^{s-s_1} g \right\|}_{L^p}}\leq {{\left\| {\partial}^{s_1} f \right\|}_{L^{\tilde{q}}}}
{{\left\| {\partial}^{s-s_1} g \right\|}_{L^{\tilde{r}}}}\leq
{{\left\| {\partial}^{s} f \right\|}_{L^{q_1}}}^{\alpha}{{\left\| f \right\|}_{L^{q_2}}}^{1-{\alpha}}
{{\left\| {\partial}^{s} g \right\|}_{L^{r_1}}}^{1-{\alpha}} {{\left\| g \right\|}_{L^{r_2}}}^{{\alpha}}. \end{aligned}$$ By Young’s inequality, the last expression is bounded by $$C_{\alpha}({{\left\| {\partial}^{s} f \right\|}_{L^{q_1}}}+{{\left\| f \right\|}_{L^{q_2}}})({{\left\| {\partial}^{s} g \right\|}_{L^{r_1}}}+
{{\left\| g \right\|}_{L^{r_2}}}),$$ where $C_{\alpha}$ may be taken $2 \max({\alpha}^{-2}, (1-{\alpha})^{-2})\leq 2 s^2$.
Attractors {#sec:attractors}
----------
In this section, we offer some basic definitions and elementary properties of attractors.
For an initial value problem for well-posed evolution equation, $$\frac{d}{dt} u(t)=F(u(t)), \ \ \ u(0)=u_0,$$ defined on a Hilbert space $H$, consider the solution semigroup $\{S(t)\}_{t \geq 0}$ by $S(t)u_0=u(t)$. $S(t)$ maps $H$ into $H$, satisfies the semigroup properties $$S(t+s)=S(t) S(s), S(0)=Id$$ and is continuous in the initial data for each $t \geq 0$.
Let $S(t)$ be a $C_0$ semigroup, acting on a normed space $H$. Then
- $S(t)$ is called [*point dissipative*]{} if there is a bounded set $B\subset H$ such that for any $u_0 \in H,
S(t)u_0 \in B$ for all sufficiently large $t \geq 0$. That is $${\sup\limits}_{u_0\in B}\limsup_{t\to \infty} {{\left\| S(t) u_0 \right\|}_{H}}<\infty.$$
- $S(t)$ is called [*asymptotically compact*]{} in $H$ if $S(t_n)u_n$ has a convergent subsequence for any [*bounded sequence*]{} $u_n$ when $t_n \to +\infty$.
Our next definition gives a precise meaning to the notion of attractor.
${\mathcal A}\subset H$ is called a global attractor for the evolution equation if it is compact, invariant ($S(t) {\mathcal A}={\mathcal A}, \ t \geq 0$) and attracts every bounded set $X$ ( $S(t) X \to {\mathcal A}, \ t \to \infty$).
A classical result in dynamical systems is that an attractor exists, if $S(t)_{t \ge 0}$ is both point dissipative and asymptotically compact.
Next, we recall the Riesz-Rellich Criteria for precompactness, see Theorem XIII.66, p. 248, [@SimoniV]).
\[rrthm\] Let $S \subseteq L^p({{\mathbf R}^n})$ with $1 \le p <\infty$. Then $S$ is precompact in $L^p({{\mathbf R}^n})$ if and only if the following conditions are satisfied:
\(1) $S$ is bounded in $L^p({{\mathbf R}^n})$;
\(2) $f \to 0$ in $L^p$ sense at infinity uniformly in $S$, i.e., for any $\epsilon$, there is a bounded set $K \subset {{\mathbf R}^n}$ so that for all $f \in S$: $ \int_{{{\mathbf R}^n}\backslash K} |f(x)|^p dx \le \epsilon^p;
$
\(3) $f(\cdot -y) \to f$ uniformly in $S$ as $y \to 0$, i.e., for any $\epsilon$, there is $\delta$ so that $f\in S$ and $|y|<\delta$ imply that $ \int_{{{\mathbf R}^n}} |f(x-y) -f(x)|^p dx \le \epsilon^p.
$
As shown in [@Stanislavova], [@wang] (see also Proposition 3 in [@Stanislavova1]), we may replace the difficult to verify condition $(3)$ in the Riesz-Rellich Criteria above by an equivalent condition, which basically says that the ($L^2$ or the $H^1$) mass of the high-frequency component has to go uniformly to zero. The exact formulation is
\[prop:3\] Assume that
- ${\sup\limits}_n {{\left\| u_n(t_n,.) \right\|}_{H^1({{\mathbf R}^n})}} \leq C $
- $\limsup\limits_n {{\left\| u_n(t_n,.) \right\|}_{H^1(|x|>N)}} \to 0 \ {\textup as} \ N \to \infty$
- $\limsup\limits_n {{\left\| P_{>N}u_n(t_n,.) \right\|}_{H^1({{\mathbf R}^n})}} \to 0 \ {\textup as} \ N \to \infty$
Then the sequence $\{u_n(t_n,.)\}$ is precompact in $H^1({{\mathbf R}^n})$. Same results hold, if one replaces $H^1({{\mathbf R}^n})$ by $L^2({{\mathbf R}^n})$ everywhere in the statement above.
In the case of finite domains, one has of course the second condition automatically satisfied and we have
\[prop:4\] For the sequence $\{u_n\}\subset H^1(0,1)$, assume
- ${\sup\limits}_n {{\left\| u_n(t_n,.) \right\|}_{H^1(0,1)}} \leq C $
- $\limsup\limits_n {{\left\| P_{>N} u_n(t_n,.) \right\|}_{H^1(0,1)}}\to 0 \ \textup{as}\ N \to \infty$.
then the sequence $\{u_n(t_n,.)\}$ is precompact in $H^1(0,1)$.
We reproduce the short proof of Proposition \[prop:4\].
By the Plancherel’s theorem, it suffices to show that $b^k=\{a_n^k\}$, $k=1, \ldots$ is precompact in the weighted space $l^2_s$ if it is uniformly bounded and\
$\lim_{N\to \infty}
\limsup_k (\sum_{n:|n|>N} |n|^{2s} |a_n^k|^2)^{1/2}=0$.
By the uniform boundedness of $\{b^k\}$ and the reflexivity of $l^2_s$, we have a weak limit $b=\{a_n\}\in l^2_s$ of some subsequence of $b^k$. Without loss of generality, assume $b^k\to b$ weakly. In particular, for all $n$, $a_n^k \to_k a_n$. We will show that actually ${\lim\limits}_k{{\left\| b^k-b \right\|}_{l^2_s}}=0$.
Fix ${\sigma}>0$ and find $N$, so that for all, but finitely many $k$ $$(\sum_{n:|n|>N} |n|^{2s} |a_n^k|^2)^{1/2}\leq {\sigma}/3.$$ Next, find $N_1$, so that $$(\sum_{n:|n|>N} |n|^{2s} |a_n|^2)^{1/2}\leq {\sigma}/3.$$ Finally, find $k_0$, so that for all $-\max(N, N_1)\leq n\leq \max(N, N_1)$ and for all $k>k_0$, we have $|a_n^k-a_n|\leq {\sigma}/(10 \max(N, N_1))$. We conclude that for all but finitely many $k>k_0$, we have $${{\left\| b^k-b \right\|}_{l^2_s}}\leq {\sigma}.$$
Global well-posedness for the viscous Camassa-Holm equation {#sec:90}
===========================================================
In this section, we show the global well-posedness for in both the finite interval case and the whole line case. The methods are identical in both cases, so we treat it in the same proof.
As we have mentioned earlier the unbounded operator $A: Au=-{\partial}_x (a(x)u_x)$, satisfying defines a $C_0$ (and in fact analytic) semigroup, see for example [@SimonII], p. 252.\
This allows us to reformulate in an equivalent integral equation form[^10] $$\label{eq:15}
u = e^{-t A} u_0-{\int\limits}_0^t e^{(s-t)A} F(u, u_x)(s) ds.$$ Our first step then will be to show a local well-posedness result.
Local well-posedness for {#sec:lwp}
-------------------------
Regarding the simpler equation , we have taken the classical approach for the heat equation outlined in [@McOwen]. We will use the following lemma, which is a compilation of Theorem 3 (p. 298-300) and the discussion in Section 11.2.b, [@McOwen].
\[le:17\] Suppose $S(t)=e^{-t L}$ is a $C_0$-semigroup acting on both $L^2(I)$ and $\dot{H}^1(I)$. Assume also $$\begin{aligned}
\label{eq:c10}
& & {{\left\| S(t) g \right\|}_{\dot{H}^1(I)}}\leq C t^{-1/2} {{\left\| g \right\|}_{L^2}}.\end{aligned}$$ For the integral equation $$u(t)= S(t) u_0 +{\int\limits}_0^t S(t-s) F(u)(s) ds,$$ there exists time $T>0$ depending only on ${{\left\| u_0 \right\|}_{H^1}}$, such that the integral equation has an unique local solution $u\in C([0,T], H^1)$ provided $$\label{eq:163}
\left\{\begin{array}{l}
{{\left\| F(u)-F(v) \right\|}_{L^2}}\leq M_R{{\left\| u-v \right\|}_{H^1}} \\
\textup{whenever}{\quad\quad}{{\left\| u \right\|}_{H^1}},{{\left\| v \right\|}_{H^1}}\leq R.
\end{array}
\right.$$
We first show the proof of Lemma \[le:17\] and then verify for the semigroup $S(t)=e^{-tA}$ and for the Camassa-Holm nonlinearity $F(u, u_x)$. ’
(Lemma \[le:17\]) We set a fixed point argument for the integral equation at hand. Set $X^R_T=\{u\in C([0,T), H^1(I)), \sup_{0<t<T}{{\left\| u(t, \cdot \right\|}_{H^1}}\leq R \}$ and the map $${\Lambda}u(t, \cdot) = S(t) u_0 +{\int\limits}_0^t S(t-s) F(u)(s) ds.$$ We need to show that for appropriate $R=R({{\left\| u_0 \right\|}_{H^1}})$ and $T=T(R)$, ${\Lambda}:X^R_T\to X^R_T$ is a contraction. Take $R=10 {{\left\| u_0 \right\|}_{H^1}}$. To see ${\Lambda}:X^R_T\to X^R_T$, we have by and (applied for the case $v=0$), $$\begin{aligned}
& &{{\left\| {\Lambda}u(t, \cdot) \right\|}_{H^1}}\leq {{\left\| S(t)u_0 \right\|}_{H^1}}+
\|{\int\limits}_0^t e^{(s-t)L} F(u)(s) ds\|_{L^2}+
C \|{\int\limits}_0^t e^{(s-t)L} F(u)(s) ds\|_{\dot{H}^1} \\
& & \leq C{{\left\| u_0 \right\|}_{H^1}}+
{\int\limits}_0^t {{\left\| F(u)(s, \cdot) \right\|}_{L^2}}ds + {\int\limits}_0^t {\frac{{{\left\| F(u)(s, \cdot) \right\|}_{L^2}}}{\sqrt{t-s}}} ds\leq \\
& & \leq C{{\left\| u_0 \right\|}_{H^1}}+ C M({{\left\| u \right\|}_{H^1}}) (t+\sqrt{t}){\sup\limits}_{0<t<T} {{\left\| u \right\|}_{H^1}}. \end{aligned}$$ Clearly choosing $T=T(R)$ small enough, $0<t<T$ and $\sup_{0<t<T} {{\left\| u \right\|}_{H^1}}\leq R$ will guarantee that the right hand side is less than $R$. One verifies similarly the contraction property of ${\Lambda}:X^R_T\to X^R_T$, by using the full strength of .
First, we verify that $e^{-tA}$ is a semigroup on $\dot{H}^1$. Observe that ${{\left\| u \right\|}_{\dot{H}^1}}\sim {{\left\| A^{1/2} u \right\|}_{L^2}}$. Indeed, $${{\left\| A^{1/2} u \right\|}_{L^2(I)}}^2 = {\langle Au,u \rangle}=\int_I a(x) u_x^2 dx\sim {{\left\| u_x \right\|}_{L^2}}^2,$$ by . Then $${{\left\| e^{-t A} f \right\|}_{\dot{H}^1}}\sim {{\left\| A^{1/2} e^{-t A} f \right\|}_{L^2}}=
{{\left\| e^{-t A} A^{1/2} f \right\|}_{L^2}}\leq C{{\left\| A^{1/2} f \right\|}_{L^2}}\sim {{\left\| f \right\|}_{\dot{H}^1}}.$$
The estimate is a standard property of analytic semigroups, see Corollary 1 and Corollary 2, [@SimonII], p. 252. We choose to deduce it as a simple consequence of the functional calculus for the self adjoint operator $A$.
We have ${{\left\| e^{-tA} g \right\|}_{\dot{H}^1}}\sim {{\left\| A^{1/2} e^{-tA} g \right\|}_{L^2}} = t^{-1/2}
{{\left\| f(tA) g \right\|}_{L^2}}$, where $f(y)=e^{-y}y^{1/2}$ is a well-defined bounded function on the spectrum of $A$. It follows that $${{\left\| e^{-tA} g \right\|}_{\dot{H}^1}}\leq Ct^{-1/2} {{\left\| f \right\|}_{L^\infty(0,\infty)}} {{\left\| g \right\|}_{L^2}}
\leq Ct^{-1/2} {{\left\| g \right\|}_{L^2}},$$ which is .
It remains to establish for the Camassa-Holm nonlinearity $F$. We actually prove a little more general statement.
\[le:20\] Let $F$ be the nonlinearity for the Camassa-Holm equation, as defined earlier. Then for all nonnegative integers $s$, we have $$\label{eq:164}
{{\left\| F(u)-F(v) \right\|}_{H^s}}\leq M ({{\left\| u \right\|}_{H^{s+1}}}+{{\left\| v \right\|}_{H^{s+1}}}) {{\left\| u-v \right\|}_{H^{s+1}}}.$$
We have by Lemma \[le:KP\] and the Sobolev embedding $L^\infty(I)\hookrightarrow H^{1/2+}(I)
\hookrightarrow H^{s+1}(I)$, $$\begin{aligned}
& & {{\left\| {\partial}_x(u^2)-{\partial}_x(v^2) \right\|}_{\dot{H}^s}}\sim {{\left\| |{\partial}_x^{s+1}[(u-v)(u+v)] \right\|}_{L^2}}\leq \\
& &\leq
C( {{\left\| |{\partial}_x^{s+1} (u-v) \right\|}_{L^2}}+{{\left\| (u-v) \right\|}_{L^\infty}})({{\left\| u+v \right\|}_{L^\infty}}+
{{\left\| |{\partial}_x^{s+1}(u+v) \right\|}_{L^2}})\leq \\
& & \leq M {{\left\| u-v \right\|}_{H^{s+1}}} ({{\left\| u \right\|}_{H^{s+1}}}+{{\left\| v \right\|}_{H^{s+1}}}). \end{aligned}$$ For the second term in $F$, consider first $s\geq 1$. We have $$\begin{aligned}
& & {{\left\| {\partial}_x{(1-{\partial}_x^2)^{-1}}(u_x^2-v_x^2) \right\|}_{\dot{H}^s}}\leq C
{{\left\| |{\partial}_x^{s-1}[ (u_x-v_x) (u_x+v_x)] \right\|}_{L^2}} \leq \\
& & \leq
C({{\left\| |{\partial}_x^{s}(u-v) \right\|}_{L^\infty}}+ {{\left\| u_x-v_x \right\|}_{L^2}})
({{\left\| u \right\|}_{H^1}}+{{\left\| v \right\|}_{H^1}}+
{{\left\| {\partial}_x^s u \right\|}_{L^\infty}}+ {{\left\| {\partial}_x^s v \right\|}_{L^\infty}})\leq \\
& & \leq C {{\left\| u-v \right\|}_{H^{s+1/2+}}}( {{\left\| u \right\|}_{H^{s+1/2+}}}+{{\left\| v \right\|}_{H^{s+1/2+}}})\leq
C {{\left\| u-v \right\|}_{H^{s+1}}}( {{\left\| u \right\|}_{H^{s+1}}}+{{\left\| v \right\|}_{H^{s+1}}}). \end{aligned}$$ When $s=0$, use either $${\partial}_x{(1-{\partial}_x^2)^{-1}}f(x)={\frac{1}{2}} {\int\limits}sgn(x-y) e^{-|x-y|} f(y) dy,$$ or $${\partial}_x{(1-{\partial}_x^2)^{-1}}f(x)={\sum\limits}_n {\frac{2\pi i n}{1+4\pi^2 n^2}} f_n e^{2\pi i n x},$$ to conclude that ${\partial}_x{(1-{\partial}_x^2)^{-1}}:L^1(I)\to L^2(I)$. It follows that $${{\left\| {\partial}_x{(1-{\partial}_x^2)^{-1}}(u_x^2-v_x^2) \right\|}_{L^2(I)}}
\lesssim {{\left\| (u_x-v_x)(u_x+v_x) \right\|}_{L^1}}\lesssim {{\left\| u-v \right\|}_{H^1}}({{\left\| u \right\|}_{H^1}}+{{\left\| v \right\|}_{H^1}}).$$ For the third term in $F$, we easily estimate $$\begin{aligned}
& & {{\left\| {\partial}_x{(1-{\partial}_x^2)^{-1}}(u^2-v^2) \right\|}_{\dot{H}^s}}\leq C {{\left\| u-v \right\|}_{H^{\max(s-1,0)}}}({{\left\| u \right\|}_{L^\infty}}+
{{\left\| v \right\|}_{L^\infty}})\leq \\
& &\leq C {{\left\| u-v \right\|}_{H^{s+1}}}({{\left\| u \right\|}_{H^{s+1}}}+{{\left\| u \right\|}_{H^{s+1}}}).\end{aligned}$$
Note that one can represent $F(u)={\Lambda}(u,u)$, where ${\Lambda}(u,v)$ is the bilinear form $${\Lambda}(u,v)= {\frac{1}{2}}{\partial}_x(u v)+{\partial}_x{(1-{\partial}_x^2)^{-1}}[u_x v_x/2+u v].$$ It is easy to see that one can show (with the same exact proof) for every integer $s\geq 0$ $${{\left\| {\Lambda}({\varphi},\psi) \right\|}_{H^s}}\leq C{{\left\| {\varphi}\right\|}_{H^{s+1}}}{{\left\| \psi \right\|}_{H^{s+1}}}.$$ A bilinear interpolation between the estimates above, (which are valid for all integers), yields the corresponding estimates for non integer values of $s$ as well. Setting ${\varphi}=\psi=u$, we obtain
\[cor:1\] Let $s\geq 0$ and $F$ be the Camassa-Holm nonlinearity. Then $${{\left\| F(u) \right\|}_{H^s}}\leq M {{\left\| u \right\|}_{H^{s+1}}}^2.$$
$H^2$ smoothness of the local solutions {#sec:smoothness}
---------------------------------------
In this section, we show the $H^2$ smoothness of the local $H^1$ solution constructed above. Beside the obvious importance of having this extra smoothness information, this will enable us (see Section \[sec:global\] below) to iterate the local solution to a global one by utilizing the conservation (or rather dissipation) of the $H^1$ energy. We have
\[prop:1\] Let $u$ be the $H^1$ solution to , with life span $T$. Then there exists a constant $C_{\varepsilon}$, so that for all $0<t<T$, $u\in C((0,t), H^2(I))$ and as a result $${{\left\| u(t, \cdot) \right\|}_{H^2(I)}}\leq {\frac{C_{\varepsilon}}{\sqrt{t}}} {{\left\| u_0 \right\|}_{H^1}}+ C_{\varepsilon}t^{1/4}
{\sup\limits}_{0<s<t}
{{\left\| u(s, \cdot) \right\|}_{H^1}}^{3}+ C_{\varepsilon}{{\left\| u(t, \cdot) \right\|}_{H^1}}.$$
The argument required for the proof is to rerun again the fixed point method, this time in the smoother space $H^2(I)$. However, this amounts to showing $H^2$ [*a priori*]{} estimates for the solution, which is what we concentrate on.
Apply $A$ to . This is justified, since the right hand side of is in the domain of $A$ by the semigroup properties of $e^{-t A}$. We have $$\begin{aligned}
{{\left\| Au \right\|}_{L^2}}\leq {{\left\| e^{-tA} A u_0 \right\|}_{L^2}}+C {\int\limits}_0^t {{\left\| e^{(s-t)A} A F(u)(s) \right\|}_{L^2(I)}} ds\end{aligned}$$ But $${{\left\| e^{-tA} A u_0 \right\|}_{L^2}}= {{\left\| e^{-tA} A^{1/2} (A^{1/2} u_0) \right\|}_{L^2}}\leq C t^{-1/2}
{{\left\| A^{1/2} u_0 \right\|}_{L^2}}\sim C t^{-1/2} {{\left\| u_0 \right\|}_{H^1}}.$$ On the other hand, by the properties of the functional calculus for $A$ $$\label{eq:901}
{{\left\| e^{-z A} A F \right\|}_{L^2}}=|z|^{-1} {{\left\| f(A) F \right\|}_{L^2}}\leq C |z|^{-1} ({\sup\limits}_{y>0} |e^{-y}y| )
{{\left\| F \right\|}_{L^2}}\leq C |z|^{-1} {{\left\| F \right\|}_{L^2}},$$ for all $z>0$, while $$\label{eq:902}
{{\left\| e^{-z A} A F \right\|}_{L^2}}\leq C{{\left\| A F \right\|}_{L^2}}\leq C_{\varepsilon}{{\left\| F \right\|}_{H^2}}.$$ The last inequality can be checked easily as follows $$\begin{aligned}
& & {{\left\| A u \right\|}_{L^2}}^2=\int (a u_{xx}+a' u_x)^2 dx= \int (a^2 u_{xx}^2 - a a'' u_x^2) dx\leq \\
& &\leq
{{\left\| a \right\|}_{L^\infty}}^2 {{\left\| u_{xx} \right\|}_{L^2}}^2+{{\left\| a \right\|}_{L^\infty}}{{\left\| a'' \right\|}_{L^\infty}}
{{\left\| u_{x} \right\|}_{L^2}}^2\lesssim {{\left\| u \right\|}_{H^2}}^2.\end{aligned}$$ A complex interpolation between and yields $${{\left\| e^{-z A} A F \right\|}_{L^2}}\leq C |z|^{-7/8} {{\left\| F \right\|}_{H^{1/4}}}.$$ Plugging this estimate back in the integral term yields $$\begin{aligned}
& & {\int\limits}_0^t {{\left\| e^{(s-t)A} A F(u)(s) \right\|}_{L^2(I)}} ds\leq C {\int\limits}_0^t
{\frac{{{\left\| F(s, \cdot) \right\|}_{H^{1/4}}}}{(t-s)^{7/8}}}ds\leq C t^{1/8} \sup_{0<s<t}
{{\left\| F(s, \cdot) \right\|}_{H^{1/4}}} .\end{aligned}$$ According to Corollary \[cor:1\], ${{\left\| F(s, \cdot) \right\|}_{H^{1/4}}}\leq C {{\left\| u \right\|}_{H^{5/4}}}^2$. By the Gagliardo-Nirenberg inequality, ${{\left\| u \right\|}_{H^{5/4}}}\leq {{\left\| u \right\|}_{H^2}}^{1/4}{{\left\| u \right\|}_{H^1}}^{3/4}$.
Putting everything together $$\begin{aligned}
{{\left\| Au(t, \cdot) \right\|}_{L^2}} &\leq & {\frac{C}{\sqrt{t}}}{{\left\| u_0 \right\|}_{H^1}}+ C t^{1/8} {\sup\limits}_{0<s<t}
{{\left\| u(s, \cdot) \right\|}_{H^2}}^{1/2}{{\left\| u(s, \cdot) \right\|}_{H^1}}^{3/2}\leq \\
& &\leq
{\frac{C}{\sqrt{t}}}{{\left\| u_0 \right\|}_{H^1}}+ C_{\sigma}t^{1/4} {\sup\limits}_{0<s<t}
{{\left\| u(s, \cdot) \right\|}_{H^1}}^{3}+ {\sigma}{\sup\limits}_{0<s<t} {{\left\| u(s, \cdot) \right\|}_{H^2}}.\end{aligned}$$ for any ${\sigma}>0$ and some $C_{\sigma}$.
Observe now, ${{\left\| Au \right\|}_{L^2}}^2\geq {\varepsilon}^2 {{\left\| u \right\|}_{H^2}}^2/2-C {{\left\| u \right\|}_{H^1}}^2$. Indeed, $$\begin{aligned}
& & {{\left\| Au \right\|}_{L^2}}^2= \int (a^2 u_{xx}^2 +(a')^2 u_x^2 +2 a a' u_x u_{xx}) dx\geq \\
& & \geq \int {\frac{a^2}{2}}
u_{xx}^2 dx - \int (a')^2 u_x^2 dx \geq {\varepsilon}^2 {{\left\| u \right\|}_{H^2}}^2/2-C {{\left\| u \right\|}_{H^1}}^2.\end{aligned}$$ Let $G(t)={\sup\limits}_{0<s\leq t} {{\left\| u(s, \cdot) \right\|}_{H^2}}$. Taking into account the last inequality provides $$G(t)\leq {\frac{C_{\varepsilon}}{\sqrt{t}}}{{\left\| u_0 \right\|}_{H^1}}+ C_{{\sigma},{\varepsilon}} t^{1/4} {\sup\limits}_{0<s<t}
{{\left\| u(s, \cdot) \right\|}_{H^1}}^{3}+ C{{\left\| u(t, \cdot) \right\|}_{H^1}}+ C_{\varepsilon}{\sigma}G(t).$$ Choosing appropriately small ${\sigma}:C_{\varepsilon}{\sigma}<1/2 $, allows us to hide the last term and as a result $${{\left\| u(t, \cdot) \right\|}_{H^2}}\leq G(t)\leq {\frac{C_{{\varepsilon}}}{\sqrt{t}}}{{\left\| u_0 \right\|}_{H^1}}+ C_{\varepsilon}t^{1/4}
{\sup\limits}_{0<s<t}
{{\left\| u(s, \cdot) \right\|}_{H^1}}^{3}+ C_{\varepsilon}{{\left\| u(t, \cdot) \right\|}_{H^1}}.$$
[**Remark**]{} The above argument can be extended (with no additional smoothness or otherwise assumptions on $A$) to show that $u\in \cap_{m=0}^\infty D(A^m)$ with the corresponding estimates (away from the zero) for ${{\left\| A^m u \right\|}_{L^2}}$ as in Proposition \[prop:1\]. This is the usual regularity result that one expects for parabolic equations.
Global well-posedness for {#sec:global}
--------------------------
Our approach to global well-posedness for the parabolic problem is to iterate the local well-posedness result to a global one.
We will show that for the local $H^1$ solution, produced in Section \[sec:lwp\], one has the estimate $$\label{eq:21}
{{\left\| u(t, \cdot) \right\|}_{H^1}}\leq I(0) e^{C t} + C_{\varepsilon}(e^{C t}-1)
{\sup\limits}_{0\leq s\leq t} {{\left\| g(s, \cdot) \right\|}_{L^2}}^2.$$ for every $0<t<T$, where $T$ is its lifespan.
Assuming , let us prove that the solution is global. Fix $u_0\in H^1(I)$ and define for every (sufficiently large) integer $n$ $$T_n=\sup\{ t:H^1 \textup{solution is defined in }
(0,t)\ \&\ {\sup\limits}_{0<t_1<t} {{\left\| u(t_1, \cdot) \right\|}_{H^1}}<n\},$$ and $T^*=\limsup_n T_n$.
If $T^*=\infty$, there is nothing to prove, the solution is global. If $T^*<\infty$, it must be that $\limsup_{t\to T^*}{{\left\| u(t, \cdot) \right\|}_{H^1}}=\infty$. On the other hand, take any sequence $t_n\to T^*$. By , $$\limsup_{n\to \infty} {{\left\| u(t_n,
\cdot) \right\|}_{H^1}}\leq I(0) e^{C T^*} + C_{\varepsilon}(e^{C T^*}-1)
{\sup\limits}_{0\leq s\leq T^*} {{\left\| g(s, \cdot) \right\|}_{L^2}}^2 <\infty,$$ a contradiction. This implies the solutions produced in Section \[sec:lwp\] are global ones. Therefore, it remains to show .
### Local boundedness of $t\to {{\left\| u(t, \cdot) \right\|}_{H^1}}$
In view of the $H^2$ smoothness, established in Proposition \[prop:1\], this follows in a standard way from Lemma \[le:5\]. To this end, let $$I(t)=\int_I (u^2(t,x)+u_x^2(t,x)) dx.$$ and differentiate in time. Then one may use the equation (because of the $H^2$ smoothness) to get $$\begin{aligned}
& & I'(t)= 2 \int_I (u u_t + u_x (u_t)_x) dx = -2 \int (u F(u, u_x)+u_x {\partial}_x F(u, u_x)) dx + \\
& & + 2\int_I
u {\partial}_x (a(x) u_x)dx +2 \int_I
u_x {\partial}^2_x (a(x) u_x)dx + 2\int_I u g(t,x) dx+ 2\int_I u_x g_x(t,x) dx \end{aligned}$$ Note that by Lemma \[le:5\], $\int (u F(u, u_x)+u_x {\partial}_x F(u, u_x)) dx=0$. For the next term, clearly $$\int_I
u {\partial}_x (a(x) u_x)dx= -\int a(x) u_x^2 dx\leq 0$$ Next, consider the term $ \int_I
u_x {\partial}^2_x (a(x) u_x)dx$. We have $$\begin{aligned}
& & \int_I
u_x {\partial}^2_x (a(x) u_x)dx =- \int {\partial}_x(a u_x) u_{xx} dx= - \int a(x) u_{xx}^2 +
{\frac{1}{2}}\int a''(x) u_x^2 dx\leq \\
& &\leq -{\varepsilon}{{\left\| u_{xx} \right\|}_{L^2}}^2+ {{\left\| a'' \right\|}_{L^\infty}} {{\left\| u_x \right\|}_{L^2}}^2\leq
-{\varepsilon}{{\left\| u_{xx} \right\|}_{L^2}}^2+ C {{\left\| u_x \right\|}_{L^2}}^2 \end{aligned}$$ We have used here $a(x)\geq {\varepsilon}$ and $a\in C^2(I)$.
Finally, we have $$\begin{aligned}
& &|\int_I u g(t,x) dx+ \int_I u_x g_x(t,x) dx |\leq C({{\left\| u \right\|}_{L^2}}+{{\left\| u_{xx} \right\|}_{L^2}})
{{\left\| g(t, \cdot) \right\|}_{L^2}}\leq \\
& & \leq {\varepsilon}{{\left\| u_{xx} \right\|}_{L^2}}^2/2+ {{\left\| u \right\|}_{L^2}}^2+
C_{\varepsilon}{{\left\| g(t, \cdot) \right\|}_{L^2}}^2. \end{aligned}$$ Altogether, $$\begin{aligned}
& &I'(t)\leq -{\varepsilon}{{\left\| u_{xx} \right\|}_{L^2}}^2/2+C({{\left\| u(t, \cdot) \right\|}_{L^2}}^2+{{\left\| u_{x}(t, \cdot) \right\|}_{L^2}}^2)+
C_{\varepsilon}{{\left\| g(t, \cdot) \right\|}_{L^2}}^2\leq \\
& & \leq C I(t)+C_{\varepsilon}{{\left\| g(t, \cdot) \right\|}_{L^2}}^2\end{aligned}$$ Rewrite this as $$\begin{aligned}
& & {\frac{d}{d t}} (e^{-C t} I(t))\leq C_{\varepsilon}e^{-C t} {{\left\| g(t, \cdot) \right\|}_{L^2}}^2,\end{aligned}$$ whence upon integration we get $$I(t)\leq I(0) e^{C t} + C_{\varepsilon}(e^{C t}-1) {\sup\limits}_{0\leq s\leq t} {{\left\| g(s, \cdot) \right\|}_{L^2}}^2.$$ which is .
Global attractors for the viscous Camassa-Holm: The finite interval case {#sec:attractor_1}
========================================================================
In this section, we prove Theorem \[theo:2\]. As we have discussed in Section \[sec:attractors\] and more specifically Proposition \[prop:4\], we will need to verify that for any $t_n\to \infty$ and for any $B>0$ and any sequence of initial data $\{u_n\}\subset H^1(0,1)$ with ${\sup\limits}_n {{\left\| u_n \right\|}_{H^1}}\leq B$, we have $$\begin{aligned}
\label{eq:70}
& & \sup_{u_0\in H^1_0} \limsup_{t\to \infty}{{\left\| S(t)u_0 \right\|}_{H^1}}\leq C(g, {\varepsilon}), \\
\label{eq:71}
& & \sup_n {{\left\| S(t_n)u_n \right\|}_{H^1}}\leq C(B; g, {\varepsilon}), \\
\label{eq:72}
& & \lim_N \limsup_n{{\left\| P_{>N} S(t_n)u_n \right\|}_{H^1}}=0.\end{aligned}$$ This section is devoted to showing , . The estimate is somewhat more complicated and it will postponed until Section \[sec:vanish\]. In the end, we will show the asymptotic smoothing effect, that is the fact that the attractor lies in a smoother space.
Point dissipativeness: Proof of
--------------------------------
Fix $u_0$ with ${{\left\| u_0 \right\|}_{H^1}}\leq B$. Consider the solution to with initial data $u_0$, $u(t, \cdot)=S(t)u_0$. We have already shown the local boundedness of $t\to {{\left\| u(t, \cdot) \right\|}_{H^1}}$ ( i.e. is ), which we now improve. Note that the extra conditions $\int_0^1 g(x)dx=\int_0^1 u_0(x)dx=0$ are crucial in our argument.
Recall $I(t)=\int_I (u^2(t,x)+u_x^2(t,x)) dx$. We need to reexamine our estimates above for $I'(t)$, in order to use to our advantage the smallness of ${{\left\| a' \right\|}_{L^\infty}}$. We have as before $$\begin{aligned}
& & I'(t)= 2 \int_I (u u_t + u_x (u_t)_x) dx = - 2\int_I
a(x) (u_x)^2 dx -2 \int_I
u_{xx} {\partial}_x (a(x) u_x)dx + \\
& & +2\int_I u g(t,x) dx- 2\int_I u_{xx} g(t,x) dx \leq -2{\varepsilon}({{\left\| u_x \right\|}_{L^2}}^2 +
{{\left\| u_{xx} \right\|}_{L^2}}^2)+ \\
& &+ 2 {{\left\| a' \right\|}_{L^\infty}} {{\left\| u_x \right\|}_{L^2}} {{\left\| u_{xx} \right\|}_{L^2}}+
({{\left\| u \right\|}_{L^2}}+{{\left\| u_{xx} \right\|}_{L^2}}){{\left\| g \right\|}_{L^2}}. \end{aligned}$$ Since ${{\left\| a' \right\|}_{L^\infty}}\leq {\varepsilon}$, it is easy to see that the term $2 {{\left\| a' \right\|}_{L^\infty}} {{\left\| u_x \right\|}_{L^2}} {{\left\| u_{xx} \right\|}_{L^2}}$ gets absorbed by ${\varepsilon}({{\left\| u_x \right\|}_{L^2}}^2 +
{{\left\| u_{xx} \right\|}_{L^2}}^2)$ and we get $$\label{eq:22}
I'(t)\leq -{\varepsilon}( {{\left\| u_x \right\|}_{L^2}}^2+{{\left\| u_{xx} \right\|}_{L^2}}^2) +
({{\left\| u \right\|}_{L^2}}+{{\left\| u_{xx} \right\|}_{L^2}}){{\left\| g \right\|}_{L^2}}$$
Note that by the conservation law ${\partial}_t \int_0^1 u(t,x) dt= \int_0^1 g(x) dt=0$ and $\int_0^1 u_0(x)=0$, we have $\int_0^1 u(t,x)dx=0$ for all $t$. Let $u(t,x)=\sum_{n\neq 0} a_n(t) e^{2\pi i n x}$. It follows that $${{\left\| u(t, \cdot) \right\|}_{L^2}}=\left({\sum\limits}_{|n|\geq 1} |a_n|^2\right)^{1/2}\leq
\left({\sum\limits}_{|n|\geq 1} |n|^2 |a_n|^2\right)^{1/2}\leq C \|u_x(t, \cdot)\|_{L^2}.$$ Use ${{\left\| u(t, \cdot) \right\|}_{L^2}}\leq \|u_x(t, \cdot)\|_{L^2}\leq \|u_{xx}(t, \cdot)\|_{L^2}$ and the Cauchy-Schwartz’s inequality in to get $$\begin{aligned}
& & I'(t)\leq -{\varepsilon}({{\left\| u_x \right\|}_{L^2}}^2+{{\left\| u_{xx} \right\|}_{L^2}}^2) +
({{\left\| u_x \right\|}_{L^2}}+{{\left\| u_{xx} \right\|}_{L^2}}){{\left\| g \right\|}_{L^2}}\leq \\
& & \leq -{\varepsilon}( {{\left\| u \right\|}_{L^2}}^2+{{\left\| u_{xx} \right\|}_{L^2}}^2)/2 +
C {{\left\| g \right\|}_{L^2}}^2/{\varepsilon}\leq -{\varepsilon}I(t)/2 +
C{{\left\| g \right\|}_{L^2}}^2/{\varepsilon}\end{aligned}$$ We now finish with a Gronwall type argument, namely we rewrite the inequality above as $${\frac{d}{dt}} (I(t) e^{t {\varepsilon}/2}) \leq C e^{t {\varepsilon}/2}
{{\left\| g \right\|}_{L^2}}^2/{\varepsilon},$$ which after integration in time yields $$\label{eq:23}
I(t)\leq I(0) e^{- {\varepsilon}t/2} + C {{\left\| g \right\|}_{L^2}}^2/{\varepsilon}^2.$$ It follows that $$\limsup_{t\to \infty} I(t) \leq C {{\left\| g \right\|}_{L^2}}^2/{\varepsilon}^2,$$ which is the point dissipativeness of $S(t)$.
Uniform boundedness: Proof of
------------------------------
The uniform boundedness in fact follows from as well. Indeed, denote $I_n(t)={{\left\| S(t)u_n \right\|}_{L^2}}^2+{{\left\| S(t)u_n \right\|}_{\dot{H}^1}}^2$. Clearly $I_n(0)={{\left\| u_n \right\|}_{H^1}}^2\leq B^2$. We have by , $$I_n(t_n)\leq I_n(0) e^{- {\varepsilon}t_n/2} + C {{\left\| g \right\|}_{L^2}}^2/{\varepsilon}^2 \leq
B^2+C {{\left\| g \right\|}_{L^2}}^2/{\varepsilon}^2.$$
Uniform vanishing: Proof of {#sec:vanish}
============================
Fix a real number $B$. Let the initial data be $u_0: {{\left\| u_0 \right\|}_{H^1}}\leq B$, with a corresponding solution $u$. We know from the results of the previous sections that such solutions exist globally and belong to the class $C((t_1, t_2), H^2)$ for every $0<t_1<t_2<\infty$.
Let $k$ be a (large) positive integer and denote $$I_{>k}(t)={\int\limits}_0^1 ((P_{>2^k} u)^2 + (P_{>2^k} u_x)^2 dx.$$ This is the high-frequency portion of the energy, which we are trying to show is small as $N\to \infty$, uniformly in ${{\left\| u_0 \right\|}_{H^1}}$. We use energy estimate reminiscent of the estimate for $I(t)$.
After taking time derivative, use the equation and $P_{>2^k}^2=P_{>2^k}$. We get $$\begin{aligned}
& & I_{>k}'(t)=2{\int\limits}_0^1 ( P_{>2^k} u P_{>2^k} u_t + P_{>2^k} u_x P_{>2^k} u_{tx} dx= \\
& &= 2 {\int\limits}_0^1 P_{>2^k} u F(u, u_x)+ P_{>2^k} u_x {\partial}_x F(u, u_x) dx+ \\
& &+ {\int\limits}_0^1
P_{>2^k} u {\partial}_x( a(x) u_x)dx+ P_{>2^k} u_x {\partial}^2_x( a(x) u_x)dx+ \\
& & +
{\int\limits}_0^1
(P_{>2^k} u g + P_{>2^k} u_x g_x dx)=:N+V+F\end{aligned}$$ There are three sort of terms arising in the energy estimate. We start with those arising from the viscosity.
Viscosity terms {#sec:vis}
---------------
Write $$\begin{aligned}
& & {\frac{V}{2}}= {\int\limits}_0^1
(P_{>2^k} u) {\partial}_x( a(x) u_x)dx+ (P_{>2^k} u_x) {\partial}^2_x( a(x) u_x)dx= \\
& & = - {\int\limits}_0^1
\left[(P_{>2^k} u_x) a(x) u_x dx+ (P_{>2^k} u_{xx})a(x) u_{xx}+ (P_{>2^k} u_{xx})a'(x) u_{x} \right]dx.\end{aligned}$$ We estimate the first and the third term by Hölder’s inequality and the uniform boundedness $$|{\int\limits}_0^1
(P_{>2^k} u_x) a(x) u_x dx|\leq {{\left\| a \right\|}_{L^\infty}} {{\left\| u_x \right\|}_{L^2}}^2\leq C(B; g, {\varepsilon}).$$ Also, by Hölder and Cauchy-Schwartz $$\begin{aligned}
& & |{\int\limits}_0^1 (P_{>2^k} u_{xx})a'(x) u_{x} dx|\leq {{\left\| a' \right\|}_{L^\infty}} {{\left\| u_x \right\|}_{L^2}}
{{\left\| P_{>2^k} u_{xx} \right\|}_{L^2}}\leq \\
& & \leq {\frac{{\varepsilon}}{100}} {{\left\| P_{>2^k} u_{xx} \right\|}_{L^2}}^2+
{\frac{C}{{\varepsilon}}} {{\left\| a' \right\|}_{L^\infty}}^2 {{\left\| u_x \right\|}_{L^2}}^2=
{\frac{{\varepsilon}}{100}} {{\left\| P_{>2^k} u_{xx} \right\|}_{L^2}}^2+C(B; g, {\varepsilon}).\end{aligned}$$ We need more delicate estimates for the second term $\int (P_{>2^k} u_{xx})a(x) u_{xx} dx$. The difficulties here lie with the fact that the commutators $[P_{>N},a]$ [*are not smoothing operators* ]{}, when considered on $L^2[0,1]$, (in contrast with $L^2({\mathbf R^1})$).
Write $u_{xx}= P_{>2^k} u_{xx}+P_{\leq 2^k}u_{xx}$ to get $$\int (P_{>2^k} u_{xx})a(x) u_{xx} dx= \int (P_{>2^k} u_{xx})^2 a(x) dx+
\int (P_{>2^k} u_{xx})a(x) P_{\leq 2^k}u_{xx} dx.$$ Clearly, $\int (P_{>2^k} u_{xx})^2 a(x) dx\geq {\varepsilon}{{\left\| P_{>2^k} u_{xx} \right\|}_{L^2}}^2$, while we will show $$\label{eq:50}
\begin{array}{c}
|\int (P_{>2^k} u_{xx})a(x) P_{\leq 2^k}u_{xx} dx|\leq \\
\leq
C 2^k ({{\left\| a' \right\|}_{L^\infty}} {{\left\| P_{>2^{k-1}}u_{x} \right\|}_{L^2}}
{{\left\| P_{>2^k} u_{xx} \right\|}_{L^2}}+
{{\left\| a_{>{2^{k-1}}} \right\|}_{L^\infty}}{{\left\| P_{>2^k} u_{xx} \right\|}_{L^2}} {{\left\| u_x \right\|}_{L^2}}).
\end{array}$$ To that end, write $$\begin{aligned}
& &
\int (P_{>2^k} u_{xx})a(x) P_{\leq 2^k}u_{xx} dx= \int (P_{>2^k} u_{xx})a(x) P_{2^{k-1}< \cdot
\leq 2^k}u_{xx} dx+ \\
& &+\int (P_{>2^k} u_{xx})a(x) P_{\leq 2^{k-1}}u_{xx} dx. \end{aligned}$$ For the first term, use that $a(x)=a(0)+{\int\limits}_0^x a'(y) dy$ and by orthogonality\
$\int (P_{>2^k} u_{xx})a(0) P_{2^{k-1}< \cdot
\leq 2^k}u_{xx} dx=0$. We get $$\begin{aligned}
& & |\int (P_{>2^k} u_{xx})a(x) P_{2^{k-1}\leq \cdot
\leq 2^k}u_{xx} dx| = |\int (P_{>2^k} u_{xx})(\int_0^x a'(y)dy) P_{2^{k-1}<\cdot
\leq 2^k}u_{xx} dx|\leq \\
& & \leq {{\left\| a' \right\|}_{L^\infty}} {{\left\| P_{>2^k} u_{xx} \right\|}_{L^2}}
{{\left\| P_{2^{k-1}< \cdot
\leq 2^k} u_{xx} \right\|}_{L^2}} \leq 2^k {{\left\| a' \right\|}_{L^\infty}} {{\left\| P_{2^{k-1}< \cdot
\leq 2^k} u_{x} \right\|}_{L^2}}
{{\left\| P_{>2^k} u_{xx} \right\|}_{L^2}} \leq \\
& & \leq 2^k {{\left\| a' \right\|}_{L^\infty}} {{\left\| P_{>2^{k-1}} u_{x} \right\|}_{L^2}}
{{\left\| P_{>2^k} u_{xx} \right\|}_{L^2}} . \end{aligned}$$ For the second term, use Lemma \[le:80\], more specifically . We have $$\begin{aligned}
& & |\int (P_{>2^k} u_{xx})a(x) P_{\leq 2^{k-1}}u_{xx} dx| =
|\int (P_{>2^k} u_{xx})(P_{>2^{k-1}} a(x)) P_{\leq 2^{k-1}}u_{xx} dx|\leq \\
& &\leq {{\left\| P_{>2^k} u_{xx} \right\|}_{L^2}} {{\left\| P_{>2^{k-1}} a \right\|}_{L^\infty}}
{{\left\| P_{\leq 2^{k-1}}u_{xx} \right\|}_{L^2}}\leq
C 2^{k} {{\left\| a_{>2^{k-1}} \right\|}_{L^\infty}} {{\left\| P_{>2^k} u_{xx} \right\|}_{L^2}} {{\left\| P_{\leq 2^{k-1}} u_x \right\|}_{L^2}} \\
& & \leq C 2^{k} {{\left\| a_{>2^{k-1}} \right\|}_{L^\infty}} {{\left\| P_{>2^k} u_{xx} \right\|}_{L^2}} {{\left\| u_x \right\|}_{L^2}}.\end{aligned}$$ This establishes .
Put together all terms that arise from the viscosity and use the uniform boundedness and the Cauchy-Schwartz inequality $a b\leq {\varepsilon}a^2 +(4{\varepsilon})^{-1}b^2$ to obtain $$\begin{aligned}
& &
V\leq - {\frac{2{\varepsilon}}{3}} {{\left\| P_{>2^k} u_{xx} \right\|}_{L^2}}^2+
C(B; g,{\varepsilon}, {\delta}) + {\frac{2^{2k} {{\left\| a' \right\|}_{L^\infty}}^2}{{\varepsilon}}}
{{\left\| P_{>2^{k-1}}u_{x} \right\|}_{L^2}}^2+ \\
& & +
2^{2k}
{{\left\| a_{>2^{k-1}} \right\|}_{L^\infty}}^2 C(B; g,{\varepsilon})\leq - {\frac{2{\varepsilon}}{3}} {{\left\| P_{>2^k} u_{xx} \right\|}_{L^2}}^2+ 2^{2k} {\delta}^2 {\varepsilon}{{\left\| P_{>2^{k-1}}u_{x} \right\|}_{L^2}}^2+ C(B; g,{\varepsilon}) + \\
& &+
2^{2k}
{{\left\| a_{>2^{k-1}} \right\|}_{L^\infty}}^2 C(B; g,{\varepsilon}).\end{aligned}$$ The last inequality holds due to ${{\left\| a' \right\|}_{L^\infty}}\leq {\delta}{\varepsilon}$.
Nonlinearity terms {#sec:nonl}
------------------
For the nonlinearity terms, we have several easy terms, that we take care of first. Namely, according to Lemma \[le:20\] (see with $s=0$) $$\begin{aligned}
& & |\int (P_{>2^k} u) F(u,x_x) dx|\leq {{\left\| P_{>2^k} u \right\|}_{L^2}}{{\left\| F(u, u_x) \right\|}_{L^2}}\leq
C {{\left\| u \right\|}_{H^1}}^3\leq C(B; g,{\varepsilon}). \end{aligned}$$ Also, by Hölder’s inequality and the Sobolev embedding $$\begin{aligned}
& & |\int (P_{>2^k} u_x) {\partial}_x^2 (u^2) dx|= |\int (P_{>2^k} u_{xx}) {\partial}_x (u^2) dx| \leq
{{\left\| P_{>2^k} u_{xx} \right\|}_{L^2}} {{\left\| u_x \right\|}_{L^2}}{{\left\| u \right\|}_{L^\infty}}\leq \\
& &\leq C {{\left\| P_{>2^k} u_{xx} \right\|}_{L^2}} {{\left\| u \right\|}_{H^1}}^2\leq {\frac{{\varepsilon}}{100}} {{\left\| P_{>2^k} u_{xx} \right\|}_{L^2}}^2+
C(B; g,{\varepsilon}).\end{aligned}$$
Finally, $$\begin{aligned}
& & |\int P_{>2^k} u_x {\partial}_x^2 {(1-{\partial}_x^2)^{-1}}(u_x^2/2+u^2) dx|\leq C {{\left\| P_{>2^k} u_x \right\|}_{L^\infty}} {{\left\| u \right\|}_{H^1}}^2.\end{aligned}$$ However, by Lemma \[le:bern\] $$\begin{aligned}
& & {{\left\| P_{>2^k} u_x \right\|}_{L^\infty}}\leq {\sum\limits}_{l\geq k}
{{\left\| P_{2^l<\cdot\leq 2^{l+1}} u_x \right\|}_{L^\infty}} \leq
{\sum\limits}_{l\geq k} 2^{l/2}
{{\left\| P_{2^l<\cdot\leq 2^{l+1}} u_x \right\|}_{L^2}} \sim \\
& & \sim
{\sum\limits}_{l\geq k} 2^{-l/2}
{{\left\| P_{2^l<\cdot\leq 2^{l+1}} u_{xx} \right\|}_{L^2}}\leq C 2^{-k/2} {{\left\| P_{>2^k} u_{xx} \right\|}_{L^2}}\leq
C {{\left\| P_{>2^k} u_{xx} \right\|}_{L^2}}, \end{aligned}$$ implying that $$|\int P_{>2^k} u_x {\partial}^2 {(1-{\partial}_x^2)^{-1}}(u_x^2/2+u^2) dx|\leq {\frac{{\varepsilon}}{100}} {{\left\| P_{>2^k} u_{xx} \right\|}_{L^2}}^2
+ C(B; g,{\varepsilon}).$$
Forcing terms {#sec:forc}
-------------
The forcing terms are easy to control. $$\begin{aligned}
& &
|\int P_{>2^k} u g + P_{>2^k} u_x g_x dx|= |\int P_{>2^k} u g - P_{>2^k} u_{xx} g dx|\leq \\
& & \leq ({{\left\| P_{>2^k} u \right\|}_{L^2}}+{{\left\| P_{>2^k} u_{xx} \right\|}_{L^2}}) {{\left\| g \right\|}_{L^2}}\leq \\
& & \leq
{\frac{{\varepsilon}}{100}} ({{\left\| P_{>2^k} u \right\|}_{L^2}}^2+{{\left\| P_{>2^k} u_{xx} \right\|}_{L^2}}^2 )+
{\frac{C}{{\varepsilon}}} {{\left\| g \right\|}_{L^2}}^2\leq \\
& &\leq {\frac{{\varepsilon}}{50}} {{\left\| P_{>2^k} u_{xx} \right\|}_{L^2}}^2 + C(B; g, {\varepsilon}).\end{aligned}$$
Conclusion of the argument for uniform vanishing of the high frequencies
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Put together all the estimates for viscosity terms, forcing terms and nonlinearity terms. We obtain $$\begin{aligned}
& & I_{>k}'(t)\leq -{\frac{{\varepsilon}}{2}}{{\left\| P_{>2^k} u_{xx} \right\|}_{L^2}}^2+ C 2^{2k} {\delta}^2 {\varepsilon}{{\left\| P_{>2^{k-1}} u_{x} \right\|}_{L^2}}^2+ \\
& &+
2^{2k}{{\left\| a_{>2^{k-1}} \right\|}_{L^\infty}}^2 C(B; g, {\varepsilon})+
C(B; g, {\varepsilon}).\end{aligned}$$ Note first that ${{\left\| P_{>2^k} u_{xx} \right\|}_{L^2}}\geq 2^k {{\left\| P_{>2^k} u_{x} \right\|}_{L^2}}\geq c
2^k \sqrt{I_{>k}(t)}$.
Next, we estimate the term ${{\left\| a_{>2^{k-1}} \right\|}_{L^\infty}}$. Let $a(x)={\sum\limits}_l a_l e^{2\pi i l x}$. Then $$\begin{aligned}
& & {{\left\| a_{>2^{k-1}} \right\|}_{L^\infty}}\leq {\sum\limits}_{l>2^k}
|a_l| \leq
C 2^{-k} {\sum\limits}_{l>k} |l ||a_l| \leq C 2^{-k} ({\sum\limits}_{l>k}
|a_l|^2 |l|^{4})^{1/2}({\sum\limits}_{l>1} l^{-2})^{1/2} \leq \\
& & \leq C 2^{-k} {{\left\| a'' \right\|}_{L^2(I)}}\leq C 2^{-k} {{\left\| a'' \right\|}_{L^\infty}}. \end{aligned}$$ We plug in this estimate to get $$\label{eq:100}
I_{>k}'(t)+ {\frac{2^{2k} {\varepsilon}}{4}}I_{>k}(t)\leq C 2^{2k} {\delta}^2 {\varepsilon}{{\left\| P_{>2^{k-1}} u_{x} \right\|}_{L^2}}^2+ C(B; g, {\varepsilon})$$ Notice that as before, we can rewrite as $${\frac{d}{d t}} (I_{>k}(t) e^{2^{2k} {\varepsilon}t/4}) \leq C 2^{2k} {\delta}^2 {\varepsilon}e^{2^{2k} {\varepsilon}t/4}
{{\left\| P_{>2^{k-1}} u_{x} \right\|}_{L^2}}^2+ e^{2^{2k} {\varepsilon}t/4} C(B; g, {\varepsilon}),$$ which after time integration yields $$\label{eq:104}
\begin{array}{l}
I_{>k}(t)\leq I_{>k}(0)e^{-2^{2k} {\varepsilon}t/4}+ C {\delta}^2 {\sup\limits}_{0\leq s\leq t}
{{\left\| P_{>2^{k-1}} u_{x}(s, \cdot) \right\|}_{L^2}}^2+ 2^{-2k} C(B; g, {\varepsilon})\leq \\
\leq I_{>k}(0)e^{-2^{2k} {\varepsilon}t/4}+ C {\delta}^2 {\sup\limits}_{0\leq s\leq t} I_{>k-1}(s)
+ 2^{-2k} C(B; g, {\varepsilon}).
\end{array}$$ Informally, it should be that $I_{>k-1}\sim I_{>k}$, and since ${\delta}^2<<1$, we may ignore the middle term and get the desired uniform vanishing. However, $I_{>k-1}\geq I_{>k}$ and we may not perform this operation.\
To go around this difficulty, introduce $$I^n_{>k}(t)= \int
((u^n_{>2^k}(t, \cdot))^2+({\partial}_x u^n_{>2^k}(t, \cdot))^2)dx,$$ where $\{u^n\}\subset H^1$, with $\sup_n {{\left\| u^n \right\|}_{H^1}}\leq B$. Note that by the uniform boundedness , we have $$\sup_{n, k, t} I^n_{>k}(t)\leq \int
((u^n(t, \cdot))^2+({\partial}_x u^n(t, \cdot))^2)dx\leq C(B; g, {\varepsilon}).$$ Let also $h^n_k(t)= \sup_{0\leq s\leq t} I^n_{>k}(s)$. Recast for each $n$ as $$\label{eq:117}
h^n_k(t)\leq h^n_k(0)e^{-2^{2k} {\varepsilon}t/4} + C{\delta}^2 h^n_{k-1}(t)+ C 2^{-2k} C(B; g, {\varepsilon})$$ We will need ${\delta}$ so small, that $C{\delta}^2\leq 1/8$. Denote also $h_k=\limsup_{n\to \infty}
h^n_k(t_n)$ for some fixed sequence $t_n\to \infty$. Thus, we have $$h_k\leq h_{k-1}/8+ 2^{-2k} C(B; g, {\varepsilon})$$ Iterating this inequality, we obtain $$\begin{aligned}
& &
h_k\leq h_{k-1}/8+ 2^{-2k} C(B; g, {\varepsilon})\leq
8^{-2} h_{k-2}+ (2^{-2k}+2^{-2k-1}) C(B; g, {\varepsilon})\leq \ldots \\
& & \leq 2^{-2k} C(B; g, {\varepsilon})+
2^{-3k} h_0\leq (2^{-2k}+ 2^{-3k}) C(B; g, {\varepsilon}), \end{aligned}$$ since by , $h_0\leq C(B; g, {\varepsilon})$. It follows that $$\lim_{k\to \infty} \limsup_{n\to\infty} {{\left\| P_{>2^k} u^n(t_n, \cdot) \right\|}_{H^1}}=\lim_{k\to \infty}h_k =0,$$ which is . Moreover, we have that the attractor (whose existence is now established) is actually a [*bounded subset*]{} of $H^{2-{\sigma}}$ for all ${\sigma}>0$.
Indeed, since every element of the attractor is of the form $u(\cdot)=\lim_n u^n(t_n, \cdot)$, we have by the last estimate $$\sup_k 2^{2k} {{\left\| P_{>2^k} u \right\|}_{L^2}}\leq C(B, g, {\varepsilon}),$$ or $u\in B^2_{2, \infty}$. Of course, this implies $${{\left\| u(\cdot) \right\|}_{H^s}}^2\sim {\sum\limits}_{k\geq 1} 2^{2k(s-1)}
{{\left\| P_{\sim 2^k} u(\cdot) \right\|}_{H^1}}^2 \leq {\sum\limits}_{k\geq 1} 2^{2k(s-1)} 2^{-2k} C(B; g, {\varepsilon}, {\delta})<
C(B; g, {\varepsilon})$$ if $s<2$.
Attractors for the viscous Camassa-Holm equation on the whole line {#sec:conclusions}
==================================================================
In this section, we indicate the main steps for the Proof of Theorem \[theo:9\]. Since most of the arguments are quite similar to those already presented for the case of finite interval, we will frequently refer to the previous sections.
To start with, let us point out that Theorem \[theo:1\], which applies to the (undamped) viscous Camassa-Holm equation applies as stated to as well. The reader may reproduce the arguments from Section \[sec:90\] easily, but we point out that the energy estimates in fact work better in the presence of the damping factor $\mu u$, see the discussion regarding the proof of below.
To establish the asymptotic compactness of the dynamical system $S(t)$ associated with , we resort to Proposition \[prop:3\], just as we have used the similar Proposition \[prop:4\] for the case of finite interval.
Therefore, fix a sequence of times $\{t_n\}$ and $\{u_n\}\subset H^1({\mathbf R^1})$, which is uniformly bounded, say $\sup_n {{\left\| u_n \right\|}_{H^1}}\leq B$. It remains to show $$\begin{aligned}
\label{e:2}
& & \sup_{f\in H^1} \limsup_{t\to \infty}{{\left\| S(t)f \right\|}_{H^1}}\leq C(g, \mu, {\varepsilon}) \\
\label{e:3}
& & {\sup\limits}_n {{\left\| S(t_n)u_n \right\|}_{H^1}}\leq C(B, g, {\varepsilon}, \mu) \\
\label{e:4}
& & \lim_{N\to \infty} \limsup_n {{\left\| P_{>N} S(t_n) u_n \right\|}_{H^1}}=0 \\
\label{e:5}
& & \lim_{N\to \infty} \limsup_n {{\left\| S(t_n) u_n \right\|}_{H^1(|x|>N)}}=0.\end{aligned}$$ Note that is the point dissipativeness of $S(t)$, while ,, guarantee the asymptotic compactness of $S(t)$, according to Proposition \[prop:3\].
Proof of
---------
Denote $
I(t)= \int_{{\mathbf R^1}} (u^2 +u_x^2) dx
$ and compute $$\begin{aligned}
& & I'(t)= 2\int u u_t + u_x u_{x t} dx = 2\int u(-F(u, u_x) +{\partial}_x(a u_x)-\mu u+g) dx - \\
& & - 2
\int u_{xx} ( -F(u, u_x) +{\partial}_x(a u_x)-\mu u+g) dx= \\
& &=-2 \int (u F(u, u_x) +u_x {\partial}_x F(u, u_x)) dx-2 \int a(x) (u_x^2+ u_{xx}^2) dx - \\
& & - 2\int a'(x) u_{xx} u_x dx+2\int (u-u_{xx}) g -2 \mu \int (u^2+u_x^2) dx \end{aligned}$$ We split now our considerations, depending on the assumptions on $a$.\
[**Estimate with the assumption ${{\left\| a' \right\|}_{L^\infty}}<<{\varepsilon}$.**]{}\
By Lemma \[le:5\], $\int (u F(u, u_x) +u_x {\partial}_x F(u, u_x)) dx=0$ and we estimate the rest by Hölder’s inequality $$\begin{aligned}
& &
I'(t)\leq -2{\varepsilon}\int (u_x^2+ u_{xx}^2) dx+2 {{\left\| a' \right\|}_{L^\infty}} {{\left\| u_x \right\|}_{L^2}}
{{\left\| u_{xx} \right\|}_{L^2}}+\\
& & +2 {{\left\| g \right\|}_{L^2}}({{\left\| u \right\|}_{L^2}}+{{\left\| u_{xx} \right\|}_{L^2}}) - 2 \mu \int (u^2+u_x^2) dx \end{aligned}$$ By the smallness of ${{\left\| a' \right\|}_{L^\infty}}$, we conclude\
${{\left\| a' \right\|}_{L^\infty}} {{\left\| u_x \right\|}_{L^2}}
{{\left\| u_{xx} \right\|}_{L^2}}\leq {\varepsilon}( {{\left\| u_x \right\|}_{L^2}}^2+{{\left\| u_{xx} \right\|}_{L^2}}^2)/2$. On the other hand, by Young’s inequality $${{\left\| g \right\|}_{L^2}}({{\left\| u \right\|}_{L^2}}+{{\left\| u_{xx} \right\|}_{L^2}})\leq \mu {{\left\| u \right\|}_{L^2}}^2/2+
{\varepsilon}{{\left\| u_{xx} \right\|}_{L^2}}^2/4+{\frac{C}{\min(\mu, {\varepsilon})}}{{\left\| g \right\|}_{L^2}}^2.$$ Altogether, $$\label{e:89}
I'(t)\leq -{\frac{{\varepsilon}}{2}} \int (u_x^2+u_{xx}^2 )dx-\mu \int u^2 dx+ {\frac{C}{\min(\mu, {\varepsilon})}}{{\left\| g \right\|}_{L^2}}^2.$$ We show that follows by assuming $a''(x)\leq 2 a(x)$.\
[**Estimate with the assumption $2a''(x)\leq 2 a(x)$.**]{}\
We perform one more integration by parts in the expression for $I'(t)$ to get $$\begin{aligned}
& & I'(t)= - 2 \int a(x) (u_x^2+ u_{xx}^2) dx +\int a''(x) u^2_x dx+2\int (u-u_{xx}) g - \\
& & - 2 \mu \int (u^2+u_x^2) dx \leq -2 \int a(x) u_{xx}^2 -2\mu \int (u_x^2 +u^2) dx
+2\int (u-u_{xx}) g dx \leq \\
& & \leq -\min({\varepsilon}, \mu) \int (u^2 + u_x^2) dx + {\frac{C}{\min(\mu, {\varepsilon})}} {{\left\| g \right\|}_{L^2}}^2.\end{aligned}$$
Thus, under either the smallness assumption ${{\left\| a' \right\|}_{L^\infty}}<<{\varepsilon}$ or under $a''(x)\leq 2 a(x)$, we have $$I'(t)+{\frac{\min({\varepsilon}, \mu)}{2}} I(t)\leq {\frac{C}{\min(\mu, {\varepsilon})}}{{\left\| g \right\|}_{L^2}}^2,$$ which by Gronwall’s inequality implies $$I(t)\leq e^{- \min({\varepsilon}, \mu)/2 t} I(0)+ {\frac{C}{\min(\mu, {\varepsilon})^2}}{{\left\| g \right\|}_{L^2}}^2=
e^{- \min({\varepsilon}, \mu)/2 t} {{\left\| f \right\|}_{H^1}}^2 + {\frac{C}{\min(\mu, {\varepsilon})^2}}{{\left\| g \right\|}_{L^2}}^2.$$ Taking limit $t\to \infty$ establishes .
Proof of
---------
Uniform boundedness of the orbits follows from the last estimate as follows. Denote $I_n(t)={{\left\| u_n(t, \cdot) \right\|}_{H^1}}^2$. We have $$I_n(t)\leq e^{- \min({\varepsilon}, \mu)/2 t} {{\left\| u_n(0, \cdot) \right\|}_{H^1}}^2 +
{\frac{C}{\min(\mu, {\varepsilon})^2}}{{\left\| g \right\|}_{L^2}}^2\leq B^2+ {\frac{C}{\min(\mu, {\varepsilon})^2}}{{\left\| g \right\|}_{L^2}}^2,$$ where $B=\sup_n {{\left\| u_n(0) \right\|}_{H^1}}$.
Proof of
---------
The proof of largely follows the argument for the similar estimate . Set $$I_{>2^k} (t)= \int_{{\mathbf R^1}} (u_{>2^k})^2+({\partial}_x u_{>2^k})^2 dx$$ and compute as in Section \[sec:vanish\] $$\begin{aligned}
& & I_{>2^k}'(t)= 2 {\int\limits}P_{>2^k}^2 u F(u, u_x)+ P_{>2^k}^2 u_x {\partial}_x F(u, u_x) dx+ \\
& &+ 2 \int
P_{>2^k} u {\partial}_x P_{>2^k}( a(x) u_x)dx+ P_{>2^k} u_x {\partial}^2_x P_{>2^k}( a(x) u_x)dx+ \\
& & +
2 \int
(P_{>2^k}^2 u g + P_{>2^k}^2 u_x g_x dx)- 2 \mu \int ((P_{>2^k}^2 u)^2 + (P_{>2^k}^2 u_x)^2 dx).\end{aligned}$$
The estimates for the terms arising from the nonlinearity work just in the case of finite interval. Again the damping terms can be ignored, because they give rise to terms with negative signs.
In short, the estimates that we need can be summarized in $$\begin{aligned}
& & |{\int\limits}P_{>2^k}^2 u F(u, u_x)+ P_{>2^k}^2 u_x {\partial}_x F(u, u_x) dx| \leq
C {{\left\| P_{>2^k} u_{xx} \right\|}_{L^2}}{{\left\| u \right\|}_{H^1}}^2\leq \\
& & \leq {\varepsilon}{{\left\| P_{>2^k} u_{xx} \right\|}_{L^2}}^2+ {\frac{C}{{\varepsilon}}} {{\left\| u \right\|}_{H^1}}^4.\end{aligned}$$ Similarly, the estimates for the terms arising form the forcing $g$ are estimated by $$\begin{aligned}
& & |\int
(P_{>2^k}^2 u g + P_{>2^k}^2 u_x g_x )dx|\leq {\varepsilon}{{\left\| P_{>2^k} u_{xx} \right\|}_{L^2}}^2/100 + {\frac{C}{{\varepsilon}}} {{\left\| g \right\|}_{L^2}}^2.\end{aligned}$$ Finally, the viscosity terms are in fact better behaved than the corresponding terms for the finite interval case, but one has to proceed in a slightly different fashion, due to the technical inconvenience that $P_{>2^k}$ are not involutions, i.e. $P_{>2^k}^2\neq P_{>2^k}$.
We have $$\begin{aligned}
& & V = - 2 \int
(P_{>2^k} u_x) P_{>2^k}( a(x) u_x)dx -2 \int (P_{>2^k}
u_{xx}) P_{>2^k}( a(x) u_x)dx = \\
& & = -2 \int
(P_{>2^k} u_x) a(x) (P_{>2^k} u_x)dx-
2 \int (P_{>2^k} u_x) [P_{>2^k},a] u_x dx - \\
& & - 2 \int (P_{>2^k} u_{xx}) P_{>2^k} (a' u_x) dx - 2\int P_{>2^k} u_{xx}
a(x) P_{>2^k} u_{xx} dx - \\
& & - 2 \int P_{>2^k} u_{xx} [P_{>2^k},a] u_{xx} dx\leq -2{\varepsilon}\int (P_{>2^k} u_{x})^2 + (P_{>2^k} u_{xx})^2 dx + \\
& & + 2 \int |(P_{>2^k} u_x) [P_{>2^k},a] u_x| dx+ 2
\int |(P_{>2^k} u_{xx}) P_{>2^k} (a' u_x)| dx+ \\
& & +
2 \int |P_{>2^k} u_{xx} [P_{>2^k},a] u_{xx} |dx. \end{aligned}$$ Note that $$\begin{aligned}
& &
\int (P_{>2^k} u_{x})^2 + (P_{>2^k} u_{xx})^2 dx\geq
\int (P_{>2^k} u_{xx})^2 dx \geq c 2^{2k}
\int (P_{>2^k} u_{x})^2 dx\sim \\
& & \sim 2^{2k} \int (P_{>2^k} u)^2+ (P_{>2^k} u_{x})^2 dx= 2^{2k}
I_{>2^k}(t). \end{aligned}$$
By the Calderón commutator estimates $$\begin{aligned}
& & \int |(P_{>2^k} u_x) [P_{>2^k},a] u_x| dx\leq C 2^{-k}
{{\left\| P_{>2^k} u_x \right\|}_{L^2}} {{\left\| a' \right\|}_{L^\infty}} {{\left\| u_x \right\|}_{L^2}}\leq
C {{\left\| u_x \right\|}_{L^2}}^2 {{\left\| a' \right\|}_{L^\infty}}, \\
& & \int |(P_{>2^k} u_{xx}) P_{>2^k} (a' u_x)| dx\leq
{{\left\| P_{>2^k} u_{xx} \right\|}_{L^2}}{{\left\| a' \right\|}_{L^\infty}} {{\left\| u_x \right\|}_{L^2}}\leq \\
& & \leq {\varepsilon}{{\left\| P_{>2^k} u_{xx} \right\|}_{L^2}}/100+ \frac{C}{{\varepsilon}}
{{\left\| a' \right\|}_{L^\infty}}^2 {{\left\| u_x \right\|}_{L^2}}^2, \\
& & \int |P_{>2^k} u_{xx} [P_{>2^k},a] u_{xx} |dx\leq C
{{\left\| P_{>2^k} u_{xx} \right\|}_{L^2}} {{\left\| a' \right\|}_{L^\infty}} {{\left\| u_x \right\|}_{L^2}}\leq \\
& & \leq
{\varepsilon}{{\left\| P_{>2^k} u_{xx} \right\|}_{L^2}}/100+ \frac{C}{{\varepsilon}}
{{\left\| a' \right\|}_{L^\infty}}^2 {{\left\| u_x \right\|}_{L^2}}^2. \end{aligned}$$ Altogether, the various terms in $I_{>2^k}'$ are estimated by $$I_{>2^k}'(t)\leq -{\varepsilon}2^{2k} I_{>2^k}(t)+ \frac{C}{{\varepsilon}}
{{\left\| a' \right\|}_{L^\infty}}^2 {{\left\| u_x \right\|}_{L^2}}^2+
{\frac{C}{{\varepsilon}}}({{\left\| g \right\|}_{L^2}}^2+{{\left\| u \right\|}_{H^1}}^4).$$ By the uniform boundedness(i.e. ) and the Gronwall’s inequality, we deduce $$I_{>2^k}(t)\leq I_{>2^k}(0) e^{-{\varepsilon}2^{2k} t}+ 2^{-2k}
{\frac{C}{{\varepsilon}^2}}({{\left\| g \right\|}_{L^2}}^2+{\sup\limits}_{0\leq s\leq t}{{\left\| u(s, \cdot) \right\|}_{H^1}}^4+{{\left\| a' \right\|}_{L^\infty}}^2{\sup\limits}_{0\leq s\leq t}{{\left\| u(s, \cdot) \right\|}_{H^1}}^2 ).$$ It follows that $$\limsup_n {{\left\| P_{>2^k} S(t_n) u_n \right\|}_{H^1}}\leq 2^{-k} C(B, g, {\varepsilon})$$ and therefore $\lim_{k\to \infty} \limsup_n {{\left\| P_{>2^k} S(t_n)
u_n \right\|}_{H^1}}=0$, thus establishing .
Note that since $\limsup_n {{\left\| P_{>2^k} S(t_n) u_n \right\|}_{H^1}}
\lesssim 2^{-k}$, it follows with the same argument as before that the attractor ${\mathcal A}\subset H^{2-{\sigma}}({\mathbf R^1})$ for every ${\sigma}>0$.
Proof of
---------
Our last goal is to establish the uniform smallness of the $H^1$ energy functional away from large balls. Set $$J_{>N}(t)=\int (u^2(t,x)+u_x^2(t,x))(1-\psi(x/N)) dx.$$ Compute the derivative $$\begin{aligned}
& & J_{>N}'(t)= 2\int (u u_t+u_x u_{xt})(1-\psi(x/N)) dx = \\
& &=-2\int (u F(u, u_x)+u_x {\partial}_x F(u, u_x)) (1-\psi(x/N)) dx- \\
& &- 2\mu\int
(u^2+u_x^2)(1-\psi(x/N)) dx+\\
& & +2 \int (u {\partial}_x(a u_x)+ u_x {\partial}_x^2 (a u_x)) (1-\psi(x/N)) dx. \end{aligned}$$ The first term has already been handled in our previous paper, [@Stanislavova]. According to Lemma 5, [@Stanislavova] the estimate is[^11] $$\label{e:8}
|\int (u F(u, u_x)+u_x {\partial}_x F(u, u_x)) (1-\psi(x/N))
dx|\leq {\frac{C}{N}}{{\left\| u(t, \cdot) \right\|}_{H^1}}^3.$$ Next, integration by parts yields $$\begin{aligned}
& & \int (u {\partial}_x(a u_x)+ u_x {\partial}_x^2 (a u_x)) (1-\psi(x/N)) dx = \\
& & =
-\int a u_x^2 (1-\psi(x/N)) dx+ N^{-1}
\int a u u_x \psi'(x/N) dx-\\
& & - \int u_{xx} {\partial}_x (a u_x) (1-\psi(x/N)) dx+
N^{-1} \int u_x {\partial}_x(a u_x)\psi'(x/N) dx \end{aligned}$$ The terms with the factor $N^{-1}$ are “good” terms.
For the first term , we estimate right away $$N^{-1}
|\int a u u_x \psi'(x/N) dx|\leq C N^{-1}{{\left\| a \right\|}_{L^\infty}} {{\left\| u \right\|}_{H^1}}^2.$$ For the second term containing $N^{-1}$, we have $$\begin{aligned}
& & N^{-1} \int u_x {\partial}_x(a u_x)\psi'(x/N) dx = N^{-1} \int a'(x) u_x^2
\psi'(x/N) dx - \\
& & - {\frac{1}{2N}} \int u_x^2 {\partial}_x( a' \psi'(x/N)) dx\leq
{\frac{C}{N}} {{\left\| u_x \right\|}_{L^2}}^2({{\left\| a' \right\|}_{L^\infty}}+{{\left\| a'' \right\|}_{L^\infty}}),\end{aligned}$$ for some absolute constant $C$.\
Finally, we have to estimate the term $- \int u_{xx}
{\partial}_x (a u_x) (1-\psi(x/N)) dx$. As before, we need to use either the smallness of ${{\left\| a' \right\|}_{L^\infty}}$ or $a''(x)\leq 2 a(x)$.\
[**Estimate under the assumption $a''(x)\leq 2 a(x)$.**]{}\
We have $$\begin{aligned}
& & - \int u_{xx} {\partial}_x (a u_x) (1-\psi(x/N)) dx= \\
& & =
-\int a u_{xx}^2 (1-\psi(x/N)) dx- \int u_{xx} a' u_x (1-\psi(x/N)) dx\leq \\
& & \leq {\frac{1}{2}} \int u_x^2 {\partial}_x
(a'(1-\psi(x/N)) ) dx= \\
& &=
{\frac{1}{2}} \int u_x^2 a''(x) (1-\psi(x/N)) dx-{\frac{1}{2 N}}
\int a''(x) u_x^2 \psi'(x/N) dx\leq \\
& & \leq {\frac{1}{2}} \int u_x^2 a''(x)
(1-\psi(x/N)) dx+ {\frac{1}{2N}}{{\left\| u_x \right\|}_{L^2}}^2 {{\left\| a'' \right\|}_{L^\infty}}. \end{aligned}$$ All in all, we get $$\begin{aligned}
& &J_{>N}'(t)\leq
{\frac{C}{N}}({{\left\| u(t, \cdot) \right\|}_{H^1}}^3+
({{\left\| a \right\|}_{L^\infty}} +{{\left\| a' \right\|}_{L^\infty}}+{{\left\| a'' \right\|}_{L^\infty}})
{{\left\| u(t, \cdot) \right\|}_{H^1}}^2)+\\
& &+ \int u_x^2 a''(x)
(1-\psi(x/N)) dx-2\int a(x) u_x^2 (1-\psi(x/N)) dx -\\
& &- 2\mu \int (u^2 +u_x^2) (1-\psi(x/N))
dx. \end{aligned}$$ We now use the condition $a''(x)\leq 2 a(x)$, to conclude that the middle term is non-positive whence $$J_{>N}'(t)\leq
{\frac{C}{N}}({{\left\| u(t, \cdot) \right\|}_{H^1}}^3+
({{\left\| a \right\|}_{L^\infty}} +{{\left\| a' \right\|}_{L^\infty}}+{{\left\| a'' \right\|}_{L^\infty}})
{{\left\| u(t, \cdot) \right\|}_{H^1}}^2) - 2\mu J_{>N}(t).$$ By the uniform bounds on ${{\left\| u(t, \cdot) \right\|}_{H^1}}$ , (i.e. ) and the previous considerations, it follows that $$\label{eq:end}
J_{>N}'(t)+ \mu J_{>N}(t)\leq {\frac{C(B, g, {\varepsilon}, \mu)}{N}}.$$ We will show that holds, by assuming appropriate smallness of ${{\left\| a' \right\|}_{L^\infty}}$.\
[**Estimate under the assumption ${{\left\| a' \right\|}_{L^\infty}}<<{\varepsilon}$.**]{}\
We have $$\begin{aligned}
& & - \int u_{xx} {\partial}_x (a u_x) (1-\psi(x/N)) dx\leq \\
& & \leq \int |u_{xx}| |a'(x)||u_x| (1-\psi(x/N)) dx- \int u_{xx}^2 a(x)(1-\psi(x/N)) dx \leq \\
& &\leq {{\left\| a' \right\|}_{L^\infty}} (\int u_{xx}^2 (1-\psi(x/N)) dx )^{1/2}
(\int u_x^2(1-\psi(x/N)) dx )^{1/2}-\\
& &-
{\varepsilon}\int u_{xx}^2 (1-\psi(x/N)) dx\leq
2{\frac{{{\left\| a' \right\|}_{L^\infty}}^2}{{\varepsilon}}} \int u_x^2(1-\psi(x/N)) dx\leq 2{\delta}^2 {\varepsilon}J_{>N}(t).\end{aligned}$$ Taking ${\delta}$ so small that ${\delta}^2{\varepsilon}<\mu$ ensures that $2{\delta}^2 {\varepsilon}J_{>N}(t)$ is subsumed by\
$-2\mu \int u^2+u_x^2)(1-\psi(x/N)) dx$ and therefore, we arrive at again.\
The Gronwall’s inequality applied to yields $$J_{>N}(t)\leq e^{-\mu t} J_{>N}(0)+
{\frac{C(B, g, {\varepsilon}, \mu)}{N}}.$$ Thus $\limsup_{t_n\to\infty} J_{>N}(t_n)\leq N^{-1} C(B, g, {\varepsilon}, \mu)$, whence $$\lim_{N\to\infty} \limsup_{t_n\to\infty} J_{>N}(t_n)=0.$$
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[^1]: First author supported in part by the NSF under grant \# EPS-0236913 and NSF-DMS 0508184. Second author supported in part by NSF-DMS 0300511.
[^2]: These equations are also known as Navier Stokes ${\alpha}$ models.
[^3]: In fact, for the existence theorem, the smoothness assumptions on $a$ that we work with are considerably less restrictive than those imposed by [@Helge]. Moreover, in the proof of well-posedness, it will suffice to assume only $a\in C^1(I)$.
[^4]: For the well-posedness result, it is enough to assume only that $a\in C^1(0,1)$.
[^5]: As we have mentioned already, global attractors may not exist in the case $I={\mathbf R^1}$.
[^6]: see Section \[sec:smoothness\]
[^7]: Here uniform means uniformity with respect to a given bounded sequence of initial data.
[^8]: This needs justification in each instance, if one takes $u$ to a be a solution of
[^9]: Similar statement holds for the commutator $[P_{<2^k}, a]$ as well.
[^10]: for smooth and decaying solutions
[^11]: This is actually not so hard to justify. Observe that by the conservation law $\int (u F(u, u_x)+u_x {\partial}_x F(u, u_x))dx=0$, all the integration by parts in that does not hit the term $(1-\psi(x/N))$ equates to zero. Therefore, the only terms that survive are those with $N^{-1}\psi'(x/N)$ in them. Observe that there are no $u_{xx}$ in those either, whence .
| tomekkorbak/pile-curse-small | ArXiv |
The Out Hotel, New York’s first gay-consumer-focused resort, has been bought out of its lease by Merchants Hospitality (soon-to-be Cachet Hospitality Group) for $40 million. Reports indicate that the hotel has suffered from declining business (especially within the LGBT community after owner Mati Weiderpass and Ian Reisner held a fundraiser for Ted Cruz). The 105-room property on 42nd street that includes 7,500 square feet of restaurants and common spaces and a 14,000-square-foot nightclub, will now be transformed into the Playboy Supper Club (talk about a 180).
“Part of the brilliance of Playboy is that their brand is really special,” Cachet president of operations Meredith Gelacek told Community Board 4’s Business Licenses and Permits committee Tuesday. “We will have [Playboy] Bunnies, but the reality is we are going to have a world-class restaurant, and we are going to serve incredible food, [and] it’s going to be incredible service,” she added, according to DNA. | tomekkorbak/pile-curse-small | OpenWebText2 |
Top 10 All-Time L.A. City FB Teams
Khalil Rashad Brown, Keishawn Bierria and Johnell Jackson were three of the top players off Narbonne’s 2012 club that routed Long Beach Poly and played in the first CIF SoCal Open Division bowl game. Did the Gauchos have what it takes to match up against some of the great Carson and Banning teams of the 1970s and 1980s?
Carson 1971, Banning 1980 and San Fernando 1974 get the nod in yet another unique look at prep football history from Cal-Hi Sports. More exclusive state record book features are coming soon and many will be part of our Gold Club membership. To become a member and not miss any of our content, CLICK HERE.
Our research partners over at jimmychitwood.com are dedicated to capturing the essence of high school and college athletics, especially during a time when amateur athletics was pure and not so commercial, and celebrating its great teams and players. We collaborated with the editor of the website to create a 18-team all-time CIF Los Angeles City Section football tournament. As the results of the simulated games play out, Cal-Hi Sports chooses its all time 10 best teams from the section. For more on the L.A. City Section all-time greats football tournament, CLICK HERE.
Jimmy Chitwood, the character in the all-time great high school sports movie Hoosiers, captures the essence of high school athletics and that’s why Steven Clark decided to name his statistics-driven, high school simulated sports games website jimmychitwood.com.
Similar to our co-founder, the late Nelson Tennis, and some of the high school historians we collaborate with, particularly but not limited to Bruce McIntosh, Bob Barnett, the late Bill Frazier, Kevin Askeland, Rick Orbrand, and a host of others, Clark’s labor of love is compiling and researching high school sports information. He particularly loves to chronicle the exploits of great teams from yesteryear that generally didn’t get as much media attention outside its local coverage as today’s top teams do.
Today’s top high school athletes and Student Sports FAB 50 ranked teams are household names thanks to television and social media. It hasn’t always been like that.
While discussing some of California’s all-time greats in football, and since an all-time California tournament was already completed for football and basketball, jimmychitwood.com decided to produce an all-time tournament with the greatest football teams ever from the Los Angeles City Section.
Initially, it was decided upon to conduct an eight-team tournament, but with the information we have in our L.A. City Section Football Record Book, the decision was made to expand the field to 16 teams. Clark compiled so much info from gathering box scores and viewing microfilm of old newspapers, two play-in games were added to create a 18-team field. Of course, all teams had to win the L.A. City Section title in order to be eligible (thus eliminating great teams such as ’86 Banning and ’87 Carson).
Without knowing the results of the in-progress tournament (the semifinals were to be simulated at publish time), we rank the 10 greatest teams ever from the L.A. City Section in the modern era (post World War II). We decided not to consider any teams prior to the end of World War II because we don’t have as much info on those teams compared to the vast information on all the great teams since and because it’s hard to imagine a teams from 80 years ago defeating teams of recent lore.
Our rankings are based on final record, grid log, dominance of key players, final Cal-Hi Sports state ranking and, in many instances, our personal observations.
For more info on the L.A. City Section football all-time greats tournament, including schedule, starting lineups, results, box scores, grid logs, and for a post all-tournament team at the conclusion of the simulation CLICK HERE. If you enjoy high school football and basketball and enjoy most of the research-driven content in our statewide Cal-Hi Sports Record Book, you’ll enjoy jimmychitwood.com. Check it out today!
CAL-HI SPORTS TOP 10 ALL-TIMELOS ANGELES CITY SECTION FOOTBALL TEAMS (Post World War II to present)
1. 1971 Carson Coach: Gene Vollnogle & Paul HuebnerKey Players: RB/DB Mike McClure, RB Jimmy Vaipou, WR/DB Wesley Walker, LB Brad Vaughn, LB Marvin Morris, DB Danny Kay, DB Sam Harper, C Kim Wiese, OT Chris Alberg, OG Pete Minko, OT Meki Solomona, OG Kise Fiatoa.Won-Loss Record: 12-0Final Cal-Hi Sports Ranking: No. 1 (State Team of the Year)Resume: Defeated rival Banning, 29-28, in one of the greatest regular season games in state history. Outscored opponents, 483-147, and handily beat three playoff opponents.The Skinny: This was one of the most talented, balanced units in state history with speed on the outside led by Walker, State Junior of the Year, and a powerful running game. The defense put up numbers that have been unmatched in state history. The unit forced an incredible 74 turnovers (a state record), including 41 fumble recoveries, a state record by a wide margin and reportedly No. 2 on the all-time U.S. prep list. When coaches talk about “11 hats on the ball,” 16mm film of this team is what they should be showing. Basically, a team has to play lights out without turnovers just to be in the game, but since Carson forced an average of over six per game, most teams wouldn’t have a prayer.
2. 1980 Wilmington BanningCoach: Chris FerragamoKey Players: FB/LB/P Michael Alo, RB/DB Danny Andrews, DB Raymond Moret, LB Greg Battle, OT Montel Bryant, OG Paul Newell, C Mark Kaveney, LB Louis Bielma, DL Taulau Tupua.Won-Loss Record: 12-0Final Cal-Hi Sports Ranking: No. 1 (Sports State Team of the Year)Resume: Its only close contest was a 14-13 victory over a talented Long Beach Poly team that went on to win the CIFSS Coastal Conference title. The Pilots beat rival Carson twice, including a 26-0 whitewashing in the playoff semifinals.The Skinny: This team was big, strong and intimidating with Alo, the Atlanta Touchdown Club’s National Player of the Year, the Cal-Hi Sports Mr. Football and two-time L.A. City Player of the Year. There was nothing Alo couldn’t do on the football field at 6-foot, 220 pounds. He formed one of the best 1-2 rushing combos in state history with Andrews, who was also a Parade All-American and part of an outstanding secondary. This team had a great chemistry to put aside individual accolades, as it won its fifth consecutive L.A. City title and was in the midst of a 30-game winning streak.
3. 1974 San FernandoCoach: Bill Marsh & Hewitt HornbeckKey Players: QB/DB Kenny Moore, FB/DB Charles White, RB/DB Kevin Williams, RB/DB Ray Williams, OT Pedro Arreguin, OG Tommy Hernandez, MG James Criner, LB John Contreras, LB Norman White, DT David Lopez.Won-Loss Record: 12-1Final Cal-Hi Sports Ranking: N/AResume: This team lost its opener to L.A. City power Gardena (21-7), then put it together to beat a talented group of teams in the post-season, including Carson (13-7), Wilson (20-13), Granada Hills (22-15) and Palisades (12-10).The Skinny: The Tigers ran a wishbone offense and it was one of the most devastating rushing attacks in state history. Moore was a natural leader and teams had little chance defending the dive play to White that San Fernando used to demoralize teams. On the outside, no team in the state had a faster pair than Kevin and Ray Williams. In 1975, Kevin Williams won the state 100-yard dash and Ray Williams and White had similar speed. Criner (6-3, 290) and Lopez (6-2, 259) had great size for their day and were excellent against the run. Even if a ball-carrier got past the first wave, all four players in the wishbone also played in the secondary and kept teams from breaking off big plays. The skill position players were juniors in 1974 and San Fernando opened the 1975 season ranked No. 1 in the country.
4. 2007 Lake Balboa BirminghamCoach: Ed CrosonKey Players: RB Milton Knox, QB Exavier Johnson, WR De’von Flourney, DE Malik Jackson, DE Marquis Jackson, OL Timote Tonga, OL Erik Miranda, LB Donovan Carter, DB Evan Jenkins, TE Mychal Rivera, QB Morey Croson.Won-Loss Record: 13-1Final Cal-Hi Sports Ranking: No. 3Resume: The Patriots lost to Crespi of Encino (20-6) in their opener and it basically cost them a shot at the Division I Bowl Game. Knox, the state’s Mr. Football, fumbled inside the five-yard line with Birmingham trailing 13-7 and it was returned 98 yards for a touchdown by Crespi’s E.J. Woods. Croson’s club rebounded with a big win over Long Beach Poly (20-7) and beat Notre Dame of Sherman Oaks (28-21) on national television.The Skinny: After QB Exavier Johnson returned from a broken hand, the Patriots averaged over 51.1 ppg in their final 10 games. With that being said, their defense was the strength of the team, and gives them the nod over a couple of teams perhaps just as talented. Twin brothers Malik and Marquis wreaked havoc against top-notch CIFSS foes. What we remember most is the win over Long Beach Poly, Knox’s ability to move east-west to find his running lane and his leadership. Knox’s humility and maturity was also on display when he spoke to a FOX Sports television camera after his team was passed over for a CIF bowl berth in favor of Corona Centennial.
5. 1976 Wilmington BanningCoach: Chris FerragamoKey Players: TB Freeman McNeil, QB Joey Montijo, OT Joey Figueroa, DL Polu Faavi, DE Leonard McDonald, LB Roy Rivera, WR/DB Jimmy Gasso, WR/DB Toe Tofiga.Won-Loss Record: 12-1Final Cal-Hi Sports Ranking: No. 1 (State Team of the Year)Resume: The Pilots lost in their opener to defending National Sports News Service national champion L.A. Loyola (23-21), then beat St. Paul of Santa Fe Springs (17-14) in one of the best games of a storied intersectional rivalry. From there, Banning cruised to 11 consecutive wins.The Skinny: Ferragamo’s program always took on tough competition and even fared well against CIF Southern Section foes. This team had solid size, power, and a fantastic running game led by McNeil, the Student Sports Mr. Football USA and state Mr. Football. As it that wasn’t enough, the late Ron Settles also had NFL-type talent as a ball-carrier and Stanley Wilson (Oklahoma/NFL) was also on the roster. McDonald was all-state caliber as a run-stopper and the secondary was lights out, including Irvin (who went on to play in the NFL), Gasso, and punishing tackler Jeffrey “Griff Dog” Griffin. The defense shut out three of four playoff opponents and against the one team (Monroe) that did score, Banning’s offense ringed up 56 points.
6. 1988 CarsonCoach: Gene VollnogleKey Players: QB Perry “Italian Stallion” Klein, RB Errol “Quicksilver” Sapp, OG Morris Unutoa, OT Moheni Toilolo, WR Michael Ross, LB Peter Hunt, DT Nkosi Littleton, FS Howard McCowan, CB Clayvand Thomas.Won-Loss Record: 12-1Final Cal-Hi Sports Ranking: No. 1 (State Team of the Year)Resume: The Colts struggled early after some in-house rumblings regarding the highly-publicized transfer of Klein from Palisades. The Colts lost to Bishop Amat of La Puente (17-13) in their second game and struggled to beat Lynwood (17-15). After that, Carson went on a complete tear with one close game (14-13 in the semifinals over Dorsey) and won the city title with a 55-7 destruction of archrival Banning.The Skinny: After the team began to jell with Klein and understand the high-octane, double-spread, quick-pass offense employed by Vollnogle and offensive coordinator Steve Clarkson, this team was an offensive juggernaut. There were offensive weapons everywhere and the defense had major big-play capabilities. Klein, Sapp and Unutoa were first team all-state selections, while Ross, Littleton, and Thomas were all-state underclass material. This team’s combination of high-level coaching and talent level (17 eventual D1 signers) was a big factor in its ranking on this list.
7. 2012 Harbor City NarbonneCoach: Manuel DouglasKey Players: QB Troy Williams, WR AJ Richardson, OT Atlanta Toussant, DL Paulo Lepua, LB Lejon Fisher, LB Marquis Lomax, LB Kieshawn Bierria, C Sese Tauesi.Won-Loss Record: 14-1Final Cal-Hi Sports Ranking: No. 3Resume: Great L.A. City teams are not just defined by winning a city championship, but also by how many strong CIFSS foes they beat. Douglas’ club passed the test, beating five quality Southern Section teams, including a complete 56-0 destruction of eventual Pac-Five Division champ Long Beach Poly. The city title win over Crenshaw (25-0) was anti-climatic before the Gauchos lost to Corona Centennial (41-34) in the first-ever SoCal Open Division bowl game.The Skinny: The fact Narbonne didn’t play for a CIF Bowl Game doesn’t diminish from the great season it had in 2012. This team was complete, with a great high school quarterback in Williams, a good running game, and a big-play defense that got to the quarterback often. Lepua and Bierria were all-state players, but the tendency for the defense to occasionally give up big plays drops this club a notch. Could this club be higher? Sure, perhaps a couple of spots, but father time may play a factor because the team will be appreciated a bit more down the line if some of the players go on to have fine college and NFL careers.
As DeAnthony Thomas went, so did his 2009 Crenshaw team.
8. 2009 Los Angeles CrenshawCoach: Robert GarrettKey Players: QB Marquis Thompson, RB Geoffrey Norwood, WR Geno Hall, WR/DB DeAnthony “The Black Momba” Thomas, WR Gregory Ducre, DE James Brock, FB/LB Hayes Pullard, LB Ronald Stovall.Won-Loss Record: 14-1Final Cal-Hi Sports Ranking: No. 4Resume: The Shaw beat an eventual CIFSS Pac-Five semifinalist (Lakewood) 28-27 to open the season and beat Norco (47-44), but after that it dominated all foes until meeting up with Concord De La Salle in the CIF Open Division state bowl game. Garrett’s club was impressive in its 34-14 city title game win over Narbonne and led De La Salle 14-0 before Thomas was hurt. If Thomas wouldn’t have gotten hurt, De La Salle perhaps would have fallen to 1-3 in bowl games up until that point.The Skinny: This club was explosive, averaging 46.6 ppg, and Thomas is one of the best broken field runners in state history. He also was a hard-hitter in the secondary on a defense whose strength was plugging running holes. Norwood and Pullard actually kept the chains moving, but at times this team’s offense was predictable and inconsistent despite the abilities of Thompson and Hall as a pass-catch combo. The threat of Thomas in space made the other players even more dangerous, but the offense fell flat against De La Salle after The Black Momba was injured.
9. 1963 Lake Balboa BirminghamCoach: George GoffKey Players: E Bill Hayhoe, E Marv Adamo, L Mike Scarpace, L Frank Arrigo, L Bill Brucker.Won-Loss Record: 10-0Final Cal-Hi Sports Ranking: N/AResume: This team only gave up 19 points in eight regular season games to two opponents: Monroe (26-6) and Cleveland (67-13). The Braves crushed everyone else and beat two teams from outside the San Fernando Valley in the city playoffs: Gardena (38-27) and Los Angeles High (21-14) in the city title game.The Skinny: This team’s strength was its physicality and ability along the lines. Teams from this era were a lot smaller than now, but Birmingham just demoralized opponents at the line of scrimmage and we give them a lot of credit for that in these rankings. Adamo was a great weapon on the outside and was named L.A. City Player of the Year. In a December 2006 article, the L.A. Daily News named this the third greatest team ever from the San Fernando Valley behind 2006 Oaks Christian and 1974 San Fernando.
10. 1994 SylmarCoach: Jeff EngilmanKey Players: RB/LB Durrell Price, RB/DB Gerrod Taylor, WR/DB Davon Young, OT Frank Fuentes, C/DE Brandon McGee, SS Tyrone Morgan, CB Eddie Lopez, TE/LB James Seidler, QB Greg Marquez.Won-Loss Record: 14-0Final Cal-Hi Sports Ranking: No. 8Resume: Beat a good Kennedy team (16-14) it had tied the previous season and completely dominated its Valley Pac-8 Conference foes. In the playoffs, Sylmar survived a California tie-breaker overtime against Banning (28-27) and beat Carson in the semifinals (27-19) behind some clutch running by Price. In the title game, the Spartans outclassed Crenshaw (38-6).The Skinny: Carson and Banning might have had better teams, perhaps ones that split games in the same season, but we decided to go with a somewhat controversial pick for the tenth spot. Sylmar gets credit for routing the teams it should and beating the best teams in the L.A. Basin in the post-season. Having Price is also a major plus, as he was a 6-foot, 220-pound back with that rare combination of speed and power. He’s a legit two-time all-stater and coach Engilman rode him verbally to push the rest of the players on the team. One advantage this team also has was its emphasis in the weight room and a defense full of big-hitters such as McGee and sure tacklers like Morgan. The Spartans didn’t even have to use a potentially good passing game much, as Young was a big-play maker on offense, at safety and special teams. Sylmar went 86-18-2 between 1987 and 1995 and this was Engilman’s best team.
Editor’s Note:Special thanks to publisher Steven Clark of jimmychitwood.com for providing to this story some of the commentary he published as a preview to his simulated tournament. One team that we would have ranked near or in the top 10 had it been in the tournament and we had more research for was the 1925 Los Angeles High team that went 10-0. That team was led by State Player of the Year Francis Tappaan (T) and State Athlete of the Year Louie Almada (E).
Leroy Holt became SC’s fullback and he played tight end at Banning. Stephen Keith went to SC, I think Mark Tucker went to SC,. They were loaded that year and they had the all time best wishbone QB in Holloway.
How could you leave off the 95 dorsey team… #1 defense in the city… did not loose a game in los angeles only loss to torrey pines in a 35-37 shoot out…8 players went D-1 and 5 went to NFL
nail digg ohio st… che britton ASU
dennis northcutt U of A … calvin Carlye oregon st
ramont Skaggs Flordia st…anthony white UNLV…adoullah noah San jose st…Lakaki malaki Hawii.. Roderick foreman BYU… and list goes on and on…… but wait ur telling me one of the top high scholls in America ranked in top 5 in nation with Draft Picks didnt make a top 10 in LA this is horse shit
Franklin went undefeated from 1940 to 1947 when they finally lost one game to Lincoln. There has never been a streak like that in L.A. history. A couple of the players were consensus All Americans including a Salata for USC.
I have a lot of respect for Franklin football! They won state back in 1920 I believe, and had state player of the year Bob Lee. Then the era you mentioned, and then the era of coach Gonzales. Mando beat Perry Klein his junior year at Palisades for the city championship.
The 77 Wilson team was insane! I have never seen a quarterback as quick as cuccia, and could throw 50 yard passes scrambling to his offside. And his backup was Steve Clarkson. Wilson also had two all-city receivers and beat most teams by 30 points
Great info. As a city football guy I really appreciate what you put together. I do think you left a few really great teams off. Here’s some I would have considered: The 1982 Dorsey team with Hue Jackson, Vincent Weathersby, Larry Mcglothan, Aaron Cox, Carver Russo and about 10 others who played college football. The 1983 Manual Arts team with Jeff Joseph, Steve Broussard, Tilton Gray, Dorsey Brown and another 8 who played college football. The 1983 Banning team with Jameile, Sam Sutherland, Joe Scott and another 8 or so D1 kids. They also had Anthony Simeon, the kid that went on to be USC’s fullback and their center that went Rice and played many years with the chargers. Just my thoughts
Mark, it was fin putting this together. There is no doubt I did leave some good teams off. Can’t argue with that. ’66 Carson, probably ’78 or ’79 Banning, ’86 Carson, and the Dorsey and Manual Arts teams you mentioned. No 3A or Division II champ made the top 10. Those Manual Arts teams under Jeff Engilman were underrated and perhaps a bit under appreciated. Thanks for commenting.
Yes, the Marine League was great, but in the end, I decided not to add any 3A or 2A teams to the top 10. It would just open up a can of worms from the 4A champs. I listed 77 Wilson from 3A from what they did is historical, but I’m not sure if any 3A team is top 10 material unless it beat Carson and/or Banning.
Great list! But one of your honorable mention teams should be in the top 10. I saw the 1977 Wilson team play, and I saw some of the great Banning and Carson squads along with the newer teams listed. I have never seen a team like Wilson. I know they were in the 9A Cuccia’s senior year, but no one had an answer for them. Their closest game was a 21-14 win over Powerhouse Franklin back in the day and their margin of defeat on other teams was like 35 points. Some teams they beat by 50 points to end a perfect season. Their biggest claim to fame was the 63-0 Halftime score against rival Lincoln, and Lincoln got on the bus at half-time and went home. I really don’t think there was a team out there that could have beat them.
I think you should research Alain LeRoy Locke High School 1984-1985 Football Team Stats.
They went 11-0 lossing a tough fought game to Manuel Arts for the Championship .
They had on of the most powerful, strong and fast offensive attacks in the City that year. Along with a tough no holds bar defense.
Players: TB Bruce Williams, QB Leon Otis, WR Eugene Clark, OL Roland Pumphries.
DT Shawn “Moose” Campbell, DT Dwayne “Animal” Johnson, MLB Michael Humphrey,
Tony, please stop it! Wilson high school of the 70’s was a big fish swimming around in the small fish bowl they called 3A back then. Wilson can never be compared to the 4A times of it’s time. Had Wilson stepped out of it’s 3A safety blanket and took pre-season games against 4A powers Banning, Carson, or top flight CIF programs like Saint Paul or Bishop Amat, Etc.. Maybe then you can say they had something. Lets be honest here, Most of the 3A teams Wilson settled on playing were nothing more then soccer teams in football uniforms. So for the record lets just say no one really knows how good Wilson was because they refused to play anyone who would threaten them… Coach Cuccia did all he could to protect his kid, and make sure his kid ran up records against inferior opponents (Classless I must say). To me that’s weak and undeserving of any label of greatness. BTW unrelated to this, Michael Alo of Banning HS 78-80 was the most dominant player who ever played in the LA city past or present. If you ever seen him play you know, if you never seen him play you missed something great!
IT IS OBVIOUS THAT THIS WRITER TRUELY DOES NOT KNOW HIS HISTORY OF CITY FOOTBALL. HELL, WE DON’T EVEN KNOW IF HE PLAYED A DOWN. I DO KNOW THAT THIS RANKING IS A BIT SUSPECT….NOT TO HAVE NOT ONE DORSEY TEAM IN THE TOP TEN? LOL…UMMMMMM I THINK THIS WRITER EXPOSED HIMSELF IN SHOWING HE KNOWS NOTHING!!
Darius, I went to a LA City school and did play football there. I was just an average players, but I know the history of city ball and always support it! Dorsey has won four 4A city titles. Ain’t gonna count the 3A/2A ones. I’ll break it down over on Facebook. Thanks for checking the article out.
Great write up Florres. Unfortunately, 2A,3A means nothing. Well it does for all of us who knows the city football. 16 teams in 4A , fight for the best #1 city team. 3A even with a undefeated record means your fighting for #17 best in the city. 2A well 33 best means, someone felt sorry for you.
I saw the 1974 San Fernando team that had Heisman winner Charlie white who also won the 300 hurdles and had a 46.5 split in the mile relay. Unreal team that ran the bone. Also, Stanley the steamer Wilson’s teams at Banning were tough. I still think that the banning/carson teams of the late 70’s and mid 80’s had the most talent. Most excited team ever for me personally LA Wilson Cuccia era and the year Clarkson was there. Vic was a great motivator and coach. I’m from El Sereno and went to 90% of Cuccia’s games.
man, what a show air cuccia was. That ’77 Wilson team is a legendary team. I would agree with you overall, from about 76-90, Carson-Banning were just unreal with the amount of talent they had. Great teams, great rivalry. One factor is I didn’t want to overpopulate the list with a bunch of Carson-Banning teams. The three great teams of this era do deserve some props, too.
Wilson got alot of attention. Vic Cuccia and Jack Neumeier were way ahead of their time. When Jack Elway moved to Southern California, he looked around to place John in a school that passed a bunch and GH was that one school!
Please stop it! Wilson high school of the 70’s was a big fish swimming around in the small fish bowl they called 3A back then. Wilson can never be compared to the 4A times of it’s time. Had Wilson stepped out of it’s 3A safety blanket and took pre-season games against 4A powers Banning, Carson, or top flight CIF programs like Saint Paul or Bishop Amat, Etc.. Maybe then you can say they had something. Lets be honest here, Most of the 3A teams Wilson settled on playing were nothing more then soccer teams in football uniforms. So for the record lets just say no one really knows how good Wilson was because they refused to play anyone who would threaten them… Coach Cuccia did all he could to protect his kid, and make sure his kid ran up records against inferior opponents (Classless I must say). To me that’s weak and undeserving of any label of greatness.
They also had seven players in the shrine game that year! I don’t know of too many teams that ever did that. And the big money maker at the Shrine game was get Cuccia! I don’t know about you, but that convinced me enough. And if you call Franklin a weak opponent back in the day, then there is no more I can say!
I was on the 1970 Wilson football team, last years of the incomparable Rick Holoubek…before Cuccia’s son Ron would lead the Mighty Mules to the City Championships back then…what an athelete Rick Holoubek was he truly gave his all!
please stop it! Wilson high school of the 70’s was a big fish swimming around in the small fish bowl they called 3A back then. Wilson can never be compared to the 4A times of it’s time. Had Wilson stepped out of it’s 3A safety blanket and took pre-season games against 4A powers Banning, Carson, or top flight CIF programs like Saint Paul or Bishop Amat, Etc.. Maybe then you can say they had something. Lets be honest here, Most of the 3A teams Wilson settled on playing were nothing more then soccer teams in football uniforms. So for the record lets just say no one really knows how good Wilson was because they refused to play anyone who would threaten them… Coach Cuccia did all he could to protect his kid, and make sure his kid ran up records against inferior opponents (Classless I must say). To me that’s weak and undeserving of any label of greatness.
Apparently Micho is confusing teams of today with the great teams of yesterday! How old are you Micho? Did you ever see Cuccia play? Those two questions will tell me everything about you and your knowledge of city sports. This should be very interesting!
I SAW THAT CARSON VS. BANNING GAME AT LONG BEACH VETERAN STADIUM..MICHAEL ALO (WHO I SAW ON A CARSON PLAYGROUND AS A 6 YR.OLD RUNNING CIRCLES AROUND HIGH SCHOOLERS )..KNEW HIS FAMILY.ANYWAYS…THAT GAME….ALO’S KICK-OFF..5 YARDS DEEP IN THE END ZONE..HIS 1ST PUNT..66 YARDS!…HE BLOCKED ON A LEAD PLAY FOR ANDREWS..BLEW THE CARSON OLBER AWAY!.. I BROUGHT 15 PLAYERS FROM CAPISTRANO VALLEY HIGH (MISSION VIEJO-SAN JUAN CAPISTRANO) WHERE I COACHED FOR 15 SEASONS ,FOR THEM TO SEE MY ALMA MATER CARSON HIGH VS. THE PILOTS.(EYE OPENER! HAD OUR QB BURT CALL,NOW MATER DEI BASEBALL COACH ON SIDELINE..TO SEE THE L.A.CITY “INTENSITY AND TALENT”!!! BTW MICHAEL ALO.. ALSO THREW THE SHOTPUT 61 FEET..AND IN THE STATE QUALIFYING..NEVER THREW THE DISCUS UNTIL THE END OF THE YEAR (L.A.CITY DOES OT HAVE DISCUS FIELDS) HE THREW 165 FEET..1ST TIME!!! AT COAH FERRAGAMO’S RETIREMENT PARTY..HE SAID..THE “BEST ATHLETE” HE EVER COACHED..WAS BIG FRANK MANUMALEUNA (UCLA..1ST FROSH TO START LBER AND JOHN WOODEN’S MVP JV TEAM…TO JC.TO SJS-KC CHIEFS..SON BRANDON SD CHARGERS) NOT DANNY ANDREWS, OR HOLLWAY.OR REECE BROTHERS..OR FREEMAN..AND HE SAID HIS “BEST FOOTBALL PLAYER ” HE EVER COACHED WAS “MICHAEL ALO”!
BTW.THANKS FOR MENTIONING THE 1966 CARSON COLTS 11-0 1ST UNDEFEATED TEAM FOR COLTS (WHICH I WAS A PROUD MEMBER)IN 4TH YEAR..AS COACH VOLLNOGLE CAME FROM BANNING HIGH WHERE HE WON CITY TITLES IN 1958 & 60 WITH COACH PAUL HUEBNER..AND WON “8” CITY TITLES AT CARSON…LAST ONE IN 1990..DOWN AND LOSING 16-7 AT HALF TO YES..BANNING..MADE THE “GREATEST HALFTIME SPECH EVER! (I TAPED IT..I WAS HEAD COACH AT SAN CLEMENTE HIGH THEN..AND WANTED MY PLAYERS TO SEE THE ‘RIVAL”..FINAL SCORE 37-16 CARSON..COACH VOLLNOGLE WAS THE “WINNINGEST COACH IN CALIFORNIA HISTORY WHEN HE RETIRED IN 1990! JUNA L.A.CITY FOOTBALL! I WAS LUCKY TO BE ON STAFFS THAT WON THE CITY & THE CIF!!!
My Dad took me to see that 1980 Banning team play against Carson. I was a High School Freshman, and my eyes were opened to big-time High School Football with a huge crowd at LB City College (I believe), Big Bands, and “tear-away jerseys” that Michael Alo wore. Thanks for writing the article, it was fun recalling that memory.
list is solid …played against the 80’s Banning teams and I think that they should be no .1…… the recent teams I don’t think could compete because of the dilution of talent in city football ….. the increase in lausd schools ,private schools ,charters have made a comparison in era’s impossible….I take a great deal of pride in the caliber football and athlete’s the City use to produce …..the evolution has been sad to watch and gives a truly false sense of the legacy of high school sports in the state….. lausd leagues had the greatest athletes in the country…..I don’t think any other area nationally could compare
It is really hard to compare ERAs Nick, that’s why I didn’t include 1925 Los Angeles High School. 10 years ago I never would have thought we’d see any other teams like Carson-Banning. Let’s give Birmingham, Narbonne and Crenshaw credit, though. There weren’t that many great teams to compare them to in the city, but B-Ham and Narbonne stepped outside and beat some very good CIFSS teams. I agree with your assessment, LAUSD does have greatest athletes in the country historically, but that has slowed down dramatically last 20 years. Once in a while, however, a great team does emerge. Not sure when we’ll see one next.
I agree, the 80’s Banning and Carson teams were loaded. The biggest upset back then was when Crenshaw beat Banning in the City Semis at El Camino College. That was Ronnie Barbers senior year. Then Barber beat threw up a last second 25 footer to beat Crenshaw and big John Williams in the city championship basketball game. Great memories!
I understand this is about the City teams and not the CIF. It is funny though that you mention Banning beating St. Paul in ’76, but don’t mention that it was their only win over them in the decade plus. St. Paul played Carson or Banning nearly every year during the 70’s hey day of City football and lost only that one time. The ’79 game was billed as #1 City vs #1 CIF. Danny Andrews ran back the opening kick off 95 yards for a TD for Banning’s only score. St. Paul scored 17 unanswered points to win 17-7. Andrews was a back up running back in that game until the starter got knocked out. He then became the starter. He and Alo were extremely talented individual players, but couldn’t beat that St. Paul TEAM.
Hence, that’s even more reason Mike, to list 76 Banning on the list. That’s a great statistic, I didn’t know St. Paul was so successful against Carson and Banning. St. Paul has such pride and gritty tough players. Ancich has got to be a top five coach in the state all-time. His coaching tree is tremendous. The Angulus League was just loaded. Yeah, too bad Banning and St. Paul couldn’t have met in 1980.
you need to remember that St Paul and Bishop Amat players back then were doin’ the same thing Catholics schools are still doing today…….accepting numerous transfers from other Catholic Schools. Hence; De La Salle’s success City schools had strict rules in regards to living in the district back then, not sure about now with the congestion with the city schools. Most if not all Carson and Banning kids are neighbors, where the kid from across the street goes to Carson and you’re going to Banning. To think if Carson wasn’t built back in the early 60’s, just how much of powerhouse Banning would’ve been…..and most of the games between Carson, Banning and their CIF counterparts were close. Fontana, Fountain Valley weren’t pushovers either. I actually attended that Banning, St Paul game where Banning squeaked out the win. I think their RB at that time was Hiawatha Franklin,.
COACH ANSICH, AMAZING COACH & PERSON…HOWEVER..THAT LOSS TO BANNING AND FREEMAN MCNEIL IN 1976..WAS 1ST LOSS ON ST. PAUL FIELD IN “10 YEARS’…IN 1973..CARSON COMING INTO THAT SEASON WITH 24 GAME WINNING STREAK..ST.PAUL BEAT US 7-0! ST. PAUL WON THE CIF-SS…HOWEVER..YOU FAILED TO MENTION..THE GREAT GARDENA TEAMS..AN IN THAT YEAR, 1973..GARDENA MOHICANS..BEAT CARSON 9-0..LEAGUE TITLE AND 28-0 IN THE CITY FINAL..WITH THEIR 24 FOOT LONGJUMPER RUNNING BACK “COLE”..I BELIEVE THEY WOULD HAVE BEATEN ST. PAUL…& REMEMBER..CARSON BANNING BOYS WERE HOME GROWN..NOT FROM ALL OVER SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA LIKE THE ST, PAUL AND MATER DEI PLAYERS!!! ..NOT MENTIONED..THE GREAT 1969 CITY CHAMPIONS GARDENA MOHICANS..COACHED BY MOSTLY DICK ENRIGHT..SHUT OUT THE MARINE LEAGUE..”0″ POINTS..GREG HERD 240 LB. RUNNING BULL…1965 & 66 CHARLIE EVANS..2 TIME CITY PLAYER OF THE YEAR..(I BELIEVE) USC STAR , NEW YORK GIANTS NFL STAR! MANY PROS..AS DID CARSON “18”+ NFL PLAYERS…BUT L.B. POLY TAKES THE CAKE..41 NFL PLAYERS!!! THANKS FOR READING!
Thanks for mentioning those great Gardena High School teams of the past. RB Kevin Cole (’76 Champs) and his brother Paul Cole (D lineman) on that ’69 team that shut out the entire LEAGUE lived across from me. I graduated in ’79 from GHS and played ball with their younger brother Scott. Unfortunately we didn’t live up to their legacies on the field but we did the best we could with what we had. We did be Stanley Wilson and his Banning (eventual City Champs) team our Junior year, 14-0, at El Camino College. Highlight and biggest win of our H.S. careers.
Mike Alo and Danny Andrews were the best combo I ever seen. Not just because I went to Banning but because they were just that good….period! They also lived in my neighborhood and still have family that lives there to this day. True Pilots!
They were good, no doubt about that. Too bad Banning backed out of playing St. Paul in 1980 when those two were seniors. Their offense could’t score in the ’79 game and the St. Paul defense was the most dominate in the state in ’80 only giving up 26 points in nine regular season games. Would have been a great match up.
Mike where is Saint Paul today? Last I heard they were thinking about dropping down to 8 man football… Stop huffing and puffing about the past and go and fix your alimni, whats after 8 man football, flag? LOL Saint Paul is a has been….
WRICH..WASH DALE HIRAYAMA ONE OF YOUR COACHES?BTW..KEBVIN COLE WAS ON THE UNDEFEATED MOHICAN TEAM OF 1973..THEY BEAT US AT CARSON IN LEAGUE 9-0 AND WE LOST IN THE CITY FINALS 28-0..WE LOST TO CIF-SS CHAMPION 7-0 1ST GAME OF THE YEAR ..GADENA WAS BETTER THAN THOSE SWORDAMEN..FROM SANTA FE SPRINGS!
ALSO PAUL COLE WAS A S’68 GRAD OF GARDENA ..I KNOW BECAUSE I PLAYED AT HARBOR JC IN 1968 AND HE WAS ON OUR SEAHAWK TEAM..I KNOW THE YEARS BLEND TOGETHER SOMETIMES!..KEEP THE ‘MARINE LEAGUE FAITH!
The Sylmar HS 1992 team was 13-1. This team went 13-0 during the regular season. They beat Venice, Garfield and Crenshaw in the playoffs. The Spartans beat a great Carson Colts team 17-0 in the 4A City Championship Game at El Canmino City College. The team’s on loss came in the 1st and only CIF Reebok Bowl. The 13-0 Sylmar Spartans played the 14-0 Bishop Amat Lancers at Anaheim Stadium. The Spartans lost 35-10 to a Bishop Amat team thet had Rodney Sermons, Daylon McCutchen, & Trevor Woods. It was a game for the ages, City Section vs Sothern Section what could be better.
Robert, I know alot about the 1992 Sylmar team. Wonder how they would be looked at if they would have never played Bishop Amat? At 13-0 they would have been considered. I just think 1994 Sylmar is a tad bit better. Price was just a monster in high school and alot more physical than Crenshaw. Really like those backers, with Pierce Brazil and the San Fernando transfer Murry. Just thought the ’94 team was a bit better, but it’s close.
Please get your facts right on your youtube page. Tyrone Crenshaw was the Two Time City player of the year 92 and 93. Not a lot of players have that honor. So when they EARN it please give credit where it is due. Not Price but Crenshaw. Do your homework.
Wow…way to take me down memory lane! I left for the Bay Area (Cal) the day after graduating Carson HS and have never been back to live. Every time I come home and visit with my dudes or see someone from high school, Carson and LA City football dominates the conversations. Honestly, I felt I missed out on some of the “celebrity status” that was given to those LA City teams that won a championship. You were exalted because everyone knew how much competition you had to go up against in order to win one. Outrageously competitive and so many good athletes. I don’t even want to name off any because I don’t want to do anyone a disservice. I can sum up LA City football like this. Growing up in LA, specifically Carson/Compton, you had to make a choice and it had to be made as early as you could walk and talk…Carson or Banning…USC or UCLA…Rams or Raiders. Be careful how you choose too! I’ve seen households broken to their very foundation because someone went against the grain or against family tradition in who they chose to side with lol! What made Carson and Banning such a heated and contested rivalry, LAUSD decided to split the Del Amo (DA) or Northside of Carson into two. Half of the neighborhood went to Carson and the other half to Banning, which I never understood since Banning is in the next city (Wilmington). We grew up playing together and then had to play against each other only in high school…when cats were hungry as wolves to get on and earn a scholarship. My team’s success and my future depended on me going hard against some of my best friends. Friends I had since I was 3-4 years old. If every kid in Carson went to Carson, it would have been illegal to play HS football vs. anybody in the country. I don’t think anyone would dispute that!
True that. I was part of those great Banning teams and how they split us up in DA wasn’t right. If we all went to Carson, lights out. Shout to my boy 1980 Co City Player of the year Darrel Hopper. He was the original Deon Sanders. Played both ways, punted. A big corner (6-1 200) and run 4.2 forty
Lastly the Banning and Carson teams in the 70’s gave John Elway the blues
And since I’m here…BIGTIME SHOUT OUT TO ALL MY C-HOUSE FAM WHO WORE THAT BLACK AND (POWDER) BLUE LIKE NO OTHER…ESPECIALLY THE LATE GREAT COACH VOLLNOGLE OR COACH VOL AS WE CALLED HIM! He truly cared about his players, his staff, and Carson HS. I learned so much from him. Heck I still say “geezo peezo”…especially on the football field lol. Thanks so much for doing this list! Of course I’m biased and think our 1988 and 1990 Carson teams were loaded. Tell me who else had 4 WR’s running 4.4 or faster in a run-and-shoot offense with John Walsh slangin that thing for over 4,800 in one season. And our defense…wow! We had 2 safeties and a rover all 6’3” and over head hunting every Friday night. We had a corner with 16 INT’s, the other corner was 1 of only 7 to start varsity at Carson since Coach Vol had been there in 1965, and only 1 dude went both ways. Not to mention, we should have eclipsed the 17 DI scholarship mark set by our 1988 team. Soooo much talent! I might have to start naming names in a minute LOL!!!
Fred, yeah, I know the 1990 team was just loaded almost everywhere. Would have made the list if they didn’t lose to Eisenhower, a team made up mostly of juniors. What talent in that game! The receivers on ’90 Carson were just sick!
It’s nice that the 1996 San Pedro team got honorable mention… that was during my senior year in high school. Melvin Yarbrough seemed brash before the season in predicting that the Pirates would flat out go undefeated, probably because the Pirates came so close to winning the championship in 1995, losing 10-8 to Dorsey due to a field goal at the end being blocked. Somehow, some way, San Pedro backed up Yarbrough’s claim. And they went by the motto of “Losing Is Not An Option.” Best game of that season all year was the first Southern Pacific Conference game against rival Narbonne. The Gauchos had that game won, until a pass interference penalty on the final play gave San Pedro one final chance. Yarbrough’s five-yard touchdown pass to Jose Bojorquez gave the Pirates a 16-14 victory. First title game at the Coliseum had the Pirates clinching the school’s only undefeated and untied team with a 22-20 victory over Taft, who also came into that game undefeated. What a great season it was. It was the third of four City titles in either Division 3A or 4A that San Pedro claimed in the 1990’s era, winning two in each division. Thanks again Ronnie!
Jamaal, the SPHS team of 1996 would have been in the top 10 had coach walsh played someone note worthy, but then again he has always played a weak non league schedule, and this is exactly why the 96 team isn’t in the top 10… Hey I remember you the following year in the playoffs at Fremont when you threw down your tape recorder thinking Pedro lost only to have them come back and win. the 97 team was pretty amazing having to beat 3 undefeated teams Westchester, Fremont, then Taft for the 4A title. Pedro never been blessed with the type of athletes other schools have, but they sure do play with a lot of heart. Hopefully their new coach will bring them back to championship level…
Thanks Ronnie and crew! I’m not qualified to even comment on whether or not this listing is valid and accurate considering the lengthy history of the LA City area. The fact, you guys put this together takes a lot of courage and knowledge knowing the criticism and feedback you’ll receive.
I played on that 88 Colt team, and alot of folks didn’t realize we introduced a new Offense (run & shoot) that year in a system that was already proven (veer-option) to win championships. Unfortunately, for us we faced a sound Bishop Amat team in the early season and recorded our only loss. We really gelled later on into the season and really perfected the two offenses. It was apparent the 1990 Colt honorable mention team exhibited a glimpse of the Voll/Clarkson era.
Again, much props to Cal Hi sports staff on putting this together. I could imagine how many hours, days, or months it took on putting this together. In the end, we all know the great players and teams not mention here will always be remembered in some form or fashion. But, this is definitely a good start.
The 1973 Bell High purple Eagles were one of the best city section teams of all time ,losing only to city champs Carson in the championship game.after their Q.B. Keith Minton was injured early in the championship game. Bell was lead by running backs Dwight Ford and Lamont Montgomery they also had outstanding lineman Gene Lawyrick
I see no mention of Bell High playing San Fernando in the semis in 1974-they say that SF team was so great-I was on the field for the Bell team and Bell had a 6 Pt lead with less than a minute to go-Bell had SF beat and on 4th and 35 SF did some end around and Bell in prevent screwed up and let them score-but-the runner had stepped out of bounds never to be called-Bell got the ball back with 50 seconds and little chance at that juncture-
Not many poeple even know about Bell High mid to late 70’s. I was a junior on the BB team that lost to Fremont at Pauly. My Sophmore year we lost to Carson in the LA City football championships. My Senior year, I played Football as well, we were 10-1-1 and beat Gardena when they were ranked number 1 in the city. 76 and 77 our football teams lost to “Air Cuccia” in the LA 3A city championships.
Unlike some of the other schools we were a hodge podge of Black, White, Hispanic and polynesians thrown together and having a geat time beating people who never heard of us! When we told them we were from Bell they instinctively thought we meant Bell Gardens.
In the past decade we have seen some of the top talents ever
Some of the running backs coming out of cif and city
Section are arguably the best running backs in the history of the golden state
Such names as cj gable a bonifide star headed straight for the nfl
To Milton Knox of Birmingham 2008 mr football
Running for over 2,000 yards every season except his freshman year
In which he started on a championship caliber team
Are who can forget the likes if crespi’s randle harris who’s is believed
To be the fastest high school running back in California
Ever rushing for 2,988 yards and recording the most touch downs
In one half (7) running a 4.2 at under armor elite camp and matching
At nike spark .also being number one ranked 100 runner in the state.
D Anthony Thomas ,Javid best
Carson needs to get back to hiring past alumni that know the program. There are plenty of qualified coaches out there! Most of the pool of talent in Carson, is being lost to the neighboring private high schools.
Steve, just stop it… Wilson of the 70’s deserve absolutely NO consideration, Coach Cuccia was too cowardly to play anyone who could threaten his team and his little son… Beating up on inferior 3A teams who were nothing more then soccer teams in football uniforms deserves no consideration, if fact it only showed how little class Cuccia actually had for his opponents. I WISH he would have stepped up and played someone good of that era 4A or CIF just so that all you Wilson dreamers would know the truth.
I’ve looked over your Carson Colt bias. The 1988-89 Dorsey team was
legit. Outscoring opponents 326-0 in its first 8 games. We played
Carson in the Semi-Finals and were handing them a beat down!!!!!
It was 13-0 in the bottom of the 3rd quarter at the LB Vet’s stadium.
The lights mysteriously go out and we wait over an hour and a half to resume play. Officials call back FOUR touchdowns……..Dorsey loses
14-13. Can we say cheaters…………After an hour and a half, you got time to to change your scheme…..call in some favors……and win……
The Dorsey 89-90 team takes revenge on Carson after the loss of Kevin Copeland (Greatest High School Wide-Out Ever) and win the City Championship. Just on character these two teams should be mentioned. DDP
I totally understand what happened in 1988 and 1990, Dorsey feels they were robbed by South Bay refs. Perhaps Voll had a little more weight and power than other schools believed. however, the 1989 team can’t be included, it lost 3 games leading up to upsetting Carson, even though KC had already passed. the 1988 team laid the foundation for Dorsey’s run. Much respect to the DDP.
I saw that comment on how 1973 Bell High Eagles were one of the best and they were then and for about a 4 year period-that 73 team almost beat Carson in the Championship game even though their starting QB a future Az State commit was hurt in the game Bell almost won using a back up QB who had not taken an in game snap the whole year *** LITTLE TRIVIA*** in that Championship game Bell kicked off and Carson took that kick off like 90s yards to touchdown-but-called back on penalty-they kick again and the now take it like 99 yards again to touchdown-that player future NFL hall of famer Westley Walker-******MORE TRIVIA****** Bell beat Banning in the semi finals that year to get to Carson and that Banning QB was one the best in the nation future Los Angeles Ram Vince Feragamo!
*****MORE TRIVIA****** that 73 Bell team had the famous wrestler and ex LA Ram Leon White who was famous as “VADER”!
**********MORE TRIVIA********** Bell High had one of the greatest running backs in LA School history who broke all the rushing records and he started 3 years straight and went on to play at USC- Dwight Ford! Injuries ended his career and without those injuries he may have been another USC Heisman winner-for real
MORE TRIVIA***** Bell Eagles 1975 team playing San Fernando with Charles White and Kenny Moore in the semi finals Bell ahead by 6 with 45 seconds left -San Fernando has ball on the 40 and its 4th and 25 Kenny Moore runs down the sidelines 70 yards for the winning score-later film reveals he stepped out of bounds and SF should have lost the game!
Going into SG was a cake walk compared to 1973 when the Bell JV Bee team takes the bus into Watts to play Jordan HS on their home field-Bell students and followers are advised not to attend the game due to probable trouble-the field is all brown and dirt dusty and seems to sit between a metal factory and junk yard on both sides-the stands are empty-Bell wins-the bus ride out is a bone shaker when Jordan students rock the hell out of the bus rolling out and the driver yells HOLD ON!-
There were some very questionable calls in that 1988 Dorsey vs Carson semi final game. The officials took 2 Dorsey td’s off the board and a ticky tac personal foul call that extended Carson’s winning drive after Dorsey sacked Klein on 3rd and long, which would have ended the game, had they let the play stand. However that was a very good Carson team that featured 2 d1 qb’s Fred Gatlin (Nevada) split time with Perry Klein that year.
How could a top #5 ranked school in the nation putting out NFL drat picks did not make a top 10 list in its own city….wtf are these writers thinking about… how do they come up with a list compiled up with horse shit
Easy Teejay, Dorsey lost to a average team. It is what it is, can’t change history. 1991 Dorsey also lost and tied in regular season if I recall. 1989 Dorsey lost 3X. love your passion, thanks for chiming in.
How about 2002 and 2004 Birmingham Teams should at least received honorable mention? With what Croson did with a bunch of valleys kids is pretty amazing . 2002 Team had 3 loses but they beat probably the best team in California Taft High school in the first all valley bowl 35-7.
2004 Team was pretty sound team that ran through some stiff competition in the playoffs . Maybe NOT the TOP 10 but at least give them praise.
It was an honor to play for a genius coach Vic Cuccia & the most EXCITING atblete in high school football in the 70s,Ron Cuccia the “Italian Stallion”.BTW We beat all the 4A teams every summer in the Watts Summer Games at Cal State L.A. and ALL the different summer passing leagues.We beat all the San Diego schools even the S.D.champs Lincoln High led by some guy named Marcus Allen.BTW I had 4 TDs by halftime vs. Lincoln before they rolled it up & quit at the half.(63-0).L.A.City player of that week.Just sayin.With Ron Cuccia,we were UNSTOPPABLE. & UNBEATABLE in our high school careers.39-0. 1975-78 L.A.CITY CHAMPS
Brian, PLEASE WAKE UP FROM YOUR FANTASY… just stop it… Wilson of the 70’s deserve absolutely NO consideration, Coach Cuccia was too cowardly to play anyone who could threaten his team and his little son… Beating up on inferior 3A teams who were nothing more then soccer teams in football uniforms deserves no consideration, if fact it only showed how little class Cuccia actually had for his opponents. I WISH he would have stepped up and played someone good of that era 4A or CIF just so that all you Wilson dreamers would know the truth. BTW Brian, summer passing leagues isn’t real football, son… Real football is played with 11 players in helmets and pads… Wilson and Cuccia was small time at best, accept it….
Micho the Wilson hater, cmon hater its time u give credit where credit is due.. The Great 3A Cuccia era teams could have definitely competed with the 4A teams of that time, their complete dominance of the 3A was a tell tale sign…FYI Wilson did in fact play the 4A Powerhouses of that era 2 years after Quarterback Ron Cuccia graduated and Coach Vic Cuccia retired.. In the 1980-81 year Wilson was placed into the 4A division because of their dominance of the 3A, the only problem was that all the great players had graduated, yet Wilson still made it to the 4A semi final game vs El Camino and lost a close game. That 80-81 team had upset and beaten the #1 seed Kennedy as well as a host of other 4A ranked teams San Pedro and Crenshaw and they did it with players that nobody has ever heard of, imagine if they had played these 4A teams when they were stacked with the Cuccia era players…cmon Micho ur 4A teams would still b trying to figure out how to stop the Spread offense Cuccia introduced to High School football… At that time High Shool Football had never seen that type of Offense so u need to face the facts and get off the 4A schools of that eras Nuts and give L.A. Wilson their props, they deserve to be mentioned in the All Time best conversation!!
I BELIEVE FREEMAN MCNEIL BENCH PRESSED 350 LBS. IN BANNING CONTEST..WHAT WAS SPERLINGS BENCH IN CARSON CONTEST? ..GREATEST .STRONGEST TEAM IN 1970’S..WAS CARSON’S 1971 TEAM ..LED BY KISE FIATOA..BENCH PRESS 390 LB.S..AND BEAT GARASMACHUCK (280 LB. NARBONNE LINEMAN WHO WAS ALL SEC LINEMAN FOR ALABAMA CRIMSON TIDE) , WHO BENCHED 435 LBS.IN CARSON CONTEST.WELL KISE BEAT HIM IN FULL SQUAT WITH A LAST LIFT OF 550 LBS..’THE ROAR OF THE CROWD” IN THE CARSON GYM WAS LIKE THE CARSON-BANNING GAME IN FRONT OF 20,000 ..29-28 WIN FOR CARSON AND WESLEY WALKER (10 YEARS ALL-PRO N.Y. JETS, JOE SHIPP. BUF. BILLS..VS.BANNINGS FERRAGAMO ..SUPER BOWL QB FOR L.A.RAMS AND STEVE RIVERA 200 YARDS RECEIVING)).IN THE SQUAT …GERASMACHUCK 540 LB. SQUAT..FOR 975 LB. TOTAL FOR BENCH & SQUAT1ST PLACE HEAVYWEIGHT DIVISION!..MANY SAY THEY BENCHED THIS AND SQUATTED THIS..BUT PROOF IS IN A “CONTEST WITH SAID RULES IN FORCE”BY COMPETENT JUDGES!
1988 South Gate was a great 3A team. They beat a very good Sylmar team in the quarters on a fg 3-0. I was there. Ivan was one of the best backs in the state. Deserved all the accolades he got. He was a true football player who could help the team in many ways.
Now I wonder, however, if they should have instead run the I formation with future Heisman winner Charles White as the tailback? USC stuck him at tailback and he rushed for over 6,000 yards, leading the NCAA twice.
It was kind of like the U. of Texas in 1976 took Earl Campbell out of tailback and made him fullback so that super-speedsters Johnny Lam Jones and Johnny Ham Jones could play halfback. That was amazing, but less successful on the football field than just giving Campbell the ball 30 times game. So in 1977 Texas scrapped the wishbone and put Earl Campbell back at tailback and he won the Heisman.
On the other hand, all four San Fernando backs in 1974-75 were pretty much unstoppable by anybody in high school, so the wishbone must have given defenses nightmares.
Sna Fernando has so many weapons, I think the wishbone was suited perfectly for them. why not use the state 100-yard champion if you have him and a future NFL DB? the dive to White was the best play in the amazing offense.
Team from Narbonne that lost in the SoCal Open Division bowl game a few years ago was much better than 2016.
A D1-A state title does not trump all because it’s not Open Division and Narbonne didn’t even have to beat Mission Viejo or Helix (which were ranked higher) and in D1-AA.
Not have any Dorsey team on this list especially the 95 team which beat your 96 San Pedro team for the 4A city championship. Come on now really?? That teams was loaded head to toe like any other Dorsey team that were city legends!!!!!!!!
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[…] Cal Hi Sports gives the 1965 LA High School Romans the honorable mention nod as one of the city’s 18 best high school football team’s in the city’s history. Greg Diles was named 2nd team all-city that year. The year before, they lost in the playoffs, but in ’65 they won the city championship (California didn’t start doing state championships until ten years ago). Sadly, I have not been able to track down any living members of the old team: […] | tomekkorbak/pile-curse-small | Pile-CC |
C.R.A.Z.Y wrote: i mean, lie dtectors are machines that work to detect mental figures,
Not true - polygraph tests show physiological data. They don't read brainwaves or anything. It's things like blood pressure, pulse and breathing. Essentially, it demonstrates whether the person being tested is nervous or calm. The "lie detector" application of that machine is a farce and I can't believe anyone in a position of any official capacity ever orders or refers to them anymore.
I mean it makes sense for ordinary people like you and me to not know exactly how they work and still believe it has something to do with detecting lies, but you would think someone in a position to rely on data like that might actually look into whether it was reliable.
C.R.A.Z.Y. wrote: last time i was visiting nashville, a year or so ago, my tour guide was a scientologist and he was all telling me about how i should get into it and what it can do, and i cut straight to the chase and asked about the evil alien spirits clinging to my soul ruining my life and he got angry and wouldnt talk about it.
i hear that the whole point of buying into the business is so that you can work your way up to being ready for information like this. that you don't learn about how we came about until pretty high up. i honestly heard from someone who claimed to be an ex-scientologist that they tell you if you learn the information before you're ready that you'll become "retarded." seriously. they also talked about a friend who was scared to watch the scientology south park episode because of this, even after she had left the organization, but when she saw her friends were fine, she decided to watch it.
cakes this is seriously fucking funny. she was afraid ha ha.
Wed May 27, 2009 12:27 pm
cakes
Joined: 15 Dec 2006
Posts: 2586
haha. i know, right? i often wonder if watching an episode of south park will result in severe neurological damage.
i was told by this mall dude that just about anything can be "cured" through the process of recalling the event. i wonder if you think back on hearing the forbidden information, your mental process somehow returns to "average"... though, we should probably wonder about the mental state of anyone who would find themselves in that situation in the first place.
i believe the LDS requests 10% of your salary go to the church, but does Scientology request a fixed amount? i'm going to look into the financial side of things more, but something tells me i'd have to go down there to find out.
cakes wrote: haha. i know, right? i often wonder if watching an episode of south park will result in severe neurological damage.
i was told by this mall dude that just about anything can be "cured" through the process of recalling the event. i wonder if you think back on hearing the forbidden information, your mental process somehow returns to "average"... though, we should probably wonder about the mental state of anyone who would find themselves in that situation in the first place.
i believe the LDS requests 10% of your salary go to the church, but does Scientology request a fixed amount? i'm going to look into the financial side of things more, but something tells me i'd have to go down there to find out.
i wonder then, if a scientologist recalled their joining of scientology would they be cured of the event. heh heh. its clear they didnt think this stuff all the way through.
i know some churches like baptists, request 20% percent. it's like if you are too poor to formally join, they let you come anyways but secretly every member knows you can't give your percent and so you dont count as much, until you can. but they cant turn you away. imagine if they did. im sure scientology has no place for the penniless.
Wed May 27, 2009 12:58 pm
xxdr. mad69xx
Joined: 03 Apr 2009
Posts: 382
Location: Salt Lake City
Shit. I would love to be hassled by Scientologists, if it meant I wouldn't be hassled by LDS missionaries anymore.
SAN FRANCISCO (AFP) - Wikipedia has blocked the Church of Scientology from editing entries at the communally-crafted online encyclopedia due to an unrelenting battle over the group's image.
A "longstanding struggle" between admirers of Scientology and critics of the group prompted Wikipedia on Thursday to bar online edits from computer addresses "owned or operated by the Church of Scientology and its associates."
An array of editors believed to have taken sides in a Scientology public-image war at Wikipedia have also been barred from tinkering with topics related to the church.
"Each side wishes the articles within this topic to reflect their point of view and have resorted to battlefield editing tactics," senior Wikipedia editors said in arbitration committee findings backing the decision.
"The worst casualties have been biographies of living people, where attempts have been repeatedly made to slant the article either towards or against the subject, depending on the point of view of the contributing editor."
A church spokeswoman downplayed the development, saying the Wikipedia arbitration committee is part of a routine process for handling conflicts at the website.
"Do Scientologists care what has been posted on Wikipedia? Of course," said Karin Pouw. "Some of it has been very hateful and erroneous. We hope all this will result in more accurate and useful articles on Wikipedia."
Fri May 29, 2009 8:12 pm
poisonfree
Joined: 23 Aug 2002
Posts: 1525
Location: Macramento
the E-Meter device is a fucking joke, it measures electrical resistance across your skin.
If you have sweaty palms you have less resistance and usually you can move the needle by squeezing (making better contact) with the hand pieces.
The real scam is that if you don't have sweaty palms you can watch the toolio just turn knobs which change its sensitivity, but the adjustment is electronically delayed, so they ask you some stupid question, and the needle will move because it's reacting to their adjustment, but they'll say it's because you hate your life LOL.
I too have voluntarily participated in their shenanigans multiple times, approaching it differently each time.
I talked/got "tested" in downtown sac by the Dianetics dealers, I sighed a lot and acted like my life sucked. They assured me my hardship and sadness was being reflected in the test. at the end I told them I was lying and some how their e-meter thought I was a great actor.
Another time I went and got "evaluated" at the local 4th of July fair. It was interesting, I had just finished my first semester back at college with straight A's (I hadn't been in school for 11 years), I had just gotten a well paying job, and I was still in that Euphoric-head-over-heels mode with my girlfriend. she stood behind me, I started off not revealing much, and he started shaking his head "Wow doesn't look too good" I asked why, he said it was showing i was having high levels of stress. I said "really?" and he was like "It must be your home life" and I replied "I live with my brother, he is my best friend, and my family lives in town and we have an awesome relationship, things are amazing especially on that front" he nodded and said "Ah well it must be work ......Ah it must be school...Ah it must be your debt"
i raised an eye brow and informed him how amazing all of those things were.
after he exhausted all of his ideas of why I was miserable, he got to saying "Ahh well it must be your girlfriend, relationships are tough, did you just have a rough patch maybe break up?" I looked over my shoulder and was like "No, things are amazing, she's right there, how amazing is she!?" haha he was pissed and just snatched the cans from my hands and said "Well there is nothing for you here" and turned away.
It felt like I was on "Crossing Over with John Edwards"
Sat May 30, 2009 6:48 am
cakes
Joined: 15 Dec 2006
Posts: 2586
haha. they don't know what to do with happy people. now that i'm in a sweet spot i should go again.
has anyone here read much of the book?
Sat May 30, 2009 9:39 am
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All times are GMT - 6 Hours. The time now is Tue Mar 03, 2015 2:21 pm | tomekkorbak/pile-curse-small | Pile-CC |
SALT LAKE CITY (AP) - Utah State Hospital is making progress in its effort to cut down the wait times for people to undergo mental health treatment before they can stand trial, officials told lawmakers this week.
The wait averaged 23 days in September, down from July, hospital superintendent Dallas Earnshaw told lawmakers on Tuesday. That’s despite an 80 percent increase in the number of people accused of crimes in need of treatment over the last five years, the Deseret News reported .
“We’ve done a tremendous job,” he said. But the hospital will still need more than $2 million in state funding to make a March deadline for a 14-day wait time.
The progress comes after a 2015 settlement with the Disability Law Center, which argued that defendants were sitting in jail cells for months awaiting treatment, sometimes longer than the sentence they would have served if they’d been found guilty.
Defendants are considered mentally competent for trial if they can understand the charges against them and communicate with their lawyers. If they are found incompetent, the case has to stop until they can participate.
To free up state hospital beds, officials have identified some patients who could be moved into jails or communities for treatment. They have also taken advice from consultants and talked more with courts and prosecutors, Earnshaw said.
This week, five people were awaiting admission, down from 15 in July, he told a panel of lawmakers.
The hospital still needs more state money to open 12 more beds so it can make its make its March deadline, Earnshaw said. In the last three months, the number of people referred to the hospital has doubled since the same period last year.
Rep. Ed Redd, a physician and Republican from Logan, said people with mental illness sometimes grew sicker as they waited in jail for treatment.
“I hope we can continue to make improvements,” Redd said, “because it’s a lot better than it was before.”
___
Information from: Deseret News, http://www.deseretnews.com
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abstract: 'Bearing in mind the application to the outer crust of the neutron stars (NSs), we investigate the magnetic field decay by means of the fully relativistic Particle-In-Cell simulations. Numerical computations are carried out in 2-dimensions, in which the initial magnetic fields are set to be composed both of the uniform magnetic fields that model the global fields penetrating the NS and of the turbulent magnetic fields that would be originated from the Hall cascade of the large-scale turbulence. Our results show that the whistler cascade of the turbulence transports the magnetic energy preferentially in the direction perpendicular to the uniform magnetic fields. It is also found that the distribution function of electrons becomes anisotropic because electrons with lower energies are predominantly heated in the direction parallel to the uniform magnetic fields due to the Landau resonance, while electrons with higher energies are heated mainly by the cyclotron resonance that makes the distribution function isotropic for the high energy tails. Furthermore we point out that the degree of anisotropy takes maximum as a function of the initial turbulent magnetic energy. As an alternative to the conventional ohmic dissipation, we propose that the magnetic fields in the outer crust of NSs, cascading down to the electron inertial scale via the whistler turbulence, would decay predominantly by the dissipation processes through the Landau damping and the cyclotron resonance.'
author:
- 'Hiroyuki R. Takahashi, Kei Kotake, and Nobutoshi Yasutake'
title: 'Magnetic Field Decay Due to the Wave-Particle Resonances in the Outer Crust of the Neutron Star'
---
Introduction {#intro}
============
Pushed by the accumulating observations of radio pulsars, accreting neutron stars (NSs), and most recently, magnetars, extensive studies have been carried out to understand the evolution of magnetic fields in neutron stars [e.g., @batta96; @harding06; @reisen09]. The known radio pulsars so far are generally categorized into two classes: young ($\lesssim 10^7$ yr) pulsars with spin periods $P\simeq 10^{-1\sim1}~\mathrm{s}$ and the magnetic field strength $B\simeq 10^{10\sim 13}~\mathrm{G}$, and the old millisecond radio pulsars, which have magnetic field strength as low as $10^{8\sim 9}~\mathrm{G}$. While most radio pulsars are isolated objects, the millisecond pulsars are predominantly in binaries, suggesting that the magnetic fields decay with time, perhaps by an accretion of matter from the binary companion [e.g., @harding06 and references therein].
{width="13cm"}
For the isolated radio pulsars, it is still an open question whether the NS magnetic fields do or do not decay with time. For example, @narayan90 argued that the field should decay exponentially on a few Myr timescale [see also @cordes98; @gont04], while similar studies implied the decay time $\gtrsim 100$ Myr [e.g., @batta92; @fauch06]. Such divergent results may come from the uncertainties inherent to those population synthesis studies, such as the selection effects, the luminosity evolution, and the dependence of beaming fraction on period. On the other hand, the discovery of magnetars has provided several important evidences to favor the magnetic field decay on relatively short timescales [e.g., @arras; @harding06]. In fact, the soft gamma-ray repeaters and anomalous X-ray pulsars, observed as young ($\lesssim 10^{4}$ yr) NSs with strong ($\sim 10^{14 \sim 10}~\mathrm{G}$) magnetic fields, are considered to be powered by the decay of their magnetic fields [e.g., @woods]. Giant flaring activities are proposed to be the rapid release of the magnetic stress building in the NS crust [@thompson95; @thompson96; @2006MNRAS.367.1594L]. More recently, @pons presented an evidence that the magnetic field decay of $\sim 10$ Myr, can explain the thermal evolution from magnetars continuously to ordinary radio pulsars. At present, these ideas and new observations seem to favor the existence of the magnetic field decay in the isolated NSs.
The pioneering study by [@1992ApJ...395..250G] identified the dissipation processes of the magnetic energy in the crust of the isolated NS during its evolution. They first showed that magnetized turbulence in the crust of NSs can be described by the electron magnetohydrodynamic (EMHD) equation, in which the time evolution of the magnetic field is governed by the advection of the field by the Hall drift, the Ohmic dissipation, and the ambipolar diffusion. On top of the Ohmic decay and the ambipolar diffusion, they first proposed that the Hall drift, though non-dissipative itself, could be an important ingredient for the field decay because it can lead to dissipation through the whistler cascade of the turbulence. As the eddy size of the turbulence becomes smaller, the magnetic energy was transported from large to small scales, leading to the dissipation of the magnetic energy finally via the Ohmic dissipation.
In order to confirm their prediction, numerical simulations in EMHD are required because such a cascading process is essentially a non-linear process. In the two- and three-dimensional (2D and 3D) simulations of the low $\beta$ plasma, @biskamp showed a clear cascade of the energy due to the whistler turbulence over more than an order of magnitude in the length scale. The 3D EMHD simulations by [@Cho04; @Cho09] confirmed the scale-dependent anisotropy in the EMHD turbulence. They also showed that the anisotropic cascading processes in the EMHD proceed via the propagation of the whistler waves along the global magnetic fields [see, also @2010AnGeo..28..597N]. This nature is in contrast to the conventional MHD turbulence, in which the Alfvén waves play a major role to transport the turbulent magnetic energy [e.g., @1995ApJ...438..763G; @1989PhFlB...1.1964B; @2002ApJ...566L..49C]. Reflecting the fact that the propagation of the whistler waves are more dispersive than the Alfvén waves, the power spectral density in the EMHD turbulence was shown to become steeper compared to the MHD turbulence. Here it should be noted in the EMHD simulations that one can precisely follow the cascading process, however the dissipation process should be treated phenomenologically, i.e., via the resistivity or the so-called hyperdiffusivity [@Cho04; @Cho09].
In this paper, we perform the Particle-In-Cell (PIC) simulations aiming to understand the decay process of the magnetic fields in NSs. As well known, the PIC simulations, which have been often performed to study the turbulent cascade in solar wind [@2008PhPl...15j2305S; @2008GeoRL..3502104G; @2010ApJ...716.1332G], can precisely take into account the electromagnetic modes in plasma by solving the full Maxwell equations coupling with the all species of plasma particles. The ordinary PIC simulation can treat the collisionless plasma in which the collisional frequency is smaller than the typical frequencies of plasma particles, such as the plasma frequency and the gyro frequency. [@2006PhRvD..74d3004S] have estimated the collisional frequency between the particles in NSs. From their results, the electron collisional frequency in the outer crust of the NS is of the order of $10^{-2}\omega_{pe}$ with $\omega_{pe}$ being the electron plasma frequency, which indicates that the electrons are marginally collisionless in the electron inertial scale. Since the gyro frequency is of the order of the plasma frequency, we approximately treat the plasma as collisionless to study the decay process of the magnetic fields in the outer crust of the NS. As a complement to the foregoing EMHD simulations [e.g., @biskamp; @Cho04; @Cho09] that focus on the whistler cascade of the turbulence, the PIC simulations that we will present in this paper, should merit for understanding the mechanism of the magnetic field decay, cascading further down to the electron inertial scale.
This paper is organized as follows. In Section 2, we show the numerical setup of the PIC simulations. The numerical results of the turbulent cascade and the dissipation process are shown in § 3. We summarize our results and discuss their implications in Section 4.
Numerical Methods and Initial Conditions {#setup}
========================================
![Time evolution of the energy deviation. Blue, red, black curves are respectively for $\epsilon = 0.8, 0.4,
0.1$ and the solid, dashed, dot-dashed curves denote the electron kinetic energy ($\delta E_\mathrm{kin}$), the minus of the turbulent magnetic field energy whose field component is perpendicular to $\bmath B_0$ ($-\delta E_{tB,xz}$), and the minus of the turbulent magnetic field energy whose field component is parallel to $\bmath B_0$ ($-\delta E_{tB,y}$), respectively. []{data-label="fig:fig2"}](./Fig2.eps){width="8cm"}
We carry out 2-dimensional fully relativistic PIC simulations [e.g., @2001plph.book.....L]. The basic equations are described as,
{width="16cm"}
$$\frac{\mathrm{d} \bmath p_i}{\mathrm{d}t}
= q_i \left(\bmath E + \mbox{\boldmath$\beta$}_i \times \bmath B\right)$$
$$\nabla \cdot \bmath{B} = 0,
\label{eq:divB}$$
$$\nabla \cdot \bmath E = 4\pi \rho_e,
\label{eq:divE}$$
$$\frac{\partial \bmath B}{\partial t} + c \nabla \times \bmath E = 0,
\label{eq:faraday}$$
$$\frac{\partial \bmath E}{\partial t} - c \nabla \times \bmath B = -4\pi
\bmath j,
\label{eq:ampere}$$
$$\rho_e = \sum_i q_i S(\bmath x-\bmath x_i),\label{eq:charge}$$
$$\bmath j = \sum_i q_i \bmath v_i S(\bmath x-\bmath x_i),\label{eq:current}$$
where $\bmath p_i$, $q_i$, $\bmath E$, $\bmath B$, $\rho_e$, and $\bmath j$ are the momentum, the particle charge, the electric fields, the magnetic fields, the charge density, and the current density, respectively. $\bmath \beta_i \equiv
\bmath v_i/c$ is the three velocity normalized by the speed of light. The subscript $i$ denotes the particle species. Here we ignore the quantum effects such as the Landau level, for simplicity. The particle motion is determined by solving the special relativistic equation of motion. Then the electric charge and the charge current are obtained from equations (\[eq:charge\]) and (\[eq:current\]), in which the shape factor $S$ can extrapolate the physical quantities on discretized grids at $\bmath x$ from particles. By using the electric charge and the current density, the electromagnetic fields are updated by solving Maxwell equations, so that the system can be solved self-consistently. We solve these equations in the rectangular coordinates by assuming $\partial/(\partial z)=0$ (the so-called 2.5-dimension). Number of grid points is $(N_x, N_y)=(1024, 1024)$ and the corresponding system size is $L_x = L_y = 102.4c/\omega_{pe}$, where $\omega_{pe}\equiv\sqrt{4\pi n e^2/m_e}$ is the electron plasma frequency. Each cell contains $80$ particles and the total number of particles in the simulation box is $8.4\times 10^{7}$ for each species. The boundary conditions are periodic in both directions. We assume that ions are immovable, which is reasonable in the outer crust of the NS [e.g., @1992ApJ...395..250G]. We confirmed that the numerical results are qualitatively and quantitatively consistent with those when we take into account the ion motion.
In the initial state, the plasma distributes uniformly in space and the electron distribution function obeys the relativistic Maxwellian with the temperature $T_e = 10^{8}~\mathrm{K}$ [e.g., @agui]. We assume that there are two components of the magnetic fields in the NS. The first one is the uniform magnetic fields that would globally penetrate the NS, which should be necessary to explain the spin-down of the NS. The global field is set to be uniform in space $\bmath B = B_0 \bmath e_y$, where $\bmath e_y$ is the unit vector in $y$-direction. The corresponding ratio of the gyro frequency evaluated from the uniform magnetic fields $\omega_{ce}=eB_0/(m_ec)$ and the plasma frequency $\omega_{pe}$ is $0.5$. The second one is the turbulent magnetic fields, which would be cascaded down from large to small scales due to the Hall turbulence. The initial turbulent magnetic fields are modeled to take the form of $\widehat{\bmath B}(\bmath k)\propto \exp[-\bmath k^2/k_0^2+i\alpha_k]$, where $\bmath k$ is the wave number, $k_0 =0.31\omega_{pe}/c$ is the typical wave number of the initial fluctuations and $\alpha_k$ is the random phase. The hat denotes the variable in the Fourier space. We change the amplitude of the turbulent magnetic fields $\bmath B_t \equiv \bmath B - B_0\bmath e_y$ by introducing a parameter, $\epsilon \equiv
\int \mathrm{d}V~ \bmath B_t(t=0)^2/\int \mathrm{ d}V~B_0^2 = 0.1, 0.4, 0.8$. We also carry out the simulation with $\epsilon = 0.0$ to assess the validity of our simulation codes.
Results
=======
Energy Exchange
---------------
Figure \[fig:fig1\] shows the turbulent magnetic field energy density (color) and the magnetic field lines (white curves) at the initial state $t\omega_{pe}=0$ (left) and at the end of the simulation $t\omega_{pe}=1350$ (right) for $\epsilon = 0.1$. It is clearly shown that the turbulent magnetic field energy given at the initial state (bright spots in the left panel) decreases at the end of the simulations (right panel). The pattern size of the turbulent magnetic fields becomes relatively smaller with time. These results imply that the magnetic energy is converted to the plasma energy.
![Time evolution of the anisotropy $\tan^2\theta$ for $\epsilon
= 0.8$ (Thick solid), $\epsilon = 0.4$ (thin solid), and $\epsilon =
0.1$ (dotted curve). []{data-label="fig:fig4"}](./Fig4.eps){width="7cm"}
To see clearly how the energy conversion proceeds, we calculate deviations of each energy from the initial state, such as the electron kinetic energy $\delta
E_\mathrm{kin}\equiv\sum_i m[\gamma(t)-\gamma(t=0)]/E_{0}$ and the turbulent magnetic field energies $\delta E_{tB,xz}=\int
\mathrm{d}V~\{(B_x^2+B_z^2)-[B^2_x(t=0)+B^2_z(t=0)]\}/(8\pi E_{0})$ and $\delta
E_{tB,y}=\int \mathrm{d}V~[B_y^2-B^2_y(t=0)]/(8\pi E_{0})$, where $E_0=\int dV B_0^2/(8\pi)$ is the magnetic energy of uniform fields. Figure \[fig:fig2\] depicts the time evolution of the energy deviation of the electrons $\delta E_\mathrm{kin}$ (solid curves) and of the minus of the turbulent magnetic energies $-\delta E_{tB,xz}$ (dashed curves) and $-\delta E_{tB,y}$ (dot-dashed curves). It can be seen that the turbulent magnetic energy in the perpendicular direction ($\delta E_{tB, xz}$) decreases with time (note the minus sign), while the particle kinetic energy ($\delta E_\mathrm{kin}$) increases with it. The energy deviation of the particles $\delta E_\mathrm{kin}$ is almost comparable to $-\delta E_{tB,xz}$. This means that the perpendicular component of the magnetic energy is preferentially converted to the particle energy. Here it should be noted that the small difference between $\delta
E_\mathrm{kin}$ and $-\delta E_{B,xz}$ comes from the electric field energy generated by turbulent motions. The particle energy distribution function obtained in this simulation can be well fitted by the Maxwellian distribution. Therefore, the plasma is not accelerated, but is heated up through the particle-wave interaction. The resulting heating is expected to become larger for models with larger initial turbulent magnetic energy (see models with different $\epsilon$ in Figure 2). The efficient energy conversion to the perpendicular component also suggests that the energy dissipation will proceed anisotropically, which acts to make the configuration of the magnetic-field lines approach to the uniform one, i.e., the potential field.
Anisotropy
----------
[\[sub:anisotropy\]]{}
![Time evolution of the electron temperature. Blue, red, black, and green curves are, respectively, for $\epsilon =
0.8, 0.4, 0.1, 0.0$ and solid and dashed curves are for $T_{yy}$ and $T_{xx}$, respectively. []{data-label="fig:fig5"}](./Fig5.eps){width="7cm"}
![Time evolution of the ratio of the electron temperature $T_{yy}/T_{xx}$. Blue, red, black and green curves are $\epsilon = 0.8, 0.4, 0.1, 0.0$, respectively.[]{data-label="fig:fig6"}](./Fig6.eps){width="7cm"}
{width="14cm"}
To see the anisotropy more in detail, we perform the Fourier analysis of the magnetic fields. Top panels of Figure \[fig:fig3\] show the power spectral density (PSD) of the turbulent magnetic field ${|\widehat{\bmath B_t}/B_0|^2}$ at $t\omega_{pe}=1350$. It can be seen that the anisotropic turbulence preferentially transports the magnetic energy perpendicular to the uniform magnetic fields. The PSD is larger for a larger $\epsilon$, suggesting that the larger amplitudes of the turbulence lead to an efficient electron heating. The lower panels of Figure \[fig:fig3\] show 1-dimensional cumulative power spectrum densities of the turbulent magnetic fields at $t\omega_{pe}=1350$. The cumulative spectrum is defined as $|\widehat{
\bmath B_t}(k_x)|^2=\sum_{k_y} |\widehat{\bmath B_t}(k_x, k_y)|^2$ (thick solid curves) and $|\widehat{\bmath B_t}(k_y)|^2=\sum_{k_x}
|\widehat{\bmath B_t}(k_x, k_y)|^2$ (thin solid). The summation in $k$-space is performed in the rage of $0< k_x, k_y <
10$ to reduce thermal noises. Dashed curves show the initial turbulent spectrum, which is isotropic in $k_x$-$k_y$ space. From these panels, the turbulent magnetic fields are shown to proceed via the forward cascade perpendicular to the uniform magnetic fields. The PSD in the perpendicular direction has a clear power-law distribution. Also the PSD in parallel direction also deviates from the initial (gaussian) distribution for a larger $k$. It suggests that the turbulent energy is mainly transported in perpendicular direction, but a some part of the energy (a few percent) is transported in the parallel direction.
To visualize the time evolution of the anisotropy, we show the time evolution of a quantity $\theta$ in Figure \[fig:fig4\], $$\tan^2\theta = \frac{\int \mathrm{d}k_x\mathrm{d}k_y~
k_x^2 |\widehat{\bmath B_t}|^2}
{\int \mathrm{d}k_x\mathrm{d}k_y~
k_y^2 |\widehat{\bmath B_t}|^2},$$ [see @1983JPlPh..29..525S; @2008PhPl...15j2305S]. As already mentioned, the turbulent eddies interact each other with time more frequently for a larger $\epsilon$, transferring the turbulent energy to smaller scales. When $t \omega_{pe} \lesssim 100$, the anisotropic cascades proceed faster for a larger $\epsilon$ because the cascade rate is an increasing function of the fluctuation. The turbulent energy is then transferred to the smaller scale. After that, the anisotropy $\theta$ saturates almost at a constant level. The saturation level is shown to be highest for $\epsilon = 0.4$ among the computed models. This is because too much initial turbulent energy (like $\epsilon = 0.8$) disturbs the direction of the uniform magnetic fields, acting to smearing out the anisotropy.
Electron Heating
----------------
{width="13cm"}
Now we are in a position to evaluate the temperature of electrons heated by the particle-wave interactions mentioned above. In doing so, we utilize the energy-momentum tensor as $$T^{\mu \nu} = \frac{\int \mathrm{d}^3\bmath p~ f(\bmath p) p^\mu
p^\nu/e}{m_e\int \mathrm{d}^3 \bmath p~f(\bmath p)},\label{eq:Ttensor}$$ where $e$, $p^\mu$ and $f$ are the electron energy, the electron four momentum, and the electron distribution function, respectively. It should be noted that the temperature obtained from this equation is evaluated in the observer frame, while it should be naturally defined in the comoving frame. However this simplification is good enough in our case because the averaged velocity of electrons in mostly random motions is much smaller than the speed of light.
Figure \[fig:fig5\] shows the time evolution of the electron temperature. It can be seen that the electron temperature parallel to the uniform magnetic field ($T_{yy}$, solid curves) increases with time faster than the perpendicular one ($T_{xx}$, dashed curves), and then $T_{yy}$ becomes larger than $T_{xx}$. It is also shown that the electrons are heated more rapidly for a larger $\epsilon$ because the turbulent energy cascade proceeds faster. Figure \[fig:fig6\] shows the time evolution of the ratio of $T_{yy}$ and $T_{xx}$. Before $t\omega_{pe}<200$, the anisotropy of the electron temperature increases with time faster for a larger $\epsilon$. In this epoch, the electron is preferentially heated in the direction parallel to the uniform magnetic fields. Later on, the ratio approaches to a nearly constant value. The saturation level is highest for $\epsilon = 0.4$ by the same reason as mentioned above (e.g., Figure \[fig:fig4\]).
Figure \[fig:fig7\] shows the deviation of the electron distribution function at $t\omega_{pe}=1350$ from the initial state at $t\omega_{pe}=0$ for $\epsilon =
0.1$ (left panel) and $\epsilon = 0.8$ (right panel) on the plane of $\beta_x-\beta_y$ with $\beta_i \equiv
v_i/c$ being the three velocity normalized by the speed of light. It can be seen that the distribution function is strongly distorted in the $y$-direction for $\epsilon = 0.1$. Considering the cascading process in perpendicular direction and the electron heating along the uniform magnetic fields, a Landau resonance ($\omega=k_y v_y$) is the main mechanism for the electron heating. The electromagnetic waves generated by the turbulent motion can interact with electrons, which results in the Landau resonance.
Figure \[fig:fig8\] shows the electron distribution function at $t\omega_{pe}=1350$ for $\epsilon = 0.1$ (left) and for $\epsilon = 0.8$ (right) on the plane of $\beta_x-\beta_y$. As mentioned above, the distribution function is distorted in parallel direction because of the electron heating due to the Landau resonance. It should be noted that in both cases, the electrons with higher energies (i.e., a larger $\beta$) are shown to get energies also in the direction perpendicular to the uniform magnetic fields, thus making the distribution function almost isotropic (see also Figure \[fig:fig2\] that also shows the decrease in the parallel component of the magnetic field). This indicates that not only the Landau resonance, but also the cyclotron resonance ($\omega = k_y v_y + \omega_{ce}$) plays a role of the electron heating and the dissipation of the turbulent magnetic energy [e.g., @2008PhPl...15j2305S]. While the direction of the electron heating is parallel to $B_0$ for the Landau resonance, there is an energy exchange between the waves and the perpendicular motion of the particles when the cyclotron resonance occurs [see, e.g., @1993tspm.book.....G]. It is also interesting to note that the energy dissipation rate of the cyclotron resonance obtained in this simulation is almost comparable to that of the Landau resonance, which has been known to be the case only in the linear regime [@2005spr.book.....M]. The dispersion relation of parallel propagating waves of $E_x$ is shown in Figure \[fig:fig9\] (color contour). The dashed curves denote the dispersion relations for the $R$-mode (top and bottom curves) and $L$-mode (middle curve) obtained from the linear analysis. Although the $L$-mode waves are generated by the turbulent motion, it is noted that they do not exchange energies with electrons since their polarization is in an opposite direction to the mean magnetic fields. The $L$-mode electromagnetic waves can interact mainly with ions but they are now assumed to be immovable as already mentioned. Thus the turbulence is maintained by the $R$-mode (whistler) waves in the electron scale.
Comparing to the results of the linear analysis (dashed lines), the dispersion relation obtained from the numerical results is not so clear, mainly because the large amplitudes of the turbulent magnetic fields injected at the initial state proceed forward cascades. By boldly extrapolating the agreement with the linear analysis with respect to the $R$-mode wave (whistler wave) for $k_y c/\omega_{pe} \lesssim 1.0$ (bottom line), the $R$-mode wave in the higher $k_y$ regime would be damped due to the cyclotron resonance. The findings of this paper (i.e., the occurrence of the heating both in the parallel and perpendicular direction as well as the presence of the $R$-mode damping) suggest that the Landau resonance and the cyclotron resonance would be pivotal factors for the dissipation of the magnetic energy and the resulting electron heating.
Summary and Discussions {#sec:conclusion}
=======================
Bearing in mind the application to the outer crust of the NS, we investigated the turbulent magnetic field decay by means of the fully relativistic 2-dimensional PIC simulations. In the numerical simulations, the initial magnetic fields were set to be composed both of the uniform magnetic fields that model the global fields penetrating the NS and of the turbulent magnetic fields that would be originated from the Hall cascade of the large-scale turbulence. We showed that the turbulent whistler cascade transports the magnetic energy preferentially in the direction perpendicular to the uniform magnetic fields. It was also found that the distribution function of electrons becomes anisotropic because electrons with lower energies are predominantly heated in the direction parallel to the uniform magnetic fields due to the Landau resonance, while electrons with higher energies are heated mainly by the cyclotron resonance that makes the distribution function isotropic for the high energy tails. Furthermore we pointed out that the degree of anisotropy takes maximum as a function of the initial turbulent magnetic energy. This is because too much initial turbulent energy disturbs the direction of the uniform magnetic fields, acting to smearing out the anisotropy. The findings of this paper suggest that the particle-wave interactions via the Landau resonance and the cyclotron resonance, alternative to the conventional particle-particle collisions via the Ohmic dissipation, would be a pivotal dissipation mechanism in the outer crust of NSs.
![Dispersion relation of parallel propagating waves of $E_x$. The color shows the numerical result for $\epsilon =
0.1$. The dashed curves represent the dispersion relations for the $R$-mode (top and bottom) and $L$-mode (middle) obtained from the linear analysis.[]{data-label="fig:fig9"}](./Fig9.eps){width="8cm"}
The initial turbulent magnetic fields assumed in this study are relatively larger compared to the previous work [@2008PhPl...15j2305S; @2008GeoRL..3502104G]. For $\epsilon < 0.4$ in our simulation, the obtained results of the anisotropic cascade and the electron heating are basically consistent with the previous studies. As already mentioned, the anisotropy of the temperature decreases as $\epsilon$ increases furthermore since the turbulent fields disturb the direction of the uniform magnetic fields. Although the temperature becomes nearly isotropic, it should be noted that the cascading process itself is still anisotropic. According to [@Cho04; @Cho09], the small eddy (with size $\sim
l$) of the turbulent magnetic fields $\bmath b_l$ interacts not with the global magnetic fields $B_0$, but with the ’local’ mean magnetic fields $\bmath B_L$. Thus even when the turbulent magnetic field energy is much smaller than that of the uniform magnetic fields (especially $B_0 = 0$), the cascading process should be locally anisotropic along $\bmath B_L$. Such diffusion processes lead to the anisotropic heating of electrons, however the resulting electron temperature is in average isotropic, which should be the case obtained for high $\epsilon$ in our simulation.
In the conventional model of the magnetic field decay, the magnetic fields are considered to be dissipated through the collisional process, namely via the Ohmic dissipation. While in this paper, we proposed that the magnetic fields are dissipated due to the Landau and cyclotron resonances, leading to the plasma heating in the collisionless regime. Since the wave-particle interactions occur in a very small scale ($\sim$ gyro radius), the corresponding timescale ($\sim
\omega_{ce}^{-1}$) is much shorter than that of the Ohmic dissipation, and it is instantaneous compared to the expected magnetic field decay timescale in the NSs. This means that the decay timescale should be determined by the cascading processes of the magnetic fields [*above*]{} the electron inertia scale. Although the PIC simulations have an advantage in its capability to determine the dissipation processes consistently, it is still computational too expensive to perform the PIC simulations covering over such a wide spacial range required to estimate the timescale. For the purpose, we think it important to perform the EMHD simulations including a phenomenological diffusivity which is adjusted to mimic the dissipation obtained in this study. Although this is apparently beyond the scope of this paper, we regard it as one of the most important tasks, which we plan to investigate as a sequel of this study.
So far there have been extensive work that focuses on the origin of the observed anisotropy in the NSs’ surface temperature [e.g., @geppert1; @pons07; @agui; @pons1]. Unfortunately it is hard for us to do so immediately because the anisotropy obtained in the current simulation is confined in a very small scale (collisionless scale). To clarify how the particle-particle collisions in the more larger scales redistribute the electron distribution function and the resulting global temperature could be, one may need a new simulation technique which bridges the PIC simulation and the global (E)MHD simulations, albeit not an easy job at present. In addition to the NSs’ surface, we speculate that the anisotropy due to the Landau resonance could be important also in the pulsar atmosphere because the plasma density is so small that the plasma there is expected to be globally collisionless. The consideration of the electron heating due to the Landau and cyclotron resonances might make the origin of the observed temperature anisotropy of NSs less mysterious, which we are going to study one by one as an extension of this study.
Numerical computations were carried out on Cray XT4 at Center for Computational Astrophysics, CfCA, of National Astronomical Observatory of Japan and on Fujitsu FX-1 at JAXA Supercomputer System (JSS) of Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA). This study was supported in part by the Grants-in-Aid for the Scientific Research from the Ministry of Education, Science and Culture of Japan (Nos. 19540309 and 20740150).
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| tomekkorbak/pile-curse-small | ArXiv |
Ken Miller (television producer)
Kenneth Miller is an American television producer.
Early life
Miller was both in Chicago, Illinois on May 28, 1952. As a child, his family moved to Los Angeles, where Miller began learning the guitar. As a child, he aspired to become a filmmaker and work in the film and music industry.
Career
Miller is best known for his career as a television producer. He began working for Spelling Television in 1979 as a writer, eventually becoming the company's senior vice president. After 27 years working closely with Aaron Spelling, Spelling Television was purchased by CBS, and operations were discontinued. During his time with Spelling, Miller edited and produced and was instrumental in the success of some of television's longest running series such as Dynasty, Melrose Place, Beverly Hills 90210, 7th Heaven and Charmed. He has produced and executive produced 12 Soundtrack Albums, several of which were certified gold and platinum by the RIAA. Miller is a noted speaker at UCLA, USC, and as a Microsoft "campus" speaker, frequently lecturing on the new media.
Filmography
Television
Film
References
Category:1952 births
Category:Living people
Category:American television producers | tomekkorbak/pile-curse-small | Wikipedia (en) |
Breast Augmentation
Many women choose to have their breasts enlarged in order to satisfy their own desire for a fuller bustline.
Your breasts may not have developed to a size that meets your expectations, or one breast may be significantly smaller than the other. You may have been happy with your breasts in the past but feel that they look different now.Often, after weight loss, childbirth or as a result of aging, the breasts lose volume and their shape changes.
Breast augmentation can enhance your breast size and shape, and give you the more proportional figure that you always wanted.
Am I a good candidate for breast augmentation?
One or more of the following feelings or conditions may indicate that you are a good candidate for breast augmentation:
- You are bothered by the feeling that your breasts are too small,
- Clothes that fit well around your hips are often too large at the bustline,
- You feel self-conscious wearing a swimsuit or form-fitting top,
- Your breasts have become smaller and lost their firmness after having children,
- Weight loss has changed the size and shape of your breasts,
- One of your breasts is noticeably smaller than the other.
Your Personal Consultation
During the consultation, you will be asked about your desired breast size and anything else related to the appearance of your breasts that you feel is important. This will help Dr. Boss to understand your expectations and determine whether they realistically can be achieved.
You will return to Dr. Boss for follow-up care at prescribed intervals, at which time your progress will be evaluated. He will encourage you to schedule routine mammographic evaluations at the frequency recommended for your age group.
Please remember that the relationship with Dr. Boss does not end when you leave the operating room.
If you have questions or concerns during your recovery, or need additional information at a later time, you should contact him.
Switzerland, Bern :
UAE, Dubai :
How will Dr. Boss evaluate me for breast augmentation surgery?
Dr. Boss will examine your breasts and perhaps take photographs for your medical record. He will consider such factors as the size and shape of your breasts, the quality of your skin and the placement of your nipples and areolas (the pigmented skin surrounding the nipples). If your breasts are sagging, a breast lift may be recommended in conjunction with augmentation. You should come to the consultation prepared to discuss your medical history.
This will include information about any medical conditions, drug allergies, medical treatments you have received, previous surgeries including breast biopsies, and medications that you currently take. You will be asked whether you have a family history of breast cancer and about results of any mammograms. It is important for you to provide complete information.
There is no scientific evidence that breast augmentation increases the risk of breast cancer.The presence of breast implants, however, makes it more technically difficult to take and read mammograms. This may be a special consideration for women who perhaps are at higher risk for breast cancer because of their family history or other reasons. Placement of the implant underneath the pectoral muscle may interfere less with mammographic examination, but other factors may also need to be considered with regard to implant placement. Your plastic surgeon will discuss this with you.
If you are planning to lose a significant amount of weight, be sure to tell Dr. Boss. He may recommend that you stabilize your weight prior to undergoing surgery. If you think that you may want to become pregnant in the future, you should mention this. Pregnancy can alter breast size in an unpredictable way and could affect the long-term results of your breast augmentation. There is no evidence that breast implants will affect pregnancy or your ability to breast-feed, but if you have questions about these matters, you should ask Dr. Boss.
What type of implants will be used?
In 1992, because further studies were needed to establish the safety of breast implants, the Food and Drug Administration decided that silicone gel filled implants would not be generally available for cosmetic breast enlargement. Currently, all women undergoing breast augmentation receive saline-filled implants which consist of a silicone shell filled with sterile saltwater. New scientific data on the safety of breast implants is rapidly being collected. In the future, it is possible that additional types of filler materials may become available. Dr. Boss will provide you with the latest information.
How Breast Augmentation is Performed?
Individual factors and personal preferences will help you and your plastic surgeon to determine your appropriate breast size, the location of incisions, and whether the implants will be placed on top of or underneath the chest muscle. One of the advantages of a salinefilled implant is that, because it is filled with saltwater after being inserted, only a small incision is needed. Often, an incision of less than one inch is made underneath the breast, just above the crease, where it is usually quite inconspicuous. Another possible location for the incision is around the lower edge of the areola. A third alternative is to make a small incision within the armpit. Once the incision is made, the surgeon creates a pocket into which the implant will be inserted. This pocket is made either directly behind the breast tissue or underneath the pectoral muscle which is located between the breast tissue and chest wall.
I understand that every surgical procedure has risks, but how will I learn more so that I can make an informed decision?
The subject of risks and potential complications of surgery is best discussed on a personal basis between you and Dr. Boss. Some of the potential complications that may be discussed with you include reactions to anesthesia, blood accumulation that may need to be drained surgically and infection. Although rare, an infection that does not subside with appropriate treatment may require temporary removal of the implant. Changes in nipple or breast sensation may result from breast augmentation surgery, although they usually are temporary.
When a breast implant is inserted, a scar capsule forms around it as part of the natural healing process. The capsule may sometimes tighten and compress the implant, causing the breast to feel firmer than normal. Capsular contracture can occur to varying degrees. If it is severe, it can cause discomfort or changes in the breast's appearance. In such cases, more surgery may be needed to modify or remove the scar tissue, or perhaps remove or replace the implant.
Breast implants are not lifetime devices and cannot be expected to last forever. If a salinefilled implant breaks, its contents are harmlessly absorbed by the body within hours. A definite change in the size of the breast is clearly noticed. Rupture can occur as a result of trauma to the chest, but more commonly it occurs spontaneously with no apparent cause. Surgery will be required to replace the implant, if desired.
If you are at an age when mammographic examinations should be conducted on a periodic basis, it will be important for you to select a radiology technician who is experienced in taking x-rays of augmented breasts. Additional views of your breasts will be required. Your plastic surgeon, in some instances, may recommend other types of examinations such as ultrasound or magnetic resonance imaging. It is possible that the presence of breast implants could delay or hinder the early detection of breast cancer.
Some women with breast implants have reported problems including certain connective tissue and immune-related diseases. Women without implants also have these disorders, so the key question is whether breast implants increase the risk of developing the conditions.
Several large studies have been completed that provide reassurance that women with breast implants do not have a significantly increased risk for these diseases.
Your Surgical Experience
The goal of your plastic surgeon and the entire staff is to make your surgical experience as easy and comfortable for you as possible.
How should I prepare for surgery?
In some instances, your plastic surgeon may recommend a baseline mammogram before surgery and another mammographic examination some months after surgery. This will help to detect any future changes in your breast tissue. Following breast augmentation, you will still be able to perform breast self-examination.
If you are a smoker, you will be asked to stop smoking well in advance of surgery. Aspirin and certain anti-inflammatory drugs can cause increased bleeding, so you should avoid taking these medications for a period of time before surgery. Your surgeon will provide you with additional preoperative instructions. Breast augmentation is usually performed on an outpatient basis. If this is the case, be sure to arrange for someone to drive you home after surgery and to stay with you at least the first night following surgery.
What will the day of surgery be like?
Your breast augmentation surgery may be performed in a hospital, free-standing ambulatory facility or office-based surgical suite. Medications are administered for your comfort during the surgical procedure. Frequently, local anesthesia and intravenous sedation are used for patients undergoing breast augmentation, although general anesthesia may be desirable in some instances.
When surgery is completed, you will be taken into a recovery area where you will continue to be closely monitored. Your breasts will be wrapped in gauze dressings or a surgical bra. You may be permitted to go home after a few hours, unless you and your plastic surgeon have determined that you will stay in the hospital or surgical facility overnight.
How will I look and feel initially?
A day or two after surgery, you should be up and about. Any dressings will be removed within several days, and you may be instructed to wear a support bra. Your plastic surgeon will probably permit you to shower between three and seven days following surgery. Stitches will be removed in about a week. Some discoloration and swelling will occur initially, but this will disappear quickly. Most residual swelling will resolve within a month.
When can I resume my normal activities?
After breast augmentation surgery, it is often possible to return to work within just a few days or a week, depending on your job. Vigorous activities, especially arm movement, may be restricted for two to three weeks. Sexual activity should be avoided for at least the first week following surgery. After that, care must be taken to be extremely gentle with your breasts for at least the next month.
Results of Your breast augmentation
Breast augmentation will make your breasts fuller and enhance their shape. You will find it easier to wear certain styles of clothing. Like many women who have had breast augmentation, you may have a boost in self-confidence.
How long will the results last?
Except in the event of implant deflation requiring surgical replacement with a new implant, the results of your breast augmentation surgery will be long-lasting. However, gravity and the effects of aging will eventually alter the size and shape of virtually every woman's breasts. If, after a period of years, you become dissatisfied with the appearance of your breasts, you may choose to undergo a breast "lifting" to restore their more youthful contour.
Every year, many thousands of women undergo successful breast augmentation surgery. however, anyone considering surgery should be aware of both the benefits and risks. | tomekkorbak/pile-curse-small | Pile-CC |
Growth regulatory peptide production by human breast carcinoma cells.
The mechanisms by which human breast cancers regulate their own growth have been studied by us in an in vitro model system. We showed that specific growth factors (IGF-I, TGF alpha, PDGF) are secreted by human breast cancer cells. A variety of experiments suggest that they are involved in tumor growth and progression. These activities are induced by estradiol in hormone-dependent breast cancer cells and secreted constitutively by estrogen-independent cells. Concentrates of conditioned medium derived from breast cancer cells can induce the growth of hormone-dependent cells in vivo in athymic nude mice. Hormone-dependent breast cancer cells also secrete TGF beta. TGF beta is growth inhibitory. Growth inhibitors such as antiestrogens or glucocorticoids increase TGF beta secretion. An antiestrogen-resistant mutant of MCF-7 cells does not secrete TGF beta when treated with antiestrogen, but is growth inhibited when treated with exogenous TGF beta. Thus, TGF beta functions as a negative autocrine growth regulator and is probably responsible for some of the growth inhibitory effects of antiestrogens. | tomekkorbak/pile-curse-small | PubMed Abstracts |
Icona Pop’s Channel ‘Paris Is Burning’ For “All Night” Video: Watch
Icona Pop glam it up in their new video for “All Night.” For the clip, the Swedes partnered with their country’s famed vodka purveyor Absolut to make what they’re dubbing a docu-music video inspired by Paris Is Burning, the iconic documentary that chronicled New York City’s ’80s ball culture. Unlike the DIY clowning around of Gaga’s “Applause” lyric video, which similarly centered on drag glamour, this one is polished and cinematic (must be that Big Beverage scratch).
Check out the bold video up top.
“All Night” is off the Swedish duo’s forthcoming debut album This Is… Icona Pop, out September 24. | tomekkorbak/pile-curse-small | Pile-CC |
Completed FDA Clinical Trials
A Prospective, Randomized, Double-blind, Phase II Study to Evaluate the Safety and Efficacy of Topical Thrombin (Human) Grifols as an Adjunct to Hemostasis during Vascular, Parenchymous, Soft Tissue, and Spinal Open Surgeries
The purpose of this clinical trial is to study the safety and efficacy of topical Thrombin (human) Grifols as an add-on treatment to help stop bleeding during vascular, parenchymous tissue (liver), soft tissue, and spinal open surgical procedures. Approximately 180 subjects will be treated with either topical Thrombin (human) Grifols (120 subjects) or Bovine Thrombin JMI® (60 subjects). Subjects will be evaluated for identification of a target bleeding site (TBS) in which control of bleeding by standard surgical techniques is ineffective or impractical and requires an additional treatment to stop the bleeding. The Investigator (surgeon) will rate the intensity of bleeding at the TBS. topical Thrombin (human) Grifols or Bovine Thrombin JMI will then be applied to the TBS and the amount of bleeding at the TBS will be examined.Complete Listing
Outcome Measures
Primary Outcome Measures
Proportion of subjects achieving hemostasis at the TBS [Time Frame: 5 minutes following the start of treatment application]
The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effectiveness of dHACM in reducing scar tissue formation in craniectomy patients as well as facilitating reoperation and repair. Specifically this study compares craniectomy without dHACM application to craniectomy with placement of dHACM between the galea and dura over dural suture line and/or exposed parenchyma.Complete Listing
Outcome Measures
Primary Outcome Measures
Degree of scarring between the galea and the dura, as assessed by the Ease of Dissection (EOD) Score and histological analysis upon reoperation in patients receiving craniectomy with durotomy.
Secondary Outcome Measures
Intra- and post-operative complications at reoperation, as assessed by occurrence of violation of the dura and/or violation of the parenchyma
Post-operative complications at original and re-operation
Peri-operative measures at original and re-operation
Survival
Arms
Assigned Interventions
Control:Traditional craniectomy
Procedure: Craniectomy
Removal of the skull flap followed by closure techniques per current SOC.
Experimental: Craniectomy and dHACM placed over any dural defect or dural closure
Procedure: dHACM
A piece of dHACM placed over any dural defect or dural closure during craniectomy.
Other Name: AmnioFix®
Eligibility
Ages Eligible for Study: 18 years and older
Genders Eligible for Study: Both
Accepts Healthy Volunteers: No
Criteria
Inclusion Criteria
Adults ages 18 or older.
Diagnosed with closed head trauma or cerebral infarction where decompressive craniectomy with durotomy is performed.
Willingness to comply with study procedures.
The patient’s or legally authorized representative’s (LAR’s) ability to give full written consent.
Exclusion Criteria
Prior surgery at the site
Participation in another ongoing trial
Open cranial wounds
Site exhibits clinical signs and symptoms of local infection.
Current diagnosis of cancer at the site
Prior radiation therapy treatment at the site.
Patients on any investigational drug(s) or therapeutic device(s) within 30 days preceding screening.
Known history of having Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) or HIV.
Presence of any condition(s) which seriously compromises the subject’s ability to complete this study, or has a known history of poor adherence with medical treatment.
Overall Success
A patient will be considered an overall success if all of the following conditions are met:
Pain/disability success;
No serious adverse events
For patients in the investigational group, no additional surgical procedure at the involved level classified as a failure. For patients in the control group, no “treatment surgery” at the involved level that was the result of a poor response to conservative care treatment.
Secondary Outcome Measures
Pain/Disability Status
Neurological Status
Pain Status (Back Pain and Leg Pain)
General Health Status
Interventions
Arms
Assigned Interventions
Experimental: Conservative care
Implantation of the DIAM Spinal Stabilization System
Device: DIAM™ Spinal Stabilization System
Surgical procedure with implantation of the Investigational device
Each patient participating in this clinical trial must meet all of the following inclusion criteria:
Has moderate low back pain secondary to lumbar degenerative disc disease at a single level from L2 – L5. Low back pain is defined as persistent back pain, with or without radicular pain, with current episode of less than one year duration. Degenerative disc disease is confirmed by patient history, physical examination, and radiographic studies with one or more of the following factors (as measured radiographically by MRI scans or x-rays):
Decreased disc height >2mm, compared to the disc space at the next adjacent (superior or inferior, whichever has greater disc height) spinal level;
Has pre-treatment back pain score of = 8 based on the Pre-Treatment Back and Leg Pain Questionnaire (Back Pain Intensity + Back Pain Frequency).
Has been treated nonoperatively (e.g. bed rest, physical therapy, medications, TENS, manipulation, and/or spinal injections) for a period of at least 6 weeks and not more than 6 months prior to enrollment in the clinical study.
If of child-bearing potential, patient is not pregnant or nursing and agrees not to become pregnant during the study period.
Is willing and able to participate in either of the randomized treatments for the duration of the study follow-up period. If the patient is randomized to the investigational group, he/she is willing to undergo surgery and receive the DIAM device. If the patient is randomized to the control group, he/she is willing to undergo all four nonoperative treatments.
Is willing and able to comply with the study plan and able to understand and sign the Patient Informed Consent Form.
Exclusion Criteria
A patient meeting any of the following criteria is to be excluded from this clinical trial:
Has disc height loss > 67% at the involved level, compared to the next adjacent (superior or inferior, whichever has greater disc height) spinal level
Has arachnoiditis.
Has a primary diagnosis of a spinal disorder other than degenerative disc disease at the involved level.
Requires treatment of degenerative disc disease at more than one lumbar level.
Has had all of the following nonoperative treatments (prescribed medications, active physical therapy, spinal injections, and patient education) within the past 6 weeks.
Has a sequestered herniated nucleus pulposus.
Has had any previous surgery at the involved or adjacent spinal levels (including procedures such as rhizotomy).
Has any disease (e.g., neuromuscular disease) that would preclude accurate clinical evaluation of the safety and effectiveness of the treatment regimens in this study.
Has received treatment with an investigational therapy (device and/or pharmaceutical) within 30 days prior to entering the study or such treatment is planned during the 24 months following enrollment in the study.
Has an implantable metal device (e.g., stimulator, pacemaker) and is unable to have an MRI.
Is an alcohol and/or drug abuser, as defined by currently undergoing treatment for alcohol and/or drug abuse.
The primary objective of the study is to demonstrate the superiority of Fibrocaps plus gelatin sponge, as compared to gelatin sponge alone, for achieving hemostasis in subjects with mild to moderate surgical bleeding during spine, liver, vascular or soft tissue surgery. This is a Phase 3, international, multi-center, randomized, single-blind, controlled trial that will be conducted at clinical trial sites in the EU and US.
If female and of child-bearing potential, subject has negative pregnancy test within 14 days prior to treatment and is not breast-feeding
If subject is a sexually active male or a sexually active female of child-bearing potential, subject agrees to use a medically accepted form of contraception from the time of consent to completion of all follow-up study visits
Mild to moderate surgical bleeding
Exclusion Criteria
Subject has known antibodies or hypersensitivity to thrombin or other coagulation factors
Subject has history of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (only for vascular subjects where heparin use is required)
Subject has known allergy to porcine gelatin
Subject is unwilling to receive blood products
Has any clinically-significant coagulation disorder that may interfere with the assessment of efficacy or pose a safety risk to the subject according to the Investigator, or baseline abnormalities of INR > 2.5 or aPTT > 100 seconds during screening that are not explained by current drug treatment (e.g., warfarin, heparin)
Aspartate Aminotransferase (ASAT/AST ) or Alanine aminotransferase (ALAT/ALT) > 3 x upper limit normal range during screening, except for subjects undergoing liver resection surgery or with a diagnosis of liver metastases where there is no upper limit for these analytes due to the nature of their disease
Platelets < 100 x109 PLT/L during screening
DuraSeal Exact Spine Sealant System Post-Approval Study
This is a non-randomized, post-approval study to further evaluate the rate of post-operative cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leaks in subjects who undergo a spinal procedure and receive DuraSeal Exact Spine Sealant System.
Device: DuraSeal Exact Spine Sealant System will be administered to the eligible patients to treat a dural opening.
Retrospective Control Arm: Subjects who have undergone a previous spinal procedure where Standard of Care is administered for the treatment of either an intentional or incidental opening of the dura
Control: Devices or drugs used to seal the dura
Eligibility
Ages Eligible for Study: 18 years and older
Genders Eligible for Study: Both
Accepts Healthy Volunteers: No
Inclusion Criteria (Prospective Treatment Arm)
Subject is 18 years of age or older
Subject, or authorized representative, has been informed of the nature of the study and has provided written informed consent approved by the appropriate Institutional Review Board.
Subjects that have a dural opening/tear will be treated with DuraSeal. However, in some instances, there may be an occasion where the investigator chooses not to use DuraSeal due to a specific surgical reason.
Exclusion Criteria (Prospective Treatment Arm)
The investigator determines that the subject will not be able to comply with the required follow-up visits
Pregnant or breastfeeding females (as documented in the medical records; no testing beyond the site’s standard of care is required)
Inclusion Criteria (Retrospective Control Arm)
Subject is 18 years of age or older
Subject had a spinal procedure where a dural opening (either intentional or incidental) occurred
Informed consent has been provided by the subject (if required by the appropriate Institutional Review Board (IRB) of the respective clinical site
Exclusion Criteria (Retrospective Control Arm)
Subject has received DuraSeal Sealant (either cranial or spinal) during the target procedure
Pregnant or breastfeeding females (as documented in the medical records)
Trinity Evolution is a novel, allogeneic cancellous bone matrix containing viable osteoprogenitor cells, mesenchymal stem cells and a demineralized cortical bone (DCB) component to provide the required osteoconduction, osteogenesis, and osteoinduction necessary for successful bone grafting. Preclinical studies with Trinity Evolution have demonstrated in-vitro and in-vivo safety and effectiveness. Trinity Evolution is considered an allograft and as such is a “minimally manipulated” tissue and is labeled for bone repair for spinal, orthopedic and podiatric indications where autograft is used. The dosage will be dependent upon the specific requirements of the case.
The purpose of this study is to utilize Trinity Evolution in conjunction with an interbody spacer and supplemental posterior fixation of the surgeon’s choice and to follow the patients to measure the clinical outcomes and rate of fusion. The hypothesis of the study is that Trinity Evolution combined with an interbody spacer and supplemental posterior fixation will result in fusion rates and clinical outcomes similar to those with other routinely used autograft and allograft materials including: fusion, improvement in pain and function, maintenance of lower extremity neurological function, and absence of serious adverse events related to the use of the Trinity Evolution product.
Evaluation of Safety and Effectiveness of the OsseoFix® Spinal Fracture Reduction System in Treating Spinal Compression Fracture
Alphatec Spine, Inc., is a medical device company that specializes in treating disorders that affect the aging spine. The company is conducting a clinical study with the OsseoFix® Spinal Fracture Reduction System which is for the treatment of vertebral compression fractures in the middle and lower back. The system provides internal fixation and stabilization using a permanent implant made of titanium and bone cement.Complete Listing
Some of the qualification criteria for study participation are the following:
50 years or older
Recently diagnosed with a vertebral compression fracture and conservative therapy (medication, bed rest, bracing, etc.) has failed for you
Diagnosed with Osteoporosis
Wallis® System – Clinical Trial for Lumbar Degenerative Disc Disease
Boulder Neurosurgical & Spine Associates (BNA) participates in this clinical trial to establish the safety and effectiveness of the Wallis® System. The study compares the Wallis dynamic stabilization system to total lumbar artificial disc replacement.
Participants in the trial are randomly selected to receive the Wallis device or a total lumbar disc replacement for the treatment of mild to moderate degenerative disc disease of the lumbar spine. The artificial disc is a FDA-approved, commercially-available implant designed to replace an entire diseased or damaged spinal disc through a surgery called “total disc replacement” (TDR). The Wallis System is designed to treat the pain caused by degenerative disc disease (DDD) by stabilizing the lumbar spine without a fusion procedure.Boulder Neurosurgical & Spine Associates (BNA) believes that by offering this clinical trial, it reinforces its commitment to give patients access to the latest investigational treatments for back pain.
Study objectives
The primary objective of the Wallis Clinical Study is to demonstrate that the Wallis System is equivalent to total disc replacement for the treatment of mild to moderate degenerative disc disease of the lumbar spine at the L4 – L5 level.
Study overview
Approximately 25 medical centers are enrolling patients into this clinical study to assess the safety and effectiveness of the Wallis System in the treatment of mild to moderate degenerative disc disease.
The study is randomized so that 50 percent of the study participants will receive a Wallis device and 50 percent will receive a commercially available artificial disc (either the CHARITÉ® or PRODISC-L® artificial disc). Patients will be randomly assigned to receive either surgical option.
Study participants will receive all study-related tests and surgical procedures at no charge.
In contrast to traditional fusion surgery, in which two or more vertebrae are fused together, the Wallis device and lumbar artificial discs are motion-preservation technologies that allow the spine to continue to move. The Wallis device is placed between the spinous processes – ridges of the spine – and acts as a stabilizing spacer that may relieve symptoms of degenerative disc disease.
What does it mean to have a Total Disc Replacement?
Total Disc Replacement (TDR) is a surgical procedure in which a diseased or damaged disc is replaced with a mechanical device (artificial disc) that behaves similarly to the body’s natural disc. Artificial discs have been approved by the FDA for sale in the United States. Like many spinal implants, an artificial disc (TDR) is implanted using an anterior approach, which means the surgeon inserts the device through an incision made near your belly button. The primary advantage of receiving the TDR is that, unlike current fusion implants used to treat degenerative discs, the design of the TDR device allows the treated area of the spine to maintain movement.
The procedure may prevent adjacent level disc disease; a common problem associated with fusion surgeries.
What are the potential risks?
May not relieve all of the patient’s back pain, or could potentially make it worse.
The surgery is conducted through the abdomen rather than through the back. This can be more invasive.
May complicate the need for further surgical intervention, such as a fusion in the event that symptoms persist.
As with all surgeries, surgery-related complications may occur.
What is the Wallis device?
The Wallis device is a spinal implant that is surgically inserted between the bones in your back (called vertebrae). The device is designated to relieve low back pain caused by degeneration or damage to a disc in your spine. Disc degeneration can change the normal sagittal movements of and overall strength of the spine. Additionally, a degenerated disc may lose its ability to act as a shock absorber, which is important for day-to-day, pain-free living. These problems can progress to persistent low back pain.
The Wallis device attempts to restabilize or support the spine during the early stages of degeneration. It also aims to slow the breakdown of the disc while still allowing the spine to move normally.
Figure Legends: Plain X-rays (AP and lateral views with extension) taken three months after the surgery. A normal movement through L4-L5 could be observed). Unlike fusion surgeries, the Wallis device is designed to stabilize your spine without joining or “fusing” vertebrae.
The Wallis device is implanted using a posterior approach, which means it is inserted through a small incision in your back.
Has it been used before?
The Wallis device was originally developed in Bordeaux, France and has been in use in various parts of the world since 1986. Outside the US, more than 12,000 patients have been treated with the Wallis device. Up to this point, the FDA has not cleared Wallis for the use in the United States. The aim of the Wallis study is to gain approval for the use here.
Who is a good candidate for the study?
The Wallis study is intended for people with mild degenerative disc disease in the lumbar spine. The cost of the Wallis or disc replacement procedure will be covered by the study.
Patients must also meet the following criteria in order to take part in the Wallis study:
Age 18 – 60
Have experienced at least six months of failed non-surgical or “conservative care” treatments (physical therapy, medications, back injection, etc.)
Voluntarily read and sign the informed consent document
Who is not a good candidate for the study?
If one or more of the following apply, you will not be able to take part in the study:
Disc problems at other than the L4-L5 levels
Leg pain greater than back pain
Unwilling to undergo surgery
Bacterial infection
Poor bone quality
HIV or Hepatitis
Lumbar Stenosis
Pregnant
Uncontrolled Diabetes
Extreme obesity
Prior participation in a clinical study of any investigational spinal implant or spinal treatment
Previous fusion at the same or adjacent levels being studied
What are potential benefits?
May relieve pain without requiring spinal fusion.
Surgery is relatively conservative when compared to other surgical choices, like fusion or disc replacement.
The Wallis procedure does not prevent the need for another procedure (e.g., fusion or disc replacement) if problems persist.
What are potential risks?
May not relieve all of the patient’s back pain, or could potentially make it worse.
The Advent™ Cervical Disc Clinical Trial
BNA participates in a clinical trial for a new investigational device, namely the Advent™ Cervical Disc. The Advent™ Cervical Disc is one of the first cervical artificial discs for the treatment of one level degenerative disc disease to incorporate a flexible elastomer core, which is designed to provide advanced biomechanical properties.
The purpose of the research study is to evaluate the safety and effectiveness of the Advent™ Cervical Disc in patients who have neck problems and that require surgery to replace the disc found between the cervical vertebrae following discectomy. Patients that have failed conservative treatment for at least six weeks for nerve root and/or spinal cord compression due a herniated disc and/or osteophyte formation between C3 and C7 may be eligible for enrollment in the study. Enrollment eligibility will be confirmed by patient history (e.g. neck and/or arm pain), functional and/or neurological deficit (e.g. numbness, weakness, diminished or pathologic reflexes, gait disturbances, etc.) and radiographic studies (e.g. CT, MRI, X-rays, etc.).
Caution: Investigational Device – Limited by Federal Law to Investigational Use
MAVERICK™ – FDA Lumbar Artificial Disc Study
The MAVERICK™ artificial disc is a spinal arthroplasty system intended for use in the lumbar spine to treat degenerative disc disease. The device is a permanent implant that is intended to maintain motion at the treated level. While a fusion remains the standard of care, the artificial disc may provide an alternative solution for those patients suffering from degenerative disc disease.
A multicenter clinical study was initiated in the United States in the spring of 2003 and was completed in 2012. The clinical trial data will be submitted for approval by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to commercialize the implant.
The purpose of this clinical trial is to evaluate the safety and effectiveness of the MAVERICK™ Total Disc Replacement as a method of treating patients with lumbar degenerative disc disease at one level from L4 to S1. Patients who enroll in the clinical study are randomly assigned a treatment group. Approximately two-thirds of the patients receive the MAVERICK™ Artificial Disc and one-third of the patients receive the lumbar fusion.
A Study Evaluating the Efficacy and Safety of Fibrin Sealant for the Sealing of Dura Defect Sutures in Posterior Fossa Surgery
The purpose of this research is to investigate the efficacy and safety of FS VH S/D 500 s-apr, a double virus-inactivated biological two-component fibrin sealant, for use in posterior fossa surgery as an adjunct to dura and dura substitute sutures in preventing postoperative cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leakage.
In order to perform the brain surgery, the surgeon will cut through the skull (a procedure is known as a craniotomy) and through the dura (one of the tissue layers covering the brain). The space between the dura and the brain is filled with cerebral spinal fluid called CSF. The use of a sealant on top of the sutures used to close the opening in the dura may help control CSF leakage after the surgery. The product to be studied, Fibrin Sealant, Vapor Heated, Solvent/Detergent 500 s-apr (FS VH S/D 500 s-apr), is a fibrin sealant known as a surgical “glue” made out of two substances naturally found in the human body, thrombin and fibrinogen. When mixed together, they help to form a clot. The human body naturally absorbs the clot over a period of about 14 days.
This study will also look at how often infection occurs, if there are any side effects from the sealant, and what are the procedures required to treat CSF leakage after surgery. FS VH S/D 500 s-apr is investigational and is not approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for sealing dura sutures in the USA.
BNA has been selected to participate in a landmark international clinical trial for cancer patients who have experienced a fracture of the spine known as a vertebral compression fracture (VCF). Many cancer patients, especially those suffering with multiple myeloma, experience such fractures of the spine, which can cause debilitating back pain and substantially reduce their quality of life.
The Cancer Patient Fracture Evaluation (CAFE) study is designed to compare the safety and effectiveness of two alternative treatments for painful, acute VCFs: a surgical treatment known as Balloon Kyphoplasty and non-surgical treatment. Balloon Kyphoplasty is a minimally invasive spine procedure that has been shown in non-randomized clinical trials to relieve pain, improve function and quality of life, restore vertebral height and correct spinal deformity. To date over 210,000 patients worldwide have had VCFs treated with Balloon Kyphoplasty. Traditional non-surgical treatments for spinal fractures in cancer patients include bed rest, medication, back bracing, walking aids, radiation, and physical therapy.The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has already cleared devices for use in Balloon Kyphoplasty for the treatment of VCFs in cancer patients. The purpose of this postapproval, randomized, controlled clinical trial is to collect further evidence that may support the Balloon Kyphoplasty treatment option. The study will evaluate a total of 200 patients at up to 30 centers across the United States, Canada, Europe and Australia.BNA has joined the CAFE trial as part of its dedication to improving the quality of life for people with cancer. Dr. Alan Villavicencio is one of the first to bring this new treatment option for cancer patients in Colorado and will be performing the Balloon Kyphoplasty procedures
"Dear Dr. Rajpal and Team, I just wanted to take a minute to thank you for taking such great care of my dad. You made the back surgery experience very easy and carefree. You came highly recommended to us by an employee at NeuroPace, a company in California. We will definitely pass on your name to anyone looking for a neurosurgeon. Thank you!" Read testimonials
"Dear Dr. Rajpal and Team, I just wanted to take a minute to thank you for taking such g..." Read testimonials | tomekkorbak/pile-curse-small | Pile-CC |
Want to go to Central America for free? All it takes is your participation in a clinical trial for a diarrhea vaccine. A patch worn on the arm can earn you a complimentary trip to one of nine cities in Mexico and Guatemala, courtesy of Intercell AG.
The Austrian drug company is recruiting 1800 volunteers for the phase III clinical trial of a vaccine against enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli -- a major cause of traveler's diarrhea, which affects about 20 million visitors to countries such as Africa, Asia and Latin America, as well as illness in more than 200 million children living in those countries each year. If approved, it would be the first vaccine for traveler's diarrhea available in the US.
A couple years ago, we looked at the question of how researchers and companies decide on compensation for subjects' participation in clinical trials. But the trip offered by the Austrian company seems to be an entirely new recruitment tactic, the BMJ reports.
Intercell joined forces with Inclinix, Inc., a North Carolina-based clinical trial enrollment solutions provider, to devise a strategy including partnerships with major travel and tourism websites, as well as a variety of social networking outlets, including Twitter and YouTube. "Social communication avenues allow Inclinix to reach a unique audience," Diane Montross, director of patient recruitment for Inclinix, told Medical News Today. "We are defining the next patient recruitment landscape."
In addition to the flight to Central America, participants will receive at least six nights of three star accommodations, pre-paid mobile phones, welcome kits with useful travel tools, and $1,500 in cash upon completion of the study. Participants will be given either the active vaccine or a placebo before travel, give blood within 48 hours of arrival, keep a stool diary throughout their trip, and provide additional blood and stool samples if they develop diarrhea.
After some three and a half billion years of life’s evolution on this planet – and after almost two million years since people recognizable as human first walked its surface – a new human burst upon the scene, apparently unannounced.
It was us.
Until then our ancestors had shared the planet with other human species. But soon there was only us, possessors of something that gave us unprecedented power over our environment and everything else alive. That something was – is – the Human Spark.
What is the nature of human uniqueness? Where did the Human Spark ignite, and when? And perhaps most tantalizingly, why?
In a three-part series to be broadcast on PBS in 2010, Alan Alda takes these questions personally, visiting with dozens of scientists on three continents, and participating directly in many experiments – including the detailed examination of his own brain.
Pretty bacteria: Do not be fooled by the pastel colors- these things will kill you.Courtesy esteraseI bet regular bacteria have posters of their favorite superbug hung on their bedroom walls. I mean superbugs are just so much cooler than regular bacteria; they’re kind of the bad boys of the bacteria world. Regular bacteria do what they are told: they keel over when exposed to disinfectants and antibiotics. But not those rebellious superbugs. Superbugs have some kind of genetic mutation that allows them to survive in hostile, antimicrobial environments. Basic principles of natural selection come into play: the mutant bacterium survives in the presence of the antibiotic/disinfectant and then goes on to produce other bacteria with the same mutation, ultimately creating a new resistant colony. In this scenario, exposure to the antimicrobial agent (the antibiotic or disinfectant) is imperative. However, scientists now think that another scenario exists; one in which exposure is not required. In a recent study, these scientists found that the use of disinfectants in hospitals can lead to bacterial resistance to antibiotics, even if the bacteria haven’t been exposed to the antibiotics.
Researchers from the National University of Ireland added increasing amounts of disinfectant to petri dishes full of Pseudomonas aeruginosa (a bug that causes pneumonia in hospital patients, among other things) and the bug became immune not only to the disinfectant, but also to ciprofloxacin- the antibiotic used to treat the bug. Superbugs are essentially using their exposure to disinfectants as “teachable moments” for resisting antibiotics.
This is significant because now it seems that bacteria have one less hurdle to overcome in their mission to cause serious harm to patients (that’s not really their “mission,” I say that for dramatic effect). If superbugs can resist the disinfectant slathered on the countertops and doorknobs of hospitals, it’s possible that they could go on to infect patients who “for some reason” won’t respond to the antibiotics. Man, regular bacteria must be so jealous.
Better safe than sorry, eh?: Modified from the original for decency's sake.Courtesy BaylorBear78My psychological jargon might be a little mixed up, but Freud was the one who would deteriorate into fits of frightened giggling at any mention of sex organs, right? If so, this research is totally Freudian.
(I’m pretty sure Freud died of an aneurysm while watching a butcher make sausage links. So yeah, kids, I think you’re safe using this as a resource for your 10th grade psych class.)
Here’s the rub, as it were: duck penises are off the hook! And not just duck penises, duck vaginas too! Despite the questionable wardrobe choices of certain popular cartoon characters, I’ve never seen a duck’s penis. But I suppose that the hunters and duck enthusiasts among you might already know that ducks, unlike most birds, have penises, and that said penises are about 8 inches long and remarkably flexible. The reason we aren’t constantly being assaulted by the sight of duck genitals is that they usually keep the organs tucked inside their bodies. When the need arises, the appendages can be extended, or "everted," in less than a second, an act described (not by me) as “explosive.”
Well, ducks have crazy penises because it gives them an advantage in “forced mating.” But if male ducks could evolve a feature that increases their chances of a successful forced mating, mused some researchers at Yale, couldn’t female ducks evolve penis-confounding features that would protect them from unwanted attempts at mating?
Duck penises, it turns out, are somewhat corkscrew-shaped. The researchers tested their ability to evert into a set of glass tubes of varying shapes. They found that eversion was quickly and easily done in straight tubes, and tubes that spiraled counter-clockwise. A tube spiraled clockwise, however, or one with a sharp bend in it, could stop eversion altogether. It turns out that duck vaginas have evolved structures like the second set of glass tubes, with the purpose of thwarting wandering duck penises.
How strange. Apparently it’s one of the rare occasions when the evolutionary consequences of the battle of the sexes are so “dramatic.” Dramatic and bizarre.
Now pick yourself up and continue on with your day. That wasn’t so bad, was it? And now you have something to talk about at your family holiday party!
art in a petri dishCourtesy Eshel Ben-JacobTake a close look at the image pictured here. Do you think it's the work of an artist, a scientist, or some other living organism?
The answer is: all of the above.
Eshel Ben-Jacob, an Israeli artist who is also a scientific researcher, created the image in collaboration with tens of billions of microorganisms, a colony of bacteria living in a petri dish. Why did he do it?
He was curious about how bacteria cope with stress in their environment, for example when humans try to eliminate them using antibiotics. One way he found to study the coping strategies of these persistent microbes was by creating stressful petri dish environments and studying how the living organisms respond. The results are beautiful and complex patterns like this one, which also tell a story about how living organisms adapt.
Turns out that bacteria actually cooperate to solve challenges, communicating to exchange genetic information that tells them how to survive as a group. It's a kind of underlying social intelligence, one that can make it difficult for us humans to keep up. In the case of the image here, you can see how the colony branches out in search of nutrients. That's just one of the things these researcher were able to learn more about by studying petri dish patterns.
Eshel Ben-Jacob realized that in addition to loads of interesting scientific data, these colonies make thought provoking artworks, reminding us never to underestimate the adaptive powers of living organisms. He added a bit of color to the patterns and has compiled a series of the resulting images in an online gallery. Take a look, and let me know what you see!
Ben-Jacob's work is also part of a fascinating collection cataloged on the website Microbial Art, which features artworks by scientists and artists from around the world who use a wide variety of taxa and techniques. You may not see it hanging in an art museum, but it's one of the most interesting examples of science-art collaborations that I've ever seen.
Yes, it is perched on a trash can: But only because I think that the trash might provide it with the high calorie diet it would need to operate those large flight muscles.Courtesy JGordonAngels and fairies, if they’re the sorts of things that actually exist, says a biologist from University College London, could never actually fly. That is, if we’re to believe that the way they’re portrayed in art is accurate.
Well, duh. Whether or not angels and fairies can actually fly seems to be something of a non-issue, but… of course. We figured this out a long time ago when we looked at pictures of angels and fairies and thought, well, that doesn’t make a ton of sense. But, no, scientist guy has to go rubbing our faces in it right at the holidays, when angels are feeling really pretty and good about themselves. How do you suppose they feel now, Scrooge? And picking on fairies like that is unconscionable; every time you say a fairy can’t fly, a fairy somewhere gets explosive diarrhea. And fairies live in sock drawers, so you’ve probably ruined some kid’s day too.
First of all, the wings are generally too small for fairies’ and angels’ body sizes. Birds and bats weigh very, very little relative to the area of their wings, otherwise they couldn’t take off. Wotton proposes that the mythical creatures might be able to glide a little, but the wings would need to be totally rigid then, and they’re often depicted in art being folded.
For true flight, Wotton says, angels and fairies would need to have the large, complex muscles of birds and flying insects. But they don’t. (Another fairy is losing bowel control right now.)
So, in the spirit of the holidays, I have drawn a more anatomically correct angel/fairy for you all. Note the delicate limbs, deep, muscular chest, and aerodynamic body. Now you can imagine this realistically perching on top of your Christmas tree, or pulling teeth from beneath your pillow.
You will never have to buy these againCourtesy very little daveOne hates to be outdone. I mean, all of a sudden I’m given to understand that not only am I the resident poop expert (and how do you think that feels) but that I’ve been shirking my duties in covering the scatological sciences, and that fecal subject matter is slipping right between my fingers! It’s humiliating on several levels.
It wasn’t real human feces, of course—they’re artists, not miracle workers. But it represented a coming revolution in pooping. The wax poop models, you see, were all the colors of the rainbow (over a predictably colored base). The team of undergraduates they collaborated with have been working on genetically engineering strains of the E. choli bacteria that will change color in the presence of certain compounds. Currently, the new strain (now called, har har, E. chromi) will turn orange, red, brown, purple or yellow in the presence of arsenic, the exact color depending on the amount of arsenic. (“Brown”?)
Aside from brightening up the gloomy bowel movements of people suffering from arsenic poisoning, the team of scientists and artists has proposed that the technology could be used in the future for diagnosing diseases. Just swallow a little capsule, say, and the bacteria inside could tell you if you have cancer. It would be like reading tea leaves, kind of, but in a bigger cup, and without the leaves. (Imagining finding out from your Technicolor poops that you have cancer.)
Sadly, this application is a long way off. Aside from color-coding the bacteria to different diseases, it would have to be engineered so that our immune systems couldn’t destroy it before it changes color. One wonders, too if creating a strain of E. choli that is invisible to our immune systems might have a new set of issues to overcome.
I hope that they realize the recreational potential of any drugs to come out of the project.
Human medicine extracted from rabbit milk
Pharming rabbits
A Dutch biotech firm, appropriately named Pharming, has been milking rabbits experimentally for years. They recently developed a drug called Rhucin, which they extract from rabbit milk. The rabbits have been outfitted with a human gene that produces a protein called C1 inhibitor in their milk. Rhucin can be used to treat people with hereditary angioedema.
"Human C1 inhibitor can be obtained from donor blood, but our … product can be produced in unlimited quantities from a scalable and stable production system, and there are no safety issues in terms of [blood] viruses National Geographic."
If the drug is approved, Pharming will start milking a herd of about a thousand rabbits. The method is similar to milking cows except that the milk sucking attachments are smaller.
Miniature mouse milking machine
Mice are being milked in Russia for lactoferrin which normally is found in the breast milk of humans. Lactoferrin protects babies from viruses and bacteria while the infants' immune systems are still developing. Milking mice is very difficult, and is only a step toward larger animals such as rabbits, goats, or cows being bioengineered.
The ultimate aim of the Russian team, and of similar research projects in other countries, is to extract lactoferrin from the milk and use the protein to create healthier baby formula. National Geographic
PJ the CatIt is with bitter disappointment that I share this link: it’s the end of the line for hypoallergenic cats. Remember the promise of the hypoallergenic cat? People who would enjoy sharing their home with a cat but who were previously unable due to allergies (I count myself among this number) were given hope with the $4,000 felines, “guaranteed” to not cause allergic reactions.
No more.
Allerca Lifestyle Pets, the provider, announced on its website recently that due to its recent acquisition that it will no longer produce the hypoallergenic cats (and dogs) to customers.
Further, one wonders if Allerca was actually producing the cats (and dogs) as they promised. According to The Scientist, despite many testimonials they were never able to produce any scientific evidence that their cats were actually hypoallergenic and apparently there are a number of blogs out there decrying Allerca for non-delivery and non-performance. So it may have all been wishful thinking anyway.
My current plan is to find the smallest short hair cat possible – small animal, less spit to be allergic to. That’ll work, right?
What I find of ancillary interest is that internally here at the museum we have been looking at scientific denialism and fraudulent science. If I applied a skeptic’s “filter” to my examination of the claims on the Allerca web site, the heavy dependence on testimonials rather than scientific data, the attacks on groups who are skeptical of their claims, the use of lots of scientific jargon and that fact that they are shutting down even though their product was claimed to be effective makes me lean to an opinion that they may not be able to deliver what they say they can. However, as with anything be your own skeptic. Don’t form an opinion based on what I am saying alone – do some research, and use the evidence you collect – especially the evidence that is supported by scientific research – to make your own conclusions. | tomekkorbak/pile-curse-small | Pile-CC |
Silent update 2019-09-25: added to blog series "Using Org Mode Features"
Please do read my "Using Org Mode Features" (UOMF) series page for explanations on articles of this series.
When I am away from my computers, I often need to see the appointments of the upcoming weeks in order to make arrangements. Unfortunately, I can't make Android MobileOrg sync with my local Android calendar. As a workaround, I generate a screenshot of one of my agendas (a month, no todos, only appointments).
Since I am not able to define this PNG image as my lock-screen background (my original plan), I created a lock-screen link to the image instead. To get to the agenda from lock-screen I have to slide the lock-screen link, enter my security pattern, and then my image viewer shows me the agenda.
To semi-automate the generation/update of the screenshot image, I am using following Elisp snippet: | tomekkorbak/pile-curse-small | OpenWebText2 |
In vitro maturation of oocytes.
In vitro maturation of oocytes is a safe and effective treatment offered in some fertility centers for assisted reproduction, where immature oocytes are retrieved from unstimulated ovaries. Therefore, the procedure avoids ovarian stimulation with expensive gonadotropins, side effects of the medications, and risks such as ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome. Added advantages are reduced frequency of monitoring scans and shorter treatment regimen compared with in vitro fertilization. The candidates initially considered were women with polycystic ovaries having multiple antral follicles, but the indications are widening to include women with primarily poor quality embryos in repeated cycles and poor responders to stimulation. The two new applications for in vitro maturation we are now successfully implementing at McGill Reproductive Center are for oocyte donors and for fertility preservation, especially in women with cancer who are undergoing gonadotoxic therapy. In young women without partners needing this treatment for fertility preservation, it is combined with vitrification of the oocytes. We have achieved a 38% clinical pregnancy rate per cycle in women having IVM for infertility treatment up to the age of 35 years, and 50% clinical pregnancy rate per cycle in recipients of IVM egg donation. | tomekkorbak/pile-curse-small | PubMed Abstracts |
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