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History of Ohio - Wikipedia <H1> History of Ohio </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <P> The history of Ohio includes many thousands of years of human activity . What is now Ohio was probably first settled by Paleo - Indian people , who lived in the area as early as 13,000 B.C. A fossil dated between 11,727 and 11,424 B.C. indicates they hunted large animals , including Jefferson 's ground sloth , using stone tools . Later ancestors of Native Americans were known as the Archaic peoples . Sophisticated successive cultures of precolonial peoples indigenous peoples , such as the Adena , Hopewell and Fort Ancient , built monumental earthworks as massive monuments in which to bury their dead ; some of which have survived to the present . </P> <P> By the mid-18th century , a few American and French fur traders engaged historic Native American tribes in present - day Ohio in the fur trade . American settlement in the Ohio territory came after the American Revolutionary War . The Congress prohibited slavery in the Ohio Territory . Ohio 's population increased rapidly , chiefly by migrants from New England , New York and Pennsylvania . Southerners settled along the southern part of the territory , as they traveled mostly by the Ohio River . Yankees , especially in the `` Western reserve '' ( near Cleveland ) , supported modernization , public education and anti-slavery policies . The state supported the Union in the American Civil War , although antiwar Copperhead sentiment was strong in Southern settlements . </P> <P> After the Civil War , Ohio became a major industrial state . The Great Lakes brought in iron ore and provided a route for exports , as did railroads . In the late 19th and early 20th centuries , the fast - growing industries created jobs that attracted hundreds of thousands immigrants from Europe . In World War I Europe was closed off and whites came from Appalachia , while African Americans came from the states to the South . The cultures of its major cities became much more diverse with the traditions , cultures , foods and music of the new arrivals . Ohio 's industries were integral to American industrial power in the 20th century . Economic restructuring in steel and other manufacturing cost the state many jobs in the later 20th century as heavy industry declined . The economy in the 21st century has seen the loss of many manufacturing jobs , and a switch to service industries such as medicine and education . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Prehistoric indigenous peoples <Ul> <Li> 1.1 Ohio natives -- 17th century </Li> <Li> 1.2 Beaver Wars </Li> <Li> 1.3 Ohio natives -- 18th century </Li> <Li> 1.4 Ohio natives -- 19th century </Li> <Li> 1.5 Native populations today </Li> <Li> 1.6 Genetic studies </Li> <Li> 1.7 French , British and Native Americans <Ul> <Li> 1.7. 1 Seven Years ' War </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 1.8 British Empire <Ul> <Li> 1.8. 1 American Revolution </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2 Territory and statehood <Ul> <Li> 2.1 Statehood </Li> <Li> 2.2 War of 1812 </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 Industrialization <Ul> <Li> 3.1 Innovation </Li> <Li> 3.2 Infrastructure </Li> <Li> 3.3 Urbanization and commercialization <Ul> <Li> 3.3. 1 Education </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 Social history <Ul> <Li> 4.1 Religion </Li> <Li> 4.2 Ethnic groups </Li> <Li> 4.3 Popular culture </Li> <Li> 4.4 Depression years </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 5 Civil War <Ul> <Li> 5.1 Prison camps </Li> <Li> 5.2 Veterans </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 6 Politics <Ul> <Li> 6.1 Rebellion of 1820 </Li> <Li> 6.2 Sovereignty </Li> <Li> 6.3 Anti-slavery </Li> <Li> 6.4 Ohio in national politics </Li> <Li> 6.5 Progressive era <Ul> <Li> 6.5. 1 Women 's rights </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 6.6 Constitutional Convention of 1912 </Li> <Li> 6.7 Ku Klux Klan </Li> <Li> 6.8 Great Depression </Li> <Li> 6.9 World War II </Li> <Li> 6.10 Cold War <Ul> <Li> 6.10. 1 Un-American activities </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 7 Native place names <Ul> <Li> 7.1 Iroquoian </Li> <Li> 7.2 Algonquin </Li> <Li> 7.3 Other </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 8 Recent </Li> <Li> 9 See also </Li> <Li> 10 Bibliography <Ul> <Li> 10.1 Surveys and textbooks </Li> <Li> 10.2 Specialized studies </Li> <Li> 10.3 Regional history </Li> <Li> 10.4 Primary sources </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 11 References </Li> <Li> 12 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Prehistoric indigenous peoples ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( August 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> The Great Serpent Mound in Adams County is one of the earthworks from ancient civilizations found in the state . <P> The Late Archaic period featured the development of focal subsistence economies and regionalization of cultures . Regional cultures in Ohio include the Maple Creek Culture ( Excavations ) of southwestern Ohio , the Glacial Kame Culture of western Ohio ( especially northwestern Ohio ) , and the Red Ochre and Old Copper cultures across much of northern Ohio . Flint Ridge , located in present - day Licking County , provided flint , an extremely important raw material and trade good . Objects made from Flint Ridge flint have been found as far east as the Atlantic coast , as far west as Kansas City , and as far south as Louisiana , demonstrating the wide network of prehistoric trading cultures . </P> <P> About 800 BC , Late Archaic cultures were supplanted by the Adena culture . The Adenas were mound builders . Many of their thousands of burial mounds in Ohio have survived . Following the Adena culture was the Hopewell culture ( c. 100 to c. 400 C.E. ) , which also built sophisticated mounds and earthworks , some of which survive at Hopewell and Newark Earthworks . They used their constructions as astronomical observatories and places of ritual celebration . The Fort Ancient culture also built mounds , including some effigy mounds . Researchers first considered the Serpent Mound in Adams County , Ohio to be an Adena mound . It is the largest effigy mound in the United States and one of Ohio 's best - known landmarks . Scholars believe it may have been a more recent work of Fort Ancient people . In Southern Ohio alone , archaeologists have pinpointed 10000 mounds used as burial sites and have excavated another 1000 earth - walled enclosures , including one enormous fortification with a circumference of about 3.5 miles , enclosing about 100 acres . We now know from a great variety of items found in the mound tombs -- large ceremonial blades chipped from obsidian rock formations in Yellowstone National Park ; embossed breast - plates , ornaments and weapons fashioned from copper nuggets from the Great Lakes region ; decorative objects cut from sheets of mica from the southern Appalachians ; conch shells from the Atlantic seaboard ; and ornaments made from shark and alligator teeth and shells from the Gulf of Mexico -- that the Mound Builders participated in a vast trading network that linked together hundreds of Native Americans across the continent . </P> <P> Two culture groups who claim Ohio as an ancestral homeland are the Dhegihan Sioux ( A culture group consisting of the Osage , Omaha , Kaw , Ponka & Kwapa nations from the modern day states of Missouri , Arkansas , Nebraska , Kansas & Oklahoma . ) & the Choctaw & Chickasaw Muskogean peoples . Neither group were in Ohio as of the 16th Century , when colonization of the Caribbean and early exploration of the continent began . Many Siouan peoples claim direct connection or descent from the Hopewell . They joined forces with Algonquians who were also displaced -- mainly the Illinois Confederacy -- to dislodge the natives on the west side of the Mississippi , who were most likely connected to the Caddo peoples and the Mississippian Culture . Meanwhile , other Siouan people crossed Appalachia , driving off other Algonquian groups on the east coast and setting up shop in modern - day Virginia , eventually managing to spread south to the Carolina coast and back west to Ohio . </P> <P> Archaeology and the oral histories of Iroquoian , Siouan and Algonquian peoples shows that during the 12th -- 13th centuries , Iroquoian people migrated into the St. Lawrence River Valley , then divided themselves into three separate groups -- a Huron ancestral group who migrated north of the Great Lakes , an Iroquois group who went south of the Great Lakes & a third Tuscarora - related group straight down the east coast . According to scant details surviving from the Susquehannocks , the Iroquoian nation who existed from New York to Maryland , they once came from a River Valley to the west , but were driven back east to their known territory by enemies . It was assumed that the Mississippi River was meant by those who wrote it down , however no Iroquoians were ever in that region -- but were in Ohio . The Iroquois Book of Rites by Horatio Hale also seems to back this up & elaborates that Iroquoians occasionally also referred to the Ohio as being the same as the Mississippi . That being said , they do note that they merged with other peoples once across Appalachia & studies from the north claim that those northern Susquehannocks descended culturally & linguistically from the Mohawk . </P> <P> All Siouan peoples are known in Iroquoian oral tradition as the Talligewi , or Alligewi . ( This is probably more accurately written as Adegowe in the modern Iroquois vernacular. ) Talligewi is translated as Mound Builder , but it could be more literally translated as `` They piled it / those . '' It is also said to be the origins of the word Allegany , when taken as Adegoweni . It is also noted that a tribe who was probably the ancestral Erie Nation went to war with a group of Adegowe in what is now northern Ohio & drove them to migrate far to the south , merging with a similar group of people who lived between the Gulf of Mexico & the Tennessee River at the time . This appears to have been the ancestors of the Saponi / Tutelo & the tribe with whom they merged should have been the common linguistic ancestors of the Catawba & Biloxi peoples . It should also be noted that it is believed that the Cherokee autonym , Tsalagi , is a variation of the same word . The origins of that are still hotly debated today . However , it is important to note that Hale based his Iroquois Book of Rites on earlier works by Iroquois natives who knew English as a second language & they appear to commonly refer to the Siouan peoples of the Ohio River Valley interchangeably as either Alligewi or Cherokee . The origins of the actual Cherokee , who are also an Iroquoian - speaking people , do not seem to appear in the book . </P> <H3> Ohio natives -- 17th century ( edit ) </H3> <P> Among the first French explorers was a cartographer , Jean - Baptiste - Louis Franquelin , who had learned that a group known as the Mosopelea had been known to reside between the Muskingum River & Scioto River in the southeast reaches of Ohio . They called this region Masopeleakicipi ( Siouan , but uncertain in translation ) & the Ohio River the Oligin ( Oh - ree - ghih . Bountiful River . ) However , they had been destroyed & the people fled . As the French attempted to colonize & further explore the Mississippi River , they rediscovered the tribe living in what is now Arkansas . They were considered a Siouan speaking society . Other names include Houspe , Ofo & Ofogoula . A single remaining work in their language , A Dictionary of Biloxi & Ofo , seems to show that they were unrelated to the nearest confirmed Siouan people -- the Tutelo , of Kentucky & West Virginia . This may lend more credence to the theory that the Fort Ancients were also a Siouan speaking society & starts to show what may have happened to them . The Dictionary of Biloxi & Ofo also notes that , for a while , French Missionaries in the region seemed to think that the Houspe & Ofo were two separate peoples . Most historians seem to think this was a mistake . Either way , there is later one tribe referred to with both names . Many early explorers also note that the Ohio River Valley was littered with remains of abandoned & destroyed villages , which they approximated with that of the Siouan stock . </P> <P> Baptiste 's map also names another group , known as the Casa , living north of the Muskingum River . It is not known who they were , but they were most likely connected to either the Fort Ancient or Monongahela Cultures . Assuming the above concerning the Mosopelea , it is important to note that the word closely resembles `` Kansa , '' the Algonquian word for the Siouan - speaking peoples of what is now Arkansas & Missouri . Both managed to exist up to the early 17th century and are believed to have merged into a single , continuous culture group by that time . The Monongahela Culture -- primarily from West Virginia & Pennsylvania -- are also known to have once held land in that general area . </P> <P> Also Siouan were the Fort Ancient of southwest Ohio & Central Kentucky , between modern day Cincinnati and Chilicothe , Ohio . There was almost no contact with whites whatsoever before the Beaver Wars & seem to have been more or less extinct by the end . Before the 17th century , there seemed to be a mixing of the cultures of the Eastern Siouans , the Fort Ancient & the Monongahela . Many of them could be the phantom Cherokees who existed throughout West Virginia & Kentucky in the early 18th century . </P> <P> The Petun , an Iroquoian - speaking people who were originally believed to have only been focused in the area between Lake Ontario and Niagara Falls , controlled all the territory from the Genesee River in New York , to the Alleghany River , to the Cuyahoga River . This seems to be corroborated between two regional maps from 1641 ( in which experts seem to associate the name Khionontateronon with the Petun ) ) & 1684 ( in which Franquelin labels the Kentatetonga as having existed north of the Alleghany River . ) . </P> <P> There was also the Erie , whose autonym was Riquechronon , or Long Tail People . Their territory seems to have started at modern day Sandusky , Ohio , and went east to the Cuyahoga River . A petroglyph site at Kelley 's Island , just north of Sandusky and within Lake Erie , has been approximately dated between 1200 - 1600 AD & is most likely theirs . They may have once held lands even further east into Pennsylvania before the Petun moved into the region & linguistic analysis seems to show that they descended directly from the Seneca people . The Ojibwe , an Algonquian nation from Michigan 's northern peninsula , claim in their oral histories wars against the Cat -- another nickname for the Erie -- coming from Lake Huron . Given this , they may have once held lands in either Michigan or Canada at one time , and may have even held land along the east shores of Lake Huron during the Colonial period . </P> Mascouten , aka Du Feu , from a French map , circa 1656 <P> It is also believed that the Mascouten -- an Algonquian people closely related to the Miami & Anishinaabe -- controlled northwest Ohio , north of the Maumee River . It is difficult to surmise from the poorly made maps of the region exactly where the borders of their nation had been , but they seem to have angled northwest to Lake Michigan , then around its southern shore to an unknown point . They were represented as the Gen D'Feu ( also simply Du Feu , or ' Assistaeronon ' from the Huron language . ) on several early French maps dating to the 1640s -- 1650s . The earliest known is from 1641 , approximately five years after the first explorations in the region . On another map by Vincenzo Coronelli from 1688 , they seem to have migrated down to the Wabash River . </P> <P> The 1641 map also appears to show the Sauk living along the west shores of Lake Erie . Another map shows the Fauk there and the Sauk further north , around Saginaw Bay . Both are believed to have migrated into the region from eastern Canada due to some sort of conflict . Their language appears to most closely resemble Ojibwe , or Anishinaabe - mowin , so this is probably their origin . </P> <P> The Miami , also known as the Kickapoo ( pronounced Kee - gah - boo ) , controlled territory in Ohio which started between the Maumee & Auglaize Rivers , angling southwest . This being said , they are first labelled as the Ontarraronon , or Lake People ( from the Huron language ) , on the oldest regional maps . Given that Lake Michigan could not be meant & there seems to be an empty spot in northwest Ohio , they most likely controlled the Lake Erie shoreline between the Maumee & Sandusky Rivers prior to the Beaver Wars . This also means that the fact that they are the Ontarraronon & Lake Ontario bears a similar name is purely coincidental . </P> <H3> Beaver wars ( edit ) </H3> <P> Early French explorers had already passed through the Great Lakes region as far as modern day Wisconsin , therefore France had claimed every part of the continent of North America west of the Appalachian Mountains . However , this place had neither been fully explored , accurately mapped out , or settled . </P> <P> The Beaver Wars seem to have begun primarily due to out - of - control colonial expansions on the east coast and poaching leading to fewer animals for native peoples in those regions to trap for food or fur trade . European powers renegotiated the issue , but too late . Natives began ranging further and further inland in search of furs . This soon led three powerful nations , the Huron , Iroquois & Susquehannocks to begin battling one another over control of the Ohio River Valley by the 1620s . Things became even worse for the Iroquois when the eastern-most tribe , the Mohawk , seceded from the confederacy and became their enemy . Worse for Ohio peoples , other tribes who wanted in took the long way around through southern Michigan and attacked into Ohio from that direction before these tribes could even penetrate the region . In the end , the Iroquois destroyed the Huron and cut off the Susquehannocks from the region by 1630 , then began their own war . There may have also been some influence from Europeans that affected the outcome , but this is unclear who , what , or how . By the end of the century , it primarily became a major boon for the English . </P> <P> As far as can be assumed , tribes such as the Neutral Nation , Sauk & Fauk , crossed the Detroit River into Michigan and attacked the Mascouten & Miami . The Mascouten and the Miami were driven southwest . Some of the first known maps from the region appear in the 1640s . It is clearly seen that names associated with the Neutrals appear both along the northern shore of Lake Erie & beyond the Ohio River . If true , this would mean that the Neutrals were the ones who pushed the Mosopelea west to Arkansas . </P> <P> After wars with other tribes in the east , the Iroquois destroyed the Petun in 1632 , then the Erie ( and Neutrals ) . A tribe known as the Guyandotte ( Also known as the Tiontatacaga & Little Mingo ) from West Virginia appears to have been an offshoot of Petun , given the resemblance between Tiontatecaga & the Petun autonym ( what they called themselves ) , Tiontati . It 's possible that the Iroquois fought the Eries & Neutrals all the way down the Ohio River , then across it . They are later known in Virginia as the Westo . The Iroquois then moved on the southern Michigan , driving off the Fauk & Sauk and beginning attacks on other tribes across Lake Michigan . Annoyingly , though , since the area had n't been mapped accurately , the British just guessed how much land their Iroquois subjects had conquered , leading to claims that ignore the existence of many tribes . </P> <P> Upon reaching Michigan , it appears that the Iroquois also broke the Miami & Mascouten tribes , who scattered in every direction , throughout what are now the states of Michigan , Indiana , Illinois , Wisconsin , Minnesota & Iowa . While names like Miami & Mascouten were still occasionally used , disparate tribes included the Wea , Atchatchakangouen , Pepicokia , Mengakonkia , Pinakashaw & Kilatika . It appears that most of these tribes may have been made up of mixtures of the two original tribes . They were also often referred to collectively as Miamis , Kickapoos , Illinois ( in which they were lumped in with the actual Illinois Nation ) & Ouiatenon . </P> <P> As to the Wyandot of northeast Ohio , it appears that after the Iroquois destroyed the Huron , they shattered into nomadic subgroups and spread out throughout the entire Great Lakes region , between Lake Erie & the Mississippi River . When the Petun migrated to Canada , it created a rallying point for the tribe to reassemble . However , some were apparently captured by the Iroquois . These Hurons were turned into a vassal tribe of Iroquois and were left alone , so long as they obeyed . They were told where to settle and were given a specific job to do which would aid in the Iroquois ' conquest . This finally shows how the Iroquois were able to push their war as far as they did and for as long as they did . Note that , later , a group of Erie suddenly appear in western Pennsylvania , decades after they had been removed , and merged with the Iroquois . It is possible that there were several such vassal tribes who , over the final decades of the war , were either destroyed or switched sides . </P> <P> The war appears to have ended by the 1680s , which seems to roughly correspond with the arrival of the Lenape & the first Dutch settlers in northeast Ohio . It also probably corresponds to the Anishinaabeg ( Now allies of the French ) splitting up , with the northernmost group migrating down to the region north of Lake Erie . This group eventually claimed land in northwest Ohio , as well . In the U.S. , they were known as the Odawa & in Canada , they were known as the Mississaugas . Between the two , the Iroquois were cut in half . </P> <P> The French had moved into gear at every possible opportunity throughout the late 17th century , sending out expeditions to map out the Great Lakes , discovering the source of the Mississippi River ( Which they named Sioux Tango , at the time ) & establishing the colony of Illinois . They secured alliances with tribes of the Mississippi River region by declaring the Iroquois a common enemy , then led a massive coalition of Native & French troops up the Ohio River Valley . </P> <P> Many Miami breakaway tribes allied with the French , although some did not . Those who did gained new political & economic advantages which allowed them to start bringing other tribes back into line with them . By the end of the century , the tribes were able to return to the Indiana / Michigan / Ohio region as two new tribes -- the Miami & the Wea . The new Miamis settled in the general area where the states of Ohio , Michigan & Indiana meet . </P> <P> In 1701 , the French moved to end the war and make peace with the Iroquois , establishing borders at the Niagara River & what is now the Ohio - Pennsylvania border . With the continued expansion of the English , The Iroquois were soon moved to sell most of their extended lands to the English through a series of treaties , who built forts along said border , while the French occupied themselves by ringing Lake Erie with military forts as well . This event also saw the Ohio Wyandot isolated from them on the French side of the border , where they finally cut their ties , became their own tribe and began expanding throughout former Erie territory . </P> <P> The last major event of the 17th century involved a nomadic , migrating tribe called the Shawnee . They had split off of the Powhatan early in the century and migrated into Maryland & Pennsylvania as the native Susquehannock were decimated by war & illness and lost much of their western territory . Once the tribe arrived at the Ohio River , they migrated down through West Virginia . They mostly resettled in West Virginia until the Shawnee Wars of 1811 -- 1813 . However , they did side with the French . Allegedly , a group of them migrated clear across Ohio to the Ohio - Indiana border to aid French Native allies and never returned . They soon became known as the Piqua Shawnee , the second of the four main tribes . </P> <H3> Ohio natives -- 18th century ( edit ) </H3> <P> While they arrived shortly beforehand , the Lenape , also known as the Delaware , were undoubtedly the largest group of Natives in Ohio during the 18th century . Originally from Lenapehoking ( modern day New Jersey ) , they were slowly forced out , first as New Netherland was conquered by New England , then by the sons of William Penn , who had a distinctly different idea of them then their father had . In an event known as the Walking Purchase , Penn 's sons purchased large amounts of Lenape land , possibly from village appointed spokespersons who did n't really have much of a right to do so . A later court hearing upheld the invalid contract and many natives were sent west . Soon after they were followed by Dutch settlers of the Moravian Church , who also felt persecuted by the cultural shift towards English & they appear to have been given legal jurisdiction over the Lenape at this point . While first spreading south along the Ohio River , the Lenape soon began a long migration west . By the American Revolution , they were noted as existing in the general area between the Scioto and Sandusky Rivers . During this time , unable to fully back a single side , many Algonquin natives of the Ohio region were deemed traitors by English & Patriot alike . See further information below . </P> <P> Around 1750 , many members of the Iroquois Confederacy -- particularly those affiliated with the Seneca and Cayuga branches -- left New York and moved into the Ohio River valley , becoming known primarily as the Mingo Nation . They tried to stick to the Ohio River as others affiliated with the Wyandot followed the Lenape west . The Shawnee had been largely pressed into West Virginia . The Little Mingo may have stayed in the same area of West Virginia until this time & may have merged with them when they came to the region , which is suggested in Seneca oral tradition . </P> <P> The Wyandot did not move far . Their center only shifted from Cleveland , Ohio , to Sandusky , Ohio . There , the Episcopal Church set up a fairly successful mission for them . Upon conflicts with neighboring tribes around 1718 , the Miami relocated deeper into Indiana to be closer to the Wea . When English influence began seeping into the region between 1730 - 1750 , the Miami & Wea dealt with them more & more as they were forced continuously west . Losing power & fearing the Miami had switched sides , the French attacked the Miami & Wea around 1752 , causing them to switch over to the English & aid in the eventual destruction of what was left of the Illinois Colony . </P> <P> Immediately following the American Revolution , all the Native Peoples of the western Great Lakes region of the United States , spurned on by the British , attempted to confederize and declared a war of secession against the United States . This was referred to as the Northwest Indian War ( 1785 - 1795 ) & involved the Wyandot , Shawnee , Odawa , Ojibwe , Potowatomi , Lenape , Miami , Illinois & Cherokee . It was also known as the Ohio War & Little Turtle 's War . Essentially , upon the defeat of the British , Loyalists fled the country . This war was , apparently , a sort of ' parting gift ' for the new nation , as Loyalists & British soldiers sold much of their remaining arsenals to the western native peoples . Some British soldiers actually joined the Indian armies and refused to cede land to the Americans . It is also interesting to note that both Lewis & Clark , as well as the eventual U.S. President , William Henry Harrison , were all veterans of this forgotten war . </P> <H3> Ohio natives -- 19th century ( edit ) </H3> <P> When the United States set up its government , they chose to technically claim lands already owned by various Native American tribes -- including those still in Ohio at the time -- yet continued to treat them as if they were sovereign nations in asylum . These included the Catawba , Mohican , Schaghticoke , Lenape , Seneca , Creek , Cherokee , Choctaw , Chickasaw , Miami , Shawnee , Wyandot , Odawa & Iron Confederacy . In this agreement , they vowed to allow for the continued advancement & preservation of native culture , set up bureaus to see to their welfare & security , secured their borders & created job & trading opportunities for their people . However , much of the American public seemed to be jealous of this & would continuously violate Native peoples . This included conmen selling lands within Native territories they did not own , smugglers & criminal organizations using native lands for cover & trying to hire their people , racial violence & political & legal maneuvering to strip natives of valuable assets . The United States chose early in the 19th century to begin convincing tribes to migrate to other lands west , for their safety & welfare . There appears to have been a great deal of debate at the time as to whether this would ensure their survival , or hasten their destruction , but it eventually culminated in the passing of the Indian Removal Act of 1830 , which was initially meant to quell disagreements that could have led to further war between the Cherokee & the state of Georgia , however it was quickly used to move all natives in the eastern United States west . As soon as it started , it created a landslide effect , with many representatives of the government among various Indian tribes desperate to convince them to settle & move west before they began to see the new act as a threat & become hostile . This is one of several primary reasons as to why native culture faded away in the eastern U.S. </P> <P> Starting at around the same time as the War of 1812 , the Shawnee entered war with the United States over land rights , under the famous Tecumseh . During this time , they were steadily pushed west , down the Ohio , then the Mississippi , into the Ozarks . There , Tecumseh and other leaders were killed and the Shawnee settled in what is now Oklahoma . Interestingly , some Shawnee actually did remain in Ohio . They , under Chief Wapakoneta , chose to cede their lands to the U.S. in 1831 , shortly after the passing of the Indian Removal Act , & moved west to reunite with the other Shawnee . </P> <P> By the turn of the century , many of the Lenape peoples had been driven up along the Miami on the Ohio border . They were removed to the Missouri country through the Treaty of St. Mary 's in 1818 . After the Louisiana Purchase , the United States took over an extremely convoluted relationship which had existed between the Spanish , French & a native group , the Caddo , who lived throughout Arkansas , Louisiana & Texas at the time . Within the first few decades , the Caddo were settling almost entirely in the U.S. , though still held extensive lands in Texas . The Spanish , who had expended a great deal of time & effort to woo the Caddo felt slighted & continuously negotiated for them to return to Texas , even going so far as to deed to them further lands in the region that they had n't previously owned . This also created a border dispute which nearly caused Spain to declare war on the United States at the time & was resolved through treaties that allowed the odd circumstance to continue . By this , the United States convinced the collective Caddoan peoples to allow surplus natives who had been relocated to the Ozarks to settle upon their unused lands in Texas without much issue -- including Lenape & , later , the Seneca . They would go on to blend their cultures with the burgeoning American & Mexican cowboy cultures . Unfortunately , in an apparent effort to draw Indians into the Texas Revolution without appearing to violate their treaties , several false - flag attacks began in Texas against Texans & American soldiers which were blamed on the highly influential Caddo , who had been publicly warned to stay out of the conflict by the U.S.. While the United States was able to influence the new Texas government to later adopt a similar Indian strategy , relations between these peoples never really recovered & most of these Indians were slowly pushed north into Indian Territory -- modern day Oklahoma . </P> <P> Also , the Ottawa turned over the last of their land in Ohio and Michigan to the United States after the War of 1812 and these peoples ' either retreated back into Canada , or were sent to the plains . The Mingo Seneca were driven to Missouri , between 1832 and 1838 . Many of those sent west then split , some moving to Texas , which was then still a part of Mexican territories . </P> <P> The Wyandot were the final tribe to leave the state in 1843 , having apparently waited until the resolution of the Texas Revolution . They moved to Missouri and largely began breaking down and merging with American society , although some did eventually end up in Indian Territory , and others were granted a permanent reservation in Missouri . Those who broke away attempted to aid in the founding of the Nebraska & Kansas Territories in the hopes of creating more havens for displaced Native peoples . While this was not successful , there are still large amounts of descendants of these peoples to this day . </P> <H3> Native populations today ( edit ) </H3> <P> See also List of Native American peoples in the United States </P> <P> There are currently decent - sized populations of Seneca , Saponi , Lenape , Tutelo , Miami and Shawnee in the state , however they are not all federally recognized , or connected to a federally recognized , tribe . Despite this , the State has offered limited tribal recognition to many of them . Tribal members are not required to live on reservations in order to retain status , and there are currently no reservations for native peoples within the state today . Also , a large amount of Ohioans today claim ancestry of Cherokee , Blackfoot ( clearly , Saponi , aka Eastern Blackfoot , is meant ) , Chippewa ( Odawa ) & Shawnee , as well as from various Iroquoians groups . </P> <H3> Genetic studies ( edit ) </H3> <P> Modern studies show 80 % of cranial samples from Hopewell remains indicate a cephalic index in the range of being dolicocephalic . Analysis of Hopewell remains indicate shared mtDNA mutations unique with lineages from China , Korea , Japan , and Mongolia , while bone collagen from Eastern North American native remains indicate maize was not a large part of their diet until after B.P. 1000 . As of 2003 , maize had only been discovered at one archaeological dig site in Ohio . </P> <H3> French , British and Native Americans ( edit ) </H3> <P> In the 17th century , the French were the first modern Europeans to explore what became known as Ohio Country . In 1663 , it became part of New France , a royal province of French Empire , and northeastern Ohio was further explored by Robert La Salle in 1669 . Fort Miami near present - day Toledo was constructed in 1680 by New France Governor - General Louis de Buade de Frontenac . </P> <P> During the 18th century , the French set up a system of trading posts to control the fur trade in the region , linked to their settlements in present - day Canada and what they called the Illinois Country along the Mississippi River . They built Fort Sandoské by 1750 ( and perhaps `` Fort '' Junundat in 1754 ) . </P> <P> By the 1730s , population pressure from expanding European colonies on the Atlantic coast compelled several groups of Native Americans to relocate to the Ohio Country . From the east , the Delaware and Shawnee arrived , and Wyandot and Ottawa from the north . The Miami lived in what is now western Ohio . The Mingo formed out of Iroquois who migrated west into the Ohio lands , as well as some refugee remnants of other tribes . </P> <P> Christopher Gist was one of the first English - speaking explorers to travel through and write about the Ohio Country in 1749 . When British traders such as George Croghan started to do business in the Ohio Country , the French and their northern Indian allies drove them out . In 1752 the French raided the Miami Indian town of Pickawillany ( modern Piqua , Ohio ) . The French began military occupation of the Ohio Valley in 1753 . </P> Seven years ' War ( edit ) <P> By the mid-18th century , British traders were rivaling French traders in the area . They had occupied a trading post called Loramie 's Fort , which the French attacked from Canada in 1752 , renaming it for a Frenchman named Loramie and establishing a trading post there . In the early 1750s George Washington was sent to the Ohio Country by the Ohio Company to survey , and the fight for control of the territory would spark Europe 's Seven Years ' War with the French and Indian War . It was in the Ohio Country where George Washington lost the Battle of Fort Necessity to Louis Coulon de Villiers in 1754 , and the subsequent Battle of the Monongahela to Charles Michel de Langlade and Jean - Daniel Dumas to retake the country 1755 . </P> Monument commemorating the Moravian Massacre in 1782 near the German American settlement of Gnadenhutten . <P> The Treaty of Paris ceded the country to the Great Britain in 1763 . During this period the country was routinely engaged in turmoil , with massacres and battles occurring among the tribes . </P> <H3> British Empire ( edit ) </H3> <P> British military occupation in the region contributed to the outbreak of Pontiac 's Rebellion in 1763 . Ohio Indians participated in that war until an armed expedition in Ohio led by Colonel Henry Bouquet brought about a truce . Another colonial military expedition into the Ohio Country in 1774 brought Lord Dunmore 's War to a conclusion . Lord Dunmore constructed Fort Gower on the Hocking River in 1774 . </P> American Revolution ( edit ) <P> During the American Revolutionary War , Native Americans in the Ohio Country were divided over which side to support . For example , the Shawnee leader Blue Jacket and the Delaware leader Buckongahelas sided with the British . Cornstalk ( Shawnee ) and White Eyes ( Delaware ) sought to remain friendly with the rebellious colonists . There was major fighting in 1782 . American colonial frontiersmen often did not differentiate between friendly and hostile Indians , however . Cornstalk was killed by American militiamen , and White Eyes may have been . One of the most tragic incidents of the war -- the Gnadenhutten massacre of 1782 -- took place in Ohio . </P> <P> With the American victory in the Revolutionary War , the British ceded claims to Ohio and its territory in the West as far as the Mississippi River to the new nation . Between 1784 and 1789 , the states of Virginia , Massachusetts and Connecticut ceded their earlier land claims to the Ohio territories to Congress , but Virginia and Connecticut maintained reserves . These areas were known as the Virginia Military District and Connecticut Western Reserve . </P> <H2> Territory and statehood ( edit ) </H2> <P> In 1787 , the United States of America created the Northwest Territory under the Northwest Ordinance of that year . Ebenezer Sproat became a shareholder of the Ohio Company of Associates , and was engaged as a surveyor with the company . On April 7 , 1788 , Ebenezer Sproat and a group of American pioneers to the Northwest Territory , led by Rufus Putnam , arrived at the confluence of the Ohio and Muskingum rivers to establish Marietta , Ohio as the first permanent American settlement in the Northwest Territory . Marietta was founded by New Englanders . It was the first of what would become a prolific number of New England settlements in what was then the Northwest Territory . These New Englanders or `` Yankees '' as they were called , were descended from the Puritan English colonists who had settled New England in the 1600s and were members of the Congregationalist church . Correspondingly , the first church constructed in Marietta was a Congregationalist church which was constructed 1786 . </P> <P> Colonel Sproat , with his tall and commanding presence , was a notable member of the pioneer settlement of Marietta . He greatly impressed the local Indians , who in admiration dubbed him `` Hetuck '' , meaning `` eye of the buck deer '' `` Big Buckeye '' . Historians believe this is how Ohio came to be known as the Buckeye State and its residents as Buckeyes . </P> <P> The Miami Company ( also referred to as the `` Symmes Purchase '' ) managed settlement of land in the southwestern section . The Connecticut Land Company administered settlement in the Connecticut Western Reserve in present - day Northeast Ohio . A heavy flood of migrants came from New York and especially New England , where there had been a growing hunger for land as population increased before the Revolutionary War . Most traveled to Ohio by wagon and stagecoach , following former Indian paths such as the Northern Trace . Many also traveled part of the way by barges on the Mohawk River across New York state . Farmers who settled in western New York after the war sometimes moved on to one or more locations in Ohio in their lifetimes , as new lands kept opening to the west . </P> <P> American settlement of the Northwest Territory was resisted by Native Americans in the Northwest Indian War . The natives were eventually conquered by General Anthony Wayne at the Battle of Fallen Timbers in 1794 . They ceded much of present - day Ohio to the United States by the Treaty of Greenville , concluded in 1795 . </P> <P> Furthermore , in regards to the Leni Lenape Native Americans living in the region , Congress decided that 10,000 acres on the Muskingum River in the present state of Ohio would `` be set apart and the property thereof be vested in the Moravian Brethren ... or a society of the said Brethren for civilizing the Indians and promoting Christianity . '' </P> <P> The U.S. Congress prohibited slavery in the territory . ( Once the population grew and the territory achieved statehood , the citizens could have legalized slavery , but chose not to do so . ) The states of the Midwest would be known as Free States , in contrast to those states south of the Ohio River . Migrants to the latter came chiefly from Virginia and other slave - holding states , and brought their culture and slaves with them . </P> <P> As Northeastern states abolished slavery in the coming two generations , the free states would be known as Northern States . The Northwest Territory originally included areas previously called Ohio Country and Illinois Country . As Ohio prepared for statehood , Indiana Territory was carved out , reducing the Northwest Territory to approximately the size of present - day Ohio plus the eastern half of Michigan 's lower peninsula . </P> <H3> Statehood ( edit ) </H3> Land patent . Patentee Name : Henry Hanford . Logan Co. , Ohio , 1834 <P> With Ohio 's population reaching 45,000 in December 1801 , Congress determined that the population was growing rapidly and Ohio could begin the path to statehood . The assumption was the territory would have in excess of the required 60,000 residents by the time it became a state . Congress passed the Enabling Act of 1802 that outlined the process for Ohio to seek statehood . The residents convened a constitutional convention . They used numerous provisions from other states and rejected slavery . </P> <P> On February 19 , 1803 , President Jefferson signed the act of Congress that approved Ohio 's boundaries and constitution . Congress did not pass a specific resolution formally admitting Ohio as the 17th state . The current custom of Congress ' declaring an official date of statehood did not begin until 1812 , when Louisiana was admitted as the 18th state . </P> <H3> War of 1812 ( edit ) </H3> See also : Ohio in the War of 1812 <P> Ohio played a key role in the War of 1812 , as it was on the front line in the Western theater and the scene of several notable battles both on land and in Lake Erie . On September 10 , 1813 , the Battle of Lake Erie , one of the major battles , took place in Lake Erie near Put - in - Bay , Ohio . The British eventually surrendered to Oliver Hazard Perry . </P> <H2> Industrialization ( edit ) </H2> Further information : Economy of Ohio Industrial baron John D. Rockefeller is buried at Lake View Cemetery in Cleveland . <P> Throughout much of the 19th century , industry was rapidly introduced to complement an existing agricultural economy . One of the first iron manufacturing plants opened near Youngstown in 1804 called Hopewell Furnace . By the mid-19th century , 48 blast furnaces were operating in the state , most in the southern portions of the state . Discovery of coal deposits aided the further development of the steel industry in the state , and by 1853 Cleveland was the third largest iron and steel producer in the country . The first Bessemer converter was purchased by the Cleveland Rolling Mill Company , which eventually became part of the U.S. Steel Corporation following the merger of Federal Steel Company and Carnegie Steel , the first billion - dollar American corporation . The first open - hearth furnace used for steel production was constructed by the Otis Steel Company in Cleveland , and by 1892 , Ohio ranked as the 2nd - largest steel producing state behind Pennsylvania . Republic Steel was founded in Youngstown in 1899 , and was at one point the nation 's third largest producer . Armco , now AK Steel , was founded in Middletown also in 1899 . </P> <P> Tobacco processing plants were found in Dayton by the 1810s and Cincinnati became known as `` Porkopolis '' in being the nation 's capital of pork processing , and by 1850 it was the third largest manufacturing city in the country . Mills were established throughout the state , including one in Steubenville in 1815 which employed 100 workers . Manufacturers produced farming machinery , including Cincinnati residents Cyrus McCormick , who invented the reaper , and Obed Hussey , who developed an early version of the mower . Columbus became known as the `` Buggy Capital of the World '' for its nearly two dozen carriage manufacturers . Dayton became a technological center in the 1880s with the National Cash Register Company . For roughly ten years during the Ohio Oil Rush in the late 19th century , the state enjoyed the position of leading producer of crude oil in the country . By 1884 , 86 oil refineries were operating in Cleveland and was home to Standard Oil , making it the `` oil capital of the world '' , while producing the world 's first billionaire , John D. Rockefeller . </P> Pinkerton guards escort strikebreakers in Buchtel , Ohio , 1884 <P> Herbert H. Dow founded the Dow Chemical Company in Cleveland in 1895 , today the world 's second largest chemical manufacturer . In 1898 Frank Seiberling named his rubber company after the first person to vulcanize rubber , Charles Goodyear , which today is known as Goodyear Tire and Rubber Company . Seeing the need to replace steel - rimmed carriage tires with rubber , Harvey Firestone started Firestone Tire and Rubber Company and began selling to Henry Ford . The Ohio Automobile Company eventually became known as Packard , while Benjamin Goodrich entered the rubber industry in 1870 in Akron , founding Goodrich , Tew & Company , better known as the Goodrich Corporation in the present era . </P> <P> By the late 19th century , Ohio had become a global industrial center . Natural resources contributed to the industrial growth , including salt , iron ore , timber , limestone , coal , natural gas , and the discovery of oil in northwestern Ohio led to the growth of the port of Toledo . By 1908 , the state had 9,581 miles of railroad linking coal mines , oil fields , and industries with the world . Commercial enterprise began to prosper around towns with banks . </P> <H3> Innovation ( edit ) </H3> <P> William Procter and James Gamble started a company which produced a high quality , inexpensive soap called Ivory , which is still the best known product today of Procter and Gamble . Michael Joseph Owens invented the first semi-automatic glass - blowing machine while working for the Toledo Glass Company . The company was owned by Edward Libbey , and together the pair would form companies which ultimately became known as Owens - Illinois and Owens Corning . </P> <P> Wilbur and Orville Wright invented the first airplane in Dayton . </P> <P> Charles Kettering invented the first automatic starter for automobiles , and was the co-founder of Delco Electronics , today part of Delphi Corporation . The Battelle Memorial Institute perfected xerography , resulting in the company Xerox . At Cincinnati 's Children 's Hospital , Albert Sabin developed the first oral polio vaccine , which was administered throughout the world . </P> <P> In 1955 Joseph McVicker tested a wallpaper cleaner in Cincinnati schools , eventually becoming known as the product Play - Doh . The same year the Tappan Stove Company created the first microwave oven made for commercial , home use . James Spangler invented the first commercially successful portable vacuum cleaner , which he sold to The Hoover Company . </P> <P> African American inventors based in Ohio achieved prominence . After witnessing a car and carriage crash , Garrett Morgan invented one of the earliest traffic lights ; he was a leader in the Cleveland Association of Colored Men . Frederick McKinley Jones invented refrigeration devices for transportation which ultimately led to the Thermo King Corporation . In Cincinnati Granville Woods invented the telegraphony , which he sold to a telephone company . John P. Parker of Ripley invented the Parker Pulverizer and screw for tobacco processes . </P> <H3> Infrastructure ( edit ) </H3> Further information : List of Ohio railroads Further information : List of airports in Ohio A shipyard at the Port of Toledo . <P> Ohio 's economic growth was aided by their pursuit of infrastructure . By the late 1810s , the National Road crossed the Appalachian Mountains , connecting Ohio with the east coast . The Ohio River aided the agricultural economy by allowing farmers to move their goods by water to the southern states and the port of New Orleans . The construction of the Erie Canal in the 1820s allowed Ohio businesses to ship their goods through Lake Erie and to the east coast , which was followed by the completion of the Ohio and Erie Canal and the connection of Lake Erie with the Ohio River . This gave the state complete water access to the world within the borders of the United States . Other canals included Miami and Erie Canal . The Welland Canal would eventually give the state alternative global routes through Canada . </P> <P> The first railroad in Ohio was a 33 - mile line completed in 1836 called the Erie and Kalamazoo Railroad , connecting Toledo with Adrian , Michigan . The Ohio Loan Law of 1837 allowed the state to loan one - third of construction costs to businesses , passed initially to aid the construction of canals , but instead used heavily for the construction of railroads . The Little Miami Railroad was granted a state charter in 1836 and was completed in 1848 , connecting Cincinnati with Springfield . Construction of a commuter rail began in 1851 called the Cincinnati , Hamilton , and Dayton Railroad . This allowed the affluent of Cincinnati to move to newly developed communities outside the city along the rail . The Ohio and Mississippi Railroad was given financial support from the city of Cincinnati and eventually connected them with St. Louis , while the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad crossed the Appalachians in the mid-1850s and connected the state with the east coast . </P> <P> The investment in infrastructure complemented Ohio 's central location and put it at the heart of the nation 's transportation system traveling north and south and east and west , and also gave the state a headstart during the national industrialization process which occurred between 1870 and 1920 . </P> <P> Water ports sprang up along Lake Erie , including the Port of Ashtabula , Port of Cleveland , Port of Conneaut , Fairport Harbor , Port of Huron , Port of Lorain , Port of Marblehead , Port of Sandusky , and Port of Toledo . The Port of Cincinnati was built on the Ohio River . </P> <P> Following the commercialization of air travel , Ohio became a key route for east to west transportation . The first commercial cargo flight occurred between Dayton and Columbus in 1910 . Cleveland Hopkins International Airport was built in 1925 and became home to the first air traffic control tower , ground to air radio control , airfield lighting system , and commuter rail link . </P> <P> The Interstate Highway System brought new travel routes to the state in the mid-20th century , further making Ohio a transportation hub . </P> <H3> Urbanization and commercialization ( edit ) </H3> <P> With the rapid increase of industrialization in the country in the late 19th century , Ohio 's population swelled from 2.3 million in 1860 to 4.2 million by 1900 . By 1920 , nine Ohio cities had populations of 50,000 or more . </P> <P> The rapid urbanization brought about a growth of commercial industries in the state , including many financial and insurance institutions . The National City Corporation was founded in 1845 , today part of PNC Financial Services . Cleveland 's Society for Savings was founded in 1849 , eventually becoming part of KeyBank . The Bank of the Ohio Valley opened in 1858 , becoming known as Fifth Third Bank today . City National Bank and Trust Company was founded in 1866 in Columbus , eventually becoming Bank One . The American Financial Group was founded in 1872 and the Western & Southern Financial Group in 1888 in Cincinnati . The Farm Bureau Mutual Automobile Insurance Company was founded in Columbus in 1925 , today known as the Nationwide Mutual Insurance Company . </P> <P> Major retail operations emerged in the state , including Kroger in 1883 in Cincinnati , today second only to WalMart . Federated Department Stores was founded in Columbus in 1929 , known today as Macy 's . The Sherwin - Williams Company was founded in 1866 in Cleveland . </P> <P> Frisch 's Big Boy was opened in 1905 in Cincinnati . American Electric Power was founded in Columbus in 1906 . The American Professional Football Association was founded in Canton in 1922 , eventually becoming the National Football League . The Cleveland Clinic was founded in 1921 and presently is one of the world 's leading medical institutions . </P> Education ( edit ) Further information : List of colleges and universities in Ohio William Oxley Thompson Memorial Library on the campus of the Ohio State University , an anchor of the University System of Ohio , the nation 's largest comprehensive public system of higher education . <P> Education has been an integral piece of the Ohio fabric since its early days of statehood . In the beginning , mothers usually educated their children at home or paid for their children to attend smaller schools in villages and towns . In 1821 the state passed a tax to finance local schools . In 1822 , Caleb Atwater lobbied the legislature and Governor Allen Trimble to establish a commission to study the possibility of initiating public , common schools . Atwater modeled his plan after the New York City public school system . After public opinion in 1824 forced the state to find a resolution to the education problem , the legislature established the common school system in 1825 and financed it with a half - mil property levy . </P> <P> School districts formed , and by 1838 the first direct tax was levied allowing access to the school for all . The first appropriation for the common schools came in 1838 , a sum of $200,000 . The average salary for male teachers in some districts during this early period was $25 / month and $12.50 / month for females . By 1915 , the appropriations for the common schools totaled over $28 million . The first middle school in the nation , Indianola Junior High School ( now the Graham Expeditionary Middle School ) , opened in Columbus in 1909 . McGuffey Readers was a leading textbook originating from the state and found throughout the nation . </P> <P> Original universities and colleges in the state included the Ohio University , founded in Athens in 1804 and the first university in the old Northwest Territory and ninth - oldest in the United States . Miami University in Oxford , Ohio was founded in 1809 , the University of Cincinnati in 1819 , Kenyon College in Gambier in 1824 , Western Reserve University in Cleveland in 1826 , Xavier University in Cincinnati and Denison University in Granville in 1831 , Oberlin College in 1833 , Marietta College in 1835 , the Ohio Wesleyan University in Delaware in 1842 , and the University of Dayton in 1850 . Wilberforce University was founded in 1856 and the University of Akron and Ohio State University followed in 1870 , with the University of Toledo in 1872 . </P> <P> The first dental school in the United States was founded in the early 19th century in Bainbridge . The Ohio School for the Blind became the first of its kind in the country , located in Columbus . </P> <P> In 2007 , Governor Ted Strickland signed legislation organizing the University System of Ohio , the nation 's largest comprehensive public system of higher education . </P> <H2> Social History ( edit ) </H2> Further information : List of people from Ohio <H3> Religion ( edit ) </H3> <P> Rural Ohio in the 19th century was noted for its religious diversity , tolerance and pluralism , according to Smith ( 1991 ) . With so many active denominations , no one dominated , and increasingly tolerance became the norm . Germans from Pennsylvania and from Germany brought Lutheran and Reformed churches and numerous smaller sects such as the Amish . Yankees brought Presbyterians and Congregationalists . Revivals during the Second Great Awakening spurred the growth of Methodist , Baptist and Christian ( Church of Christ ) churches . The building of many denominational liberal arts colleges was a distinctive feature of the 19th century . By the 1840s German and Irish Catholics were moving into the cities , and after the 1880s Catholics from eastern and southern Europe arrived in the larger cities , mining camps , and small industrial centers . Jews and Eastern Orthodox settlements added to the pluralism , as did the building of black Baptists and Methodist churches in the cities . </P> <P> During the Progressive Era , Washington Gladden was a leader of the Social Gospel movement in Ohio . He was the editor of the influential national magazine the Independent after 1871 , and as pastor of the First Congregational Church of Columbus , Ohio from 1882 to his death in 1918 . Gladden crusaded for Prohibition , resolving conflicts between labor and capital ; he often denounced racial violence and lynching . </P> <H3> Ethnic groups ( edit ) </H3> <P> Early Ohio state culture was a product of Native American cultures , which practically disappeared after 1790 . The northeastern part of Ohio was settled by Yankees from Connecticut , and pioneers from New York and Pennsylvania . The Connecticut Western Reserve became center for modernization and reform . They were sophisticated , educated , and open minded , as well as religious . Some of the original settlers from Connecticut were Amos Loveland , a revolutionary soldier , and Jacob Russell . They faced a rough wildnerness life , where the common living arrangement was the log cabin . As the pioneer culture faded in the mid-19th century , Ohio had over 140,000 citizens of native New England origin , including New York . One of the New Yorkers who came to the state during this period was Joseph Smith , founder of the Latter Day Saint movement , whose church in Kirtland was the home of the movement for a period of time . </P> <P> Other early pioneers came from the Mid-Atlantic states , especially Pennsylvania and Virginia , some settling on military grant lands in the Virginia Military District . From Virginia came members of the Harrison family of Virginia , who rose to prominence in the state , producing Ohio 's first of eight U.S. Presidents . William Henry Harrison 's campaign of 1840 came to represent the pioneer culture of Ohio , symbolized by his Log cabin campaign . The theme song of his campaign , the `` Log Cabin Song , '' was authored by Otway Curry , was a nationally known poet and author . </P> <P> Ohio was largely agricultural before 1850 , although gristmills and local forges were present . Clear - cut gender norms prevailed among the farm families who settled in the Midwestern region between 1800 and 1840 . Men were the breadwinners who considered the profitability of farming in a particular location -- or `` market - minded agrarianism '' -- and worked hard to provide for their families . They had an almost exclusive voice regarding public matters , such as voting and handling the money . During the migration westward , women 's diaries show little interest in and financial problems , but great concern with the threat of separation from family and friends . Furthermore , women experienced a physical toll because they were expected to have babies , supervise the domestic chores , care for the sick , and take control of the garden crops and poultry . Outside the German American community , women rarely did fieldwork on the farm . The women set up neighborhood social organizations , often revolving around church membership , or quilting parties . They exchanged information and tips on child - rearing , and helped each other in childbirth . </P> <P> Large numbers of German Americans arrived from Pennsylvania , augmented by new immigrants from Germany . They all clung to their German language and Protestant religions , as well as their specialized tastes in food and beer . Brewing was a main feature of the German culture . Their villages from this period included the German Village in Columbus . They also founded the villages of Gnadenhutten in the late 18th century ; Bergholz , New Bremen , New Berlin , Dresden , and other villages and towns . The German Americans immigrating from the Mid-Atlantic states , especially eastern Pennsylvania , brought with them the Midland dialect , which is still found throughout much of Ohio . For instance , in Philadelphia water is pronounced with a long o versus the normal short o , the same as in many areas of Ohio . African Americans of the Underground Railroad began coming to the state , some settling , others passing through on the way to Canada . Universities and colleges opened up all over the state , creating a more educated culture . </P> Entertainer Bob Hope was an immigrant from Britain who grew up in Cleveland . <P> By the last half of the 19th century , the state became more diverse culturally with new immigrants from Europe , including Ireland and Germany . The Forty - Eighters from Central Europe settled the Over-the - Rhine neighborhood in Cincinnati , while the Irish immigrants settled throughout the state , including Flytown in Columbus . Other immigrants from Russia , Turkey , China , Japan , Finland , Greece , Italy , Romania , Poland , and other places came in the latter years . Around the start of the 20th century , rural southern European Americans and African Americans came north in search of better economic opportunity , infusing Hillbilly culture into the state . Newer ethnic villages emerged , including the Slavic Village in Cleveland and the Italian Village and Hungarian Village in Columbus . Howard Chandler Christy , born in Morgan County , became a leading American artist during this century , as well as composer Dan Emmett , founder of the Blackface tradition . Ohio 's mines factories and cities attracted Europeans . Irish Catholics poured in to construct the canals , railroads , streets and sewers in the 1840s and 1850s . </P> <P> After 1880 , the coal mines and steel plants attracted families from southern and eastern Europe . By 1901 , the Midwest ( Indiana , Illinois , Wisconsin , Michigan , and Ohio ) had absorbed 5.8 million foreign immigrants and another million by 1912 . </P> <P> Immigration was cut off by the World War in 1914 , allowing the ethnic communities to Americanize , grow much more prosperous , served in the military , and abandon possible plans to return to the old country . Flows were very low between 1925 and 1965 , then began to increase again , this time with many arrivals from Asia and Mexico . </P> <H3> Popular culture ( edit ) </H3> <P> Industrialization brought a shift culturally as urbanization and an emerging middle class changed society . Athletics became increasingly popular as the first professional baseball team , the Cincinnati Reds , started playing at that level in 1869 , and football leagues emerged . Bathhouses and rollercoasters became a popular past time with the opening of Cedar Point in 1870 . Theaters and saloons sprang up , and more restaurants opened . Entertainment venues opening in Cleveland included the Playhouse Square Center , Palace Theatre , Ohio Theatre , State Theatre , and the Karamu House . Langston Hughes grew up in Cleveland and developed many of his plays at the Karamu House . In Columbus they opened the Southern Theatre in 1894 , as well as their own Palace Theatre and Ohio Theatre , which hosted performers such as Jack Benny , Judy Garland , and Jean Harlow . The Lincoln Theatre hosted performers like Count Basie . The Taft Theatre opened in 1928 in Cincinnati . </P> <P> The Roaring Twenties brought prohibition , bootlegging and speakeasies to the state , as well as the swing dance culture . Cincinnati became the headquarters of the `` king of bootlegging '' George Remus , who made $40 million by the end of 1922 . The Anti-Saloon League had been powerful and Ohio , and the Women 's Christian Temperance Union was still headquartered there ; the Ku Klux Klan was active in the 1920s . However these organizations steadily lost influence after 1925 . </P> <H3> Depression years ( edit ) </H3> <P> During the 1930s , the Great Depression struck the state hard . The Superman character was developed by Cleveland residents Jerry Siegel and Joe Shuster in the spirit of the Jewish Golem during the rise of the Third Reich . Many of the comics portrayed Superman fighting and defeating the Nazis . </P> <P> Artists and writers emerged from the state , usually on the way to Hollywood , including `` king of the cowboys '' Roy Rogers , Roy Lichtenstein , Zane Grey , Milton Caniff , Art Tatum , and George Bellows . Alan Freed , who emerged from the swing dance culture in Cleveland , hosted the first live rock ' n roll concert in Cleveland in 1952 , and the state produced some of the original popular musicians , including Dean Martin , Doris Day , The O. Jay 's and The Isley Brothers . </P> <P> Ohioans loved the movies , and five Academy Award - winning films were partly produced in the state , including Terms of Endearment , Traffic , The Deer Hunter , Rain Man , and Silence of the Lambs . </P> <H2> Civil War ( edit ) </H2> Main articles : Ohio in the American Civil War , List of Ohio Civil War units , Cincinnati in the Civil War , and Cleveland in the Civil War Monument in Hillsboro . <P> During the Civil War ( 1861 -- 65 ) Ohio played a key role in providing troops , military officers , and supplies to the Union army . Due to its central location and burgeoning population , Ohio was both politically and logistically important to the war effort . Despite the state 's boasting a number of very powerful Republican politicians , it was divided politically . Portions of Southern Ohio followed the Peace Democrats under Clement Vallandigham and openly opposed President Lincoln 's policies . Ohio played an important part in the Underground Railroad prior to the war , and remained a haven for escaped and runaway slaves during the war years . </P> <P> The third most populous state in the Union at the time , Ohio raised nearly 320,000 soldiers for the Union army , third behind only New York and Pennsylvania . Nearly 7,000 Buckeye soldiers were killed in action . Several leading generals were from the state , including Ulysses S. Grant , William T. Sherman , and Philip H. Sheridan . </P> <P> Only two minor battles were fought within its borders . Morgan 's Raid in the summer of 1863 alarmed the populace . Ohio troops fought in nearly every major campaign during the war . </P> <H3> Prison camps ( edit ) </H3> <P> Its most significant Civil War site is Johnson 's Island , located in Sandusky Bay of Lake Erie . Barracks and outbuildings were constructed for a prisoner of war depot , intended chiefly for officers . Over three years more than 15,000 Confederate men were held there . The island includes a Confederate cemetery where about 300 men were buried . </P> <P> Camp Chase Prison was a Union Army prison in Columbus . There was a plot among prisoners to revolt and escape in 1863 . The prisoners expected support from Copperheads and Vallandigham , but never did revolt . </P> <H3> Veterans ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Military conflicts with Ohio participation Home of Jacob Parrott in Kenton , the first Medal of Honor recipient , now a historical museum . <P> Ohio has been involved in regional , national , and global wars since statehood , and veterans have been a powerful social and political force at the local and state levels . The organization of Civil War veterans , the Grand Army of the Republic , was a major player in local society and Republican politics in the last third of the 19th century . The American Veterans of Foreign Service was established in 1899 in Columbus , ultimately becoming known as the Veterans of Foreign Wars in 1913 . The state has produced 319 Medal of Honor recipients , including the country 's first recipient , Jacob Parrott . </P> <P> In 1886 , the state authorized the creation of the Ohio Veterans Home in Sandusky and a second one created in 2003 in Georgetown to provide for soldiers facing economic hardship . Over 50,000 veterans have lived at the Sandusky location as of 2005 . Since World War I , the state has paid stipends to veterans of wars , including recently authorizing funds for soldiers of the Gulf and Afghanistan wars . The state also provides free in - state tuition to any veteran regardless of state origin at their colleges . </P> <H2> Politics ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Rebellion of 1820 ( edit ) </H3> <P> In 1820 , the legislature then passed legislation which nullified the federal court order as well as the operations of the Bank of the United States within their borders . The state ignored further federal court orders , writs , and denied immunities to the federal government . Their actions were considered the complete destruction of federal standing in the state and an attempted overthrow of the federal government . Ohio forcefully applied their iron law against the federal government until 1824 , when the United States Supreme Court ruled they had no authority to tax the federal bank in the landmark case originating from the state : Osborn v. Bank of the United States . They then followed by passing an act in 1831 to withdraw state protections for the Bank of the United States . </P> <P> Although the nullification of 1820 in Ohio was inspired by resolutions passed in Virginia and Kentucky in 1798 and 1800 , the language of their resolution from 1820 would find its place in South Carolina 's nullification of 1832 and secession articles of southern states in 1861 . </P> <H3> Sovereignty ( edit ) </H3> <P> The rebellion of 1820 firmly rooted the tradition of sovereignty in the state . In 1859 , Governor Salmon P. Chase reaffirmed that tradition , stating : `` We have rights which the Federal Government must not invade -- rights superior to its power , on which our sovereignty depends ; and we mean to assert those rights against all tyrannical assumptions of authority . '' Following the War of the Rebellion , the debate over ratification of the Reconstruction Amendments reignited the sovereignty movement in Ohio . General Durbin Ward stated : `` Fellow citizens of Ohio , I boldly assert that the States of this Union have always had , both before and since the adoption of the Constitution of the United States , entire sovereignty over the whole subject of suffrage in all its relations and bearings . Ohio has that sovereignty now , and it can not be taken from her ... '' </P> <P> As recently as 2009 , the tradition re-emerged , with an Ohio sovereignty resolution passing in the state senate , and signatures being collected to place a state sovereignty amendment on the ballot in 2011 . </P> <H3> Anti-slavery ( edit ) </H3> Uncle Tom 's Cabin , written by Harriett Beecher Stowe , was based on experiences of the Underground Railroad in Cincinnati . <P> Ohio 's roots as an anti-slavery and abolitionist state go back to its territorial days in the Northwest Territory , which forbade the practice . When it became a state , the constitution expressly outlawed slavery . Many Ohioans were members of anti-slavery organizations , including the American Anti-Slavery Society and American Colonization Society . Ohioan Charles Osborn published the first abolitionist newspaper in the country , `` The Philanthropist , '' and in 1821 , the father of abolition Benjamin Lundy began publishing his newspaper the Genius of Universal Emancipation . </P> <P> Ohio was a key stop on the Underground Railroad where prominent abolitionists played a role , including John Rankin . Ohio resident Harriet Beecher Stowe wrote the famous book Uncle Tom 's Cabin , which was largely influential in shaping the opinion of the north against slavery . </P> <H3> Ohio in national politics ( edit ) </H3> <P> As a closely contested state , Ohio was the top choice of Republicans , and often also as Democrats , for place on the national ticket as candidate for president or vice president . </P> <P> Between Lincoln and Hoover , every Republican president who did not gain the office by the death of his predecessor was born in Ohio ; Ulysses Grant , although born in Ohio , was legally a residence of Illinois when he was elected . </P> <P> By electing so many of her sons to the presidency , Ohio gained a role in politics disproportionate to its size . Several reasons came together . Ohio was a microcosm of the United States , balanced closely between the parties , and at the crossroads of America : between the South , the Northeast , and the developing West , and influenced by each . Its ethnic , religious , and cultural elements were a microcosm of the North . Its cutthroat politics trained candidates in how to win . A leading Ohio politician was `` Available '' -- that is , well - suited and electable . Thus , in most presidential years , the governor of Ohio was deemed more available than the governor of the larger states of New York or Pennsylvania . </P> <P> This legend built on itself As the state set seven men to the White House and four more became Vice President . Many others won major patronage plums . Between 1868 and 1924 , not only did Ohio supply the most presidents , it supplied the most Cabinet members , and the most federal officeholders . Ohio - born Rutherford B. Hayes ( 1876 ) , James A. Garfield ( 1880 ) and Benjamin Harrison ( 1888 ) were each nominated from a convention that had deadlocked , and where the delegates chose to turn to a candidate who could carry Ohio . In each case they did , and won the presidency . According to historian Andrew Sinclair , `` the potency of the Ohio myth gave its favorite sons a huge advantage in a deadlocked convention '' . </P> <H3> Progressive era ( edit ) </H3> U.S. Second Lady Cornelia Cole Fairbanks was a powerful progressive operative around the start of the 20th century who helped pave the way for the modern American female politician . <P> The Progressive Era brought about change in the state , although the state had been at the forefront of the movement decades before . In 1852 , Ohio passed its first child labor laws , and in 1885 adopted prosecution powers for violations . In 1886 , the American Federation of Labor was formed in Columbus , culminating in the passage of workers ' compensation laws by the early 20th century . </P> Women 's rights ( edit ) <P> Victoria Woodhull , the first female candidate for U.S. President in 1872 , and U.S. Second Lady Cornelia Cole Fairbanks , credited with paving the way for the modern American female politician , were leaders in the women 's suffrage movement . Ohio was the second state to hold a women 's rights convention , the Ohio Women 's Convention at Salem in 1850 . The public voted on women 's suffrage in 1912 , which failed , but the state ultimately adopted the 19th amendment in 1920 . Ohio - native and U.S. President William Howard Taft signed the White - Slave Traffic Act in 1910 , which sought to end human trafficking and the sex slave trade . </P> <P> The Anti-Saloon League was founded in 1893 in Oberlin , which saw political success with the passage of the Volstead Act in 1918 . </P> <H3> Constitutional convention of 1912 ( edit ) </H3> <P> In 1912 a Constitutional Convention was held with Charles Burleigh Galbreath as Secretary . The result reflected the concerns of the Progressive Era . The constitution introduced the initiative and the referendum , and provided for the General Assembly to put questions on the ballot for the people to ratify laws and constitutional amendments originating in the Legislature . Under the Jeffersonian principle that laws should be reviewed once a generation , the constitution provided for a recurring question to appear every 20 years on Ohio 's general election ballots . The question asks whether a new constitutional convention is required . Although the question has appeared in 1932 , 1952 , 1972 , and 1992 , the people have not found the need for a convention . Instead , constitutional amendments have been proposed by petition and the legislature hundreds of times and adopted in a majority of cases . </P> <H3> Ku Klux Klan ( edit ) </H3> <P> In the early 1920s the Ku Klux Klan attracted thousands of Protestant men into membership , warning of the need to purify America , especially against the influence of Catholics , bootleggers , and corrupt politicians . The Klan collapsed and virtually disappeared in Ohio after 1925 . </P> <H3> Great Depression ( edit ) </H3> <P> Ohio was hit especially hard by the Great Depression in the 1930s . In 1932 , unemployment for the state reached 37.3 % . By 1933 , 40 % of factory workers and 67 % of construction labor were unemployed . The state had previously supported Franklin D. Roosevelt in 1932 , 1936 , 1940 , but his policies had grown out of favor with the state and they voted against him in 1944 . </P> <H3> World War II ( edit ) </H3> <P> Ohio played a major role in World War II , especially in providing manpower , food , and munitions to the Allied cause . Ohio manufactured 8.4 percent of total United States military armaments produced during World War II , ranking fourth among the 48 states . </P> <H3> Cold War ( edit ) </H3> <P> Ohio became heavily anti-Communist during the Cold War following World War II . Time Magazine reported in 1950 that police officers in Columbus were warning youth clubs to be suspicious of communist agitators. Campbell Hill in Bellefontaine became the site of a main U.S. Cold War base and a precursor to NORAD . Anti-communist personalities emerged from the state , including Janet Greene of Columbus , the political right 's answer to Joan Baez . Her songs included `` Commie Lies '' , `` Poor Left Winger '' , and `` Comrade 's Lament '' . Ohio was the scene of the Kent State Massacre , where four anti-Vietnam war protesters , part of a charging mob , were shot dead , by badly frightened and poorly trained guardsmen . As the cold war wrapped up , Ohio heavily supported the elections of U.S. President Ronald Reagan and his peace - work contributions toward ending the conflict , who is the name - bearer of a highway in the Cincinnati area . </P> <P> Ohio became an industrial magnet in the 1950s . By 1960 , 10 % of the population had been born in nearby Kentucky , West Virginia or Tennessee . </P> Un-American Activities ( edit ) <P> The Ohio Un-American Activities Committee was a government agency which existed to collect information on citizens with communist sympathies , resulting in 15 convictions , 40 indictments , and 1,300 suspects . Governor Frank Lausche generally opposed the committee , but his vetoes were overridden by the legislature . The state forced their employees to sign a loyalty oath to defend the state against foreign and domestic enemies to receive a paycheck , including left - wing professors and Holocaust survivors Bernhard Blume and Oskar Seidlin . Ohio also barred communists from receiving unemployment benefits . </P> <H2> Native place names ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Iroquoian ( edit ) </H3> <P> Many places in Ohio -- including the state itself -- carry names deriving from Iroquoian languages . Iroquois is an awkward language to translate . Having very limited parts of speech to divide words into -- noun , verb and particle -- means that words tend to be very long and complex , with differences in meaning often deriving from very slight changes in pronunciation . Also , due to the same issue , the language often takes a great deal of artistic liberty through the use of metaphor and altered word use to name things . Because of this , literal translations to English are often cavemanish , or seem nonsensical . Thus , many Iroquoian translations often rely heavily on folk etymology , deliberately using different words in a translation in the hopes of better clarifying the intended meaning . Below are places in Ohio whose names are as such , along with possible translations . </P> <Ul> <Li> Akron , Ohio -- a city in Northeast Ohio , it takes its name from a sister city in New York . This city derives its name from the Iroquois languages , Tyo : akot ( Seneca . Dyoow - awg - kot ) . Translated through Cayuga Iroquois , this may be `` The Small Settlement '' -- `` Droda ' '' ( Dlow - duh ) - To live at a place , `` A ' '' ( ah ) - small , in terms of size , & `` Go ' '' ( Go ) - in total . </Li> <Li> Cuyahoga River / County / etc -- ? - Locally believed to mean Jawbone River in Iroquoian , however those words are Jaw - sgihyo'tsa ' & bone - sgye 'd . Likely , as Grand River in Iroquois is `` gihe'gowaneh , '' ( gihe ' being abbreviated from river - Gihek ) , then Cayahoga may originate from a phrase like `` Gihe'hoga . '' This would translate as `` Elm River . '' </Li> <Li> Geauga County - Seneca . Allegedly means Raccoon . </Li> <Li> Grand River ( Ohio ) - Gihe'gowaneh ( Gee - heh -- Go - wah - neh ) - Grand River / Bighead River / Proud River - There are similarly named rivers in the former territories of other Iroquoian nations . They share their name with an old Iroquoian Religious order , the Bighead Society , and probably had something to do with native religion . </Li> <Li> Guyan , Ohio / Guyan Creek - Shortened from French name for an Iroquoian Native tribe from West Virginia who were later absorbed into the Ohio Seneca -- the Guyandotte ( Also Little Mingo , Tiontatecaga . Not to be confused with Wyandot . ) </Li> <Li> Huron County / etc -- Name of tribe . </Li> <Li> Lake Erie - named for the French nickname to the Iroquoian tribe believed to have resided in Northeast Ohio , the Riquechronon . </Li> <Li> Mingo Junction , Ohio - Mingo is common nickname for the Ohio Seneca people . Variant of Mingwe , what the Lenape once called the related Susquehannock Indians of Pennsylvania . </Li> <Li> Mohawk Reservoir - Named after tribe of the Iroquois Confederacy . </Li> <Li> Ohio -- Ohi : yo ( Oh - heee - yoh ) -- Seneca . Although is locally taught that the word means `` Beautiful River '' , this phrase in Iroquois would be `` gihe'oya : nre ' '' . The more recently accepted Cayuga translation names it `` Good Flowing Stream '' from `` O '' ( Oh ) - pronoun prefix referring to ' it ' , `` Hih '' ( Hee - huh ) - v. to spill , & `` Gihedenyo ' ( Gee - hey - den - yuh ) - a creek , stream , or smaller amount of flowing liquid . The reason the word for creek is used is the proxy that , since the Ohio River flows into a larger river , it 's still technically a creek to them . The word is contracted from its fuller form . </Li> <Li> Ontario , Ohio - Huron / Wyandot . Named for Lake Ontario . Comes from Huron word which means Lake . </Li> <Li> Seneca County / Senecaville / etc - Name of tribe </Li> <Li> Shenango River -- Seneca . Possibly from gesho : ne : gwa : h , ( keh - s - hoh - ney - g - wah ) which means something along the lines of `` It 's right behind me . '' </Li> <Li> Tontogany , Ohio - Named after a local Chief . Most likely of Wyandot origin . </Li> <Li> Tuscarawas , Ohio / County , River - Name of an Iroquoian people from Virginia who later became a sub-tribe of the Iroquois Confederacy . </Li> <Li> Tymochtee , Ohio / Tymochtee Creek / etc - Wyandot . Allegedly means ' stream around the plains . ' </Li> <Li> Wyandot County - Name of tribe </Li> </Ul> <H3> Algonquin ( edit ) </H3> <P> One of the easier native languages to master . Even though Algonquins were scattered in various pockets throughout the continent , their languages are all extremely similar . Below are place names in Ohio deriving from Algonquin , although this is mostly deriving from the Lenape , or Delaware , language . </P> <Ul> <Li> Ashtabula , Ohio / County / etc - Lenape ( ? ) . Unknown , but `` Achtu '' ( Osh - too ) in Lenape , means deer . </Li> <Li> Chilicothe , Ohio - Shawnee . Chalakatha , one of the Shawnee bands . </Li> <Li> Chippewa Lake , Ohio / Chippewa , Ohio - Common nickname for the Algonquian Anishinaabeg of the Lake Superior region . Also , the Odawa & Potowatomi , who split from them & migrated to region in late 1600s . </Li> <Li> Delaware County - Common nickname of Lenape people . </Li> <Li> Hocking County - Lenape . From Haking ( Hah - keen ) , referring to something / one being on top of , or from , whatever is below the speaker . </Li> <Li> Kokosing River - Lenape . Unknown . </Li> <Li> Mahoning Valley / River - Lenape . Allegedly means `` Upon here is a deer lick , '' but this may be incorrect . Comparison with closely related Mohican / Mohegan language shows possibility in some form of `` Ma + o + - ing , '' or `` Upon here is the path . '' </Li> <Li> Maumee River - Miami . A nickname or spelling variant for the Miami people . </Li> <Li> Metamora , Ohio - Wampanoag ? . Name comes from a play about a Native American from the Wampanoag people of New England . </Li> <Li> Miami County - Name of tribe . </Li> <Li> Mississinawa , Ohio -- Miami . Name of a river tributary to the Wabash . From nimacihsinwi , `` it lies on a slope . '' </Li> <Li> Mohican River / Mohican , Ohio - Name of an Algonquian tribe from New York who were closely related to the Lenape . </Li> <Li> Muskingum River / County - Lenape or Shawnee . Appears to be from `` Machkigen , '' which refers to thorns , or some sort of specific species of thorn bush . Said to be from the Shawnee word Mshkikwam , or swampy ground . Also given name of Wyandot town in area . </Li> <Li> Nimishillen , Ohio / Creek / etc - Lenape. from Ni + Missilla , or Waters of the Black Alder . </Li> <Li> Olentangy River - Lenape . Allegedly , river of red paint . </Li> <Li> Ottawa County / Ottawa Hills / etc - Name of tribe . </Li> <Li> Pataskala , Ohio - Lenape . Unknown ( May be of Siouan origin ? ) </Li> <Li> Piqua , Ohio / Pickaway County - Shawnee . Variant of the name of one of their subtribes , Pekowi . </Li> <Li> Powhatan Point , Ohio - name of an Algonquian tribe from Virginia . The first Shawnee split away from them in the mid-1600s . </Li> <Li> Pusheta , Ohio / Pusheta Creek - Shawnee . Named after a local Chief . </Li> <Li> Pymatuning Lake -- Lenape . Either corruption or variation on the word , `` Pemuteneyig . '' Likely translation could be , `` Upon this place , Towns are near . '' </Li> <Li> Shawnee , Ohio / Shawnee Hills / Fort Shawnee / etc - Named for the Shawnee people </Li> <Li> Wabash , Ohio - Common name of a tribe from Indiana </Li> <Li> Walhonding River - Lenape . Unknown </Li> <Li> Wapakoneta , Ohio - Shawnee . Name of a Chief whose people managed to hold onto land in Ohio beyond the Shawnee Wars . </Li> <Li> Wauseon , Ohio - Odawa . Named for Chief among the Potowatomi . </Li> <Li> White Eyes , Ohio - Lenape . Anglicized name of Lenape Chief , Koquethagechton . </Li> </Ul> <H3> Other ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Catawba Island , Ohio / Catawba , Ohio - Name of a Siouan speaking tribe from North Carolina who participated in many wars and conflicts , some of which being in Ohio . </Li> <Li> Chickasaw , Ohio - name of a tribe from Kentucky & Tennessee . </Li> <Li> Choctaw Lake , Ohio - name of a tribe from Mississippi . </Li> <Li> Texas , Ohio - Named for the state , which derives it 's name from taysha , in Caddoan Native American language . Allegedly means friend . </Li> <Li> Montezuma , Ohio - named for the last Tlatoani ( Emperor ) of the Aztec Empire , Moctezuma II . </Li> </Ul> <H2> Recent ( edit ) </H2> A Third Frontier summit in 2002 at Hyland Software in Westlake <P> Today Ohio remains connected to the regional , national , and global economies . According to U.S. Census Bureau statistics , the foreign - born share of Ohio 's population increased from 2.4 % in 1990 , to 3.0 % in 2000 , to 4.1 % in 2013 . As of 2015 , 49.7 % of immigrants to Ohio were naturalized U.S. citizens . Immigrants have substantial economic importance to Ohio , as taxpayers , entrepreneurs , consumers , and workers . A 2016 study on immigrants in Ohio concluded that immigrants make up 6.7 % of all entrepreneurs in Ohio although they are just 4.2 % of Ohio 's population , and that these immigrant - owned businesses generated almost $532 million in 2014 . The study also showed that `` immigrants in Ohio earned $15.6 billion in 2014 and contributed $4.4 billion in local , state and federal taxes that year . '' </P> <P> In 2015 , Ohio gross domestic product ( a broad measure of the size of the economy ) was $608.1 billion , the seventh - largest economy among the 50 states . In 2015 , Ohio 's total GDP accounted for 3.4 % of U.S. GDP and 0.8 % of world GDP . Ohio 's GDP per capita in 2015 was $52,363 , ranked 26th among the states in GDP per capita . From 2005 to 2015 , `` Ohio 's economy grew more slowly than the U.S. as a whole , growing at an average nominal ( i.e. , not inflation - adjusted ) annual rate of 2.6 % , compared to the U.S. average annual growth rate of 3.2 % over the same time period . From 2000 to 2016 , `` the pace of employment growth in Ohio has trailed the national pace ... , except for the three - year period between 2010 and 2013 . '' </P> <P> Ohio had become nicknamed the `` fuel cell corridor '' in being a contributing anchor for the region now called the `` Green Belt , '' in reference to the growing renewable energy sector . Although the state experienced heavy manufacturing losses around the start of the 20th century and suffered from the Great Recession , it was rebounding by the second decade in being the country 's 6th - fastest - growing economy through the first half of 2010 . Politically the state has demonstrated its importance in modern presidential elections , signed international cooperation treaties with foreign provinces and northern American states , has become involved in heated national disputes with southern American states , while producing national leadership . Its athletic teams are among some of the nation 's best , and culturally the state continues to produce notable artists while building institutions enshrining its past . Educationally the schools are among the nation 's top performers , and militarily Ohio 's legacy continues into the present era . </P> <P> Ohio 's transition into the 21st century is symbolized by the Third Frontier program , spearheaded by Governor Bob Taft around the start of the 20th century , which built on the agricultural and industrial pillars of the economy , the first and second frontiers , by aiding the growth of advanced technology industries , the third frontier . It has been widely hailed as one of the nation 's most successful government bureaucracies , attracting 637 new high - tech companies to the state and 55,000 new jobs with an average of salary of $65,000 , while having a $6.6 billion economic impact with an investment return ratio of 9 : 1 . In 2010 it won the International Economic Development Council 's Excellence in Economic Development Award , celebrated as a national model of success . The state 's cities have become hubs of modern industry , including Toledo 's recognition as a national solar center , Cleveland a regenerative medicine research hub , Dayton an aerospace and defense hub , Akron the rubber capital of the world , Columbus a technological research and development hub , and Cincinnati a mercantile hub . Ohio was hit hard by the Great Recession and manufacturing employment losses during the most recent period . The recession cost the state 376,500 jobs and it had 89,053 foreclosures in 2009 , a record for the state . The median household income dropped 7 % and the poverty rate ballooned to 13.5 % by 2009 . By the second half of 2010 , the state showed signs of rebound in being the nation 's sixth - fastest - growing economy . During the 2000 and 2004 presidential elections , the state was at the center of the international political world in being a key battleground which played a crucial role in the elections of U.S. President George W. Bush . U.S. House Minority Leader John Boehner of southwestern Ohio has emerged as a national political leader . Beginning in the 1980s , the state entered into international economic and resource cooperation treaties and organizations with other Midwestern states , New York , Pennsylvania , Ontario , and Quebec , including the Great Lakes Charter , Great Lakes Compact , and the Council of Great Lakes Governors . It became involved in heated national disputes with southern American states in 2009 and 2010 , including Georgia over National Cash Register Company and Alabama over Wright Patterson Air Force Base , where southern lawmakers were accused of misusing federal funds and influence to `` steal '' Ohio jobs during the Great Recession . </P> <P> Athletically , the state 's teams are among some of the nation 's best . The Ohio State University football team won the national championship in 2002 and 2014 , and consistently competes for the prize annually . The Cincinnati Reds won the World Series championship in 1990 following their run as the Big Red Machine in the 1970s , as well as the National League Central Division champions in 2010 and 2012 , while the Cincinnati Bengals appeared in the Super Bowl in 1981 and 1988 and have won the AFC North Division in 2005 , 2009 , 2013 , and 2015 . In 2016 the Cleveland Cavaliers won the NBA Finals , in 2007 won the Eastern Conference Championship , and in 2009 and 2010 won the NBA Central Division championships . The Columbus Quest won the only two league championships in history in the 1990s , while the Ohio State University men 's basketball team advanced to the NCAA Final Four and national championship game in 2007 . </P> <P> In 1995 the Rock ' n Roll Hall of Fame museum opened in Cleveland , commemorating Ohio 's contributory past to the art , including being the location of the first live rock ' n roll concert in 1952 . The state is tied with Oklahoma and California for producing the most Miss America pageant winners through 2010 with six . </P> <P> Ohio has 5 of the top 115 colleges in the nation , according to U.S. News and World Report 's 2010 rankings , and was ranked 8th by the same magazine in 2008 for best high schools . Overall , in 2010 the state 's schools were ranked 5th in the country by Education Week . Militarily Ohio 's legacy continues into the modern era , contributing over 200,000 soldiers to the Gulf , Afghanistan , and Iraq wars . </P> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> Main article : Historical outline of Ohio <Ul> <Li> American Pioneers to the Northwest Territory </Li> <Li> History of the Midwestern United States </Li> <Li> Ohio Lands </Li> <Li> Ohio Historical Society </Li> <Li> Buckeye ( chicken ) </Li> <Li> `` Timeline of Ohio '' </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dt> City timelines </Dt> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> Timeline of Cincinnati </Li> <Li> Timeline of Cleveland </Li> <Li> Timeline of Columbus , Ohio </Li> <Li> Timeline of Toledo , Ohio </Li> </Ul> <H2> Bibliography ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Surveys and textbooks ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Andrew R.L. Cayton . Ohio : The History of a People ( 2002 ) </Li> <Li> Knepper , George W. Ohio and Its People . Kent State University Press , 3rd edition 2003 , ISBN 0 - 87338 - 791 - 0 ( paperback ) </Li> <Li> Wittke , Carl , ed . History of Ohio 5 vol online <Ul> <Li> Bond , Beverley W. , Jr. ; The Foundations of Ohio . Volume : 1 . 1941 . detailed history to 1802 . online </Li> <Li> Jordan , Philip D. Ohio Comes of Age : 1873 -- 1900 Volume 5 ( 1968 ) online </Li> <Li> Roseboom , Eugene . The Civil War Era , 1850 -- 1873 , vol. 4 ( 1944 ) online </Li> <Li> Utter , William T . The Frontier State 1803 -- 1825 , vol 2 online </Li> <Li> Weisenburger , Francis P . The Passing of the Frontier , vol. 3 ( 1941 ) , detailed history of the 1830s and 1840s online </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> <H3> Specialized studies ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Blue , Frederick J. Salmon P. Chase : A Life in Politics ( 1987 ) </Li> <Li> Buley , R. Carlyle . The Old Northwest ( 1950 ) , Pulitzer Prize winner </Li> <Li> Booraem V. Hendrick . The Road to Respectability : James A. Garfield and His World , 1844 -- 1852 Bucknell University Press , ( 1988 ) </Li> <Li> Coffey , by Daniel J. Buckeye Battleground : Ohio , Campaigns , and Elections in the Twenty - First Century ( University of Akron Press ; 2011 ) 210 pages ; studies the politics of five distinct regions in the state , esp . the 2004 and 2008 presidential elections and the 2006 gubernatorial campaign . </Li> <Li> Hurt , R. Douglas . The Ohio Frontier : Crucible of the Old Northwest , 1720 -- 1830 . Bloomington , Indiana : Indiana University Press , 1996 . ISBN 0 - 253 - 33210 - 9 ( hardcover ) ; ISBN 0 - 253 - 21212 - X ( 1998 paperback ) . </Li> <Li> Jensen , Richard . The Winning of the Midwest : Social and Political Conflict , 1888 -- 1896 ( 1971 ) </Li> <Li> Maizlish , Stephen E. The Triumph of Sectionalism : The Transformation of Ohio Politics , 1844 -- 1856 ( 1983 ) </Li> <Li> Miller , Richard F. States at War , Volume 5 : A Reference Guide for Ohio in the Civil War ( 2015 ) . </Li> <Li> O'Donnell , James H. Ohio 's First Peoples . Athens , Ohio : Ohio University Press , 2004 . ISBN 0 - 8214 - 1525 - 5 ( paperback ) , ISBN 0 - 8214 - 1524 - 7 </Li> <Li> Parker , Geoffrey Parker , Richard Sisson , and William Coil , eds . Ohio and the world , 1753 -- 2053 : essays toward a new history of Ohio ( 2005 ) </Li> <Li> Ratcliffe , Donald J. The Politics of Long Division : The Birth of the Second Party System in Ohio , 1818 -- 1828 . Ohio State U. Press , 2000 . </Li> <Li> Rodabaugh , James H. `` The Negro in Ohio , '' Journal of Negro History , Vol. 31 , No. 1 ( Jan. , 1946 ) , pp. 9 -- 29 in JSTOR </Li> <Li> Sisson , Richard , ed . The American Midwest : An Interpretive Encyclopedia ( 2006 ) </Li> </Ul> <H3> Regional history ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Van Tassel , David D. , and John J. Grabowski , eds . The Encyclopedia of Cleveland History ( 1987 ) , also online </Li> <Li> Van Tassel , David D. , and John J. Grabowski , eds . Cleveland : A Tradition of Reform ( 1986 ) </Li> <Li> Wheeler , Kenneth H. `` Local Autonomy and Civil War Draft Resistance : Holmes County , Ohio '' Civil War History , Vol. 45 , 1999 </Li> </Ul> <H3> Primary sources ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Tom L. Johnson . My Story Kent State University Press , 1993 </Li> <Li> Phillip R. Shriver , Jr. and Clarence E. Wunderlin . eds . Documentary Heritage Of Ohio ( 2001 ) </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Research reveals first evidence of hunting by prehistoric Ohioans '' . Cleveland Museum of Natural History . February 2012 . Archived from the original on May 14 , 2012 . Retrieved April 12 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Nash , Gary B. Red , White and Black . Los Angeles 2015 . Chapter 1 , p. 6 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Louis F. Burns , `` Osage '' Archived January 2 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine . Oklahoma Historical Society 's Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture , retrieved 2 March 2009 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Campbell , Thomas Elliott ( 1954 ) . Colonial Caroline : a history of Caroline County , Virginia . Dietz Press . Retrieved 18 August 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Graymont , Barbara . The Iroquois in the American Revolution ( 1972 ) , pages 14 -- 15 </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Hale , Horatio `` The Iroquois Book of Rites . '' ( 1883 ) pgs 10 - 15 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` On the Susquehannocks : Natives having used Baltimore County as hunting grounds -- The Historical Society of Baltimore County '' . www.HSOBC.org . 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University Park , Pa. : Pennsylvania State University Press , 2008 . 31 -- 48 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ palmettohistory.org/archaeology/CatawbaProject.pdf </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Fact Sheet : New Americans in Ohio : The Political and Economic Power of Immigrants , Latinos , and Asians in the Buckeye State , American Immigration Council ( January 1 , 2015 ) . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Encarnacion Pyle , Report : Foreign - born workers important to Ohio , U.S. economy , Columbus Dispatch ( August 4 , 2016 ) . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Ohio Facts 2016 : Ohio 's Economy Ranks 7th Largest Among States , Ohio Legislative Service Commission . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Ohio Fuel Cell Symposium 2010 '' . GCBL.org. 2010 . Retrieved August 17 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Woody , Todd ( November 23 , 2009 ) . `` Solar energy industry brings a ray of hope to the Rust Belt '' . Retrieved August 17 , 2017 -- via LA Times . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Biden flies to Akron to help governor '' . Ohio.com . Retrieved August 17 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Ohio Third Frontier -- History '' . Ohio.gov . Retrieved August 17 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Ohio ca n't afford to kill Third Frontier : Brent Larkin '' . Cleveland.com . Retrieved August 17 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Coalition , Ohio Business Development . `` Ohio Third Frontier Continues to Create Jobs and Opportunities for Ohioans '' . www.PRNewswire.com . Retrieved August 17 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Ohio Third Frontier and Supporting Programs Win Top Tech Awards for Economic Development -- Press Release -- Digital Journal '' . www.DigitalJournal.com . Retrieved August 17 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Five cities that will rise in the New Economy '' , Christian Science Monitor . Retrieved November 27 , 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Ohio gov . declares NW Ohio a solar energy hub '' . ABCLocal.go.com . June 30 , 2010 . Archived from the original on July 6 , 2010 . Retrieved August 17 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Atlantic Eye : Brunner is the best for Ohio '' Archived August 5 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine. , Marc S. Ellenbogen . May 3 , 2010 . Retrieved 5 May 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Ohio has endured decade of job losses '' . Dispatch.com . September 12 , 2010 . Retrieved August 17 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Grzegorek , Vince ( May 20 , 2010 ) . `` We 're Number One : Cuyahoga Leads Ohio Foreclosures ... Again '' . CleveScene.com . Retrieved August 17 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Ohio 's poverty , uninsured rates up ; median income drops sharply '' . Cleveland.com . September 2010 . Retrieved August 17 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` OUR VIEW : Alabama trying to steal jobs from region '' . WNewsj.com . Retrieved August 17 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Ohio Lawmakers Question NCR Move Archived October 5 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Best Colleges 2010 '' , U.S. News & World Report , Retrieved December 2 , 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Best High Schools : State by State Statistics '' , U.S. News & World Report , Retrieved December 2 , 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` State Report Cards '' , Education Week , Retrieved February 20 , 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Bonuses now available to Persian Gulf , Iraq , Afghanistan veterans '' . News-Herald.com . August 25 , 2010 . Retrieved August 17 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Federal Writers ' Project ( 1940 ) , `` Chronology '' , Ohio Guide , American Guide Series , New York : Oxford University Press -- via Google Books </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wikimedia Commons has media related to History of Ohio . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This article 's use of external links may not follow Wikipedia 's policies or guidelines . Please improve this article by removing excessive or inappropriate external links , and converting useful links where appropriate into footnote references . 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Largest cities </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Akron </Li> <Li> Canton </Li> <Li> Cincinnati </Li> <Li> Cleveland </Li> <Li> Columbus </Li> <Li> Cuyahoga Falls </Li> <Li> Dayton </Li> <Li> Elyria </Li> <Li> Euclid </Li> <Li> Hamilton </Li> <Li> Kettering </Li> <Li> Lakewood </Li> <Li> Lorain </Li> <Li> Mansfield </Li> <Li> Mentor </Li> <Li> Middletown </Li> <Li> Newark </Li> <Li> Parma </Li> <Li> Springfield </Li> <Li> Toledo </Li> <Li> Youngstown </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Counties </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Adams </Li> <Li> Allen </Li> <Li> Ashland </Li> <Li> Ashtabula </Li> <Li> Athens </Li> <Li> Auglaize </Li> <Li> Belmont </Li> <Li> Brown </Li> <Li> Butler </Li> <Li> Carroll </Li> <Li> Champaign </Li> <Li> Clark </Li> <Li> Clermont </Li> <Li> Clinton </Li> <Li> Columbiana </Li> <Li> Coshocton </Li> <Li> Crawford </Li> <Li> Cuyahoga </Li> <Li> Darke </Li> <Li> Defiance </Li> <Li> Delaware </Li> <Li> Erie </Li> <Li> Fairfield </Li> <Li> Fayette </Li> <Li> Franklin </Li> <Li> Fulton </Li> <Li> Gallia </Li> <Li> Geauga </Li> <Li> Greene </Li> <Li> Guernsey </Li> <Li> Hamilton </Li> <Li> Hancock </Li> <Li> Hardin </Li> <Li> Harrison </Li> <Li> Henry </Li> <Li> Highland </Li> <Li> Hocking </Li> <Li> Holmes </Li> <Li> Huron </Li> <Li> Jackson </Li> <Li> Jefferson </Li> <Li> Knox </Li> <Li> Lake </Li> <Li> Lawrence </Li> <Li> Licking </Li> <Li> Logan </Li> <Li> Lorain </Li> <Li> Lucas </Li> <Li> Madison </Li> <Li> Mahoning </Li> <Li> Marion </Li> <Li> Medina </Li> <Li> Meigs </Li> <Li> Mercer </Li> <Li> Miami </Li> <Li> Monroe </Li> <Li> Montgomery </Li> <Li> Morgan </Li> <Li> Morrow </Li> <Li> Muskingum </Li> <Li> Noble </Li> <Li> Ottawa </Li> <Li> Paulding </Li> <Li> Perry </Li> <Li> Pickaway </Li> <Li> Pike </Li> <Li> Portage </Li> <Li> Preble </Li> <Li> Putnam </Li> <Li> Richland </Li> <Li> Ross </Li> <Li> Sandusky </Li> <Li> Scioto </Li> <Li> Seneca </Li> <Li> Shelby </Li> <Li> Stark </Li> <Li> Summit </Li> <Li> Trumbull </Li> <Li> Tuscarawas </Li> <Li> Union </Li> <Li> Van Wert </Li> <Li> Vinton </Li> <Li> Warren </Li> <Li> Washington </Li> <Li> Wayne </Li> <Li> Williams </Li> <Li> Wood </Li> <Li> Wyandot </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Years in Ohio ( 1803 -- present ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> 1803 </Li> <Li> 1804 </Li> <Li> 1805 </Li> <Li> 1806 </Li> <Li> 1807 </Li> <Li> 1808 </Li> <Li> 1809 </Li> <Li> 1810 </Li> <Li> 1811 </Li> <Li> 1812 </Li> <Li> 1813 </Li> <Li> 1814 </Li> <Li> 1815 </Li> <Li> 1816 </Li> <Li> 1817 </Li> <Li> 1818 </Li> <Li> 1819 </Li> <Li> 1820 </Li> <Li> 1821 </Li> <Li> 1822 </Li> <Li> 1823 </Li> <Li> 1824 </Li> <Li> 1825 </Li> <Li> 1826 </Li> <Li> 1827 </Li> <Li> 1828 </Li> <Li> 1829 </Li> <Li> 1830 </Li> <Li> 1831 </Li> <Li> 1832 </Li> <Li> 1833 </Li> <Li> 1834 </Li> <Li> 1835 </Li> <Li> 1836 </Li> <Li> 1837 </Li> <Li> 1838 </Li> <Li> 1839 </Li> <Li> 1840 </Li> <Li> 1841 </Li> <Li> 1842 </Li> <Li> 1843 </Li> <Li> 1844 </Li> <Li> 1845 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Samoa </Li> <Li> Guam </Li> <Li> Northern Mariana Islands </Li> <Li> Puerto Rico </Li> <Li> U.S. Virgin Islands </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Outlying islands </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Baker Island </Li> <Li> Howland Island </Li> <Li> Jarvis Island </Li> <Li> Johnston Atoll </Li> <Li> Kingman Reef </Li> <Li> Midway Atoll </Li> <Li> Navassa Island </Li> <Li> Palmyra Atoll </Li> <Li> Wake Island </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_Ohio&oldid=843642754 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> History of Ohio </Li> <Li> History of the United States by state </Li> <Li> History of the Midwestern United States </Li> <Li> Former British colonies and protectorates in the Americas </Li> <Li> Former French colonies </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty </Li> <Li> Wikipedia articles needing clarification from August 2017 </Li> <Li> All articles with dead external links </Li> <Li> Articles with dead 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Don Miguel Ruiz - wikipedia <H1> Don Miguel Ruiz </H1> <P> </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Don Miguel Ruiz </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Don Miguel Ruiz , 2011 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> ( 1952 - 08 - 27 ) August 27 , 1952 ( age 65 ) Mexico </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Pen name </Th> <Td> Don Miguel Ruiz </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Occupation </Th> <Td> Author , teacher , shaman </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Nationality </Th> <Td> Mexican </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Genre </Th> <Td> Personal growth </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Subject </Th> <Td> Motivational </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Notable works </Th> <Td> The Four Agreements , The Mastery Of Love , The Voice Of Knowledge , The Fifth Agreement </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Website </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> www.miguelruiz.com </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Miguel Ángel Ruiz Macías ( born August 27 , 1952 ) , better known by his pseudonym as Don Miguel Ruiz , is a Mexican author of Toltec spiritualist and neoshamanistic texts . </P> <P> His work is best - received among members of the New Thought movement that focuses on ancient teachings as a means to achieve spiritual enlightenment . Ruiz is listed as one of the Watkins 100 Most Spiritually Influential Living People in 2014 . Some have associated Ruiz 's work with Carlos Castaneda , author of The Teachings of Don Juan . </P> <H2> Contents </H2> <Ul> <Li> 1 Biography </Li> <Li> 2 The Four Agreements </Li> <Li> 3 Quotes </Li> <Li> 4 Works </Li> <Li> 5 References </Li> <Li> 6 External links </Li> </Ul> <H2> Biography ( edit ) </H2> <P> Don Miguel Ruiz was born in rural Mexico , the youngest of 13 children . He attended medical school , and became a surgeon . For several years he practiced medicine with his brothers . </P> <P> A near - fatal car accident changed the direction of his life . He promptly returned to his mother to acquire greater moral understanding . He then apprenticed himself to a shaman , and eventually moved to the United States . </P> <P> While the Toltec culture left no written records , Ruiz employs the word Toltec to signify a long tradition of indigenous beliefs in Mexico , such as the idea that a Nagual ( shaman ) guides an individual to personal freedom . After exploring the human mind from an indigenous as well as scientific perspective , Ruiz combines traditional wisdom with modern insights . </P> <P> The Four Agreements , published in 1997 ; was a New York Times bestseller for more than a decade . Other books have followed : The Mastery of Love , The Voice of Knowledge , The Circle of Fire , The Four Agreements Companion Book and The Fifth Agreement , a collaboration with his son Don José . All of his books are international bestsellers . His The Toltec Art of Life and Death was published in late 2015 . </P> <P> Fluent in Spanish and English , he often lectures and leads retreats in the United States . In February 2002 , Ruiz suffered a near - fatal heart attack . The damage from the heart attack and subsequent coma left him with a heart functioning at only 16 % of capacity and in constant pain . He claims to have handed over an Eagle - Knight lineage to his son Don José Ruiz . On October 9 , 2010 , Ruiz underwent a heart transplant at a hospital in Los Angeles . He was at a retreat at the Lotus Ranch in Wimberley , Texas when he was notified that a heart was available , and had chartered a plane to get back to Los Angeles . </P> <H2> The Four Agreements ( edit ) </H2> <P> His most famous book , The Four Agreements , was published in 1997 and has sold around 7.2 million copies in the U.S. and has been translated into 40 languages . The book advocates personal freedom from beliefs and agreements that we have made with ourselves and others that are creating limitation and unhappiness in our lives . It was featured on the Oprah television show . The Four Agreements are : </P> <Ol> <Li> Be impeccable with your word . </Li> <Li> Do n't take anything personally . </Li> <Li> Do n't make assumptions . </Li> <Li> Always do your best . </Li> </Ol> <P> The U.S. Air Force created a `` challenge coin '' engraved with The Four Agreements , and Ruiz is referenced as a `` National Heirloom of Mexico '' . </P> <P> He wrote a companion book to The Four Agreements , titled The Four Agreements Companion Book , published in 2000 . </P> <P> Don Miguel Ruiz 's son , Don Jose Ruiz , has subsequently released a sequel with his father , The Fifth Agreement , which adds a further agreement : </P> <Dl> <Dd> 5 . Be skeptical , but learn to listen . </Dd> </Dl> <H2> Quotes ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wikiquote has quotations related to : Miguel Ángel Ruiz </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ul> <Li> `` Life is like dancing . If we have a big floor , many people will dance . Some will get angry when the rhythm changes . But life is changing all the time . '' </Li> <Li> `` Death is not the biggest fear we have ; our biggest fear is taking the risk to be alive - the risk to be alive and express what we really are ... '' </Li> <Li> `` Every human is an artist . The dream of your life is to make beautiful art . '' </Li> <Li> `` Be impeccable with your word . Speak with integrity . Say only what you mean . Avoid using the word to speak against yourself or to gossip about others . Use the power of your word in the direction of truth and love ... '' </Li> <Li> `` Do n't make assumptions . Find the courage to ask questions and to express what you really want . Communicate with others as clearly as you can to avoid misunderstandings , sadness and drama . With just this one agreement , you can completely transform your life ... '' </Li> <Li> `` Do n't take anything personally . Nothing others do is because of you . What others say and do is a projection of their own reality , their own dream . When you are immune to the opinions and actions of others , you wo n't be the victim of needless suffering ... '' </Li> <Li> `` Always do your best . Your best is going to change from moment to moment ; it will be different when you are healthy as opposed to sick . Under any circumstance , simply do your best , and you will avoid self - judgment , self - abuse and regret ... '' </Li> </Ul> <H2> Works ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> The Four Agreements : A Practical Guide to Personal Wisdom ( A Toltec Wisdom Book ) , 1997 , Amber - Allen Publishing , ISBN 978 - 1 - 878424 - 31 - 0 </Li> <Li> The Mastery of Love : A Practical Guide to the Art of Relationship ( A Toltec Wisdom Book ) , 1999 , Amber - Allen Publishing , ISBN 978 - 1 - 878424 - 42 - 6 </Li> <Li> The Four Agreements Companion Book : Using The Four Agreements to Master the Dream of Your Life ( A Toltec Wisdom Book ) `` , 2000 , Amber - Allen Publishing , ISBN 978 - 1 - 878424 - 48 - 8 </Li> <Li> The Circle of Fire ( Toltec Wisdom ) , 2001 , Amber - Allen Publishing , ISBN 978 - 1 - 878424 - 52 - 5 </Li> <Li> Wisdom from the Four Agreements ( Charming Petites ) , 2003 , Peter Pauper Press , ISBN 0 - 88088 - 990 - X </Li> <Li> Wisdom from the Mastery of Love ( Charming Petites ) , 2003 , Peter Pauper Press , ISBN 0 - 88088 - 425 - 8 </Li> <Li> The Voice of Knowledge : A Practical Guide To Inner Peace , 2004 , Amber - Allen Publishing , ISBN 978 - 1 - 878424 - 54 - 9 </Li> <Li> The Fifth Agreement : A Practical Guide to Self - Mastery , 2010 , Amber - Allen Publishing , ISBN 978 - 1 - 878424 - 68 - 6 </Li> <Li> The Toltec Art of Life and Death : A Story of Discovery , 2015 , HarperCollins , ISBN 978 - 0 - 00 - 814796 - 9 </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ Watkins ' Spiritual 100 List for 2014 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` don Miguel Ruiz '' . Miguelruiz.com . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 30 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Don Miguel Ruiz ' heart Transplant Oct. 9th : An Exclusive Conversation on his New Heart '' . YouTube . 2010 - 11 - 06 . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 30 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Miguel Ruiz official website , About don Miguel '' . Retrieved February 28 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Don José Luis interview by Julia Griffin </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Four Agreements : A Practical Guide to Personal Freedom ( NOOK Book ) '' . barnes and noble . Retrieved February 10 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Publishers Weekly Magazine '' . April 18 , 2013 . Retrieved May 6 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Oprah Winfrey 's Official Website '' . oprah.com . Archived from the original on September 22 , 2008 . Retrieved October 9 , 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Interview with Women For One on Toltec Wisdom '' . Retrieved February 28 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Don Miguel Angel Ruiz 's Profile , Biography & Heritage '' . Katagogi . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 30 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Toltec Teachings of Don Miguel Ruiz </Li> <Li> `` The Four Agreements for a Better Life '' Online Course </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> BNE : XX1343510 </Li> <Li> BNF : cb13546931g ( data ) </Li> <Li> GND : 122524128 </Li> <Li> ISNI : 0000 0000 8141 1776 </Li> <Li> LCCN : n97065674 </Li> <Li> SELIBR : 220312 </Li> <Li> SUDOC : 05079244X </Li> <Li> VIAF : 61710035 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Don_Miguel_Ruiz&oldid=853298197 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> Mexican self - help writers </Li> <Li> Mexican spiritual writers </Li> <Li> Motivational speakers </Li> <Li> Motivational writers </Li> <Li> 1952 births </Li> <Li> Living people </Li> <Li> Mexican animists </Li> <Li> Neoshamanism </Li> <Li> Heart transplant recipients </Li> <Li> Mexican neopagans </Li> <Li> Neopagan writers </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Use mdy dates from October 2013 </Li> <Li> All articles with unsourced statements </Li> <Li> Articles with unsourced statements from August 2015 </Li> <Li> All articles lacking reliable references </Li> <Li> Articles lacking reliable references from March 2016 </Li> <Li> Articles with unsourced statements from March 2016 </Li> <Li> Wikipedia articles with BNE identifiers </Li> <Li> Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers </Li> <Li> Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers </Li> <Li> Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers </Li> <Li> Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers </Li> <Li> Wikipedia articles with SELIBR identifiers </Li> <Li> Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers </Li> <Li> Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> Wikiquote </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> تۆرکجه </Li> <Li> বাংলা </Li> <Li> Български </Li> <Li> Čeština </Li> <Li> Deutsch </Li> <Li> Español </Li> <Li> فارسی </Li> <Li> Français </Li> <Li> Македонски </Li> <Li> Nederlands </Li> <Li> Română </Li> <Li> Українська </Li> 5 more </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 3 August 2018 , at 19 : 21 ( UTC ) . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> | [
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A Whiter Shade of Pale - wikipedia <H1> A Whiter Shade of Pale </H1> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> `` A Whiter Shade of Pale '' </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> A-side label of the UK vinyl single </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Single by Procol Harum </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> from the album Procol Harum </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> B - side </Th> <Td> `` Lime Street Blues '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Released </Th> <Td> 12 May 1967 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Format </Th> <Td> 7 - inch record </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Recorded </Th> <Td> Olympic Sound Studios , London , April 1967 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Genre </Th> <Td> Baroque pop </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Length </Th> <Td> 4 : 03 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Label </Th> <Td> Deram </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Songwriter ( s ) </Th> <Td> Gary Brooker , Keith Reid , Matthew Fisher </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Producer ( s ) </Th> <Td> Denny Cordell </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Procol Harum singles chronology </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` A Whiter Shade of Pale '' ( 1967 ) </Td> <Td> `` Homburg '' ( 1967 ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` A Whiter Shade of Pale '' ( 1967 ) </Td> <Td> `` Homburg '' ( 1967 ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> `` A Whiter Shade of Pale '' is the debut single by the British rock band Procol Harum , released 12 May 1967 . The single reached number 1 in the UK Singles Chart on 8 June 1967 and stayed there for six weeks . Without much promotion , it reached number 5 on the Bilboard pop chart in the United States . One of the anthems of the 1967 Summer of Love , it is one of fewer than 30 singles to have sold over 10 million copies worldwide . </P> <P> With its Bach - derived instrumental melody , soulful vocals , and unusual lyrics -- by the song 's co-authors Gary Brooker , Keith Reid and Matthew Fisher -- `` A Whiter Shade of Pale '' reached number 1 in several countries when released in 1967 . In the years since , it has become an enduring classic . It was the most played song in the last 75 years in public places in the UK ( as of 2009 ) , and the United Kingdom performing rights group Phonographic Performance Limited in 2004 recognised it as the most - played record by British broadcasting of the past 70 years . Also in 2004 , Rolling Stone placed `` A Whiter Shade of Pale '' 57th on its list of the 500 Greatest Songs of All Time . </P> <P> In 1977 , the song was named joint winner ( along with Queen 's `` Bohemian Rhapsody '' ) of `` The Best British Pop Single 1952 -- 1977 '' at the Brit Awards . In 1998 the song was inducted into the Grammy Hall of Fame . More than 1000 recorded cover versions by other artists are known . The song has been included in many music compilations over the decades and has also been used in the soundtracks of numerous films , including The Big Chill , Purple Haze , Breaking the Waves , The Boat That Rocked , Martin Scorsese 's segment of New York Stories , Stonewall , Oblivion and Ken Burns and Lynn Novick 's documentary series The Vietnam War . Cover versions of the song have also been featured in many films , for example , by King Curtis in Withnail and I and by Annie Lennox in The Net . </P> <P> The original writing credits were for Brooker and Reid only . On 30 July 2009 , Matthew Fisher won co-writing credit for the music in a unanimous ruling from the Law Lords . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Recording and personnel </Li> <Li> 2 Lyrics </Li> <Li> 3 Composition </Li> <Li> 4 Release and reception </Li> <Li> 5 Promotional films </Li> <Li> 6 Authorship lawsuit </Li> <Li> 7 Chart performance <Ul> <Li> 7.1 Weekly singles charts </Li> <Li> 7.2 Year - end charts </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 8 Annie Lennox version <Ul> <Li> 8.1 Charts </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 9 References </Li> <Li> 10 Sources </Li> <Li> 11 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Recording and personnel ( edit ) </H2> <P> The song was performed and recorded at Olympic Sound Studios in London , England , with Gary Brooker providing the vocals and piano , Matthew Fisher on a Hammond M - 102 organ , David Knights on bass and Ray Royer on guitar . Drums were by session drummer Bill Eyden . A few days later , the song was re-recorded with the band 's then newly recruited drummer Bobby Harrison , but that version was discarded , and one of the original mono recordings was chosen for release . </P> <P> Producer for the record was Denny Cordell , and Keith Grant was the sound engineer . The song was included on the US release of the Procol Harum album , in September 1967 , but not on the later UK version . </P> <H2> Lyrics ( edit ) </H2> <P> Reid got the title and starting point for the song at a party . He overheard someone at the party saying to a woman , `` You 've turned a whiter shade of pale '' , and the phrase stuck in his mind . The original lyrics had four verses , of which only two are heard on the original recording . The third verse has been heard in live performances by Procol Harum , and more seldom also the fourth . The author of Procol Harum : Beyond the Pale , Claes Johansen , suggests that the song `` deals in metaphorical form with a male / female relationship which after some negotiation ends in a sexual act '' . This is supported by Tim de Lisle in Lives of the Great Songs , who remarks that the lyrics concern a drunken seduction , which is described through references to sex as a form of travel , usually nautical , using mythical and literary journeys . Other observers have also commented that the lyrics concern a sexual relationship . </P> <P> Contrary to the above interpretations , Reid was quoted in the February 2008 issue of Uncut magazine as saying : </P> <P> I was trying to conjure a mood as much as tell a straightforward , girl - leaves - boy story . With the ceiling flying away and room humming harder , I wanted to paint an image of a scene . I was n't trying to be mysterious with those images , I was trying to be evocative . I suppose it seems like a decadent scene I 'm describing . But I was too young to have experienced any decadence , then . I might have been smoking when I conceived it , but not when I wrote . It was influenced by books , not drugs . </P> <P> Structurally and thematically , the song is unusual in many respects . While the recorded version is 4 : 03 long , it is composed of only two verses , each with chorus . The piece is also more instrument - driven than most songs of the period , and with a much looser rhyme scheme . Its unusually allusive and referential lyrics are much more complex than most lyrics of the time ( for example , the chorus focuses on Chaucer 's `` The Miller 's Tale '' ) . Thus , this piece can be considered an early example of progressive rock . </P> <P> The phrase a whiter shade of pale has since gained widespread use in the English language , noticed by several dictionaries . As such , the phrase is today often used in contexts independent of any consideration of the song . It has also been heavily paraphrased , in forms like `` an Xer shade of Y '' , to the extent that it has been recognised as a snowclone -- a type of cliché and phrasal template . </P> <H2> Composition ( edit ) </H2> The song 's distinctive , Bach - inspired organ part was played on a Hammond M102 . <P> The song is in moderate time in C major and is characterised by the bassline moving stepwise downwards in a repeated pattern throughout . In classical music this is known as a ground bass . The harmonic structure is identical for the organ melody , the verse and the chorus , except that the chorus finishes with a cadence . The main organ melody appears at the beginning and after each verse / chorus . But it is also heard throughout , playing variations of its theme and counterpointing the vocal line . As the chorus commences `` And so it was , that later ... '' , the vocal and organ accompaniment begin a short crescendo , with the organist running his finger rapidly down and up the entire keyboard . The final instrumental fades out to silence -- a common device in pop music of the time . </P> <P> A BBC Radio 4 programme in the 2018 series `` Soul Music '' pointed out the resemblance between the Hammond Organ line of `` A Whiter Shade of Pale '' and J.S. Bach 's Air from his Orchestral Suite No. 3 BWV1068 , ( the `` Air on the G string '' ) where the sustained opening note of the main melodic line flowers into a free - flowing melody against a descending bass line : </P> Bach Air from Suite 3 bars 1 - 2 Bach Air from Suite 3 bars 1 - 3 <P> Allan Moore notes `` a certain family resemblance '' that `` creates the sense of ( Bach 's ) music without actually quoting it . '' The similarity is also referred to humorously in the 1982 play The Real Thing by Tom Stoppard and in the 1991 film The Commitments . Other writers have noted similar `` family resemblances '' to other works by Bach : the Sinfonia which opens the cantata Ich steh mit einem Fuß im Grabe , BWV 156 , the organ chorale Prelude `` O Mensch , bewein ' dein ' Sünde groß '' ( O Man , Lament Your Sin So Great ) , BWV 622 , from the Orgelbüchlein ( Little Organ Book ) and the Cantata Sleepers Wake , BWV140 . </P> <P> The music also borrows ideas from `` When a Man Loves a Woman '' by Percy Sledge . </P> <H2> Release and reception ( edit ) </H2> <P> The single was released on 12 May 1967 in the United Kingdom by Deram Records and entered Record Retailer 's chart ( later the UK Singles Chart ) on 25 May . In two weeks it reached number 1 , where it stayed for six weeks . Writing in 2005 , Jim Irvin of Mojo said that its arrival at number 1 on 8 June 1967 , on the same day that the Beatles ' Sgt . Pepper 's Lonely Hearts Club Band topped the national albums chart , marked the start of the Summer of Love in Britain . </P> <P> According to music journalist and author Harvey Kubernik , in the context of the Summer of Love , `` A Whiter Shade of Pale '' was the `` one song ( that ) stood above all others , its Everest - like status conferred by no less than John Lennon and Paul McCartney , who were enthralled by the Chaucerian wordplay and heavenly Baroque accompaniment '' . Kubernik also writes that , amid the search for higher consciousness during the flower power era , the song `` galvanised a congregation of disaffected youth dismissive of traditional religion but anxious to achieve spiritual salvation '' . In his 1981 article on the musical and societal developments of 1967 , for The History of Rock , sociomusicologist Simon Frith described `` A Whiter Shade of Pale '' as the year 's `` most distinctive single '' , through its combination of `` white soul vocal and a Bach organ exercise '' and enigmatic lyrics that `` hinted at a vital secret open only to people in the right , drug - determined , state of mind '' . </P> <P> In the United States , the single reached number 5 on the Billboard Hot 100 and sold over 1 million copies . It also peaked at number 22 on the soul charts there . In the Netherlands , the song entered the chart at number 1 in June 1967 and again reached number 1 in July 1972 . A May 1972 re-release on Fly Records stayed in the UK charts for a total of 12 weeks and peaked at number 13 . </P> <P> `` A Whiter Shade of Pale '' has continued to receive critical acclaim . Along with Queen 's `` Bohemian Rhapsody '' , `` A Whiter Shade of Pale '' was jointly recognised as `` The Best British Pop Single 1952 -- 1977 '' at the BRIT Awards , part of Elizabeth II 's Silver Jubilee . In 1998 the song was inducted into the Grammy Hall of Fame . In 2004 , it appeared at number 57 on Rolling Stone magazine 's list of the `` 500 Greatest Songs of All Time '' . British TV station Channel 4 placed the song at number 19 in its chart of `` The 100 Greatest No. 1 Singles '' . In 2018 , the song was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in a new category for singles . </P> <H2> Promotional films ( edit ) </H2> One of the clips for the song was filmed at Witley Court , part of which was gutted by fire in 1937 . <P> The first promotional clip for `` A Whiter Shade of Pale '' was shot in the ruins of Witley Court in Worcestershire , England . It features four of the five musicians who played on the hit single : Gary Brooker , Matthew Fisher , David Knights and Ray Royer , in performance and walking through the ruins . Only the drummer in the video is n't on the record : early band member Bobby Harrison is seen miming to session man Bill Eyden 's drumming . The film was directed by Peter Clifton , whose insertion of Vietnam War newsreel footage caused it to be banned from airplay on the BBC 's Top of the Pops TV show . </P> <P> Procol Harum subsequently made a second promotional clip , using `` Scopitone '' technology . By this time , Robin Trower and B.J. Wilson had replaced Royer and Harrison in the band , so only three of the five musicians on the recording are represented . No performance footage appears in this film -- only scenes of the five musicians cavorting around London and running across fields . The same lineup , with Fisher wearing a monk 's cowl , mimed to the song on Top of the Pops , although Brooker sang live . Black - and - white footage of the performance has been shown online . The song represents 1967 on the 2004 DVD release Top of the Pops 40th Anniversary 1964 -- 2004 . </P> <P> There was also a film shot as part of Joel Gallen 's Deja - View music video series . Originally airing on various networks in late 1985 through 1986 , this video starred Harry Dean Stanton and Bernie Taupin , but featured no member of the band . It has also aired on VH1 Classic , and has recently surfaced online . </P> <H2> Authorship lawsuit ( edit ) </H2> <P> In 2005 , former Procol Harum organist Matthew Fisher filed suit in the High Court against Gary Brooker and his publisher , claiming that he co-wrote the music for the song . Fisher won the case on 20 December 2006 but was awarded 40 % of the composers ' share of the music copyright , rather than the 50 % he was seeking and was not granted royalties for the period before 2005 . </P> <P> Brooker and publisher Onward Music were granted leave to appeal , and a hearing on the matter was held before a panel of three judges during the week of 1 October 2007 . The decision , on 4 April 2008 , by Lord Justice Mummery , in the Court of Appeal upheld Fisher 's co-authorship but ruled that he should receive no royalties as he had taken too long ( 38 years ) to bring his claim to litigation . Full royalty rights were returned to Brooker . </P> <P> On 5 November 2008 , Fisher was granted permission to appeal this decision to the House of Lords . Lawyers say it is the first time the Law Lords have been asked to rule on a copyright dispute involving a song . The appeal was heard in the House of Lords on 22 -- 23 April 2009 . </P> <P> On 30 July 2009 the Law Lords unanimously ruled in Fisher 's favour . They noted that the delay in bringing the case had not caused any harm to the other party ; on the contrary he had benefited financially from it . They also pointed out that there were no time limits to copyright claims under English law . The right to future royalties was therefore returned to Fisher . Both the musicological basis of the judgment and its effect on the rights of musicians who contribute composition to future works have drawn some attention in the music world . </P> <H2> Chart performance ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> <H3> Weekly singles charts ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Chart ( 1967 ) </Th> <Th> Peak position </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Australia Go - Set </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Austria </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Belgium </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Canada RPM Top Singles </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Canada RPM Adult Contemporary </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> France </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Germany </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Ireland </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Italy </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> New Zealand ( Listener ) </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Norway </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Poland </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Spain </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> United Kingdom </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Chart ( 1972 ) </Th> <Th> Peak position </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> <Td> <H3> Year - end charts ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Chart ( 1967 ) </Th> <Th> Ranking </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Australia </Td> <Td> 14 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Canada </Td> <Td> 27 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> 38 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Chart ( 1972 ) </Th> <Th> Ranking </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) </Td> <Td> 18 </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Annie Lennox version ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> `` A Whiter Shade of Pale '' </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Single by Annie Lennox </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> from the album Medusa </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> B - side </Th> <Td> `` Heaven '' `` ( I 'm Always Touched By Your ) Presence , Dear '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Released </Th> <Td> May 1995 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Format </Th> <Td> CD single </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Length </Th> <Td> 5 : 15 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Label </Th> <Td> Arista </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Songwriter ( s ) </Th> <Td> Gary Brooker , Matthew Fisher , Keith Reid </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Producer ( s ) </Th> <Td> Stephen Lipson </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Annie Lennox singles chronology </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Td> `` No More `` I Love You 's '' '' ( 1995 ) </Td> <Td> `` A Whiter Shade of Pale '' ( 1995 ) </Td> <Td> `` Waiting in Vain '' ( 1995 ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Td> `` No More `` I Love You 's '' '' ( 1995 ) </Td> <Td> `` A Whiter Shade of Pale '' ( 1995 ) </Td> <Td> `` Waiting in Vain '' ( 1995 ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> `` A Whiter Shade of Pale '' was covered by Annie Lennox for her 1995 album Medusa . It was released as the second single in May 1995 and became a top - forty hit in Europe and Canada . </P> <H3> Charts ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Chart ( 1995 ) </Th> <Th> Peak position </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Australia ( ARIA ) </Th> <Td> 56 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) </Th> <Td> 48 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Wallonia ) </Th> <Td> 16 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Canada Top Singles ( RPM ) </Th> <Td> 37 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Canada Adult Contemporary ( RPM ) </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Europe ( European Hot 100 Singles ) </Th> <Td> 45 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> France ( SNEP ) </Th> <Td> 17 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Germany ( Official German Charts ) </Th> <Td> 77 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Ireland ( IRMA ) </Th> <Td> 25 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) </Th> <Td> 39 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Scotland ( Official Charts Company ) </Th> <Td> 11 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) </Th> <Td> 26 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) </Th> <Td> 16 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> US Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles ( Billboard ) </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> US Hot Dance Singles Sales ( Billboard ) </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> US Hot Singles Sales ( Billboard ) </Th> <Td> 66 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ Harrington , Joe S. 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ISBN 978 - 1 - 59028 - 055 - 3 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Moore , A. , speaking on BBC Radio 4 programme , Soul Music , 11 April 2018 . http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p063z3s5 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Stoppard , T. ( 1982 , p. 74 ) The Real Thing . London , Faber and Faber . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Parker , A. , Introduction to Scott - Irvine , H. , Procul Harum : the Ghosts of a Whiter Shade of Pale . Omnibus Press . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Holm - Hudson , Kevin ( 2008 ) . Genesis and The Lamb Lies Down on Broadway . Ashgate Publishing Ltd. p. 78 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7546 - 6147 - 4 . Retrieved 8 December 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Irvin , Jim ( Summer 2005 ) . `` The Beatles : After Pepper '' . Mojo . Available at Rock 's Backpages ( subscription required ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kubernik 2017 , pp. 149 , 191 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Frith , Simon ( 1981 ) . `` 1967 : The Year It All Came Together '' . The History of Rock . Available at Rock 's Backpages ( subscription required ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 2004 ) . Top R&B / Hip - Hop Singles : 1942 -- 2004 . Record Research . p. 473 . ISBN 0 - 89820 - 160 - 8 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` THE 100 GREATEST No. 1 SINGLES '' . Retrieved 21 September 2006 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Rock and Roll Hall of Fame Inducts Songs for the First Time , Including ' Born to Be Wild ' & ' Louie Louie ' '' . Billboard . Retrieved 15 April 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Hereford and Worcester - Places - Witley court '' . BBC . 14 July 2008 . Retrieved 10 August 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Robinson , Alan ( November -- December 2009 ) . `` Procol Harum '' . Shindig ! . p. 55 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Noel Holston ( 12 December 1985 ) . `` Deja View Looks Into The ' 60s '' . Orlando Sentinel . Retrieved 27 August 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` A Whiter Shade Of Pale - Harry Dean Stanton - Procol Harum '' . Youtube. 21 February 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Deja View '' . Internet Movie Database . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` A Whiter Shade of Pale authorship lawsuit '' . Retrieved 21 September 2006 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ BBC NEWS Entertainment Organist wins Procol Harum battle . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Judgment in the AWSoP lawsuit appeal , 4 April 2008 '' . Procolharum.com . Retrieved 10 August 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ BBC - Procol Harum ruling is overturned . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ BBC News , 6 November 2008 , Lords House to hear Procol battle ; www.bbc.co.uk . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Law Lords hear Harum song battle '' . BBC News . 22 April 2009 . Retrieved 23 April 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bowcott , Owen ( 22 April 2009 ) . `` A Whiter Shade of Pale : House of Lords asked to rule in copyright wrangle '' . London : Guardian . Retrieved 29 June 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Victory for Whiter Shade organist '' . BBC . 30 July 2009 . Archived from the original on 31 July 2009 . Retrieved 30 July 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Judgments -- Fisher ( Original Respondent and Cross-appellant ) v Brooker and others ( Original Appellants and Cross-respondents ) '' . 30 July 2009 . Retrieved 31 July 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Gendelman , David . `` Blogs : : Crawdaddy : : Paste '' . Crawdaddy.wolfgangsvault.com . Archived from the original on 1 September 2009 . Retrieved 10 August 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Top Singles - Volume 7 , No. 24 , August 12 1967 '' . Retrieved 12 August 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Item Display - RPM - Library and Archives Canada '' . Collectionscanada.gc.ca. 1967 - 08 - 12 . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 28 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Flavour of New Zealand , 11 August 1967 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Jaaroverzichten -- Single 1972 '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Hung Medien . Retrieved February 25 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Go - Set Magazine Charts '' . www.poparchives.com.au . Barry McKay . January 2007 . Retrieved 13 July 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` RPM 100 Top Singles of 1967 '' . RPM . Library and Archives Canada . Retrieved June 18 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Hits of 1967 / Top 100 Songs of 1967 '' . Retrieved 12 August 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Jaaroverzichten -- Single 1972 '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Hung Medien . Retrieved February 25 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Ryan Gavin ( 2011 ) . Australia 's Music Charts 1988 - 2010 . Mt . Martha , VIC , Australia : Moonlight Publishing . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Annie Lennox -- A Whiter Shade of Pale ... '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved 3 November 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Annie Lennox -- A Whiter Shade of Pale ... '' ( in French ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved 3 November 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Top RPM Singles : Issue 2736 . '' RPM . Library and Archives Canada . Retrieved 3 November 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Top RPM Adult Contemporary : Issue 2743 . '' RPM . Library and Archives Canada . Retrieved 3 November 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Hits of the World '' ( PDF ) . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved 3 November 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Lescharts.com -- Annie Lennox -- A Whiter Shade of Pale ... '' ( in French ) . Les classement single . Retrieved 3 November 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Offiziellecharts.de -- Annie Lennox -- A Whiter Shade of Pale ... '' . GfK Entertainment Charts . Retrieved 3 November 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Irish Charts -- Search Results -- Annie Lennox '' . Irish Singles Chart . Retrieved 3 November 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Annie Lennox -- A Whiter Shade of Pale ... '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Retrieved 3 November 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Official Scottish Singles Sales Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 3 November 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Annie Lennox -- A Whiter Shade of Pale ... '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Retrieved 3 November 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Annie Lennox : Artist Chart History '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 3 November 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Annie Lennox Chart History ( Bubbling Under Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 3 November 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Dance Singles Sales '' . Billboard . Retrieved 3 November 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Hot Singles Sales '' . Billboard . Retrieved 3 November 2016 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> Sources ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Kubernik , Harvey ( 2017 ) . 1967 : A Complete Rock Music History of the Summer of Love . New York , NY : Sterling . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4549 - 2052 - 6 . </Li> </Ul> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics </Li> <Li> A Whiter Shade of Pale : authorised lyrics of all four verses </Li> <Li> `` Procol Harum : The ultimate tale of A Whiter Shade Of Pale '' , article on the song 's 40th anniversary , from Classic Rock magazine </Li> <Li> Bill Eyden Obituary </Li> <Li> Procol Harum -- A Whiter Shade Of Pale , live video from Eagle Rock Entertainment 's official channel on YouTube </Li> <Li> `` A Whiter Shade of Pale '' Scopitone film on YouTube </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> hide <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Procol Harum </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Gary Brooker </Li> <Li> Geoff Dunn </Li> <Li> Matt Pegg </Li> <Li> Josh Phillips </Li> <Li> Geoff Whitehorn </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Dave Ball </Li> <Li> Graham Broad </Li> <Li> Dave Bronze </Li> <Li> Pete Brown </Li> <Li> Mark Brzezicki </Li> <Li> Alan Cartwright </Li> <Li> Chris Copping </Li> <Li> Matthew Fisher </Li> <Li> Mick Grabham </Li> <Li> Bobby Harrison </Li> <Li> David Knights </Li> <Li> Dee Murray </Li> <Li> Keith Reid </Li> <Li> Tim Renwick </Li> <Li> Ray Royer </Li> <Li> Don Snow </Li> <Li> Peter Solley </Li> <Li> Henry Spinetti </Li> <Li> Jerry Stevenson </Li> <Li> Robin Trower </Li> <Li> Ian Wallace </Li> <Li> B.J. Wilson </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Studio albums </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Procol Harum </Li> <Li> Shine On Brightly </Li> <Li> A Salty Dog </Li> <Li> Home </Li> <Li> Broken Barricades </Li> <Li> Grand Hotel </Li> <Li> Exotic Birds and Fruit </Li> <Li> Procol 's Ninth </Li> <Li> Something Magic </Li> <Li> The Prodigal Stranger </Li> <Li> The Well 's on Fire </Li> <Li> Novum </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Live albums </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Procol Harum Live : In Concert with the Edmonton Symphony Orchestra </Li> <Li> One More Time -- Live in Utrecht 1992 </Li> <Li> Live at the Union Chapel </Li> <Li> One Eye to the Future -- Live in Italy 2007 </Li> <Li> Procol Harum -- In Concert With the Danish National Concert Orchestra and Choir </Li> <Li> The Spirit of Nøkken </Li> <Li> MMX </Li> <Li> Some Long Road </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> As Liquorice John Death </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Ai n't Nothin ' to Get Excited About </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Songs </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` A Whiter Shade of Pale '' </Li> <Li> `` Homburg '' </Li> <Li> `` A Salty Dog '' </Li> <Li> `` Conquistador '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Related articles </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Discography </Li> <Li> Guy Stevens </Li> <Li> The Paramounts </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Book : Procol Harum </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> hide <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> The Box Tops </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Rick Levy </Li> <Li> Gary Talley </Li> <Li> Bill Cunningham </Li> <Li> Ron Krasinski </Li> <Li> Barry Walsh </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Rick Allen </Li> <Li> Thomas Boggs </Li> <Li> Alex Chilton </Li> <Li> Harold Cloud </Li> <Li> John Evans </Li> <Li> Bobby Guidotti </Li> <Li> Gene Houston </Li> <Li> Rick Pipkin </Li> <Li> Joe Savage </Li> <Li> Swain Schaefer </Li> <Li> Danny Smythe </Li> <Li> Larry Spillman </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Studio albums </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> The Letter / Neon Rainbow </Li> <Li> Cry Like a Baby </Li> <Li> Non-Stop </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> Tear Off ! </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Compilation albums </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Super Hits </Li> <Li> The Greatest Hits </Li> <Li> The Ultimate Box Tops </Li> <Li> The Best of the Box Tops - Soul Deep </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Songs </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` The Letter '' </Li> <Li> `` A Whiter Shade of Pale '' </Li> <Li> `` Neon Rainbow '' </Li> <Li> `` Cry Like a Baby '' </Li> <Li> `` You Keep Me Hangin ' On '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Related articles </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Big Star </Li> <Li> Bell Records </Li> <Li> Sundazed Records </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=A_Whiter_Shade_of_Pale&oldid=846001692 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> Procol Harum songs </Li> <Li> 1967 singles </Li> <Li> Brit Award for British Single </Li> <Li> Debut singles </Li> <Li> UK Singles Chart number - one singles </Li> <Li> Number - one singles in Germany </Li> <Li> Number - one singles in Australia </Li> <Li> Number - one singles in New Zealand </Li> <Li> Irish Singles Chart number - one singles </Li> <Li> Deram Records singles </Li> <Li> Arista Records singles </Li> <Li> Songs with lyrics by Keith Reid </Li> <Li> Song recordings produced by Denny Cordell </Li> <Li> Shorty Long songs </Li> <Li> Annie Lennox songs </Li> <Li> R.B. Greaves songs </Li> <Li> The Box Tops songs </Li> <Li> Songs written by Gary Brooker </Li> <Li> Proto - prog songs </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown </Li> <Li> CS1 Dutch - language sources ( nl ) </Li> <Li> Articles with hAudio microformats </Li> <Li> All articles with unsourced statements </Li> <Li> Articles with unsourced statements from July 2017 </Li> <Li> Singlechart usages for Flanders </Li> <Li> Singlechart usages for Wallonia </Li> <Li> Singlechart usages for Canadatopsingles </Li> <Li> Singlechart called without artist </Li> <Li> Singlechart called without song </Li> <Li> Singlechart usages for Canadaadultcontemporary </Li> <Li> Singlechart usages for France </Li> <Li> Singlechart usages for Germany2 </Li> <Li> Singlechart usages for Ireland2 </Li> <Li> Singlechart usages for Dutch100 </Li> <Li> Singlechart usages for Scotland </Li> <Li> Singlechart usages for Switzerland </Li> <Li> Singlechart usages for UKsinglesbyname </Li> <Li> Singlechart usages for Billboardbubbling100 </Li> <Li> Use dmy dates from February 2011 </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> Čeština </Li> <Li> Deutsch </Li> <Li> Eesti </Li> <Li> Español </Li> <Li> فارسی </Li> <Li> Français </Li> <Li> Hrvatski </Li> <Li> Italiano </Li> <Li> עברית </Li> <Li> Nāhuatl </Li> <Li> Nederlands </Li> <Li> 日本 語 </Li> <Li> Norsk </Li> <Li> Norsk nynorsk </Li> <Li> Polski </Li> <Li> Português </Li> <Li> Русский </Li> <Li> Slovenčina </Li> <Li> Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски </Li> <Li> Svenska </Li> <Li> ไทย </Li> <Li> Tiếng Việt </Li> 13 more </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 15 June 2018 , at 16 : 18 . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> | [
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Monarchy of New Zealand - Wikipedia <H1> Monarchy of New Zealand </H1> Jump to : navigation , search For the nativist titles , see Māori King Movement . <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Queen of New Zealand </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Kuini o Aotearoa ( Māori ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Coat of arms of New Zealand </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Incumbent </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Elizabeth II since 6 February 1952 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Details </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Style </Th> <Td> Her Majesty </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Heir apparent </Th> <Td> Charles , Prince of Wales </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> First monarch </Th> <Td> Edward VII </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Formation </Th> <Td> 26 September 1907 ( from Dominion status ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th> New Zealand </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> This article is part of a series on the politics and government of New Zealand </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Constitution </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> The Crown ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> Monarch <Dl> <Dd> Elizabeth II </Dd> </Dl> </Li> <Li> Governor - General <Dl> <Dd> Patsy Reddy </Dd> </Dl> </Li> <Li> Realm of New Zealand </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Executive ( show ) <Ul> <Li> Executive Council </Li> <Li> Cabinet ( current ) <Dl> <Dd> Prime Minister : Jacinda Ardern </Dd> </Dl> </Li> <Li> Public sector organisations </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Legislature ( show ) <Ul> <Li> Parliament ( current ) <Ul> <Li> Queen - in - Parliament </Li> <Li> House of Representatives <Dl> <Dd> Speaker : David Carter </Dd> </Dl> </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Statute of Westminster Adoption Act 1947 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Elections ( show ) <Ul> <Li> Political parties </Li> <Li> Electorates </Li> <Li> Electoral system <Ul> <Li> Electoral reform </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Electoral Commission </Li> <Li> Electoral Enrolment Centre </Li> <Li> Recent elections <Dl> <Dd> <Ul> <Li> General : 2011 </Li> <Li> 2014 </Li> <Li> 2017 </Li> </Ul> </Dd> <Dd> <Ul> <Li> Local : 2010 </Li> <Li> 2013 </Li> <Li> 2016 </Li> </Ul> </Dd> </Dl> </Li> <Li> Referendums </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Judiciary ( show ) <Ul> <Li> Supreme Court <Dl> <Dd> Chief Justice : Dame Sian Elias </Dd> </Dl> </Li> <Li> Court of Appeal <Dl> <Dd> President : Stephen Kós </Dd> </Dl> </Li> <Li> High Court </Li> <Li> District Court </Li> <Li> Other Courts <Dl> <Dd> <Ul> <Li> Employment </Li> <Li> Environment </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Courts Martial Appeal </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Māori Land </Li> <Li> Waitangi Tribunal </Li> </Ul> </Dd> </Dl> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Local government ( show ) <Ul> <Li> Regions </Li> <Li> Territorial authorities <Dl> <Dd> Chatham Islands </Dd> </Dl> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Related topics ( show ) <Ul> <Li> Foreign relations </Li> <Li> Māori politics </Li> <Li> Nuclear - free zone </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Other countries </Li> <Li> Atlas </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The monarchy of New Zealand is the constitutional system of government in which a hereditary monarch is the sovereign and head of state of New Zealand . The current monarch , Queen Elizabeth II , ascended the throne on the death of her father , King George VI , on 6 February 1952 . </P> <P> All executive authority is vested in the monarch and her assent is required for parliament to enact laws and for letters patent and Orders in Council to have legal effect . However , the authority for these acts stems from the New Zealand populace and , within the conventional stipulations of constitutional monarchy , the sovereign 's direct participation in any of these areas of governance is limited . Most of the related powers are exercised by the elected parliamentarians , the ministers of the Crown generally drawn from amongst them , and the judges and justices of the peace . Other powers vested in the monarch , such as the appointment of a prime minister , are significant , but are treated only as reserve powers and as an important security part of the role of the monarchy . </P> <P> The New Zealand monarchy has its roots in the British Crown , from which it has evolved to become a distinctly New Zealand institution , represented by unique symbols . New Zealand 's monarch is today shared equally with 15 other countries within the Commonwealth of Nations , all being independent and the monarchy of each legally distinct . As a result , the current monarch is officially titled Queen of New Zealand ( Māori : Kuini o Aotearoa ) and , in this capacity , she , her consort , and other members of the Royal Family undertake various public and private functions across New Zealand and on behalf of the country abroad . However , the Queen is the only member of the Royal Family with any constitutional role . While several powers are the sovereign 's alone , because she lives predominantly in the United Kingdom , most of the royal constitutional and ceremonial duties in the Realm of New Zealand are typically carried out by the Queen 's viceregal representative , the governor - general . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 International and domestic aspects <Ul> <Li> 1.1 Cost </Li> <Li> 1.2 Succession </Li> <Li> 1.3 Title </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2 Representation of the state </Li> <Li> 3 Constitutional role <Ul> <Li> 3.1 Executive <Ul> <Li> 3.1. 1 Foreign affairs </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3.2 Parliament </Li> <Li> 3.3 Courts </Li> <Li> 3.4 The Crown and the New Zealand Defence Force </Li> <Li> 3.5 The Crown and Māori </Li> <Li> 3.6 Cook Islands , Niue and Territories </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 Cultural role <Ul> <Li> 4.1 Royal presence and duties </Li> <Li> 4.2 Symbols </Li> <Li> 4.3 Organisations with royal patronage </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 5 Debate </Li> <Li> 6 History </Li> <Li> 7 List of monarchs <Ul> <Li> 7.1 Colonial </Li> <Li> 7.2 Post-colonial </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 8 See also </Li> <Li> 9 Notes </Li> <Li> 10 Citations </Li> <Li> 11 References </Li> <Li> 12 Further reading </Li> <Li> 13 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> International and domestic Aspects ( edit ) </H2> Further information : Commonwealth realm § Relationship of the realms New Zealand shares a monarch with 15 other Commonwealth realms ( shown in blue ) <P> New Zealand shares the same monarch with the other 15 monarchies in the 54 - member Commonwealth of Nations , a grouping known informally as the Commonwealth realms . The emergence of this arrangement paralleled the evolution of New Zealand nationalism following the end of the First World War and culminated in the passage of the Statute of Westminster in 1931 , since when the pan-national Crown has had both a shared and separate character , and the sovereign 's role as monarch of New Zealand has been distinct to his or her position as monarch of the United Kingdom . The monarchy thus ceased to be an exclusively British institution , and in New Zealand became a New Zealand establishment , though it is still often misnomered as `` British '' in both legal and common language , for reasons historical , political and of convenience ; this conflicts with not only the Government 's recognition and promotion of a distinctly New Zealand Crown , but also the sovereign 's distinct New Zealand title . </P> <P> Effective with the Constitution Act 1986 , no British or other realm government can advise the sovereign on any matters pertinent to New Zealand , meaning that on all matters of the New Zealand state , the monarch is advised solely by New Zealand ministers of the Crown . As the monarch lives predominantly outside of New Zealand , one of the most important of these state duties carried out on the advice of the Prime Minister of New Zealand is the appointment of a governor - general , who performs most of the Queen 's domestic duties in her absence . All royal powers in New Zealand may be carried out by both the monarch and governor - general and , in New Zealand law , the offices of monarch and governor - general are fully interchangeable , mention of one always simultaneously including the other . </P> <H3> Cost ( edit ) </H3> <P> The sovereign similarly only draws from New Zealand coffers for support in the performance of her duties when in New Zealand or acting as Queen of New Zealand abroad ; New Zealanders do not pay any money to the Queen or any other member of the Royal Family , either towards personal income or to support royal residences outside of New Zealand . Normally , tax dollars pay only for the costs associated with the governor - general as instruments of the Queen 's authority , including travel , security , residences , offices , ceremonies , and the like . Supports of the monarchy argue it costs New Zealand taxpayers only a small outlay for royal engagements and tours and the expenses of the governor - general 's establishment . Monarchy New Zealand states `` ( t ) his figure is about one dollar per person per year '' , about $4.3 million per annum . An analysis by New Zealand Republic of the 2010 budget claimed the office of governor - general costs New Zealand taxpayers about $7.6 million in ongoing costs and $11 million for Government House upgrades , figures Monarchy New Zealand claimed had been `` arbitrarily inflated '' by New Zealand Republic . </P> <H3> Succession ( edit ) </H3> Further information : Succession to the New Zealand throne <P> Succession is , for persons born before 28 October 2011 , governed by male - preference cognatic primogeniture and , for those born after 28 October 2011 , by absolute primogeniture -- wherein succession passes to an individual 's children according to birth order , regardless of gender . The succession is governed by the Act of Settlement 1701 , Bill of Rights 1689 , and Royal Succession Act 2013 , legislation that also limits the succession to the natural ( i.e. non-adopted ) , legitimate descendants of Sophia , Electress of Hanover , and stipulates that the monarch can not be a Roman Catholic and must be in communion with the Church of England upon ascending the throne . Though , via adopting the Statute of Westminster ( later repealed in New Zealand ) and the Imperial Laws Application Act 1988 , these constitutional documents as they apply to New Zealand now lie within the full control of the New Zealand Parliament , New Zealand also agreed not to change its rules of succession without the unanimous consent of the other realms , unless explicitly leaving the shared monarchy relationship ; a situation that applies symmetrically in all the other realms , including the United Kingdom , and has been likened to a treaty amongst these countries . Thus , New Zealand 's line of succession remains identical to that of the United Kingdom . As such , the rules for succession are not fixed , but may be changed by a constitutional amendment . The Constitution Act 1986 specifies that should a regent be installed in the United Kingdom , that individual will carry out the functions of the monarch of New Zealand . </P> Charles , Prince of Wales , is the heir apparent to the New Zealand throne <P> Upon a demise of the Crown ( the death or abdication of a sovereign ) , the late sovereign 's heir immediately and automatically succeeds , without any need for confirmation or further ceremony -- hence arises the phrase `` The King is dead . Long live the King ! '' It is customary , though , for the accession of the new monarch to be publicly proclaimed by the governor - general on behalf of the Executive Council of New Zealand . Following an appropriate period of mourning , the monarch is also crowned in the United Kingdom in an ancient ritual , but one not necessary for a sovereign to reign . Other than a transfer of all royal powers and functions to the new monarch from his or her predecessor , no other law or office is affected , as all references in legislation to previous monarchs , whether in the masculine ( e.g. `` His Majesty '' ) or feminine ( e.g. `` the Queen '' ) , continue to mean the reigning sovereign of New Zealand . After an individual ascends the throne , he or she typically continues to reign until death , being unable to unilaterally abdicate per the tenets of constitutional monarchy . </P> <H3> Title ( edit ) </H3> Further information : List of titles and honours of Queen Elizabeth II <P> One of the first post-Second World War examples of New Zealand 's status as an independent monarchy was the alteration of the monarch 's title by the Royal Titles Act 1953 . For the first time , the official New Zealand title mentioned New Zealand separately from the United Kingdom and the other realms , to highlight the monarch 's role specifically as Queen of New Zealand , as well as the shared aspect of the Crown throughout the realms ; the title at that time was Elizabeth II , by the Grace of God of the United Kingdom , New Zealand and Her Other Realms and Territories Queen , Head of the Commonwealth , Defender of the Faith . Since the passage of the Royal Titles Act 1974 , the monarch 's title in New Zealand has been Elizabeth the Second , by the Grace of God Queen of New Zealand and Her Other Realms and Territories , Head of the Commonwealth , Defender of the Faith . </P> <P> Although the Queen 's New Zealand title includes the phrase Defender of the Faith , neither the Queen nor the governor - general has any religious role in New Zealand ; there has never been an established church in the country . This is one of the key differences from the Queen 's role in England , where she is Supreme Governor of the Church of England . </P> <H2> Representation of the state ( edit ) </H2> <P> As the living embodiment of the Crown , the sovereign is regarded as the personification , or legal personality , of the New Zealand state , with the state therefore referred to as Her Majesty The Queen in Right of New Zealand , or The Crown . As such , the monarch is the employer of all government staff ( including the viceroys , judges , members of the New Zealand Defence Force , police officers , and parliamentarians ) , as well as the owner of all state lands ( Crown land ) , buildings and equipment ( Crown held property ) , state owned companies ( Crown entities ) , and the copyright for all government publications ( Crown copyright ) . This is all in his or her position as sovereign , and not as an individual ; all such property is held by the Crown in perpetuity and can not be sold by the sovereign without the proper advice and consent of his or her ministers . </P> <P> As the embodiment of the state , the monarch is the locus of oaths of allegiance , required of many employees of the Crown , as well as by new citizens , as per the Oath of Citizenship laid out in the Citizenship Act . This is done in reciprocation to the sovereign 's Coronation Oath , wherein he or she promises `` to govern the Peoples of ... New Zealand ... according to their respective laws and customs . '' </P> <H2> Constitutional role ( edit ) </H2> <P> New Zealand 's constitution is made up of a variety of statutes and conventions that are either British or New Zealand in origin , and together give New Zealand a parliamentary system of government wherein the role of the Queen is both legal and practical . The Crown is regarded as a corporation , with the sovereign , in the position of head of state , as the centre of a construct in which the power of the whole is shared by multiple institutions of government acting under the sovereign 's authority . Though this power stems from the people , all New Zealanders live under the authority of the monarch . </P> <P> The vast powers that belong to the Crown are collectively known as the Royal Prerogative , the exercise of which does not require parliamentary approval , though it is not unlimited ; for example , the monarch does not have the prerogative to impose and collect new taxes without the authorisation of an Act of Parliament . The consent of the Crown must , however , be obtained before Parliament may even debate a bill affecting the sovereign 's prerogatives or interests , and no act of parliament binds the Queen or her rights unless the act states that it does . </P> <H3> Executive ( edit ) </H3> <P> The Government of New Zealand is defined by the constitution as the Queen acting on the advice of her Executive Council . One of the main duties of the Crown is to ensure that a democratically elected government is always in place , which means appointing a prime minister to thereafter head the Cabinet -- a committee of the Executive Council charged with advising the Crown on the exercise of the Royal Prerogative , and legally required to keep the Governor - General up to date on state affairs . </P> The ministers of the Fifth Labour Government with then Governor - General Dame Silvia Cartwright , 20 October 2005 <P> In the construct of constitutional monarchy and responsible government , the ministerial advice tendered is typically binding , meaning the monarch reigns but does not rule . However , the Royal Prerogative belongs to the Crown and not to any of the ministers , and the royal and viceroyal figures may unilaterally use these powers in exceptional constitutional crisis situations , thereby allowing the monarch to make sure that the Government conducts itself in compliance with the constitution . There are also a few duties which must be specifically performed by , or bills that require assent by , the Queen ; these include applying the royal sign - manual and Seal of New Zealand to the appointment papers of governors - general , the confirmation of awards of New Zealand Royal Honours , and the approval of any change in her New Zealand title . </P> Foreign affairs ( edit ) <P> The Royal Prerogative also extends to foreign affairs : the sovereign or the governor - general conducts treaties , alliances , and international agreements , on the advice of the Cabinet . The governor - general , on behalf of the Queen , also accredits New Zealand high commissioners and ambassadors , and receives similar diplomats from foreign states . In 2005 , the Letters of Credence and Recall were altered so as to run in the name of the incumbent governor - general , instead of following the usual international process of the letters being from one head of state to another . In addition , the issuance of passports falls under the Royal Prerogative , and , as such , all New Zealand passports are issued in the monarch 's name and remain her property . </P> <H3> Parliament ( edit ) </H3> Serjeant - at - Arms carries the ceremonial mace at the Opening of the New Zealand Parliament in 1950 . The mace represents the monarch 's authority in parliament . <P> The sovereign is one of the two components of Parliament ( the legislature ) , but the monarch and viceroy do not participate in the legislative process save for the granting of Royal Assent , which is necessary for a bill to be enacted as law ; either figure or a delegate may perform this task , and the viceroy has the option of deferring assent to the sovereign . The Crown is further responsible for summoning , proroguing , and dissolving the House of Representatives , after which the governor - general usually calls for a general election . The new parliamentary session is marked by either the monarch or the Governor - General reading the Speech from the Throne ; as the both are traditionally barred from the House of Representatives , this ceremony , as well as the bestowing of Royal Assent , takes place in the Legislative Council Chamber ; the monarch has formally opened parliament on five occasions : January 1954 , February 1963 , March 1970 , February 1986 , and February 1990 . Despite the sovereign 's exclusion , Members of Parliament must still express their loyalty to her and defer to her authority , as the Oath of Allegiance must be recited by all new parliamentarians before they may take their seat , and the official opposition is traditionally dubbed as Her Majesty 's Loyal Opposition . </P> <H3> Courts ( edit ) </H3> <P> The sovereign is responsible for rendering justice for all her subjects , and is thus traditionally deemed the fount of justice . However , she does not personally rule in judicial cases ; instead the judicial functions of the Royal Prerogative are performed in trust and in the Queen 's name by Officers of Her Majesty 's Court . The monarch is immune from criminal prosecution , the notion in common law being that the sovereign `` can do no wrong '' ; the monarch can not be prosecuted in her own courts for criminal offences . Civil lawsuits against the Crown in its public capacity ( that is , lawsuits against the Queen - in - Council ) are permitted ; however , lawsuits against the monarch personally are not cognisable . The monarch , and by extension the Governor - General , also grants immunity from prosecution , exercises the Royal Prerogative of Mercy , and may pardon offences against the Crown , either before , during , or after a trial . </P> <P> As the judges and courts are the sovereign 's judges and courts , and as all law in New Zealand derives from the Crown , the monarch stands to give legitimacy to courts of justice , and is the source of their judicial authority . The Arms of Her Majesty in Right of New Zealand is always displayed in New Zealand courtrooms . </P> <H3> The Crown and the New Zealand Defence Force ( edit ) </H3> King George VI speaks with a RNZAF Flight Lieutenant Les Munro at RAF Scampton , 27 May 1943 . Allegiance ( by Defence Force personnel is to ) the Sovereign , ( however ) loyalty ( is ) to the Government of the day ... The Defence Force and the disposition of those Forces are at the decision ... of Her Majesty 's Ministers for the time being . State Services Commission , December 2001 <P> The Crown also sits at the pinnacle of the New Zealand Defence Force . The governor - general is Commander - in - Chief and under the Defence Act 1990 is authorised to `` raise and maintain armed forces '' , consisting of the New Zealand Army , Royal New Zealand Navy , and Royal New Zealand Air Force . The sovereign 's position as Head of the Armed Forces is reflected in New Zealand 's naval vessels bearing the prefix Her Majesty 's New Zealand Ship ( His Majesty 's New Zealand Ship in the reign of a male monarch ) , and in the requirement that all members of the armed forces swear their allegiance to the sovereign and his or her heirs and successors . The Governor - General commissions officers to command the forces ; Saluting of these individuals by soldiers is , besides a sign of personal respect , an indirect salute to the monarch and her authority . </P> <P> Though the monarch and members of her family also act as Colonels - in - Chief of various regiments in the military , these posts are only ceremonial in nature , reflecting the Crown 's relationship with the military through participation in military ceremonies both at home and abroad . Various regiments have also received a royal prefix , such as the Corps of Royal New Zealand Engineers , the Royal New Zealand Infantry Regiment , and the Royal New Zealand Army Logistic Regiment . </P> <P> One particular area of note is that the country 's only currently ranked Admiral of the Fleet is Prince Philip , the Queen 's consort . This title is held in conjunction with those of Field Marshal and Marshal of the Royal New Zealand Air Force . </P> <H3> The Crown and Māori ( edit ) </H3> <P> Māori interaction with the Crown dates back to 1832 , when King William IV in his British Council appointed James Busby as Resident , to address concerns on the part of Māori in the Bay of Islands over expanding European settlements in that area . On 28 October 1835 , Busby oversaw a hui ( forum ) held at Waitangi , at which a flag was selected for New Zealand and a declaration of independence written by Busby was signed by 36 Māori chiefs ; both were acknowledged the following year by the King in a letter from Lord Glenelg . </P> <P> As a result , the declaration 's ratification by the House of Commons in 1836 , officials in the Colonial Office determined in 1839 that a treaty of cessation would need to be signed with Māori for the British Crown to acquire sovereignty over New Zealand . The Treaty of Waitangi was signed in 1840 by representatives of the British Crown and over 500 Māori chiefs , and is considered the founding document of the nation . The Treaty identifies the Crown 's right to Kawanatanga or Governorship , leading one Maori academic to argue that Kawanatanga , or the New Zealand Government , is party to the treaty . </P> <P> Since the treaty 's implementation , a number of petitions have been made by Māori directly to the sovereign in London , whom they felt they had a special relationship , the first coming from northern chiefs in 1852 . This and all subsequent appeals were directed back to the sovereign 's New Zealand ministers for advice on how to proceed . The results were not always favourable to Māori , who have communicated their discontent to the monarch or other royals ; in response to a refusal by the Executive Council in 1981 to allow Mana Motuhake direct access to Queen Elizabeth II , Māori activist Dun Mihaka offered a traditional rebuke by baring his buttocks at Prince Charles and Princess Diana . In a later incident Mihaka attempted to crash into the Queen 's motorcade ; he was intercepted by Police before this happened . </P> <P> In the Māori language , the Queen is sometimes referred to as te kōtuku - rerenga - tahi , meaning `` the white heron of a single flight '' ; in Māori proverb , the rare white heron is a significant bird seen only once in a lifetime . In 1953 , for her coronation , Queen Elizabeth II was given a kiwi feather Korowai , cloak , which she wears when attending a pōwhiri , or Māori welcoming ceremony , also speaking partly in Māori . </P> <H3> Cook Islands , Niue and Territories ( edit ) </H3> Further information : Monarchy of the Cook Islands <P> The sovereign of New Zealand also serves as monarch to Cook Islands and Niue , territories in free association with New Zealand within the larger Realm of New Zealand . The New Zealand monarchy , however , is unitary throughout all jurisdictions in the country , with the headship of state being a part of all equally . As such , the sovereignty of Cook Islands and Niue is passed on not by the governor - general or parliament of New Zealand but through the overreaching Crown itself as part of executive , legislative and judicial operations in all three areas . </P> <P> The self - government provisions for the Cook Islands within the Realm of New Zealand allow the Queen to be represented as head of state in Cook Islands affairs by the Queen 's Representative , while the governor - general of New Zealand represents the Queen in matters pertaining to the entire Realm . The governor - general ( represented by State Services Commissioner ) represents the Queen in Niue , carrying out all the monarch 's constitutional and ceremonial duties of state on her behalf . The Administrator of the territory of Tokelau is appointed by New Zealand 's Minister of Foreign Affairs as a representative of the New Zealand government and not for a sovereign state . </P> <H2> Cultural role ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Royal presence and duties ( edit ) </H3> Further information : List of Commonwealth visits made by Queen Elizabeth II <P> Members of the Royal Family have been present in New Zealand since the late 1800s , their reasons including participating in military manoeuvres , serving as viceroy , or undertaking official royal tours . Usually important milestones , anniversaries , or celebrations of New Zealand culture will warrant the presence of the monarch , while other royals will be asked to participate in lesser occasions . Official duties involve the sovereign representing the New Zealand state at home or abroad , or her relations as members of the Royal Family participating in government organised ceremonies either in New Zealand or elsewhere . The advice of the New Zealand Cabinet is the impetus for royal participation in any New Zealand event . Such events have included centennials and bicentennials ; Waitangi Day ; the openings of Commonwealth and other games ; anniversaries of Māori treaty signings ; awards ceremonies ; D - Day commemorations ; anniversaries of the monarch 's accession ; and the like . Conversely , unofficial duties are performed by Royal Family members on behalf of New Zealand organisations of which they may be patrons , through their attendance at charity events , visiting with members of the New Zealand Defence Force as Colonel - in - Chief , or marking certain key anniversaries . The invitation and expenses associated with these undertakings are usually borne by the associated organisation . </P> <P> Since 1869 , when Prince Alfred , one of Queen Victoria 's sons arrived on New Zealand 's shores , dozens of tours of New Zealand by a member of the Royal Family have taken place , though only five of those occurred before 1953 . After Alfred came The Duke and Duchess of Cornwall and York ( later King George V and Queen Mary ) in 1901 ; Prince Edward , Prince of Wales ( later King Edward VIII ) , in 1920 ; The Duke and Duchess of York ( later King George VI and Queen Elizabeth ) in 1927 ; and Prince Henry , Duke of Gloucester , from 1934 to 1935 . Queen Elizabeth II was the first reigning monarch of New Zealand to tour the country , becoming such when she arrived during her 1953 -- 1954 global tour ; she broadcast from Government House in Auckland her annual Royal Christmas Message . </P> Elizabeth II on a royal tour of New Zealand in January 1954 . Accompanying her is Gisborne mayor Harry Barker and the Duke of Edinburgh ( in the background ) . <P> Queen Elizabeth also toured New Zealand on a number of other occasions : between 6 and 18 February 1963 , she attended celebrations at Waitangi and the Queen Elizabeth II Arts Council was founded as the nation 's gift to the monarch ; from 12 to 30 March 1970 , the Queen , accompanied by Prince Charles and Princess Anne , participated in the James Cook bicentenary celebrations ; between 30 January and 8 February 1974 , and she attended and closed that year 's Commonwealth Games in Christchurch and participated in New Zealand Day events at Waitangi . As part of a Commonwealth - wide tour for her Silver Jubilee , Elizabeth was in New Zealand from 22 February to 7 March 1977 ; she made a brief visit , between 12 and 20 October 1981 , following a Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting ( CHOGM ) in Melbourne ; marked the centennial of the New Zealand Police during a tour from 22 February to 2 March 1986 ; the Queen closed the Commonwealth Games in Auckland and , with her son , Prince Edward , took part in events marking the sesquicentennial of the Treaty of Waitangi between 1 and 16 February 1990 ; between 1 and 10 November 1995 , she attended the CHOGM in Auckland and opened the newly refurbished parliament buildings ; and , as part of her global tour for her Golden Jubilee , Elizabeth was in New Zealand from 22 to 27 February 2002 . </P> <P> Some of the royal tours undertaken by more junior members of the royal family include the 1990 visit of Princess Anne to commemorate the 75th anniversary of the Gallipoli landings on Anzac Day , and when Prince William represented the Queen of New Zealand at VE and VJ Day commemorations in 2005 , as part of an 11 - day tour , and opened the new Supreme Court of New Zealand building in early 2010 . Prince Edward spent two terms of the 1982 academic year as a house tutor and junior master at the Wanganui Collegiate School . </P> <H3> Symbols ( edit ) </H3> A stamp bearing the images of Queen Elizabeth and King George VI flanking the shield of the arms of New Zealand , to commemorate the King 's coronation on 12 May 1937 <P> References to the monarchy are commonplace in public life in New Zealand . Her portrait is often found in Government Buildings , military installations , and schools . There are references to St Edward 's Crown , on New Zealand 's coat of arms , on various medals , and awards . These latter cases reflect the monarch 's place as the formal head of the New Zealand honours system . As such , only she can approve the creation of an honour , which she does as requested by the Government of New Zealand . Though the monarch themselves formally appoints members to the various orders , the governor - general administers most other responsibilities relating to New Zealand honours on the Queen 's behalf ( such as investitures ) . </P> New Zealand shilling coin , 1933 , featuring a profile of King George V <P> The use of the term royal , as in the Royal New Zealand Navy and Royal New Zealand Air Force , and oaths taken by politicians , judges , members of the armed forces and new citizens are to the Queen . The Queen 's portrait appears on some postage stamps , the obverse ( front ) of New Zealand coins , and all banknotes feature the portrait of the Queen as the watermark . However , only the twenty - dollar banknote bears her image as the main feature . </P> <P> In New Zealand , the Queen 's Official Birthday is a public holiday and is celebrated in the first Monday in June . Celebrations are mainly official , including the Birthday Honours list and military ceremonies . </P> <P> New Zealand inherited the anthem `` God Save the Queen '' ( or `` God Save the King '' ) from Britain . It remains one of the two national anthems , along with `` God Defend New Zealand '' , but has been generally restricted to ANZAC Day services and official occasions where the monarch , a member of the Royal Family , or the governor - general is being either honoured or in attendance for a particular purpose . </P> <H3> Organisations with Royal patronage ( edit ) </H3> See also : List of New Zealand organisations with royal patronage <P> To receive patronage , an organisation must prove to be long lasting , and to be of the highest standard in their field . These organisations such as the Royal New Zealand Returned and Services ' Association , have received patronage from various monarchs and their families . Royal patronage is the royal individual 's decision to make , though the Ministry for Culture and Heritage will help organisations to seek patronage . </P> <H2> Debate ( edit ) </H2> <P> There is less agitation for ending the monarchy of New Zealand and creating a New Zealand republic than in neighbouring Australia , where Australian republicanism is stronger . Supporters of the monarchy claim that for New Zealand , `` ... monarchy summarises the inheritance of a thousand years of constitutional government and our links with a glorious past '' . </P> <P> Neither National or Labour , the two major political parties currently in parliament , have a stated policy of creating a republic , though some Members of Parliament have publicly expressed their personal support for a republic . Some members have also expressed support for the monarchy . Former Deputy Prime Minister Michael Cullen declared that he supported the monarchy , stating in 2004 he was `` a sort of token monarchist in the Cabinet these days . '' However , in 2010 he repudiated that stance , taking the view that New Zealand should move towards a republic once the Queen 's reign ends . In 2008 , former Prime Minister John Key said he is `` not convinced ( a republic ) will be a big issue in the short term , '' but does believe that a republic is `` inevitable . '' There are two special - interest groups representing both sides of the debate in New Zealand , and argue the issue in the media from time to time : the Monarchy New Zealand and New Zealand Republic . </P> <P> There are a number of legal issues to be addressed in order to abolish the monarchy , though individuals on both sides of the argument take a different view of the level of difficulty faced . Much of the unsurety involves the reserve powers of the sovereign ; the relationship between the various regions of the Realm of New Zealand presently sharing the same sovereign ( the absence of these matters from republican arguments having been criticised as a `` self - centredness of republican discussions in New Zealand '' ) ; and effects on the relationship between the Crown and Māori , specifically , the continued legal status of the Treaty of Waitangi and its claims and settlements . Some academics expressed concern that governments could use republicanism to evade treaty responsibilities , while others , such as Professor Noel Cox , Chairman - Emeritus of Monarchy New Zealand , have argued a republic would not absolve the Government of its obligations under the treaty . </P> <P> The New Zealand public are generally in favour of the retention of the monarchy , with recent polls showing it to have between 50 and 70 % support . Polls indicate that many New Zealanders see the monarchy as being of little day - to - day relevance ; a One News Colmar Brunton poll in 2002 found that 58 % of the population believed the monarchy has little or no relevance to their lives . National Business Review poll in 2004 found 57 % of respondents believed New Zealand would become a republic `` in the future '' . </P> <P> However , the institution still enjoys the support of New Zealanders , particularly those born before the Second World War . With the approval of the current monarch , and the position of the Treaty of Waitangi under a republic remaining a concern to Māori and other New Zealanders alike , as well as the question of what constitutional form a republic might take unresolved , support for a republic remains no higher than one third to 40 % of the population . On 21 April 2008 , New Zealand Republic released a poll of New Zealanders showing 43 % support the monarchy should Prince Charles become King of New Zealand , and 41 % support a republic under the same scenario . A poll by The New Zealand Herald in January 2010 , before a visit by Prince William to the country found 33.3 % wanted Prince Charles to be the next monarch , with 30.2 % favouring Prince William . 29.4 % of respondents preferred a republic in the event Queen Elizabeth died or abdicated . </P> <P> On 14 October 2009 , a bill put forward in parliament by Keith Locke to bring about a referendum on the monarchy was drawn from the ballot of members ' bills and introduced into the legislative chamber . It had been presumed that this bill would have been binding in New Zealand only , having no effect in the Cook Islands or Niue . On 21 April 2010 the bill was defeated at its first reading 68 -- 53 , and did not continue through to select committee . </P> <P> On the eve of a royal tour by Prince Charles and Camilla , Duchess of Cornwall , 10 November 2012 , a ONE News / Colmar Brunton poll reported 70 % of people questioned responded they wanted to `` keep The Queen as head of state '' , while only 19 percent supported a republic . Following the tour , a poll by Curia Market Research commissioned by New Zealand Republic found 51 % of respondents wanted Charles as King once the Queen 's reign ends , while 41 % supported a republic . </P> <H2> History ( edit ) </H2> A statue of Queen Victoria in Dunedin <P> The history of the monarchy in New Zealand has involved a shifting relationship with both the distant monarch and also the British government . The development of a distinct New Zealand monarchy -- separate from the British monarchy -- came about through a complex set of incremental events . </P> <P> Lieutenant James Cook first sailed to New Zealand in 1769 . There he mapped the entire coastline and tentatively claimed the land for King George III of the United Kingdom . Beginning in 1790 , an increasing number of European settlers came to New Zealand . In 1833 , with growing lawlessness amongst traders and settlers , the British government appointed James Busby as British Resident to protect British trading interests . Despite Busby 's presence , trouble increased . In 1840 , the British government sent Captain William Hobson to New Zealand as lieutenant governor , to acquire the sovereignty of New Zealand , by way of a treaty with the native Māori chiefs . The Treaty of Waitangi was signed on 6 February 1840 , at Waitangi in the Bay of Islands . Over five hundred Māori chiefs signed the treaty as it was taken around the country during the next eight months . Following the Treaty of Waitangi , the islands of New Zealand became a Crown colony and Queen Victoria became the monarch over New Zealand . In the nineteenth century some Māori who visited London were introduced to royalty ; the first , Moehanga , met King George III in 1806 . </P> <P> In 1907 , New Zealand achieved the status of `` Dominion '' , which meant it was a country of the British Empire and later the Commonwealth of Nations , with autonomy in domestic and foreign affairs . ( The term fell into disuse after the Second World War . ) In 1917 , letters patent of King George V set out the powers , duties and responsibilities of the governor - general and the Executive Council . At an Imperial Conference in 1926 , the Balfour Declaration provided that the United Kingdom and the Dominions were to be considered as `` autonomous communities within the British Empire , equal in status , in no way subordinate to one another in any aspect of their domestic or external affairs , though united by a common allegiance to the Crown . '' </P> <P> The Crown was further separated amongst its Dominions by the Statute of Westminster in 1931 , an act of the British Parliament , which gave New Zealand and other Dominions the authority to make their own laws in all matters , and confirmed that the British ( Imperial ) Parliament could only make laws with application to the Dominions with their consent . New Zealand ratified the Statute in 1947 , after the passing of the Statute of Westminster Adoption Act 1947 . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Td> `` </Td> <Td> I look forward to continuing to serve to the best of my ability in the years to come . It fills me with great pride to stand before you here today to express my lasting respect and deep affection for this country and for New Zealanders everywhere . </Td> <Td> '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="3"> -- Queen Elizabeth II , 25 February 2002 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The sovereign did not possess a title unique to New Zealand until the New Zealand Parliament enacted the Royal Titles Act in 1953 , altering the style borne by the Queen in New Zealand and giving her the title of Queen of the United Kingdom , New Zealand and Her Other Realms and Territories . </P> Queen Elizabeth II 's personal flag for New Zealand , used solely by her in her capacity as Queen of New Zealand <P> A personal flag for use by the Queen in New Zealand was adopted in 1962 . It features the shield design of the New Zealand coat of arms in the form of an oblong or square . Superimposed in the centre is a dark blue roundel bearing an initial E surmounted by a Royal crown within a gold chaplet of roses . </P> <P> More recently , the Constitution Act 1986 has become the principal formal statement of New Zealand 's constitution . This act formally establishes that the sovereign ( in Right of New Zealand ) is the head of State of New Zealand and that the governor - general is her representative ; each can , in general , exercise all the powers of the other . However the appointment of the governor - general is only done by the Queen , on the advice of the prime minister . </P> <H2> List of monarchs ( edit ) </H2> <P> </P> See also : List of British monarchs and List of governors - general of New Zealand <H3> Colonial ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Portrait </Th> <Th> Regal name </Th> <Th_colspan="2"> Reign over the Colony of New Zealand </Th> <Th> Full name </Th> <Th> Consort </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Victoria ( 1819 -- 1901 ) House of Hanover </Td> <Td> 6 February 1840 </Td> <Td> 22 January 1901 </Td> <Td> Alexandrina Victoria </Td> <Td> Prince Albert of Saxe - Coburg and Gotha </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="4"> Governors : William Hobson , Willoughby Shortland , Robert FitzRoy , Sir George Grey , Sir Robert Wynyard , Sir Thomas Browne , Sir George Bowen , Sir George Arney , Sir James Fergusson , 6th Baronet , George Phipps , 2nd Marquess of Normanby , Sir James Prendergast , Sir Hercules Robinson , Sir Arthur Hamilton - Gordon , Sir William Jervois , William Onslow , 4th Earl of Onslow , David Boyle , 7th Earl of Glasgow , Uchter Knox , 5th Earl of Ranfurly Prime ministers : Henry Sewell , William Fox , Edward Stafford , Alfred Domett , Frederick Whitaker , Frederick Weld , George Waterhouse , Sir Julius Vogel , Daniel Pollen , Harry Atkinson , Sir George Grey , Sir John Hall , John Ballance , Richard Seddon </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Edward VII ( 1841 -- 1910 ) House of Saxe - Coburg and Gotha </Td> <Td> 22 January 1901 </Td> <Td> 26 September 1907 </Td> <Td> Albert Edward </Td> <Td> Alexandra of Denmark </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="4"> Governors : Uchter Knox , 5th Earl of Ranfurly , William Plunket , 5th Baron Plunket , Sir Robert Stout Prime ministers : Richard Seddon , Sir William Hall - Jones , Sir Joseph Ward , 1st Baronet </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ol> <Li> ^ In 1907 new Letters Patent were issued to mark New Zealand 's change in status from a Crown colony to a Dominion . This marks the establishment of the Crown in Right of New Zealand . </Li> </Ol> <H3> Post-colonial ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Portrait </Th> <Th> Regnal name </Th> <Th_colspan="2"> Reign over New Zealand </Th> <Th> Full name </Th> <Th> Consort </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Edward VII ( 1841 -- 1910 ) House of Saxe - Coburg and Gotha </Td> <Td> 26 September 1907 </Td> <Td> 6 May 1910 </Td> <Td> Albert Edward </Td> <Td> Alexandra of Denmark </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="4"> Governors : Sir Robert Stout Prime ministers : Sir Joseph Ward , 1st Baronet </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> George V ( 1865 -- 1936 ) House of Saxe - Coburg and Gotha ( until 1917 ) House of Windsor ( after 1917 ) </Td> <Td> 6 May 1910 </Td> <Td> 20 January 1936 </Td> <Td> George Frederick Ernest Albert </Td> <Td> Mary of Teck </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="4"> Governors - general : Sir Robert Stout , John Dickson - Poynder , 1st Baron Islington , Arthur Foljambe , 2nd Earl of Liverpool , John Jellicoe , 1st Viscount Jellicoe , Sir Charles Fergusson , 7th Baronet , Sir Michael Myers , Charles Bathurst , 1st Viscount Bledisloe Prime ministers : Sir Joseph Ward , 1st Baronet , Thomas Mackenzie , William Massey , Sir Francis Bell , Gordon Coates , George Forbes , Michael Joseph Savage </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Edward VIII ( 1894 -- 1972 ) House of Windsor </Td> <Td> 20 January 1936 </Td> <Td> 11 December 1936 </Td> <Td> Edward Albert Christian George Andrew Patrick David </Td> <Td> none </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="4"> Governors - general : George Monckton - Arundell , 8th Viscount Galway Prime ministers : Michael Joseph Savage </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> George VI ( 1895 -- 1952 ) House of Windsor </Td> <Td> 11 December 1936 </Td> <Td> 6 February 1952 </Td> <Td> Albert Frederick Arthur George </Td> <Td> Elizabeth Bowes - Lyon </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="4"> Governors - general : George Monckton - Arundell , 8th Viscount Galway , Cyril Newall , 1st Baron Newall Prime ministers : Michael Joseph Savage , Peter Fraser , Sir Sidney Holland </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Elizabeth II ( 1926 -- ) House of Windsor </Td> <Td> 6 February 1952 </Td> <Td> Present </Td> <Td> Elizabeth Alexandra Mary </Td> <Td> Prince Philip , Duke of Edinburgh </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="4"> Governors - general : Bernard Freyberg , 1st Baron Freyberg , Sir Humphrey O'Leary , Willoughby Norrie , 1st Baron Norrie , Sir Harold Barrowclough , Charles Lyttelton , 10th Viscount Cobham , Sir Bernard Fergusson , Sir Richard Wild , Sir Arthur Porritt , 1st Baronet , Sir Denis Blundell , Sir Keith Holyoake , Sir Ronald Davison , Sir David Beattie , Sir Paul Reeves , Dame Catherine Tizard , Sir Michael Boys , Dame Sian Elias , Dame Silvia Cartwright , Sir Anand Satyanand , Sir Jerry Mateparae , Dame Patsy Reddy Prime ministers : Sir Sidney Holland , Sir Keith Holyoake , Sir Walter Nash , Sir John Marshall , Norman Kirk , Sir Bill Rowling , Sir Robert Muldoon , David Lange , Sir Geoffrey Palmer , Mike Moore , Jim Bolger , Dame Jenny Shipley , Helen Clark , Sir John Key , Bill English , Jacinda Ardern </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Commonwealth realms portal </Li> <Li> Monarchy portal </Li> <Li> New Zealand portal </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Māori King Movement </Li> <Li> Monarchy of the Cook Islands </Li> <Li> States headed by Elizabeth II </Li> <Li> Monarchies in Oceania </Li> <Li> List of monarchies </Li> <Li> Royal Succession Act 2013 ( Bill 99 - 1 in the New Zealand ) </Li> </Ul> <H2> Notes ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ The monarchy is also referred to as the Crown , the Crown in Right of New Zealand , Her Majesty the Queen in Right of New Zealand or the Sovereign in Right of New Zealand , especially in regard to the entire executive of the government of New Zealand . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ For example , Edward VIII was never crowned , yet was undoubtedly king during his short time on the throne . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ The only New Zealand monarch to abdicate , Edward VIII , did so with the authorisation of the New Zealand government granted in His Majesty 's Declaration of Abdication Act , 1936 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ For example , if a lawsuit is filed against the government , the respondent is formally described as Her Majesty the Queen in Queen in Right of New Zealand , or simply Regina . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Such events include inspections of the troops , and anniversaries of key battles ; the governor - general represents the sovereign at military commemorations in New Zealand and sometimes at ceremonies abroad ; for example , Sir Anand Satyanand in 2007 attended commemorations of the Battle of Passchendaele in Belgium , whenever the sovereign or a member of her family is in Auckland , they lay a wreath at the War Memorial , or at the National War Memorial in Wellington . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Though the Royal Family represents other countries abroad , as directed by their respective cabinets , and typically the Governor - General will undertake state visits and other foreign duties on behalf of the Queen of New Zealand , members of the Royal Family will also take part in New Zealand events overseas . For example , on 11 November 2006 , Queen Elizabeth II -- accompanied by Prince Philip , Duke of Edinburgh ; Prince Charles , Prince of Wales ; The Duchess of Cornwall ; Prince William ; Prince Andrew , Duke of York ; and Princess Anne , Princess Royal -- dedicated the New Zealand war memorial in London 's Hyde Park , reviewing a royal Guard of honour formed by the largest contingent of New Zealand forces seen in the UK since Her Majesty 's Coronation in 1953 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> Citations ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ Shore , Cris ; Kawharu , Margaret ( 17 June 2014 ) . `` The Crown in Right of New Zealand : Anthropological Perspectives on an Imagined Sovereign '' . Sites : a journal of social anthropology and cultural studies . 11 ( 1 ) : 17 . ISSN 1179 - 0237 . doi : 10.11157 / sites - vol11iss1id267 . Retrieved 28 June 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Office of the Governor - General of New Zealand . `` On the Constitution of New Zealand '' . Retrieved 29 June 2017 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Elizabeth II ( 13 December 1986 ) , Constitution Act , 1986 , 2.1 , Wellington : Queen 's Printer for New Zealand , retrieved 30 December 2009 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Cabinet Office 2017 , p. 3 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Cabinet Office 2017 , p. 7 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Trepanier , Peter ( 2004 ) . `` Some Visual Aspects of the Monarchical Tradition '' ( PDF ) . Canadian Parliamentary Review . Ottawa : Commonwealth Parliamentary Association . 27 ( 2 ) : 28 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 8 March 2010 . Retrieved 8 October 2009 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Kisch , Conrad ( 2009 ) . Destination . New Zealand . Gyldendal Uddannelse . p. 43 . ISBN 9788702075847 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Royal Family '' . The Encyclopedia of New Zealand . Retrieved 2 September 2016 . Many New Zealanders are content to have the British monarch as head of state </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Copley , Gregory R. ( 1999 ) . Defense & Foreign Affairs Handbook . Perth Corporation . p. 1056 . Retrieved 25 April 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Boyce , Peter John ( 2008 ) . The Queen 's Other Realms : The Crown and Its Legacy in Australia , Canada and New Zealand . Federation Press . p. 172 . ISBN 9781862877009 . Retrieved 7 May 2017 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Peaslee , Amos J. ( 1985 ) . Constitutions of Nations ( Rev. 4th ed . ) . Dordrecht : Nijhoff . p. 882 . ISBN 9789024729050 . Retrieved 2 September 2016 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` The Queen and the Commonwealth > Queen and New Zealand > The Queen 's role in New Zealand '' . The Royal Household . Archived from the original on 21 March 2015 . Retrieved 1 January 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Office of the Governor - General of New Zealand . `` Role & Functions > The Role of the Governor - General '' . Queen 's Printer . Retrieved 15 January 2010 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Cabinet Office 2017 , p. 8 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Elizabeth II 1986 , 3.2 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Cost of the Monarchy '' . Monarchy New Zealand . 2009 . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 02 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Vote Prime Minister and Cabinet '' ( PDF ) . New Zealand Treasury . May 2010 . pp. 269 -- 270 . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 02 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Defending the monarchy -- the cost '' . New Zealand Republic . 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 26 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ New Zealand Republic ( 20 May 2010 ) . `` Governor - General more expensive '' . Scoop.co.nz . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Monarchy New Zealand Calls for the Resignation of Republican Chair '' ( PDF ) . 28 October 2010 . Retrieved 15 November 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Girls equal in British throne succession '' . BBC News . 28 October 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Royal Succession Act 2013 '' . New Zealand Legislation . The Parliamentary Counsel Office . Retrieved 12 July 2014 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Cabinet Office 2017 , p. 2 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Tony O'Donohue v. Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada , 41404 ( ON S.C. ) , S. 33 ( Ontario Superior Court of Justice 2003 ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Elizabeth II 1986 , 4.1 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Elizabeth II 1986 , 5.1 -- 2 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Elizabeth II ( 21 May 2004 ) , Guarantee Eligibility Certificate ( PDF ) , Wellington : Queen 's Printer for New Zealand , p. 1 , retrieved 16 May 2009 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Cabinet Office 2017 , p. 41 </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Elizabeth II ( 24 October 1957 ) , Oaths and Declarations Act 1957 , 17 , Wellington : Queen 's Printer for New Zealand , retrieved 1 January 2010 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Elizabeth II 1957 , 22 -- 25 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Form and Order of Service that is to be performed and the Ceremonies that are to be observed in the Coronation of Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II in the Abbey Church of St. Peter , Westminster , on Tuesday , the second day of June 1953 '' . Anglican Liturgical Library . Retrieved 16 May 2009 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Cox , Noel ( September 2002 ) . `` Black v Chrétien : Suing a Minister of the Crown for Abuse of Power , Misfeasance in Public Office and Negligence '' . Murdoch University Electronic Journal of Law . Perth : Murdoch University . 9 ( 3 ) : 12 . Retrieved 17 May 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Elizabeth II 1986 , 3A. 1 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Elizabeth II 1983 , VII </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Cabinet Office 2017 , p. 9 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Elizabeth II 1983 , XVI </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Office of the Governor - General of New Zealand . `` Role & Functions > The Constitutional Role of the Head of State '' . Queen 's Printer . Retrieved 15 January 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Cabinet Office 2017 , p. 14 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Cabinet Office 2017 , p. 75 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Cabinet Office 2017 , p. 87 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ New Zealand Official Year Book 1990 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Fount of Justice '' . British Monarchist League . Retrieved 31 August 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ State Services Commission . `` Review of the Performance of the Defence Force in Relation to Expected Standards of Behaviour , and in Particular the Leaking and Inappropriate Use of Information by Defence Force Personnel '' . Queen 's Printer for New Zealand . Retrieved 1 January 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Elizabeth II ( 1 April 1990 ) , Defence Act 1990 , 5 , 6.1 , Wellington : Parliamentary Counsel Office , retrieved 1 January 2010 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ The Queens Role in New Zealand , archived from the original on 26 September 2013 , retrieved 24 January 2011 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Elizabeth II 1990 , 34 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Governor - General visits Belgium for Passchendaele Commemoration '' . Government House . 6 July 2007 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Heald , Tim ( 1991 ) . The Duke : A Portrait of Prince Philip . London : Hodder and Stoughton . pp. 264 -- 267 . ISBN 0 - 340 - 54607 - 7 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ The Lord Glenelg ( 25 May 1836 ) , `` EXTRACT of a DESPATCH from Lord GLENELG to Major - General Sir RICHARD BOURKE , New South Wales '' , written at London , Documents > Declaration of Independence , Christchurch : Waitangi Associates , retrieved 11 January 2010 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Orange , Claudia ( 2004 ) . An Illustrated History of the Treaty of Waitangi . Wellington : Bridget Williams Books . p. 42 . ISBN 1 - 877242 - 16 - 0 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Mallenby , Patricia E.A. ; Mallenby , Jeremy T.T. ( 2002 ) . Essays in World History : An Undergraduate Perspective . Victoria , B.C. : First Choice Books . pp. 314 -- 215 . ISBN 9780978059316 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Cabinet Office 2017 , p. 1 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Jackson , Moana ( 1996 ) , Trainor , Luke , ed. , Republicanism in New Zealand , Palmerston North : Dunmore Press , p. 119 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 86469 - 256 - 6 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ History Group of the New Zealand Ministry for Culture and Heritage . `` Politics and government > Maori leadership > Maori King movement -- 1860 -- 94 > Normalising relations '' . Queen 's Printer for New Zealand . Retrieved 2 January 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Top 10 Odd Protests -- Down ( Under ) And Dirty '' . Time . 15 December 2008 . Retrieved 8 January 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Royal Household . `` The Queen and the Commonwealth > Queen and New Zealand > Symbols and ceremonies '' . Queen 's Printer . Retrieved 2 January 2010 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Royal Household . `` The Queen and the Commonwealth > Queen and New Zealand > Royal visits '' . Queen 's Printer . 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Retrieved 2 September 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Elizabeth II ( 1981 ) , Constitution of the Cook Islands , 3.1 , Avarua : Queen 's Printer for the Cook Islands , retrieved 2 January 2010 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Elizabeth II ( 30 March 1988 ) , State Sector Act 1988 , 3 , Wellington : Queen 's Printer for New Zealand , retrieved 2 January 2010 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Elizabeth II ( 29 August 1974 ) , Niue Constitution Act 1974 , Schedule 2. I. 1 , Wellington : Queen 's Printer for New Zealand , retrieved 2 January 2010 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Tokelau '' . New Zealand Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade . Retrieved 2 September 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Office of the Governor - General of New Zealand . `` Role & Functions '' The Governor - General 's Three Roles `` . Queen 's Printer . Retrieved 15 January 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Queen honours New Zealand 's dead '' . BBC . 11 November 2006 . 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ISBN 978 - 3 - 639 - 00877 - 7 . </Li> </Ul> <H2> Further reading ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Ashley , Mike ( 1999 ) . The mammoth book of British kings and queens . London : Robinson Publishers . ISBN 1 - 84119 - 096 - 9 . </Li> <Li> Boyce , Peter John ( 2008 ) . The Queen 's Other Realms : The Crown and Its Legacy in Australia , Canada and New Zealand . London : Federation Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 862 - 87700 - 9 . </Li> <Li> Gimpel , Diane Marczely ( 2011 ) . Monarchies . Edina , Minn. : ABDO Pub. Co . ISBN 978 - 1 - 617 - 58950 - 8 . </Li> <Li> Mulgan , Richard ( 2004 ) . Politics in New Zealand . ( 3rd ed . ) . Auckland : Auckland University Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 869 - 40318 - 8 . </Li> </Ul> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> New Zealand press releases at The Royal Household website </Li> <Li> Monarchy New Zealand </Li> <Li> Royal visit to NZ in 1953 -- 54 </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> New Zealand articles </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> History </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Timeline </Li> <Li> Military history </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Treaty of Waitangi </Li> <Li> New Zealand Wars </Li> <Li> Women 's suffrage </Li> <Li> New Zealand and Antarctica </Li> <Li> Colony </Li> <Li> Dominion </Li> <Li> Independence </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Geography </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Biodiversity </Li> <Li> Caves </Li> <Li> Climate </Li> <Li> Earthquakes </Li> <Li> Environment </Li> <Li> Geology </Li> <Li> Islands <Ul> <Li> North Island </Li> <Li> South Island </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Lakes </Li> <Li> Marine reserves </Li> <Li> National parks </Li> <Li> Rivers </Li> <Li> Time zones </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Cities </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Auckland </Li> <Li> Christchurch </Li> <Li> Dunedin </Li> <Li> Hamilton </Li> <Li> Invercargill </Li> <Li> New Plymouth </Li> <Li> Napier -- Hastings </Li> <Li> Nelson </Li> <Li> Palmerston North </Li> <Li> Rotorua </Li> <Li> Tauranga </Li> <Li> Wellington <Ul> <Li> capital </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Subdivisions </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Regions </Li> <Li> Territorial authorities </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Politics </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Constitution </Li> <Li> Elections <Ul> <Li> Electoral system </Li> <Li> Political parties </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Foreign relations </Li> <Li> Human rights <Ul> <Li> Disability </Li> <Li> Intersex </Li> <Li> LGBT </Li> <Li> Transgender </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Judiciary <Ul> <Li> Supreme Court </Li> <Li> Chief Justice </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Law <Ul> <Li> enforcement </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Military </Li> <Li> Monarchy </Li> <Li> Parliament ( House of Representatives ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Government </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Cabinet </Li> <Li> Governor - 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General ) </Li> <Li> Legislative Council ( defunct ) </Li> <Li> House of Representatives </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Parliamentary officers </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Legislative Council </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Speaker of the Legislative Council ( defunct ) </Li> <Li> Chairman of Committees ( defunct ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> House of Representatives </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Speaker of the House of Representatives </Li> <Li> Chairman of Committees ( defunct ) </Li> <Li> Clerk </Li> <Li> Prime Minister </Li> <Li> Leader of the House </Li> <Li> Ministers of Government </Li> <Li> Leader of the Opposition </Li> <Li> Shadow Ministry </Li> <Li> Whips </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Members </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Legislative Council </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Abolishment </Li> <Li> Previous members of the Legislative Council </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> House of Representatives </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Current ( previous ) </Li> <Li> 30 + years </Li> <Li> Father or Mother of the House </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Procedure </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Speech from the throne </Li> <Li> Question time </Li> <Li> Matter of public importance </Li> <Li> Readings of bills </Li> <Li> Queen 's Consent </Li> <Li> Royal assent </Li> <Li> Select committees </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Elections </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Next </Li> <Li> List </Li> <Li> Legislative Council : None ( Previously appointed by Governor General ) </Li> <Li> House of Representatives : Mixed - member proportional ( current ) </Li> <Li> First - past - the - post ( previously ) </Li> <Li> Electorates </Li> <Li> By - elections </Li> <Li> Supplementary elections ( defunct ) </Li> <Li> Caretaker government </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Locations </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Parliament House , Russell ( Destroyed ) </Li> <Li> Parliament House , Auckland ( Destroyed ) </Li> <Li> Parliament House , Wellington ( current ) </Li> <Li> The Beehive ( current executive wing ) </Li> <Li> Parliamentary Library ( current ) </Li> <Li> Bowen House ( current ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Monarchy_of_New_Zealand&oldid=807310859 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> Monarchy in New Zealand </Li> <Li> Constitution of New Zealand </Li> <Li> Commonwealth realms </Li> <Li> Royal families </Li> <Li> Parliament of New Zealand </Li> <Li> Kingdoms </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Pages using web citations with no URL </Li> <Li> Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL </Li> <Li> Use New Zealand English from January 2013 </Li> <Li> All Wikipedia articles written in New Zealand English </Li> <Li> Use dmy dates from January 2013 </Li> <Li> Articles containing Māori - language text </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> Languages </H3> <Ul> <Li> Беларуская </Li> <Li> Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) </Li> <Li> Dansk </Li> <Li> Ελληνικά </Li> <Li> فارسی </Li> <Li> Français </Li> <Li> हिन्दी </Li> <Li> Bahasa Indonesia </Li> <Li> עברית </Li> <Li> ქართული </Li> <Li> 日本 語 </Li> <Li> Polski </Li> <Li> Português </Li> <Li> Русский </Li> <Li> Српски / srpski </Li> <Li> Svenska </Li> <Li> Українська </Li> <Li> 中文 </Li> </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 27 October 2017 , at 05 : 10 . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - 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Foreign involvement in the Syrian Civil war - wikipedia <H1> Foreign involvement in the Syrian Civil war </H1> <P> </P> This article is about support to Syrian Civil War factions and international involvement . For humanitarian aid , see Humanitarian aid during the Syrian Civil War . Map of world and Syria ( red ) with military involvement . Syria Countries that support the Syrian Ba'athist government Countries that support the Syrian Opposition Countries where support is divided between the Syrian Ba'athist government and the Syrian Opposition <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Foreign involvement in the Syrian Civil War </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Since 2011 protests ( show ) <Ul> <Li> Qatari involvement <Ul> <Li> Al - Nusra Front ( 2012 - 2017 </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Foreign rebel fighters <Ul> <Li> ISIL </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Turkish involvement <Ul> <Li> Turkey -- ISIL conflict </Li> <Li> Tomb of Suleyman Shah relocation </Li> <Li> Euphrates Shield </Li> <Li> 2017 airstrikes </Li> <Li> Idlib Governorate operation </Li> <Li> Afrin operation </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Russian involvement <Ul> <Li> 2015 military intervention </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Iranian involvement <Ul> <Li> ( 2017 missile strike ) </Li> <Li> 2012 Hezbollah involvement </Li> <Li> 2018 Iran -- Israel conflict </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Saudi involvement <Ul> <Li> Islamic Front / SIF </Li> <Li> Jaysh al - Islam </Li> <Li> Army of Conquest ( formed 2015 </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> Since 2014 ISIL invasion of Iraq ( show ) <Ul> <Li> U.S. - led Intervention <Ul> <Li> Timeline of raids </Li> <Li> 2014 rescue operation </Li> <Li> May 2015 raid </Li> <Li> 2017 missile strikes </Li> <Li> 2018 bombing </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Jordanian intervention <Ul> <Li> Operation Martyr Muath </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> European NATO involvement <Ul> <Li> Dutch involvement </Li> <Li> German intervention </Li> <Li> French intervention </Li> <Li> Australian intervention </Li> <Li> UK intervention </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Foreign involvement in the Syrian Civil War refers to political , military and operational support to parties involved in the ongoing conflict in Syria that began in March 2011 , as well as active foreign involvement . Most parties involved in the war in Syria receive various types of support from foreign countries and entities based outside Syria . The ongoing conflict in Syria is widely described as a series of overlapping proxy wars between the regional and world powers , primarily between the U.S. and Russia as well as between Iran and Saudi Arabia . </P> <P> The Syrian Ba'athist government is politically and militarily supported by Iran and Russia , actively supported by Lebanese Hezbollah party and by Syrian - based Palestinian group PFLP - GC and others . Since 30 September 2015 , Russia , the only foreign power that has its military assets openly and legally stationed in Syria , wages an intensive air campaign against ISIL and other anti-government forces in Syria , on the side and at the request of the Syrian government . The military activity of Russia in Syria has been criticized by the U.S. and its regional allies ; Turkey overtly clashed with the Russian military in November 2015 over the alleged violation of its airspace by a Russian plane as well as over Russia ′ s bombardment of the areas held by anti-government forces that are supported by Turkey , especially in the Bayırbucak region . </P> <P> The Syrian opposition , politically represented by the Syrian National Coalition , receives financial , logistical , political and in some cases military support from major Sunni states in the Middle East allied with the U.S. , most notably Saudi Arabia , Qatar , and Turkey . From early stages of the civil conflict in Syria , major Western countries such as the U.S , France , and the UK provide political , military and logistic support to the opposition as well as rebel groups in Syria that are not designated by them as terrorist . Since July 2015 , Turkey also openly counters by military means further expansion of the Syrian Kurdish forces along its border and has created a buffer zone within Syrian territory . </P> <P> The predominantly Kurdish People 's Protection Units ( YPG ) , the main armed service of the Executive Council ( Rojava ) , the government of Syrian Kurdistan ( Rojava ) , have received military and logistic support from Iraqi Kurdistan and air support by U.S. , Canada , British and French air force . </P> <P> The Salafist groups are partially supported by Turkey , while the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant received support from several non-state groups and organizations from across the Muslim World . </P> <P> As a significant part of Syria ′ s territory was from 2014 until October 2017 claimed by the Islamic State ( ISIL ) , an entity internationally recognised as terrorist , a number of Western and other countries , most notably the U.S. , Russia , Britain , and France , have participated in direct military action against ISIL in the territory of Syria . </P> <H2> Contents </H2> <Ul> <Li> 1 Support for the Syrian Ba'athist government <Ul> <Li> 1.1 Russia </Li> <Li> 1.2 Iran </Li> <Li> 1.3 Hezbollah </Li> <Li> 1.4 Iraq </Li> <Li> 1.5 Companies </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2 Support for Syrian opposition <Ul> <Li> 2.1 United States </Li> <Li> 2.2 United Kingdom </Li> <Li> 2.3 France </Li> <Li> 2.4 Turkey </Li> <Li> 2.5 Arab League <Ul> <Li> 2.5. 1 Qatar </Li> <Li> 2.5. 2 Jordan </Li> <Li> 2.5. 3 Saudi Arabia <Ul> <Li> 2.5. 3.1 Croatian weapons </Li> <Li> 2.5. 3.2 Bandar bin Sultan </Li> <Li> 2.5. 3.3 Swiss weapon sales controversies </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2.6 Support from non-state groups </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 Support to North Syrian Federation </Li> <Li> 4 Support for the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant </Li> <Li> 5 Individual foreign nationals ′ support for rebels / jihadist groups </Li> <Li> 6 Role of regional states <Ul> <Li> 6.1 Israel </Li> <Li> 6.2 Lebanon </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 7 See also </Li> <Li> 8 External links </Li> <Li> 9 References </Li> </Ul> <H2> Support for the Syrian Ba'athist government </H2> <H3> Russia </H3> Main articles : Russian involvement in the Syrian Civil War and Russian military intervention in the Syrian Civil War <P> Russia is a military ally of Syria since 1956 , and during the Syrian Civil War it continued supplying Assad 's government with arms , sending military and technical advisers to train Syrian soldiers to use the Russian - made weapons , and it helped repair and maintain Syrian weapons . Investigations by reporters suggest that Russia is helping to keep the Syrian economy afloat by transporting hundreds of tonnes of banknotes into the country by airplane . </P> <P> In December 2012 , it was reported that Russian military personnel under the guise of military advisers were inside Syria manning some of the anti-aircraft defenses sent by Russia . The depth and sophistication of Syria 's air defences was cited as a major reason for the U.S. decision not to intervene militarily against the Syrian government or impose a no - fly zone , despite publicly voiced commitment to do so if the Assad government crossed the `` red line '' of using chemical weapons . </P> Russian ( Lavrov , Putin ) and US ( Kerry ) representatives meet , in the United Nations headquarters in New York , to discuss the situation in Syria on 29 September 2015 <P> Western leaders and diplomats repeatedly criticized Russia 's support of the Syrian government ; Russia stressed that its actions did not violate international law . In June 2012 , Russian president Vladimir Putin said Russia did not support `` any side ( in the conflict ) from which the threat of a civil war may emerge '' . </P> <P> In December 2013 , Russia was reported to have stepped up its military support for the Syrian government by supplying new armored vehicles , surveillance equipment , radars , electronic warfare systems , spare parts for helicopters , and various weapons including guided bombs for planes . </P> <P> On 30 September 2015 , with permission of the upper house of the Russian Parliament , Russia started a direct military intervention in Syria consisting of air strikes against ISIL , the Al - Nusra Front , and other perceived enemies of the Syrian government . The Russian Orthodox Church official spokesman called the intervention by Russia in Syria a `` holy fight '' ( or holy struggle ) against terrorism . Russia claimed the attacks were against the ISIL positions . However , according to reports , the Russian air strikes targeted positions held by the Army of Conquest coalition including the Saudi / Turkish - backed Al - Nusra Front and by Salafi - jihadi coalition known as Ahrar ash - Sham . </P> <P> In autumn 2015 , the U.S. ruled out military cooperation with Russia in Syria . However , on 20 October 2015 , the U.S. and Russia signed a secret technical memorandum of understanding to avoid air incidents over Syria . </P> <P> On 22 November 2015 , Syria ′ s president Bashar Assad said that within two months of its air strikes Russia had achieved more than the U.S. - led coalition in its fight against Islamic State for a year . Two days later , the U.S. president Barack Obama , speaking after a meeting with his French counterpart François Hollande , said : `` Russia right now is a coalition of two , Iran and Russia , supporting Assad . Given Russia 's military capabilities and given the influence they have on the Assad regime , them cooperating would be enormously helpful in bringing about a resolution of the civil war in Syria , and allow us all to refocus our attention on ISIL . But I think it 's important to remember that you 've got a global coalition organized . Russia is the outlier . '' </P> <P> At the end of December 2015 , senior U.S. officials privately admitted that Russia had achieved its central goal of stabilising the Assad government and , with the costs and casualties relatively low , was in a position to sustain the operation at this level for years to come . </P> <H3> Iran </H3> Main article : Iranian involvement in the Syrian Civil War See also : Iran and ISIL <P> Iran and Syria are close strategic allies , and Iran has provided significant support for Syria in the Syrian Civil War . This is said to include technical support , some combat troops , and $9 bn in financial support . Iran views the civil war as a critical front in an existential battle that directly relates to its geopolitical security . Iran 's supreme leader , Ali Khamenei , was reported in September 2011 to be vocally in favor of the Syrian government . The Syrian city of Zabadani is vitally important to Assad and to Iran because , at least as late as June 2011 , the city served as the Iranian Revolutionary Guard Corps 's logistical hub for supplying Hezbollah . </P> <P> In the civil uprising phase of the Syrian Civil War , Iran was said to be providing Syria with technical support based on Iran 's capabilities developed following the 2009 -- 2010 Iranian election protests . As the uprising developed into civil war , there were increasing reports of Iranian military support , partly in response to reports of increasing military support to the Syrian opposition from Persian gulf states . On 30 January 2013 , about ten jets bombed a convoy believed to be carrying Russian - made SA - 17 anti-aircraft missiles to Lebanon . The attack , attributed by some media reports to Israeli Air Force , did not result in any counterattacks from Syria , although Syria has said it reserves the right to retaliate . Western intelligence sources reported that Iranian general Hassan Shateri had been killed in the airstrike . Iran acknowledged his death at the hands of the Israelis without further details . Israel refused to comment on its involvement in the incident . </P> <P> In the autumn of 2015 , Iran reluctantly signed on to the road map based on the 2012 Geneva Communique that was worked out during the two rounds of Syria talks in Vienna . After the meeting between Vladimir Putin and Ali Khamenei in Tehran on 23 November 2015 , Iran was said to have made a decision to unify its stance vis - a-vis the Syrian leadership with Russia 's . </P> <H3> Hezbollah </H3> Main article : Hezbollah involvement in the Syrian Civil War <P> Hezbollah has long been an ally of the Ba'ath Party government of Syria , led by the Al - Assad family . Hezbollah has helped the Syrian government in its fight against the armed Syrian opposition . As early as November 2011 , The Jerusalem Post reported that protesters in Syria , enraged at Hezbollah 's support for the Syrian government , burnt Hezbollah flags and images of Nasrallah , while pro-government protesters have carried posters of Nasrallah . </P> <P> In August 2012 , the United States sanctioned Hezbollah for its alleged role in the war . Hezbollah leader Hassan Nasrallah denied Hezbollah had been fighting on behalf of the Syrian government , stating in a 12 October 2012 speech that `` right from the start the Syrian opposition has been telling the media that Hezbollah sent 3,000 fighters to Syria , which we have denied '' . However , he said that Hezbollah fighters have gone to Syria independently and died there doing their `` jihadist duties '' . Hezbollah states it supports a process of reforms in Syria and is against what it calls US plots to destabilize and interfere in Syria . </P> <P> In January -- February 2012 , Hezbollah fighters were reported to have helped the government fight the rebels in Damascus and in the Battle of Zabadani . Later that year , Hezbollah fighters crossed the border from Lebanon and took over eight villages in the Al - Qusayr District of Syria . According to the Lebanese Daily Star newspaper , Nasrallah said that Hezbollah fighters helped the Syrian government `` retain control of some 23 strategically located villages ( in Syria ) inhabited by Shiites of Lebanese citizenship '' . In September 2012 , Hezbollah 's commander in Syria , Ali Hussein Nassif , was killed along with several other Hezbollah militants in an ambush by the Free Syrian Army ( FSA ) near Al - Qusayr . </P> <P> According to the US , the Assad loyalist militia known as Jaysh al - Sha'bi was created and is maintained by Hezbollah and Iran 's Revolutionary Guard , both of whom provide it with money , weapons , training and advice . Also , according to Israeli intelligence sources , Hezbollah is working to forge loyalist government militias into a 100,000 - strong irregular army to fight alongside the government 's conventional forces . </P> <P> In the early period of the war , Hezbollah was involved in the Siege of Homs ( 2011 - 14 ) , the Battle of Zabadani ( 2012 ) , the Battle of al - Qusayr ( 2012 ) and the Battle of Aleppo ( 2011 - 16 ) . On 16 -- 17 February 2013 , Syrian opposition groups claimed that Hezbollah , backed by the Syrian military , attacked three FSA - controlled Sunni villages in Al - Qusayr . An FSA spokesman said , `` Hezbollah 's invasion is the first of its kind in terms of organisation , planning and coordination with the Syrian regime 's air force '' . Hezbollah said three Lebanese Shias , `` acting in self - defense '' , were killed in the clashes with the FSA . Lebanese security sources said that the three were Hezbollah members . In response , the FSA allegedly attacked two Hezbollah positions on 21 February ; one in Syria and one in Lebanon . Five days later , it said it destroyed a convoy carrying Hezbollah fighters and Syrian officers to Lebanon , killing all the passengers . The leaders of the March 14 alliance and other prominent Lebanese figures called on Hezbollah to end its involvement in Syria and said it is putting Lebanon at risk . Subhi al - Tufayli , Hezbollah 's former leader , said `` Hezbollah should not be defending the criminal regime that kills its own people and that has never fired a shot in defense of the Palestinians '' . He said `` those Hezbollah fighters who are killing children and terrorizing people and destroying houses in Syria will go to hell '' . The Consultative Gathering , a group of Shia and Sunni leaders in Baalbek - Hermel , also called on Hezbollah not to `` interfere '' in Syria . They said `` Opening a front against the Syrian people and dragging Lebanon to war with the Syrian people is very dangerous and will have a negative impact on the relations between the two '' . Walid Jumblatt , leader of the Progressive Socialist Party , also called on Hezbollah to end its involvement and claimed that `` Hezbollah is fighting inside Syria with orders from Iran '' . </P> <P> News organizations reported that Israel allegedly attacked Syria on the night between 2 and 3 May 2013 . US officials said that the Israeli war planes shot into Syria from Lebanese air space , and that the warplanes did not enter Syrian air space . No counter-attacks by Syria were reported at any front , and the Syrian ambassador to the UN said that he was not aware of any attacks on Syria by Israel . Israel as well declined any comment . Another alleged attack was reported to be a set of massive explosions in Damascus on the night of 4 -- 5 May 2013 . Syrian state media described this as an `` Israeli rocket attack '' , with the targets including a military research center of the Syrian government in Jamraya . The Daily Telegraph reported anonymous Israeli sources as saying that this was an Israeli attack on Iranian - made guided missiles allegedly intended to be shipped to Hezbollah . </P> <P> Hezbollah was involved in the Al - Qusayr offensive ( mid-2013 ) and the Battle of Qalamoun ( late 2013 ) . </P> <P> In February 2015 , Israeli research centre Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs published what it said was an Israeli intelligence assessment document that referenced a document allegedly produced by the United Al - Sham Front of the Free Syrian Army and purportedly exposed '' the military and terrorist infrastructure that the Iranian Revolutionary Guard Corps and Hizbullah have built on the Syrian Golan , which , according to the IDF 's intelligence branch , is also directed at Israel . '' </P> <P> In the 2015 - 18 period of the war , Hezbollah was involved in the Daraa Governorate campaign , the Battle of Zabadani ( 2015 ) , Aleppo offensive ( October -- December 2015 ) , Northern Aleppo offensive ( 2016 ) , Wadi Barada offensive ( 2016 -- 17 ) , Aleppo offensive ( June -- August 2016 ) , Daraa offensive ( June 2017 ) , Qalamoun offensive ( July -- August 2017 ) , 2017 Abu Kamal offensive , Central Syria campaign ( 2017 ) , the Beit Jinn offensive ( 2017 - 18 ) , and the East Hama offensive ( 2017 ) . </P> <P> In September 2017 , a Hezbollah commander said the group has 10,000 fighters in southern Syria ready to confront Israel . </P> <H3> Iraq </H3> <P> From 2011 , Iraqi Government has sent Assad financial support . Iraq has opened its airspace for use by Iranian planes ferrying support to the Syrian government , and has granted trucks bound for Syria carrying supplies from the Iranian Revolutionary Guards passage through Iraqi territory . Iraqi government has signed a deal to provide Syria with diesel fuel . </P> <H3> Companies </H3> <P> A Greece - based trading company , Naftomar , is reputedly the last firm arranging deliveries of liquefied petroleum gas ( LPG ) , but , unlike the fuel sent from Venezuela and Russia , LPG is a peaceful material that plays a vital role in countries like Syria that have limited infrastructure for piping gas . International sanctions do not apply to LPG for humanitarian reasons . </P> <P> The release of WikiLeaks 's `` Syria Files '' beginning in July 2012 led to accusations that the subsidiary of an Italian arms company had provided communications equipment to the Syrian military in May 2011 , and that , as late as February 2012 , its engineers gave training on the use of the communications technology , including how it could be installed in helicopters . The company said the equipment was for civilian use and said it had not sold any technology to Syria since the beginning of the uprising . </P> <P> According to a report in the Daily Mail , British companies sold sodium fluoride , which has many civil applications such as water fluoridation , but is also a key ingredient in the manufacture of sarin , to a Syrian firm from 2004 -- 2010 . Between July 2004 and May 2010 , the British government issued five export licenses to two companies , with the last export license was issued in May 2010 . The licenses are obtained prior to manufacture and the industry standard requires four to five months before the chemicals are delivered , thus allowing them to sell Syria sodium fluoride . </P> <H2> Support for Syrian opposition </H2> <H3> United States </H3> US military transport helicopters fly over northeastern Syria <Table> <Tr> <Th> Covert United States involvement in regime change </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1949 Syrian coup d'état </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1949 -- 1953 Albania </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1951 -- 56 Tibet </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1953 Iranian coup d'état </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1954 Guatemalan coup d'état </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1956 -- 57 Syria crisis </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1957 -- 58 Indonesian rebellion </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1959 -- 2000 Cuba , assassination attempts on Fidel Castro </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1959 Cambodian `` Bangkok Plot '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1960 Congo coup </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1961 Cuba , Bay of Pigs Invasion </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1961 Cuba , Operation Mongoose </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1961 Dominican Republic </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1963 South Vietnamese coup </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1964 Bolivian coup d'état </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1964 Brazilian coup d'état </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1966 Ghana coup d'état </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1970 Cambodian coup </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1971 Bolivian coup d'état </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1970 -- 73 Chile </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1979 -- 89 Afghanistan , Operation Cyclone </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1980 -- 92 Angola , UNITA </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1981 -- 87 Nicaragua , Contras </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1982 Chad </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1991 Haiti </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1996 Iraq coup attempt </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2000 Yugoslavia </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2004 Haiti </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2011 -- 2017 Syria , Timber Sycamore <Ul> <Li> view </Li> <Li> talk </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Further information : American - led intervention in the Syrian Civil War , List of United States attacks on the Syrian government during the Syrian Civil War , Timber Sycamore , Syrian Train and Equip Program , and Authorization for the Use of Military Force Against the Government of Syria to Respond to Use of Chemical Weapons See also : Syria -- United States relations and CIA activities in Syria Main countries that support the Syrian opposition <P> For several initial months of the Syrian uprising that began in March 2011 , the U.S. administration headed by Barack Obama , despite pressure from some political groups , refrained from outright calls for Bashar Assad ′ s ouster , a move then opposed by key regional U.S. allies such as Turkey and Saudi Arabia . First , limited sanctions against the Assad government were imposed by the U.S. in April 2011 , followed by Obama ′ s executive order as of 18 May 2011 targeting Bashar Assad specifically and six other senior officials . In July 2011 , U.S. Secretary of State Hillary Clinton said president Assad had `` lost legitimacy . '' On 18 August 2011 , Barack Obama issued a written statement echoed by the leaders of the UK , France , and Germany , that inter alia said : `` The future of Syria must be determined by its people , but President Bashar al - Assad is standing in their way . His calls for dialogue and reform have rung hollow while he is imprisoning , torturing , and slaughtering his own people . We have consistently said that President Assad must lead a democratic transition or get out of the way . He has not led . For the sake of the Syrian people , the time has come for President Assad to step aside . '' On the same day the U.S. president signed executive orders that froze all Syrian government assets that were under U.S. jurisdiction , barred Americans from doing business with the government , and prohibited the import of Syrian oil and petroleum products to the United States . The U.S. sanctions were called by Syria 's U.N. ambassador Bashar Jaafari `` a humanitarian and diplomatic war against us . '' Under the administration 's division of labor , the State Department is in charge of supplying nonlethal aid ( includes food rations and pickup trucks , not tanks and bullets ) , while the U.S. Central Intelligence Agency ( CIA ) runs a covert program to arm and train the Syrian rebels . </P> <P> In June 2012 , the CIA was reported to be involved in covert operations along the Turkish - Syrian border , where agents investigated rebel groups , recommending arms providers which groups to give aid to . Agents also helped opposition forces develop supply routes , and provided them with communications training . CIA operatives distributed assault rifles , anti-tank rocket launchers and other ammunition to Syrian opposition . The State Department had then reportedly allocated $15 million for civilian opposition groups in Syria . In July 2012 , the U.S. government granted a non-governmental organization called Syrian Support Group a license to fund the Free Syrian Army . In 2016 , a number of U.S. officials revealed that the CIA in 2012 proposed a detailed covert action plan designed to remove Bashar Assad from power , but president Obama declined to approve it . </P> <P> In early March 2013 , a Jordanian security source revealed that the U.S. , Britain , and France were training non-Islamist rebels in Jordan in an effort to strengthen secular elements in the opposition as a bulwark against Islamic extremism , and to begin building security forces to maintain order in the event of Assad 's fall . In April 2013 , also in Jordan , the United States had set up a $70 million program in the country `` that is training the kingdom 's special forces to identify and secure chemical - weapons sites across Syria should the regime fall and the wrong rebels look like getting their hands on them . '' </P> <P> In April 2013 , the Obama administration promised to double non-lethal aid to rebels , specifically to $250 million . On 13 June 2013 , U.S. government officials said the administration , after days of high - level meetings , had approved providing lethal arms to the Supreme Military Council ( SMC ) . The decision was made shortly after the administration concluded that the Assad government had used chemical weapons on opposition forces , thus crossing the `` red line '' declared by Obama earlier in 2012 . The arms to be provided included small arms and ammunition , and possibly anti-tank weapons . However , they were not to include anti-aircraft weapons , something repeatedly requested by the armed opposition . Further such weapons would be supplied by the US `` on our own timeline '' . </P> <P> In mid-June 2013 , the U.S. government said it would now arm rebels in Syria and would consider a no - fly zone in Syria ′ s southern border with Jordan to allow a safe place to equip and train rebels . </P> <P> The U.S. government ′ s rhetorical reaction to the use of chemical agents in Ghouta on 21 August 2013 , which was formally ascribed by the Obama administration to the Syrian government , prompted the news media to conclude at the end of August that `` the US was on the verge of military strikes against the Assad regime '' . Nevertheless , the president opted not to strike . The decision disappointed some within the U.S. political establishment . </P> <P> During September 2013 , it was reported by US officials that under `` a covert CIA program , '' small arms and anti tank weapons had begun reaching some moderate rebel groups . Although Free Syrian Army Commander Salim Idris denied receiving lethal aid , some analysts commented that information on US arms may not have reached Idris due to poor communications as the Free Syrian Army command was based in Northern Syria whilst weapons were reportedly reaching rebel groups in the south . </P> <P> In late 2013 , Islamist groups left the SMC to form the Saudi - backed Islamic Front ( Syria ) , which engaged in combat with SMC brigades . In December 2013 , the U.S. government temporarily suspended the shipments of non-lethal military aid , including food rations , medical kits and pickup trucks after warehouses of equipment were seized by the Islamic Front . </P> <P> In April 2014 , videos appeared online that showed rebels in Syria using U.S. - made anti-tank rockets ( BGM - 71 TOW ) , the first significant American armaments in the country 's conflict ; analysts suggested they might have been provided by states such as Saudi Arabia , a U.S. ally , with Washington 's acquiescence . As US policy shifted to combating ISIS , the SMC declared war on ISIS in late 2014 . </P> <P> By early 2015 , voices in the US foreign policy establishment were pushing for an abandonment of the rebels due to their operational weakness and collaboration with Islamist hardliners . US policy increasingly focused on supporting Kurdish - led forces against ISIS . In early October 2015 , shortly after the start of the Russian military intervention in Syria , Barack Obama was reported to have authorised the resupply -- against ISIL -- of 25,000 Syrian Kurds and 5,000 of the armed - Syrian opposition , emphasising that the U.S. would continue this support now that Russia had joined the conflict . In October 2015 , the U.S. also announced the end of the Pentagon 's $500 million program to train Syrian rebels to only fight ISIL and not Assad in an acknowledgment that the program had failed in achieving its ostensible goals . Instead the funding would be used to provide weapons and ammunition to rebel groups already in place . Other , covert and significantly larger , programs in Syria were being run by the CIA and continued under the Barack Obama administration . </P> <P> Jane 's Defence Weekly reported a U.S. shipment of 994 tonnes of weapons and ammunition ( including packaging and container weight ) in December 2015 from Eastern Europe to Syrian rebel groups , including 9M17 Fleyta anti-tank missiles , RPG - 7s , AK - 47 S , DShKs , and PKMs . A detailed list of weapon types and shipment weights had been obtained from the US government 's Federal Business Opportunities website . </P> <P> On 7 April 2017 the United States launched a series of 59 Tomahawk missiles at a Syrian Air Force base in Shayrat following the Khan Shaykhun chemical attack . Shortly after , the U.S. Central Command acknowledged the stationing of the U.S. `` special forces '' at Al - Tanf in Southern Syria since early 2016 , after the U.S. troops were engaged in direct combat action against ISIL on 8 April . </P> United States special operations forces near Manbij in northern Syria , March 2017 <P> In July 2017 , it was reported that the Donald Trump administration had decided to halt the CIA program to equip and train anti-government rebels , a move sought by Russia . According to David Ignatius , writing in The Washington Post , while the CIA program ultimately failed in its objective of removing Assad from power , it was hardly `` bootless '' : `` The program pumped many hundreds of millions of dollars to many dozens of militia groups . One knowledgeable official estimates that the CIA - backed fighters may have killed or wounded 100,000 Syrian soldiers and their allies over the past four years . '' </P> <P> On 14 November 2017 , the Foreign Ministry of Syria reaffirmed that it considered the presence of the U.S. forces , or any other foreign military presence , in Syria without the approval of the Syrian government '' an act of aggression and an attack on the sovereignty of the Syrian Arab Republic '' and rejected the U.S. ′ attempt to connect the U.S. military presence in Syria with the settlement process . </P> <P> In late November 2017 , the U.S. government made it known that they intended to use the presence of U.S. troops in northern Syria , deployed there in support of the Kurdish - dominated SDF , to pressure president Assad to make concessions at the talks in Geneva . This intent was in mid-January 2018 clearly broadcast by Rex Tillerson , who said the Trump administration would maintain an open - ended military presence in Syria to counter Iran ′ s influence and oust Syrian president Bashar Assad . However in April 2018 the Saudi foreign minister , Adel al - Jubeir , said that they were in discussions with the U.S. on finding replacement forces for the about 2,000 U.S. troops in Syria fighting Islamic State , to address the Trump administration 's desire to withdraw them . </P> <H3> United kingdom </H3> Further information : Operation Shader § Airstrikes in Syria <P> Since August 2011 , Britain insists , along with the U.S. and France and some Arab states , that the Syrian president Bashar Assad must step down . </P> <P> In June 2012 , following unconfirmed reports from an Israeli website that SAS Commandos were conducting covert operations within Syrian territory , operating from Turkey on 26 June 2012 , it was reported that the prospect of British special forces entering Syria on the ground was growing . </P> <P> In 2012 the UK provided opposition forces with non-lethal military aid , including communications equipment and medical supplies , and the UK was reported to have provided intelligence support from its Cyprus bases , revealing Syrian military movements to Turkish officials , who then passed on the information to the Free Syrian Army . </P> <P> On 29 August 2013 , a vote was held in the British House of Commons to decide whether the United Kingdom would join the United States in initiating militant action against the use of chemical weapons by the Syrian government : the Prime Minister David Cameron ′ s motion was defeated by 285 votes to 272 . Although the prime minister does not need parliamentary approval for military action , Cameron said that he would respect this Parliamentary decision and that the UK would not take part in military action in Syria . </P> <P> Mid November 2015 , the UK co-sponsored a French - drafted UN Security Council resolution urging UN members to `` take all necessary measures '' in the fight against Islamic State and al - Nusra Front . On 20 November 2015 , the UN Security Council unanimously passed the French - British drafted - sponsored resolution . British Ambassador to the U.N. Matthew Rycroft said the resolution would be used by prime minister David Cameron to address Parliament on his plans to begin airstrikes by the UK in Syria . </P> <P> On 3 December 2015 , after the UK parliament overwhelmingly backed the UK government ′ s motion to extend the UK military action to Syria , four Tornados from RAF air base in Cyprus carried out their first air strikes against ISIL in Syria targeting the Omar oil fields in eastern Syria , according to defence minister Michael Fallon . France welcomed that UK military action ; Syria , noting that the UK had failed to ask permission from Syria 's government , insisted Britain and its allies must follow Russia 's example and co-ordinate their campaign with Syrian government forces . </P> <P> In early February 2016 , the UK foreign minister Philip Hammond , referring to the Russia ′ s air campaign in support of the Syrian government , said : `` It 's a source of constant grief to me that everything we are doing is being undermined by the Russians . '' </P> <P> In August 2016 , the BBC published photographs taken in June that year that it said showed British special forces soldiers apparently guarding the perimeter of the New Syrian Army 's base at al - Tanf ( Al Waleed ) in Syria 's Homs province on the Syria - Iraq border that had been seized by Islamic State militants in May 2015 . The troops were shown to be equipped with four - wheel drive Al - Thalab vehicles and a range of weapons which included sniper rifles , anti-tank weapons and heavy machine guns . </P> <H3> France </H3> Further information : Opération Chammal <P> Since August 2011 , France insists , along with the U.S. and Britain and some Arab states , that the Syrian president Bashar Assad must step down , France -- a former mandatory ruler of Syria -- being considered by the Guardian more active and forward than the other Western countries in its policy towards the war in Syria . </P> <P> In 2012 , France provided opposition forces with non-lethal military aid , including communications equipment and medical supplies . </P> <P> In August 2013 , when the Assad government was accused of using chemical weapons in the Ghouta area near Damascus , Paris called for military intervention but was isolated after the US president , Barack Obama , refused to act despite the breach of what he had earlier declared was a `` red line '' . </P> <P> On 19 September 2013 , French President François Hollande during a press conference in Bamako suggested that France was ready to begin supplying lethal aid to the Free Syrian Army in a `` controlled framework '' . End of September 2015 , France has begun airstrikes in Syria , on a small scale to avoid inadvertently strengthening the hand of president Bashar Assad by hitting his enemies . </P> <P> In August 2014 French President François Hollande confirmed that France had delivered arms to Syrian rebels . </P> <P> In mid-November 2015 , in the wake of the 13 November Paris terror attacks , France , citing self - defence under Article 51 of the United Nations Charter , significantly intensified its air strikes in Syria , closely coordinating with the U.S. military . </P> <P> Also mid November , France drafted a UN Security Council resolution urging UN members to `` take all necessary measures '' in the fight against Islamic State and al - Nusra Front . The following day the French - drafted resolution was co-sponsored by the UK . On 20 November 2015 , the UN Security Council unanimously passed the French - British drafted - sponsored resolution . Also on 20 November , France dismissed Russia ′ s suggestions that the French air strikes against oil installations in Syria were illegal , saying they were `` an appropriate and necessary riposte '' to attacks by Islamic State . </P> <P> As on 3 December 2015 the UK had started air strikes against ISIL in Syria , France welcomed that UK military action . </P> <H3> Turkey </H3> Main articles : Turkish involvement in the Syrian Civil War , Turkish military intervention in Syria , and Turkish occupation of northern Syria See also : Syria -- Turkey relations , Turkey -- PKK conflict , and 2014 National Intelligence Organisation scandal in Turkey Turkish soldiers and TFSA fighters at the building in Afrin that had hosted the PYD - led government of the region , 18 March 2018 <P> The government of Turkey , a NATO member with the alliance ′ s second largest army , had had a relatively friendly relationship with Syria over a decade prior to the start of the civil unrest in Syria in 2011 ; Turkey , while joining calls for the Syrian government to end the violence , initially objected to the demand voiced in August 2011 by the U.S. that Bashar Assad resign . Until September 2014 , Turkey did not overtly participate in the international airstrikes against ISIS . Turkey trained defectors from the Syrian Army on its territory , and in July 2011 a group of them announced the birth of the Free Syrian Army under the supervision of Turkish military intelligence . In October 2011 , Turkey began sheltering the Free Syrian Army , offering the group a safe zone and a base of operation . Together with Saudi Arabia and Qatar , Turkey has also provided the rebels with arms and other military equipment . Tensions between Syria and Turkey significantly worsened after Syrian forces shot down a Turkish fighter jet in June 2012 and border clashes in October 2012 . In early February 2016 , Reuters referred to Turkey as '' a major sponsor of the insurgency against President Bashar al - Assad '' . Turkey provided refuge for Syrian dissidents from early days of the Syrian conflict . In early June 2011 , Syrian opposition activists convened in Istanbul to discuss regime change , and Turkey hosted the head of the Free Syrian Army , Colonel Riad al - Asaad . Turkey became increasingly hostile to the Assad government 's policies and came to encourage reconciliation among dissident factions . Recep Tayyip Erdoğan has tried to `` cultivate a favorable relationship with whatever government would take the place of Assad . '' Since May 2012 , Syrian opposition forces have been receiving arms and training from Turkey and the United States . The Islamic Front and Ahrar ash - Sham in particular have received weapons and / or healthcare services from Turkey and Saudi Arabia . Turkey ′ s involvement in the conflict has been widely seen as going beyond combating ISIL and supporting moderate rebels : Turkey has been accused of fighting against Kurdish forces in Syria , as well as in Iraq , including intelligence collaborations with ISIL in some cases . The conclusion of a highly classified assessment made by the Defense Intelligence Agency ( DIA ) and the Joint Chiefs of Staff in 2013 was that Turkey had effectively transformed the secret U.S. arms program in support of moderate rebels , who in effect no longer existed , into an indiscriminate program to provide technical and logistical support to all elements of the opposition , including Jabhat al - Nusra and Islamic State . Turkey 's subsequent arrangements with Russia and Iran ( from early 2017 ) caused a rift in its relationship with the Syrian opposition , as the opposition leaders criticized Russia ′ s plan to create safe zones in Syria as threatening the country 's territorial integrity . </P> <P> Turkey maintained a small enclave within Syria itself , the Tomb of Suleyman Shah on the right bank of the Euphrates in Aleppo Province near the village of Qarah Qawzak ( Karakozak ) . The Tomb is guarded by a small permanent garrison of Turkish soldiers , who rotate in from a battalion based at the Turkish border some 25 kilometres ( 16 mi ) away -- even as the civil war unfolded around them . Up until Syrian forces shot down a Turkish warplane in June 2012 , the garrison numbered 15 men in total . Following the incident , the Turkish government doubled the number of soldiers stationed at the tomb to 30 , while Prime Minister Erdoğan warned that `` the tomb of Suleyman Shah and the land that surrounds it are Turkish territory . Any act of aggression against it would be an attack on our territory and NATO territory . '' In February 2015 , the army launched a raid into Syria in order to move the tomb closer to the border . </P> <P> Turkey had repeatedly said it wanted the U.S. to focus its air strikes in Syria as much on removing Assad as on fighting the ISIL ; it had also demanded a `` safe zone '' in the area extending from the Syrian town of Kobanî on the Turkish border , westward to the town of Azaz , that would be protected by air power and that was purported to enable Turkey to transfer back to Syria some of an estimated 1.8 million displaced people camped on Turkish territory . </P> <P> On 22 July 2015 , Turkey agreed to let the U.S. use the Incirlik Air Base in southern Turkey to launch air attacks against the ISIL , a deal that was seen as a major shift in policy on the part of the once - reluctant American ally ( in March 2003 , the Turkish parliament voted against allowing Turkey to be a base of operations for the U.S. invasion of Iraq ) . </P> <P> At the end of July 2015 , American and Turkish media outlets reported that the U.S. government and Turkey had agreed on the outlines of a de facto `` safe zone '' along the Turkey - Syria border under the terms of a deal that was purported to increase the scope and pace of the U.S. - led air missions against the ISIL in northern Syria ; the plan provided for driving ISIL , the al - Nusra Front , and other radical groups out of a 68 - mile - long area west of the Euphrates River and reaching into the province of Aleppo that would then come under the control of the Syrian opposition . The operational status of the envisioned area was to stop short of meeting Turkish demands for a full - scale , declared no - fly zone . In August 2015 , the U.S. announced it would withdraw two Patriot missile - defense batteries from southern Turkey in the autumn that year ; also withdrawn were the German Patriots stationed in Turkey , amidst concerns in the NATO military establishment that Turkey was intent on dragging NATO into the Syrian conflict in pursuit of its own parochial interests . </P> <P> In late July 2015 , Turkey resumed fighting against the outlawed Kurdistan Workers ' Party ( PKK ) in the Kurdish - dominated southeastern parts of Turkey . On 29 June 2015 , Turkey ′ s National Security Council made a decision and released a statement that said that Turkey would consider any incursion west of the Euphrates in northern Syria along the Turkish border ( the area between Jarablus in the east and the Azaz -- Mare ' region in the west ) by Kurdish YPG militia , backed by the Democratic Union Party ( PYD ) , as well as any attack north of Idlib by Syrian government forces to be a violation of the `` red line . '' ( The PYD is deemed by Turkey to be the Syrian affiliate of PKK , but it is actively aided by the U.S. ) At the end of October 2015 , Turkish prime minister Ahmet Davutoğlu claimed that Turkey had struck Kurdish militia fighters in Syria twice for the alleged breach of the `` red line '' ; the YPG ′ s statements said that the Turkish army had twice attacked its positions near the border towns of Tell Abyad and Kobanî . In mid-November 2015 , president Recep Erdoğan reaffirmed this threat not to allow Syrian Kurds to cross over to the western side of the Euphrates along the Turkish border . </P> <P> On 24 November 2015 , speaking shortly after the shootdown of a Russian Su - 24 by Turkey , Russian president Vladimir Putin characterised the role played by Turkey in the Syrian conflict as that of `` the accomplices of terrorists . '' Russia ′ s foreign minister Sergey Lavrov noted that the Turkish plan to create a buffer zone in the area where Syrian Turkmen lived in northern Syria stemmed from Ankara 's wish to protect local terrorist infrastructure : `` According to the latest information , the area which our Turkish colleagues deem to be populated by Syrian Turkmen not only accommodates several hundreds , or thousands , of militants - citizens of the Russian Federation , as the ( Russian ) president said yesterday , who present a direct threat to our security , security of our people but also , according to the available information , that area accommodates infrastructures of the militants , including arms and ammo depots , command centers , and logistics centers . '' Several Turkish and Western analysts , while not questioning that ISIS oil was being imported into Turkey , argued that Moscow ′ s accusations of the Turkish government in this regard were not well - founded . </P> <P> In late November 2015 , following Russian President Putin directly accusing Turkey of aiding ISIL and al - Qaeda , Turkey came under pressure from the U.S. to close the remaining crossing point for ISIL militants on a 60 - mile stretch of the border with Syria where ISIL had control of the Syrian side . The crossing had been used to export crude oil originating from ISIL - controlled oilfields , and for arms smuggling . </P> <P> On 2 December 2015 , Russia ′ s military officials presented what they referred to as `` only part of the available facts '' that proved that Turkey ′ s president Recep Erdogan and his family were personally involved in a multimillion - dollar oil smuggling operation that funded ISIL terrorists . The accusations were seen as further drastic escalation of tensions between Turkey and Russia that has its military personnel and advanced weapons openly deployed in Syria . Both the Turkish government and the Iraqi Kurdish Regional Government ( KRG ) denied this . Commenting on the allegations , John R. Bass , the US Ambassador to Turkey , told the press that the claims about the Turkish government 's involvement in ISIL oil trade were unfounded , citing the official apology issued by the CIA with regards to the allegations in 2014 . </P> <P> In late December 2015 , in an interview for Al Arabiya Turkey ′ s president Recep Erdogan said , `` Syria , Iran , Iraq and Russia have formed a quartet alliance in Baghdad and asked Turkey to join , but I told President ( Vladimir ) Putin that I can not sit alongside a president whose legitimacy is distrustful . '' </P> <P> After Syria ′ s Kurdish militia ( YPG ) captured Syria ′ s Menagh Airbase and several settlements north of Aleppo near the border with Turkey , Turkey on 13 February 2016 began a sustained campaign of shelling the YPG positions in the area of Azaz from its territory . In response to this action qualified by Syria as a violation of its sovereignty as well as the alleged infiltration into Syria of `` Turkish soldiers or Turkish mercenaries '' , the Syrian government requested that the UN Security Council take action . The attempt by Russia on 19 February 2016 to have an appropriate resolution adopted by the UN Security Council was undermined by Western powers , including the U.S. , the UK , and France . </P> <P> On 24 February 2015 , president Erdogan speaking on television of the tentative plan for a cessation of hostilities in Syria announced by Russia and the U.S. two days prior , accused the UN , the West , Russia and Iran of seeking to further their own interests in Syria and said he feared a U.S. - Russian ceasefire plan would do little more than benefit Syria ′ s president Bashar Assad . </P> <P> Several days after the truce came into effect , in early March 2016 , the Kurdish YPG in an interview by Russian media , suggested that Turkey was shipping regular supplies across its border with Syria to anti-government forces , including the al - Nusra Front . </P> <P> In May 2016 , in a letter to the UN Secretary General Ban Ki - moon Russia stated that the analysis of chemical components of explosives recovered from the ISIL in areas of Iraq 's Tikrit and the Syrian city of Kobani implicated Turkish companies and `` indicated that they were either manufactured in Turkey or delivered to that country without the right of re-export . '' </P> <P> Since August 2016 , the Turkish military have conducted a series of cross-border operations in Syria , mainly fighting against the Kurdish - dominated forces , supported by the U.S. , that controlled the northern parts of Syria . </P> <H3> Arab League </H3> <P> Sunni Arab states are concerned that the Iranian arms transfers are changing the balance of power in the region and has `` become a regional contest for primacy in Syria between Sunni Arabs and the Iran - backed Assad government and Hezbollah of Lebanon . '' Iran is using the Maharaj Airlines to ship weapons to Syrian government . </P> <P> On 6 March 2013 , the Arab League gave its members the `` green light '' to arm the Syrian rebels . On 26 March 2013 , at the Arab league summit in Doha , the League recognised the National Coalition for Syrian Revolutionary and Opposition Forces , as the legitimate representatives of the Syrian people . </P> Qatar Main article : Qatari involvement in the Syrian Civil War <P> The Financial Times reported that Qatar had funded the Syrian rebellion by `` as much as $3 billion '' over the first two years of the civil war . It reported that Qatar was offering refugee packages of about $50,000 a year to defectors and family . </P> <P> The Stockholm International Peace Research Institute estimated that Qatar had sent the most weapons to Syria , with over 70 weapons cargo flights into Turkey between April 2012 and March 2013 . </P> <P> Qatar operates a training base in its territory , in conjunction with the CIA who run the training , training about 1,200 rebel soldiers a year on three week courses . </P> Jordan Main article : Jordanian intervention in the Syrian Civil War <P> From at least the 2014 June Offensive in Iraq , ISIL leadership threatened to overthrow the monarchy of Jordan through invading Jordan once it took Baghdad ( which ISIL never succeeded in doing ) . The Jordanian Air Force joined in the US - led bombing of ISIL in Syria . ISIL retaliated by firing into Jordan and sniping incidents increased at the border . </P> <P> On 24 December 2014 , a Jordanian fighter jet was shot down over Syria and its pilot , Jordanian air force lieutenant Muath Al - Kasasbeh , captured . This pilot was executed by burning in January 2015 and was later used to attempt to recover jailed terrorists . Jordan offered to make the exchange , but demanded `` proof of life '' first , this was n't done , and the video of the pilot 's execution was released . In response , the terrorists , Sajida al - Rishawi and Ziad al - Karbouli , were executed and Jordan took the lead on anti-ISIL bombing raids , claiming nearly a thousand KOI in a week . </P> <P> From time to time during the first half of 2015 and into the summer , there have been reports of plans for an invasion of Syria in order to set up a buffer zone within that country and away from its own border . </P> Saudi Arabia Main article : Saudi Arabian involvement in the Syrian Civil War See also : Saudi Arabia -- Syria relations U.S. Secretary of State John Kerry with King Salman of Saudi Arabia after arriving in Saudi Arabia for meetings about Syria , 24 October 2015 <P> The Financial Times reported in May 2013 that Saudi Arabia was becoming a large provider of arms to the rebels . Since the summer of 2013 , Saudi Arabia has emerged as the main group to finance and arm the rebels . Saudi Arabia has financed a large purchase of infantry weapons , such as Yugoslav - made recoil less guns and the M79 Osa , an anti-tank weapon , from Croatia via shipments shuttled through Jordan . The weapons began reaching rebels in December 2012 which allowed rebels ' small tactical gains this winter against the army and militias loyal to Assad . This was to counter shipments of weapons from Iran to Assad 's forces . </P> <P> Bashar al - Assad pointed at Saudi Arabia as the major supporter of terrorists and `` leading the most extensive operation of direct sabotage against all the Arab world '' . </P> <P> In May 2015 , The Independent reported that Saudi Arabia and Turkey were `` focusing their backing for the Syrian rebels on the combined Jaish al - Fatah , or the Army of Conquest '' . The Army of Conquest reportedly includes an Al - Qaeda - linked Al - Nusra Front , which had been declared a terrorist organisation by the United States . </P> <P> In October 2015 , Saudi Arabia delivered 500 U.S. - made TOW anti-tank missiles to anti-Assad rebels . According to Russian President Vladimir Putin , the weapons would `` certainly fall into the hands of terrorist organizations '' . </P> <P> In mid-December 2015 , in the wake of the two rounds of the Vienna talks , Saudi Arabia hosted a conference of Syria 's political and armed opposition factions that was intended to come to an agreement on a common position from which to negotiate with the government of Bashar al - Assad . The meeting , that did not include the major Kurdish factions in Syria , produced a statement of principles to guide peace talks with the government ; it said inter alia that president Assad would be allowed to stay until a transitional government was formed . The meeting decided to set up a `` Higher Negotiations Authority '' to direct the opposition 's participation in the proposed talks with the regime early in 2016 ; that leadership body is to remain based in Riyadh , giving the Saudis a ready handle on it . Shortly afterwards , the Saudis announced the formation of a military alliance of Muslim countries to fight international terrorism ; about 30 Muslim states ( all of them Sunni - majority nations ) were reported to join the alliance , including Egypt and Turkey . The coalition was seen by Russia and Iran as aimed at reinforcing Saudi Arabia ′ s leadership and countering their efforts in the region , yet meaningless in practical terms . </P> <P> In early February 2016 , a Saudi military official announced , '' The kingdom is ready to participate in any ground operations that the coalition ( against Isis ) may agree to carry out in Syria . '' Saudi sources elaborated that the putative deployment of Saudi special forces could be carried out in coordination with Turkey . </P> Croatian weapons <P> In December 2012 , a new wave of weapons from foreign supporters were transferred to rebel forces via the Jordanian border in the country 's south . The arms included M79 Osa anti-tank weapons and M - 60 recoilless rifles purchased by Saudi Arabia from Croatia . Previously , most of the weapons were delivered via the Turkish border in the north . However , much of the arms unintentionally ended up in the hands of Islamist rebels . The goal for the change in routes was to strengthen moderate rebels and to bring the war closer to Damascus . </P> <P> According to Jutarnji list , a Croatian daily newspaper , there were an unusually high number of sightings of Ilyushin 76 aircraft owned by Jordan International Air Cargo at Pleso Airport in Zagreb , Croatia on 14 and 23 December 2012 ; 6 January ; and 18 February 2013 . In early January 2013 , Yugoslav weapons were seen used in battles in the Dara'a region near Jordan . Then , in February 2013 , Yugoslav weapons were seen in videos posted by rebels fighting in the Hama , Idlib , and Aleppo regions . Danijela Barišić of Croatia 's Foreign Ministry and arms - export agency denied that such shipments had occurred . Saudi officials have declined requests for interviews about the shipments for two weeks . Ukrainian - made rifle cartridges , Swiss - made hand grenades , Belgian - made rifles are showing up in the rebels ' hands but the origin is not clear because Saudi Arabia has insisted on secrecy . </P> Bandar bin Sultan <P> In August 2013 the Wall Street Journal reported that Saudi Prince Bandar bin Sultan had been appointed to lead Saudi Arabia 's efforts to topple Syrian President Bashar al - Assad , and that the US Central Intelligence Agency considered this a sign of how serious Saudi Arabia was about this aim . Bandar was described as `` jetting from covert command centers near the Syrian front lines to the Élysée Palace in Paris and the Kremlin in Moscow , seeking to undermine the Assad regime . '' After tensions with Qatar over supplying rebel groups , Saudi Arabia switched its efforts from Turkey to Jordan in 2012 , using its financial leverage over Jordan to develop training facilities there , overseen by Bandar 's half - brother Salman bin Sultan . In late 2012 Saudi intelligence also began efforts to convince the US that the Assad government was using chemical weapons . The Saudi government also would be sending prisoners sentenced to death to fight in Syria . </P> Swiss weapon sales controversies <P> In July 2012 , Switzerland ceased arms exports to the UAE after it emerged Swiss weapons were finding their way to opposition fighters . The Swiss decision came shortly after the UN human rights chief , Navi Pillay , called for an urgent stop to arms transfers to government and opposition forces so as to avoid `` further militarisation '' of the conflict . The director of the Saban Center for Middle East Policy had previously argued that , while `` uncontrolled militarization will turn the Syrian uprising into a wider conflict that could draw in jihadis and other extremists from across the Muslim World '' , militarisation was inevitable , and so the US should help facilitate and guide it . Marc Lynch argued the opposite in February 2012 , as the provision of weapons from Saudi Arabia and Qatar was being mooted : `` It is unlikely that arms from the outside would come close to evening the balance of power , and would only invite escalations from Syrian regime forces '' . </P> <H3> Support from non-state groups </H3> <P> The Free Iraqi Army allowed soldiers and supplies to cross from Anbar Province into Syria . Sunni armed groups inside in the western Sunni - majority provinces of Iraq formed the Free Iraqi Army in an effort to emulate the FSA , and supported the Syrian rebels until August 2014 , when the Free Iraqi Army was overtaken by ISIL . </P> <P> In February 2012 , Al - Qaeda ′ s chief Ayman al - Zawahiri called on Muslims from other countries to support anti-government forces in Syria . </P> <H2> Support to north Syrian Federation </H2> Further information : Foreign relations of Rojava <P> The Syrian Kurds have received military and logistic support from Iraqi Kurdistan , and air support by U.S. , Canadian , British and French air force . </P> <P> After the start of the Russian military operation in Syria in the autumn 2015 , Russia and the U.S. were said to be in competition to attract the dominant Syrian Kurds ′ Democratic Union Party ( PYD ) . Senior Russian officials were reported to have had meetings with the Syrian Kurdish leadership , including Salih Muslim Muhammad . </P> <P> Since the end of November 2015 , the Kurdish militia is reported to receive support from Russia . </P> <P> In April 2016 a France 24 documentary reported the presence of French , British , and US special forces cooperating with the Syrian Democratic Forces to coordinate airstrikes against ISIL during the al - Shaddadi offensive ( 2016 ) in February . </P> <P> In late April 2016 , the U.S. announced imminent deployment to Syria of additional 250 U.S. troops to provide training to the Syrian Arab Coalition . Shortly thereafter , 150 of these troops were reported to have arrived in Rmelan , al - Hasakah Governorate , in an area controlled by the Kurdish YPG militia , from Iraqi Kurdistan . The deployment prompted the Syrian government ′ s strong condemnation of what it called a '' blatant act of aggression that constitutes a dangerous intervention and a gross violation of the Syrian sovereignty . '' In mid-August 2016 , the Pentagon said the U.S. - led coalition ′ s F - 22 aircraft flew over the area around the city of Al - Hasakah in a `` very unusual '' move to protect American special operation ground forces from attacks by Syrian government jets . </P> <H2> Support for the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant </H2> <P> Until 2015 , the Turkish government had maintained a border regime that was referred to by commentators and Turkish journalists as the `` Jihadist Highway '' where militants including potential ISIL fighters and other radical groups could come and go freely . </P> <P> In July 2015 , a raid by U.S. special forces on a compound housing the Islamic State 's `` chief financial officer '' , Abu Sayyaf , produced evidence that Turkish officials directly dealt with ranking IS members . </P> <H2> Individual foreign nationals ′ support for rebels / jihadist groups </H2> Main article : Foreign rebel fighters in the Syrian Civil War <P> There have been a number of foreign fighters that had joined the Syrian Civil War in opposition to Assad . While some are jihadists , others , such as Mahdi al - Harati , joined to help the Syrian rebels . Some fighters came from as far away as Chechnya and Tajikistan . </P> <P> Several groups , such as the Abdullah Azzam Shaheed Brigade , al - Nusra Front and Fatah al - Islam have stated that they conducted operations in Syria . Jihadist leaders and intelligence sources said foreign fighters had begun to enter Syria only in February 2012 . In May 2012 , Syria 's U.N. envoy Bashar Ja'afari declared that dozens of foreign fighters from Libya , Tunisia , Egypt , Britain , France and elsewhere had been captured or killed , and urged Saudi Arabia , Qatar and Turkey to stop `` their sponsorship of the armed rebellion '' . In June , it was reported that hundreds of foreign fighters , many linked to al - Qaeda , had gone to Syria to fight against Assad . In July , Iraq 's foreign minister again warned that members of al - Qaeda in Iraq were seeking refuge in Syria and moving there to fight . When asked if the United States would arm the opposition , Hillary Clinton expressed fears that such weapons could fall into the hands of al - Qaeda or Hamas . In October 2012 , the United States expressed concern and confirmed that most of the weapons fall into the hands of radical Islamist rebels . </P> <P> In July 2016 , the British press cited '' experts '' as believing that ISIL fielded at least three exclusively Russian - speaking `` Caucasian '' ( often led by Chechens ) battalions of about 150 men each , the rank and file of those having been drawn from Russia ′ s North Caucasus and other parts of the former Soviet Union . </P> <H2> Role of regional States </H2> <H3> Israel </H3> Main article : Israeli involvement in the Syrian Civil War See also : Iran - Israel proxy conflict , March 2017 Israel -- Syria incident , and Israeli -- Syrian ceasefire line incidents during the Syrian Civil War <P> Israel 's military role in the Syrian Civil War has been limited and until 2017 officially not acknowledged , whereas Syria and Israel have technically been in a state of war since 1948 , albeit without major open hostilities after the 1973 conflict . Israeli official position had until 2017 been neutrality in the civil war in Syria . Until the March 2017 strike , Israel 's reported attacks on targets inside Syria were low - profile operations , for which Israel did not assume responsibility . </P> <P> In early July 2017 , Israel ′ s defence minister Avigdor Liberman said that while '' the rebels are not our friends , they are all versions of al - Qaida '' , Israel could not allow a man like Assad to remain in power : `` Keeping Assad in power is not in our security interests . As long as he is in power , Iran and Hezbollah will be in Syria . '' He said that Israel had no interest in entering the Syrian civil war , but there were '' red lines '' Israel had set , such as the smuggling of sophisticated weaponry to Hezbollah and Iran ′ s presence on its borders . Later in July 2017 , the Israeli government said it opposed the cease - fire agreement in southern Syria that the United States and Russia had reached a week prior that envisaged establishing de-escalation zones along Syria 's borders with both Jordan and Israel , as that would legalise Iran ′ s presence in Syria . </P> <P> In July 2017 , the Israeli military said that they had since June 2016 run Operation Good Neighbor , a multi-faceted humanitarian relief operation focused on providing care to Syrian children . </P> <P> By early December 2017 , the Israeli air force had confirmed it had attacked arms convoys of the Syrian government and Lebanon 's Hezbollah nearly 100 times during within over six years of the conflict in Syria . </P> <P> On 22 July 2018 , Israel carried out an evacuation of some 400 people , including 98 White Helmets , from former rebel - controlled territory in the southwest through the part of Golan Heights it controls and transferred them to Jordan . The operation was effected at the request of Western governments as the lives of the White Helmets were considered to be in danger in view of the Syrian government ′ s successful offensive in southwestern Syria . </P> <H3> Lebanon </H3> Main article : Lebanon 's role in the Syrian Civil War <P> Lebanon 's role in the Syrian Civil War has been limited , compared to the role of other regional and international actors . Lebanon is not officially involved in the conflict , but has been greatly affected by it . </P> <P> Since 2011 , Lebanon has absorbed Syrian refugees as well as provided humanitarian aid . According to the UNHCR , there were over 1 million Syrian refugees who had been registered in Lebanon in 2016 . Nevertheless , this figure is likely largely underestimated since the UNHCR has stopped registering new Syrian refugees since May 2015 and it does n't include individuals awaiting to be registered . Hence , precise figures of the number of Syrian people in Lebanon do n't exist currently . Recent estimates were as high as 1,500,000 people . </P> <P> Between 2011 and 2017 , fighting from the Syrian Civil War spilled over into Lebanon as opponents and supporters of the Syrian rebels travelled to Lebanon to fight and attack each other on Lebanese soil . The Syrian conflict has been described as having stoked a `` resurgence of sectarian violence in Lebanon '' , with many of Lebanon 's Sunni Muslims supporting the rebels in Syria , while many Shi'ites have supported Assad , whose Alawite minority is usually described as an offshoot of Shi'a Islam . Killings , unrest , and kidnappings of foreign citizens across Lebanon resulted . </P> <P> Hezbollah involvement in the Syrian Civil War has been substantial since the beginning of armed insurgency phase of the Syrian Civil War , and turned into active support and troop deployment from 2012 onwards . By 2014 , Hezbollah involvement begun to turn steady in support of Syrian Ba'athist Government forces across Syria . Hezbollah deployed several thousand fighters in Syria and by 2015 lost up to 1500 fighters in combat . Hezbollah has also been very active to prevent rebel penetration from Syria to Lebanon , being one of the most active forces in the Syrian Civil War spillover in Lebanon . </P> <H2> See also </H2> <Ul> <Li> Dutch involvement in the Syrian Civil War </Li> <Li> List of armed groups in the Syrian Civil War </Li> <Li> Spillover of the Syrian Civil War </Li> <Li> Syrian Civil War peace process </Li> <Li> Iran -- Saudi Arabia proxy conflict </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Syrian Civil War portal </Li> </Ul> <H2> External links </H2> <Ul> <Li> FROM THE BOTTOM , UP : A Strategy for U.S. Military Support to Syria 's Armed Opposition Study ( CNAS , Jamestown Foundation ) , April 2016 </Li> </Ul> <H2> References </H2> <Ol> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` U.S. Weaponry Is Turning Syria Into Proxy War With Russia '' . The New York Times . 12 October 2015 . Retrieved 14 October 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` John McCain says US is engaged in proxy war with Russia in Syria '' . The Guardian . 4 October 2015 . Retrieved 17 October 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` U.S. , Russia escalate involvement in Syria '' . CNN . 13 October 2015 . Retrieved 17 October 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` '' The Russians have made a serious mistake `` : how Putin 's Syria gambit will backfire '' . Vox ( website ) . 1 October 2015 . Retrieved 26 October 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ In Syrië dreigt nu een proxy - oorlog : Rusland vs Amerika VS leveren extra wapens aan rebellen die vechten tegen Assad , lees : Moskou . Terug naar jaren 80 in Afghanistan . NRC Handelsblad , 14 October 2015 ( `` In Syria , a proxy - war now is looming '' ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ U.S. vs. Russia : What a war would look like between the world ′ s most fearsome militaries Militarytimes.com , 24 January 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Saudi Arabia and Iran must end their proxy war in Syria '' . The Guardian . 15 December 2013 . Retrieved 30 November 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Turkey condemns attack on Syrian Turkmen village , summons Russian envoy '' . Hürriyet Daily News . 20 November 2015 . Retrieved 25 December 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` French direct aid a dubious break for Syria rebels '' . London . The Guardian . 7 September 2012 . Retrieved 5 October 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Syria 's crisis : Bashar bashed - After months of slow progress , Bashar Assad 's opponents have the upper hand '' . The Economist. 1 December 2012 . Retrieved 5 October 2015 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Russian military presence in Syria poses challenge to US - led intervention '' . The Guardian , 23 December 2012 . Retrieved 26 February 2013 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Obama ' red line ' erased as Bashar Assad 's chemical weapons use goes unchecked by U.S. military '' . The Washington Times . 17 May 2015 . Retrieved 23 November 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Russia denies arming Syria '' . The Irish Times . 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Missing or empty url = ( help ) ; access - date = requires url = ( help ) </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Security Council ' Unequivocally ' Condemns ISIL Terrorist Attacks , Unanimously Adopting Text that Determines Extremist Group Poses ' Unprecedented ' Threat </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` U.N. Security Council Unanimously Votes to Adopt France 's Counterterrorism Resolution '' . The Wall Street Journal . 20 November 2015 . Retrieved 21 November 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Parliament votes to bomb Islamic State in Syria '' . Reuters. 3 December 2015 . Retrieved 3 December 2015 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Syria air strikes : RAF Tornado jets carry out bombing '' . BBC . 3 December 2015 . Retrieved 3 December 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Guy Faulconbridge ( 2 February 2016 ) . `` Putin is fanning Syrian civil war , Hammond says '' . Reuters . 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Reuters. 24 February 2016 . Retrieved 24 February 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` EXCLUSIVE : Turkey ' protects & supplies ' Al - Nusra camps at its border -- Syria 's YPG to RT '' . RT . 4 March 2016 . Retrieved 4 March 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Минобороны РФ : из Турции в Сирию к террористам идут фуры с оружием '' . RIA Novosti. 4 March 2016 . Retrieved 4 March 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Russian UN envoy Churkin names Turkish companies helping ISIS make bombs RT , 26 May 2016 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Chivers , C.J. ; Schmitt , Eric ( 26 February 2013 ) . `` In Shift , Saudis Are Said to Arm Rebels in Syria '' . New York Times . Retrieved 28 May 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Arab league allows members to arm rebels and offers seat to opposition '' . Al Bawaba. 9 February 2013 . Retrieved 8 March 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Arab League summit opens in Doha with focus on Syrian crisis - Xinhua English.news.cn '' . News.xinhuanet.com. 26 March 2013 . Retrieved 29 May 2013 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Roula Khalaf and Abigail Fielding Smith ( 16 May 2013 ) . `` Qatar bankrolls Syrian revolt with cash and arms '' . Financial Times . Retrieved 3 June 2013 . ( subscription required ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Roula Khalaf and Abigail Fielding - Smith ( 17 May 2013 ) . `` How Qatar seized control of the Syrian revolution '' . Financial Times . Retrieved 26 June 2013 . ( subscription required ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Frank Gardner ( 13 November 2014 ) . The Missing Students . From Our Own Correspondent . BBC Radio 4 . Event occurs at 11 : 41 . Retrieved 14 November 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Syrian Rebels Describe U.S. - Backed Training in Qatar '' . FRONTLINE . Public Broadcasting Service . 26 May 2014 . Retrieved 14 November 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Jordan confirms its planes joined strikes on IS in Syria '' . Jordan Times . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Jordan troops clash with militants on Syria border '' . Middle East Eye . Retrieved 13 November 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Michaels , Jim ; Bacon , John ( 3 February 2015 ) . `` Jordan executes two in response to pilot 's slaying '' . USA Today . Gannett Company . Retrieved 9 July 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Saudi edges Qatar to control Syrian rebel support retrieved 6 June 2013 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Assad : Our Battle With Saudi Is Open - Ended '' . 30 November 2013 . Retrieved 2 December 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` ' Russia kills US - backed Syrian rebels in second day of air strikes as Iran prepares for ground offensive ' '' . The Daily Telegraph . 2 October 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Saudi Arabia just replenished Syrian rebels with one of the most effective weapons against the Assad regime '' . Business Insider. 10 October 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Syrian army source : rebels make heavy use of TOW missiles '' . Reuters. 25 November 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Syrian opposition seeks unified front at Riyadh conference '' . BBC . 8 December 2015 . Retrieved 10 December 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Syria conflict : Opposition agrees framework for peace talks '' . BBC . 10 December 2015 . Retrieved 12 December 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Muir , Jim ( 10 December 2015 ) . `` Syria conflict : Can Saudi pressure secure peace ? '' . BBC . Retrieved 12 December 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ What do Russia and Iran think about Saudi Arabia 's coalition initiative ? </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Senior Russian lawmaker blasts Saudi - led anti-terror coalition as ' unviable ' </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Black , Ian ( 4 February 2016 ) . `` Saudi Arabia offers to send ground troops to Syria to fight Isis '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 5 February 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Sly , Liz ; DeYoung , Karen ( 23 February 2013 ) . `` In Syria , new influx of weapons to rebels tilts the battle against Assad '' . Washington Post . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Chivers , C.J. ; Schmitt , Eric ( 25 February 2013 ) . `` Saudis Step Up Help for Rebels in Syria With Croatian Arms '' . The New York Times . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ ADAM ENTOUS , NOUR MALAS and MARGARET COKER , Wall Street Journal , 25 August 2013 , A Veteran Saudi Power Player Works To Build Support to Topple Assad </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Cooke , Shamus ( 21 January 2013 ) . `` Report : Saudis sent death - row inmates to fight Syria '' . USA tODAY . Retrieved 12 September 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Switzerland halts arms exports to U.A.E. , as report says Swiss arms used by Syria rebels '' . Haaretz. 5 July 2012 . Retrieved 5 July 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` UN rights chief Navi Pillay plea on Syria weapons '' . BBC News . 2 July 2012 . Retrieved 5 July 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Cofman Wittes , Tamara ( 19 April 2012 ) . `` Options for U.S. Policy in Syria '' . Testimony before the Senate Foreign Relations Committee . Brookings Institution . Retrieved 6 July 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Lynch , Marc ( 21 February 2012 ) . `` Helping Syria Without War '' . Abu Aardvark 's Middle East Blog . FP.com . Retrieved 7 July 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Williams , Lauren ( 10 November 2012 ) . `` Free Iraqi Army inspired by Syria war '' . The Daliy Star . Archived from the original on 4 July 2013 . Retrieved 3 December 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Ruhayem , Rami ( 21 November 2012 ) . `` Iraqis locked in rival sectarian narratives '' . BBC News . Retrieved 3 December 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kennedy , Elizabeth A. ( 12 February 2012 ) . `` Al Qaeda urges Muslims to help Syria rebels '' . AP . Retrieved 4 March 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kennedy , Elizabeth A. ( 12 February 2012 ) . `` Ayman al - Zawahri , Al - Qaeda Chief , Urges Muslims To Help Syrian Rebels '' . Huffington Post . Retrieved 4 March 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ PYD uses US , Russian support to promote its agenda 3 November 2015 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Russian support for PKK 's Syrian arm PYD '' . Anadolu Agency . 27 November 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Russia hits back at Turkey by changing Syria ′ game ′ </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` EXCLUSIVE : Interethnic coalition takes on the IS group in Syria '' . France 24 ( Youtube ) . 22 April 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Syria conflict : Obama to deploy 250 more special forces troops '' . BBC . 25 April 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 150 US Troops Arrive in Rojava : Source '' . Bas News . 27 April 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Syria stresses entry of 150 US troops into its territory is illegitimate and totally rejected </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Damascus concerned at reports of U.S. troops arrival Reuters , 28 April 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Coalition jets scrambled to defend U.S. forces from Syrian bombing </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Cockburn , Patrick ( 24 August 2014 ) . `` An obvious first step -- close the jihadis ′ highway '' . The Independent . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ All It Takes To Cross From Turkey To ISIS - Held Syria Is $25 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bertrand , Natasha ( 28 July 2015 ) . `` Senior Western official : Links between Turkey and ISIS are now ' undeniable ' '' . Yahoo News . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ MacFarquhar , Neil ; Saad , Hwaida ( 29 July 2012 ) . `` As Syrian War Drags On , Jihadists Take Bigger Role '' . Time . Retrieved 9 December 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Abdul - Ahad , Ghaith ( 23 September 2012 ) . `` Syria : the foreign fighters joining the war against Bashar al - Assad '' . London : The Guardian . Retrieved 9 December 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Lebanon 's Most Wanted Sunni Terrorist Blows Himself Up in Syria '' . Yalibnan. 23 April 2012 . Retrieved 17 May 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Macleod , Hugh ; Flamand , Annasofie ( 13 May 2012 ) . `` Iraq - style chaos looms as foreign jihadists pour into Syria '' . The Sunday Times . Retrieved 30 June 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Yacoub , Khaled ( 9 May 2012 ) . `` Syria rebels kill 7 , bomb explodes near U.N. monitors '' . Reuters . Retrieved 17 May 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Jaber , Hala ( 17 June 2012 ) . `` Jihadists pour into Syrian slaughter '' . The Sunday Times . Retrieved 30 June 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Peel , Michael ; Fielding - Smith , Abigail ( 5 July 2012 ) . `` Iraq warns over al - Qaeda flux to Syria '' . Financial Times . Retrieved 7 July 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Andrews , Wyatt ( 26 February 2012 ) . `` Hillary Clinton : Assad regime dishonors Syria '' . CBS . Retrieved 24 June 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Sanger , David E. ( 14 October 2012 ) . `` Rebel Arms Flow Is Said to Benefit Jihadists in Syria '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 17 October 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ ' Your son has become a martyr ' : the Russian fighters from Dagestan rising up the ranks of Islamic State The Telegraph , 30 July 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Israel Carries Out Airstrike on Syrian Anti-Aircraft Battery NYT , 16 October 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Why does Israel keep attacking Syria ? AJ , 23 October 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` i24news - See beyond '' . Archived from the original on 27 September 2015 . Retrieved 13 January 2017 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : ISRAELI DEFENSE MINISTER TO SYRIA : ' DON 'T TEST US ' The Jerusalem Post , 2 July 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Netanyahu : Israel Opposes Cease - fire Deal Reached by U.S. and Russia in Southern Syria Haaretz , 17 July 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Russia Responds to Netanyahu 's Criticism of Syrian Cease - fire : We 'll Address Israel 's Security Concerns JP , 17 July 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ LIBERMAN : ISRAEL WILL RETAIN FREEDOM OF ACTION IN SYRIA The Jerusalem Post , 9 July 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Operation Good Neighbor : Israel reveals its massive humanitarian aid to Syria The Times of Israel , 19 July 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Israeli missiles hit military post near Damascus : Syrian state TV Reuters , 2 December 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Syrian ' White Helmets ' flee to Jordan with Israeli , Western help Reuters , 22 July 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ 300 White Helmet rescue workers still trapped in Syria CNN , 23 July 2018 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` UNHCR Syria Regional Refugee Response / Lebanon '' . UNHCR. 18 March 2015 . Retrieved 21 March 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Marco Funk and Roderick Parkes ( 2016 ) . `` Syrian refugee flows -- and ebbs '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 6 March 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Holmes , Oliver ( 23 August 2013 ) . `` Bombs kill 42 outside mosques in Lebanon 's Tripoli '' . Reuters . Retrieved 30 August 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bassam , Laila ( 15 August 2013 ) . `` Car bomb kills 20 in Hezbollah 's Beirut stronghold '' . Reuters . Retrieved 30 August 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The role of Hezbollah in Syria 's war News '' . Al Jazeera . Retrieved 29 November 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Hizbullah 's learning curve : Deadly experience '' . The Economist. 22 August 2015 . Retrieved 24 August 2015 . </Li> </Ol> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Syrian Civil War </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Part of the Arab Spring and Arab Winter </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Background </Li> <Li> Timeline </Li> </Ul> </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Background </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 1963 coup d'état </Li> <Li> 1966 coup d'état </Li> <Li> 1970 `` Corrective Revolution '' </Li> <Li> 1979 -- 82 Islamic uprising </Li> <Li> 1999 Latakia protests </Li> <Li> 2000 -- 01 Damascus Spring </Li> <Li> 2004 Qamishli riots </Li> <Li> Syrian occupation of Lebanon </Li> <Li> 2005 Damascus Declaration </Li> <Li> Human rights in Syria </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 2011 ( Jan -- Apr May -- Aug Sep -- Dec ) </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Death of Hamza Ali Al - Khateeb </Li> <Li> Siege of Daraa </Li> <Li> Siege of Baniyas </Li> <Li> Talkalakh siege </Li> <Li> Siege of Rastan and Talbiseh </Li> <Li> Jisr ash - Shugur operation </Li> <Li> Siege of Hama </Li> <Li> Siege of Homs </Li> <Li> Jabal al - Zawiya operation </Li> <Li> Siege of Latakia </Li> <Li> Deir ez - Zor Clashes </Li> <Li> Rif Dimashq clashes <Ul> <Li> Battle of Zabadani </Li> <Li> Battle of Douma </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Daraa Governorate clashes </Li> <Li> First Battle of Rastan </Li> <Li> Shayrat and Tiyas airbase ambush </Li> <Li> Idlib Governorate clashes </Li> <Li> Jabal al - Zawiya massacres </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 2012 ( Jan -- Apr May -- Aug Sep -- Dec ) </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> al - Midan bombing </Li> <Li> Second Battle of Rastan </Li> <Li> First Idlib operation </Li> <Li> First Battle of Idlib </Li> <Li> First Battle of al - Qusayr </Li> <Li> Second Idlib operation <Ul> <Li> Battle of Taftanaz </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Third Battle of Rastan </Li> <Li> Houla massacre </Li> <Li> Battle of al - Haffah </Li> <Li> Al - Qubeir massacre </Li> <Li> Battle of Tremseh </Li> <Li> Battle of Damascus <Ul> <Li> Damascus bombing </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Battle of Aleppo <Ul> <Li> Battle of Anadan </Li> <Li> Siege of Base 46 </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Al - Hasakah Governorate campaign ( 2012 -- 13 ) </Li> <Li> First Rif Dimashq offensive <Ul> <Li> Darayya massacre </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Battle of Khirbet al - Joz </Li> <Li> Battle of Maarrat al - Nu'man ( 2012 ) </Li> <Li> First Siege of Wadi Deif </Li> <Li> Battle of Harem </Li> <Li> Second Rif Dimashq offensive <Ul> <Li> Battle of Darayya </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Aqrab massacre </Li> <Li> First Hama offensive <Ul> <Li> Halfaya massacre </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Battle of Darayya </Li> <Li> Quneitra Governorate clashes </Li> <Li> Talbiseh bakery massacre </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 2013 ( Jan -- Apr May -- Dec ) </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Battle of Safira </Li> <Li> Battle of Shadadeh </Li> <Li> Damascus offensive </Li> <Li> Raqqa campaign ( 2012 -- 13 ) ( Battle of Raqqa ( March 2013 ) ) </Li> <Li> Daraa offensive </Li> <Li> Third Rif Dimashq offensive <Ul> <Li> Battle of Jdaidet al - Fadl </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Ghouta chemical attack </Li> <Li> Al - Qusayr offensive <Ul> <Li> Second Battle of al - Qusayr </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Bayda and Baniyas massacres </Li> <Li> Second Hama offensive </Li> <Li> Hatla massacre </Li> <Li> Khan al - Assal chemical attack </Li> <Li> Khan al - Assal massacre </Li> <Li> Adra massacre </Li> <Li> Battle of Ras al - Ayn </Li> <Li> Battle of Tell Abyad </Li> <Li> Fourth Rif Dimashq offensive </Li> <Li> Aleppo offensive </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 2014 ( Jan -- Jul Aug -- Dec ) </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> First Inter-Rebel Conflict <Ul> <Li> Battle of Markada </Li> <Li> First Deir ez - Zor Offensive </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Battle of Mork </Li> <Li> 2nd Daraa Offensive </Li> <Li> Maan massacre </Li> <Li> Al - Otaiba ambush </Li> <Li> 4th Idlib Offensive </Li> <Li> Battle of Hosn </Li> <Li> 2nd Latakia Offensive </Li> <Li> Battle of Al - Malihah </Li> <Li> Kafr Zita chemical attack </Li> <Li> Second Siege of Wadi Deif </Li> <Li> 2nd Qalamoun Offensive <Ul> <Li> Battle of Arsal </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> First Battle of the Shaer gas field </Li> <Li> Eastern Syria Offensive <Ul> <Li> Battle for Tabqa Air base </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Northern Aleppo offensive ( February -- July 2014 ) </Li> <Li> 3rd Hama Offensive </Li> <Li> Quneitra Offensive </Li> <Li> 6th Rif Dimashq offensive </Li> <Li> Siege of Kobanî </Li> <Li> 3rd Daraa offensive </Li> <Li> 2nd Al - Safira offensive </Li> <Li> Idlib Raid </Li> <Li> Second Inter-Rebel Conflict </Li> <Li> Second Battle of the Shaer gas field </Li> <Li> Battle of Al - Shaykh Maskin </Li> <Li> 2nd Deir ez - Zor offensive </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 2015 ( Jan -- Jul Aug -- Dec ) </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> An - 26 crash </Li> <Li> 4th Daraa Offensive </Li> <Li> Southern Syria Offensive </Li> <Li> Eastern al - Hasakah offensive </Li> <Li> 1st Battle of Sarrin </Li> <Li> 2nd Battle of Sarrin </Li> <Li> Battle of Bosra </Li> <Li> 5th Idlib Offensive </Li> <Li> Second Battle of Idlib </Li> <Li> Battle of Nasib Border Crossing </Li> <Li> 2nd Battle of Yarmouk Camp </Li> <Li> Western al - Hasakah offensive </Li> <Li> Palmyra offensive ( May 2015 ) </Li> <Li> 2015 Qamishli bombings </Li> <Li> Tell Abyad offensive </Li> <Li> Kobanî massacre </Li> <Li> Quneitra offensive </Li> <Li> Palmyra offensive ( July -- August 2015 ) </Li> <Li> 7th Rif Dimashq offensive </Li> <Li> Northwestern Syria offensive </Li> <Li> 2015 Aleppo offensive </Li> <Li> 2015 Al - Hawl offensive </Li> <Li> Homs offensive ( November -- December 2015 ) </Li> <Li> East Aleppo offensive ( 2015 -- 16 ) </Li> <Li> Latakia offensive ( 2015 -- 2016 ) </Li> <Li> Tishrin Dam offensive </Li> <Li> 2015 Russian Sukhoi Su - 24 shootdown </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 2016 ( Jan -- Apr May -- Aug Sep -- Dec ) </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Second Battle of Al - Shaykh Maskin </Li> <Li> 3rd Deir ez - Zor offensive </Li> <Li> Sayyidah Zaynab bombings </Li> <Li> Northern Aleppo offensive ( February 2016 ) </Li> <Li> Ithriyah - Raqqa offensive ( February -- March 2016 ) </Li> <Li> Al - Shaddadi offensive ( 2016 ) </Li> <Li> February Homs bombings </Li> <Li> February Sayyidah Zaynab bombings </Li> <Li> 2016 Khanasir offensive </Li> <Li> Battle of Tel Abyad </Li> <Li> Battle of Maarrat al - Nu'man ( 2016 ) </Li> <Li> Battle of Qamishli ( April 2016 ) </Li> <Li> Northern Aleppo offensive ( March -- June 2016 ) </Li> <Li> Palmyra offensive ( March 2016 ) </Li> <Li> East Ghouta inter-rebel conflict ( April -- May 2016 ) </Li> <Li> 8th Rif Dimashq offensive </Li> <Li> Northern Raqqa offensive ( May 2016 ) </Li> <Li> May 2016 Jableh and Tartous bombings </Li> <Li> Ithriyah - Raqqa offensive ( June 2016 ) </Li> <Li> 9th Rif Dimashq offensive </Li> <Li> Manbij offensive <Ul> <Li> Tokhar </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2016 Southern Aleppo campaign </Li> <Li> Battle of al - Rai ( August 2016 ) </Li> <Li> 2016 Aleppo summer campaign </Li> <Li> Western al - Bab offensive ( September 2016 ) </Li> <Li> 5 September 2016 Syria bombings </Li> <Li> September 2016 Deir ez - Zor air raid </Li> <Li> September 2016 Urum al - Kubra Aid Convoy attack </Li> <Li> September Aleppo offensive </Li> <Li> 2016 Dabiq offensive </Li> <Li> Western al - Bab offensive ( October -- November 2016 ) </Li> <Li> Aleppo offensive ( September -- October 2016 ) </Li> <Li> Khan al - Shih offensive ( October -- November 2016 ) </Li> <Li> Raqqa campaign ( 2016 -- present ) </Li> <Li> Battle of al - Bab </Li> <Li> Aleppo offensive ( November -- December 2016 ) </Li> <Li> Palmyra offensive ( December 2016 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 2017 ( Jan -- Apr May -- Aug Sep -- Dec ) </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Wadi Barada offensive ( 2016 -- 17 ) </Li> <Li> January 2017 Azaz bombing </Li> <Li> Syrian Desert campaign ( December 2016 -- April 2017 ) </Li> <Li> Idlib Governorate clashes ( 2017 ) </Li> <Li> Deir ez - Zor offensive ( January -- February 2017 ) </Li> <Li> Daraa offensive ( February -- June 2017 ) </Li> <Li> Southwestern Daraa offensive ( February 2017 ) </Li> <Li> Qaboun offensive ( 2017 ) </Li> <Li> Palmyra offensive ( 2017 ) </Li> <Li> East Aleppo offensive ( January -- April 2017 ) </Li> <Li> March 2017 Damascus bombings </Li> <Li> 2017 al - Jinah airstrike </Li> <Li> Hama offensive ( March -- April 2017 ) </Li> <Li> Battle of Tabqa ( 2017 ) </Li> <Li> Khan Shaykhun chemical attack </Li> <Li> 2017 Shayrat missile strike </Li> <Li> 2017 Aleppo suicide car bombing </Li> <Li> April 2017 Turkish airstrikes in Syria and Iraq </Li> <Li> East Ghouta inter-rebel conflict ( April -- May 2017 ) </Li> <Li> Syrian Desert campaign ( May -- July 2017 ) </Li> <Li> Maskanah Plains offensive </Li> <Li> East Hama offensive </Li> <Li> Battle of Raqqa ( 2017 ) </Li> <Li> 9th Daraa </Li> <Li> Southern Raqqa offensive ( June 2017 ) </Li> <Li> 2017 Jobar offensive </Li> <Li> Quneitra offensive ( June 2017 ) </Li> <Li> Idlib Governorate clashes ( July 2017 ) </Li> <Li> Central Syria campaign ( 2017 ) </Li> <Li> 4th Qalamoun </Li> <Li> Deir ez - Zor offensive ( September 2017 -- March 2018 ) </Li> <Li> Hama offensive ( September 2017 ) </Li> <Li> Northwestern Syria campaign ( October 2017 -- February 2018 ) </Li> <Li> Turkish military operation in Idlib Governorate </Li> <Li> Battle of Harasta ( 2017 -- 18 ) </Li> <Li> Eastern Syria campaign ( September -- December 2017 ) <Ul> <Li> 2017 Euphrates Crossing offensive </Li> <Li> 2017 Mayadin offensive </Li> <Li> Battle of Deir ez - Zor ( September -- November 2017 ) </Li> <Li> 2017 Abu Kamal offensive </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Beit Jinn offensive </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 2018 ( Jan -- Apr May -- Aug Sep -- Dec ) </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Turkish military operation in Afrin </Li> <Li> Battle of Khasham </Li> <Li> Tenth Rif Dimashq offensive </Li> <Li> Southern Damascus offensive ( January -- February 2018 ) </Li> <Li> Syrian Liberation Front -- Tahrir al - Sham conflict </Li> <Li> Southern Damascus offensive ( March 2018 ) </Li> <Li> Douma chemical attack </Li> <Li> 2018 missile strikes against Syria </Li> <Li> Northern Homs offensive ( April -- May 2018 ) </Li> <Li> Eastern Qalamoun offensive ( April 2018 ) </Li> <Li> Southern Damascus offensive ( April -- May 2018 ) </Li> <Li> Deir ez - Zor Governorate clashes ( April 2018 ) </Li> <Li> Deir ez - Zor offensive ( May -- June 2018 ) </Li> <Li> As - Suwayda offensive ( June 2018 ) </Li> <Li> 2018 Southern Syria offensive </Li> <Li> 2018 As - Suwayda attacks </Li> <Li> As - Suwayda offensive ( August 2018 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Spillover </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Spillover into Lebanon <Ul> <Li> Lebanese -- Syrian border clashes </Li> <Li> Battle of Sidon </Li> <Li> Iranian Embassy Bombing </Li> <Li> Northern Lebanon Clashes </Li> <Li> 3rd Qalamoun </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Syrian - Turkish border clashes <Ul> <Li> December 2011 Syrian -- Turkish border clash </Li> <Li> Turkish aircraft shootdown </Li> <Li> October 2012 Syrian - Turkish border clashes </Li> <Li> Reyhanlı bombings </Li> <Li> January 2014 Turkish airstrike in Syria </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Israeli -- Syrian ceasefire line incidents <Ul> <Li> March 2017 incident </Li> <Li> February 2018 incident </Li> <Li> May 2018 Israel -- Iran incidents </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Jordanian - Syrian border clashes <Ul> <Li> April 2014 Jordanian -- Syrian border airstrike </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Spillover into Iraq <Ul> <Li> Akashat ambush </Li> <Li> Operation al - Shabah </Li> <Li> April 2014 Iraqi -- Syrian border airstrike </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Assassination of Andrei Karlov </Li> <Li> Turkish military intervention in Syria ( August 2016 -- March 2017 ) </Li> <Li> 2017 Russian Air Force Al - Bab incident </Li> <Li> 2017 Deir ez - Zor missile strike </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Involved parties </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Syria </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Ba'ath Government </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party -- Syria Region </Li> <Li> Syrian Social Nationalist Party </Li> <Li> Arab Socialist Movement </Li> <Li> Syrian Communist Party </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Military & Militias </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Syrian Armed Forces </Li> <Li> Syrian Resistance </Li> <Li> PFLP - GC </Li> <Li> al - Quds Brigade </Li> <Li> Palestine Liberation Army </Li> <Li> Smaller groups </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Support for the government </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Hezbollah involvement </Li> <Li> Iranian involvement <Ul> <Li> Liwa Fatemiyoun </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Russian involvement <Ul> <Li> medical facility targeting </Li> <Li> military intervention </Li> <Li> Wagner Group </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Russia -- Syria -- Iran -- Iraq coalition </Li> <Li> Popular Mobilization Forces ( Iraq ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Syrian opposition , Al - Qaeda affiliates and allies </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> NCSR Government </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> National Coalition <Ul> <Li> Local Co-ordination Committees </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Syrian National Council </Li> <Li> Supreme Council of the Syrian Revolution </Li> <Li> National Coordination Committee for Democratic Change </Li> <Li> Syrian Revolution General Commission </Li> <Li> Syrian Support Group </Li> <Li> Adopt a Revolution </Li> <Li> Syrian Patriotic Group </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Opposition militias </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Turkish - backed Free Syrian Army </Li> <Li> National Front for Liberation </Li> <Li> Abu Amara Special Tasks Squad </Li> <Li> Army of Glory </Li> <Li> National Liberation Movement </Li> <Li> Central Division </Li> <Li> Army of Islam </Li> <Li> al - Rahman Legion </Li> <Li> 1st Brigade of Damascus </Li> <Li> Southern Front </Li> <Li> Army of Free Tribes </Li> <Li> Criterion Brigades </Li> <Li> National Front for the Liberation of Syria </Li> <Li> Company of the People of the Levant </Li> <Li> Authenticity and Development Front </Li> <Li> Al - Qaratayn Martyrs Brigade </Li> <Li> Revolutionary Commando Army * Smaller groups </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> al - Qaeda affiliates and allies </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Tahrir al - Sham </Li> <Li> Turkistan Islamic Party in Syria </Li> <Li> Caucasus Emirate </Li> <Li> Ajnad al - Kavkaz </Li> <Li> Junud al - Makhdi </Li> <Li> Malhama Tactical </Li> <Li> Ansar al - Islam splinter faction </Li> <Li> Smaller groups </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Allied groups ( to the Opposition militias ) </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Muslim Brotherhood of Syria </Li> <Li> Grey Wolves </Li> <Li> Smaller groups </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Support for the Opposition </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> American - led intervention <Ul> <Li> American rescue mission </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Jordanian intervention </Li> <Li> Qatar </Li> <Li> Saudi Arabia </Li> <Li> Turkey </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Rojava ( SDF ) </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Rojava government </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Democratic Union Party </Li> <Li> Kurdish National Council </Li> <Li> Smaller political parties </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> SDF groups </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> People 's Protection Units </Li> <Li> Women 's Protection Units </Li> <Li> Anti-Terror Units </Li> <Li> Al - Sanadid Forces </Li> <Li> Army of Revolutionaries </Li> <Li> Elite Forces </Li> <Li> SDF Military Councils </Li> <Li> Syriac Military Council ( Bethnahrain Women 's Protection Forces </Li> <Li> Jabhat Thuwar al - Raqqa </Li> <Li> Raqqa Hawks Brigade </Li> <Li> Northern Democratic Brigade </Li> <Li> Free Officers Union </Li> <Li> Liberation Brigade faction </Li> <Li> Shahba Forces </Li> <Li> Liwa Owais al - Qorani remnants </Li> <Li> Martyr Amara Arab Women 's Battalion </Li> <Li> Battalion of Karachok Martyrs </Li> <Li> Revolutionary Forces </Li> <Li> Khabour Guards </Li> <Li> Nattoreh </Li> <Li> Smaller groups </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Allied groups </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Patriotic Union of Kurdistan </Li> <Li> Kurdistan Workers ' Party </Li> <Li> International Freedom Battalion </Li> <Li> International Anti-Fascist Battalion </Li> <Li> Sinjar Resistance Units </Li> <Li> Êzîdxan Women 's Units </Li> <Li> Smaller groups </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> ISIL </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Military of ISIL </Li> <Li> Dokumacılar </Li> <Li> Khalid ibn al - Walid Army </Li> <Li> Liwa al - Aqsa </Li> <Li> Group of the One and Only </Li> <Li> Liwa Dawud </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> People </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Ammar Abdulhamid </Li> <Li> Ali al - Abdallah </Li> <Li> Adnan al - Aroor </Li> <Li> al - Assad family <Ul> <Li> Bashar </Li> <Li> Maher </Li> <Li> Rifaat </Li> <Li> Rami Makhlouf </Li> <Li> Hafez Makhlouf </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Riad al - Asaad </Li> <Li> Anwar al - Bunni </Li> <Li> Fahd Jassem al - Freij </Li> <Li> Suheil al - Hassan </Li> <Li> Haitham al - Maleh </Li> <Li> Moaz al - Khatib </Li> <Li> Kamal al - Labwani </Li> <Li> Hamza al - Khateeb </Li> <Li> Tal al - Mallohi </Li> <Li> Fida al - Sayed </Li> <Li> Riad al - Turk </Li> <Li> Khaled Khoja </Li> <Li> Ammar al - Qurabi </Li> <Li> Suheir Atassi </Li> <Li> Ali Sadreddine Al - Bayanouni </Li> <Li> Aref Dalila </Li> <Li> Farid Ghadry </Li> <Li> Burhan Ghalioun </Li> <Li> Razan Ghazzawi </Li> <Li> Ghassan Hitto </Li> <Li> Salim Idris </Li> <Li> Randa Kassis </Li> <Li> Abdul Halim Khaddam </Li> <Li> Michel Kilo </Li> <Li> Bassma Kodmani </Li> <Li> Ali Habib Mahmud </Li> <Li> Ali Mahmoud Othman </Li> <Li> Ibrahim Qashoush </Li> <Li> Dawoud Rajiha </Li> <Li> Yassin al - Haj Saleh </Li> <Li> Bouthaina Shaaban </Li> <Li> Adib Shishakly </Li> <Li> Abdulbaset Sieda </Li> <Li> Riad Seif </Li> <Li> Fadwa Soliman </Li> <Li> Mohamad Anas Haitham Soueid </Li> <Li> Yaser Tabbara </Li> <Li> Razan Zaitouneh </Li> <Li> Rami Jarrah </Li> <Li> Abdurrahman Mustafa </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Issues </Li> <Li> Peace process </Li> <Li> Related topics </Li> <Li> Elections </Li> </Ul> </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Issues </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Casualties </Li> <Li> Chemical weapons </Li> <Li> Cities and towns </Li> <Li> Damaged heritage sites </Li> <Li> Foreign involvement </Li> <Li> Human rights violations </Li> <Li> Humanitarian aid </Li> <Li> International reactions </Li> <Li> International demonstrations and protests </Li> <Li> Massacres </Li> <Li> Refugees ( European migrant crisis ) </Li> <Li> Sectarianism and minorities </Li> <Li> Spillover into Lebanon </Li> <Li> Syrian reactions </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Peace process </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Arab League monitors </Li> <Li> Friends of Syria Group </Li> <Li> Kofi Annan peace plan <Ul> <Li> UN Supervision Mission </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Lakhdar Brahimi peace plan </Li> <Li> U.S. -- Russia peace proposals on Syria </Li> <Li> 39th G8 summit </Li> <Li> UN Security Council Resolution 2118 </Li> <Li> Geneva II Conference </Li> <Li> 2015 Zabadani cease - fire agreement </Li> <Li> 2015 Vienna talks </Li> <Li> 2016 Geneva talks </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Related topics </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 2014 Syrian detainee report </Li> <Li> Exclusive mandate </Li> <Li> Fourth Extraordinary Session of the Islamic Summit Conference </Li> <Li> International recognition of the Syrian National Council </Li> <Li> Syria Files </Li> <Li> Syrian media coverage </Li> <Li> The Return to Homs </Li> <Li> Silvered Water , Syria Self - Portrait </Li> <Li> Sunnistan </Li> <Li> Syrian presidential election , 2014 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Elections and referendums held during the civil war </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Syrian local elections , 2011 </Li> <Li> Syrian constitutional referendum , 2012 </Li> <Li> Syrian presidential election , 2014 </Li> <Li> Rojava local elections , 2015 </Li> <Li> Syrian parliamentary election , 2016 </Li> <Li> Northern Syria local elections , 2017 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Foreign_involvement_in_the_Syrian_Civil_War&oldid=853416624 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> Foreign relations of Syria </Li> <Li> Lists of the Syrian Civil War </Li> <Li> Foreign involvement in the Syrian Civil War </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Articles with Russian - language external links </Li> <Li> Articles with Arabic - language external links </Li> <Li> Pages using web citations with no URL </Li> <Li> Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL </Li> <Li> CS1 Turkish - language sources ( tr ) </Li> <Li> Pages containing links to subscription - only content </Li> <Li> Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages </Li> <Li> Use dmy dates from May 2016 </Li> <Li> All articles with unsourced statements </Li> <Li> Articles with unsourced statements from December 2013 </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> View source </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> فارسی </Li> <Li> 한국어 </Li> <Li> Português </Li> <Li> Русский </Li> <Li> Sicilianu </Li> <Li> Suomi </Li> </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 4 August 2018 , at 17 : 02 ( UTC ) . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> | [
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French Indochina - wikipedia <H1> French Indochina </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Td_colspan="3"> Indochinese Federation </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="3"> Fédération indochinoise ( French ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="3"> Federation of French colonial possessions </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="3"> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1887 -- 1954 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="3"> Flag Emblem </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="3"> Anthem `` La Marseillaise '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="3"> Green : French Indochina Dark grey : Other French possessions Darkest grey : France </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Capital </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Saigon ( 1887 -- 1902 ) </Li> <Li> Hanoi ( 1902 -- 45 ) </Li> <Li> Saigon ( 1945 -- 54 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Languages </Td> <Td> French ( official ) <Ul> <Li> Vietnamese </Li> <Li> Khmer </Li> <Li> Lao </Li> <Li> Tây Bồi </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Religion </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Buddhism </Li> <Li> Taoism </Li> <Li> Confucianism </Li> <Li> Vietnamese folk religion </Li> <Li> Roman Catholicism </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Government </Td> <Td> French federation </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Governor - General </Td> <Td> List of Governors - General </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Historical era </Td> <Td> New Imperialism </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Established </Td> <Td> 17 October 1887 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Addition of Laos </Td> <Td> 3 October 1893 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Addition of Kwangchow Wan </Td> <Td> 5 January 1900 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Independence of North Vietnam </Td> <Td> 2 September 1945 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Franco - Chinese Agreement </Td> <Td> 28 February 1946 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Independence of Laos </Td> <Td> 22 October 1953 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Independence of Cambodia </Td> <Td> 9 November 1953 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Independence of South Vietnam </Td> <Td> 21 July 1954 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="3"> Area </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1935 </Td> <Td> 737,000 km ( 285,000 sq mi ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="3"> Population </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1935 est . </Td> <Td> 21,599,582 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Density </Td> <Td> 29 / km ( 76 / sq mi ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Currency </Td> <Td> French Indochinese piastre </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="3"> <Table> <Tr> <Td> Preceded by </Td> <Td> Succeeded by </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> French Cochinchina </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Nguyễn dynasty </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> French Protectorate of Cambodia </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Kingdom of Luang Phrabang </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Kingdom of Champasak </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Rattanakosin Kingdom </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Qing dynasty </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Td> North Vietnam </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> State of Vietnam </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Kingdom of Cambodia ( 1953 -- 70 ) </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Kingdom of Laos </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Republic of China ( 1912 -- 49 ) </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Today part of </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Cambodia </Li> <Li> China </Li> <Li> Laos </Li> <Li> Vietnam </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This article contains Khmer text . Without proper rendering support , you may see question marks , boxes , or other symbols instead of Khmer script . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This article contains Lao text . Without proper rendering support , you may see question marks , boxes , or other symbols instead of Lao script . </Td> </Tr> </Table> Indochina in 1891 ( from Le Monde illustré ) . 1 . Panorama of Lac - Kaï . 2 . Yun - nan , in the quay of Hanoi . 3 . Flooded street of Hanoi . 4 . Landing stage of Hanoi <P> French Indochina ( previously spelled as French Indo - China ) ( French : Indochine française ; Khmer : សហភាព ឥណ្ឌូចិន ; Vietnamese : Đông Dương thuộc Pháp , IPA : ( ɗə̄wŋm jɨ̄əŋ thûək fǎp ) , frequently abbreviated to Đông Pháp ; Lao : ສະຫະພາບອິນດູຈີນ ; Mandarin Chinese : 法 属 印度 支那 ; Cantonese : 法 屬 印度 支那 ; faat3 suk6 jan3 dou6 zi1 naa5 ) , officially known as the Indochinese Union ( French : Union indochinoise ) after 1887 and the Indochinese Federation ( French : Fédération indochinoise ) after 1947 , was a grouping of French colonial territories in Southeast Asia . </P> <P> A grouping of the three Vietnamese regions of Tonkin ( north ) , Annam ( centre ) , and Cochinchina ( south ) with Cambodia was formed in 1887 . Laos was added in 1893 and the leased Chinese territory of Guangzhouwan in 1898 . The capital was moved from Saigon ( in Cochinchina ) to Hanoi ( Tonkin ) in 1902 and again to Da Lat ( Annam ) in 1939 . In 1945 it was moved back to Hanoi . </P> <P> After the Fall of France during World War II , the colony was administered by the Vichy government and was under Japanese occupation until March 1945 , when the Japanese overthrew the colonial regime . Beginning in May 1941 , the Viet Minh , a communist army led by Hồ Chí Minh , began a revolt against the Japanese . In August 1945 they declared Vietnamese independence and extended the war , known as the First Indochina War , against France . </P> <P> In Saigon , the anti-Communist State of Vietnam , led by former Emperor Bảo Đại , was granted independence in 1949 . On 9 November 1953 , the Kingdom of Laos and the Kingdom of Cambodia became independent . Following the Geneva Accord of 1954 , the French evacuated Vietnam and French Indochina came to an end . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 History <Ul> <Li> 1.1 First French interventions </Li> <Li> 1.2 19th century </Li> <Li> 1.3 Establishment </Li> <Li> 1.4 Vietnamese rebellions </Li> <Li> 1.5 Franco - Siamese war ( 1893 ) </Li> <Li> 1.6 Further encroachments on Siam ( 1904 -- 07 ) </Li> <Li> 1.7 Yên Bái mutiny ( 1930 ) </Li> <Li> 1.8 French - Thai War ( 1940 -- 41 ) </Li> <Li> 1.9 World War II </Li> <Li> 1.10 First Indochina War </Li> <Li> 1.11 Geneva Agreements </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2 Population </Li> <Li> 3 Economy <Ul> <Li> 3.1 Infrastructure </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 See also </Li> <Li> 5 Notes </Li> <Li> 6 References </Li> <Li> 7 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> History ( edit ) </H2> <H3> First French interventions ( edit ) </H3> Main articles : France -- Vietnam relations and French assistance to Nguyễn Ánh <P> France -- Vietnam relations started in early 17th century with the mission of the Jesuit missionary Alexandre de Rhodes . At this time , Vietnam was only just beginning to occupy the Mekong Delta , former territory of the Indianised kingdom of Champa which they had defeated in 1471 . </P> <P> European involvement in Vietnam was confined to trade during the 18th century . In 1787 , Pierre Pigneau de Behaine , a French Catholic priest , petitioned the French government and organised French military volunteers to aid Nguyễn Ánh in retaking lands his family lost to the Tây Sơn . Pigneau died in Vietnam but his troops fought on until 1802 in the French assistance to Nguyễn Ánh . </P> <H3> 19th century ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Cochinchina Campaign See also : French Cochinchina and French protectorate of Cambodia <P> France was heavily involved in Vietnam in the 19th century ; protecting the work of the Paris Foreign Missions Society in the country was often presented as a justification . For its part , the Nguyễn dynasty increasingly saw Catholic missionaries as a political threat ; courtesans , for example , an influential faction in the dynastic system , feared for their status in a society influenced by an insistence on monogamy . </P> <P> In 1858 , the brief period of unification under the Nguyễn dynasty ended with a successful attack on Da Nang by French Admiral Charles Rigault de Genouilly under the orders of Napoleon III . Diplomat Charles de Montigny 's mission having failed , Genouilly 's mission was to stop attempts to expel Catholic missionaries . His orders were to stop the persecution of missionaries and assure the unimpeded propagation of the faith . </P> Palace of the Governor - General ( Norodom Palace ) in Saigon , about 1875 <P> In September 1858 , fourteen French gunships , 3,000 men and 300 Filipino troops provided by the Spanish attacked the port of Tourane ( present day Da Nang ) , causing significant damage and occupying the city . After a few months , Rigault had to leave the city due to supply issues and illnesses . </P> <P> Sailing south , de Genouilly then captured the poorly defended city of Saigon on 18 February 1859 . On 13 April 1862 , the Vietnamese government was forced to cede the three provinces of Biên Hòa , Gia Định and Định Tường to France . De Genouilly was criticised for his actions and was replaced by Admiral Page in November 1859 , with instructions to obtain a treaty protecting the Catholic faith in Vietnam , but refrain from territorial gains . </P> <P> French policy four years later saw a reversal , with the French continuing to accumulate territory . In 1862 , France obtained concessions from Emperor Tự Đức , ceding three treaty ports in Annam and Tonkin , and all of Cochinchina , the latter being formally declared a French territory in 1864 . In 1867 the provinces of Châu Đốc , Hà Tiên and Vĩnh Long were added to French - controlled territory . </P> <P> In 1863 , the Cambodian king Norodom had requested the establishment of a French protectorate over his country . In 1867 , Siam ( modern Thailand ) renounced suzerainty over Cambodia and officially recognised the 1863 French protectorate on Cambodia , in exchange for the control of Battambang and Siem Reap provinces which officially became part of Thailand . ( These provinces would be ceded back to Cambodia by a border treaty between France and Siam in 1906 ) . </P> <H3> Establishment ( edit ) </H3> French marine infantrymen in Tonkin , 1884 The expansion of French Indochina ( blue ) . Main article : Tonkin campaign See also : Annam ( French protectorate ) , Tonkin ( French protectorate ) , French protectorate of Laos , and Guangzhouwan <P> France obtained control over northern Vietnam following its victory over China in the Sino - French War ( 1884 -- 85 ) . French Indochina was formed on 17 October 1887 from Annam , Tonkin , Cochinchina ( which together form modern Vietnam ) and the Kingdom of Cambodia ; Laos was added after the Franco - Siamese War in 1893 . </P> <P> The federation lasted until 21 July 1954 . In the four protectorates , the French formally left the local rulers in power , who were the Emperors of Vietnam , Kings of Cambodia , and Kings of Luang Prabang , but in fact gathered all powers in their hands , the local rulers acting only as figureheads . </P> <H3> Vietnamese rebellions ( edit ) </H3> <P> French troops landed in Vietnam in 1858 and by the mid-1880s they had established a firm grip over the northern region . From 1885 to 1895 , Phan Đình Phùng led a rebellion against the colonising power . Nationalist sentiments intensified in Vietnam , especially during and after World War I , but all the uprisings and tentative efforts failed to obtain any concessions from the French overseers . </P> <H3> Franco - Siamese War ( 1893 ) ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Franco - Siamese War Siamese army in the disputed territory of Laos in 1893 . <P> Territorial conflict in the Indochinese peninsula for the expansion of French Indochina led to the Franco - Siamese War of 1893 . In 1893 the French authorities in Indochina used border disputes , followed by the Paknam naval incident , to provoke a crisis . French gunboats appeared at Bangkok , and demanded the cession of Lao territories east of the Mekong River . </P> <P> King Chulalongkorn appealed to the British , but the British minister told the King to settle on whatever terms he could get , and he had no choice but to comply . Britain 's only gesture was an agreement with France guaranteeing the integrity of the rest of Siam . In exchange , Siam had to give up its claim to the Thai - speaking Shan region of north - eastern Burma to the British , and cede Laos to France . </P> <H3> Further encroachments on Siam ( 1904 -- 07 ) ( edit ) </H3> Occupation of Trat by French troops in 1904 . <P> The French , however , continued to pressure Siam , and in 1902 they manufactured another crisis . This time Siam had to concede French control of territory on the west bank of the Mekong opposite Luang Prabang and around Champasak in southern Laos , as well as western Cambodia . France also occupied the western part of Chantaburi . </P> <P> In 1904 , to get back Chantaburi Siam had to give Trat and Koh Kong to French Indochina . Trat became part of Thailand again on 23 March 1907 in exchange for many areas east of the Mekong like Battambang , Siam Nakhon and Sisophon . </P> French Indochina in 1930 . <P> In the 1930s , Siam engaged France in a series of talks concerning the repatriation of Siamese provinces held by the French . In 1938 , under the Front Populaire administration in Paris , France had agreed to repatriate Angkor Wat , Angkor Thom , Siem Reap , Siem Pang and the associated provinces ( approximately 13 ) to Siam . Meanwhile , Siam took over control of those areas , in anticipation of the upcoming treaty . Signatories from each country were dispatched to Tokyo to sign the treaty repatriating the lost provinces . </P> <H3> Yên Bái mutiny ( 1930 ) ( edit ) </H3> Further information : Yên Bái mutiny <P> On 10 February 1930 , there was an uprising by Vietnamese soldiers in the French colonial army 's Yên Bái garrison . The Yên Bái mutiny was sponsored by the Việt Nam Quốc Dân Đảng ( VNQDĐ ) . The VNQDĐ was the Vietnamese Nationalist Party . The attack was the largest disturbance brewed up by the Cần Vương monarchist restoration movement of the late 19th century . </P> <P> The aim of the revolt was to inspire a wider uprising among the general populace in an attempt to overthrow the colonial authority . The VNQDĐ had previously attempted to engage in clandestine activities to undermine French rule , but increasing French scrutiny of their activities led to their leadership group taking the risk of staging a large scale military attack in the Red River Delta in northern Vietnam . </P> <H3> French - Thai War ( 1940 -- 41 ) ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Franco - Thai War <P> During World War II , Thailand took the opportunity of French weaknesses to reclaim previously lost territories , resulting in the Franco - Thai War between October 1940 and 9 May 1941 . The Thai forces generally did well on the ground , but Thai objectives in the war were limited . In January , Vichy French naval forces decisively defeated Thai naval forces in the Battle of Ko Chang . The war ended in May at the instigation of the Japanese , with the French forced to concede territorial gains for Thailand . </P> <H3> World War II ( edit ) </H3> Main articles : French Indochina in World War II and 1940 -- 46 in the Vietnam War A propaganda painting in Hanoi , 1942 . <P> In September 1940 , during World War II , the newly created regime of Vichy France granted Japan 's demands for military access to Tonkin following the Japanese occupation of French Indochina , which lasted until the end of the Pacific War . This allowed Japan better access to China in the Second Sino - Japanese War against the forces of Chiang Kai - shek , but it was also part of Japan 's strategy for dominion over the Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere . </P> <P> Thailand took this opportunity of weakness to reclaim previously lost territories , resulting in the Franco - Thai War between October 1940 and 9 May 1941 . </P> <P> On 9 March 1945 , with France liberated , Germany in retreat , and the United States ascendant in the Pacific , Japan decided to take complete control of Indochina . On 8 April , the Japanese pressured Lao Crown Prince Sisavang Vatthana to declare the independence of Laos , then launched the Second French Indochina Campaign . The Japanese kept power in Indochina until the news of their government 's surrender came through in August . </P> <H3> First Indochina War ( edit ) </H3> Main article : First Indochina War <P> After the World War , France petitioned for the nullification of the 1938 Franco - Siamese Treaty and attempted to reassert itself in the region , but came into conflict with the Viet Minh , a coalition of Communist and Vietnamese nationalists led by Hồ Chí Minh , founder of the Indochinese Communist Party . During World War II , the United States had supported the Viet Minh in resistance against the Japanese ; the group had been in control of the countryside since the French gave way in March 1945 . </P> <P> American President Roosevelt and General Stilwell privately made it adamantly clear that the French were not to reacquire French Indochina after the war was over . He told Secretary of State Cordell Hull the Indochinese were worse off under the French rule of nearly 100 years than they were at the beginning . Roosevelt asked Chiang Kai - shek if he wanted Indochina , to which Chiang Kai - shek replied : `` Under no circumstances ! '' </P> Members of the 1st Foreign Parachute Heavy Mortar Company during the Indochina War . <P> After the war , 200,000 Chinese troops under General Lu Han sent by Chiang Kai - shek invaded northern Indochina north of the 16th parallel to accept the surrender of Japanese occupying forces , and remained there until 1946 . The Chinese used the VNQDĐ , the Vietnamese branch of the Chinese Kuomintang , to increase their influence in Indochina and put pressure on their opponents . </P> <P> Chiang Kai - shek threatened the French with war in response to manoeuvering by the French and Ho Chi Minh against each other , forcing them to come to a peace agreement , and in February 1946 he also forced the French to surrender all of their concessions in China and renounce their extraterritorial privileges in exchange for withdrawing from northern Indochina and allowing French troops to reoccupy the region starting in March 1946 . </P> <P> After persuading Emperor Bảo Đại to abdicate in his favour , on 2 September 1945 President Ho Chi Minh declared independence for the Democratic Republic of Vietnam . But before September 's end , a force of British and Free French soldiers , along with captured Japanese troops , restored French control . Bitter fighting ensued in the First Indochina War . In 1950 Ho again declared an independent Democratic Republic of Vietnam , which was recognised by the fellow Communist governments of China and the Soviet Union . Fighting lasted until May 1954 , when the Viet Minh won the decisive victory against French forces at the gruelling Battle of Điện Biên Phủ . </P> Indochina in 1954 . <H3> Geneva Agreements ( edit ) </H3> <P> On 27 April 1954 , the Geneva Conference produced the Geneva Agreements between North Vietnam and France . Provisions included supporting the territorial integrity and sovereignty of Indochina , granting it independence from France , declaring the cessation of hostilities and foreign involvement in internal Indochina affairs , and delineating northern and southern zones into which opposing troops were to withdraw . The Agreements mandated unification on the basis of internationally supervised free elections to be held in July 1956 . </P> <P> It was at this conference that France relinquished any claim to territory in the Indochinese peninsula . The United States and South Vietnam rejected the Geneva Accords and never signed . South Vietnamese leader Diem rejected the idea of nationwide election as proposed in the agreement , saying that a free election was impossible in the communist North and that his government was not bound by the Geneva Accords . France did withdraw , turning the north over to the Communists while the Bảo Đại regime , with American support , kept control of the South . </P> <P> The events of 1954 marked the beginnings of serious United States involvement in Vietnam and the ensuing Vietnam War . Laos and Cambodia also became independent in 1954 , but were both drawn into the Vietnam War . </P> <H2> Population ( edit ) </H2> <P> The Vietnamese , Lao and Khmer ethnic groups formed the majority of their respective colony 's populations . Minority groups such as the Muong , Tay , Chams , and Jarai , were collectively known as Montagnards and resided principally in the mountain regions of Indochina . Ethnic Han Chinese were largely concentrated in major cities , especially in Southern Vietnam and Cambodia , where they became heavily involved in trade and commerce . Around 95 % of French Indochina 's population was rural in a 1913 estimate , although urbanisation did slowly grow over the course of French rule . </P> <P> The principal religion in French Indochina was Buddhism , with Mahayana Buddhism influenced by Confucianism more dominant in Vietnam , while Theravāda Buddhism was more widespread in Laos and Cambodia . In addition , active Catholic missionaries were widespread throughout Indochina and roughly 10 % of Tonkin 's population identified as Catholic by the end of French rule . Cao Đài 's origins began during this period as well . </P> The subdivisions of French Indochina . <P> Unlike Algeria , French settlement in Indochina did not occur at a grand scale . By 1940 , only about 34,000 French civilians lived in French Indochina , along with a smaller number of French military personnel and government workers . The principal reasons why French settlement did not grow in a manner similar to that in French North Africa ( which had a population of over 1 million French civilians ) were because French Indochina was seen as a colonie d'exploitation économique ( economic colony ) rather than a colonie de peuplement ( settlement colony helping Metropolitan France from being overpopulated ) , and because Indochina was distant from France itself . </P> <P> During French colonial rule , the French language was the principal language of education , government , trade , and media and French was widely introduced to the general population . French became widespread among urban and semi-urban populations and became the principal language of the elite and educated . This was most notable in the colonies of Tonkin and Cochinchina ( Northern and Southern Vietnam respectively ) , where French influence was most heavy , while Annam , Laos and Cambodia were less influenced by French education . </P> <P> Despite the dominance of the French language , local populations still largely spoke their native languages . After French rule ended , the French language was still largely used among the new governments ( with the exception of North Vietnam ) but since then English , increasingly taught in schools across the country , has massively replaced French as the second language . Today , less than 0.5 % of the population of Vietnam can speak French . </P> <H2> Economy ( edit ) </H2> <P> French Indochina was designated as a colonie d'exploitation ( colony of economic exploitation ) by the French government . Funding for the colonial government came by means of taxes on locals and the French government established a near monopoly on the trade of opium , salt and rice alcohol . The French administration established quotas of consumption for each Vietnamese village , thereby compelling villagers to purchase and consume set amounts of these monopolised goods . The trade of those three products formed about 44 % of the colonial government 's budget in 1920 but declined to 20 % by 1930 as the colony began to economically diversify . </P> <P> The colony 's principal bank was the Banque de l'Indochine , established in 1875 and was responsible for minting the colony 's currency , the Indochinese piastre . Indochina was the second most invested - in French colony by 1940 after Algeria , with investments totalling up to 6.7 million francs . </P> <P> Beginning in the 1930s , France began to exploit the region for its natural resources and to economically diversify the colony . Cochinchina , Annam and Tonkin ( encompassing modern - day Vietnam ) became a source of tea , rice , coffee , pepper , coal , zinc and tin , while Cambodia became a centre for rice and pepper crops . Only Laos was seen initially as an economically unviable colony , although timber was harvested at a small scale from there . </P> <P> At the turn of the 20th century , the growing automobile industry in France resulted in the growth of the rubber industry in French Indochina , and plantations were built throughout the colony , especially in Annam and Cochinchina . France soon became a leading producer of rubber through its Indochina colony and Indochinese rubber became prized in the industrialised world . The success of rubber plantations in French Indochina resulted in an increase in investment in the colony by various firms such as Michelin . With the growing number of investments in the colony 's mines and rubber , tea and coffee plantations , French Indochina began to industrialise as factories opened in the colony . These new factories produced textiles , cigarettes , beer and cement which were then exported throughout the French Empire . </P> <H3> Infrastructure ( edit ) </H3> Paul Doumer Bridge , now Long Biên Bridge Musée Louis Finot in Hanoi , built by Ernest Hébrard in 1932 , now National Museum of Vietnamese History <P> When French Indochina was viewed as an economically important colony for France , the French government set a goal to improve the transport and communications networks in the colony . Saigon became a principal port in Southeast Asia and rivalled the British port of Singapore as the region 's busiest commercial centre . By 1937 Saigon was the sixth busiest port in the entire French Empire . </P> <P> In 1936 , the Trans - Indochinois railway linking Hanoi and Saigon opened . Further improvements in the colony 's transport infrastructures led to easier travel between France and Indochina . By 1939 , it took no more than a month by ship to travel from Marseille to Saigon and around five days by aeroplane from Paris to Saigon . Underwater telegraph cables were installed in 1921 . </P> <P> French settlers further added their influence on the colony by constructing buildings in the form of Beaux - Arts and added French - influenced landmarks such as the Hanoi Opera House ( modeled on the Palais Garnier ) , the Hanoi St. Joseph 's Cathedral ( resembling the Notre Dame de Paris ) and the Saigon Notre - Dame Basilica . The French colonists also built a number of cities and towns in Indochina which served various purposes from trading outposts to resort towns . The most notable examples include Đà Lạt in southern Vietnam and Pakse in Laos . </P> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> East Indies </Li> <Li> French Union </Li> <Li> List of Governors - General of French Indochina </Li> <Li> Political administration of French Indochina </Li> <Li> List of French possessions and colonies </Li> </Ul> <H2> Notes ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ While both ' Indo - China ' and ' Indochina ' can be found in contemporary English - language sources , ' Indo - China ' is the most commonly used spelling ( even though ' Indochine ' , instead of ' Indo - Chine ' , was commonly used in French ) ; contemporary official publications also adopt the spelling of ' Indo - China ' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Decree of 17 October 1887 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Kahin , George McTurnin ; Lewis , John W. ( 1967 ) . The United States in Vietnam : An analysis in depth of the history of America 's involvement in Vietnam . Delta Books . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Tucker , Spencer C. ( 1999 ) . Vietnam ( Google Books ) . University Press of Kentucky . p. 29 . ISBN 0 - 8131 - 0966 - 3 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Chapuis , Oscar ( 1995 ) . A History of Vietnam : From Hong Bang to Tu Duc ( Google Books ) . Greenwood Publishing Group . p. 195 . ISBN 0 - 313 - 29622 - 7 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Barbara Wertheim Tuchman ( 1985 ) . The march of folly : from Troy to Vietnam . Random House . p. 235 . ISBN 0 - 345 - 30823 - 9 . Retrieved 28 November 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Larry H. Addington ( 2000 ) . America 's war in Vietnam : a short narrative history . Indiana University Press . p. 30 . ISBN 0 - 253 - 21360 - 6 . Retrieved 28 November 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Peter Neville ( 2007 ) . Britain in Vietnam : prelude to disaster , 1945 -- 6 . Psychology Press . p. 119 . ISBN 0 - 415 - 35848 - 5 . Retrieved 28 November 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Van Nguyen Duong ( 2008 ) . The tragedy of the Vietnam War : a South Vietnamese officer 's analysis . McFarland . p. 21 . ISBN 0 - 7864 - 3285 - 3 . Retrieved 28 November 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Stein Tønnesson ( 2010 ) . Vietnam 1946 : how the war began . University of California Press . p. 41 . ISBN 0 - 520 - 25602 - 6 . Retrieved 28 November 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Elizabeth Jane Errington ( 1990 ) . The Vietnam War as history : edited by Elizabeth Jane Errington and B.J.C. McKercher . Greenwood Publishing Group . p. 63 . ISBN 0 - 275 - 93560 - 4 . Retrieved 28 November 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Vietnam War Seeds of Conflict 1945 -- 1960 '' . The History Place . 1999 . Retrieved 28 December 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Le Vietnam compte à lui seul cinquante quatre ethnies , présentées au Musée Ethnographique de Hanoi . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Approximately 100,000 people . `` Vietnam '' . L'aménagement linguistique dans le monde ( in French ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Peters , Erica ( 2012 ) . Appetites and Aspirations in Vietnam . AltaMira Press . </Li> </Ol> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Brocheux , Pierre , and Daniel Hemery . Indochina : An Ambiguous Colonization , 1858 -- 1954 ( University of California Press ; 2010 ) 490 pages ; a history of French Indochina . </Li> <Li> Chandler , David ( 2007 ) . A History of Cambodia ( 4th ed . ) . Boulder , Colorado : : Westview Press . ISBN 0 - 8133 - 4363 - 1 . </Li> <Li> Duiker , William ( 1976 ) . The Rise of Nationalism in Vietnam , 1900 - 1941 . Ithaca , New York : Cornell University Press . ISBN 0 - 8014 - 0951 - 9 . </Li> <Li> Edwards , Penny ( 2007 ) . Cambodge : The Cultivation of a Nation , 1860 -- 1945 . Honolulu : University of Hawaii Press . ISBN 0 - 8248 - 2923 - 9 . </Li> <Li> Evans , Grant ( 2002 ) . A Short History of Laos . Crow 's Nest , Australia : Allen and Unwin . ASIN B000MBU21O . </Li> <Li> Forbes , Andrew ; Henley , David ( 2012 ) . Vietnam Past and Present : The North ( History of French colonialism in Tonkin ) . Chiang Mai : Cognoscenti Books . ASIN B006DCCM9Q . </Li> <Li> Marr , David ( 1971 ) . Vietnamese Anticolonialism , 1885 -- 1925 . Berkeley : University of California Press . ISBN 0 - 520 - 01813 - 3 . </Li> <Li> Marr , David ( 1982 ) . Vietnamese Tradition on Trial , 1920 -- 1945 . Berkeley : University of California Press . ISBN 0 - 520 - 04180 - 1 . </Li> <Li> Marr , David ( 1995 ) . Vietnam 1945 : The Quest for Power . Berkeley : University of California Press . ISBN 0 - 520 - 07833 - 0 . </Li> <Li> McLeod , Mark ( 1991 ) . The Vietnamese Response to French Intervention , 1862 -- 1874 . New York : Praeger . ISBN 0 - 275 - 93562 - 0 . </Li> <Li> Murray , Martin J. ( 1980 ) . The Development of Capitalism in Colonial Indochina ( 1870 -- 1940 ) . Berkeley : University of California Press . ISBN 0 - 520 - 04000 - 7 . </Li> <Li> Osborne , Milton ( 1969 ) . The French Presence in Cochinchina and Cambodia : Rule and Response ( 1859 -- 1905 ) . Ithaca , New York : Cornell University Press . ASIN B000K13QGO . </Li> <Li> Perkins , Mandaley ( 2006 ) . Hanoi , Adieu : A bittersweet memoir of French Indochina . Sydney : Harper Perennial . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7322 - 8197 - 7 . </Li> <Li> Stuart - Fox , Martin ( 1997 ) . A History of Laos . Cambridge , UK : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 59235 - 6 . </Li> <Li> Tarling , Nicholas ( 2001 ) . Imperialism in Southeast Asia : `` A Fleeting , Passing Phase '' . London and New York : Routledge . ISBN 0 - 415 - 23289 - 9 . </Li> <Li> Tully , John ( 2003 ) . France on the Mekong : A History of the Protectorate in Cambodia , 1863 -- 1953 . Lanham , Maryland : University Press of America . ISBN 0 - 7618 - 2431 - 6 . </Li> <Li> Woodside , Alexander ( 1976 ) . Community and Revolution in Modern Vietnam . Boston : Houghton Mifflin . ISBN 0 - 395 - 20367 - 8 . </Li> <Li> Zinoman , Peter ( 2001 ) . The Colonial Bastille : A History of Imprisonment in Vietnam , 1862 -- 1940 . Berkeley : University of California Press . ISBN 0 - 520 - 22412 - 4 . </Li> </Ul> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wikimedia Commons has media related to French Indochina . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wikisource has the text of a 1922 Encyclopædia Britannica article about French Indochina . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ul> <Li> ( in English ) ( in French ) The Colonization of Indochina , from around 1892 </Li> <Li> ( in English ) ( in French ) Indochina , a tourism book published in 1910 </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> French Indochina </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Background </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> France -- Asia relations </Li> <Li> French colonial empire </Li> <Li> France -- Vietnam relations </Li> <Li> France -- Thailand relations </Li> <Li> France -- China relations </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Constituent territories </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Cochinchina </Li> <Li> Tonkin </Li> <Li> Annam </Li> <Li> Cambodia </Li> <Li> Laos </Li> <Li> Guangzhouwan </Li> <Li> Provisional Central Government of Vietnam </Li> <Li> State of Vietnam </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Events </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> French assistance to Nguyễn Ánh ( 1777 -- 1820 ) </Li> <Li> Lê Văn Khôi revolt ( 1833 -- 35 ) </Li> <Li> Bombardment of Tourane ( 1847 ) </Li> <Li> Siege of Tourane ( 1858 ) </Li> <Li> Cochinchina campaign ( 1858 -- 62 ) </Li> <Li> Tonkin Campaign ( 1883 -- 1886 ) </Li> <Li> Sino - French War ( 1884 -- 1885 ) </Li> <Li> Pacification of Tonkin </Li> <Li> Franco - Siamese War ( 1893 ) </Li> <Li> Holy Man 's Rebellion ( 1901 - 1936 ) </Li> <Li> World War I </Li> <Li> 1916 Cochinchina uprising </Li> <Li> Thái Nguyên uprising </Li> <Li> War of the Insane </Li> <Li> Bazin assassination </Li> <Li> Yên Bái mutiny </Li> <Li> World War II </Li> <Li> French -- Thai War ( 1940 -- 1941 ) </Li> <Li> Japanese invasion of French Indochina </Li> <Li> Japanese coup d'état in French Indochina </Li> <Li> August Revolution </Li> <Li> Proclamation of Independence of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam </Li> <Li> First Indochina War </Li> <Li> Battle of Dien Bien Phu </Li> <Li> Partition of Vietnam </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Treaties </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Treaty of Versailles ( 1787 ) </Li> <Li> Treaty of Saigon ( 1862 ) </Li> <Li> Treaty of Huế ( 1863 ) </Li> <Li> Second Treaty of Saigon ( 1874 ) </Li> <Li> Treaty of Huế ( 1883 ) </Li> <Li> Geneva Conference ( 1954 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> French personalities </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Alexandre de Rhodes </Li> <Li> Pierre Pigneau de Behaine </Li> <Li> Jean - Baptiste Chaigneau </Li> <Li> Jean - Baptiste Cécille </Li> <Li> Charles de Montigny </Li> <Li> Charles Rigault de Genouilly </Li> <Li> Amédée Courbet </Li> <Li> Henri Rivière </Li> <Li> Francis Garnier </Li> <Li> Ernest Doudart de Lagrée </Li> <Li> Auguste Pavie </Li> <Li> Albert Sarraut </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Organisations </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Paris Foreign Missions Society </Li> <Li> Tirailleurs indochinois </Li> <Li> Tonkin Expeditionary Corps </Li> <Li> Tonkinese Rifles </Li> <Li> Governor - General of French Indochina </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> French overseas empire </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Former </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Former French colonies in Africa and the Indian Ocean </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> French North Africa </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Algeria </Li> <Li> Morocco </Li> <Li> Tunisia </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> French West Africa </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Côte d'Ivoire </Li> <Li> Dahomey </Li> <Li> French Sudan </Li> <Li> Guinea </Li> <Li> Mauritania <Ul> <Li> Arguin Island </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Niger </Li> <Li> Senegal </Li> <Li> Upper Volta </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> French Togoland </Li> <Li> James Island </Li> <Li> Albreda </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> French Equatorial Africa </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Chad </Li> <Li> Gabon </Li> <Li> Middle Congo </Li> <Li> Ubangi - Shari </Li> <Li> French Cameroons </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> French Comoros </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Anjouan </Li> <Li> Grande Comore </Li> <Li> Mohéli </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> French Somaliland ( Djibouti ) </Li> <Li> Madagascar </Li> <Li> Isle de France </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Former French colonies in the Americas </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> New France </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Acadia </Li> <Li> Louisiana </Li> <Li> Canada </Li> <Li> Terre Neuve </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> French Caribbean </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Dominica </Li> <Li> Grenada </Li> <Li> The Grenadines </Li> <Li> Saint - Domingue <Ul> <Li> Haïti , Dominican Republic </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Saint Kitts & Nevis </Li> <Li> Saint Lucia </Li> <Li> Saint Vincent </Li> <Li> Tobago </Li> <Li> Virgin Islands </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Equinoctial France </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Berbice </Li> <Li> France Antarctique </Li> <Li> Inini </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> French colonization of the Americas </Li> <Li> French West India Company </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Former French colonies in Asia and Oceania </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> French India </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Chandernagor </Li> <Li> Coromandel Coast </Li> <Li> Madras </Li> <Li> Mahé </Li> <Li> Pondichéry </Li> <Li> Karaikal </Li> <Li> Yanaon </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Indochinese Union </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Cambodia </Li> <Li> Laos </Li> <Li> Vietnam <Ul> <Li> Cochinchina </Li> <Li> Annam </Li> <Li> Tonkin </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Kouang - Tchéou - Wan , China </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> French Mandate for Syria and the Lebanon </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> State of Syria <Ul> <Li> Aleppo </Li> <Li> Damascus </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Alawite State </Li> <Li> Greater Lebanon </Li> <Li> Jabal al - Druze </Li> <Li> Sanjak of Alexandretta </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Oceania </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> New Hebrides <Ul> <Li> Vanuatu </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Port Louis - Philippe ( Akaroa ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> France -- Asia relations </Li> <Li> French East India Company </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Present </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Overseas France </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) Inhabited areas </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Overseas departments </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> French Guiana </Li> <Li> Guadeloupe </Li> <Li> Martinique </Li> <Li> Mayotte </Li> <Li> Réunion </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Overseas collectivities </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> French Polynesia </Li> <Li> St. Barthélemy </Li> <Li> St. Martin </Li> <Li> St. Pierre and Miquelon </Li> <Li> Wallis and Futuna </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Sui generis collectivity </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> New Caledonia </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Uninhabited areas </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Pacific Ocean </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Clipperton Island </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Overseas territory ( French Southern and Antarctic Lands ) </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Île Amsterdam </Li> <Li> Île Saint - Paul </Li> <Li> Crozet Islands </Li> <Li> Kerguelen Islands </Li> <Li> Adélie Land </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Scattered islands in the Indian Ocean </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Bassas da India </Li> <Li> Europa Island </Li> <Li> Glorioso Islands </Li> <Li> Juan de Nova Island </Li> <Li> Tromelin Island </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Also known as overseas regions </Li> <Li> Claimed by Comoros </Li> <Li> Claimed by Madagascar </Li> <Li> Claimed by Mauritius </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="3"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Vietnamese independence movement </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Events </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Bombardment of Tourane </Li> <Li> Siege of Saigon </Li> <Li> Capture of the Citadel of Saigon </Li> <Li> Conquest of Cochinchina </Li> <Li> Ba Dinh uprising / Cần Vương </Li> <Li> Pacification of Tonkin </Li> <Li> Hanoi Poison Plot </Li> <Li> World War I </Li> <Li> 1916 Cochinchina uprising </Li> <Li> Thái Nguyên uprising </Li> <Li> Bazin assassination </Li> <Li> Yên Bái mutiny </Li> <Li> Nghệ - Tĩnh Soviets </Li> <Li> World War II </Li> <Li> 1940 Cochinchina uprising </Li> <Li> Japanese coup d'état in French Indochina </Li> <Li> August Revolution </Li> <Li> Proclamation of Independence of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam </Li> <Li> First Indochina War </Li> <Li> Battle of Dien Bien Phu </Li> <Li> Geneva Conference </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Organisations </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Cần Vương </Li> <Li> Đông Du </Li> <Li> Duy Tân hội </Li> <Li> Empire of Vietnam </Li> <Li> Nguyễn dynasty </Li> <Li> Tonkin Free School </Li> <Li> Việt Nam Quang Phục Hội </Li> <Li> Vietnamese Revolutionary Youth League </Li> <Li> Việt Nam Quốc Dân Đảng </Li> <Li> Viet Minh </Li> <Li> Communist Party of Vietnam </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Revolutionaries </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Cường Để </Li> <Li> Đinh Công Tráng </Li> <Li> Ho Chi Minh </Li> <Li> Huỳnh Thúc Kháng </Li> <Li> Lương Văn Can </Li> <Li> Ngô Đức Kế </Li> <Li> Nguyễn An Ninh </Li> <Li> Nguyễn Đình Chiểu </Li> <Li> Nguyễn Quang Bích </Li> <Li> Nguyễn Quyền </Li> <Li> Nguyễn Thái Học </Li> <Li> Nguyễn Thần Hiến </Li> <Li> Nguyễn Thành </Li> <Li> Nguyễn Thiện Thuật </Li> <Li> Nguyễn Thượng Hiền </Li> <Li> Nguyễn Trung Trực </Li> <Li> Nguyen Xuan On </Li> <Li> Phạm Bành </Li> <Li> Phan Bội Châu </Li> <Li> Phan Chu Trinh </Li> <Li> Phan Đình Phùng </Li> <Li> Phan Thanh Giản </Li> <Li> Phan Xích Long </Li> <Li> Tạ Thu Thâu </Li> <Li> Tôn Thất Thuyết </Li> <Li> Trần Cao Vân </Li> <Li> Trương Định </Li> <Li> Vũ Hồng Khanh </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Emperors </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Tự Đức </Li> <Li> Hàm Nghi </Li> <Li> Thành Thái </Li> <Li> Duy Tân </Li> <Li> Bảo Đại </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> French rulers </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Albert Sarraut </Li> <Li> Jean Decoux </Li> <Li> French Indochina <Ul> <Li> Governor - General </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Collaborators </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Hoàng Cao Khải </Li> <Li> Trần Bá Lộc </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> States and territories in the sphere of influence of the Empire of Japan during World War II </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> State of Burma </Li> <Li> Kingdom of Cambodia ( 1945 ) </Li> <Li> Provisional Government of China </Li> <Li> Reformed Government of China </Li> <Li> Occupied Hong Kong </Li> <Li> Shanghai Great Way Government </Li> <Li> East Hebei Autonomous Council </Li> <Li> Provisional Government of Free India </Li> <Li> Karafuto Prefecture </Li> <Li> Korea under Japanese rule </Li> <Li> South Pacific Mandate </Li> <Li> Kingdom of Laos ( 1945 ) </Li> <Li> Manchukuo </Li> <Li> Mengjiang </Li> <Li> Second Philippine Republic </Li> <Li> Taiwan under Japanese rule </Li> <Li> Kingdom of Thailand </Li> <Li> Empire of Vietnam </Li> <Li> Reorganized National Government of China </Li> <Li> Occupied Guam </Li> <Li> French Indochina ( 1941 -- 1945 ) </Li> <Li> Occupied Dutch East Indies </Li> <Li> Occupied Malaya </Li> <Li> Occupied Nauru </Li> <Li> Occupied Sarawak , Brunei , Labuan and British North Borneo </Li> <Li> Occupied Singapore </Li> <Li> Portuguese Timor </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Greater East Asia Conference </Li> <Li> Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere </Li> <Li> Pacific War </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> VIAF : 141862519 </Li> <Li> LCCN : n50055276 </Li> <Li> GND : 115041 - 8 </Li> <Li> SUDOC : 027262006 </Li> <Li> BNF : cb12086315d ( data ) </Li> <Li> NDL : 00563739 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Coordinates : 21 ° 02 ′ 00 '' N 105 ° 51 ′ 00 '' E / 21.0333 ° N 105.8500 ° E / 21.0333 ; 105.8500 </P> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=French_Indochina&oldid=807696569 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> Former countries in Southeast Asia </Li> <Li> Former vassal states </Li> <Li> States and territories established in 1887 </Li> <Li> States and territories disestablished in 1954 </Li> <Li> French Indochina </Li> <Li> Former colonies in Asia </Li> <Li> French colonisation in Asia </Li> <Li> Former French colonies </Li> <Li> Former countries in Cambodian history </Li> <Li> Former countries in Vietnamese history </Li> <Li> History of Laos </Li> <Li> 19th century in Vietnam </Li> <Li> 20th century in Vietnam </Li> <Li> 19th century in Cambodia </Li> <Li> 20th century in Cambodia </Li> <Li> 19th century in Laos </Li> <Li> 20th century in Laos </Li> <Li> 1887 establishments in French Indochina </Li> <Li> 1954 disestablishments in French Indochina </Li> <Li> 1887 establishments in Cambodia </Li> <Li> 1953 disestablishments in Cambodia </Li> <Li> 1887 establishments in Laos </Li> <Li> 1954 disestablishments in Laos </Li> <Li> 1887 establishments in Vietnam </Li> <Li> 1954 disestablishments in Vietnam </Li> <Li> 1887 establishments in the French colonial empire </Li> <Li> 1954 disestablishments in the French colonial empire </Li> <Li> New Imperialism </Li> <Li> French colonial empire </Li> <Li> French Union </Li> <Li> Second French Empire </Li> <Li> French Third Republic </Li> <Li> French Fourth Republic </Li> <Li> Cambodia -- France relations </Li> <Li> France -- Laos relations </Li> <Li> France -- Vietnam relations </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Articles containing French - language text </Li> <Li> CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) </Li> <Li> EngvarB from August 2015 </Li> <Li> Use dmy dates from August 2015 </Li> <Li> Former country articles requiring maintenance </Li> <Li> Pages using infobox former country with unknown parameters </Li> <Li> Pages using infobox country or infobox former country with the symbol caption or type parameters </Li> <Li> Articles containing Khmer - language text </Li> <Li> Articles containing Vietnamese - language text </Li> <Li> Articles containing Lao - language text </Li> <Li> Articles containing Chinese - language text </Li> <Li> Articles containing traditional Chinese - language text </Li> <Li> Articles containing Thai - language text </Li> <Li> Wikipedia articles needing clarification from November 2016 </Li> <Li> Articles with French - language external links </Li> <Li> Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers </Li> <Li> Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers </Li> <Li> Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers </Li> <Li> Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers </Li> <Li> Coordinates on Wikidata </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> Languages </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> تۆرکجه </Li> <Li> বাংলা </Li> <Li> Bân - lâm - gú </Li> <Li> Беларуская </Li> <Li> Български </Li> <Li> Brezhoneg </Li> <Li> Català </Li> <Li> Чӑвашла </Li> <Li> Čeština </Li> <Li> Cymraeg </Li> <Li> Dansk </Li> <Li> Deutsch </Li> <Li> Eesti </Li> <Li> Español </Li> <Li> Esperanto </Li> <Li> Euskara </Li> <Li> فارسی </Li> <Li> Français </Li> <Li> Galego </Li> <Li> 한국어 </Li> <Li> Հայերեն </Li> <Li> हिन्दी </Li> <Li> Hrvatski </Li> <Li> Bahasa Indonesia </Li> <Li> Íslenska </Li> <Li> Italiano </Li> <Li> Basa Jawa </Li> <Li> Latina </Li> <Li> Latviešu </Li> <Li> Lëtzebuergesch </Li> <Li> Lietuvių </Li> <Li> मराठी </Li> <Li> Nederlands </Li> <Li> 日本 語 </Li> <Li> Norsk </Li> <Li> Norsk nynorsk </Li> <Li> Occitan </Li> <Li> پنجابی </Li> <Li> ភាសា ខ្មែរ </Li> <Li> Polski </Li> <Li> Português </Li> <Li> Română </Li> <Li> Русский </Li> <Li> Simple English </Li> <Li> Slovenčina </Li> <Li> Српски / srpski </Li> <Li> Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски </Li> <Li> Suomi </Li> <Li> Svenska </Li> <Li> Tagalog </Li> <Li> ไทย </Li> <Li> Türkçe </Li> <Li> Українська </Li> <Li> اردو </Li> <Li> Tiếng Việt </Li> <Li> 中文 </Li> </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 29 October 2017 , at 16 : 26 . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> | [
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The Boy in the Striped Pyjamas - wikipedia <H1> The Boy in the Striped Pyjamas </H1> Jump to : navigation , search For the film , see The Boy in the Striped Pyjamas ( film ) . <Table> The Boy in the Striped Pyjamas <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Author </Th> <Td> John Boyne </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Country </Th> <Td> Ireland </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Language </Th> <Td> English </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Genre </Th> <Td> Historical / post modern </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Publisher </Th> <Td> David Fickling Books </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Publication date </Th> <Td> 5 January 2006 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Media type </Th> <Td> Print ( hard cover & paper back ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Pages </Th> <Td> 216 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> ISBN </Th> <Td> 0 - 385 - 60940 - X </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> OCLC </Th> <Td> 62132588 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Dewey Decimal </Th> <Td> 823.914 22 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> LC Class </Th> <Td> CS 2006 / 45764 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The Boy in the Striped Pyjamas is a 2006 Holocaust novel by Irish novelist John Boyne . Unlike the months of planning Boyne devoted to his other books , he said that he wrote the entire first draft of The Boy in the Striped Pyjamas in two and a half days , barely sleeping until he got to the end . As of March 2010 , the novel had sold more than five million copies around the world . In both 2007 and 2008 , it was the best selling book of the year in Spain , and it has also reached number one on the New York Times bestseller list , as well as in the UK , Ireland , and Australia . The book was adapted in 2008 as a film of the same name . </P> <H2> Plot ( edit ) </H2> <P> Bruno is a 9 - year - old boy growing up during World War II in Berlin . He lives with his parents , his 12 - year - old sister Gretel and maids , one of whom is called Maria . After a visit by Adolf Hitler , Bruno 's father is promoted to Commandant , and the family has to move to ' Out - With ' because of the orders of `` The Fury '' ( Bruno 's naïve interpretation of the word ' Führer ' ) . Bruno is initially upset about moving to Out - With ( never identified , but cf . Auschwitz ) and leaving his friends , Daniel , Karl , and Martin . From the house at Out - With , Bruno sees a camp in which the prisoners wear Striped Pyjamas . One day , Bruno decides to explore the strange wire fence . As he walks along the fence , he meets a Jewish boy named Shmuel , who he learns shares his birthday . Shmuel says that his father , grandfather , and brother are with him on this side of the fence , but he is separated from his mother . Bruno and Shmuel talk and become very good friends , although Bruno still does not understand very much about Shmuel and his side of the fence . Nearly every day , unless it 's raining Bruno goes to see Shmuel and sneaks him food . As the meetings go on , and Shmuel gets more and more skinny , Bruno 's naïveté means he never realizes he is living beside a death camp . </P> <P> When lice eggs are discovered in Bruno 's hair he is forced to get all of his hair shaved off . Bruno comments that he looks like Shmuel , and Shmuel agrees , except that Bruno is fatter . Bruno 's mother eventually persuades his father to take them back to Berlin and stay at Out - With without them . </P> <P> The next day Bruno concocts a plan with Shmuel to sneak into the camp to look for Shmuel 's father . Shmuel brings a set of prison clothes ( which look to Bruno like striped pyjamas ) , and Bruno leaves his own clothes outside the fence . As they search the camp , both children are rounded up along with a group of prisoners on a `` march '' . In the gas chamber , Bruno apologizes to Shmuel for not finding his father and tells Shmuel that he is Bruno 's best friend for life . Shmuel does not answer , as at that moment the door of the gas chamber is closed , it becomes dark , and all is chaos . </P> <H2> Critics ' reviews ( edit ) </H2> <P> Some critics have called the premise of the book and subsequent film -- that there would be a child of Shmuel 's age in the camp -- erroneous . Reviewing the original book , Rabbi Benjamin Blech wrote : `` Note to the reader : There were no 9 - year - old Jewish boys in Auschwitz -- the Nazis immediately gassed those not old enough to work . '' Rabbi Blech affirmed the opinion of a Holocaust survivor friend that the book is `` not just a lie and not just a fairytale , but a profanation '' . Blech acknowledges the objection that a `` fable '' need not be factually accurate ; he counters that the book trivializes the conditions in and around the death camps and perpetuates the `` myth that those ( ... ) not directly involved can claim innocence '' , and thus undermines its moral authority . Students who read it , he warns , may believe the camps `` were n't that bad '' if a boy could conduct a clandestine friendship with a Jewish captive of the same age , unaware of `` the constant presence of death '' . </P> <P> Kathryn Hughes , whilst agreeing about the implausibility of the plot , argues that `` Bruno 's innocence comes to stand for the willful refusal of all adult Germans to see what was going on under their noses '' . </P> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Interview with Children 's Author John Boyne ( 2006 ) '' . Archived from the original on 2011 - 07 - 21 . Retrieved 2007 - 02 - 23 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` BBC World Service - World Book Club - Downloads '' . Bbc.co.uk . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 15 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Biography '' . John Boyne . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 15 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Hughes , Kathryn ( 20 January 2006 ) . `` Educating Bruno '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 5 March 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Blech , Benjamin ( October 23 , 2008 ) . `` The Boy in the Striped Pajamas '' . Aish.com . Archived from the original on August 30 , 2009 . Retrieved August 30 , 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Rabbi Benjamin Blech ( October 23 , 2008 ) . `` The Boy in the Striped Pajamas '' . aish.com . Retrieved February 11 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Hughes , Kathryn ( 21 January 2006 ) . `` Educating Bruno '' . The Guardian . Archived from the original on 8 February 2012 . Retrieved 8 February 2012 . </Li> </Ol> <Table> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> VIAF : 182554061 </Li> <Li> LCCN : no2009181923 </Li> <Li> GND : 7719172 - 9 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Boy_in_the_Striped_Pyjamas&oldid=825996831 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> 2006 novels </Li> <Li> Irish historical novels </Li> <Li> Irish novels adapted into films </Li> <Li> Novels set in Germany </Li> <Li> Novels set in Poland </Li> <Li> Novels about the Holocaust </Li> <Li> 21st - century Irish novels </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Pages to import images to Wikidata </Li> <Li> All articles with unsourced statements </Li> <Li> Articles with unsourced statements from February 2013 </Li> <Li> Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers </Li> <Li> Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers </Li> <Li> Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Български </Li> <Li> Català </Li> <Li> Čeština </Li> <Li> Cymraeg </Li> <Li> Dansk </Li> <Li> Deutsch </Li> <Li> Español </Li> <Li> Esperanto </Li> <Li> Euskara </Li> <Li> فارسی </Li> <Li> Gaeilge </Li> <Li> Galego </Li> <Li> 한국어 </Li> <Li> Հայերեն </Li> <Li> Italiano </Li> <Li> Nederlands </Li> <Li> 日本 語 </Li> <Li> Norsk </Li> <Li> Português </Li> <Li> Русский </Li> <Li> Simple English </Li> <Li> Slovenščina </Li> <Li> Suomi </Li> <Li> ไทย </Li> <Li> Українська </Li> <Li> Tiếng Việt </Li> </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 16 February 2018 , at 16 : 35 . </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> | [
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Oort cloud - wikipedia <H1> Oort cloud </H1> Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the outer Oort cloud . For the inner Oort cloud , see Hills cloud . This graphic shows the distance from the Oort cloud to the rest of the Solar System and two of the nearest stars measured in astronomical units . The scale is logarithmic , with each specified distance ten times further out than the previous one . Red arrow indicates location of Voyager 1 , a space probe that will reach the Oort cloud in 300 years . An artist 's impression of the Oort cloud and the Kuiper belt ( inset ) . Sizes of individual objects have been exaggerated for visibility . <Table> Types of distant minor planets <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Cis - Neptunian objects <Ul> <Li> Centaurs </Li> <Li> Neptune trojans </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Trans - Neptunian objects ( TNOs ) <Ul> <Li> Kuiper belt objects ( KBOs ) <Ul> <Li> Classical KBOs ( cubewanos ) </Li> <Li> Resonant KBOs <Ul> <Li> Plutinos ( 2 : 3 resonance ) </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Scattered disc objects ( SDOs ) <Ul> <Li> Resonant SDOs </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Detached objects </Li> <Li> Sednoids </Li> <Li> Oort cloud objects ( ICO / OCOs ) </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Trans - Neptunian dwarf planets are called `` plutoids '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The Oort cloud ( / ɔːr t , ʊər t / ) , named after the Dutch astronomer Jan Oort , sometimes called the Öpik -- Oort cloud , is a theoretical cloud of predominantly icy planetesimals proposed to surround the Sun to as far as somewhere between 50,000 and 200,000 AU ( 0.8 and 3.2 ly ) . It is divided into two regions : a disc - shaped inner Oort cloud ( or Hills cloud ) and a spherical outer Oort cloud . Both regions lie beyond the heliosphere and in interstellar space . The Kuiper belt and the scattered disc , the other two reservoirs of trans - Neptunian objects , are less than one thousandth as far from the Sun as the Oort cloud . </P> <P> The outer limit of the Oort cloud defines the cosmographical boundary of the Solar System and the extent of the Sun 's Hill sphere . The outer Oort cloud is only loosely bound to the Solar System , and thus is easily affected by the gravitational pull both of passing stars and of the Milky Way itself . These forces occasionally dislodge comets from their orbits within the cloud and send them toward the inner Solar System . Based on their orbits , most of the short - period comets may come from the scattered disc , but some may still have originated from the Oort cloud . </P> <P> Astronomers conjecture that the matter composing the Oort cloud formed closer to the Sun and was scattered far into space by the gravitational effects of the giant planets early in the Solar System 's evolution . Although no confirmed direct observations of the Oort cloud have been made , it may be the source of all long - period and Halley - type comets entering the inner Solar System , and many of the centaurs and Jupiter - family comets as well . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Hypothesis </Li> <Li> 2 Structure and composition </Li> <Li> 3 Origin </Li> <Li> 4 Comets </Li> <Li> 5 Tidal effects </Li> <Li> 6 Stellar perturbations and stellar companion hypotheses </Li> <Li> 7 Future exploration </Li> <Li> 8 See also </Li> <Li> 9 References </Li> <Li> 10 Notes </Li> <Li> 11 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Hypothesis ( edit ) </H2> <P> There are two main classes of comet : short - period comets ( also called ecliptic comets ) and long - period comets ( also called nearly isotropic comets ) . Ecliptic comets have relatively small orbits , below 10 AU , and follow the ecliptic plane , the same plane in which the planets lie . All long - period comets have very large orbits , on the order of thousands of AU , and appear from every direction in the sky . </P> <P> A.O. Leuschner in 1907 suggested that many comets believed to have parabolic orbits , and thus making single visits to the solar system , actually had elliptical orbits and would return after very long periods . In 1932 Estonian astronomer Ernst Öpik postulated that long - period comets originated in an orbiting cloud at the outermost edge of the Solar System . Dutch astronomer Jan Oort independently revived the idea in 1950 as a means to resolve a paradox : </P> <Ul> <Li> Over the course of the Solar System 's existence the orbits of comets are unstable and eventually dynamics dictate that a comet must either collide with the Sun or a planet or else be ejected from the Solar System by planetary perturbations . </Li> <Li> Moreover , their volatile composition means that as they repeatedly approach the Sun , radiation gradually boils the volatiles off until the comet splits or develops an insulating crust that prevents further outgassing . </Li> </Ul> <P> Thus , Oort reasoned , a comet could not have formed while in its current orbit and must have been held in an outer reservoir for almost all of its existence . He noted that there was a peak in numbers of long - period comets with aphelia ( their farthest distance from the Sun ) of roughly 20,000 AU , which suggested a reservoir at that distance with a spherical , isotropic distribution . Those relatively rare comets with orbits of about 10,000 AU have probably gone through one or more orbits through the Solar System and have had their orbits drawn inward by the gravity of the planets . </P> <H2> Structure and composition ( edit ) </H2> The presumed distance of the Oort cloud compared to the rest of the Solar System <P> The Oort cloud is thought to occupy a vast space from somewhere between 2,000 and 5,000 AU ( 0.03 and 0.08 ly ) to as far as 50,000 AU ( 0.79 ly ) from the Sun . Some estimates place the outer edge at between 100,000 and 200,000 AU ( 1.58 and 3.16 ly ) . The region can be subdivided into a spherical outer Oort cloud of 20,000 -- 50,000 AU ( 0.32 -- 0.79 ly ) , and a torus - shaped inner Oort cloud of 2,000 -- 20,000 AU ( 0.0 -- 0.3 ly ) . The outer cloud is only weakly bound to the Sun and supplies the long - period ( and possibly Halley - type ) comets to inside the orbit of Neptune . The inner Oort cloud is also known as the Hills cloud , named after Jack G. Hills , who proposed its existence in 1981 . Models predict that the inner cloud should have tens or hundreds of times as many cometary nuclei as the outer halo ; it is seen as a possible source of new comets to resupply the tenuous outer cloud as the latter 's numbers are gradually depleted . The Hills cloud explains the continued existence of the Oort cloud after billions of years . </P> <P> The outer Oort cloud may have trillions of objects larger than 1 km ( 0.62 mi ) , and billions with absolute magnitudes brighter than 11 ( corresponding to approximately 20 - kilometre ( 12 mi ) diameter ) , with neighboring objects tens of millions of kilometres apart . Its total mass is not known , but , assuming that Halley 's Comet is a suitable prototype for comets within the outer Oort cloud , roughly the combined mass is 3 × 10 kilograms ( 6.6 × 10 lb ) , or five times that of Earth . Earlier it was thought to be more massive ( up to 380 Earth masses ) , but improved knowledge of the size distribution of long - period comets led to lower estimates . The mass of the inner Oort cloud has not been characterized . </P> <P> If analyses of comets are representative of the whole , the vast majority of Oort - cloud objects consist of ices such as water , methane , ethane , carbon monoxide and hydrogen cyanide . However , the discovery of the object 1996 PW , an object whose appearance was consistent with a D - type asteroid in an orbit typical of a long - period comet , prompted theoretical research that suggests that the Oort cloud population consists of roughly one to two percent asteroids . Analysis of the carbon and nitrogen isotope ratios in both the long - period and Jupiter - family comets shows little difference between the two , despite their presumably vastly separate regions of origin . This suggests that both originated from the original protosolar cloud , a conclusion also supported by studies of granular size in Oort - cloud comets and by the recent impact study of Jupiter - family comet Tempel 1 . </P> <H2> Origin ( edit ) </H2> <P> The Oort cloud is thought to be a remnant of the original protoplanetary disc that formed around the Sun approximately 4.6 billion years ago . The most widely accepted hypothesis is that the Oort cloud 's objects initially coalesced much closer to the Sun as part of the same process that formed the planets and minor planets , but that gravitational interaction with young gas giants such as Jupiter ejected the objects into extremely long elliptic or parabolic orbits . Recent research has been cited by NASA hypothesizing that a large number of Oort cloud objects are the product of an exchange of materials between the Sun and its sibling stars as they formed and drifted apart , and it is suggested that many -- possibly the majority of -- Oort cloud objects did not form in close proximity to the Sun . Simulations of the evolution of the Oort cloud from the beginnings of the Solar System to the present suggest that the cloud 's mass peaked around 800 million years after formation , as the pace of accretion and collision slowed and depletion began to overtake supply . </P> <P> Models by Julio Ángel Fernández suggest that the scattered disc , which is the main source for periodic comets in the Solar System , might also be the primary source for Oort cloud objects . According to the models , about half of the objects scattered travel outward toward the Oort cloud , whereas a quarter are shifted inward to Jupiter 's orbit , and a quarter are ejected on hyperbolic orbits . The scattered disc might still be supplying the Oort cloud with material . A third of the scattered disc 's population is likely to end up in the Oort cloud after 2.5 billion years . </P> <P> Computer models suggest that collisions of cometary debris during the formation period play a far greater role than was previously thought . According to these models , the number of collisions early in the Solar System 's history was so great that most comets were destroyed before they reached the Oort cloud . Therefore , the current cumulative mass of the Oort cloud is far less than was once suspected . The estimated mass of the cloud is only a small part of the 50 -- 100 Earth masses of ejected material . </P> <P> Gravitational interaction with nearby stars and galactic tides modified cometary orbits to make them more circular . This explains the nearly spherical shape of the outer Oort cloud . On the other hand , the Hills cloud , which is bound more strongly to the Sun , has not acquired a spherical shape . Recent studies have shown that the formation of the Oort cloud is broadly compatible with the hypothesis that the Solar System formed as part of an embedded cluster of 200 -- 400 stars . These early stars likely played a role in the cloud 's formation , since the number of close stellar passages within the cluster was much higher than today , leading to far more frequent perturbations . </P> <P> In June 2010 Harold F. Levison and others suggested on the basis of enhanced computer simulations that the Sun `` captured comets from other stars while it was in its birth cluster '' . Their results imply that `` a substantial fraction of the Oort cloud comets , perhaps exceeding 90 % , are from the protoplanetary discs of other stars '' . </P> <H2> Comets ( edit ) </H2> Comet Hale -- Bopp , an archetypical Oort - cloud comet <P> Comets are thought to have two separate points of origin in the Solar System . Short - period comets ( those with orbits of up to 200 years ) are generally accepted to have emerged from either the Kuiper belt or the scattered disc , which are two linked flat discs of icy debris beyond Neptune 's orbit at 30 AU and jointly extending out beyond 100 AU from the Sun . Long - period comets , such as comet Hale -- Bopp , whose orbits last for thousands of years , are thought to originate in the Oort cloud . The orbits within the Kuiper belt are relatively stable , and so very few comets are thought to originate there . The scattered disc , however , is dynamically active , and is far more likely to be the place of origin for comets . Comets pass from the scattered disc into the realm of the outer planets , becoming what are known as centaurs . These centaurs are then sent farther inward to become the short - period comets . </P> <P> There are two main varieties of short - period comet : Jupiter - family comets ( those with semi-major axes of less than 5 AU ) and Halley - family comets . Halley - family comets , named for their prototype , Halley 's Comet , are unusual in that although they are short - period comets , it is hypothesized that their ultimate origin lies in the Oort cloud , not in the scattered disc . Based on their orbits , it is suggested they were long - period comets that were captured by the gravity of the giant planets and sent into the inner Solar System . This process may have also created the present orbits of a significant fraction of the Jupiter - family comets , although the majority of such comets are thought to have originated in the scattered disc . </P> <P> Oort noted that the number of returning comets was far less than his model predicted , and this issue , known as `` cometary fading '' , has yet to be resolved . No dynamical process are known to explain the smaller number of observed comets than Oort estimated . Hypotheses for this discrepancy include the destruction of comets due to tidal stresses , impact or heating ; the loss of all volatiles , rendering some comets invisible , or the formation of a non-volatile crust on the surface . Dynamical studies of hypothetical Oort cloud comets have estimated that their occurrence in the outer - planet region would be several times higher than in the inner - planet region . This discrepancy may be due to the gravitational attraction of Jupiter , which acts as a kind of barrier , trapping incoming comets and causing them to collide with it , just as it did with Comet Shoemaker -- Levy 9 in 1994 . </P> <H2> Tidal effects ( edit ) </H2> Main article : Galactic tide <P> Most of the comets seen close to the Sun seem to have reached their current positions through gravitational perturbation of the Oort cloud by the tidal force exerted by the Milky Way . Just as the Moon 's tidal force deforms Earth 's oceans , causing the tides to rise and fall , the galactic tide also distorts the orbits of bodies in the outer Solar System . In the charted regions of the Solar System , these effects are negligible compared to the gravity of the Sun , but in the outer reaches of the system , the Sun 's gravity is weaker and the gradient of the Milky Way 's gravitational field has substantial effects . Galactic tidal forces stretch the cloud along an axis directed toward the galactic centre and compress it along the other two axes ; these small perturbations can shift orbits in the Oort cloud to bring objects close to the Sun . The point at which the Sun 's gravity concedes its influence to the galactic tide is called the tidal truncation radius . It lies at a radius of 100,000 to 200,000 AU , and marks the outer boundary of the Oort cloud . </P> <P> Some scholars theorise that the galactic tide may have contributed to the formation of the Oort cloud by increasing the perihelia ( smallest distances to the Sun ) of planetesimals with large aphelia ( largest distances to the Sun ) . The effects of the galactic tide are quite complex , and depend heavily on the behaviour of individual objects within a planetary system . Cumulatively , however , the effect can be quite significant : up to 90 % of all comets originating from the Oort cloud may be the result of the galactic tide . Statistical models of the observed orbits of long - period comets argue that the galactic tide is the principal means by which their orbits are perturbed toward the inner Solar System . </P> <H2> Stellar perturbations and stellar companion hypotheses ( edit ) </H2> <P> Besides the galactic tide , the main trigger for sending comets into the inner Solar System is thought to be interaction between the Sun 's Oort cloud and the gravitational fields of nearby stars or giant molecular clouds . The orbit of the Sun through the plane of the Milky Way sometimes brings it in relatively close proximity to other stellar systems . For example , it is hypothesized that 70 thousand years ago , perhaps Scholz 's star passed through the outer Oort cloud ( although its low mass and high relative velocity limited its effect ) . During the next 10 million years the known star with the greatest possibility of perturbing the Oort cloud is Gliese 710 . This process could also scatter Oort cloud objects out of the ecliptic plane , potentially also explaining its spherical distribution . </P> <P> In 1984 , Physicist Richard A. Muller postulated that the Sun has a heretofore undetected companion , either a brown dwarf or a red dwarf , in an elliptical orbit within the Oort cloud . This object , known as Nemesis , was hypothesized to pass through a portion of the Oort cloud approximately every 26 million years , bombarding the inner Solar System with comets . However , to date no evidence of Nemesis or the Oort cloud have been found , and many lines of evidence ( such as crater counts ) , have thrown their existence into doubt . Recent scientific analysis no longer supports the idea that extinctions on Earth happen at regular , repeating intervals . Thus , the Nemesis hypothesis is no longer needed to explain current assumptions . </P> <P> A somewhat similar hypothesis was advanced by astronomer John J. Matese of the University of Louisiana at Lafayette in 2002 . He contends that more comets are arriving in the inner Solar System from a particular region of the postulated Oort cloud than can be explained by the galactic tide or stellar perturbations alone , and that the most likely cause would be a Jupiter - mass object in a distant orbit . This hypothetical gas giant was nicknamed Tyche . The WISE mission , an all - sky survey using parallax measurements in order to clarify local star distances , was capable of proving or disproving the Tyche hypothesis . In 2014 , NASA announced that the WISE survey had ruled out any object as they had defined it . </P> <H2> Future exploration ( edit ) </H2> Artist 's impression of the TAU spacecraft <P> Space probes have yet to reach the area of the Oort cloud . Voyager 1 , the fastest and farthest of the interplanetary space probes currently leaving the Solar System , will reach the Oort cloud in about 300 years and would take about 30,000 years to pass through it . However , around 2025 , the radioisotope thermoelectric generators on Voyager 1 will no longer supply enough power to operate any of its scientific instruments , preventing any exploration by Voyager 1 . The other four probes currently escaping the Solar System either are already or are predicted to be non-functional when they reach the Oort cloud ; however , it may be possible to find an object from the cloud that has been knocked into the inner Solar System . </P> <P> In the 1980s there was a concept for a probe to reach 1,000 AU in 50 years called TAU ; among its missions would be to look for the Oort cloud . </P> <P> In the 2014 Announcement of Opportunity for the Discovery program , an observatory to detect the objects in the Oort cloud ( and Kuiper belt ) called the `` Whipple Mission '' was proposed . It would monitor distant stars with a photometer , looking for transits up to 10,000 AU away . The observatory was proposed for halo orbiting around L2 with a suggested 5 - year mission . It has been suggested that the Kepler observatory may also be able to detect objects in the Oort cloud . </P> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Book : Solar System </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ul> <Li> Solar System portal </Li> <Li> Astronomy portal </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Heliosphere </Li> <Li> Interstellar comet </Li> <Li> List of possible dwarf planets </Li> <Li> List of trans - Neptunian objects </Li> <Li> Scattered disc </Li> <Li> Tyche ( hypothetical planet ) </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Oort '' . Oxford English Dictionary ( 3rd ed . ) . Oxford University Press . September 2005 . ( Subscription or UK public library membership required . ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Whipple , F.L. ; Turner , G. ; McDonnell , J.A.M. ; Wallis , M.K. ( 1987 - 09 - 30 ) . `` A Review of Cometary Sciences '' . Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A. Royal Society Publishing . 323 ( 1572 ) : 339 -- 347 ( 341 ) . Bibcode : 1987RSPTA. 323 ... 339W . doi : 10.1098 / rsta. 1987.0090 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Alessandro Morbidelli ( 2006 ) . `` Origin and dynamical evolution of comets and their reservoirs of water ammonia and methane '' . arXiv : astro - ph / 0512256 ( astro - ph ) . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Catalog Page for PIA17046 '' . Photo Journal . NASA . Retrieved April 27 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Kuiper Belt & Oort Cloud '' . NASA Solar System Exploration web site . NASA . Retrieved 2011 - 08 - 08 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : V.V. Emelyanenko ; D.J. Asher ; M.E. Bailey ( 2007 ) . `` The fundamental role of the Oort Cloud in determining the flux of comets through the planetary system '' . Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society . 381 ( 2 ) : 779 -- 789 . Bibcode : 2007MNRAS. 381 ... 779E . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 2966.2007. 12269. x . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Harold F. Levison ; Luke Donnes ( 2007 ) . `` Comet Populations and Cometary Dynamics '' . 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Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 18 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Julio A. Fernéndez ( 1997 ) . `` The Formation of the Oort Cloud and the Primitive Galactic Environment '' ( PDF ) . Icarus . 219 : 106 -- 119 . Bibcode : 1997Icar ... 129 ... 106F . doi : 10.1006 / icar. 1997.5754 . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 18 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Absolute magnitude is a measure of how bright an object would be if it were 1 AU from the Sun and Earth ; as opposed to apparent magnitude , which measures how bright an object appears from Earth . Because all measurements of absolute magnitude assume the same distance , absolute magnitude is in effect a measurement of an object 's brightness . The lower an object 's absolute magnitude , the brighter it is . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Paul R. Weissman ( 1998 ) . `` The Oort Cloud '' . Scientific American . Retrieved 2007 - 05 - 26 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Paul R. Weissman ( 1983 ) . `` The mass of the Oort Cloud '' . Astronomy and Astrophysics. 118 ( 1 ) : 90 -- 94 . Bibcode : 1983A&A ... 118 ... 90W . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Sebastian Buhai . `` On the Origin of the Long Period Comets : Competing theories '' ( PDF ) . Utrecht University College . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2006 - 09 - 30 . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 29 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ E.L. Gibb ; M.J. Mumma ; N. Dello Russo ; M.A. DiSanti & K. Magee - Sauer ( 2003 ) . `` Methane in Oort Cloud comets '' . Icarus . 165 ( 2 ) : 391 -- 406 . Bibcode : 2003Icar ... 165 ... 391G . doi : 10.1016 / S0019 - 1035 ( 03 ) 00201 - X . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Rabinowitz , D.L. ( August 1996 ) . `` 1996 PW '' . IAU Circular . International Astronomical Union . 6466 : 2 . Bibcode : 1996IAUC. 6466 ... 2R . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Davies , John K. ; McBride , Neil ; Green , Simon F. ; Mottola , Stefano ; et al. ( April 1998 ) . `` The Lightcurve and Colors of Unusual Minor Planet 1996 PW '' . Icarus . Elsevier . 132 ( 2 ) : 418 -- 430 . Bibcode : 1998Icar ... 132 ... 418D . doi : 10.1006 / icar. 1998.5888 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Paul R. Weissman ; Harold F. Levison ( 1997 ) . `` Origin and Evolution of the Unusual Object 1996 PW : Asteroids from the Oort Cloud ? '' . Astrophysical Journal . 488 ( 2 ) : L133 -- L136 . Bibcode : 1997ApJ ... 488L. 133W . doi : 10.1086 / 310940 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ D. Hutsemekers ; J. Manfroid ; E. Jehin ; C. Arpigny ; A. Cochran ; R. Schulz ; J.A. Stüwe & J.M. Zucconi ( 2005 ) . `` Isotopic abundances of carbon and nitrogen in Jupiter - family and Oort Cloud comets '' . Astronomy and Astrophysics. 440 ( 2 ) : L21 -- L24 . arXiv : astro - ph / 0508033 . Bibcode : 2005A&A ... 440L ... 21H . doi : 10.1051 / 0004 - 6361 : 200500160 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Takafumi Ootsubo ; Jun - ichi Watanabe ; Hideyo Kawakita ; Mitsuhiko Honda & Reiko Furusho ( 2007 ) . `` Grain properties of Oort Cloud comets : Modeling the mineralogical composition of cometary dust from mid-infrared emission features '' . Highlights in Planetary Science , 2nd General Assembly of Asia Oceania Geophysical Society . 55 ( 9 ) : 1044 -- 1049 . Bibcode : 2007P&SS ... 55.1044 O . doi : 10.1016 / j. pss. 2006.11. 012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Michael J. Mumma ; Michael A. DiSanti ; Karen Magee - Sauer ; et al. ( 2005 ) . `` Parent Volatiles in Comet 9P / Tempel 1 : Before and After Impact '' . Science Express . 310 ( 5746 ) : 270 -- 274 . Bibcode : 2005Sci ... 310 ... 270M . doi : 10.1126 / science. 1119337 . PMID 16166477 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Oort Cloud & Sol b ? '' . SolStation . Retrieved 2007 - 05 - 26 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Sun Steals Comets from Other Stars '' . NASA . 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Julio A. Fernández ; Tabaré Gallardo & Adrián Brunini ( 2004 ) . `` The scattered disc population as a source of Oort Cloud comets : evaluation of its current and past role in populating the Oort Cloud '' . Icarus . 172 ( 2 ) : 372 -- 381 . Bibcode : 2004Icar ... 172 ... 372F . doi : 10.1016 / j. icarus. 2004.07. 023 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Davies , J.K. ; Barrera , L.H. ( 2004 ) . The First Decadal Review of the Edgeworth - Kuiper Belt . Kluwer Academic Publishers . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4020 - 1781 - 0 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ S. Alan Stern ; Paul R. Weissman ( 2001 ) . `` Rapid collisional evolution of comets during the formation of the Oort Cloud '' . Nature . 409 ( 6820 ) : 589 -- 591 . Bibcode : 2001Natur. 409 ... 589S . doi : 10.1038 / 35054508 . PMID 11214311 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ R. Brasser ; M.J. Duncan ; H.F. Levison ( 2006 ) . `` Embedded star clusters and the formation of the Oort Cloud '' . Icarus . 184 ( 1 ) : 59 -- 82 . Bibcode : 2006Icar ... 184 ... 59B . doi : 10.1016 / j. icarus. 2006.04. 010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Levison , Harold ; et al. ( 10 June 2010 ) . `` Capture of the Sun 's Oort Cloud from Stars in Its Birth Cluster '' . Science . 329 ( 5988 ) : 187 -- 190 . Bibcode : 2010Sci ... 329 ... 187L . doi : 10.1126 / science. 1187535 . PMID 20538912 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Many famous comets originally formed in other solar systems '' . Southwest Research Institute ® ( SwRI ® ) News . 10 June 2010 . Archived from the original on 5 June 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Harold E. Levison & Luke Dones ( 2007 ) . `` Comet Populations and Cometary dynamics '' . Encyclopedia of the Solar System : 575 -- 588 . Bibcode : 2007ess ... book ... 575L . doi : 10.1016 / B978 - 012088589 - 3 / 50035 - 9 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 12 - 088589 - 3 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ J Horner ; NW Evans ; ME Bailey ; DJ Asher ( 2003 ) . `` The Populations of Comet - like Bodies in the Solar System '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 29 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Luke Dones ; Paul R Weissman ; Harold F Levison ; Martin J Duncan ( 2004 ) . `` Oort Cloud Formation and Dynamics '' ( PDF ) . In Michel C. Festou ; H. Uwe Keller ; Harold A. Weaver . Comets II . 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Lissauer ( 2002 - 05 - 06 ) . `` Continuing Evidence of an Impulsive Component of Oort Cloud Cometary Flux '' ( PDF ) . University of Louisiana at Lafayette , and NASA Ames Research Center . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 21 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ K.L. , Luhman ( 7 March 2014 ) . `` A Search For A Distant Companion To The Sun With The Wide - field Infrared Survey Explorer '' . The Astrophysical Journal . 781 ( 1 ) : 4 . Bibcode : 2014ApJ ... 781 ... 4L . doi : 10.1088 / 0004 - 637X / 781 / 1 / 4 . Retrieved 20 March 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` New Horizons Salutes Voyager '' . New Horizons . August 17 , 2006 . Archived from the original on March 9 , 2011 . Retrieved November 3 , 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Clark , Stuart ( September 13 , 2013 ) . `` Voyager 1 leaving solar system matches feats of great human explorers '' . The Guardian . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Voyagers are leaving the Solar System '' . Space Today . 2011 . Retrieved May 29 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` It 's Official : Voyager 1 Is Now In Interstellar Space '' . UniverseToday . Retrieved April 27 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Ghose , Tia ( September 13 , 2013 ) . `` Voyager 1 Really Is In Interstellar Space : How NASA Knows '' . Space.com . TechMedia Network . Retrieved September 14 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Cook , J. - R ( September 12 , 2013 ) . `` How Do We Know When Voyager Reaches Interstellar Space ? '' . NASA / Jet Propulsion Lab . Retrieved September 15 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ ( 1 ) </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Archived copy '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2015 - 11 - 17 . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 12 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Scientific American -- Kepler Spacecraft May Be Able to Spot Elusive Oort Cloud Objects -- 2010 </Li> </Ol> <H2> Notes ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ The Oort cloud 's outer limit is difficult to define as it varies over the millennia as different stars pass the Sun and thus is subject to variation . Estimates of its distance range from 50,000 to 200,000 AU . </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> Listen to this article ( info / dl ) <P> </P> This audio file was created from a revision of the article `` Oort cloud '' dated 2012 - 04 - 02 , and does not reflect subsequent edits to the article . ( Audio help ) More spoken articles <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wikimedia Commons has media related to Oort cloud . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ul> <Li> Oort Cloud Profile by NASA 's Solar System Exploration </Li> <Li> The Kuiper Belt and The Oort Cloud </Li> <Li> The effect of perturbations by the Alpha Cen A / B system on the Oort Cloud </Li> <Li> Reassessing the formation of the Inner Oort cloud in an embedded star cluster II : Probing the inner edge ( Brasser ; Schwamb : 7 Nov 2014 : arXiv : 1411.1844 ) </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> The Solar System </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> The Sun </Li> <Li> Mercury </Li> <Li> Venus </Li> <Li> Earth </Li> <Li> Mars </Li> <Li> Ceres </Li> <Li> Jupiter </Li> <Li> Saturn </Li> <Li> Uranus </Li> <Li> Neptune </Li> <Li> Pluto </Li> <Li> Haumea </Li> <Li> Makemake </Li> <Li> Eris </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Planets </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Terrestrial planets <Ul> <Li> Mercury </Li> <Li> Venus </Li> <Li> Earth </Li> <Li> Mars </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Giant planets <Ul> <Li> Jupiter </Li> <Li> Saturn </Li> <Li> Uranus </Li> <Li> Neptune </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Dwarf planets <Ul> <Li> Ceres </Li> <Li> Pluto </Li> <Li> Haumea </Li> <Li> Makemake </Li> <Li> Eris </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Rings </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Jovian </Li> <Li> Saturnian ( Rhean ) </Li> <Li> Charikloan </Li> <Li> Chironean </Li> <Li> Uranian </Li> <Li> Neptunian </Li> <Li> Haumean </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Moons </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Terrestrial <Ul> <Li> Moon </Li> <Li> Other near - 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crossers </Li> <Li> Venus - crossers </Li> <Li> Venus trojans </Li> <Li> Near - Earth objects </Li> <Li> Earth - crossers </Li> <Li> Earth trojans </Li> <Li> Mars - crossers </Li> <Li> Mars trojans </Li> <Li> Asteroid belt </Li> <Li> Asteroids <Ul> <Li> first discovered : Ceres </Li> <Li> Pallas </Li> <Li> Juno </Li> <Li> Vesta </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Families </Li> <Li> Notable asteroids </Li> <Li> Kirkwood gap </Li> <Li> Main - belt comets </Li> <Li> Jupiter trojans </Li> <Li> Jupiter - crossers </Li> <Li> Centaurs </Li> <Li> Saturn - crossers </Li> <Li> Uranus trojans </Li> <Li> Uranus - crossers </Li> <Li> Neptune trojans </Li> <Li> Cis - Neptunian objects </Li> <Li> Trans - Neptunian objects </Li> <Li> Neptune - crossers </Li> <Li> Plutoids </Li> <Li> Kuiper belt <Ul> <Li> Plutinos </Li> <Li> Cubewanos </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Scattered disc </Li> <Li> Detached objects </Li> <Li> Sednoids </Li> <Li> Hills cloud </Li> <Li> Oort cloud </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Hypothetical objects </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Vulcan </Li> <Li> Vulcanoids </Li> <Li> Phaeton </Li> <Li> Planet V </Li> <Li> Theia </Li> <Li> Fifth giant </Li> <Li> Planets beyond Neptune </Li> <Li> Tyche </Li> <Li> Nemesis </Li> <Li> Planet Nine </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Exploration ( outline ) </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Discovery <Ul> <Li> Astronomy </Li> <Li> Timeline </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Spaceflight </Li> <Li> Robotic spacecraft </Li> <Li> Human spaceflight </Li> <Li> Colonization </Li> <Li> List of probes </Li> <Li> Timeline </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Mercury </Li> <Li> Venus </Li> <Li> Moon </Li> <Li> Mars </Li> <Li> Ceres </Li> <Li> Asteroids <Ul> <Li> Mining </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Comets </Li> <Li> Jupiter </Li> <Li> Saturn </Li> <Li> Uranus </Li> <Li> Neptune </Li> <Li> Pluto </Li> <Li> Deep space </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Dl> <Dd> Outline of the Solar System </Dd> <Dt> Portals </Dt> <Dd> Solar System </Dd> <Dd> Astronomy </Dd> <Dd> Earth sciences </Dd> <Dd> Mars </Dd> <Dd> Jupiter </Dd> <Dd> Uranus </Dd> <Dd> Cosmology </Dd> </Dl> <P> Solar System → Local Interstellar Cloud → Local Bubble → Gould Belt → Orion Arm → Milky Way → Milky Way subgroup → Local Group → Virgo Supercluster → Laniakea Supercluster → Observable universe → Universe Each arrow ( → ) may be read as `` within '' or `` part of '' . </P> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Small Solar System bodies </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Minor planets </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Designation </Li> <Li> Groups </Li> <Li> List </Li> <Li> Moon </Li> <Li> Meanings of names </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Asteroid </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Aten asteroid </Li> <Li> Asteroid belt </Li> <Li> Family </Li> <Li> Jupiter trojan </Li> <Li> Near - Earth </Li> <Li> Spectral types </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Distant minor planet </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Centaur </Li> <Li> Damocloid </Li> <Li> Neptune trojan </Li> <Li> Trans - Neptunian object <Ul> <Li> Detached </Li> <Li> Kuiper belt </Li> <Li> Oort cloud </Li> <Li> Scattered disc </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Comets </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Extinct </Li> <Li> Great </Li> <Li> Halley - type </Li> <Li> Hyperbolic </Li> <Li> Long - period </Li> <Li> Lost </Li> <Li> Main - belt </Li> <Li> Near - parabolic </Li> <Li> Periodic </Li> <Li> Sungrazing </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Other </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Meteoroids </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="3"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Dwarf planets </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Asteroid belt </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> IAU : Ceres No longer rounded and therefore not dwarf planets ( Former candidates : Pallas </Li> <Li> Vesta </Li> <Li> Hygiea ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Centaurs </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Possibly : Chariklo </Li> <Li> Chiron </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Centaurs ( extended ) </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Possibly : 1995 SN 55 ( lost ) </Li> <Li> Ceto </Li> <Li> 2010 TY 53 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Plutinos </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> IAU : Pluto Additional objects proposed by Brown and Tancredi : Orcus </Li> <Li> Ixion </Li> <Li> 2003 AZ </Li> <Li> 2004 UX </Li> <Li> Huya Possibly : 2003 UZ </Li> <Li> 2003 VS </Li> <Li> 2002 VR </Li> <Li> 2004 PF </Li> <Li> 2002 XV 93 </Li> <Li> 2007 JH 43 </Li> <Li> 2001 QF 298 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Twotinos </Th> <Td> Possibly : 2002 WC </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Other resonances / unknown resonances : </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> IAU : Haumea Possibly : 2002 XW </Li> <Li> 1999 DE </Li> <Li> 1999 KR </Li> <Li> 2001 YH </Li> <Li> 2011 GM 27 </Li> <Li> 2010 VK 201 </Li> <Li> 2013 FZ 27 </Li> <Li> 2014 UM 33 </Li> <Li> 1999 CD 158 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Cubewanos : </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> IAU : Makemake Additional objects proposed by Brown and Tancredi : 2002 MS </Li> <Li> Salacia </Li> <Li> Quaoar </Li> <Li> Varuna </Li> <Li> Varda </Li> <Li> 2004 GV </Li> <Li> 2002 AW </Li> <Li> 2002 TX </Li> <Li> 2005 RR </Li> <Li> 2003 OP </Li> <Li> 2005 RN Possibly : Chaos </Li> <Li> Altjira </Li> <Li> Sila - Nunam </Li> <Li> 2002 UX </Li> <Li> 2007 JJ </Li> <Li> 2005 UQ </Li> <Li> 2004 TY </Li> <Li> 2003 QW </Li> <Li> 1998 SN </Li> <Li> 2002 KX </Li> <Li> Praamzius </Li> <Li> 2004 NT </Li> <Li> 2010 FX 86 </Li> <Li> 2002 CY 248 </Li> <Li> 2010 VR 11 </Li> <Li> Rhadamanthus </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Scattered disc </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> IAU : Eris Additional objects proposed by Brown and Tancredi : 2007 OR </Li> <Li> 1996 TL </Li> <Li> 2001 UR </Li> <Li> 2005 RM Possibly : 2002 TC </Li> <Li> 2004 XA </Li> <Li> 2005 QU </Li> <Li> 2006 QH 181 </Li> <Li> 2007 UK </Li> <Li> 2010 EK 139 </Li> <Li> 2010 KZ 39 </Li> <Li> 2010 RE 64 </Li> <Li> 2010 RF 43 </Li> <Li> 2010 TJ </Li> <Li> 2013 FY 27 </Li> <Li> 2008 OG 19 </Li> <Li> 1996 GQ </Li> <Li> 2012 HH </Li> <Li> 1999 CC </Li> <Li> 2010 VZ 98 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Area uncertain </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Captured satellites that were once dwarf planets : Triton ( captured by Neptune ) </Li> <Li> Phoebe ( captured by Saturn , and no longer rounded ) Possibly : 2011 FW 62 ( lost ) </Li> <Li> 2000 YW </Li> <Li> V774104 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Detached objects </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Possibly : 2004 XR 190 </Li> <Li> 2010 GB 174 </Li> <Li> 2008 ST 291 </Li> <Li> 1995 TL </Li> <Li> 2005 TB </Li> <Li> 2003 QX 113 </Li> <Li> 2003 FY </Li> <Li> 2004 VN 112 </Li> <Li> 2000 CR </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Sednoids </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Objects proposed by Brown and Tancredi : Sedna Possibly : 2012 VP 113 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="3"> <Ul> <Li> See also : Charon </Li> <Li> Vanth </Li> <Li> Dysnomia </Li> <Li> Hiʻiaka </Li> <Li> Mesoplanet </Li> <Li> Planemo </Li> <Li> List of trans - Neptunian objects </Li> <Li> List of possible dwarf planets </Li> <Li> List of Solar System objects </Li> <Li> List of Solar System objects by size </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Comets </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Features </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Nucleus </Li> <Li> Coma </Li> <Li> Tails </Li> <Li> Antitail </Li> <Li> Comet dust </Li> <Li> Meteor shower </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Types </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Periodic <Ul> <Li> Numbered </Li> <Li> Lost </Li> <Li> Halley - type </Li> <Li> Jupiter - family </Li> <Li> Encke - type </Li> <Li> Main - belt </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Non-periodic <Ul> <Li> Hyperbolic </Li> <Li> Unknown - orbit </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Great Comet </Li> <Li> Sungrazing ( Kreutz ) </Li> <Li> Extinct </Li> <Li> Rock </Li> <Li> Exocomet </Li> <Li> Interstellar </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Related </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Naming of comets </Li> <Li> Centaur </Li> <Li> Comet discoverers <Ul> <Li> LINEAR </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Extraterrestrial atmosphere </Li> <Li> Oort cloud </Li> <Li> Small Solar System body </Li> <Li> Asteroid </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Space missions </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Planned and proposed </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> DESTINY </Li> <Li> CAESAR </Li> <Li> Comet Hopper </Li> <Li> CONDOR </Li> <Li> CORSAIR </Li> <Li> CRAF </Li> <Li> Hayabusa Mk2 </Li> <Li> Marco Polo </Li> <Li> Vesta </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Past and current </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> CONTOUR </Li> <Li> Deep Impact / EPOXI </Li> <Li> Deep Space 1 </Li> <Li> Giotto </Li> <Li> ICE </Li> <Li> Rosetta <Ul> <Li> Philae </Li> <Li> Timeline </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Sakigake </Li> <Li> Stardust / NeXT </Li> <Li> Suisei </Li> <Li> Ulysses </Li> <Li> Vega program <Ul> <Li> Vega 1 </Li> <Li> Vega 2 </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Latest </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> C / 2016 U1 ( NEOWISE ) </Li> <Li> C / 2015 G2 ( MASTER ) </Li> <Li> C / 2015 F5 ( SWAN - XingMing ) </Li> <Li> C / 2015 F3 </Li> <Li> C / 2014 Q2 ( Lovejoy ) </Li> <Li> C / 2014 E2 ( Jacques ) </Li> <Li> C / 2013 US10 ( Catalina ) </Li> <Li> C / 2013 A1 ( Siding Spring ) </Li> <Li> C / 2012 S4 ( PANSTARRS ) </Li> <Li> C / 2012 K1 ( PANSTARRS ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Culture and speculation </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Antimatter comet </Li> <Li> Comets in fiction <Ul> <Li> Fictional comets </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Comet vintages </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Lists of comets ( more ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Periodic comets </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Until 1985 ( all ) </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 1P / Halley </Li> <Li> 2P / Encke </Li> <Li> 3D / Biela </Li> <Li> 4P / Faye </Li> <Li> 5D / Brorsen </Li> <Li> 6P / d'Arrest </Li> <Li> 7P / Pons -- Winnecke </Li> <Li> 8P / Tuttle </Li> <Li> 9P / Tempel </Li> <Li> 10P / Tempel </Li> <Li> 11P / Tempel -- Swift -- LINEAR </Li> <Li> 12P / Pons -- Brooks </Li> <Li> 13P / Olbers </Li> <Li> 14P / Wolf </Li> <Li> 15P / Finlay </Li> <Li> 16P / Brooks </Li> <Li> 17P / Holmes </Li> <Li> 18D / Perrine -- Mrkos </Li> <Li> 19P / Borrelly </Li> <Li> 20D / Westphal </Li> <Li> 21P / Giacobini -- Zinner </Li> <Li> 22P / Kopff </Li> <Li> 23P / Brorsen -- Metcalf </Li> <Li> 24P / Schaumasse </Li> <Li> 25D / Neujmin </Li> <Li> 26P / Grigg -- Skjellerup </Li> <Li> 27P / Crommelin </Li> <Li> 28P / Neujmin </Li> <Li> 29P / Schwassmann -- Wachmann </Li> <Li> 30P / Reinmuth </Li> <Li> 31P / Schwassmann -- Wachmann </Li> <Li> 32P / Comas Solà </Li> <Li> 33P / Daniel </Li> <Li> 34D / Gale </Li> <Li> 35P / Herschel -- Rigollet </Li> <Li> 36P / Whipple </Li> <Li> 37P / Forbes </Li> <Li> 38P / Stephan -- Oterma </Li> <Li> 39P / Oterma </Li> <Li> 40P / Väisälä </Li> <Li> 41P / Tuttle -- Giacobini -- Kresák </Li> <Li> 42P / Neujmin </Li> <Li> 43P / Wolf -- Harrington </Li> <Li> 44P / Reinmuth </Li> <Li> 45P / Honda -- Mrkos -- Pajdušáková </Li> <Li> 46P / Wirtanen </Li> <Li> 47P / Ashbrook -- Jackson </Li> <Li> 48P / Johnson </Li> <Li> 49P / Arend -- Rigaux </Li> <Li> 50P / Arend </Li> <Li> 51P / Harrington </Li> <Li> 52P / Harrington -- Abell </Li> <Li> 53P / Van Biesbroeck </Li> <Li> 54P / de Vico -- Swift -- NEAT </Li> <Li> 55P / Tempel -- Tuttle </Li> <Li> 56P / Slaughter -- Burnham </Li> <Li> 57P / du Toit -- Neujmin -- Delporte </Li> <Li> 58P / Jackson -- Neujmin </Li> <Li> 59P / Kearns -- Kwee </Li> <Li> 60P / Tsuchinshan </Li> <Li> 61P / Shajn -- Schaldach </Li> <Li> 62P / Tsuchinshan </Li> <Li> 63P / Wild </Li> <Li> 64P / Swift -- Gehrels </Li> <Li> 65P / Gunn </Li> <Li> 66P / du Toit </Li> <Li> 67P / Churyumov -- Gerasimenko </Li> <Li> 68P / Klemola </Li> <Li> 69P / Taylor </Li> <Li> 70P / Kojima </Li> <Li> 71P / Clark </Li> <Li> 72P / Denning -- Fujikawa </Li> <Li> 73P / Schwassmann -- Wachmann </Li> <Li> 74P / Smirnova -- Chernykh </Li> <Li> 75D / Kohoutek </Li> <Li> 76P / West -- Kohoutek -- Ikemura </Li> <Li> 77P / Longmore </Li> <Li> 78P / Gehrels </Li> <Li> 79P / du Toit -- Hartley </Li> <Li> 80P / Peters -- Hartley </Li> <Li> 81P / Wild </Li> <Li> 82P / Gehrels </Li> <Li> 83D / Russell </Li> <Li> 84P / Giclas </Li> <Li> 85P / Boethin </Li> <Li> 86P / Wild </Li> <Li> 87P / Bus </Li> <Li> 88P / Howell </Li> <Li> 89P / Russell </Li> <Li> 90P / Gehrels </Li> <Li> 91P / Russell </Li> <Li> 92P / Sanguin </Li> <Li> 93P / Lovas </Li> <Li> 94P / Russell </Li> <Li> 95P / Chiron </Li> <Li> 96P / Machholz </Li> <Li> 97P / Metcalf -- Brewington </Li> <Li> 98P / Takamizawa </Li> <Li> 99P / Kowal </Li> <Li> 100P / Hartley </Li> <Li> 101P / Chernykh </Li> <Li> 102P / Shoemaker </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> After 1985 ( notable ) </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 103P / Hartley </Li> <Li> 105P / Singer Brewster </Li> <Li> 107P / Wilson -- Harrington </Li> <Li> 109P / Swift -- Tuttle </Li> <Li> 111P / Helin -- Roman -- Crockett </Li> <Li> 114P / Wiseman -- Skiff </Li> <Li> 128P / Shoemaker -- Holt </Li> <Li> 139P / Väisälä -- Oterma </Li> <Li> 144P / Kushida </Li> <Li> 147P / Kushida -- Muramatsu </Li> <Li> 153P / Ikeya -- Zhang </Li> <Li> 163P / NEAT </Li> <Li> 168P / Hergenrother </Li> <Li> 169P / NEAT </Li> <Li> 177P / Barnard </Li> <Li> 178P / Hug -- Bell </Li> <Li> 205P / Giacobini </Li> <Li> 209P / LINEAR </Li> <Li> 238P / Read </Li> <Li> 246P / NEAT </Li> <Li> 252P / LINEAR </Li> <Li> 255P / Levy </Li> <Li> 273P / Pons -- Gambart </Li> <Li> 276P / Vorobjov </Li> <Li> 289P / Blanpain </Li> <Li> 311P / PANSTARRS </Li> <Li> 322P / SOHO </Li> <Li> 332P / Ikeya - Murakami </Li> <Li> 354P / LINEAR </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> P / 1997 B1 ( Kobayashi ) </Li> <Li> P / 2010 B2 ( WISE ) </Li> <Li> P / 2011 NO1 ( Elenin ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Comet - like asteroids </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 596 Scheila </Li> <Li> 2060 Chiron ( 95P ) </Li> <Li> 4015 Wilson -- Harrington ( 107P ) </Li> <Li> 7968 Elst -- Pizarro ( 133P ) </Li> <Li> 165P / LINEAR </Li> <Li> 166P / NEAT </Li> <Li> 167P / CINEOS </Li> <Li> 60558 Echeclus ( 174P ) </Li> <Li> 118401 LINEAR ( 176P ) </Li> <Li> 238P / Read </Li> <Li> 259P / Garradd </Li> <Li> 311P / PANSTARRS </Li> <Li> 324P / La Sagra </Li> <Li> P / 2010 A2 ( LINEAR ) </Li> <Li> P / 2012 F5 ( Gibbs ) </Li> <Li> P / 2012 T1 ( PANSTARRS ) </Li> <Li> P / 2013 R3 ( Catalina - PANSTARRS ) </Li> <Li> ( 300163 ) 2006 VW139 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Lost </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Recovered </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 11P / Tempel -- Swift -- LINEAR </Li> <Li> 15P / Finlay </Li> <Li> 17P / Holmes </Li> <Li> 27P / Crommelin </Li> <Li> 54P / de Vico -- Swift -- NEAT </Li> <Li> 55P / Tempel -- Tuttle </Li> <Li> 57P / du Toit -- Neujmin -- Delporte </Li> <Li> 69P / Taylor </Li> <Li> 72P / Denning -- Fujikawa </Li> <Li> 80P / Peters -- Hartley </Li> <Li> 97P / Metcalf -- Brewington </Li> <Li> 107P / Wilson -- Harrington </Li> <Li> 109P / Swift -- Tuttle </Li> <Li> 113P / Spitaler </Li> <Li> 122P / de Vico </Li> <Li> 157P / Tritton </Li> <Li> 177P / Barnard </Li> <Li> 205P / Giacobini </Li> <Li> 206P / Barnard -- Boattini </Li> <Li> 271P / van Houten -- Lemmon </Li> <Li> 273P / Pons -- Gambart </Li> <Li> 289P / Blanpain </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Destroyed </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 3D / Biela </Li> <Li> 73P / Schwassmann -- Wachmann </Li> <Li> D / 1993 F2 ( Shoemaker -- Levy 9 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Not found </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> D / 1770 L1 ( Lexell ) </Li> <Li> 5D / Brorsen </Li> <Li> 18D / Perrine -- Mrkos </Li> <Li> 20D / Westphal </Li> <Li> 25D / Neujmin </Li> <Li> 34D / Gale </Li> <Li> 75D / Kohoutek </Li> <Li> 83D / Russell </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Visited by spacecraft </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 21P / Giacobini -- Zinner ( 1985 ) </Li> <Li> 1P / Halley ( 1986 ) </Li> <Li> 26P / Grigg -- Skjellerup ( 1992 ) </Li> <Li> 19P / Borrelly ( 2001 ) </Li> <Li> 81P / Wild ( 2004 ) </Li> <Li> 9P / Tempel ( 2005 , 2011 ) </Li> <Li> C / 2006 P1 ( 2007 ) </Li> <Li> 103P / Hartley ( 2010 ) </Li> <Li> 67P / Churyumov -- Gerasimenko ( 2014 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Non-Periodic comets ( notable ) </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Until 1910 </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> C / - 43 K1 ( Caesar 's Comet ) </Li> <Li> X / 1106 C1 ( Great Comet of 1106 ) </Li> <Li> C / 1577 V1 ( Great Comet of 1577 ) </Li> <Li> C / 1652 Y1 </Li> <Li> C / 1680 V1 ( Great Comet of 1680 , Kirsch 's Comet , Newton 's Comet ) ) </Li> <Li> C / 1702 H1 ( Comet of 1702 ) </Li> <Li> C / 1729 P1 ( Comet of 1729 , Comet Sarabat ) </Li> <Li> C / 1743 X1 ( Great Comet of 1744 , Comet Klinkenberg - Chéseaux ) </Li> <Li> C / 1760 A1 ( Great Comet of 1760 ) </Li> <Li> C / 1769 P1 ( Great Comet of 1769 ) </Li> <Li> C / 1807 R1 ( Great Comet of 1807 ) </Li> <Li> C / 1811 F1 ( Great Comet of 1811 ) </Li> <Li> C / 1819 N1 ( Great Comet of 1819 ) </Li> <Li> C / 1823 Y1 ( Great Comet of 1823 ) </Li> <Li> C / 1843 D1 ( Great March Comet of 1843 ) </Li> <Li> C / 1847 T1 ( Miss Mitchell 's Comet ) </Li> <Li> C / 1858 L1 ( Comet Donati ) </Li> <Li> C / 1861 G1 ( Comet Thatcher ) </Li> <Li> C / 1861 J1 ( Great Comet of 1861 ) </Li> <Li> C / 1865 B1 ( Great Southern Comet of 1865 ) </Li> <Li> X / 1872 X1 ( Pogson 's Comet ) </Li> <Li> C / 1874 H1 ( Comet Coggia ) </Li> <Li> C / 1881 K1 ( Comet Tebbutt ) </Li> <Li> C / 1882 R1 ( Great Comet of 1882 ) </Li> <Li> C / 1887 B1 ( Great Southern Comet of 1887 ) </Li> <Li> C / 1890 V1 ( Comet Zona ) </Li> <Li> C / 1901 G1 ( Great Comet of 1901 ) </Li> <Li> C / 1910 A1 ( Great January Comet of 1910 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> After 1910 </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> C / 1911 O1 ( Brooks ) </Li> <Li> C / 1911 S3 ( Beljawsky ) </Li> <Li> C / 1927 X1 ( Skjellerup -- Maristany ) </Li> <Li> C / 1931 P1 ( Ryves ) </Li> <Li> C / 1941 B2 ( de Kock - Paraskevopoulos ) ( de ) </Li> <Li> C / 1947 X1 ( Southern Comet ) ( de ) </Li> <Li> C / 1948 V1 ( Eclipse ) </Li> <Li> C / 1956 R1 ( Arend -- Roland ) </Li> <Li> C / 1957 P1 ( Mrkos ) ( de ) </Li> <Li> C / 1961 O1 ( Wilson - Hubbard ) ( de ) </Li> <Li> C / 1961 R1 ( Humason ) </Li> <Li> C / 1962 C1 ( Seki - Lines ) ( de ) </Li> <Li> C / 1963 R1 ( Pereyra ) </Li> <Li> C / 1965 S1 ( Ikeya - Seki ) </Li> <Li> C / 1969 Y1 ( Bennett ) </Li> <Li> C / 1970 K1 ( White -- Ortiz -- Bolelli ) </Li> <Li> C / 1973 E1 ( Kohoutek ) </Li> <Li> C / 1975 V1 ( West ) </Li> <Li> C / 1980 E1 ( Bowell ) </Li> <Li> C / 1983 H1 ( IRAS -- Araki -- Alcock ) </Li> <Li> C / 1989 X1 ( Austin ) </Li> <Li> C / 1989 Y1 ( Skorichenko -- George ) </Li> <Li> C / 1992 J1 ( Spacewatch -- Rabinowitz ) </Li> <Li> C / 1993 Y1 ( McNaught -- Russell ) </Li> <Li> C / 1995 O1 ( Hale -- Bopp ) </Li> <Li> C / 1996 B2 ( Hyakutake ) </Li> <Li> C / 1997 L1 ( Zhu -- Balam ) </Li> <Li> C / 1998 H1 ( Stonehouse ) </Li> <Li> C / 1998 J1 ( SOHO ) </Li> <Li> C / 1999 F1 ( Catalina ) </Li> <Li> C / 1999 S4 ( LINEAR ) </Li> <Li> C / 2000 U5 ( LINEAR ) </Li> <Li> C / 2000 W1 ( Utsunomiya - 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List of Scottish Cup Finals - wikipedia <H1> List of Scottish Cup Finals </H1> <P> The Scottish Football Association Challenge Cup , commonly known as the Scottish Cup , is a knockout cup competition in Scottish football . Organised by the Scottish Football Association , it is the third oldest existing football competition in the world , having commenced in the 1873 -- 74 season just two years after the first FA Cup . The winners are awarded the world 's oldest trophy , minted in 1885 . </P> <P> Celtic hold the record for most wins with 38 , and the most final appearances with 57 . Celtic are also the current holders , having beaten Motherwell 2 -- 0 in the 2018 final . </P> <H2> Contents </H2> <Ul> <Li> 1 History </Li> <Li> 2 Results <Ul> <Li> 2.1 Key </Li> <Li> 2.2 Results </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 Performance by club <Ul> <Li> 3.1 By City / Town </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 See also </Li> <Li> 5 Notes </Li> <Li> 6 References </Li> <Li> 7 External links </Li> </Ul> <H2> History ( edit ) </H2> <P> At the time of the cup 's first season Queen 's Park were by far the dominant force in Scottish football , and no other team had even managed to score a goal against them until 1875 , eight years after their formation . This early dominance meant they were invited into the first FA Cup season and in season 1883 -- 84 they came close to a cup double , winning the Scottish Cup but losing the FA Cup Final to Blackburn Rovers . They again met Blackburn Rovers in the following season 's Final but were defeated once again . Other Scottish teams competed in the FA Cup such as Partick Thistle and 3rd Lanark RV and continued to compete until 1887 , when the Scottish Football Association banned its members from taking any further part in the `` English Cup '' . By the time the Scottish Football League was founded in the 1890 -- 91 season Queen 's Park had been eclipsed by many of the league clubs , they finally agreed to enter the competition in the 1900 -- 01 season , they finished seventh in their first season . Their demise was reflected in their Scottish Cup results , although they reached 4 Finals after the foundation of the league they could only win one and their 1893 success was their last , reaching only one more final in 1900 . Dumbarton filled the void left by Queen 's Park for a time but like all Scottish football competitions the Scottish Cup would come to be dominated by the Old Firm of Celtic and Rangers . </P> <P> In 1909 the cup was withheld by the SFA after a riot broke out following a replay between Rangers and Celtic . The first match was drawn 2 -- 2 and the second 1 -- 1 . </P> <P> The cup was not competed for between 1914 and 1919 due to World War I. World War II prevented competition between 1939 and 1945 although the Scottish War Emergency Cup was held in the 1939 -- 40 season . </P> <H2> Results ( edit ) </H2> <P> A draw in the final used to result in the match being replayed at a later date . Since the 1981 final , however , the result has always been decided on the day , with a penalty shootout if required after extra time . </P> <H3> Key ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Td> ( R ) </Td> <Td> Replay , or repeat if original match was declared void </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> ( SR ) </Td> <Td> Second Replay </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> ‡ </Td> <Td> Match void </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> * </Td> <Td> Match went to extra time </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> † </Td> <Td> Match decided by a penalty shootout after extra time </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Italics </Td> <Td> Team from outside the top level of Scottish football ( since the formation of The Scottish Football League in 1890 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Bold </Td> <Td> Winning team were also Scottish football champions , winning The Double </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Results ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Season </Th> <Th> Winner </Th> <Th> Score </Th> <Th> Runner - up </Th> <Th> Venue </Th> <Th> Attendance </Th> <Th> Notes </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1873 -- 74 </Td> <Td> Queen 's Park ( 1 ) </Td> <Td> 2 -- 0 </Td> <Td> Clydesdale </Td> <Td> Hampden Park ( original ) </Td> <Td> 2,500 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1874 -- 75 </Td> <Td> Queen 's Park ( 2 ) </Td> <Td> 3 -- 0 </Td> <Td> Renton </Td> <Td> Hampden Park ( original ) </Td> <Td> 7,000 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1875 -- 76 </Td> <Td> Queen 's Park ( 3 ) </Td> <Td> 1 -- 1 </Td> <Td> 3rd Lanark RV </Td> <Td> Hamilton Crescent </Td> <Td> 6,000 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> ( R ) </Td> <Td> 2 -- 0 </Td> <Td> Hampden Park ( original ) </Td> <Td> 10,000 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1876 -- 77 </Td> <Td> Vale of Leven ( 1 ) </Td> <Td> 1 -- 1 </Td> <Td> Rangers </Td> <Td> Hamilton Crescent </Td> <Td> 8,000 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> ( R ) </Td> <Td> 1 -- 1 </Td> <Td> Hamilton Crescent </Td> <Td> 15,000 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> ( SR ) </Td> <Td> 3 -- 2 </Td> <Td> Hampden Park ( original ) </Td> <Td> 12,000 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1877 -- 78 </Td> <Td> Vale of Leven ( 2 ) </Td> <Td> 1 -- 0 </Td> <Td> 3rd Lanark RV </Td> <Td> Hampden Park ( original ) </Td> <Td> 5,000 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1878 -- 79 </Td> <Td> Vale of Leven ( 3 ) </Td> <Td> 1 -- 1 </Td> <Td> Rangers </Td> <Td> Hampden Park ( original ) </Td> <Td> 9,000 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> ( R ) </Td> <Td> walkover </Td> <Td> Hampden Park ( original ) </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1879 -- 80 </Td> <Td> Queen 's Park ( 4 ) </Td> <Td> 3 -- 0 </Td> <Td> Thornliebank </Td> <Td> Hampden Park ( original ) </Td> <Td> 4,000 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1880 -- 81 </Td> <Td> Queen 's Park ( 5 ) </Td> <Td> 2 -- 1 ‡ </Td> <Td> Dumbarton </Td> <Td> Kinning Park </Td> <Td> 15,000 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> ( R ) </Td> <Td> 3 -- 1 </Td> <Td> Kinning Park </Td> <Td> 10,000 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1881 -- 82 </Td> <Td> Queen 's Park ( 6 ) </Td> <Td> 2 -- 2 </Td> <Td> Dumbarton </Td> <Td> Cathkin Park ( first ) </Td> <Td> 12,500 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> ( R ) </Td> <Td> 4 -- 1 </Td> <Td> Cathkin Park ( first ) </Td> <Td> 14,000 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1882 -- 83 </Td> <Td> Dumbarton ( 1 ) </Td> <Td> 2 -- 2 </Td> <Td> Vale of Leven </Td> <Td> Hampden Park ( original ) </Td> <Td> 15,000 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> ( R ) </Td> <Td> 2 -- 1 </Td> <Td> Hampden Park ( original ) </Td> <Td> 12,000 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1883 -- 84 </Td> <Td> Queen 's Park ( 7 ) </Td> <Td> walkover </Td> <Td> Vale of Leven </Td> <Td> Cathkin Park ( first ) </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1884 -- 85 </Td> <Td> Renton ( 1 ) </Td> <Td> 0 -- 0 </Td> <Td> Vale of Leven </Td> <Td> Hampden Park ( second ) </Td> <Td> 3,000 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> ( R ) </Td> <Td> 3 -- 1 </Td> <Td> Hampden Park ( second ) </Td> <Td> 5,500 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1885 -- 86 </Td> <Td> Queen 's Park ( 8 ) </Td> <Td> 3 -- 1 </Td> <Td> Renton </Td> <Td> Cathkin Park ( first ) </Td> <Td> 7,000 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1886 -- 87 </Td> <Td> Hibernian ( 1 ) </Td> <Td> 2 -- 1 </Td> <Td> Dumbarton </Td> <Td> Hampden Park ( second ) </Td> <Td> 15,000 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1887 -- 88 </Td> <Td> Renton ( 2 ) </Td> <Td> 6 -- 1 </Td> <Td> Cambuslang </Td> <Td> Hampden Park ( second ) </Td> <Td> 10,000 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1888 -- 89 </Td> <Td> 3rd Lanark RV ( 1 ) </Td> <Td> 3 -- 0 ‡ </Td> <Td> Celtic </Td> <Td> Hampden Park ( second ) </Td> <Td> 17,000 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> ( R ) </Td> <Td> 2 -- 1 </Td> <Td> Hampden Park ( second ) </Td> <Td> 13,000 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1889 -- 90 </Td> <Td> Queen 's Park ( 9 ) </Td> <Td> 1 -- 1 </Td> <Td> Vale of Leven </Td> <Td> Ibrox Park ( first ) </Td> <Td> 11,000 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> ( R ) </Td> <Td> 2 -- 1 </Td> <Td> Ibrox Park ( first ) </Td> <Td> 13,000 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1890 -- 91 </Td> <Td> Heart of Midlothian ( 1 ) </Td> <Td> 1 -- 0 </Td> <Td> Dumbarton </Td> <Td> Hampden Park ( second ) </Td> <Td> 10,836 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1891 -- 92 </Td> <Td> Celtic ( 1 ) </Td> <Td> 1 -- 0 ‡ </Td> <Td> Queen 's Park </Td> <Td> Ibrox Park ( first ) </Td> <Td> 40,000 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> ( R ) </Td> <Td> 5 -- 1 </Td> <Td> Ibrox Park ( first ) </Td> <Td> 26,000 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1892 -- 93 </Td> <Td> Queen 's Park ( 10 ) </Td> <Td> 0 -- 1 ‡ </Td> <Td> Celtic </Td> <Td> Ibrox Park ( first ) </Td> <Td> 18,771 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> ( R ) </Td> <Td> 2 -- 1 </Td> <Td> Ibrox Park ( first ) </Td> <Td> 13,239 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1893 -- 94 </Td> <Td> Rangers ( 1 ) </Td> <Td> 3 -- 1 </Td> <Td> Celtic </Td> <Td> Hampden Park ( second ) </Td> <Td> 17,000 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1894 -- 95 </Td> <Td> St Bernard 's ( 1 ) </Td> <Td> 2 -- 1 </Td> <Td> Renton </Td> <Td> Ibrox Park ( first ) </Td> <Td> 10,000 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1895 -- 96 </Td> <Td> Heart of Midlothian ( 2 ) </Td> <Td> 3 -- 1 </Td> <Td> Hibernian </Td> <Td> New Logie Green </Td> <Td> 16,034 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1896 -- 97 </Td> <Td> Rangers ( 2 ) </Td> <Td> 5 -- 1 </Td> <Td> Dumbarton </Td> <Td> Hampden Park ( second ) </Td> <Td> 14,000 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1897 -- 98 </Td> <Td> Rangers ( 3 ) </Td> <Td> 2 -- 0 </Td> <Td> Kilmarnock </Td> <Td> Hampden Park ( second ) </Td> <Td> 13,000 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1898 -- 99 </Td> <Td> Celtic ( 2 ) </Td> <Td> 2 -- 0 </Td> <Td> Rangers </Td> <Td> Hampden Park ( second ) </Td> <Td> 25,000 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1899 -- 1900 </Td> <Td> Celtic ( 3 ) </Td> <Td> 4 -- 3 </Td> <Td> Queen 's Park </Td> <Td> Ibrox Park </Td> <Td> 15,000 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1900 -- 01 </Td> <Td> Heart of Midlothian ( 3 ) </Td> <Td> 4 -- 3 </Td> <Td> Celtic </Td> <Td> Ibrox Park </Td> <Td> 15,000 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1901 -- 02 </Td> <Td> Hibernian ( 2 ) </Td> <Td> 1 -- 0 </Td> <Td> Celtic </Td> <Td> Celtic Park </Td> <Td> 16,000 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1902 -- 03 </Td> <Td> Rangers ( 4 ) </Td> <Td> 1 -- 1 </Td> <Td> Heart of Midlothian </Td> <Td> Celtic Park </Td> <Td> 13,000 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> ( R ) </Td> <Td> 0 -- 0 </Td> <Td> Celtic Park </Td> <Td> 35,000 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> ( SR ) </Td> <Td> 2 -- 0 </Td> <Td> Celtic Park </Td> <Td> 30,000 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1903 -- 04 </Td> <Td> Celtic ( 4 ) </Td> <Td> 3 -- 2 </Td> <Td> Rangers </Td> <Td> Hampden Park </Td> <Td> 64,472 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1904 -- 05 </Td> <Td> Third Lanark ( 2 ) </Td> <Td> 0 -- 0 </Td> <Td> Rangers </Td> <Td> Hampden Park </Td> <Td> 54,000 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> ( R ) </Td> <Td> 3 -- 1 </Td> <Td> Hampden Park </Td> <Td> 55,000 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1905 -- 06 </Td> <Td> Heart of Midlothian ( 4 ) </Td> <Td> 1 -- 0 </Td> <Td> Third Lanark </Td> <Td> Ibrox Park </Td> <Td> 30,000 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1906 -- 07 </Td> <Td> Celtic ( 5 ) </Td> <Td> 3 -- 0 </Td> <Td> Heart of Midlothian </Td> <Td> Hampden Park </Td> <Td> 50,000 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1907 -- 08 </Td> <Td> Celtic ( 6 ) </Td> <Td> 5 -- 1 </Td> <Td> St Mirren </Td> <Td> Hampden Park </Td> <Td> 58,000 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1909 -- 10 </Td> <Td> Dundee ( 1 ) </Td> <Td> 2 -- 2 </Td> <Td> Clyde </Td> <Td> Ibrox Park </Td> <Td> 60,000 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> ( R ) </Td> <Td> 0 -- 0 * </Td> <Td> Ibrox Park </Td> <Td> 25,000 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> ( SR ) </Td> <Td> 2 -- 1 </Td> <Td> Ibrox Park </Td> <Td> 25,000 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1910 -- 11 </Td> <Td> Celtic ( 7 ) </Td> <Td> 0 -- 0 </Td> <Td> Hamilton Academical </Td> <Td> Ibrox Park </Td> <Td> 45,000 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> ( R ) </Td> <Td> 2 -- 0 </Td> <Td> Ibrox Park </Td> <Td> 25,000 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1911 -- 12 </Td> <Td> Celtic ( 8 ) </Td> <Td> 2 -- 0 </Td> <Td> Clyde </Td> <Td> Ibrox Park </Td> <Td> 45,000 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1912 -- 13 </Td> <Td> Falkirk ( 1 ) </Td> <Td> 2 -- 0 </Td> <Td> Raith Rovers </Td> <Td> Celtic Park </Td> <Td> 45,000 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1913 -- 14 </Td> <Td> Celtic ( 9 ) </Td> <Td> 0 -- 0 </Td> <Td> Hibernian </Td> <Td> Ibrox Park </Td> <Td> 56,000 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> ( R ) </Td> <Td> 4 -- 1 </Td> <Td> Ibrox Park </Td> <Td> 40,000 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1919 -- 20 </Td> <Td> Kilmarnock ( 1 ) </Td> <Td> 3 -- 2 </Td> <Td> Albion Rovers </Td> <Td> Hampden Park </Td> <Td> 95,000 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1920 -- 21 </Td> <Td> Partick Thistle ( 1 ) </Td> <Td> 1 -- 0 </Td> <Td> Rangers </Td> <Td> Celtic Park </Td> <Td> 28,294 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1921 -- 22 </Td> <Td> Morton ( 1 ) </Td> <Td> 1 -- 0 </Td> <Td> Rangers </Td> <Td> Hampden Park </Td> <Td> 70,000 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1922 -- 23 </Td> <Td> Celtic ( 10 ) </Td> <Td> 1 -- 0 </Td> <Td> Hibernian </Td> <Td> Hampden Park </Td> <Td> 82,000 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1923 -- 24 </Td> <Td> Airdrieonians ( 1 ) </Td> <Td> 2 -- 0 </Td> <Td> Hibernian </Td> <Td> Ibrox Park </Td> <Td> 65,000 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1924 -- 25 </Td> <Td> Celtic ( 11 ) </Td> <Td> 2 -- 1 </Td> <Td> Dundee </Td> <Td> Hampden Park </Td> <Td> 75,317 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1925 -- 26 </Td> <Td> St Mirren ( 1 ) </Td> <Td> 2 -- 0 </Td> <Td> Celtic </Td> <Td> Hampden Park </Td> <Td> 98,000 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1926 -- 27 </Td> <Td> Celtic ( 12 ) </Td> <Td> 3 -- 1 </Td> <Td> East Fife </Td> <Td> Hampden Park </Td> <Td> 80,070 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1927 -- 28 </Td> <Td> Rangers ( 5 ) </Td> <Td> 4 -- 0 </Td> <Td> Celtic </Td> <Td> Hampden Park </Td> <Td> 118,115 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1928 -- 29 </Td> <Td> Kilmarnock ( 2 ) </Td> <Td> 2 -- 0 </Td> <Td> Rangers </Td> <Td> Hampden Park </Td> <Td> 114,780 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1929 -- 30 </Td> <Td> Rangers ( 6 ) </Td> <Td> 0 -- 0 </Td> <Td> Partick Thistle </Td> <Td> Hampden Park </Td> <Td> 107,475 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> ( R ) </Td> <Td> 2 -- 1 </Td> <Td> Hampden Park </Td> <Td> 103,688 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1930 -- 31 </Td> <Td> Celtic ( 13 ) </Td> <Td> 2 -- 2 </Td> <Td> Motherwell </Td> <Td> Hampden Park </Td> <Td> 104,863 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> ( R ) </Td> <Td> 4 -- 2 </Td> <Td> Hampden Park </Td> <Td> 98,509 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1931 -- 32 </Td> <Td> Rangers ( 7 ) </Td> <Td> 1 -- 1 </Td> <Td> Kilmarnock </Td> <Td> Hampden Park </Td> <Td> 112,000 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> ( R ) </Td> <Td> 3 -- 0 </Td> <Td> Hampden Park </Td> <Td> 104,600 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1932 -- 33 </Td> <Td> Celtic ( 14 ) </Td> <Td> 1 -- 0 </Td> <Td> Motherwell </Td> <Td> Hampden Park </Td> <Td> 102,339 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1933 -- 34 </Td> <Td> Rangers ( 8 ) </Td> <Td> 5 -- 0 </Td> <Td> St Mirren </Td> <Td> Hampden Park </Td> <Td> 113,430 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1934 -- 35 </Td> <Td> Rangers ( 9 ) </Td> <Td> 2 -- 1 </Td> <Td> Hamilton Academical </Td> <Td> Hampden Park </Td> <Td> 87,740 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1935 -- 36 </Td> <Td> Rangers ( 10 ) </Td> <Td> 1 -- 0 </Td> <Td> Third Lanark </Td> <Td> Hampden Park </Td> <Td> 88,859 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1936 -- 37 </Td> <Td> Celtic ( 15 ) </Td> <Td> 2 -- 1 </Td> <Td> Aberdeen </Td> <Td> Hampden Park </Td> <Td> 147,365 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1937 -- 38 </Td> <Td> East Fife ( 1 ) </Td> <Td> 1 -- 1 </Td> <Td> Kilmarnock </Td> <Td> Hampden Park </Td> <Td> 80,091 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> ( R ) </Td> <Td> 4 -- 2 * </Td> <Td> Hampden Park </Td> <Td> 92,716 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1938 -- 39 </Td> <Td> Clyde ( 1 ) </Td> <Td> 4 -- 0 </Td> <Td> Motherwell </Td> <Td> Hampden Park </Td> <Td> 94,000 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1946 -- 47 </Td> <Td> Aberdeen ( 1 ) </Td> <Td> 2 -- 1 </Td> <Td> Hibernian </Td> <Td> Hampden Park </Td> <Td> 82,140 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1947 -- 48 </Td> <Td> Rangers ( 11 ) </Td> <Td> 1 -- 1 * </Td> <Td> Morton </Td> <Td> Hampden Park </Td> <Td> 129,176 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> ( R ) </Td> <Td> 1 -- 0 * </Td> <Td> Hampden Park </Td> <Td> 133,750 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1948 -- 49 </Td> <Td> Rangers ( 12 ) </Td> <Td> 4 -- 1 </Td> <Td> Clyde </Td> <Td> Hampden Park </Td> <Td> 108,435 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1949 -- 50 </Td> <Td> Rangers ( 13 ) </Td> <Td> 3 -- 0 </Td> <Td> East Fife </Td> <Td> Hampden Park </Td> <Td> 118,262 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1950 -- 51 </Td> <Td> Celtic ( 16 ) </Td> <Td> 1 -- 0 </Td> <Td> Motherwell </Td> <Td> Hampden Park </Td> <Td> 131,943 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1951 -- 52 </Td> <Td> Motherwell ( 1 ) </Td> <Td> 4 -- 0 </Td> <Td> Dundee </Td> <Td> Hampden Park </Td> <Td> 136,274 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1952 -- 53 </Td> <Td> Rangers ( 14 ) </Td> <Td> 1 -- 1 </Td> <Td> Aberdeen </Td> <Td> Hampden Park </Td> <Td> 129,761 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> ( R ) </Td> <Td> 1 -- 0 </Td> <Td> Hampden Park </Td> <Td> 113,700 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1953 -- 54 </Td> <Td> Celtic ( 17 ) </Td> <Td> 2 -- 1 </Td> <Td> Aberdeen </Td> <Td> Hampden Park </Td> <Td> 130,060 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1954 -- 55 </Td> <Td> Clyde ( 2 ) </Td> <Td> 1 -- 1 </Td> <Td> Celtic </Td> <Td> Hampden Park </Td> <Td> 106,234 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> ( R ) </Td> <Td> 1 -- 0 </Td> <Td> Hampden Park </Td> <Td> 68,831 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1955 -- 56 </Td> <Td> Heart of Midlothian ( 5 ) </Td> <Td> 3 -- 1 </Td> <Td> Celtic </Td> <Td> Hampden Park </Td> <Td> 132,840 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1956 -- 57 </Td> <Td> Falkirk ( 2 ) </Td> <Td> 1 -- 1 </Td> <Td> Kilmarnock </Td> <Td> Hampden Park </Td> <Td> 83,000 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> ( R ) </Td> <Td> 2 -- 1 * </Td> <Td> Hampden Park </Td> <Td> 79,785 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1957 -- 58 </Td> <Td> Clyde ( 3 ) </Td> <Td> 1 -- 0 </Td> <Td> Hibernian </Td> <Td> Hampden Park </Td> <Td> 95,123 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1958 -- 59 </Td> <Td> St Mirren ( 2 ) </Td> <Td> 3 -- 1 </Td> <Td> Aberdeen </Td> <Td> Hampden Park </Td> <Td> 108,591 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1959 -- 60 </Td> <Td> Rangers ( 15 ) </Td> <Td> 2 -- 0 </Td> <Td> Kilmarnock </Td> <Td> Hampden Park </Td> <Td> 108,017 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1960 -- 61 </Td> <Td> Dunfermline Athletic ( 1 ) </Td> <Td> 0 -- 0 </Td> <Td> Celtic </Td> <Td> Hampden Park </Td> <Td> 113,618 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> ( R ) </Td> <Td> 2 -- 0 </Td> <Td> Hampden Park </Td> <Td> 87,866 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1961 -- 62 </Td> <Td> Rangers ( 16 ) </Td> <Td> 2 -- 0 </Td> <Td> St Mirren </Td> <Td> Hampden Park </Td> <Td> 127,940 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1962 -- 63 </Td> <Td> Rangers ( 17 ) </Td> <Td> 1 -- 1 </Td> <Td> Celtic </Td> <Td> Hampden Park </Td> <Td> 129,643 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> ( R ) </Td> <Td> 3 -- 0 </Td> <Td> Hampden Park </Td> <Td> 120,273 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1963 -- 64 </Td> <Td> Rangers ( 18 ) </Td> <Td> 3 -- 1 </Td> <Td> Dundee </Td> <Td> Hampden Park </Td> <Td> 120,982 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1964 -- 65 </Td> <Td> Celtic ( 18 ) </Td> <Td> 3 -- 2 </Td> <Td> Dunfermline Athletic </Td> <Td> Hampden Park </Td> <Td> 108,800 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1965 -- 66 </Td> <Td> Rangers ( 19 ) </Td> <Td> 0 -- 0 </Td> <Td> Celtic </Td> <Td> Hampden Park </Td> <Td> 126,552 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> ( R ) </Td> <Td> 1 -- 0 </Td> <Td> Hampden Park </Td> <Td> 98,202 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1966 -- 67 </Td> <Td> Celtic ( 19 ) </Td> <Td> 2 -- 0 </Td> <Td> Aberdeen </Td> <Td> Hampden Park </Td> <Td> 126,102 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1967 -- 68 </Td> <Td> Dunfermline Athletic ( 2 ) </Td> <Td> 3 -- 1 </Td> <Td> Heart of Midlothian </Td> <Td> Hampden Park </Td> <Td> 56,365 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1968 -- 69 </Td> <Td> Celtic ( 20 ) </Td> <Td> 4 -- 0 </Td> <Td> Rangers </Td> <Td> Hampden Park </Td> <Td> 132,000 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1969 -- 70 </Td> <Td> Aberdeen ( 2 ) </Td> <Td> 3 -- 1 </Td> <Td> Celtic </Td> <Td> Hampden Park </Td> <Td> 108,434 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1970 -- 71 </Td> <Td> Celtic ( 21 ) </Td> <Td> 1 -- 1 </Td> <Td> Rangers </Td> <Td> Hampden Park </Td> <Td> 120,092 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> ( R ) </Td> <Td> 2 -- 1 </Td> <Td> Hampden Park </Td> <Td> 103,332 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1971 -- 72 </Td> <Td> Celtic ( 22 ) </Td> <Td> 6 -- 1 </Td> <Td> Hibernian </Td> <Td> Hampden Park </Td> <Td> 106,102 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1972 -- 73 </Td> <Td> Rangers ( 20 ) </Td> <Td> 3 -- 2 </Td> <Td> Celtic </Td> <Td> Hampden Park </Td> <Td> 122,714 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1973 -- 74 </Td> <Td> Celtic ( 23 ) </Td> <Td> 3 -- 0 </Td> <Td> Dundee United </Td> <Td> Hampden Park </Td> <Td> 75,959 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1974 -- 75 </Td> <Td> Celtic ( 24 ) </Td> <Td> 3 -- 1 </Td> <Td> Airdrieonians </Td> <Td> Hampden Park </Td> <Td> 75,457 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1975 -- 76 </Td> <Td> Rangers ( 21 ) </Td> <Td> 3 -- 1 </Td> <Td> Heart of Midlothian </Td> <Td> Hampden Park </Td> <Td> 85,354 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1976 -- 77 </Td> <Td> Celtic ( 25 ) </Td> <Td> 1 -- 0 </Td> <Td> Rangers </Td> <Td> Hampden Park </Td> <Td> 54,252 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1977 -- 78 </Td> <Td> Rangers ( 22 ) </Td> <Td> 2 -- 1 </Td> <Td> Aberdeen </Td> <Td> Hampden Park </Td> <Td> 61,563 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1978 -- 79 </Td> <Td> Rangers ( 23 ) </Td> <Td> 0 -- 0 </Td> <Td> Hibernian </Td> <Td> Hampden Park </Td> <Td> 50,610 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> ( R ) </Td> <Td> 0 -- 0 * </Td> <Td> Hampden Park </Td> <Td> 33,504 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> ( SR ) </Td> <Td> 3 -- 2 * </Td> <Td> Hampden Park </Td> <Td> 30,602 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1979 -- 80 </Td> <Td> Celtic ( 26 ) </Td> <Td> 1 -- 0 * </Td> <Td> Rangers </Td> <Td> Hampden Park </Td> <Td> 70,303 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1980 -- 81 </Td> <Td> Rangers ( 24 ) </Td> <Td> 0 -- 0 * </Td> <Td> Dundee United </Td> <Td> Hampden Park </Td> <Td> 53,000 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> ( R ) </Td> <Td> 4 -- 1 </Td> <Td> Hampden Park </Td> <Td> 43,099 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1981 -- 82 </Td> <Td> Aberdeen ( 3 ) </Td> <Td> 4 -- 1 * </Td> <Td> Rangers </Td> <Td> Hampden Park </Td> <Td> 53,788 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1982 -- 83 </Td> <Td> Aberdeen ( 4 ) </Td> <Td> 1 -- 0 * </Td> <Td> Rangers </Td> <Td> Hampden Park </Td> <Td> 62,979 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1983 -- 84 </Td> <Td> Aberdeen ( 5 ) </Td> <Td> 2 -- 1 * </Td> <Td> Celtic </Td> <Td> Hampden Park </Td> <Td> 58,900 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1984 -- 85 </Td> <Td> Celtic ( 27 ) </Td> <Td> 2 -- 1 </Td> <Td> Dundee United </Td> <Td> Hampden Park </Td> <Td> 60,346 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1985 -- 86 </Td> <Td> Aberdeen ( 6 ) </Td> <Td> 3 -- 0 </Td> <Td> Heart of Midlothian </Td> <Td> Hampden Park </Td> <Td> 62,841 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1986 -- 87 </Td> <Td> St Mirren ( 3 ) </Td> <Td> 1 -- 0 * </Td> <Td> Dundee United </Td> <Td> Hampden Park </Td> <Td> 51,782 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1987 -- 88 </Td> <Td> Celtic ( 28 ) </Td> <Td> 2 -- 1 </Td> <Td> Dundee United </Td> <Td> Hampden Park </Td> <Td> 74,000 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1988 -- 89 </Td> <Td> Celtic ( 29 ) </Td> <Td> 1 -- 0 </Td> <Td> Rangers </Td> <Td> Hampden Park </Td> <Td> 72,069 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1989 -- 90 </Td> <Td> Aberdeen ( 7 ) </Td> <Td> 0 -- 0 † </Td> <Td> Celtic </Td> <Td> Hampden Park </Td> <Td> 60,493 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1990 -- 91 </Td> <Td> Motherwell ( 2 ) </Td> <Td> 4 -- 3 * </Td> <Td> Dundee United </Td> <Td> Hampden Park </Td> <Td> 57,319 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1991 -- 92 </Td> <Td> Rangers ( 25 ) </Td> <Td> 2 -- 1 </Td> <Td> Airdrieonians </Td> <Td> Hampden Park </Td> <Td> 44,045 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1992 -- 93 </Td> <Td> Rangers ( 26 ) </Td> <Td> 2 -- 1 </Td> <Td> Aberdeen </Td> <Td> Celtic Park </Td> <Td> 50,715 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1993 -- 94 </Td> <Td> Dundee United ( 1 ) </Td> <Td> 1 -- 0 </Td> <Td> Rangers </Td> <Td> Hampden Park </Td> <Td> 37,450 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1994 -- 95 </Td> <Td> Celtic ( 30 ) </Td> <Td> 1 -- 0 </Td> <Td> Airdrieonians </Td> <Td> Hampden Park </Td> <Td> 36,915 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1995 -- 96 </Td> <Td> Rangers ( 27 ) </Td> <Td> 5 -- 1 </Td> <Td> Heart of Midlothian </Td> <Td> Hampden Park </Td> <Td> 37,730 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1996 -- 97 </Td> <Td> Kilmarnock ( 3 ) </Td> <Td> 1 -- 0 </Td> <Td> Falkirk </Td> <Td> Ibrox Stadium </Td> <Td> 48,953 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1997 -- 98 </Td> <Td> Heart of Midlothian ( 6 ) </Td> <Td> 2 -- 1 </Td> <Td> Rangers </Td> <Td> Celtic Park </Td> <Td> 48,946 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1998 -- 99 </Td> <Td> Rangers ( 28 ) </Td> <Td> 1 -- 0 </Td> <Td> Celtic </Td> <Td> Hampden Park </Td> <Td> 52,670 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1999 -- 00 </Td> <Td> Rangers ( 29 ) </Td> <Td> 4 -- 0 </Td> <Td> Aberdeen </Td> <Td> Hampden Park </Td> <Td> 50,865 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2000 -- 01 </Td> <Td> Celtic ( 31 ) </Td> <Td> 3 -- 0 </Td> <Td> Hibernian </Td> <Td> Hampden Park </Td> <Td> 51,824 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2001 -- 02 </Td> <Td> Rangers ( 30 ) </Td> <Td> 3 -- 2 </Td> <Td> Celtic </Td> <Td> Hampden Park </Td> <Td> 51,138 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2002 -- 03 </Td> <Td> Rangers ( 31 ) </Td> <Td> 1 -- 0 </Td> <Td> Dundee </Td> <Td> Hampden Park </Td> <Td> 47,136 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2003 -- 04 </Td> <Td> Celtic ( 32 ) </Td> <Td> 3 -- 1 </Td> <Td> Dunfermline Athletic </Td> <Td> Hampden Park </Td> <Td> 50,846 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2004 -- 05 </Td> <Td> Celtic ( 33 ) </Td> <Td> 1 -- 0 </Td> <Td> Dundee United </Td> <Td> Hampden Park </Td> <Td> 50,635 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2005 -- 06 </Td> <Td> Heart of Midlothian ( 7 ) </Td> <Td> 1 -- 1 † </Td> <Td> Gretna </Td> <Td> Hampden Park </Td> <Td> 51,232 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2006 -- 07 </Td> <Td> Celtic ( 34 ) </Td> <Td> 1 -- 0 </Td> <Td> Dunfermline Athletic </Td> <Td> Hampden Park </Td> <Td> 49,600 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2007 -- 08 </Td> <Td> Rangers ( 32 ) </Td> <Td> 3 -- 2 </Td> <Td> Queen of the South </Td> <Td> Hampden Park </Td> <Td> 48,821 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2008 -- 09 </Td> <Td> Rangers ( 33 ) </Td> <Td> 1 -- 0 </Td> <Td> Falkirk </Td> <Td> Hampden Park </Td> <Td> 50,956 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2009 -- 10 </Td> <Td> Dundee United ( 2 ) </Td> <Td> 3 -- 0 </Td> <Td> Ross County </Td> <Td> Hampden Park </Td> <Td> 47,122 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2010 -- 11 </Td> <Td> Celtic ( 35 ) </Td> <Td> 3 -- 0 </Td> <Td> Motherwell </Td> <Td> Hampden Park </Td> <Td> 49,618 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2011 -- 12 </Td> <Td> Heart of Midlothian ( 8 ) </Td> <Td> 5 -- 1 </Td> <Td> Hibernian </Td> <Td> Hampden Park </Td> <Td> 51,041 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2012 -- 13 </Td> <Td> Celtic ( 36 ) </Td> <Td> 3 -- 0 </Td> <Td> Hibernian </Td> <Td> Hampden Park </Td> <Td> 51,254 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2013 -- 14 </Td> <Td> St Johnstone ( 1 ) </Td> <Td> 2 -- 0 </Td> <Td> Dundee United </Td> <Td> Celtic Park </Td> <Td> 47,345 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2014 -- 15 </Td> <Td> Inverness Caledonian Thistle ( 1 ) </Td> <Td> 2 -- 1 </Td> <Td> Falkirk </Td> <Td> Hampden Park </Td> <Td> 37,149 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2015 -- 16 </Td> <Td> Hibernian ( 3 ) </Td> <Td> 3 -- 2 </Td> <Td> Rangers </Td> <Td> Hampden Park </Td> <Td> 50,701 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2016 -- 17 </Td> <Td> Celtic ( 37 ) </Td> <Td> 2 -- 1 </Td> <Td> Aberdeen </Td> <Td> Hampden Park </Td> <Td> 48,713 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2017 -- 18 </Td> <Td> Celtic ( 38 ) </Td> <Td> 2 -- 0 </Td> <Td> Motherwell </Td> <Td> Hampden Park </Td> <Td> 49,967 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Performance by Club ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Club </Th> <Th> Wins </Th> <Th> Last win </Th> <Th> Runners - up </Th> <Th> Last final lost </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Celtic </Td> <Td> 38 </Td> <Td> 2018 </Td> <Td> 18 </Td> <Td> 2002 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Rangers </Td> <Td> 33 </Td> <Td> 2009 </Td> <Td> 18 </Td> <Td> 2016 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Queen 's Park </Td> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> 1893 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1900 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Heart of Midlothian </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> 2012 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Aberdeen </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> 1990 </Td> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> 2017 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Hibernian </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 2016 </Td> <Td> 11 </Td> <Td> 2013 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Kilmarnock </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1997 </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> 1960 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Vale of Leven </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1879 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1890 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Clyde </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1958 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1949 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> St Mirren </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1962 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Dundee United </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> 2014 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Motherwell </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1991 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 2018 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Third Lanark </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1905 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1936 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Falkirk </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1957 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 2015 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Dunfermline Athletic </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1968 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 2007 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Renton </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1888 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1895 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Dumbarton </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1883 </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> 1897 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Dundee </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1910 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 2003 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Airdrieonians ( 1878 ) </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1924 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1995 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> East Fife </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1938 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1950 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Greenock Morton </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1922 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1948 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Partick Thistle </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1921 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1930 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> St. Bernard 's </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1895 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Inverness Caledonian Thistle </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 2015 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> St Johnstone </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 2014 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Hamilton Academical </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1935 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Albion Rovers </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1920 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Cambuslang </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1888 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Clydesdale </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1874 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Gretna </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 2006 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Queen of the South </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 2008 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Raith Rovers </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1913 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Ross County </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Thornliebank </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1880 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Note : The 1909 Scottish Cup Final between Rangers and Celtic is not included in this tally . </P> <H3> By City / Town ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> City / Town </Th> <Th> Wins </Th> <Th> Clubs </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Glasgow </Td> <Td> 84 </Td> <Td> Celtic ( 38 ) , Rangers ( 33 ) , Queen 's Park ( 10 ) , Third Lanark ( 2 ) , Partick Thistle ( 1 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Edinburgh </Td> <Td> 12 </Td> <Td> Heart of Midlothian ( 8 ) , Hibernian ( 3 ) , St Bernard 's ( 1 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Aberdeen </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> Aberdeen ( 7 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Alexandria </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Vale of Leven ( 3 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Dundee </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Dundee United ( 2 ) , Dundee ( 1 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Kilmarnock </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Kilmarnock ( 3 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Paisley </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> St Mirren ( 3 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Rutherglen </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Clyde ( 3 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Dunfermline </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Dunfermline Athletic ( 2 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Falkirk </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Falkirk ( 2 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Motherwell </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Motherwell ( 2 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Renton </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Renton ( 2 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Airdrie </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Airdrieonians ( 1 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Dumbarton </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Dumbarton ( 1 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Greenock </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Greenock Morton ( 1 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Inverness </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Inverness Caledonian Thistle ( 1 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Methil </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> East Fife ( 1 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Perth </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> St Johnstone ( 1 ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> List of Scottish League Cup finals </Li> <Li> Football records in Scotland </Li> </Ul> <H2> Notes ( edit ) </H2> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Official Site of the Tennent 's Scottish Cup Scottish Football Museum Experience '' . Retrieved 16 December 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Soar , Phil ; Martin Tyler ( 1983 ) . Encyclopedia of British Football . Willow Books . p. 64 . ISBN 0 - 0021 - 8049 - 9 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` FA Cup 1883 -- 84 '' . The Football Club History Database . Archived from the original on 16 February 2010 . Retrieved 16 December 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` FA Cup 1884 -- 85 '' . The Football Club History Database . Archived from the original on 16 February 2010 . Retrieved 16 December 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Ask Albert -- Number 5 '' . BBC Sport . BBC . 19 February 2001 . Archived from the original on 28 March 2009 . Retrieved 2 December 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Scottish League Division One 1900 -- 01 '' . James Ross . Retrieved 16 December 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Dart , James ( 21 March 2007 ) . `` Why no one won the Scottish Cup in 1909 '' . London : The Guardian . Retrieved 16 December 2008 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Ross , James M. ( 12 February 2015 ) . `` Scotland - List of Cup Finals '' . RSSSF . Retrieved 30 May 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 1874 Final '' . Soccerbase . Retrieved 16 December 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 1875 Final '' . Soccerbase . Retrieved 16 December 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 1876 Final '' . Soccerbase . Retrieved 16 December 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 1876 Final ( R ) '' . Soccerbase . Retrieved 16 December 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 1877 Final '' . Soccerbase . Retrieved 16 December 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 1877 Final ( R ) '' . Soccerbase . Retrieved 16 December 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 1877 Final ( SR ) '' . Soccerbase . Retrieved 16 December 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 1878 Final '' . Soccerbase . Retrieved 16 December 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 1879 Final '' . Soccerbase . Retrieved 16 December 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Rangers refused to appear in protest at a disallowed goal in the original match `` 1872 - 1898 Birth Of The Blues '' . Rangers F.C . Retrieved 16 December 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 1880 Final '' . Soccerbase . Retrieved 16 December 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Dumbarton protested `` Scotland - List of Cup Finals -- 1874 - 1890 notes '' . RSSSF . Retrieved 16 December 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 1881 Final '' . Soccerbase . Retrieved 16 December 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 1881 Final ( R ) '' . Soccerbase . Retrieved 16 December 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 1882 Final '' . Soccerbase . Retrieved 16 December 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 1882 Final ( R ) '' . Soccerbase . Retrieved 16 December 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 1883 Final '' . Soccerbase . Retrieved 16 December 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 1883 ( R ) Final '' . Soccerbase . Retrieved 16 December 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Vale of Leven failed to appear `` Scotland - List of Cup Finals -- 1874 - 1890 notes '' . RSSSF . Retrieved 16 December 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 1885 Final '' . Soccerbase . Retrieved 16 December 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 1885 Final '' . Soccerbase . Retrieved 16 December 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 1886 Final '' . Soccerbase . Retrieved 16 December 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 1887 Final '' . Soccerbase . Retrieved 16 December 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 1888 Final '' . Soccerbase . Retrieved 16 December 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Replayed as ordered by the SFA due to playing conditions in original match `` Scotland - List of Cup Finals -- 1874 - 1890 notes '' . RSSSF . Retrieved 16 December 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 1889 Final '' . Soccerbase . Retrieved 16 December 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 1889 Final ( R ) '' . Soccerbase . Retrieved 16 December 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 1890 Final '' . Soccerbase . Retrieved 16 December 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 1890 Final '' . Soccerbase . Retrieved 16 December 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 1890 Final '' . Soccerbase . Retrieved 16 December 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Match mutually protested `` Scotland - List of Cup Finals -- 1874 - 1890 notes '' . RSSSF . Retrieved 16 December 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 1892 Final '' . Soccerbase . Retrieved 16 December 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 1892 ( R ) Final '' . Soccerbase . Retrieved 16 December 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Match void due to difficult field conditions `` 1892 / 93 '' . RSSSF . Retrieved 16 December 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 1893 Final '' . Soccerbase . Retrieved 16 December 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 1893 ( R ) Final '' . Soccerbase . Retrieved 16 December 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 1894 Final '' . Soccerbase . Retrieved 16 December 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 1895 Final '' . Soccerbase . Retrieved 16 December 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 1896 Final '' . Soccerbase . Retrieved 16 December 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 1897 Final '' . Soccerbase . Retrieved 16 December 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 1898 Final '' . Soccerbase . Retrieved 16 December 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 1899 Final '' . Soccerbase . Retrieved 16 December 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 1900 Final '' . Soccerbase . Retrieved 16 December 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 1901 Final '' . Soccerbase . Retrieved 16 December 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 1902 Final '' . Soccerbase . Retrieved 16 December 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 1903 Final '' . Soccerbase . Retrieved 16 December 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 1903 Final ( R ) '' . Soccerbase . Retrieved 16 December 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 1903 Final ( SR ) '' . Soccerbase . Retrieved 16 December 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 1904 Final '' . Soccerbase . Retrieved 16 December 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 1905 Final '' . Soccerbase . Retrieved 16 December 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 1905 Final ( R ) '' . Soccerbase . Retrieved 16 December 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 1906 Final '' . Soccerbase . Retrieved 16 December 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 1907 Final '' . Soccerbase . Retrieved 16 December 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 1908 Final '' . Soccerbase . Retrieved 16 December 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 1910 Final '' . Soccerbase . Retrieved 16 December 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 1910 Final ( R ) '' . Soccerbase . Retrieved 16 December 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 1910 Final ( SR ) '' . Soccerbase . Retrieved 16 December 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 1911 Final '' . Soccerbase . Retrieved 16 December 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 1911 Final ( R ) '' . Soccerbase . Retrieved 16 December 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 1912 Final '' . Soccerbase . Retrieved 16 December 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 1913 Final '' . Soccerbase . Retrieved 16 December 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 1914 Final '' . Soccerbase . Retrieved 16 December 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 1915 Final '' . Soccerbase . Retrieved 16 December 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 1920 Final '' . Soccerbase . Retrieved 16 December 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Killie 3 -- 2 Albion Rovers '' . Killie FC . Retrieved 3 December 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 1921 Final '' . Soccerbase . Retrieved 16 December 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` How Partick Thistle won the Scottish Cup '' . The Sunday Post via Partick Thistle History Archive. 17 April 1921 . Retrieved 3 April 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 1922 Final '' . Soccerbase . Retrieved 16 December 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 1923 Final '' . Soccerbase . Retrieved 16 December 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 1924 Final '' . Soccerbase . Retrieved 16 December 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 1925 Final '' . Soccerbase . Retrieved 16 December 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 1926 Final '' . Soccerbase . Retrieved 16 December 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 1927 Final '' . Soccerbase . Retrieved 16 December 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 1928 Final '' . Soccerbase . Retrieved 16 December 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 1929 Final '' . Soccerbase . Retrieved 16 December 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 1930 Final '' . Soccerbase . Retrieved 16 December 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 1930 Final ( R ) '' . Soccerbase . Retrieved 16 December 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 1931 Final '' . Soccerbase . Retrieved 16 December 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 1931 Final ( R ) '' . Soccerbase . Retrieved 16 December 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 1932 Final '' . Soccerbase . Retrieved 16 December 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 1932 Final ( R ) '' . Soccerbase . Retrieved 16 December 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 1933 Final '' . Soccerbase . Retrieved 16 December 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 1934 Final '' . Soccerbase . Retrieved 16 December 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 1935 Final '' . Soccerbase . Retrieved 16 December 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 1936 Final '' . Soccerbase . Retrieved 16 December 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 1937 Final '' . Soccerbase . Retrieved 16 December 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 1938 Final '' . Soccerbase . Retrieved 16 December 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 1938 Final ( R ) '' . Soccerbase . Retrieved 16 December 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 1939 Final '' . Soccerbase . Retrieved 16 December 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 1947 Final '' . Soccerbase . Retrieved 16 December 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 1948 Final '' . Soccerbase . Retrieved 16 December 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 1948 Final ( R ) '' . Soccerbase . Retrieved 16 December 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 1948 Final ( R ) '' . Soccerbase . Retrieved 16 December 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 1950 Final '' . Soccerbase . Retrieved 16 December 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 1951 Final '' . Soccerbase . Retrieved 16 December 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 1952 Final '' . Soccerbase . Retrieved 16 December 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 1953 Final '' . Soccerbase . Retrieved 16 December 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 1953 Final '' . Soccerbase . Retrieved 16 December 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 1954 Final '' . Soccerbase . Retrieved 16 December 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 1955 Final '' . Soccerbase . Retrieved 16 December 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 1955 Final ( R ) '' . Soccerbase . Retrieved 16 December 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 1956 Final '' . Soccerbase . Retrieved 16 December 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 1957 Final '' . Soccerbase . Retrieved 16 December 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 1957 Final ( R ) '' . Soccerbase . Retrieved 16 December 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 1958 Final '' . Soccerbase . Retrieved 16 December 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 1959 Final '' . Soccerbase . Retrieved 16 December 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 1960 Final '' . Soccerbase . Retrieved 16 December 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 1961 Final '' . Soccerbase . Retrieved 16 December 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 1961 Final ( R ) '' . Soccerbase . Retrieved 16 December 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 1962 Final '' . Soccerbase . Retrieved 16 December 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 1963 Final '' . Soccerbase . Retrieved 16 December 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 1963 Final ( R ) '' . Soccerbase . Retrieved 16 December 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 1964 Final '' . Soccerbase . Retrieved 16 December 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Classic matches : Rangers 3 -- 1 Dundee , April 1964 '' . Rangers F.C . Retrieved 3 January 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 1965 Final '' . Soccerbase . Retrieved 16 December 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 1966 Final '' . Soccerbase . Retrieved 16 December 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 1966 Final ( R ) '' . Soccerbase . Retrieved 16 December 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 1967 Final '' . Soccerbase . Retrieved 16 December 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 1968 Final '' . Soccerbase . Retrieved 16 December 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 1969 Final '' . Soccerbase . Retrieved 16 December 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 1970 Final '' . Soccerbase . Retrieved 16 December 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 1971 Final '' . Soccerbase . Retrieved 16 December 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 1971 Final ( R ) '' . Soccerbase . Retrieved 16 December 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 1972 Final '' . Soccerbase . Retrieved 16 December 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 1973 Final '' . Soccerbase . Retrieved 16 December 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 1974 Final '' . Soccerbase . Retrieved 16 December 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 1975 Final '' . Soccerbase . Retrieved 16 December 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 1976 Final '' . Soccerbase . Retrieved 16 December 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 1977 Final '' . Soccerbase . Retrieved 16 December 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 1978 Final '' . Soccerbase . Retrieved 16 December 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 1979 Final '' . Soccerbase . Retrieved 16 December 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 1979 Final ( R ) '' . Soccerbase . Retrieved 16 December 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 1979 Final ( SR ) '' . Soccerbase . Retrieved 16 December 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 1980 Final '' . Soccerbase . Retrieved 16 December 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 1981 Final '' . Soccerbase . Retrieved 16 December 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 1981 Final ( R ) '' . Soccerbase . Retrieved 16 December 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 1982 Final '' . Soccerbase . Retrieved 16 December 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 1983 Final '' . Soccerbase . Retrieved 16 December 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 1984 Final '' . Soccerbase . Retrieved 16 December 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 1985 Final '' . Soccerbase . Retrieved 16 December 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 1986 Final '' . Soccerbase . Retrieved 16 December 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 1987 Final '' . Soccerbase . Retrieved 16 December 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 1988 Final '' . Soccerbase . Retrieved 16 December 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 1989 Final '' . Soccerbase . Retrieved 16 December 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 1990 Final '' . Soccerbase . Retrieved 16 December 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 1991 Final '' . Soccerbase . Retrieved 16 December 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 1992 Final '' . Soccerbase . Retrieved 16 December 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 1993 Final '' . Soccerbase . Retrieved 16 December 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 1994 Final '' . Soccerbase . Retrieved 16 December 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 1995 Final '' . Soccerbase . Retrieved 16 December 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 1996 Final '' . Soccerbase . Retrieved 16 December 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 1997 Final '' . Soccerbase . Retrieved 16 December 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 1998 Final '' . Soccerbase . Retrieved 16 December 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 1999 Final '' . Soccerbase . Retrieved 16 December 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 2000 Final '' . Soccerbase . Retrieved 16 December 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 1901 Final '' . Soccerbase . Retrieved 16 December 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 2002 Final '' . Soccerbase . Retrieved 16 December 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 2003 Final '' . Soccerbase . Retrieved 16 December 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 2004 Final '' . Soccerbase . Retrieved 16 December 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 2005 Final '' . Soccerbase . Retrieved 16 December 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 2006 Final '' . Soccerbase . Archived from the original on 23 October 2012 . Retrieved 16 December 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 2007 Final '' . Soccerbase . Retrieved 16 December 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 2008 Final '' . Soccerbase . Retrieved 16 December 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 2009 Final '' . Soccerbase . Retrieved 7 July 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ McGuigan , Thomas ( 15 May 2010 ) . `` Dundee Utd 3 - 0 Ross County '' . BBC Sport . BBC . Retrieved 2 December 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Wilson , Richard ( 17 May 2014 ) . `` St Johnstone 2 -- 0 Dundee Utd '' . BBC Sport . BBC . Retrieved 17 May 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ BBC Report - Inverness CT 2 -- 1 Falkirk </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ BBC Report - Rangers 2 -- 3 Hibernian </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ BBC Report - Celtic 2 -- 1 Aberdeen </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ BBC Report - Celtic 2 -- 0 Motherwell </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Scotland - List of Cup Finals , RSSSF.com </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Scottish Cup </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Seasons </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 1873 -- 74 </Li> <Li> 1874 -- 75 </Li> <Li> 1875 -- 76 </Li> <Li> 1876 -- 77 </Li> <Li> 1877 -- 78 </Li> <Li> 1878 -- 79 </Li> <Li> 1879 -- 80 </Li> <Li> 1880 -- 81 </Li> <Li> 1881 -- 82 </Li> <Li> 1882 -- 83 </Li> <Li> 1883 -- 84 </Li> <Li> 1884 -- 85 </Li> <Li> 1885 -- 86 </Li> <Li> 1886 -- 87 </Li> <Li> 1887 -- 88 </Li> <Li> 1888 -- 89 </Li> <Li> 1889 -- 90 </Li> <Li> 1890 -- 91 </Li> <Li> 1891 -- 92 </Li> <Li> 1892 -- 93 </Li> <Li> 1893 -- 94 </Li> <Li> 1894 -- 95 </Li> <Li> 1895 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Midnight sun - wikipedia <H1> Midnight sun </H1> Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Midnight sun ( disambiguation ) . <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( August 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> The Altafjord in Alta , Norway , bathed in the midnight sun . <P> ( ( Image : Midnight sun. jpg thumb 300px Midnight sun at the North Cape on the island of Magerøya in e sun remains visible at the local midnight . Around the summer solstice ( approximately 21 June in the Northern Hemisphere and 22 December in the Southern Hemisphere ) the sun is visible for the full 24 hours , given fair weather . The number of days per year with potential midnight sun increases the closer towards either pole one goes . Although approximately defined by the polar circles , in practice the midnight sun can be seen as much as 55 miles ( 90 km ) outside the polar circle , as described below , and the exact latitudes of the farthest reaches of midnight sun depend on topography and vary slightly year - to - year . </P> <P> Because there are no permanent human settlements south of the Antarctic Circle , apart from research stations , the countries and territories whose populations experience the midnight sun are limited to those crossed by the Arctic Circle : the Canadian Yukon , Nunavut , and Northwest Territories , and the nations of Greenland , Iceland , Finland , Norway , Denmark , Sweden , Russia , and the State of Alaska in the United States . A quarter of Finland 's territory lies north of the Arctic Circle , and at the country 's northernmost point the sun does not set at all for 60 days during summer . In Svalbard , Norway , the northernmost inhabited region of Europe , there is no sunset from approximately 19 April to 23 August . The extreme sites are the poles , where the sun can be continuously visible for half the year . The North Pole has midnight sun for 6 months from late March to late September . </P> <P> The opposite phenomenon , polar night , occurs in winter , when the sun stays below the horizon throughout the day . </P> <P> Since the axial tilt of the Earth is considerable ( approximately 23 degrees 27 minutes ) , the sun does not set at high latitudes in local summer . The sun remains continuously visible for one day during the summer solstice at the polar circle , for several weeks only 100 km closer to the pole , and for six months at the pole . At extreme latitudes , the midnight sun is usually referred to as polar day . </P> <P> At the poles themselves , the sun rises and sets only once each year on the equinox . During the six months that the sun is above the horizon , it spends the days continuously moving in circles around the observer , gradually spiralling higher and reaching its highest circuit of the sky at the summer solstice . </P> <P> Because of atmospheric refraction , and also because the sun is a disc rather than a point , the midnight sun may be experienced at latitudes slightly below the polar circle , though not exceeding one degree ( depending on local conditions ) . For example , Iceland is known for its midnight sun , even though most of it ( Grímsey is the exception ) is slightly south of the Arctic Circle . For the same reasons , the period of sunlight at the poles is slightly longer than six months . Even the northern extremities of Scotland ( and places at similar latitudes , such as St. Petersburg ) experience twilight throughout the night in the northern sky at around the summer solstice . </P> <P> Observers at heights appreciably above sea level can experience extended periods of midnight sun as a result of the `` dip '' of the horizon viewed from altitude . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Time zones and daylight saving time </Li> <Li> 2 White nights </Li> <Li> 3 Duration </Li> <Li> 4 See also </Li> <Li> 5 References </Li> <Li> 6 Further reading </Li> <Li> 7 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Time zones and daylight saving time ( edit ) </H2> <P> The term `` midnight sun '' refers to the consecutive 24 - hour periods of sunlight experienced north of the Arctic Circle and south of the Antarctic Circle . Other phenomena are sometimes referred to as `` midnight sun '' , but they are caused by time zones and the observance of daylight saving time . For instance , in Fairbanks , Alaska , which is south of the Arctic Circle , the sun sets at 12 : 47 am at the summer solstice . This is because Fairbanks is 51 minutes ahead of its idealized time zone ( as most of the state is in one time zone ) and Alaska observes daylight saving time . ( Fairbanks is at about 147.72 degrees west , corresponding to UTC − 9 hours 51 minutes , and is on UTC − 9 in winter . ) This means that solar culmination occurs at about 12 : 51 pm instead of at 12 noon . </P> <P> If a precise moment for the genuine `` midnight sun '' is required , the observer 's longitude , the local civil time and the equation of time must be taken into account . The moment of the sun 's closest approach to the horizon coincides with its passing due north at the observer 's position , which occurs only approximately at midnight in general . Each degree of longitude east of the Greenwich meridian makes the vital moment exactly 4 minutes earlier than midnight as shown on the clock , while each hour that the local civil time is ahead of coordinated universal time ( UTC , also known as GMT ) makes the moment an hour later . These two effects must be added . Furthermore , the equation of time ( which depends on the date ) must be added : a positive value on a given date means that the sun is running slightly ahead of its average position , so the value must be subtracted . </P> <P> As an example , at the North Cape of Norway at midnight on June 21 / 22 , the longitude of 25.9 degrees east makes the moment 103.2 minutes earlier by clock time ; but the local time , 2 hours ahead of GMT in the summer , makes it 120 minutes later by clock time . The equation of time at that date is - 2.0 minutes . Therefore , the sun 's lowest elevation occurs 120 - 103.2 + 2.0 minutes after midnight : at 00.19 Central European Summer time . On other nearby dates the only thing different is the equation of time , so this remains a reasonable estimate for a considerable period . The sun 's altitude remains within half a degree of the minimum of about 5 degrees for about 45 minutes either side of this time . </P> <H2> White Nights ( edit ) </H2> Main article : White Night festivals <P> Locations where the sun remains less than 6 ( or 7 ) degrees below the horizon -- above 60 ° 34 ' ( or 59 ° 34 ' ) latitude south of the Arctic Circle or north of the Antarctic Circle -- experience midnight twilight instead of midnight sun , so that daytime activities , such as reading , are still possible without artificial light on a clear night . </P> <P> White Nights have become a common symbol of Saint Petersburg , Russia , where they occur from about 11 June to 2 July , and the last 10 days of June are celebrated with cultural events known as the White Nights Festival . </P> <H2> Duration ( edit ) </H2> Map showing the dates of midnight sun at various latitudes ( left ) and the total number of nights . <P> The midnight sun is visible at the Arctic Circle from 12 June until 1 July . This period extends as one travels north : At Cape Nordkinn , Norway , the northernmost point of Continental Europe , the midnight sun lasts approximately from 14 May to 29 July . On the Svalbard archipelago farther north , it lasts from 20 April to 22 August . </P> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Environment portal </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Pytheas , ancient Greek geographer from Massalia and first person to describe the midnight sun </Li> <Li> Eagle Summit , which , because of its altitude , experiences the midnight sun despite being south of the Arctic Circle </Li> <Li> Polar night , the opposite phenomenon experienced in winter : a day without sunrise . </Li> <Li> Midnight Sun Solar Race Team : With the midnight sun phenomenon , a solar - powered vehicle can continue driving 24 hours a day . </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ `` What is the Midnight Sun Phenomenon ? Earth Phenomena Planetary Science '' . Scribd . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 25 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ H. Spencer Jones , General Astronomy ( Edward Arnold , London , 1922 ) , Chapters I - III </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Great Soviet Encyclopedia </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Trygve B. Haugan , ed . Det Nordlige Norge Fra Trondheim Til Midnattssolens Land ( Trondheim : Reisetrafikkforeningen for Trondheim og Trøndelag. 1940 ) </Li> </Ol> <H2> Further reading ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Lutgens F.K. , Tarbuck E.J. ( 2007 ) The Atmosphere , Tenth Edition , page 39 , PEARSON , Prentice Hall , NJ . </Li> </Ul> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wikimedia Commons has media related to Midnight sun . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ul> <Li> Midnight sun seen from Fjellheisen Tromsø - 360 panorama </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="4"> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Parts of a day </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Dawn -- Twilight -- Sunrise </Li> <Li> Morning </Li> <Li> Daytime </Li> <Li> Evening </Li> <Li> Sunset -- Twilight -- Dusk </Li> <Li> Night </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Related articles : </Li> <Li> Belt of Venus </Li> <Li> Blue hour </Li> <Li> Golden hour </Li> <Li> Terminator </Li> <Li> Daylight </Li> <Li> Forenoon </Li> <Li> Noon </Li> <Li> Afternoon </Li> <Li> Midnight </Li> <Li> Midnight sun </Li> <Li> Polar night </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Midnight_sun&oldid=801399113 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> Earth phenomena </Li> <Li> Arctic geography terminology </Li> <Li> Sun </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Articles needing additional references from August 2013 </Li> <Li> All articles needing additional references </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Wikivoyage </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> Afrikaans </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> Azərbaycanca </Li> <Li> Беларуская </Li> <Li> Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) </Li> <Li> Brezhoneg </Li> <Li> Català </Li> <Li> Čeština </Li> <Li> Dansk </Li> <Li> Deutsch </Li> <Li> Eesti </Li> <Li> Ελληνικά </Li> <Li> Español </Li> <Li> Esperanto </Li> <Li> Euskara </Li> <Li> فارسی </Li> <Li> Français </Li> <Li> Gaeilge </Li> <Li> Хальмг </Li> <Li> 한국어 </Li> <Li> Հայերեն </Li> <Li> Bahasa Indonesia </Li> <Li> Italiano </Li> <Li> עברית </Li> <Li> Lëtzebuergesch </Li> <Li> Magyar </Li> <Li> Македонски </Li> <Li> Nederlands </Li> <Li> 日本 語 </Li> <Li> Norsk </Li> <Li> Norsk nynorsk </Li> <Li> Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча </Li> <Li> Português </Li> <Li> Русский </Li> <Li> Simple English </Li> <Li> Slovenčina </Li> <Li> Suomi </Li> <Li> Svenska </Li> <Li> தமிழ் </Li> <Li> Татарча / tatarça </Li> <Li> ไทย </Li> <Li> Türkçe </Li> <Li> Українська </Li> <Li> اردو </Li> <Li> Tiếng Việt </Li> <Li> 吴语 </Li> <Li> 粵語 </Li> <Li> 中文 </Li> </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 19 September 2017 , at 12 : 39 . </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> | [
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Assassin 's Creed - Wikipedia <H1> Assassin 's Creed </H1> Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the franchise . For the first game in the series , see Assassin 's Creed ( video game ) . For the book series , see Assassin 's Creed ( book series ) . For the 2016 film adaptation , see Assassin 's Creed ( film ) . <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Assassin 's Creed </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Genres </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Action - adventure </Li> <Li> Stealth </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Developer ( s ) </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Ubisoft Montreal </Li> <Li> Ubisoft Annecy </Li> <Li> Ubisoft Sofia </Li> <Li> Ubisoft Milan </Li> <Li> Ubisoft Quebec </Li> <Li> Ubisoft Toronto </Li> <Li> Gameloft </Li> <Li> Griptonite Games </Li> <Li> Blue Byte </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Publisher ( s ) </Th> <Td> Ubisoft </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Creator ( s ) </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Patrice Désilets </Li> <Li> Jade Raymond </Li> <Li> Corey May </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> First release </Th> <Td> Assassin 's Creed November 13 , 2007 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Latest release </Th> <Td> Assassin 's Creed Origins October 27 , 2017 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Assassin 's Creed is a franchise centered on an action - adventure video game series developed by Ubisoft . It depicts a centuries - old struggle pitting the Assassins , who fight for peace and free will , against the Templars , who believe peace comes through control of humanity . The series features historical fiction mixed with real - world historical events and figures . The series took inspiration from the novel Alamut by the Slovenian writer Vladimir Bartol , while building upon concepts from the Prince of Persia series . </P> <P> The franchise began in 2007 with the release of Assassin 's Creed . The main video game series consists of ten entries , developed by Ubisoft Montreal ( single - player ) and Ubisoft Annecy ( multiplayer ) , released on PlayStation 3 , PlayStation 4 , Xbox 360 , Xbox One , Wii U , Microsoft Windows , and OS X platforms . Many spin - off games have been made for Nintendo DS , PlayStation Portable , PlayStation Vita , iOS , HP webOS , Android , Nokia Symbian and Windows Phone platforms . The handheld versions are developed by Gameloft and Gryptonite Studios , with additional development by Ubisoft Montreal . </P> <P> The series has been well received by critics , and has sold over 100 million copies as of September 2016 , becoming Ubisoft 's best selling franchise and one of the highest selling video game franchises of all time . </P> <P> The video game series has been expanded into a film , comics and novels ; all of which take place within the same continuity as the main video games series . </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Premise <Ul> <Li> 1.1 Protagonists </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2 Gameplay </Li> <Li> 3 Release history <Ul> <Li> 3.1 Main series <Ul> <Li> 3.1. 1 Assassin 's Creed </Li> <Li> 3.1. 2 Assassin 's Creed II </Li> <Li> 3.1. 3 Assassin 's Creed : Brotherhood </Li> <Li> 3.1. 4 Assassin 's Creed : Revelations </Li> <Li> 3.1. 5 Assassin 's Creed III </Li> <Li> 3.1. 6 Assassin 's Creed IV : Black Flag </Li> <Li> 3.1. 7 Assassin 's Creed Rogue </Li> <Li> 3.1. 8 Assassin 's Creed Unity </Li> <Li> 3.1. 9 Assassin 's Creed Syndicate </Li> <Li> 3.1. 10 Assassin 's Creed Origins </Li> <Li> 3.1. 11 Collections </Li> <Li> 3.1. 12 Assassin 's Creed : The Heritage Collection ( 2013 ) </Li> <Li> 3.1. 13 The Americas Collection ( 2014 ) </Li> <Li> 3.1. 14 The Ezio Collection ( 2016 ) </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3.2 Other console games <Ul> <Li> 3.2. 1 Assassin 's Creed III : Liberation </Li> <Li> 3.2. 2 Assassin 's Creed Chronicles </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3.3 Handheld and mobile games <Ul> <Li> 3.3. 1 Assassin 's Creed : Altaïr 's Chronicles </Li> <Li> 3.3. 2 Assassin 's Creed : Bloodlines </Li> <Li> 3.3. 3 Assassin 's Creed II : Discovery </Li> <Li> 3.3. 4 Assassin 's Creed : Recollection </Li> <Li> 3.3. 5 Assassin 's Creed : Multiplayer Rearmed </Li> <Li> 3.3. 6 Assassin 's Creed : Pirates </Li> <Li> 3.3. 7 Assassin 's Creed Memories </Li> <Li> 3.3. 8 Assassin 's Creed Identity </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3.4 Cancelled and defunct games <Ul> <Li> 3.4. 1 Assassin 's Creed : Project Legacy </Li> <Li> 3.4. 2 Assassin 's Creed : Utopia </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3.5 Future </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 In other media <Ul> <Li> 4.1 Television </Li> <Li> 4.2 Films <Ul> <Li> 4.2. 1 Theatrical </Li> <Li> 4.2. 2 Short films <Ul> <Li> 4.2. 2.1 Assassin 's Creed : Lineage </Li> <Li> 4.2. 2.2 Assassin 's Creed : Ascendance </Li> <Li> 4.2. 2.3 Assassin 's Creed : Embers </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4.3 Comics <Ul> <Li> 4.3. 1 Assassin 's Creed : Graphic Novel </Li> <Li> 4.3. 2 Assassin 's Creed , Volume 1 : Desmond </Li> <Li> 4.3. 3 Assassin 's Creed , Volume 2 : Aquilus </Li> <Li> 4.3. 4 Assassin 's Creed , Volume 3 : Accipiter </Li> <Li> 4.3. 5 Assassin 's Creed , Volume 4 : Hawk </Li> <Li> 4.3. 6 Assassin 's Creed , Volume 5 : El Cakr </Li> <Li> 4.3. 7 Assassin 's Creed , Volume 6 : Leila </Li> <Li> 4.3. 8 Assassin 's Creed : The Fall </Li> <Li> 4.3. 9 Assassin 's Creed : The Chain </Li> <Li> 4.3. 10 Assassin 's Creed : Brahman </Li> <Li> 4.3. 11 Assassin 's Creed : Trial by Fire </Li> <Li> 4.3. 12 Manga </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4.4 Novels <Ul> <Li> 4.4. 1 Assassin 's Creed : Renaissance </Li> <Li> 4.4. 2 Assassin 's Creed : Brotherhood </Li> <Li> 4.4. 3 Assassin 's Creed : The Secret Crusade </Li> <Li> 4.4. 4 Assassin 's Creed : Revelations </Li> <Li> 4.4. 5 Assassin 's Creed : Forsaken </Li> <Li> 4.4. 6 Assassin 's Creed : Black Flag </Li> <Li> 4.4. 7 Assassin 's Creed : Unity </Li> <Li> 4.4. 8 Assassin 's Creed : Underworld </Li> <Li> 4.4. 9 Assassin 's Creed : Desert Oath </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4.5 Board games </Li> <Li> 4.6 Assassin 's Creed : Encyclopedia </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 5 Reception </Li> <Li> 6 In popular culture <Ul> <Li> 6.1 References in other video game franchises </Li> <Li> 6.2 References in other film franchises </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 7 References </Li> <Li> 8 External links </Li> </Ul> <H2> Premise </H2> <P> The Assassin 's Creed games primarily revolve around the rivalry between two ancient secret societies -- the Assassins and the Knights Templar -- and their indirect relation to an ancient species pre-dating humanity , referred to within the games as `` those who came before '' , whose society , along with much of Earth 's biosphere , was destroyed by a massive solar storm thousands of years before the games . The games ' real - world chronological setting begins in the year 2012 . </P> <P> Within the franchise , Abstergo Industries is a mega-corporation conglomerate with multiple branches , secretly run by modern Knights Templar . The company is the present - day main antagonist of the franchise . Abstergo secretly created the `` Animus '' , a device that allows its users to `` re-live '' and experience the memories of their genetic ancestors within their bloodline through a virtual simulation . Overexposure to the animus causes the `` bleeding effect '' , which results in giving the user skills and abilities of his ancestors , but is also dangerous for the user as it can damage their mind , causing symptoms such as dementia , insanity , dissociative identity disorder or brain damage . Abstergo is seeking to discover the location of several historical artifacts , known as the `` Pieces of Eden '' . Such artifacts hold great power , and are capable of controlling free will . Abstergo seeks to use them to remove free will and bring humanity into one single unified group , while the Assassins oppose them . In order to find the Pieces of Eden , Abstergo is abducting people whose ancestors are suspected to have had historically confirmed or suspected interactions with such devices , forcing the kidnapped person into the Animus and searching for clues on their ancestors ' memories within the Animus . </P> <H3> Protagonists </H3> Main article : List of Assassin 's Creed characters <P> Desmond Miles is a bartender who is a descendant of several lines of prominent Assassins ; though raised as an Assassin , he left his nomadic family to seek out a more common lifestyle . He is initially kidnapped by Abstergo , which is aware of his ancestral lineage . Desmond is forced into the Animus and is revealed to be subject 17 ; many of the sixteen previous subjects died as a result of Animus over-exposure . </P> <P> Desmond is later rescued by a small team of modern - day Assassins and agrees to work with them , continuing to experience the memories of his ancestors to discover the locations of additional Pieces of Eden so they can be recovered before Abstergo can do so . From the bleeding effect , Desmond gains some of the Assassin skills of his predecessors at the cost of living with multiple sets of memories and personalities in his mind . </P> <P> Within the Animus , Desmond explores the memories of a number of Assassins , including Altaïr Ibn - La'Ahad , an initially disgraced Assassin working to redeem himself during the Third Crusade ; Ezio Auditore da Firenze , an Assassin in Italy during the late 15th and early 16th centuries of the Italian Renaissance ; and Ratonhnhaké : ton , otherwise known as Connor , a half - Mohawk , half - British Assassin during the American Revolution . </P> <P> Throughout these events , Desmond learns of allusions to the prophetic end of the world in 2012 from a former Animus test subject , Subject 16 ; the event turns out to be a repeat of the disaster which wiped out the ancient civilization , and he finds out that his memories hold the key to Earth 's surviving a second solar storm . During his experiences , Desmond is aided by holographic projections of three of the ancient race 's rulers : Jupiter , Minerva , and Juno . </P> <P> After Desmond dies to ensure Earth 's survival , his memories , which have survived in cyberspace , are accessed by Abstergo , which hires a new subject to enter the Animus . The new subject relives the memories of Edward Kenway ( grandfather of Ratohnhaké : ton , otherwise known as Connor Kenway ) and a privateer - turned - pirate during the Golden Age of Piracy . </P> <H2> Gameplay </H2> <P> While the games are often presented through protagonist Desmond Miles , the bulk of the game is played as Desmond experiences the memories of his ancestors through an advanced device called the Animus . This provides a means of a diegetic interface , showing Desmond 's ancestor 's health , equipment , goals , and other features as part of the Animus interface . The Animus is based on the player controlling the assassin to maintain the synchronization between Desmond and his ancestor 's memories . Performing actions that go against the Assassin 's way or dying breaks the synchronization , effectively requiring the player to restart at a previous checkpoint . Furthermore , the player can not explore outside areas that the assassin has not experienced yet . There are also abnormalities within the Animus from previous users of the device . </P> <P> While playing as the Assassin characters , the games are generally presented from a third - person perspective in an open world environment , focusing on stealth and parkour . The games use a mission structure to follow the main story , generally assigning the player to complete an assassination of public figureheads or a covert mission . Alternatively , several side missions are available , such as mapping out the expansive cities from a high perch followed by performing a `` leap of faith '' into a haystack below , collecting treasures hidden across the cities , exploring ruins for relics , building a brotherhood of assassins to perform other tasks , or funding the rebuilding of a city through purchasing and upgrading of shops and other features . At times , the player is in direct control of Desmond , who by nature of the Animus use has learned Assassin techniques through the bleeding effect , as well as their genetic ability of Eagle Vision , which separates friend , foe and assassination targets by illuminating people in different colors . Through the Animus interface , the player can go back to retry any past mission already completed ; for example , in Assassin 's Creed : Brotherhood , the player achieves better synchronization results by performing the mission in a specific manner such as by only killing the mission 's target . </P> <P> The games use the concept of `` active '' versus `` passive '' moves , with `` active '' moves , such as running , climbing the sides of buildings , or jumping between rooftops , more likely to alert the attention of nearby guards . When the guards become alerted , the player must either fight them or break their line of sight and locate a hiding place , such as a haystack or a well , and wait until the guards ' alert is reduced . The combat system allows for a number of unique weapons , armor , and moves , including the use of a hidden blade set in a bracer on the Assassin 's arm , and which also can be used to quietly assassinate targets . </P> <H2> Release history </H2> <Table> Games , by year and platform . Bold title denotes part of the main series . <Tr> <Th> Setting </Th> <Th> Year ( s ) </Th> <Th> Title </Th> <Th> Released </Th> <Th> Consoles </Th> <Th> Computers </Th> <Th> Handhelds </Th> <Th> Mobile </Th> <Th> Other </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Third Crusade </Th> <Td> 1191 AD </Td> <Td> Assassin 's Creed </Td> <Td> 2007 </Td> <Td> PlayStation 3 , Xbox 360 </Td> <Td> Windows </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1190 AD </Td> <Td> Assassin 's Creed : Altaïr 's Chronicles </Td> <Td> 2008 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> Nintendo DS </Td> <Td> Android , iOS , Symbian , webOS , Windows Phone </Td> <Td> -- </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1191 AD </Td> <Td> Assassin 's Creed : Bloodlines </Td> <Td> 2009 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> PlayStation Portable </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Italian Renaissance </Th> <Td> 1476 - 1499 AD </Td> <Td> Assassin 's Creed II </Td> <Td> PlayStation 3 , Xbox 360 , PlayStation 4 , Xbox One </Td> <Td> OS X , Windows </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> Symbian </Td> <Td> OnLive </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1491 AD </Td> <Td> Assassin 's Creed II : Discovery </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> Nintendo DS </Td> <Td> iOS </Td> <Td> -- </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1499 - 1507 AD </Td> <Td> Assassin 's Creed : Brotherhood </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> PlayStation 3 , Xbox 360 , PlayStation 4 , Xbox One </Td> <Td> OS X , Windows </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> OnLive </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1511 - 1512 AD </Td> <Td> Assassin 's Creed : Revelations </Td> <Td> 2011 </Td> <Td> Windows </Td> <Td> Android , Symbian </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Colonial era </Th> <Td> 1754 - 1783 AD </Td> <Td> Assassin 's Creed III </Td> <Td> 2012 </Td> <Td> PlayStation 3 , Xbox 360 , Wii U </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> Symbian </Td> <Td> -- </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1765 - 1777 AD </Td> <Td> Assassin 's Creed III : Liberation </Td> <Td> PlayStation 3 , Xbox 360 </Td> <Td> PlayStation Vita </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1715 - 1722 AD </Td> <Td> Assassin 's Creed IV : Black Flag </Td> <Td> 2013 </Td> <Td> PlayStation 3 , Xbox 360 , Wii U , PlayStation 4 , Xbox One </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1716 - 1718 AD </Td> <Td> Assassin 's Creed : Pirates </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> Windows </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> Android , iOS </Td> <Td> -- </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1735 - 1737 AD </Td> <Td> Assassin 's Creed : Freedom Cry </Td> <Td> 2014 </Td> <Td> PlayStation 3 , PlayStation 4 , Xbox 360 , Xbox One </Td> <Td> Windows </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1752 - 1776 AD </Td> <Td> Assassin 's Creed Rogue </Td> <Td> PlayStation 3 , Xbox 360 , PlayStation 4 , Xbox One </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Italian Renaissance </Th> <Td> 1501 - 1506 AD </Td> <Td> Assassin 's Creed Identity </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> Android , iOS </Td> <Td> -- </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> French Revolution </Th> <Td> 1776 - 1800 AD </Td> <Td> Assassin 's Creed Unity </Td> <Td> PlayStation 4 , Xbox One </Td> <Td> Windows </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Imperial China </Th> <Td> 1526 - 1532 AD </Td> <Td> Assassin 's Creed Chronicles : China </Td> <Td> 2015 </Td> <Td> PlayStation Vita </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Victorian era </Th> <Td> 1868 AD </Td> <Td> Assassin 's Creed Syndicate </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Sikh Empire </Th> <Td> 1841 AD </Td> <Td> Assassin 's Creed Chronicles : India </Td> <Td> 2016 </Td> <Td> PlayStation Vita </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> October Revolution </Th> <Td> 1918 AD </Td> <Td> Assassin 's Creed Chronicles : Russia </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Ptolemaic Egypt </Th> <Td> 49 - 43 B.C.E. </Td> <Td> Assassin 's Creed Origins </Td> <Td> 2017 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Dl> <Dt> Notes </Dt> </Dl> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ Released under the title Assassin 's Creed : Liberation HD for Microsoft Windows , PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Available for Windows 8.1 and Windows 10 from the Microsoft store . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Originally released as DLC for all versions of Assassin 's Creed IV : Black Flag . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Originally announced as part of the season pass for Assassin 's Creed Unity . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Released as a compilation titled Assassin 's Creed Chronicles Trilogy Pack . </Li> </Ol> <H3> Main series </H3> Assassin 's Creed Main article : Assassin 's Creed ( video game ) <P> Desmond is captured by Abstergo and forced to use a machine called the Animus to explore Altaïr ibn - La'Ahad's memories during the time of the Third Crusade . Desmond begins to witness events after Altaïr breaks all three tenets of the Assassin Brotherhood while attempting to stop Robert de Sablé from taking a Piece of Eden . Al Mualim , the Brotherhood 's leader , demotes Altaïr to Novice and tasks him with assassinating the nine Knights Templars , including de Sablé , to regain his former status . Altaïr 's quest eventually leads him to face de Sablé in the presence of King Richard I of England warning the King of de Sablé 's plot to kill him . Altaïr defeats de Sablé , but with his last words , de Sablé reveals that there were ten Templars , the last being Al Mualim , who now holds the Piece of Eden . Altaïr returns to face Al Mualim and struggles to fight through illusions created by the Piece , but eventually kills Al Mualim . When Altaïr recovers the piece , he and those watching the Animus view a holographic map showing where other artifacts are located across the globe . Desmond is pulled from the Animus , and was going to be killed , but his life is spared by Lucy Stillman , an Assassin working as a mole within Abstergo , as she claims they might need to further examine his memories later . He comes to learn that a former test subject had left messages only Desmond can see , foretelling the end of the world in 2012 . </P> <P> The first Assassin 's Creed introduced core elements that remained in the rest of the game series . The game creates fictionalized , historical versions of Masyaf ( the Brotherhood 's location ) , Jerusalem , Acre and Damascus , and incorporates a number of documented historical figures into the story . Other core elements include the virtualized Animus system , free running , climbing , stealth , parkour , and the initial formulation of the combat system . The game requires the player to complete a number of side quests before they are able to obtain an assassin quest from a local Brotherhood guidemaster in each city , but this side quest prerequisite was abandoned in future games . </P> Assassin 's Creed II Main article : Assassin 's Creed II <P> Lucy returns and breaks Desmond out of Abstergo , taking him to an Assassin safehouse to work alongside Shaun , a historian , and Rebecca , their technical support . Using an improved version of the Animus , Desmond takes witness to Ezio Auditore da Firenze , a young nobleman from the late 15th Century in Florence , shortly before the execution of Ezio 's father and brothers by order of a corrupt official working for the Templars . He , his mother , and sister take to hiding at the Monteriggioni villa owned by his uncle Mario , who helps to train Ezio in the ways of an Assassin . Ezio and Mario discover that Rodrigo Borgia is the figurehead of a number of Templars all who were accomplices in the execution of his family , and with help of allies like Leonardo da Vinci , methodically assassinate the lower - ranked Templars , while learning that Borgia has acquired a Piece of Eden called the Apple . Eventually , Ezio corners Borgia , who hands over the Piece and flees ; Ezio is inducted into the ranks of the Brotherhood and believed to be a prophet based on their codex . A decade later , the Brotherhood learns that Borgia has since become Pope Alexander VI , using the Church 's influence to strengthen the Templars . Ezio invades Vatican City and confronts Borgia , discovering that the Papal staff is also a Piece of Eden . Defeating Borgia but sparing his life , Ezio uses both the Apple and the Papal staff to reveal a chamber of ancient technology . Inside , he is addressed by a hologram of a humanoid female that calls herself Minerva who speaks directly to Desmond through Ezio . Minerva explains how her society had pre-dated humanity 's , but a great disaster nearly wiped them out , and warns that another event is due to occur soon , putting the fate of humanity in Desmond 's hands . Upon this discovery , Desmond and his allies find the safehouse has been compromised by Abstergo and flee . </P> <P> Similar to the first game , Assassin 's Creed II takes place in historical recreations of Venice , Florence , Forlì , San Gimignano , and the Tuscan countryside , and incorporates events during that period as part of the story . Missions are divided into main story missions , themselves divided into memory sequences reflecting points in Ezio 's life , and side missions which can be accomplished at any time ; this approach to mission structure remains consistent in the other games in the series . The Monteriggioni villa provides several functions which can be expanded on by paying money for upgrades of surrounding buildings , or by purchasing artwork , weapons , and armor for the villa ; in turn , the villa will generate wealth for the player at a rate influenced by the upgrades and acquisition of these items . Additional quests involve locating secret Assassin seals , and finding hidden marks left by `` Subject 16 '' , a former Animus user , that hint at the nature of Minerva 's society . </P> Assassin 's Creed : Brotherhood Main article : Assassin 's Creed : Brotherhood <P> Desmond and his allies retreat to the ruins of the Monteriggioni villa , and Desmond reenters the Animus to continue Ezio 's memories , specifically to identify the location of the Apple . After facing Rodrigo Borgia , Ezio returned to Monteriggioni , but the villa is soon attacked by forces under the command of Cesare Borgia , Rodrigo 's son . Mario is killed and the Apple is stolen . Ezio vows revenge by helping to free the people of Rome from the Borgia family . As Ezio works covertly to turn the city against the Borgias , he gains followers that want to join his cause , and Ezio trains them in the way of the Assassins . In an attempt to assassinate Cesare and Rodrigo at the Castel Sant'Angelo , Ezio instead witnesses Cesare forcing his father to eat a poisoned apple that Rodrigo had prepared to kill his son . Ezio chases down Cesare and eventually captures him and recovers the Apple . Cesare is taken to prison in Viana , Spain but manages to escape with help of his allies . The Assassins lead the fight against Cesare and the remaining loyal Borgia troops , and eventually Ezio throws Cesare from the castle walls , killing him . With no perceived further threats , Ezio takes to hide the Apple under the Colosseum . In the present , Desmond is able to navigate through the underground chambers beneath the Colosseum to locate the Apple . As he picks it up , Desmond is witness to another hologram figure , calling herself Juno , and who controls Desmond to stab Lucy ( because Lucy has defected to the Templars ) before he falls into a coma . </P> <P> Brotherhood shares many of the same features as the previous game though it takes place primarily in Rome . Similar to the villa , the player is able to spend money to buy and upgrade shops and other facilities throughout the city as to increase revenue they can collect from it ; however , the player will be required to destroy Borgia towers that control various sections of the city before they can do so . The Brotherhood of Assassins is introduced , by which , after saving citizens from certain events , the player can invite these citizens as Assassins ; they can then be dispatched to remote locations across Europe to gain experience and money , or can be called in to help the player directly in a mission . For the first time in the series , the game features online multiplayer . Players play as Abstergo employees , who , through the use of the Animus , take on the genetic memories of Renaissance Templars in various game modes . It was the last game to feature Assassin 's Creed creator Patrice Désilets , as the creative director of the series . </P> Assassin 's Creed : Revelations Main article : Assassin 's Creed : Revelations <P> Within the computerized `` core '' of the Animus , Subject 16 ( Clay Kaczmarek ) explains to a comatose Desmond that his mind must achieve full synchronization with Altaïr and Ezio , or he will fall into dementia . Desmond sees Ezio 's memories , years after Brotherhood , Ezio researches the Assassins ' history and travels to Masyaf to locate Altaïr 's library , rumored to hold great power within . The Templars also seek to open this library , but it is locked by five keys , hidden in the Ottoman - held Constantinople . Ezio finds the city in a feud between brothers Selim and Ahmet vying for the Sultanate . Ezio is aided by Sofia Sartor ; the two fall in love . Eventually , Ahmet reveals himself to be a Templar , and is killed by Selim after he battles with Ezio . Ezio uses the keys to witness Altaïr 's memories before and after Al Mualim 's death , which show the death of Altaïr 's wife and youngest son in the midst of a coup d'etat within the Assassins . Altair exiles himself for twenty years , eventually returning to Masyaf to kill the usurper and retake control . Altaïr inscribes his memories in the keys and asks his friend Niccolò Polo to hide them . Afterwards , Ezio and Sofia go to Masyaf and open the library to find Altaïr 's corpse and a Piece of Eden . Ezio leaves it and his assassin tools , and tells Desmond , understanding now of his role as a messenger to him . A holographic being calling himself Jupiter explains to Desmond ( through Ezio ) how his society perished as a result of a massive solar flare apocalypse , and that the key to stop the 2012 solar flare lies in the first civilization 's technology commanded by vaults linked to a central vault in New York . Within the Animus , Clay sacrifices himself to allow Desmond to wake up from his coma , his memories complete . Along with Shaun , Rebecca , and his father William , Desmond heads to New York to save humanity . </P> <P> Originally Revelations was announced as Assassin 's Creed : Lost Legacy , and conceptualized as a Nintendo 3DS title focusing on Ezio traveling to Masyaf . However , on July 15 , 2011 , it was announced as cancelled . The reason behind such `` cancellation '' was that Ubisoft had decided to expand the idea further , cancel the 3DS development and fully shift all development duties towards PlayStation 3 , Xbox 360 and PC to release the game as a full - fledged main installment of the franchise . The original plot remained , and evolved into the plot seen in the final game , which became Assassin 's Creed : Revelations . Included were many new systems and additional weapons such as bomb - crafting , allowing the player to create explosive , distraction and tactical bombs , using materials found throughout the world and on Assassin 's Guild missions . The hookblade was also introduced , which can be used in free - running ( to travel along zip wires and climb more easily ) and in combat ( to manipulate enemies ) . Eagle Vision was upgraded into the Eagle Sense , allowing Ezio to not only see where his enemies and targets are but also , where they have been and where they are moving to . As the player progresses through , Ezio can train new recruits to defend `` dens '' ( Assassin HQs ) and an upgraded Assassin 's missions section called `` Mediterranean Defense '' in which the player works to strip control of various cities from Templar hands . The multiplayer mode returned in Revelations , with more characters , modes , and maps , and by advancing up through levels of experience , the player learns more about Abstergo 's history . </P> Assassin 's Creed III Main article : Assassin 's Creed III <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This section 's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed . Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise . ( January 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Desmond and his allies arrive at the Temple entrance in a cave in the New York area on October 31 , 2012 , and open its door using the Apple of Eden , discovering a larger chamber of Precursor technology behind it , including another door requiring a key . Desmond suddenly falls into a fugue state , and is put into the Animus . </P> <P> In the Animus , he experiences the memories of Haytham Kenway , who is later revealed as a Templar British agent , who had gone to the American Colonies with a stolen medallion , and , with Templar allies including Charles Lee , gained the Mohawk people 's trust as the means to find a Temple 's location , but to his annoyance , the medallion did not open the Temple for him . The remainder of the game shifts protagonist , to the memories of Haytham 's son Ratonhnhaké : ton ( / ˈrəduːnˈhəɡeɪduːn / ; `` Ra - doon - ha - gay - doon '' ) , whose heritage is half Mohawk . As a young boy , he witnesses Lee and his troops set fire to his village , killing his mother ; years later , he is shown a Piece of Eden , through which Juno speaks to him and instructs him to get training from the retired Assassin , Achilles Davenport , who later inducts him into the order and nicknames him Connor ( in memory of his dead son , deceased in the American Revolution ) . Through him , Connor meets Patriots in the Revolution , helping them to stop several Templar plans , including an assassination attempt against George Washington . Between memories , Desmond helps his allies to recover power sources to power the Temple scattered about the globe , including one held by Abstergo . </P> <P> Connor eventually faces his father , who offers a ceasefire , as he is also after Benjamin Church for usurping his authority . They team up to investigate , Kenway warns Connor about the Patriots , seeking to remove Connor 's people from their lands due to fear of an allegiance against the British . Connor eventually hunts and kills Lee , takes the medallion and ends the Templar threat . He is despondent to find his tribe 's village abandoned save for the Piece of Eden ; through it , Juno tells him to hide the amulet . Desmond wakes up on December 21 , and with his allies finds the buried medallion , key to the inner Temple door , behind is a control sphere capable of stopping the solar flare . Juno appears and encourages Desmond to touch it , but Minerva appears and warns him not to , as it would release Juno as an entity that would protect against the solar flare , but would also be a threat to mankind 's future . Juno says Minerva would rather have most of humanity wiped out , and Desmond survive to be a religious figure to lead the survivors , ultimately leading into conflict . Desmond opts to release Juno , believing humanity will have a better chance fighting Juno . The energy from the control sphere , protects Earth from the solar flare , but kills Desmond . Juno tells Desmond 's corpse that his work is now done , and now it is time for her to work . </P> <P> Assassin 's Creed III is structured similarly to the previous games , with missions taking place on an open - world map based on Colonial Boston and New York , and offers a large wilderness area , the Frontier and in the Davenport Homestead , where the player can hunt animals for materials , which then subsequently can be used to construct goods to be traded and sold throughout the colonies . Naval battles were introduced , wherein the player must steer a warship named Aquila in dangerous waters and perform ship - to - ship combat with cannons and mounted guns . In Assassin 's Creed III there are a large assortment of side missions to play and many different outfits to purchase as the player progresses through the game . The modern - day aspects of the story were also significantly expanded , and featured missions taking place in , among other locations , Manhattan , Rome and Brazil . </P> Assassin 's Creed IV : Black Flag Main article : Assassin 's Creed IV : Black Flag <P> Samples taken from Desmond Miles ' body in the moments after his death have enabled Abstergo Industries to continue to explore his genetic memories using the Animus ' newfound cloud computing abilities . The unnamed player character is hired by Abstergo 's entertainment division to sift through the memories of Edward Kenway , an eighteenth - century pirate and the grandfather of Connor . Ostensibly , this is to gather material for an Animus - powered interactive video game , but in reality , Abstergo and the Templars are searching for the Observatory , a Precursor structure that allows the user to see through the eyes of a subject . As Kenway , the player must unravel a conspiracy between high - ranking Templars to manipulate the British , Spanish and French empires into locating the Sage -- later identified as Bartholomew Roberts -- who is the only man who can lead them to the Observatory . </P> <P> In the present day , the player is contacted by John , Abstergo Entertainment 's information technology manager . John convinces the player that his employer knows more than they are telling , and encourages them to investigate in more detail . He arranges for the player to access the Animus ' core , at which point Juno materialises into an incorporeal form . She reveals that although it was necessary to open her temple to avert disaster , the world was not ready for her , and she is unable to affect it or possess the player character as her agents intended . John is unmasked as the reincarnated form of the Sage and attempts to murder the player to cover up the failed attempt at resurrecting Juno , but is killed by Abstergo 's security before he can do so . As Roberts , the Sage admits to Kenway that he owes no allegiance to the Assassins or the Templars and instead uses whoever he thinks represents his best chance of achieving his ends . </P> Assassin 's Creed Rogue Main article : Assassin 's Creed Rogue <P> The plot follows Knight of Templar , Shay Patrick Cormac , and is set during the Seven Years ' War across various locations in North America . It is meant to `` fill the gaps '' of the story between III and Black Flag and has `` a crucial link to the Kenway saga '' , as well as connecting to Unity . Haytham Kenway from III and Adewalé from Black Flag make appearances . </P> <P> By March 2014 , a game titled or code - named `` Comet , '' was revealed to be in development , for release on PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 . By the end of the month , additional reports indicated that Comet would be set around 1758 in New York , as well as feature sailing on the Atlantic Ocean . The game would be a direct sequel to Black Flag , and would be the first to feature a Templar as the main protagonist , named Shay . In May 2014 , Guillemot stated that Assassin 's Creed games would continue releasing on the last generation PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 `` for the foreseeable future '' , despite the franchise moving to the current generation PlayStation 4 and Xbox One with Assassin 's Creed Unity . On August 5 , Ubisoft officially announced the game as Assassin 's Creed Rogue . It was released in North America on the PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 on November 11 , 2014 and in Europe and Australasia on November 13 , 2014 . It was released on Windows in March 2015 . In January 2018 , a remastered version was announced for release on PlayStation 4 , Xbox One and Microsoft Windows in 2018 . </P> Assassin 's Creed Unity Main article : Assassin 's Creed Unity <P> The story is set in Paris on the eve of the French Revolution and follows Arno Dorian and his fellow assassins . </P> <P> On March 19 , 2014 , images leaked for the next game , titled or code - named `` Unity '' , showing a new assassin in Paris . On March 21 , Ubisoft confirmed the game 's existence , having been in development for more than three years , by releasing pre-alpha game footage . The game features up to four player co-op , a first for the series . It was released in North America for PlayStation 4 , Xbox One and Windows on November 11 , 2014 and in Europe and Australasia on November 13 , 2014 . </P> Assassin 's Creed Syndicate Main article : Assassin 's Creed Syndicate <P> The plot is set in Victorian era London and follows twin assassins Jacob and Evie Frye as they navigate the corridors of organized crime , and take back the city from Templar control . </P> <P> In December 2014 , images and information leaked for a new Assassin 's Creed game , titled or code - named Victory , which was later confirmed by Ubisoft . In May 2015 , Kotaku leaked that Victory had been renamed Syndicate . On May 12 , 2015 , the game was officially announced by Ubisoft . The PlayStation 4 and the Xbox One version of the game was released on October 23 , 2015 , while the Microsoft Windows version was released on November 19 , 2015 . </P> Assassin 's Creed Origins Main article : Assassin 's Creed Origins <P> The story is set in Ptolemaic Egypt and follows a Medjay named Bayek , whose fight to protect his people , leads him to create the Secret Order the Assassins , with the game exploring the origin of their conflict with the Knights of Templar , serving as a prequel to the entire series . The details of the present day story - line remain unrevealed . </P> <P> In February 2016 , Ubisoft announced they would not be releasing a new game in 2016 in order to step `` back and ( re-examine ) the Assassin 's Creed franchise ... ( and take the ) year to evolve the game mechanics and to make sure we 're delivering on the promise of Assassin 's Creed offering unique and memorable gameplay experiences '' . On the decision , Guillemot said that `` Ubisoft started to question the annualized franchise with the release of Assassin 's Creed Unity , and the fact that Assassin 's Creed Syndicate had `` a slower launch than expected '' . Guillemot added that `` by moving away from the annual iterations of the franchise , it will give the Assassin 's Creed teams more time to take advantage of new engines and technology '' . Assassin 's Creed IV : Black Flag 's director Ashraf Ismail , commented on an interview that he and the team would be interested in doing an Assassin 's Creed game in an Ancient Egyptian setting , along with reiterating an earlier statement that a female leading character was not an impossibility for the series . In May 2017 , Ubisoft confirmed the development of Assassin 's Creed Origins . It was announced to be set in the Ptolemaic Egypt in June 2017 . The game was released worldwide on October 27 , 2017 for PlayStation 4 , Xbox One and Windows . </P> Collections Assassin 's Creed : the Heritage Collection ( 2013 ) <P> Assassin 's Creed : Heritage Collection collects the first 5 games of the main series into one collection featuring Assassin 's Creed , Assassin 's Creed II , Assassin 's Creed : Brotherhood , Assassin 's Creed : Revelations and Assassin 's Creed III . Released on PC , PlayStation 3 , Xbox 360 on November 8 , 2013 . </P> The Americas Collection ( 2014 ) <P> The Americas Collection , developed by Ubisoft Montreal , features Assassin 's Creed III , Assassin 's Creed Liberation HD , and Assassin 's Creed Black Flag ' , for the PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 . The collection was released on October 28 , 2014 . </P> The Ezio Collection ( 2016 ) <P> The Ezio Collection , developed by Virtuos and Ubisoft Montreal , features remastered versions of Assassin 's Creed 2 , Assassin 's Creed : Brotherhood , and Assassin 's Creed : Revelations ' single - player modes , using the Anvil engine , for the PlayStation 4 and Xbox One ( the multiplayer being excluded from the package ) . The games feature improved graphics , lighting , effects and textures , and also includes all previously released downloadable content for the single - player . In addition , the bundle features the short films Assassin 's Creed : Embers and Assassin 's Creed : Lineage . The collection was released on November 15 , 2016 to mixed reviews , being generally criticized for its minimal graphical enhancements , the dated gameplay , and the capped 30 frames per second . </P> <H3> Other console games </H3> Assassin 's Creed III : Liberation Main article : Assassin 's Creed III : Liberation <P> The story follows a Louisiana Creole woman , named Aveline . Aveline is the daughter of a French merchant father and an African mother . She is recruited into the Assassin Order by a former slave and fights against slavery as well as the Templars . </P> <P> An original Assassin 's Creed title for the PlayStation Vita was announced to be in development during Gamescom 2011 , and would feature a new story with new characters . On June 4 , 2012 at E3 , Liberation was officially announced . Aveline uses a variety of new weapons in combat , including a machete and a blowpipe for ranged attacks . On September 10 , 2013 , it was announced that the game would be re-released as Assassin 's Creed : Liberation HD for PlayStation 3 , Xbox 360 and Microsoft Windows via the PlayStation Network , Xbox Live Arcade and Steam , respectively , in January 2014 . </P> Assassin 's Creed Chronicles Main article : Assassin 's Creed Chronicles <P> Assassin 's Creed Chronicles is an episodic 2.5 D action game for Microsoft Windows , PlayStation 4 , PlayStation Vita and Xbox One . The first episode is available with the purchase of Assassin 's Creed Unity 's DLC season pass and features Shao Jun in 16th century China . The second entry , India , was released on January 12 , 2016 on the same platforms , and the last entry , Russia , was released on February 9 , 2016 . </P> <H3> Handheld and mobile games </H3> Assassin 's Creed : Altaïr 's Chronicles Main article : Assassin 's Creed : Altaïr 's Chronicles <P> Altaïr Ibn - La'Ahad is sent on a mission from the Order of Assassins to retrieve a Chalice from the grasps of both the Crusaders and the Saracens . Altaïr quests to find three different magic keys then travels to Jerusalem to face the head of the Knights Templar , Basilisk . Upon arriving , he learns that the Chalice is not an object , but a woman named Adha who reveals that Altaïr has been deceived by an assassin named Harash , who is now a double - agent for the Templars . After killing both Harash and Basilisk , Altaïr attempts to save a kidnapped Adha from captivity but is too late . The game ends with a captured Adha sailing away and Altaïr left in the holy land . </P> Assassin 's Creed : Bloodlines Main article : Assassin 's Creed : Bloodlines <P> Altaïr has traveled to Cyprus from the Holy Land in order to assassinate the last remnants of the Templars . Here Altaïr again meets Maria and they travel together to kill the remaining Templars and learn more about the `` Apple of Eden '' and the mysterious Templar Archive where more of the artifacts are believed to be hidden . Altaïr manages to kill the new Templar Grand Master , Armand Bouchart , and his followers , but the Archive 's contents are discovered to have already been taken from Cyprus . </P> Assassin 's Creed II : discovery Main article : Assassin 's Creed II : Discovery <P> After losing the Apple of Eden to Girolamo Savonarola , Ezio is told to meet Antonio , his fellow Assassin . When doing so , Ezio finds Antonio with another man named Luis Santangel , who asks Ezio to rescue his friend Christoffa Corombo from a presumed Templar trap set up by Rodrigo Borgia . Ezio rescues Christoffa from this trap , and is informed that Assassins in Spain are captured and executed by Tomas Torquemada . Ezio , who feels that it is his duty to rescue the Assassins , sets out for Spain to fight back against the Spanish Inquisition . Along the way , Ezio finds out that Torquemada was ordered to commit these actions by Rodrigo Borgia , who leads Torquemada to believe that God desired it so . Ezio also finds out that his close allies , Luis Santangel and Raphael Sanchez , are in fact Assassins themselves . When finally confronting Torquemada , Ezio chooses not to kill him thinking that Torquemada is merely misled by Borgia and not a Templar himself . Ezio then returns to Italy to continue his search for the Apple of Eden . </P> Assassin 's Creed : Recollection <P> Assassin 's Creed : Recollection is a real - time board game developed for iOS . The game delivers a new experience to the Assassin 's Creed world in which fans and new players alike go head - to - head in real - time political battles with characters from the franchise . Players can also unlock a collection of artwork , spanning the series . The game features over 280 Memories , reconnecting with characters from Assassin 's Creed II and Assassin 's Creed : Brotherhood . The single - player Story Mode has 10 + hours of gameplay , with 20 missions taking place from Barcelona to Constantinople and 10 challenge missions . In Versus Mode , players can challenge their friends and people from around the world , pitting their strategies and abilities against one another . The game supports Game Center , allowing players to track achievements , challenge friends , and play against the world over . Go behinds the scenes with the Art Gallery , a collection of artwork spanning the entire franchise ( Assassin 's Creed , Assassin 's Creed II , Assassin 's Creed : Brotherhood , Assassin 's Creed : Revelations and Assassin 's Creed III ) showcasing the high level of quality in character design as well as the attention to detail in the locations . Through the Store , players have the option to Buy Packs for the in - game currency , Animus Credits ( Animus Credits may also be purchased through an In - App Purchase ) , or to Buy / Sell Memories from / to other players in the Market . The short film Assassin 's Creed : Embers is also featured within the game . </P> Assassin 's Creed : multiplayer Rearmed <P> Assassin 's Creed : Multiplayer Rearmed is a multiplayer video game designed for iOS . It is the only Assassin 's Creed Multiplayer driven by an in - game economy . The aim is to assassinate the assigned target and avoid being killed by your own hunter . The player can purchase additional items , characters and abilities as well as compete with friends and foes from around the globe in a 4 player realtime online multiplayer mode . Players can connect via Game Center using either WI - FI or 3G . It is also possible to play against someone in the immediate area via Bluetooth . Available map locations include Jerusalem , San Donato , Venice and Alhambra . </P> Assassin 's Creed : Pirates <P> Assassin 's Creed : Pirates is a mobile game , that was released on iOS and Android devices on December 5 , 2013 . Developed by Ubisoft Paris , the game follows Captain Alonzo Batilla , who is neither Assassin nor Templar , as he commands a ship and crew , while crossing paths with the Assassins and Templars . Gameplay focuses on real - time battles between ships . The title is in 3D and features both wind and weather that will affect how players proceed . </P> Assassin 's Creed memories <P> Assassin 's Creed Memories is a mobile game that was released on iOS devices on August 20 , 2014 . Developed along with PlayNext and Gree , the game combines card collection and battling , target chasing , and strategy elements , along with the option of competitive multiplayer . Additional multiplayer options include allowing players to join a guild and then engage in 20 vs 20 guild combat scenarios . Memories features different historical eras , including the Third Crusade , the golden age of piracy , feudal Japan and the Mongolian Empire . </P> Assassin 's Creed Identity Main article : Assassin 's Creed Identity <P> Assassin 's Creed Identity is a game for iOS and Android devices that was released worldwide on February 25 , 2016 . It is a 3D third - person role - playing game . It had a soft - launch in Australia and New Zealand in 2014 . </P> <H3> Cancelled and defunct games </H3> Assassin 's Creed : project Legacy <P> Assassin 's Creed : Project Legacy was a single - player browser - based role - playing game Facebook application , designed as a promotion , and tie - in for Assassin 's Creed : Brotherhood . The game is mostly text - based , but includes graphics and sound as well as some video . </P> <P> Players are test subjects for Abstergo Industries who relive the lives of other test subjects ' Assassin ancestors ; instead of using the Animus , players use the Data Dump Scanner ( DDS ) . </P> <P> The first mission pack is titled `` Italian Wars '' , and is divided into four chapters . Chapter one focuses on Bartolomeo d'Alviano during the Battle of Agnadello . The second chapter focuses on Francesco Vecellio on a mission to kill Niccolò di Pitigliano ( cousin of Bartolomeo d'Alviano ) . The third focuses on Mario Auditore and the protection of Monteriggioni . The fourth and final chapter focuses on Perotto Calderon , an undercover assassin who watches over Lucrezia Borgia , with whom he falls in love . </P> <P> The second mission pack , entitled `` Rome '' , was released November 16 , 2010 . The first chapter takes place between 1497 and 1503 , and deals with the ex-courtesan , Fiora Cavazza . It deals with Fiora 's involvement in recruiting an army for the Borgia , and her subsequent betrayal . The second takes place in 1503 , and involves Giovanni Borgia , fleeing his family and eventually joining the assassins . Chapter three involves Francesco Vecellio , and his training to be an assassin under Ezio Auditore . Chapter four again focuses on Giovanni Borgia , now an Assassin and joining Hernán Cortés on his journey to Tenochtitlan to acquire a `` Piece of Eden '' , one of the Crystal Skulls . Giovanni brought it to Bombastus for study , resulting in the discovery of the formula for the Philosopher 's stone . </P> <P> The third mission pack , entitled `` Holidays '' , and its first Chapter called Ghosts of Christmas Past were released on December 21 , 2010 with further missions to be released in 2011 . The first chapter takes place at various times and places in history : during the World War I Christmas Truce , the Beagle 2 truth , the return of Charles II back to England , and the time of the Shroud of Turin . </P> <P> A fourth story pack , `` The Divine Science Story Pack '' was announced , but never released . Additionally , an updated user interface ( referred to as the ' DDS 2.0 ' ) was announced , but not released . The DDS 2.0 would have offered an easier method of selecting mission packs and equipment . </P> <P> The game was later shut down and put on an indefinite hold . </P> Assassin 's Creed : Utopia <P> Assassin 's Creed : Utopia is a cancelled mobile game which was planned to be available on Android and iOS devices . The game 's story would have led into Assassin 's Creed III , though there would have been no links in terms of gameplay . </P> <P> Utopia would have taken place in the 17th century , at the very beginning of the colonization of North America . Gameplay would have spanned 150 years of history , to help players `` discover how the Assassins influenced history and helped shape the nation 's original thirteen colonies '' . The gameplay involved building a colonial city , and was planned to have more of a `` social slant '' than any of the earlier games . The Assassins of each colony would have taken on their enemies in `` limited time epic battles '' , and players would have been able to pit their strength against friends in asynchronous 3D brawls . </P> <H3> Future </H3> <P> Asked about the future of the series in 2009 , Sébastien Puel from Ubisoft said that `` we could do 35 of these ( Assassin 's Creed games ) '' , while Laurent Detoc from Ubisoft later said `` we hope to reach Assassin 's Creed 10 '' . </P> <P> In November 2011 , a Ubisoft survey was sent out , asking participants which locations and time periods they would like to see in the `` next Assassin 's Creed games '' . These settings were Medieval China , Victorian England , Ancient Egypt , the Portuguese and / or Spanish Invasion of the Americas , the American Revolution , the Russian Revolution , Feudal Japan , and Ancient Rome . Alex Hutchinson , creative director of Assassin 's Creed III , suggested the most requested Assassin 's Creed settings , World War II , Feudal Japan and Ancient Egypt , are `` the three worst settings for an Assassin 's Creed game '' . However , Hutchinson stated both he and Corey May were open to the idea of a future entry set during the time of the British Raj , which now consists of the modern states of India , Pakistan , Bangladesh , and Myanmar . Victorian England , the American Revolution , Medieval China , parts of the British Raj , the Russian Revolution , and Ancient Egypt were subsequently used for Assassin 's Creed Syndicate , Assassin 's Creed III , Assassin 's Creed Chronicles , and Assassin 's Creed Origins , respectively , with World War I appearing as a section of Syndicate , and World War II as an easter egg in Unity . </P> <P> In June 2013 , Ubisoft CEO Yves Guillemot stated on the development cycle of the games , saying , `` We are making sure the teams who are creating the different iterations have enough time -- two years , three years , so that they can take risk and they can change the concept enough so that it can be appealing and fresh . '' The following August , Assassin 's Creed IV : Black Flag 's director Ashraf Ismail , said that the ending of the franchise had been written , saying `` We have an idea of where the end is , what the end is . But of course Yves ( Guillemot ) announced we are a yearly title , we ship one game a year . So depending on the setting , depending on what fans want , we 've given ourselves room to fit more in this arc . But there is an end . '' </P> <H2> In other media </H2> <P> Ubisoft expanded the Assassin 's Creed franchise to other media , including films , comic books and novels . </P> <H3> Television </H3> <P> In November 2016 , it was announced that Ubisoft and Netflix started talks regarding how to develop an Assassin 's Creed series . In July 2017 , Adi Shankar revealed he would be creating the series , which would be in the anime format . The series , which will feature an original story from Shankar , will share the same universe as the other media of the franchise . </P> <H3> Films </H3> Theatrical Main article : Assassin 's Creed ( film ) <P> A live - action film , Assassin 's Creed , set in the same universe as the video games and other media , was released on December 21 , 2016 to negative reviews . Development for the film began in October 2011 , when Sony Pictures entered final negotiations with Ubisoft Motion Pictures to make the film . In July 2012 , Michael Fassbender was announced to star in the film , as well as co-produce the film . His role was revealed in August 2015 as Callum Lynch , whose ancestor Aguilar , is an assassin from 15th century Spain . In October 2012 , Ubisoft revealed the film would no longer be produced by Sony Pictures , instead co-produced with New Regency and distributed by 20th Century Fox . In January 2013 , Michael Lesslie was hired to write the film , with Scott Frank , Adam Cooper and Bill Collage performing rewrites to the script . By the end of April 2014 , Justin Kurzel was in talks to direct . Principal photography began on August 31 , 2015 , and ended on January 15 , 2016 . Released on December 21 , 2016 , the film was poorly received by critics though performed adequately at the box office . </P> Short films Assassin 's Creed : Lineage Main article : Assassin 's Creed : Lineage <P> Assassin 's Creed : Lineage is a 36 - minute film serving as a prequel to Assassin 's Creed II . The film , released in three parts on YouTube , promoted the game and is the first attempt for Ubisoft to make its first step in the film industry . It is about the story of Giovanni Auditore , Ezio 's father , who investigates the mysterious assassination of Duke of Milan Galeazzo Maria Sforza and first learns about Rodrigo Borgia 's conspiracy . </P> Assassin 's Creed : ascendance <P> Ascendance is an animated short by UbiWorkshop and Ubisoft Montreal , which bridges the gap between Assassin 's Creed II and Assassin 's Creed : Brotherhood . It tells the backstory of Cesare Borgia 's rise to power . The animated short was released on November 16 , 2010 . The short story takes place in the middle of the events of Brotherhood as Ezio Auditore sits and gathers information about Cesare Borgia , from a hooded man who is later revealed to be Leonardo da Vinci . It is available for purchase on Xbox Live , PlayStation Store and iTunes Store . </P> Assassin 's Creed : Embers Main article : Assassin 's Creed : Embers <P> The short film follows an elderly Ezio , living a peaceful life in the Tuscan countryside with his wife Sofia and his children Flavia and Marcello and writing his memoirs . One day a stranger appears , a Chinese female Assassin called Shao Jun , who came to Ezio in order to seek knowledge of his life as an Assassin . Although Ezio prefers that Jun not stay , due to his desire to leave his days as an Assassin behind , Sofia allows her to stay for the night . The next day , Ezio catches Jun reading his memoirs and bids her to leave , but relents after she asks him about what it means to be an Assassin . While on a trip to Firenze , Ezio then recounts his story of how his father and brothers were executed in the town square , forcing him to become an Assassin , and how such a life is defined by the pain it brings and causes . As they leave , the two are attacked by a stranger , who appears to be of Asian origin as well . After killing him , Jun reveals that she was a former concubine , now on the run from servants of the Chinese Zhengde Emperor , and explains how her former master rescued her from his influence . After returning to his home , Ezio tells Sofia and his children to leave , knowing that others would come . He then teaches Jun the key to liberating her people from the Emperor 's influence . Later that night , Ezio 's villa is attacked by more of Shao Jun 's enemies , and after a fight , he successfully eliminates them all . The next morning , Ezio hands Shao Jun a small box and tells her it may come to use one day , but only if `` you lose your way '' . He then sends her away as two riders appear at the villa . Sometime afterward Ezio journeys to Firenze with his wife Sofia and their daughter Flavia , despite suffering from heart problems . While resting on a bench and after having a short conversation with a young man with a scar on his face , similar to the sort of man he used to be , he exhales and dies in view of his family . The film then ends as a final letter from Ezio to Sofia is read , saying that of all the things that kept him going throughout life , love for the world around him was the strongest of them all . </P> <H3> Comics </H3> Assassin 's Creed : graphic novel <P> In the limited edition of Assassin 's Creed , an 8 - page graphic novel was included , that showed two side - stories of Altaïr Ibn - La'Ahad and Desmond Miles . The story serves as a prelude to the first Assassin 's Creed game and is narrated simultaneously by both characters . In it , the novel covers Desmond 's escape from Abstergo in the year 2012 and also one of Altaïr 's assassination missions in the year 1191 . The start of the novel involves the introduction of the two characters with Altaïr calling himself a hunter , while Desmond is a prisoner . Although initially they describe themselves otherwise , by the end of the novel they both re-introduce themselves as assassins . </P> Assassin 's Creed , Volume 1 : Desmond <P> Assassin 's Creed Volume 1 : Desmond is a French - language graphic novel written by Eric Corbeyran and drawn by Djilalli Defaux . It has been released in France , Canada , Belgium , Poland and Italy . The comic book was published on November 13 , 2009 , a few days before Assassin 's Creed II was released . The story is a retelling of events from Assassin 's Creed and the beginning of Assassin 's Creed II , mostly from Desmond 's modern perspective ; for example it is revealed that Lucy helped the Templars to kidnap Desmond . It also features Subject 16 ( referred to as Michael ) and a Roman assassin named Aquilus . However , events in the comic book are different from what happens in the game . It is said that Subject 16 is alive but trapped in the animus , a virtual reality simulator used to relive memories of ancient relatives , but there 's no mention of Shaun or Rebecca . </P> Assassin 's Creed , Volume 2 : Aquilus <P> Assassin 's Creed Volume 2 : Aquilus is a French - language graphic novel written by Eric Corbeyran and drawn by Djilalli Defaux . The story opens with a young Desmond recalling his conversation with his father . He wakes up and has a conversation with Lucy . After meeting Rebecca , Shaun and other assassins , they get into a truck and drive to Monteriggioni . </P> <P> In the meantime , Desmond relives memories of Aquilus through the animus after his apparent death in the first volume . The Roman assassin is rescued by his cousin , Accipiter , and is tasked with a quest to save Lugdunum . He meets with his father and discovers an artifact of the first civilization : an ankh which can temporarily revive the dead . The mysterious object is then stolen by a Templar senator , Vultur , who kills Aquilus ' father . </P> <P> The modern day story continues as Assassins fight Abstergo agents when they 're ambushed on the road . Later , it is revealed that there 's a traitor among in the Assassins ' truck , and Desmond deals with the situation . The group finally arrives in Monteriggioni and at the end , it 's hinted that the ankh artifact might be hidden within the town 's walls . </P> Assassin 's Creed , Volume 3 : Accipiter <P> Jonathan Hawk was sent by a suited executive and a lab technician to relive Accipiter 's memories . He was sent to 259 CE , when Accipiter 's Alamans were crossing the Rodanus into Genava and Aube to face the Roman forces at Oppidum . The battle raged bloodily and long , but Accipiter 's forces were eventually victorious . Accipiter was met by the Iberian Assassin Cuervo after the battle , the latter coming to congratulate the Alamans on their victory and to discuss the future . </P> Assassin 's Creed , Volume 4 : Hawk <P> Assassin 's Creed , Volume 4 : Hawk is the fourth volume of the French graphic novels . It is centered on the story of Jonathan Hawk and his Egyptian ancestor Numa Al'Khamsin , a member of the Assassins in the 14th century . It was released on November 16 , 2012 . </P> Assassin 's Creed , Volume 5 : El Cakr <P> Assassin 's Creed , Volume 5 : El Cakr is the fifth volume of the French graphic novels . It is centered on the story of Jonathan Hawk and his Egyptian ancestor Numa Al'Khamsin , also known as `` El Cakr '' . It was released on October 31 , 2013 . </P> Assassin 's Creed , Volume 6 : Leila <P> Assassin 's Creed , Volume 6 : Leila is the sixth volume of the French graphic novels . It is centered on the story of Jonathan Hawk and his Egyptian ancestor Numa Al'Khamsin , also known as `` El Cakr '' . It is the last of the Egyptian storyline . It was released on October 31 , 2014 . </P> Assassin 's Creed : the fall Main article : Assassin 's Creed : The Fall <P> In July 2010 , Ubisoft announced a three - part comic book mini-series set in the world of Assassin 's Creed as a part of their UbiWorkshop initiative . Ubisoft has hired illustrators Cameron Stewart and Karl Kerschl , both winners of multiple comic book awards . The first issue of the series was released on November 10 , 2010 , the second part on December 1 , 2010 . It was published by WildStorm . The comic takes place between 1888 and 1908 in Russia and 1998 set in the United States . It follows Nikolai Orelov and his descendant Daniel Cross , a recovering alcoholic experiencing the bleeding effect in a therapist 's office . </P> Assassin 's Creed : the Chain Main article : Assassin 's Creed : The Chain <P> The Chain is a sequel comic to The Fall that completes Nikolai Orelov 's story as well as focusing on his descendant , Daniel Cross . The comic will also provide some light on the events of Assassin 's Creed III . It was released in mid-2012 . </P> Assassin 's Creed : Brahman Main article : Assassin 's Creed : Brahman <P> Brahman is set in 19th century India , and introduced the Assassin Arbaaz Mir . It was written by Brendan Fletcher with art by Cameron Stewart and Karl Kerschl . It was released in late - 2013 in North America . </P> Assassin 's Creed : trial by fire Main article : Assassin 's Creed : Trial by Fire <P> Oscillating between contemporary San Diego and the Salem witch trials , `` Assassin 's Creed '' follows Charlotte de la Cruz , an over-educated conspiracy theorist , who soon comes under attack from Templars after learning she is the descendent of Assassins . The series is published by Titan Comics , and is written by Kill Shakespeare 's Anthony Del Col and Conor McCreery , illustrated by Neil Edwards , and coloured by Ivan Nunes . </P> Manga <P> Assassin 's Creed : Awakening was an adaptation of Assassin 's Creed IV : Black Flag in 2013 . </P> <H3> Novels </H3> Main article : Assassin 's Creed ( book series ) Assassin 's Creed : Renaissance <P> Assassin 's Creed : Renaissance is a novel based on the Assassin 's Creed series written by Oliver Bowden and published by Penguin Books . It is a novelised version of the game Assassin 's Creed II ; however , rather than spanning a vast period of time , it is set only in the 15th century with no mention of the series ' present - day events . </P> Assassin 's Creed : Brotherhood <P> Assassin 's Creed : Brotherhood is a continuation of the Assassin 's Creed series written by Oliver Bowden and published by Penguin Books . It is a novelized version of the game Assassin 's Creed : Brotherhood just like its previous book . It does not contain any of the game 's present - day events including Desmond , only a reference to a `` phantom '' by Ezio . Unlike the events of the game which start in 1499 , this version of the story starts in 1503 . </P> Assassin 's Creed : the Secret Crusade <P> Assassin 's Creed : The Secret Crusade is the third Assassin 's Creed book by Oliver Bowden and published by Penguin Books . The story is told by Niccolò Polo , father of Marco Polo , and is about the life of Altaïr Ibn - La'Ahad . It was released on June 20 , 2011 . </P> Assassin 's Creed : Revelations <P> Assassin 's Creed : Revelations is the fourth novel in the continuation of the Assassin 's Creed series written by Oliver Bowden and published by Penguin Books . The novel release date is November 24 , 2011 for the United Kingdom and November 29 , 2011 for the North America . Like the previous novels of Renaissance and Brotherhood , it is a novelised version of the game Assassin 's Creed : Revelations . Additionally like the prior novels , it does not contain any of the game 's present - day events including Desmond . Like the game , Ezio Auditore must leave his life behind in search of answers , in search of the truth . In Assassin 's Creed : Revelations , master assassin Ezio Auditore walks in the footsteps of the legendary mentor Altair , on a journey of discovery and revelation . It is a perilous path -- one that will take Ezio to Constantinople , the heart of the Ottoman Empire , where a growing army of Templars threatens to destabilise the region . </P> Assassin 's Creed : Forsaken <P> Assassin 's Creed : Forsaken is a continuation of the Assassin 's Creed series written by Oliver Bowden . It covers the life of Haytham Kenway during his years before and during the events of Assassin 's Creed III . </P> Assassin 's Creed : Black Flag <P> Assassin 's Creed : Black Flag is a continuation of the Assassin 's Creed series written by Oliver Bowden . The novel chronicles the events of the game with the same name . It was released on November 7 , 2013 . </P> Assassin 's Creed : Unity <P> Assassin 's Creed : Unity is a continuation of the Assassin 's Creed series written by Oliver Bowden . The novel focuses on the events of the game from Elise 's perspective , and then Arno 's perspective after Elise 's death at the hands of Templar Grand Master François - Thomas Germain , who was later killed by Arno . It was released on November 20 , 2014 . </P> Assassin 's Creed : Underworld <P> Assassin 's Creed Underworld unveils the story of Master Assassin Henry Green / Jayadeep Mir , the son of Indian Master Assassin Arbaaz Mir and his wife Pyara Kaur ( the two debuted in Assassin 's Creed : Brahman ) , six years before the events depicted in Assassin 's Creed : Syndicate . </P> Assassin 's Creed : Desert Oath <P> Assassin 's Creed Desert Oath is an account of Bayek 's early years . The books is a prequel to Assassin 's Creed Origins game and revolves around how a young Bayek follows in his father , Sabu 's footsteps to become a Medjay and more . The book has better account of why the Order wants Medjay bloodline erased . </P> <H3> Board games </H3> <P> A board game called Assassin 's Creed : Arena was launched on February 26 , 2014 . On it appeared typical characters of Assassin 's Creed : Revelations , like Shahkulu , Anacletos , Odai Dunqas and Oksana Razin . </P> <H3> Assassin 's Creed : encyclopedia </H3> <P> UbiWorkshop released an encyclopedia of the Assassin 's Creed series in 2011 . Initially intended as an art book , the project gathered so much material that the company decided to expand it into an encyclopedia . It features works of artists , such as Craig Mullins , Tavis Coburn , 123Klan , Gabz and James NG . Artists were given creative freedom , as they were able to create a unique Assassin from the period of their choosing . The art book contains a `` carte blanche '' section , which is going to contain fan - submitted artwork . </P> <P> In November 2012 , to coincide with the release of Assassin 's Creed III , UbiWorkshop released a second edition of the encyclopedia . This Edition contained an additional 120 pages of content , covering both Assassin 's Creed III and Assassin 's Creed : The Chain , as well as revised content based on feedback . </P> <P> The Third Edition of the Assassin 's Creed : Encyclopedia is an updated hardcover edition incorporating information of characters and events from Assassin 's Creed IV : Black Flag and Assassin 's Creed : Brahman along with new artwork and concept art . It was released worldwide on November 11 , 2013 and includes 390 pages of new content and a revised version of the second edition , which is also available to purchase from UbiWorkshop . </P> <H2> Reception </H2> <Table> Aggregate review scores As of January 14 , 2018 . <Tr> <Th> Game </Th> <Th> Metacritic </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Assassin 's Creed </Th> <Td> ( PC ) 79 ( PS3 ) 81 ( X360 ) 81 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Altaïr 's Chronicles </Th> <Td> ( NDS ) 58 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Bloodlines </Th> <Td> ( PSP ) 63 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> II </Th> <Td> ( PC ) 86 ( PS3 ) 91 ( X360 ) 90 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> II : Discovery </Th> <Td> ( NDS ) 69 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Brotherhood </Th> <Td> ( PC ) 88 ( PS3 ) 90 ( X360 ) 89 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Revelations </Th> <Td> ( PC ) 80 ( PS3 ) 80 ( X360 ) 80 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> III </Th> <Td> ( PC ) 80 ( PS3 ) 85 ( WIIU ) 85 ( X360 ) 84 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> III : Liberation </Th> <Td> ( PC ) 66 ( PS3 ) 64 ( Vita ) 70 ( X360 ) 62 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> IV : Black Flag </Th> <Td> ( PC ) 84 ( PS3 ) 88 ( PS4 ) 83 ( WIIU ) 86 ( X360 ) 86 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Rogue </Th> <Td> ( PC ) 74 ( PS3 ) 72 ( X360 ) 72 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Identity </Th> <Td> ( iOS ) 69 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Unity </Th> <Td> ( PC ) 70 ( PS4 ) 70 ( XONE ) 72 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Chronicles : China </Th> <Td> ( PC ) 67 ( PS4 ) 69 ( XONE ) 67 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Syndicate </Th> <Td> ( PC ) 74 ( PS4 ) 76 ( XONE ) 78 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Chronicles : India </Th> <Td> ( PS4 ) 63 ( XONE ) 64 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Chronicles : Russia </Th> <Td> ( PS4 ) 60 ( XONE ) 62 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Origins </Th> <Td> ( PC ) 84 ( PS4 ) 81 ( XONE ) 85 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The Assassin 's Creed series have received mainly positive reviews from critics , many of whom have called Assassin 's Creed `` ... the standout series on ( the seventh generation ) of consoles '' . As of September 2016 , the series has sold over 100 million copies , becoming Ubisoft 's best selling franchise and one of the highest selling video game franchises of all time . </P> <H2> In popular culture </H2> <H3> References in other video game franchises </H3> <P> Assassin 's Creed IV : Black Flag introduces the character of Olivier Garneau , as the CEO of video game company Abstergo Entertainment ( whom , helps Ubisoft to develop the Assassin 's Creed video games within the franchises fictional plot ) . During the game 's plot , Garneau goes to Chicago , the setting of Ubisoft 's game Watch Dogs . In the latter video game , Garneau is the subject of a side mission that sees playable protagonist Aiden Pearce saving him from being kidnapped , it is implied that by the Assassin 's Brotherhood . Additionally , two characters in the game are seen playing Assassin 's Creed II . Ubisoft has described those appearances as small Easter eggs , and has neither confirmed nor denied a shared continuity between both franchises . Assassin 's Creed Origins mentions the news about Garneau 's incident in Chicago , along with a picture of Aiden Pearce killing Garneau . Ubisoft still has not confirmed a shared continuity , between both video game franchises , but this is the only crossover that seems to imply a shared plot . </P> <P> In the 2009 Wii game Academy of Champions : Soccer , Altaïr appears as a playable character along with other Ubisoft characters . In the 2012 game Soulcalibur V , Ezio appears as a playable fighter and is featured on the box art . </P> <P> Sackboy , the player character from LittleBigPlanet and its sequel , can be costumed as Ezio . In Prince of Persia : The Forgotten Sands there is an unlockable outfit through Uplay . In Prince of Persia ( 2008 ) , Altaïr 's costume can be unlocked with a code obtained by pre-ordering the game . Final Fantasy XIII - 2 has a costume of Ezio from Assassin 's Creed : Revelations as an optional costume option as downloadable content . In PC / Mac versions of Team Fortress 2 , two promotional items were introduced in 2011 months before Assassin 's Creed : Revelations ' release . These were both for the class Spy , the first item being the iconic hidden blade , the second a hood based on the one Ezio wore in Revelations . </P> <P> In Metal Gear Solid 4 : Guns of the Patriots , the outfit of Altaïr is available as an unlockable , though , originally , it was only an April Fools joke by Hideo Kojima . Kojima later repaid the favor , by letting Ubisoft borrow the outfit of the Metal Gear Solid character Raiden as an unlockable in Assassin 's Creed Brotherhood . In Metal Gear Solid : Peace Walker , the player can jump into a bale of hay from a rooftop ( which also includes the `` Eagle '' sound effect used in the Assassins ' Creed games ) and use it to attract and subdue enemies . The Assassin order is also referenced by a character . </P> <P> In downloadable contents , Ubisoft collaborated with Square Enix to held a limited - time Assassin 's Creed - themed festival event crossover into the Final Fantasy XV on consoles under the title Assassin 's Festival , starting August 31 , 2017 until January 31 , 2018 . The DLC featuring gameplay elements from the Assassin 's Creed game series , new additional quests , mini-games , and exclusive items from Assassin 's Creed series . </P> <H3> References in other film franchises </H3> <P> In the 2011 Indian film Velayudham , the superhero costume worn by the protagonist is visibly based on Altaïr 's in Assassin 's Creed . </P> <H2> References </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Interview : Assassin 's Creed '' . CVG . Retrieved September 2 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Making Of : Assassin 's Creed '' . EDGE . August 27 , 2012 . Archived from the original on December 28 , 2013 . 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GameSpot . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Totilo , Stephen ( June 14 , 2013 ) . `` Ubisoft Has Three Assassin 's Creeds in Development , Vows Innovation '' . Retrieved June 14 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Tom Phillips ( August 5 , 2013 ) . `` '' There is an end '' to the Assassin 's Creed series , Ubisoft says `` . Eurogamer . Retrieved August 5 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Monica M. ( November 14 , 2016 ) . `` Netflix And Ubisoft In Talks To Make ' Assassin 's Creed ' , ' Watch Dogs ' , And ' Tom Clancy ' TV Series '' . Jobs n Hire . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Skrebels , Joe ( July 5 , 2017 ) . `` ASSASSIN 'S CREED ANIME ANNOUNCED BY CASTLEVANIA NETFLIX PRODUCER '' . IGN . Retrieved July 5 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Osborn , Alex ( August 28 , 2015 ) . `` ASSASSIN 'S CREED MOVIE FEATURES SHARED UNIVERSE WITH GAMES '' . IGN . Retrieved August 28 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Tom Phillips ( January 6 , 2015 ) . `` Assassin 's Creed film now due Christmas 2016 '' . Eurogamer . Retrieved January 6 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Will Robinson ( December 20 , 2016 ) . `` Assassin 's Creed reviews : Michael Fassbender 's movie panned '' . Ew.com . Retrieved March 31 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Graser , Marc ( October 20 , 2011 ) . `` Sony breeds ' Creed ' '' . Variety . Retrieved August 10 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Wigler , Josh ( July 9 , 2012 ) . `` Michael Fassbender To Star In ' Assassin 's Creed ' '' . MTV . Retrieved August 10 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Doty , Meriah ( August 27 , 2015 ) . `` ' Assassin 's Creed ' First Look : Here 's Michael Fassbender as Brand New Character ( Exclusive ) '' . Yahoo . Retrieved August 27 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Graser , Marc ( October 22 , 2012 ) . `` New Regency , Fox partner on Ubisoft 's ' Assassin 's Creed ' '' . Variety . Retrieved August 10 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Siegel , Tatiana ( January 14 , 2013 ) . `` New Regency and Ubisoft Tap Brit Writer for ' Assassin 's Creed ' Film ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved August 10 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Vejvoda , Jim ( August 16 , 2013 ) . `` Scott Frank Rewriting Assassin 's Creed Movie '' . IGN . Retrieved August 16 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Fleming Jr. , Mike ( April 7 , 2014 ) . `` ' Exodus ' Scribes Adam Cooper & Bill Collage Take ' Assassin 's Creed ' '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved April 7 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Fleming , Jr. , Mike ( April 29 , 2014 ) . `` Michael Fassbender Poised To Re-Team With ' Macbeth ' Helmer On ' Assassin 's Creed ' '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved April 29 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Big screen adaptation of Assassin 's Creed starts shooting in Malta '' . timesofmalta.com . September 3 , 2015 . Retrieved September 4 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Lee , Chris ( December 9 , 2015 ) . `` Michael Fassbender was playing the hero in Assassin 's Creed when he nabbed a SAG Award nomination '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved December 10 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Jayson , Jay ( January 15 , 2016 ) . `` Assassin 's Creed Movie Starring Michael Fassbender Wraps Filming '' . Comic Book . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Giovagnoli , Max ( 2011 ) . `` Plan Transmedia '' . Transmedia Storytelling : Imagery , Shapes and Techniques . Lulu.com . p. 43 . ISBN 9781105062582 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Manco , Emanuele ( 2012 ) . `` Assassin 's Creed , cronologia del successso '' . In Guadalupi , Marco . Effemme 2 ( in Italian ) . Delos Digital srl . p. 132 . ISBN 9788867750184 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Ubisoft preps animated Assassin 's Creed short '' . Gamespot.com . November 12 , 2010 . Archived from the original on November 15 , 2010 . Retrieved November 13 , 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The French getting Assassin 's Creed comic '' . News.bigdownload.com . October 28 , 2009 . Retrieved October 21 , 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Assassin 's Creed : Desmond -- Trailer de la bande dessinée '' . YouTube . Retrieved October 21 , 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Ubisoft Says `` Yes Russian '' for New Assassin 's Creed Comic Book Ripten Video Game Blog `` . Ripten.com . July 15 , 2010 . Retrieved October 21 , 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Tom Magrino ( July 15 , 2010 ) . `` Assassin 's Creed comics due this fall '' . gamespot.com . Retrieved July 15 , 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Assassins 's Creed : The Fall comic to be published by Wildstorm in November '' . News.bigdownload.com . August 17 , 2010 . Archived from the original on October 21 , 2010 . Retrieved October 21 , 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Haas , Pete ( May 26 , 2012 ) . `` Assassin 's Creed : The Chain Will Prepare You For Assassin 's Creed 3 '' . Retrieved June 6 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ George , Richard ( July 19 , 2013 ) . `` New Assassin 's Creed Graphic Novel Debuts Indian Assassin '' . IGN . Retrieved July 19 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Moser , Cassidee ( August 31 , 2015 ) . `` Assassin 's Creed Comic Issue # 1 Covers Revealed - IGN '' . Ca.ign.com . Retrieved December 24 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Tony ' G - Man ' Guerrero on August 31 , 2015 ( August 31 , 2015 ) . `` ASSASSIN 'S CREED # 1 Covers Revealed '' . Comic Vine . Retrieved December 24 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Welcome to the N.H.K. 's Oiwa Draws Assassin 's Creed 4 Manga '' . Anime News Network . July 9 , 2013 . Retrieved November 19 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Assassin 's Creed : The Secret Crusade '' . Retrieved May 31 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Assassin 's Creed : Revelations - Oliver Bowden - Penguin Books '' . Penguin.co.uk . November 24 , 2011 . Retrieved August 15 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Makuch , Eddie ( February 14 , 2014 ) . `` Now there 's an Assassin 's Creed board game '' . GameSpot . Retrieved December 10 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Delgado , Jesús ( February 16 , 2014 ) . `` Assassin 's Creed Arena , el nuevo juego de tablero de AC '' . Hobby Consolas ( in Spanish ) . Retrieved December 10 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Artists for hire '' . Ubiworkshop.com . Retrieved October 21 , 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Your face - stabbing art could be featured in Assassin 's Creed art book '' . GamesRadar . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Assassin 's Creed - Encyclopedia : Second Edition - UbiWorkshop '' . UbiWorkshop Store . Retrieved October 6 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Assassin 's Creed - Encyclopedia - Third Edition '' . UbiWorkshop Store . Archived from the original on November 22 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Assassin 's Creed : Director 's Cut Edition Reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved June 19 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Assassin 's Creed Reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved June 19 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Assassin 's Creed Reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved June 19 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Assassin 's Creed : Altaïr 's Chronicles Reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved June 19 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Assassin 's Creed : Bloodlines Reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved June 19 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Assassin 's Creed II Reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved June 19 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Assassin 's Creed II Reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved June 19 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Assassin 's Creed II Reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved June 19 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Assassin 's Creed II : Discovery Reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved June 19 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Assassin 's Creed : Brotherhood Reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved June 19 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Assassin 's Creed : Brotherhood Reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved June 19 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Assassin 's Creed : Brotherhood Reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved June 19 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Assassin 's Creed : Revelations Reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved June 19 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Assassin 's Creed : Revelations Reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved June 19 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Assassin 's Creed : Revelations Reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved June 19 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Assassin 's Creed III Reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved June 19 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Assassin 's Creed III Reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved June 19 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Assassin 's Creed III Reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved June 19 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Assassin 's Creed III Reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved June 19 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Assassin 's Creed Liberation HD Reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved April 27 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Assassin 's Creed Liberation HD Reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved April 27 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Assassin 's Creed III : Liberation Reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved April 17 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Assassin 's Creed Liberation HD Reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved April 27 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Assassin 's Creed IV : Black Flag Reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved October 30 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Assassin 's Creed IV : Black Flag Reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved October 30 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Assassin 's Creed IV : Black Flag Reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved October 30 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Assassin 's Creed IV : Black Flag Reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved October 30 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Assassin 's Creed IV : Black Flag Reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved October 30 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Assassin 's Creed Rogue Reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved November 11 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Assassin 's Creed Rogue Reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved November 11 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Assassin 's Creed Rogue Reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved November 11 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Assassin 's Creed Identity Reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved May 25 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Assassin 's Creed Unity Reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved November 12 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Assassin 's Creed Unity Reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved November 12 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Assassin 's Creed Unity Reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved November 12 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Assassin 's Creed Chronicles : China aggregated review score ( PC ) '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved December 18 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Assassin 's Creed Chronicles : China aggregated review score ( PS4 ) '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved December 18 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Assassin 's Creed Chronicles : China aggregated review score ( Xbox One ) '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved December 18 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Assassin 's Creed Syndicate Reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved May 25 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Assassin 's Creed Syndicate Reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved January 13 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Assassin 's Creed Syndicate Reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved November 14 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Assassin 's Creed Chronicles : India aggregated review score ( PS4 ) '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved January 12 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Assassin 's Creed Chronicles : China aggregated review score ( Xbox One ) '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved January 12 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Assassin 's Creed Chronicles : Russia aggregated review score ( PS4 ) '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved January 12 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Assassin 's Creed Chronicles : Russia aggregated review score ( Xbox One ) '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved January 12 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Assassin 's Creed Origins for PC Reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved October 26 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Assassin 's Creed Origins for PlayStation 4 Reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved October 26 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Assassin 's Creed Origins for Xbox One Reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved October 26 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Assassin 's creed 3 Review '' . Blast . Retrieved November 11 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Reparaz , Mikel ( September 13 , 2016 ) . `` ASSASSIN 'S CREED THE EZIO COLLECTION ANNOUNCED FOR PS4 , XBOX ONE '' . Ubisoft Blog . Retrieved March 22 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Phillips , Tom ( June 2 , 2014 ) . `` Assassin 's Creed 4 character crosses over to Watch Dogs '' . Eurogamer . Retrieved August 26 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ https://kotaku.com/more-evidence-that-assassin-s-creed-and-watch-dogs-are-1819936896 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Rositano , Joseph ( September 22 , 2009 ) . `` Academy of Champions Soccer Review '' . PALGN . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Plunkett , Luke ( October 21 , 2011 ) . `` Yup , Ezio is in Soulcalibur V '' . Kotaku . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Assassin 's Creed ® II Costume - LittleBigPlanet TM '' . Littlebigplanet.com . Archived from the original on August 31 , 2012 . Retrieved August 15 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Uplay - Prince of Persia : The Forgotten Sands '' . Retrieved September 21 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Marshall Honorof . `` The Escapist : News : Assassin 's Creed 's Ezio Joins the Party in Final Fantasy XIII - 2 '' . Escapistmagazine.com . Retrieved August 15 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ http://www.playstationlifestyle.net/2010/11/03/assassins-creed-brotherhood-gets-raiden/ </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Driver , Ben . `` Peace Walker gets Assassin 's Creed , Monster Hunter tie - ins '' . GameSpot . Retrieved November 25 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Final Fantasy XV - Assassin 's Festival '' . Final Fantasy XV . Retrieved August 24 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kamath , Sudhish ( November 6 , 2011 ) . `` Tale of three superheroes '' . The Hindu . Retrieved December 5 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Ranjitha , G. ( September 19 , 2011 ) . `` Poster rip offs '' . The Times of India . 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Reye syndrome - wikipedia <H1> Reye syndrome </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Reye syndrome </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Synonyms </Th> <Td> Reye 's syndrome </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Appearance of a liver from a child who died of Reye syndrome as seen with a microscope . Hepatocytes are pale - staining due to intracellular fat droplets . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Pronunciation </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> / raɪ ˈsɪndroʊm / rye SIN - drohm </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Specialty </Th> <Td> Pediatrics </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Symptoms </Th> <Td> Vomiting , personality changes , confusion , seizures , loss of consciousness </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Causes </Th> <Td> Unknown </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Risk factors </Th> <Td> Aspirin use in children , viral infection </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Treatment </Th> <Td> Supportive care </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Medication </Th> <Td> Mannitol </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Prognosis </Th> <Td> 1 / 3rd long term disability </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Frequency </Th> <Td> Less than one in a million children a year </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Deaths </Th> <Td> ~ 30 % chance of death </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> ( edit on Wikidata ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Reye syndrome is a rapidly progressive encephalopathy . Symptoms may include vomiting , personality changes , confusion , seizures , and loss of consciousness . Even though liver toxicity typically occurs , yellowish skin usually does not . Death occurs in 20 -- 40 % of those affected and about a third of those who survive are left with a significant degree of brain damage . </P> <P> The cause of Reye syndrome is unknown . It usually begins shortly after recovery from a viral infection , such as influenza or chickenpox . About 90 % of cases are associated with aspirin ( salicylate ) use in children . Inborn errors of metabolism are also a risk factor . Changes on blood tests may include a high blood ammonia level , low blood sugar level , and prolonged prothrombin time . Often the liver is enlarged . </P> <P> Prevention is typically by avoiding the use of aspirin in children . When aspirin was withdrawn for use in children a decrease of more than 90 % in rates of Reye syndrome was seen . Early diagnosis improves outcomes . Treatment is supportive . Mannitol may be used to help with the brain swelling . </P> <P> The first detailed description of Reye syndrome was in 1963 by Douglas Reye . Children are most commonly affected . It affects less than one in a million children a year . The general recommendation to use aspirin in children was withdrawn because of Reye syndrome , with use of aspirin only recommended in Kawasaki disease . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Signs and symptoms </Li> <Li> 2 Causes <Ul> <Li> 2.1 Aspirin </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 Differential diagnosis </Li> <Li> 4 Prognosis </Li> <Li> 5 Epidemiology </Li> <Li> 6 History </Li> <Li> 7 References </Li> <Li> 8 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Signs and symptoms ( edit ) </H2> Play media Video explaining Reye syndrome <P> Reye syndrome progresses through five stages : </P> <Ul> <Li> Stage I <Ul> <Li> Rash on palms of hands and feet </Li> <Li> Persistent , heavy vomiting that is not relieved by not eating </Li> <Li> Generalized lethargy </Li> <Li> Confusion </Li> <Li> Nightmares </Li> <Li> No fever usually present </Li> <Li> Headaches </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Stage II <Ul> <Li> Stupor </Li> <Li> Hyperventilation </Li> <Li> Fatty liver ( found by biopsy ) </Li> <Li> Hyperactive reflexes </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Stage III <Ul> <Li> Continuation of Stage I and II symptoms </Li> <Li> Possible coma </Li> <Li> Possible cerebral edema </Li> <Li> Rarely , respiratory arrest </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Stage IV <Ul> <Li> Deepening coma </Li> <Li> Dilated pupils with minimal response to light </Li> <Li> Minimal but still present liver dysfunction </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Stage V <Ul> <Li> Very rapid onset following stage IV </Li> <Li> Deep coma </Li> <Li> Seizures </Li> <Li> Multiple organ failure </Li> <Li> Flaccidity </Li> <Li> Hyperammonemia ( above 300 mg / dL of blood ) </Li> <Li> Death </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> <H2> Causes ( edit ) </H2> <P> The precise mechanism by which Reye syndrome occurs is unknown . This serious condition is described as a `` syndrome '' rather than a disease as the clinical features that physicians use to diagnose it are quite broad . </P> <H3> Aspirin ( edit ) </H3> <P> There is an association between taking aspirin for viral illnesses and the development of Reye syndrome , but no animal model of Reye syndrome has been developed in which aspirin causes the condition . </P> <P> The serious symptoms of Reye syndrome appear to result from damage to cellular mitochondria , at least in the liver , and there are a number of ways that aspirin could cause or exacerbate mitochondrial damage . A potential increased risk of developing Reye syndrome is one of the main reasons that aspirin has not been recommended for use in children and teenagers , the age group for which the risk of lasting serious effects is highest . </P> <P> No research has found a definitive cause of Reye syndrome , and association with aspirin has been shown through epidemiological studies . The diagnosis of `` Reye Syndrome '' greatly decreased in the 1980s , when genetic testing for inborn errors of metabolism was becoming available in developed countries . A retrospective study of 49 survivors of cases diagnosed as `` Reye 's Syndrome '' showed that the majority of the surviving patients had various metabolic disorders , particularly a fatty - acid oxidation disorder medium - chain acyl - CoA dehydrogenase deficiency . </P> <P> In some countries , oral mouthcare product Bonjela ( not the form specifically designed for teething ) has labeling cautioning against its use in children , given its salicylate content . There have been no cases of Reye syndrome following its use , and the measure is a precaution . Other medications containing salicylates are often similarly labeled as a precaution . </P> <P> The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ( CDC ) , the U.S. Surgeon General , the American Academy of Pediatrics ( AAP ) and the Food and Drug Administration ( FDA ) recommend that aspirin and combination products containing aspirin not be given to children under 19 years of age during episodes of fever - causing illnesses . Hence , in the United States , it is advised that the opinion of a doctor or pharmacist should be obtained before anyone under 19 years of age is given any medication containing aspirin ( also known on some medicine labels as acetylsalicylate , salicylate , acetylsalicylic acid , ASA , or salicylic acid ) . </P> <P> Current advice in the United Kingdom by the Committee on Safety of Medicines is that aspirin should not be given to those under the age of 16 years , unless specifically indicated in Kawasaki disease or in the prevention of blood clot formation . </P> <H2> Differential diagnosis ( edit ) </H2> <P> Causes for similar symptoms include </P> <Ul> <Li> Various inborn metabolic disorders </Li> <Li> Viral encephalitis </Li> <Li> Drug overdose or poisoning </Li> <Li> Head trauma </Li> <Li> Liver failure due to other causes </Li> <Li> Meningitis </Li> <Li> Kidney failure </Li> <Li> Shaken baby syndrome </Li> </Ul> <H2> Prognosis ( edit ) </H2> <P> Documented cases of Reye syndrome in adults are rare . The recovery of adults with the syndrome is generally complete , with liver and brain function returning to normal within two weeks of onset . In children , however , mild to severe permanent brain damage is possible , especially in infants . Over thirty percent of the cases reported in the United States from 1981 through 1997 resulted in fatality . </P> <H2> Epidemiology. ( edit ) </H2> <P> Reye syndrome occurs almost exclusively in children . While a few adult cases have been reported over the years , these cases do not typically show permanent neural or liver damage . Unlike in the UK , the surveillance for Reye syndrome in the US is focused on patients under 18 years of age . </P> <P> In 1980 , after the CDC began cautioning physicians and parents about the association between Reye syndrome and the use of salicylates in children with chickenpox or virus - like illnesses , the incidence of Reye syndrome in the United States began to decline . However , the decline began prior to the FDA 's issue of warning labels on aspirin in 1986 . In the United States between 1980 and 1997 , the number of reported cases of Reye syndrome decreased from 555 cases in 1980 to about 2 cases per year since 1994 . During this time period 93 % of reported cases for which racial data were available occurred in whites and the median age was six years . In 93 % of cases a viral illness had occurred in the preceding three - week period . For the period 1991 - 1994 , the annual rate of hospitalizations due to Reye syndrome in the US was estimated to be between 0.2 and 1.1 per million population less than 18 years of age . </P> <P> During the 1980s , a case - control study carried out in the United Kingdom also demonstrated an association between Reye syndrome and aspirin exposure . In June 1986 , the United Kingdom Committee on Safety of Medicines issued warnings against the use of aspirin in children under 12 years of age and warning labels on aspirin - containing medications were introduced . UK surveillance for Reye syndrome documented a decline in the incidence of the illness after 1986 . The reported incidence rate of Reye syndrome decreased from a high of 0.63 per 100,000 population less than 12 years of age in 1983 / 84 to 0.11 in 1990 / 91 . </P> <P> From November 1995 to November 1996 in France , a national survey of pediatric departments for children under 15 years of age with unexplained encephalopathy and a threefold ( or greater ) increase in serum aminotransferase and / or ammonia led to the identification of nine definite cases of Reye syndrome ( 0.79 cases per million children ) . Eight of the nine children with Reye syndrome were found to have been exposed to aspirin . In part because of this survey result , the French Medicines Agency reinforced the international attention to the relationship between aspirin and Reye syndrome by issuing its own public and professional warnings about this relationship . </P> <H2> History ( edit ) </H2> <P> The syndrome is named after Dr. Douglas Reye , who , along with fellow physicians Drs . Graeme Morgan and Jim Baral , published the first study of the syndrome in 1963 in The Lancet . In retrospect , the occurrence of the syndrome may have first been reported in 1929 . Also in 1964 , Dr. George Johnson and colleagues published an investigation of an outbreak of influenza B that described 16 children who developed neurological problems , four of whom had a profile remarkably similar to Reye syndrome . Some investigators refer to this disorder as Reye - Johnson syndrome , although it is more commonly called Reye syndrome . In 1979 , Dr. Karen Starko and colleagues conducted a case - control study in Phoenix , Arizona and found the first statistically - significant link between aspirin use and Reye syndrome . Studies in Ohio and Michigan soon confirmed her findings pointing to the use of aspirin during an upper respiratory tract or chickenpox infection as a possible trigger of the syndrome . Beginning in 1980 , the CDC cautioned physicians and parents about the association between Reye syndrome and the use of salicylates in children and teenagers with chickenpox or virus - like illnesses . In 1982 the U.S. Surgeon General issued an advisory , and in 1986 the Food and Drug Administration required a Reye syndrome - related warning label for all aspirin - containing medications . </P> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` NINDS Reye 's Syndrome Information Page '' . NINDS . September 25 , 2009 . Archived from the original on August 1 , 2016 . Retrieved August 8 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Pugliese , A ; Beltramo , T ; Torre , D ( October 2008 ) . `` Reye 's and Reye 's - like syndromes . '' . Cell biochemistry and function . 26 ( 7 ) : 741 -- 6 . PMID 18711704 . doi : 10.1002 / cbf. 1465 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Schrör , K ( 2007 ) . `` Aspirin and Reye syndrome : a review of the evidence . '' . Paediatric drugs . 9 ( 3 ) : 195 -- 204 . PMID 17523700 . doi : 10.2165 / 00148581 - 200709030 - 00008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ McMillan , Julia A. ; Feigin , Ralph D. ; DeAngelis , Catherine ; Jones , M. Douglas ( 2006 ) . Oski 's Pediatrics : Principles & Practice . Philadelphia : Lippincott Williams & Wilkins . p. 2306 . ISBN 9780781738941 . Archived from the original on August 15 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Knight , J. ( 2009 ) . `` Reye 's Syndrome '' . Healthy Child Care . 12 ( 4 ) . Archived from the original on May 22 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Boldt , D.W. ( February 2003 ) . `` Reye Syndrome '' . University of Hawaii John A. Burns School of Medicine . Archived from the original on March 6 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` What is Reye 's Syndrome ? '' . National Reye 's Syndrome Foundation . Archived from the original on May 11 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Reye 's Syndrome '' . KidsHealth.org . Nemour Foundation . Archived from the original on February 6 , 2015 . Retrieved February 6 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Ku AS , Chan LT ( April 1999 ) . `` The first case of H5N1 avian influenza infection in a human with complications of adult respiratory distress syndrome and Reye 's syndrome '' . Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health . 35 ( 2 ) : 207 -- 9 . PMID 10365363 . doi : 10.1046 / j. 1440 - 1754.1999. t01 - 1 - 00329. x . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Hurwitz , E.S. ( 1989 ) . `` Reye 's syndrome '' . Epidemiologic reviews . 11 : 249 -- 253 . PMID 2680560 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Orlowski JP , Hanhan UA , Fiallos MR ( 2002 ) . `` Is aspirin a cause of Reye 's syndrome ? A case against '' . Drug Safety . 25 ( 4 ) : 225 -- 31 . PMID 11994026 . doi : 10.2165 / 00002018 - 200225040 - 00001 . Archived from the original on October 23 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Gosalakkal JA , Kamoji V ( September 2008 ) . `` Reye syndrome and reye - like syndrome '' . Pediatric Neurology . 39 ( 3 ) : 198 -- 200 . PMID 18725066 . doi : 10.1016 / j. pediatrneurol. 2008.06. 003 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Orlowski JP ( August 1999 ) . `` Whatever happened to Reye 's syndrome ? Did it ever really exist ? '' . Critical Care Medicine . 27 ( 8 ) : 1582 -- 7 . PMID 10470768 . doi : 10.1097 / 00003246 - 199908000 - 00032 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` New advice on oral salicylate gels in under 16s '' ( Press release ) . Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency . April 23 , 2009 . Archived from the original on April 26 , 2009 . Retrieved May 1 , 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 2.9 Antiplatelet drugs '' . British National Formulary for Children . British Medical Association and Royal Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain . 2007 . p. 151 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Hall SM , Plaster PA , Glasgow JF , Hancock P ( 1988 ) . `` Preadmission antipyretics in Reye 's syndrome '' . Arch . Dis . Child . 63 ( 7 ) : 857 -- 66 . PMC 1779086 . PMID 3415311 . doi : 10.1136 / adc. 63.7. 857 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Autret - Leca E , Jonville - Béra AP , Llau ME , et al. ( 2001 ) . `` Incidence of Reye 's syndrome in France : a hospital - based survey '' . Journal of Clinical Epidemiology. 54 ( 8 ) : 857 -- 62 . PMID 11470397 . doi : 10.1016 / S0895 - 4356 ( 00 ) 00366 - 8 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Reye RD , Morgan G , Baral J ( 1963 ) . `` Encephalopathy and fatty degeneration of the viscera . A Disease entity in childhood '' . Lancet . 2 ( 7311 ) : 749 -- 52 . PMID 14055046 . doi : 10.1016 / S0140 - 6736 ( 63 ) 90554 - 3 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Starko KM , Ray CG , Dominguez LB , Stromberg WL , Woodall DF ( December 1980 ) . `` Reye 's syndrome and salicylate use '' . Pediatrics. 66 ( 6 ) : 859 -- 864 . PMID 7454476 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Mortimor , Edward A. , Jr. ; et al. ( June 1 , 1980 ) . `` Reye Syndrome - Ohio , Michigan '' . Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report . 69 ( 29 ) : 532 , 810 -- 2 . PMID 7079050 . Archived from the original on June 11 , 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Associated Press ( March 8 , 1986 ) . `` Aspirin Labels to Warn About Reye Syndrome '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on March 5 , 2016 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Classification </Th> <Td> V T D <Ul> <Li> ICD - 10 : G93. 7 </Li> <Li> ICD - 9 - CM : 331.81 </Li> <Li> MeSH : D012202 </Li> <Li> DiseasesDB : 11463 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> External resources </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> MedlinePlus : 001565 </Li> <Li> eMedicine : emerg / 399 </Li> <Li> Patient UK : Reye syndrome </Li> <Li> Orphanet : 3096 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> </P> <Ul> <Li> NINDS Reye 's Syndrome Information Page </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Diseases of the nervous system , primarily CNS ( G04 -- G47 , 323 -- 349 ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Inflammation </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Brain </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Encephalitis <Ul> <Li> Viral encephalitis </Li> <Li> Herpesviral encephalitis </Li> <Li> Limbic encephalitis </Li> <Li> Encephalitis lethargica </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Cavernous sinus thrombosis </Li> <Li> Brain abscess <Ul> <Li> Amoebic </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Spinal cord </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Myelitis : Poliomyelitis </Li> <Li> Demyelinating disease <Ul> <Li> Transverse myelitis </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Tropical spastic paraparesis </Li> <Li> Epidural abscess </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Both / either </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Encephalomyelitis <Ul> <Li> Acute disseminated </Li> <Li> Myalgic </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Meningoencephalitis </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Brain / encephalopathy </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Degenerative </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Extrapyramidal and movement disorders </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Basal ganglia disease <Ul> <Li> Parkinsonism <Ul> <Li> PD </Li> <Li> Postencephalitic </Li> <Li> NMS </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> PKAN </Li> <Li> Tauopathy <Ul> <Li> PSP </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Striatonigral degeneration </Li> <Li> Hemiballismus </Li> <Li> HD </Li> <Li> OA </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Dyskinesia <Ul> <Li> Dystonia <Ul> <Li> Status dystonicus </Li> <Li> Spasmodic torticollis </Li> <Li> Meige 's </Li> <Li> Blepharospasm </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Athetosis </Li> <Li> Chorea <Ul> <Li> Choreoathetosis </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Myoclonus <Ul> <Li> Myoclonic epilepsy </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Akathisia </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Tremor <Ul> <Li> Essential tremor </Li> <Li> Intention tremor </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Restless legs </Li> <Li> Stiff person </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Dementia </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Tauopathy <Ul> <Li> Alzheimer 's <Ul> <Li> Early - onset </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Primary progressive aphasia </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Frontotemporal dementia / Frontotemporal lobar degeneration <Ul> <Li> Pick 's </Li> <Li> Dementia with Lewy bodies </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Posterior cortical atrophy </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Vascular dementia </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Mitochondrial disease </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Leigh disease </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Demyelinating </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> autoimmune <Ul> <Li> Multiple sclerosis </Li> <Li> Neuromyelitis optica </Li> <Li> Schilder 's disease </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> hereditary <Ul> <Li> Adrenoleukodystrophy </Li> <Li> Alexander </Li> <Li> Canavan </Li> <Li> Krabbe </Li> <Li> ML </Li> <Li> PMD </Li> <Li> VWM </Li> <Li> MFC </Li> <Li> CAMFAK syndrome </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Central pontine myelinolysis </Li> <Li> Marchiafava -- Bignami disease </Li> <Li> Alpers ' disease </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Episodic / paroxysmal </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Seizure / epilepsy </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Focal </Li> <Li> Generalised </Li> <Li> Status epilepticus </Li> <Li> Myoclonic epilepsy </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Headache </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Migraine <Ul> <Li> Familial hemiplegic </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Cluster </Li> <Li> Tension </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Cerebrovascular </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> TIA <Ul> <Li> Amaurosis fugax </Li> <Li> Transient global amnesia </Li> <Li> Acute aphasia </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Stroke <Ul> <Li> MCA </Li> <Li> ACA </Li> <Li> PCA </Li> <Li> Foville 's </Li> <Li> Millard -- Gubler </Li> <Li> Lateral medullary </Li> <Li> Weber 's </Li> <Li> Lacunar stroke </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Sleep disorders </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Insomnia </Li> <Li> Hypersomnia </Li> <Li> Sleep apnea <Ul> <Li> Obstructive </Li> <Li> Congenital central hypoventilation syndrome </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Narcolepsy </Li> <Li> Cataplexy </Li> <Li> Kleine -- Levin </Li> <Li> Circadian rhythm sleep disorder <Ul> <Li> Advanced sleep phase disorder </Li> <Li> Delayed sleep phase disorder </Li> <Li> Non-24 - hour sleep -- wake disorder </Li> <Li> Jet lag </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> CSF </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Intracranial hypertension <Ul> <Li> Hydrocephalus / NPH </Li> <Li> Choroid plexus papilloma </Li> <Li> Idiopathic intracranial hypertension </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Cerebral edema </Li> <Li> Intracranial hypotension </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Other </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Brain herniation </Li> <Li> Reye 's </Li> <Li> Hepatic encephalopathy </Li> <Li> Toxic encephalopathy </Li> <Li> Hashimoto 's encephalopathy </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Spinal cord / myelopathy </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Syringomyelia </Li> <Li> Syringobulbia </Li> <Li> Morvan 's syndrome </Li> <Li> Vascular myelopathy <Ul> <Li> Foix -- Alajouanine syndrome </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Spinal cord compression </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Both / either </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Degenerative </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> SA </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Friedreich 's ataxia </Li> <Li> Ataxia - telangiectasia </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> MND </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> UMN only : <Ul> <Li> Primary lateral sclerosis </Li> <Li> Pseudobulbar palsy </Li> <Li> Hereditary spastic paraplegia </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> LMN only : <Ul> <Li> Distal hereditary motor neuronopathies </Li> <Li> Spinal muscular atrophies <Ul> <Li> SMA </Li> <Li> SMAX1 </Li> <Li> SMAX2 </Li> <Li> DSMA1 </Li> <Li> Congenital DSMA </Li> <Li> SMA - PCH </Li> <Li> SMA - LED </Li> <Li> SMA - PME </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Progressive muscular atrophy </Li> <Li> Progressive bulbar palsy <Ul> <Li> Fazio -- Londe </Li> <Li> Infantile progressive bulbar palsy </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> both : <Ul> <Li> Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> NDL : 00576410 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Reye_syndrome&oldid=806293414 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> Pediatrics </Li> <Li> Toxicology </Li> <Li> Hepatology </Li> <Li> Syndromes </Li> <Li> Ailments of unknown cause </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Use mdy dates from May 2017 </Li> <Li> All articles with unsourced statements </Li> <Li> Articles with unsourced statements from March 2015 </Li> <Li> Articles with unsourced statements from August 2015 </Li> <Li> RTT </Li> <Li> RTTNEURO </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Беларуская </Li> <Li> Bosanski </Li> <Li> Català </Li> <Li> Čeština </Li> <Li> Deutsch </Li> <Li> Español </Li> <Li> فارسی </Li> <Li> Français </Li> <Li> Gaeilge </Li> <Li> Galego </Li> <Li> 한국어 </Li> <Li> Հայերեն </Li> <Li> Hrvatski </Li> <Li> Italiano </Li> <Li> Magyar </Li> <Li> Македонски </Li> <Li> Nederlands </Li> <Li> 日本 語 </Li> <Li> ଓଡ଼ିଆ </Li> <Li> Polski </Li> <Li> Português </Li> <Li> Română </Li> <Li> Русский </Li> <Li> Simple English </Li> <Li> Slovenščina </Li> <Li> Српски / srpski </Li> <Li> Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски </Li> <Li> Suomi </Li> <Li> Svenska </Li> <Li> தமிழ் </Li> <Li> ไทย </Li> <Li> Türkçe </Li> <Li> Українська </Li> <Li> Tiếng Việt </Li> <Li> 粵語 </Li> <Li> 中文 </Li> </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 21 October 2017 , at 01 : 06 . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - 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Dr. Quinn , Medicine Woman - wikipedia <H1> Dr. Quinn , Medicine Woman </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Dr. Quinn , Medicine Woman </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Genre </Th> <Td> Western Drama </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Created by </Th> <Td> Beth Sullivan </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Starring </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Jane Seymour </Li> <Li> Joe Lando </Li> <Li> Chad Allen </Li> <Li> Erika Flores ( 1993 -- 95 ) </Li> <Li> Jessica Bowman ( 1995 -- 98 ) </Li> <Li> Shawn Toovey </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Composer ( s ) </Th> <Td> William Olvis ( theme song and all but 4 episodes ) David Bell ( 4 episodes ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Country of origin </Th> <Td> United States </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> No. of seasons </Th> <Td> 6 + 2 TV movies </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> No. of episodes </Th> <Td> 149 ( plus 2 TV movies ) ( List of episodes ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Production </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Running time </Th> <Td> 47 minutes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Production company ( s ) </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> The Sullivan Company </Li> <Li> CBS Productions </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Distributor </Th> <Td> CBS Television Distribution 20th Television </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Release </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Original network </Th> <Td> CBS </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Original release </Th> <Td> January 1 , 1993 -- May 16 , 1998 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Dr. Quinn , Medicine Woman is an American Western drama series created by Beth Sullivan and starring Jane Seymour who plays Dr. Michaela `` Mike '' Quinn , a physician who leaves Boston in search of adventure in the Old American West and who settles in Colorado Springs , Colorado . </P> <P> The television series ran on CBS for six seasons , from January 1 , 1993 , to May 16 , 1998 . In total , 149 episodes were produced , plus two television movies which were made after the series was canceled . It aired in over 100 countries , including Denmark ( where it was aired on TV2 ) , the United Kingdom , Poland , France , Canada ( where it was aired on CTV throughout its run ) and Bulgaria on BNT and later on NOVA television . Since 1997 , reruns have been shown in syndication and on Freeform ( TV channel ) , ( formerly ABC Family and originally CBN Satellite Service ) , Ion Television ( formerly PAX - TV ) , the Hallmark Channel , Eleven Australian ( TV channel ) , CBS Drama , Up , Hallmark Drama , and INSP ( TV Network ) . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Plot </Li> <Li> 2 Cast <Ul> <Li> 2.1 Main </Li> <Li> 2.2 Supporting </Li> <Li> 2.3 Guest stars </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 Production <Ul> <Li> 3.1 Production notes </Li> <Li> 3.2 Casting <Ul> <Li> 3.2. 1 Colleen portrayer changes </Li> <Li> 3.2. 2 Other cast changes </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3.3 Themes </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 Broadcast history </Li> <Li> 5 Reception <Ul> <Li> 5.1 Ratings </Li> <Li> 5.2 Demographics change and cancellation </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 6 Post-series <Ul> <Li> 6.1 Syndication </Li> <Li> 6.2 Movies <Ul> <Li> 6.2. 1 Dr. Quinn : Revolutions </Li> <Li> 6.2. 2 Dr. Quinn : The Heart Within </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 7 Historical facts and filming information </Li> <Li> 8 Other media <Ul> <Li> 8.1 DVD releases </Li> <Li> 8.2 Novels </Li> <Li> 8.3 Spin - off </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 9 See also </Li> <Li> 10 References </Li> <Li> 11 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Plot ( edit ) </H2> Main article : List of Dr. Quinn , Medicine Woman episodes <P> The series begins in the year 1867 and centers on a proper and wealthy female physician from Boston , Massachusetts , Michaela Quinn ( Seymour ) , familiarly known as `` Dr. Mike '' . After her father 's death , she sets out west to the small wild west town of Colorado Springs , to set up her own practice . She makes the difficult adjustment to life in Colorado with the aid of rugged outdoorsman and friend to the Cheyenne , Byron Sully ( Joe Lando ) and a midwife named Charlotte Cooper ( played by Diane Ladd ) . After Charlotte is bitten by a rattlesnake , she asks Michaela on her deathbed to look after her three children : Matthew , Colleen , and Brian . Dr. Mike settles in Colorado Springs and adapts to her new life as a mother , with the children , while finding true love with Sully . Furthermore , she acts as a one - woman mission to convince the townspeople that a female doctor can successfully practice medicine . </P> <H2> Cast ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Main ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Jane Seymour -- Dr. Michaela Quinn </Li> <Li> Joe Lando -- Byron Sully </Li> <Li> Chad Allen -- Matthew Cooper </Li> <Li> Erika Flores -- Colleen Cooper ( seasons 1 - 3 ) </Li> <Li> Jessica Bowman -- Colleen Cooper Cook ( mid-season 3 -- 6 ) </Li> <Li> Shawn Toovey -- Brian Cooper </Li> </Ul> <H3> Supporting ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Orson Bean -- Loren Bray </Li> <Li> Jim Knobeloch -- Jake Slicker </Li> <Li> Frank Collison -- Horace Bing </Li> <Li> William Shockley -- Hank Lawson </Li> <Li> Geoffrey Lower -- Rev. Timothy Johnson </Li> <Li> Henry G. Sanders -- Robert E . </Li> <Li> Larry Sellers -- Black Hawk ( pilot ) , Cloud Dancing </Li> <Li> Jonelle Allen -- Grace </Li> <Li> Nick Ramus -- Chief Black Kettle ( seasons 1 - 3 ) </Li> <Li> Heidi Kozak -- Emily Donovan ( season 1 ) </Li> <Li> Gail Strickland -- Olive Davis ( season 1 ) </Li> <Li> Jennifer Youngs -- Ingrid ( seasons 1 -- 4 ) </Li> <Li> Helene Udy -- Myra Bing ( seasons 1 -- 4 ; guest : season 5 ) </Li> <Li> Haylie Johnson -- Becky Bonner ( seasons 1 -- 6 ) </Li> <Li> Barbara Babcock -- Dorothy Jennings ( seasons 2 -- 6 ) </Li> <Li> Georgann Johnson -- Elizabeth Quinn ( seasons 2 -- 6 ) </Li> <Li> Alley Mills -- Marjorie Quinn ( seasons 2 -- 6 ) </Li> <Li> Elinor Donahue -- Rebecka Quinn Dickinson ( seasons 2 -- 6 ) </Li> <Li> Charlotte Chatton -- Emma ( seasons 4 & 5 ) </Li> <Li> Michelle Bonilla -- Teresa Morales ( season 5 ) </Li> <Li> Alex Meneses -- Teresa Morales Slicker ( season 6 ) </Li> <Li> Brandon Douglas -- Randolph Cummings ( episode 4.16 ) , Dr. Andrew Cook ( seasons 4 -- 6 ) </Li> <Li> Jason Leland Adams -- George Armstrong Custer ( seasons 2 & 3 ) , Preston A. Lodge III ( seasons 4 -- 6 ) </Li> <Li> John Schneider -- Red McCall ( episode 1.09 ) , Daniel Simon ( seasons 5 & 6 ) </Li> <Li> Brenden Jefferson -- Anthony ( season 4 ) </Li> <Li> Brandon Hammond -- Anthony ( seasons 5 & 6 ) </Li> <Li> Ben Murphy - Ethan Cooper ( seasons 1 - 3 ) </Li> </Ul> <H3> Guest stars ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Edward Albert -- Dr. William Burke ( episode 2.06 ) </Li> <Li> David Beecroft -- Sergeant Terence McKay ( episodes 5.25 , 26 ; 6.1 -- 3 , 11 ) </Li> <Li> Verna Bloom -- Maude Bray ( pilot ) </Li> <Li> Guy Boyd -- Loren Bray ( pilot ) </Li> <Li> David Carradine -- Houston Currier ( episode 5.20 ) </Li> <Li> June Carter Cash -- Sister Ruth ( episodes 2.05 , 3.09 , 5.16 ) </Li> <Li> Johnny Cash -- Kid Cole ( episodes 1.05 , 2.05 , 3.09 , 5.16 ) </Li> <Li> Maxwell Caulfield -- Andrew Strauss / David Lewis ( episode 2.24 ) </Li> <Li> Denise Crosby -- Isabelle Maynard ( episode 4.25 ) </Li> <Li> Robert Culp -- Dr. Elias Jackson ( episode 1.07 ) </Li> <Li> Steven Culp -- Peter Doyle ( episode 5.21 ) </Li> <Li> Jon Cypher -- Preston A. Lodge II ( episode 5.10 ) </Li> <Li> Kristin Davis -- Carey McGee ( episode 3.09 ) </Li> <Li> Zach Galligan -- Chester Barnes ( episode 6.12 ) </Li> <Li> Megan Gallivan -- Abigail Bray Sully ( episode 2.3 ) </Li> <Li> Joseph Gordon - Levitt -- Zach Lawson , Hank 's son ( episode 1.15 ) </Li> <Li> Jerry Haynes -- Mr. Royce ( episodes 6.8 , 9 ) </Li> <Li> Christine Healy -- Dr. Miriam Tilson ( episode 4.22 ) </Li> <Li> Richard Herd -- Dr. John Hansen ( episodes 2.6 , 7 ) </Li> <Li> James Keach -- Brent Currier ( episode 5.20 ) </Li> <Li> Stacy Keach , Sr. -- Judge Webster ( episodes 5.3 , 7 , 14 ) </Li> <Li> Diane Ladd -- Charlotte Cooper ( pilot , episode 2.11 ) </Li> <Li> Matt Letscher -- Tom Jennings , Dorothy 's son ( episode 2.19 ) </Li> <Li> Anne Lockhart -- Maureen ( episodes 2.6 , 7 ) </Li> <Li> Barbara Mandrell -- Gilda St. Clair ( episode 5.04 ) </Li> <Li> Colm Meaney -- Jake Slicker ( pilot ) </Li> <Li> Richard Moll -- John ( episodes 3.06 , 3.28 , 3.29 ) </Li> <Li> Willie Nelson -- Marshall Elias Burch ( episodes 5.09 , 6.19 ) </Li> <Li> Ivory Ocean -- Robert E. ( pilot ) </Li> <Li> David Ogden Stiers -- Theodore Quinn ( episode 5.15 ) </Li> <Li> Tom Poston -- Mysterious ' Dead Man ' ( episode 2.03 ) </Li> <Li> Andrew Prine -- Thaddeus Birch ( episode 1.09 ) </Li> <Li> Fred Rogers -- Reverend Thomas ( episode 4.19 ) </Li> <Li> Kenny Rogers -- Daniel Watkins ( episode 1.16 ) </Li> <Li> Richard Roundtree -- ' Barracuda ' Jim Barnes ( episode 6.21 ) </Li> <Li> Nick Tate -- Martin ' Avishominis ' Chesterfield ( episode 6.18 ) </Li> <Li> Travis Tritt -- Zachary Brett ( episode 4.14 ) </Li> <Li> Casper Van Dien -- Jesse ( episodes 3.3 , 4 ) </Li> <Li> Ray Walston -- Lucius Slicker ( episode 5.08 ) </Li> <Li> Jane Wyman -- Elizabeth Quinn ( episode 1.03 ) </Li> <Li> Trisha Yearwood -- Choir Director ( episode 3.10 ) </Li> </Ul> <H2> Production ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Production notes ( edit ) </H3> <P> The pilot episode was shot in early 1992 and aired in a two - hour television special on New Year 's Day 1993 . CBS aired a second , hour - long episode the next night in order to attract and maintain the audience 's attention . The pilot served more as a made - for - television movie -- or mini-series suggestion -- which could either be developed later into a full series or remain as a stand - alone two - hour movie . CBS ordered the show picked up immediately for the full season . However , the show made some imperative casting changes . Several pilot leads and a few of the supporting cast were replaced . Henry Sanders was recast as Robert E. in place of Ivory Ocean as a less folksy hard - nosed working man ; Orson Bean replaced Guy Boyd as a more fatherly , cynically - comical Loren Bray ; and Colm Meaney was replaced by Jim Knobeloch , a much younger , attractive , and contemptuously stoic Jake Slicker . Likewise , Larry Sellers 's character , a Cheyenne brave called Black Hawk ( listed under the closing credits as such ) who played an auxiliary role as one of Chief Black Kettle 's aides and spoke only their language , was quietly retooled into Cloud Dancing , Sully 's blood brother and a major recurring character , who , in addition to aiding Black Kettle , plays a large role in quelling the tribulations of the Cheyenne and other neighboring tribes . He also acquired the ability to speak English , allowing him to act as a liaison alongside Sully . His character 's name was never spoken on - screen during his first appearance , which can cause viewers to inadvertently re-interpret this look - alike as Cloud Dancing 's first appearance before his formal debut . </P> <H3> Casting ( edit ) </H3> <P> Veteran actress Jane Seymour , labeled a mini-series `` queen '' , was a last - minute casting choice for Michaela Quinn after reading the script only a day before production was set to begin on the pilot . She was instructed beforehand to review the script and make a decision of whether or not she felt the role was right for her , and , if so , that she truly wanted to commit to the strict contract Sullivan had demanded for the title character . The next day she began the wardrobe fittings for the series . </P> Colleen portrayer changes ( edit ) <P> There were various cast changes of minor characters during the series . The most controversial change took place during the show 's third season , when the character of Colleen Cooper was recast halfway through the year . Unlike the other actors , who signed five - year contracts with the show , Erika Flores was hesitant . She asked to be offered a contract of less than five years . Rumors circulated that Flores 's father gave her an ultimatum to end the contract unless they offered her more money , or he would cut her off financially . Flores has denied such rumors , saying that she left the series for personal reasons and to pursue other opportunities . </P> <P> Beth Sullivan decided that she wanted the character to continue instead of being killed off or sent away . As a result , Jessica Bowman was cast as the new Colleen in Flores 's place . Some of Erika Flores 's fans were quite vocal in their anger over the change and wrote to CBS demanding to know why the actress had been replaced . The producers of the show felt that Jessica Bowman had the ability to successfully recreate the character on her own . </P> Other cast changes ( edit ) <P> Numerous cast changes occurred throughout the series , although none was as significant . Most notable was the replacement of Jane Wyman as Michaela 's mother , Elizabeth Quinn . Wyman signed on to play the role for the third episode of Dr. Quinn in season one . Later Wyman turned down an invitation to return for another guest appearance in season two , as she had retired completely from acting by this stage ( her previous appearance in season one marked her final acting role of any kind ) . Georgann Johnson was hired to replace Wyman in the role and continued throughout the remainder of the series , making one guest appearance each season and appearing in the final Dr. Quinn television movie . </P> <P> Michelle Bonilla originated the role of Theresa Morales in season five and was replaced by Alex Meneses in season six . Bonilla was abruptly let go for reasons that were never publicly stated . Meneses 's portrayal was well received and she was featured throughout the sixth season , when her character fell in love with Jake Slicker . </P> <P> The role of Anthony ( Grace and Robert E. 's adopted son ) was played by Brenden Jefferson for four episodes in season four . He was replaced by Brandon Hammond , who continued in the role throughout seasons five and six . </P> <P> Jennifer Youngs did not begin playing Ingrid until the character 's second appearance ; the first time the character appeared , she was played by Ashley Jones . </P> <H3> Themes ( edit ) </H3> <P> Dr. Quinn was best known for its large , supporting cast , and its high - concept storytelling . The series often used its semi-historical setting as a vehicle to address issues of gender and race within the community . For example , one episode took on homophobia when the famous poet Walt Whitman came to town . Religion played a somewhat minor role in the series , but was also used to address certain issues and new ideas . </P> <P> In the season - three finale , `` For Better or Worse '' , Michaela and Sully were married during a special two - hour episode . During season four , Seymour 's real - life pregnancy was written into the show . The following season saw the birth of Michaela and Sully 's daughter , Katie . </P> <H2> Broadcast history ( edit ) </H2> <P> During its entire original run on CBS , the show aired from 8 -- 9 pm Eastern time on Saturday nights . It was the last successful TV Western drama to date until the premiere of Deadwood on HBO in March 21 , 2004 , and the premiere AMC Western series Hell on Wheels on November 6 , 2011 ; and also one of the last original series to find long - term success in a Saturday timeslot . </P> <H2> Reception ( edit ) </H2> <P> Dr. Quinn was one of the few dramatic shows that allowed fans full access to their filming sets at the Paramount Ranch in Agoura Hills , California . Fans were permitted , often invited , to watch episodes being shot each week . Cast members were known to speak with their fans and sign autographs during shooting breaks . During the show 's final season run , an official website was established , which remains active . Two fans went on to create the Dr. Quinn Times , a newsletter in which interviews with the cast , producers , directors , and technical specialists were conducted and distributed to fans , twice each year . </P> <P> Seymour and Barbara Babcock were the only cast members to receive Emmy nominations for their work on the series . Seymour was nominated several times during the series ' run , while Babcock received a single nomination in 1995 for the episode entitled `` Ladies ' Night '' . Her character , Dorothy Jennings , underwent a mastectomy . </P> <P> The show did win many technical awards , as well as hair and make - up honors . Seymour also won a Golden Globe in 1996 for her portrayal of Michaela Quinn . </P> <H3> Ratings ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Season </Th> <Th> U.S. ratings </Th> <Th> Rank </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> <Td> # 19 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1993 -- 94 </Td> <Td> 13.46 million </Td> <Td> # 25 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1994 -- 95 </Td> <Td> 10.7 million </Td> <Td> # 49 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1995 -- 96 </Td> <Td> 9.6 million </Td> <Td> # 55 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> 1996 -- 97 </Td> <Td> 8.5 million </Td> <Td> # 58 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 1997 -- 98 </Td> <Td> 11.7 million </Td> <Td> # 51 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Demographics change and cancellation ( edit ) </H3> <P> The show was a major hit in the United States for CBS and drew large ratings even though it aired on Saturday nights . Despite the high ratings , CBS claimed that the demographics changed during the show 's run . During its final season , the majority of Dr. Quinn 's viewers were women 40 years of age and older , and not the male and female 18 - to - 49 demographic that networks try to reach . In response , CBS ordered the writers to give the show a slightly darker feel than in previous seasons . As a result , season six was darker than any previous season , with the death of several characters as well as some highly sensitive subject matter : the painful miscarriage of Michaela 's second child , as well as an episode entitled Point Blank , where Michaela was shot by a man and then later developed post-traumatic stress disorder . Many fans did not like the changes , while others felt that the tensions and high drama benefited the show after the overall pleasant past seasons . Despite these opposing opinions , the ratings still proved to be steady and consistent ( finishing at # 51 for the year ) . The series was suddenly canceled in 1998 after its sixth season . Despite this , the series concluded on a bookend by seeing Colleen marry Andrew and prepare to embark as a doctor in her own right , following her adoptive mother 's footsteps . </P> <P> There is still an active fan club for William Shockley , who played Hank Lawson on the show , known as `` Hank 's Hussies . '' In January 2014 , they attended a red carpet movie premiere together in Nashville for his new movie . </P> <H2> Post-series ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Syndication ( edit ) </H3> <P> The show has enjoyed strong ratings in reruns . Dr. Quinn was one of the rare instances of a show entering rerun syndication in the middle of a TV season . It debuted reruns in most American markets on Monday , December 30 , 1996 , just two days shy of the show 's 4th anniversary . With 4 seasons being the minimum requirement for syndication pickup , Dr. Quinn reruns could have started at the more traditional launch date of September 1996 , but the show 's distributor , like many , had an additional minimum episode limit in order for the show to be eligible for syndication . This episode count was not reached until several episodes into Dr. Quinn 's fifth season ( 1996 -- 1997 ) , and since stations had already purchased the show at the beginning of that season , the distributor decided not to hold off until the next fall and let the stations start airing reruns right away . </P> <P> When PAX TV launched in August 1998 , it acquired reruns of current family - friendly series from CBS , including Dr. Quinn . Because dedicated Dr. Quinn fans were angered by the show 's cancellation by CBS that year , these national reruns via PAX helped relieve the blow , especially in markets where local stations were not airing reruns in syndication . </P> <P> Until late 2005 , the Hallmark Channel aired it daily , but in late 2005 Hallmark removed Dr. Quinn from its lineup , citing a drop in viewership . It is also believed that the high cost in Dr. Quinn distribution rights played a role in its removal . Dr. Quinn continues to be seen throughout the world and has been translated to several languages . </P> <P> Starting in June 2009 , the Gospel Music Channel began airing Dr. Quinn weekdays at 5 : 00 and 6 : 00 . More recently Vision TV Canada began airing Dr Quinn week nights at 6PM AT . It also airs on CHNU10 in the Lower Mainland of BC , Canada , at 3 PM PST Weekdays . It has also been shown continuously in Denmark since 2001 , with plans on to keep it at its daily broadcast time of 1 : 00 , Monday to Friday , on Danish TV station , tv2 . </P> <P> Since the last movie in 2001 , many of the show 's cast members have expressed interest in reprising their roles and would like to do another reunion movie , or even a new season . Jane Seymour , Joe Lando , Chad Allen , and other cast members have stated they would all like to work together again and would reprise their Dr. Quinn roles if the opportunity arises . The show 's creator , Beth Sullivan , has also stated her interest in writing another Dr. Quinn movie . </P> <P> In 2003 , A&E Network managed to buy the distribution rights for Dr. Quinn , Medicine Woman from CBS . All six seasons plus the two made - for - TV movies have been released on DVD . The series appears on the GMC Network . GMC aired all the series episodes , including the season - six episodes not shown in a decade , during the summer of 2010 . Joe Lando did several teasers and promotions for the weekend marathons , and says he finds GMC 's ad campaign `` funny '' , saying : `` Truthfully , I have n't had that many opportunities to make fun of Sully . No one 's really found me that funny . But it 's fun to do it now . GMC came up with a great ad campaign . My kids were entertained by it and my wife got a kick out of it . '' </P> <H3> Movies ( edit ) </H3> Dr. Quinn : Revolutions ( edit ) <P> The cancellation of Dr. Quinn caused a massive fan uproar , the likes of which had not been seen since Star Trek in the 1960s . CBS decided that instead of producing another season , as the cost involved was deemed too high , it would instead produce a TV movie . In May 1999 , one year after its cancellation , CBS aired Dr. Quinn : Revolutions , a television movie special , set in 1877 . However , the actual date should have been 1875 , two years following the final episode , which would have been in 1873 . In this TV movie , Katie Sully , now age 4 , is kidnapped , and Dr. Mike and Sully , with help from some townsfolk , embark on a desperate search for their missing daughter in Mexico . Fans were delighted that a special movie was being produced , but they were not altogether impressed with its overall concept . The movie was very different in tone from the rest of the series , incorporating more guns and violence in an effort to please the twenty - something male audience demographics . Furthermore , both Jessica Bowman and Chad Allen declined appearances in that episode , due to its content , and William Olvis ' entire score was scrapped in favor of more cost - effective music that was completely unlike that of the original series . </P> <P> Fans were shocked to find a Dr. Quinn episode that did not include the main title sequence or theme . Moreover , the script , acting , and interpretations of the original characters came across as unfamiliar and very unlike their portrayals in the series . Beth Sullivan was so furious with CBS 's control over the whole project that she declined any involvement . It was critically panned and failed in the ratings . Following this backlash from having excessive creative say over the film , CBS profoundly softened its involvement with the next attempt to produce a TV movie . </P> Dr. Quinn : the Heart Within ( edit ) <P> A second TV movie entitled Dr Quinn : The Heart Within , aired in May 2001 . The movie was set a year after Revolutions , making it 9 years since the first episode of Dr. Quinn in the year 1876 . This time around , CBS gave Beth Sullivan total creative control ; however , there were some strong ground rules . To save money , the movie had to be filmed in Canada , and only the principal cast could be involved . Jane Seymour also served as an executive producer . The plot revolved around Michaela and the Sully family returning to Boston to attend Colleen 's graduation from Harvard Medical School . Having transferred from The Women 's Medical College to the male dominated university since the series finale , Colleen has met harsh criticism from the board as well as from Andrew 's father , who resents the fact that she continues to pursue medicine , despite his misgivings . Unfortunately , Michaela 's mother , Elizabeth , has fallen ill due to a heart condition , and eventually passes , leaving her entire estate to Michaela to establish a hospital back in Colorado Springs , echoing the demise of her father at the very beginning of the series . Colleen soon finds herself in a situation similar to the one her mother , Michaela , had just nine years earlier -- in the same Bostonian sector -- in that she is not respected or taken seriously as a woman doctor . </P> <P> The movie is a proper finale to the series , depicting the now - adult Cooper children 's farewell to Colorado Springs , and finding their new futures in Boston , while Michaela and Sully inevitably return to Colorado Springs to begin a new chapter in their own , now older , adult lives . </P> <P> While this movie was far better received by fans , they did complain that more of the townspeople and original supporting cast were not involved , due to CBS 's demands , as well as the last - minute absence of Chad Allen 's Matthew ( Allen had declined after learning that none of his original supporting costars were offered any appearances ) . Despite these criticisms , the movie was a success . It was filmed in Montreal , Quebec , Canada . </P> <H2> Historical facts and filming information ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> While much of Dr. Quinn was fictional , some of the events and people were based on historical fact : <Ul> <Li> Women 's Medical College of Pennsylvania actually existed and is today part of Drexel University College of Medicine . </Li> <Li> The Sand Creek Massacre in 1864 was referred to in the pilot episode ( though it was historically inaccurate as the pilot took place in 1867 ) . </Li> <Li> Lieutenant Colonel George Armstrong Custer , and Chief Black Kettle , are true historical figures . </Li> <Li> The Battle of Washita River , seen in the third - season episode Washita , was an actual historical event . In the show , the battle took place in 1869 in Colorado , while in fact it took place in the fall of 1868 in Oklahoma . </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> In what most consider the final episode of the series , the town 's often - antagonist banker , Preston A. Lodge III , went bankrupt as a result of the great stock market crash , caused by the Panic of 1873 , a historically - accurate event . Lodge lost much of the townspeople 's money along with his own , in the Panic . </Li> <Li> The episode The Body Electric features Walt Whitman , who was a poet and a true historical figure . </Li> <Li> One of the major historical oversights of the show is that Colorado Springs was not technically founded until 1871 , by General William Palmer , and was mainly a resort town . There were no saloons , as Palmer declared Colorado Springs to be alcohol - free . Colorado Springs stayed `` dry '' until the end of Prohibition in 1933 . However , nearby towns , including Old Colorado City and Manitou Springs did permit saloons . </Li> <Li> Dr. Quinn was largely filmed at the western set on Paramount Ranch in Agoura Hills . Fans of the show were able to visit the sets , talk to the actors , and watch episodes being shot during its six - year run . Since Dr. Quinn ended , the ranch has been used numerous times for other filming projects . Numerous buildings , including the church , Sully 's homestead , the school house , and the Spring Chateau Resort , were leveled soon after the series was canceled . However , the entire town still remains . Despite minor changes over the years , it is still recognizable as the Dr. Quinn set , and is a popular tourist attraction for many fans today . </Li> <Li> Other areas used throughout the series were the back lot at Universal Studios in Hollywood , including the New England street as the location of Quinn family home ; and the New York streets , doubling as the streets of Boston and Washington . The setting of Boston in the final movie was filmed in Canada , using various locations in Old Montreal . </Li> <Li> William Olvis wrote the underscoring music for the series , except for a few episodes in season one ( where he either alternated with Star Trek spin - off series composer David Bell , or co-scored with Bell ) and the Revolutions movie . </Li> <Li> Jane Seymour 's husband , James Keach , directed and produced numerous episodes of the show , and guest starred in the season 5 episode entitled , `` The Hostage . '' </Li> <Li> Due to child labor laws , the role of Katie , Dr. Mike and Sully 's young daughter , was portrayed by identical triplets : Alexandria , McKenzie , and Megan Calabrese . </Li> <Li> Jane Seymour is the only cast member who appeared in every episode of the series . Shawn Toovey missed only one episode as did Chad Allen , who also did not appear in episode titled `` Reunion '' ( Season 4 ) , as well as the two made - for - TV movies . Joe Lando came in third , missing only a few episodes in the sixth and final season . </Li> <Li> Starting in season 5 , several episodes featured real world trivia relevant to the episode 's context , usually about medical knowledge . These segments would appear at the end of the episode in the form of white text on a black background , narrated by Jane Seymour . In the episode `` A Place to Die '' , the inclusion of the trivia was particularly significant because it revealed that Dr. Mike 's practice was besieged by a staph infection , a malady that was completely unknown at the time . No one , Dr. Mike , included , actually figured out what was behind this mysterious blight , which killed several of her patients and forced her to fumigate the building and cremate everything inside , including some irreplaceable keepsakes . </Li> <Li> In the earliest episodes of the series , Shawn Toovey was still losing his baby teeth and spoke with a noticeable lisp until his permanent teeth grew in . </Li> </Ul> <H2> Other media ( edit ) </H2> <H3> DVD releases ( edit ) </H3> <P> A&E Home Video has released all six seasons of Dr. Quinn , Medicine Woman on DVD in Region 1 . It has released also the two television movies that were made after the series ended . </P> <P> In Region 2 , Revelation Films has released all six seasons on DVD in the UK . The two TV - movies were released separately , the first was entitled Dr. Quinn , Medicine Woman -- The Movie and the second was entitled Dr. Quinn , Medicine Woman -- The Heart Within . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> DVD name </Th> <Th> Ep # </Th> <Th_colspan="2"> Release dates </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Region 1 </Th> <Th> Region 2 </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Dr. Quinn , Medicine Woman : The Complete Season One </Td> <Td> 17 </Td> <Td> May 27 , 2003 </Td> <Td> March 20 , 2006 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Dr. Quinn , Medicine Woman : The Complete Season Two </Td> <Td> 24 </Td> <Td> September 30 , 2003 </Td> <Td> June 19 , 2006 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Dr. Quinn , Medicine Woman : The Complete Season Three </Td> <Td> 25 </Td> <Td> March 30 , 2004 </Td> <Td> March 26 , 2007 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Dr. Quinn , Medicine Woman : The Complete Season Four </Td> <Td> 27 </Td> <Td> October 26 , 2004 </Td> <Td> June 18 , 2007 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Dr. Quinn , Medicine Woman : The Complete Season Five </Td> <Td> 26 </Td> <Td> January 25 , 2005 </Td> <Td> October 22 , 2007 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Dr. Quinn , Medicine Woman : The Complete Season Six </Td> <Td> 22 </Td> <Td> July 26 , 2005 </Td> <Td> March 10 , 2008 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Dr. Quinn , Medicine Woman : The Movies </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> June 27 , 2006 </Td> <Td> March 8 , 2010 July 19 , 2010 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Dr. Quinn , Medicine Woman : The Complete Series </Td> <Td> 151 </Td> <Td> October 20 , 2009 </Td> <Td> October 4 , 2010 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Novels ( edit ) </H3> <P> There were several books based on the series written by as follows . Some of them were also released abroad , including in France , Germany , the Netherlands , Hungary , and Poland . </P> <P> The books by Dorothy Laudan were originally released in Germany and have never appeared in an English version . However , it was these books that were most commonly translated into other languages . The series of nine covers most of the series , although the episodes on which they are based were shortened and some scenes were left out or were mentioned only briefly . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> No . </Th> <Th> Title </Th> <Th> Year </Th> <Th> Notes </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="4"> Dorothy Laudan </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1 . </Td> <Td> Dr. Quinn -- Ärztin aus Leidenschaft </Td> <Td> 1995 </Td> <Td> based on the episodes : 1.01 `` Pilot '' , 1.02 `` Epidemic '' , 1.03 `` The Visitor '' , 1.11 `` The Prisoner '' , 1.06 `` Father 's Day '' and 1.12 `` Happy Birthday '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2 . </Td> <Td> Dr. Quinn -- Ärztin aus Leidenschaft , Sprache des Herzens </Td> <Td> 1995 </Td> <Td> based on the episodes : 2.01 `` The Race '' , 1.13 `` Rite of Passage '' , 1.15 `` The Operation '' , 2.02 `` Sanctuary '' , 2.03 `` Halloween '' , 2.04 `` The Incident '' , 2.06 -- 07 `` Where the Heart Is '' and 2.09 `` Best Friends '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 3 . </Td> <Td> Dr. Quinn -- Ärztin aus Leidenschaft , Zwischen zwei Welten </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> based on the episodes : 2.13 `` The Offering '' , 2.15 `` Another Woman '' , 2.16 `` Orphan Train '' , 2.22 -- 23 `` The Abduction '' , 2.24 `` The Campaign '' and 2.26 -- 27 `` Return Engagement '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 4 . </Td> <Td> Dr. Quinn -- Ärztin aus Leidenschaft , Was ist Liebe ? </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> based on the episodes : 3.02 `` Fathers and Sons '' , 3.03 -- 04 `` Cattle Drive '' , 3.09 `` Money Trouble '' , 3.11 -- 12 `` Ladies Night '' , 3.14 `` Indian Agent '' , 3.17 -- 18 `` Cooper vs. Quinn '' , 3.19 `` What is Love ? '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 5 . </Td> <Td> Dr. Quinn -- Ärztin aus Leidenschaft , Auf immer und ewig </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> based on the episodes : 3.20 `` Things My Father Never Taught Me '' , 3.23 `` The Permanence of Change '' , 3.24 -- 25 `` Washita '' , 3.26 `` Sully 's Recovery '' , 3.27 `` Ready or Not '' , 3.28 -- 29 `` For Better or Worse '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 6 . </Td> <Td> Dr. Quinn -- Ärztin aus Leidenschaft , Die Geschichte von Sully und Abigail </Td> <Td> 1997 </Td> <Td> Michaela and Sully are finally happily married . It seems nothing will stand in their way until Michaela finds in their new house some old keepsakes from Sully 's late first wife . Sully eventually decides to tell her about his dramatic childhood and what happedned after his parents ' death . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 7 . </Td> <Td> Dr. Quinn -- Ärztin aus Leidenschaft , Eine Frau geht ihren Weg </Td> <Td> 1998 </Td> <Td> Sully is worried about Michaela who clearly seems to be bothered by something . When all the children are out of home , Sully makes her talk and she starts talking about her father and her former fiancé David . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 8 . </Td> <Td> Dr. Quinn -- Ärztin aus Leidenschaft , Ein neues Leben </Td> <Td> 1998 </Td> <Td> based on the episodes : 4.04 `` Brother 's Keeper '' , 4.06 '' Dorothy 's Book `` , 4.10 `` One Touch of Nature '' and others </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 9 . </Td> <Td> Dr. Quinn -- Ärztin aus Leidenschaft , Zeit der Erwartung </Td> <Td> 1999 </Td> <Td> based on the episodes : 4.11 `` Hell on Wheels '' and others </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="4"> Dorothy Laudan </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1 . </Td> <Td> Dr. Quinn , Ärztin aus Leidenschaft , Büffeljagd </Td> <Td> 1997 </Td> <Td> based on the episode 3.01 `` The Train '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2 . </Td> <Td> Dr. Quinn , Ärztin aus Leidenschaft , Tödliches Wasser </Td> <Td> 1997 </Td> <Td> based on the episode 1.07 `` Bad Water '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 3 . </Td> <Td> Dr. Quinn , Ärztin aus Leidenschaft , Das Geheimnis </Td> <Td> 1997 </Td> <Td> based on the episode 1.16 `` The Secret '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 4 . </Td> <Td> Dr. Quinn , Ärztin aus Leidenschaft , Die Macht der Liebe </Td> <Td> 1998 </Td> <Td> based on the episode 2.05 `` Saving Souls '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="4"> Teresa Warifield </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1 . </Td> <Td> Dr. Quinn , Medicine Woman </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Young Michaela Quinn is determined to become a doctor , but she faces many obstacles in her hometown of Boston . Her perseverance will fuel her dreams throughout childhood and medical school . And one day it will even lead her to America 's untamed frontier . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2 . </Td> <Td> Dr. Quinn Medicine Woman : The Bounty </Td> <Td> 1997 </Td> <Td> When scheming bounty hunter George Hagan returns to town in pursuit of a fugitive whom he claims is being sheltered by the local Pawnee , it is up to Michaela Quinn and her husband , Sully , who must confront his own past , to stop him before he ignites a war . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 3 . </Td> <Td> Dr. Quinn Medicine Woman : Growing Pains </Td> <Td> 1998 </Td> <Td> Settling of the once - limitless West gives Colorado Springs a new problem -- overcrowding . Boarding houses are overflowing , saloons are rowdier , and Dr. Quinn has too many patients to count . And because of this new flow of patients , she has to find someone to take care of her little girl . As arguments escalate over how to control the swarms of citizens without damaging new - found freedoms , Dr. Mike can tell that if the chaos is n't calmed soon , she 'll have to find a cure for this town 's growing pains . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="4"> Colleen O'Shaughnessy McKenna </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1 . </Td> <Td> Dr. Quinn Medicine , Woman , No 1 : New Friends </Td> <Td> 1995 </Td> <Td> Unable to understand why the troublesome Laura McCoy has been causing problems for her lately , Colleen Cooper tries to keep her distance , until both girls are thrust together in a strange town and forced to stick together . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2 . </Td> <Td> Dr. Quinn , Medicine Woman , No 2 : Queen of the May </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> When Dr. Mike gets overly busy with seasonal flu cases , Colleen decides to keep her school problems to herself , a situation that teaches her a lesson in communication when things spiral out of control . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="4"> Becky H </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1 . </Td> <Td> Vanished </Td> <Td> 2011 </Td> <Td> When David is wounded in the war , Michaela rushes to her fiance 's side to nurse him back to health . The happy couple soon marry and start a family in Boston , but David 's battle scars go much deeper when he develops a powerful addiction to morphine . Michaela soon finds she and her young children are trapped in a cycle of terrible violence . The only way out could be to leave David forever and hide in a far - away land out West . Could a kind stranger and his young daughter be their only hope ? </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Spin - off ( edit ) </H3> <P> In 1997 , there were plans of making a spin - off series centered around the Hank Lawson character . Some of the other regular Dr. Quinn characters , including the ones of Jane Seymour , Joe Lando , Jim Knobeloch , Frank Collison and Orson Bean , were in as well . </P> <P> It was directed by Jerry London , with Robert Brooks Mendel as the first assistant director , Timothy O. Johnson as the executive producer , and Beth Sullivan as the producer . The rest of the cast members were Laura Harring ( Christina Guevara ) , Edward Albert ( Ted McKay ) , James Brolin ( Sheriff ) , Eddie Albert ( Ben McKay ) , Carlos Gómez ( Father Thomas Guevara ) and John Saxon ( Rafael Guevara ) . </P> <P> The show was entitled California and it is likely that only the pilot episode was filmed . It remains unclear whether it has ever aired on television . It was available on YouTube for a time but has since disappeared except for a couple of clips . </P> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Television in the United States portal </Li> <Li> 1990s portal </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> List of Dr. Quinn , Medicine Woman episodes </Li> <Li> Bramwell , British television series based on the same premise . </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ Lowry , Brian ( May 27 , 1998 ) . `` Fans , Seymour Rally Against ' Dr. Quinn 's ' Cancellation '' . The Los Angeles Times . Retrieved November 5 , 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Interview with Chicago Parent magazine '' . August 29 , 2010 . Retrieved August 31 , 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Letters to the Editor '' . Retrieved 18 April 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ www.amazon.com </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ www.amazon.de </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ www.amazon.com </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ www.amazon.com </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ www.amazon.com </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ California in the Internet Movie Database </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wikimedia Commons has media related to Dr. Quinn , Medicine Woman . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ul> <Li> Official Dr. Quinn Web Site </Li> <Li> Dr. Quinn , Medicine Woman on IMDb </Li> <Li> Dr. Quinn , Medicine Woman at TV.com </Li> </Ul> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dr._Quinn,_Medicine_Woman&oldid=824965049 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> 1990s American drama television series </Li> <Li> 1993 American television series debuts </Li> <Li> 1998 American television series endings </Li> <Li> American adventure television series </Li> <Li> American medical television series </Li> <Li> CBS network shows </Li> <Li> Cultural depictions of George Armstrong Custer </Li> <Li> English - language television programs </Li> <Li> Fictional physicians </Li> <Li> Period family drama television series </Li> <Li> Racism in television </Li> <Li> Television series by CBS Television Studios </Li> <Li> Television series set in the 1860s </Li> <Li> Television shows set in Colorado </Li> <Li> Television shows set in Los Angeles </Li> <Li> Western ( genre ) television series </Li> <Li> Works about racism </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Articles needing additional references from June 2015 </Li> <Li> All articles needing additional references </Li> <Li> Use mdy dates from June 2013 </Li> <Li> Pages using div col without cols and colwidth parameters </Li> <Li> All articles with unsourced statements </Li> <Li> Articles with unsourced statements from June 2015 </Li> <Li> Articles with unsourced statements from November 2011 </Li> <Li> Articles with unsourced statements from January 2012 </Li> <Li> Articles with unsourced statements from November 2010 </Li> <Li> Commons category without a link on Wikidata </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> Wikiquote </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> Български </Li> <Li> Čeština </Li> <Li> Dansk </Li> <Li> Deutsch </Li> <Li> Español </Li> <Li> Euskara </Li> <Li> فارسی </Li> <Li> Français </Li> <Li> Galego </Li> <Li> Italiano </Li> <Li> עברית </Li> <Li> Magyar </Li> <Li> Nederlands </Li> <Li> 日本 語 </Li> <Li> Norsk </Li> <Li> Polski </Li> <Li> Română </Li> <Li> Русский </Li> <Li> Simple English </Li> <Li> Suomi </Li> <Li> Svenska </Li> </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 10 February 2018 , at 17 : 40 . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> | [
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Testify ( Rage Against the Machine song ) - wikipedia <H1> Testify ( Rage Against the Machine song ) </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> `` Testify '' </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Single by Rage Against the Machine </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> from the album The Battle of Los Angeles </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Released </Th> <Td> June 7 , 2000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Format </Th> <Td> CD , 7 `` , 12 '' , digital download </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Genre </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Rap metal </Li> <Li> nu metal </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Length </Th> <Td> 3 : 29 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Songwriter ( s ) </Th> <Td> Tim Commerford , Zack de la Rocha , Tom Morello , Brad Wilk </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Producer ( s ) </Th> <Td> Rage Against the Machine , Brendan O'Brien </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Rage Against the Machine singles chronology </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Td> `` Sleep Now in the Fire '' ( 2000 ) </Td> <Td> `` Testify '' ( 2000 ) </Td> <Td> `` Calm Like a Bomb '' ( 2000 ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Td> `` Sleep Now in the Fire '' ( 2000 ) </Td> <Td> `` Testify '' ( 2000 ) </Td> <Td> `` Calm Like a Bomb '' ( 2000 ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> `` Testify '' is a single by rap metal band Rage Against the Machine off their third studio album The Battle of Los Angeles . </P> <P> The cover of the single was taken from the 1968 Olympics Black Power Salute . The song 's lyrics notably make reference to George Orwell 's novel 1984 through use of `` The Party '' slogan `` Who controls the past ( now ) , controls the future . Who controls the present ( now ) , controls the past . '' The song is a playable track on Rock Band 2 . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Live performances </Li> <Li> 2 Guitar & Bass </Li> <Li> 3 Music video </Li> <Li> 4 Track listing </Li> <Li> 5 References </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Live performances ( edit ) </H2> <P> A song titled `` Testify '' was performed at the KROQ Almost Acoustic X-Mas , 12.12. 1993 . The song is completely unrelated to the Battle of Los Angeles track except for the title . Although the song was played only this once and disappeared , some of the lyrics were used for `` Down Rodeo '' and the final version of `` People of the Sun . '' </P> <P> `` Testify '' made its live debut on January 28 , 1999 , at the Continental Arena in East Rutherford , NJ . While the instrumental part was identical to the final version , the lyrics were completely different . </P> <P> Rage Against the Machine opened most of their concerts in their reunion tour with `` Testify '' . </P> <H2> Guitar & bass ( edit ) </H2> <P> The song , like many Rage Against the Machine songs , is notable for Tom Morello 's unorthodox use of his guitar to create unusual sounds . Morello plays the sweeping sound in the song 's intro and verse using a mixture of effects and techniques . First , the DigiTech Whammy pedal is set to harmonize a minor 7th above the note being played , and the delay pedal is set to a short , slap - back setting that almost sounds like reverb . Morello creates the sound by simply picking the open low D string and using a wah - wah pedal to slowly shift back & forth between the bass and treble frequencies . For the song 's solo , Morello removes the lead from the jack of his guitar and taps it against the bridge , while manipulating his wah - wah and DigiTech Whammy pedals , creating a squealing noise . Morello sometimes uses this technique to improvise on songs live . </P> <P> The bass in this song is tuned to drop D ( D-A-D-G ) , and the verse is simply played by Tim Commerford sliding on the lower D string from the 12th fret to open D then back to the 12th fret . </P> <H2> Music video ( edit ) </H2> <P> The music video , directed by Michael Moore , features a group of aliens , with the title card ' Aliens plot to conquer Earth ! ' followed by ' Launch the mutant now ! ' , after which a number of clips showing the two presidential candidates at the time ( George W. Bush and Al Gore for the 2000 US Presidential Election ) stating the same policies and views on important issues , and the movie aims to highlight the lack of choice in the US electoral system . This is spoofed in the video as the images of Bush and Gore are morphed together , thereby creating a `` mutant '' that `` appears as two but speaks as one . '' </P> <P> Other key themes in the video focus on America 's reliance on oil , with several clips of the Gulf War , and lines at gas pumps accompanied by the lines `` Mass graves for the pump and the price is set . '' Other clips display modern industrialization and the military industrial complex , juxtaposed against images of third world nations . </P> <P> Other organizations , topics , and individuals displayed in the video include : Exxon , same sex relationships , Richard Nixon , Kenneth Starr , Bill Clinton , Oliver North , Monica Lewinsky , Ronald Reagan , George H.W. Bush , Pope John Paul II , General Norman Schwarzkopf , the Christian Coalition , monster truck rallies , the Republican Revolution , and the corporate donations that each candidate has received . </P> <P> The similarities between the two candidates are displayed through soundbites of their speeches . Among the topics that George W. Bush and Al Gore agree on , as shown in the video : support of the death penalty , prosperity through free trade , investing in the future , support of clean air , and a ban on soft money . Each candidate concludes by stating `` God Bless America . '' </P> <P> The video ends with a quote from Ralph Nader : `` If you 're not turned on to politics , politics will turn on you . '' </P> <H2> Track listing ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> `` Testify '' ( Album Version ) - 3 : 31 </Li> <Li> `` Testify '' ( Testifly Mix ) - 3 : 50 </Li> <Li> `` Testify '' ( Rowena Projects Mix ) - 4 : 23 </Li> <Li> `` Guerrilla Radio '' ( Live ) - 3 : 35 </Li> <Li> `` Freedom '' ( Live ) - 8 : 39 </Li> </Ol> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ James , Richard ( August 5 , 2014 ) . `` 17 Tracks That Justify Your Secret Love Of Nu Metal '' . BuzzFeed . Retrieved June 22 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Radical Shriek '' . Guitar World . February 2000 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Rage Against The Machine - Testify on YouTube 3 : 23 of 3 : 43 </Li> </Ol> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Rage Against the Machine </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Zack de la Rocha </Li> <Li> Tom Morello </Li> <Li> Tim Commerford </Li> <Li> Brad Wilk </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Studio albums </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Rage Against the Machine </Li> <Li> Evil Empire </Li> <Li> The Battle of Los Angeles </Li> <Li> Renegades </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Live albums </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Live & Rare </Li> <Li> Live at the Grand Olympic Auditorium </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Demo albums </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Rage Against the Machine </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Video albums </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Rage Against the Machine </Li> <Li> The Battle of Mexico City </Li> <Li> Live at the Grand Olympic Auditorium </Li> <Li> Live at Finsbury Park </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Singles </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` Killing in the Name '' </Li> <Li> `` Bullet in the Head '' </Li> <Li> `` Bombtrack '' </Li> <Li> `` Freedom '' </Li> <Li> `` Year of tha Boomerang '' </Li> <Li> `` Bulls on Parade '' </Li> <Li> `` People of the Sun '' </Li> <Li> `` Down Rodeo '' </Li> <Li> `` Vietnow '' </Li> <Li> `` The Ghost of Tom Joad '' </Li> <Li> `` No Shelter '' </Li> <Li> `` Guerrilla Radio '' </Li> <Li> `` Sleep Now in the Fire '' </Li> <Li> `` Testify '' </Li> <Li> `` Calm Like a Bomb '' </Li> <Li> `` Renegades of Funk '' </Li> <Li> `` How I Could Just Kill a Man '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Other songs </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` I 'm Housin '' </Li> <Li> `` Kick Out the Jams '' </Li> <Li> `` Know Your Enemy '' </Li> <Li> `` Maggie 's Farm '' </Li> <Li> `` Microphone Fiend '' </Li> <Li> `` Street Fighting Man '' </Li> <Li> `` Tire Me '' </Li> <Li> `` Wake Up '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Concert tours </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Rage Against the Machine Tour </Li> <Li> 1994 -- 1995 Tour </Li> <Li> Evil Empire Tour </Li> <Li> The Battle of Los Angeles Tour </Li> <Li> Reunion Tour </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Related articles </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Discography </Li> <Li> Songs </Li> <Li> Political views and activism </Li> <Li> Audioslave </Li> <Li> Prophets of Rage </Li> <Li> Inside Out </Li> <Li> Lock Up </Li> <Li> One Day as a Lion </Li> <Li> Street Sweeper Social Club </Li> <Li> The Nightwatchman </Li> <Li> WAKRAT </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Testify_(Rage_Against_the_Machine_song)&oldid=817944962 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> 2000 singles </Li> <Li> Rage Against the Machine songs </Li> <Li> Song recordings produced by Brendan O'Brien ( record producer ) </Li> <Li> Music videos directed by Michael Moore </Li> <Li> 1998 songs </Li> <Li> Songs written by Tom Morello </Li> <Li> Songs written by Brad Wilk </Li> <Li> Songs written by Tim Commerford </Li> <Li> Songs written by Zack de la Rocha </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Use mdy dates from February 2017 </Li> <Li> Articles with hAudio microformats </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> Español </Li> <Li> Français </Li> <Li> Italiano </Li> <Li> Nederlands </Li> <Li> Norsk </Li> <Li> Polski </Li> <Li> Português </Li> </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 31 December 2017 , at 14 : 13 . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> | [
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Devil 's food cake - wikipedia <H1> Devil 's food cake </H1> <Table> Devil 's food cake <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Devil 's food cake with vanilla icing </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Type </Th> <Td> Layer cake </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Place of origin </Th> <Td> United States </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Main ingredients </Th> <Td> Flour , butter or substitute , egg whites , cocoa solids </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Variations </Th> <Td> Red velvet cake </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Cookbook : Devil 's food cake Media : Devil 's food cake </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Devil 's food cake is a moist , airy , rich chocolate layer cake . It is considered a counterpart to the white or yellow angel food cake . Because of differing recipes and changing ingredient availability over the course of the 20th century , it is difficult to precisely qualify what distinguishes devil 's food from the more standard chocolate cake , though it traditionally has more chocolate than a regular chocolate cake , making it darker . The cake is usually paired with a rich chocolate frosting . </P> <H2> Contents </H2> <Ul> <Li> 1 Overview </Li> <Li> 2 See also </Li> <Li> 3 References </Li> <Li> 4 External links </Li> </Ul> <H2> Overview ( edit ) </H2> <P> Devil 's food cake is commonly a dense , rich chocolate cake . It traditionally uses unsweetened chocolate baking squares in lieu of unsweetened cocoa powder . However , contemporary recipes typically use cocoa powder for its convenience over the more traditional chocolate baking squares . Also , because of its reduced amount of cocoa butter , cocoa powder has a more intense chocolate flavor than unsweetened chocolate . Moreover , coffee is frequently added as a liquid to enhance the chocolate flavor . Some recipes use hot or boiling water as the cake 's main liquid , rather than milk . Its antithetical counterpart , the angel food cake , is a very light white cake that uses stiffly beaten egg whites and no dairy . </P> A Devil 's food cake sliced into portions <P> Devil 's food cake is sometimes distinguished from other chocolate cakes by the use of additional baking soda ( sodium bicarbonate ) , which raises the pH level and makes the cake a deeper and darker mahogany color . Devil 's food cake incorporates butter ( or a substitute ) , eggs , flour , and less egg than other chocolate cakes . Devil 's food cake was invented in the United States in the early twentieth century , with the recipe in print as early as 1905 . </P> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Food portal </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> List of desserts </Li> <Li> Angel food cake </Li> <Li> Red velvet cake </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Chocolate vs. Cocoa Powder '' . FineCooking.com . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 29 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Sertich Velie , Marissa . `` Can I Substitute Unsweetened Chocolate for Cocoa Powder ? '' . SeriousEats.com . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 29 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Samuel A. Matz ( 1 January 1992 ) . Bakery Technology and Engineering . Springer . pp. 344 -- 345 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 442 - 30855 - 1 . Retrieved 15 April 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Judith M. Fertig ( 13 September 2003 ) . All - American Desserts : 400 Star - Spangled , Razzle - Dazzle Recipes for America 's Best Loved Desserts . Harvard Common Press . pp. 144 -- . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55832 - 191 - 5 . Retrieved 15 April 2012 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Media related to Devil 's food cakes at Wikimedia Commons </Li> <Li> Food Timeline history of cakes , including Devil 's Food Cake . </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="3"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Cake </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="3"> List of cakes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Butter cakes </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Devil 's food cake </Li> <Li> Gooey butter cake </Li> <Li> Pound cake </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Cheesecakes </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Fiadone </Li> <Li> Ostkaka </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Chocolate cakes </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Batik cake </Li> <Li> Black Forest cake </Li> <Li> Blackout cake </Li> <Li> Chantilly cake </Li> <Li> Chocolate brownie </Li> <Li> Flourless chocolate cake </Li> <Li> Fudge cake </Li> <Li> Garash cake </Li> <Li> German chocolate cake </Li> <Li> Hedgehog slice </Li> <Li> Joffre cake </Li> <Li> Kladdkaka </Li> <Li> Molten chocolate cake </Li> <Li> Sachertorte </Li> <Li> Torta caprese </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Fruitcakes </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Apple cake </Li> <Li> Avocado cake </Li> <Li> Banana cake <Ul> <Li> Bánh chuối </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Black bun </Li> <Li> Bolo rei </Li> <Li> Cherry cake </Li> <Li> Clementine cake </Li> <Li> Dundee cake </Li> <Li> Fig cake </Li> <Li> Genoa cake </Li> <Li> Jewish apple cake </Li> <Li> Panforte </Li> <Li> Plum cake </Li> <Li> Raisin cake </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Layer cakes </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Angel cake </Li> <Li> Buckwheat gateau </Li> <Li> Crema de Fruta </Li> <Li> Dobos torte </Li> <Li> Esterházy torte </Li> <Li> Hot milk cake </Li> <Li> Maria Luisa cake </Li> <Li> Mille - feuille <Ul> <Li> Cremeschnitte </Li> <Li> Napoleonka </Li> <Li> Šampita </Li> <Li> Tompouce </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Princess cake </Li> <Li> Prinzregententorte </Li> <Li> Rainbow cake </Li> <Li> Sarawak cake </Li> <Li> Smith Island Cake </Li> <Li> Spekkoek </Li> <Li> Torte </Li> <Li> Vínarterta </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Spit cakes </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Baumkuchen </Li> <Li> Kürtőskalács ( Chimney cake ) </Li> <Li> Šakotis </Li> <Li> Spettekaka </Li> <Li> Trdelník </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Sponge cakes </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Bánh bò </Li> <Li> Battenberg cake </Li> <Li> Boston cream pie </Li> <Li> Bundt cake </Li> <Li> Castella </Li> <Li> Charlotte </Li> <Li> Donauwelle </Li> <Li> Frankfurter Kranz </Li> <Li> French Fancy </Li> <Li> Frog cake </Li> <Li> Génoise </Li> <Li> Gugelhupf </Li> <Li> Lady Baltimore cake </Li> <Li> Ladyfinger </Li> <Li> Lamington </Li> <Li> Madeira cake </Li> <Li> Madeleine </Li> <Li> Mantecadas </Li> <Li> Marble cake </Li> <Li> Misérable cake </Li> <Li> Opera cake </Li> <Li> Pandan cake </Li> <Li> Paper wrapped cake </Li> <Li> Red velvet cake </Li> <Li> Rum cake </Li> <Li> Shortcake </Li> <Li> Spice cake </Li> <Li> Swiss roll </Li> <Li> Tres leches cake </Li> <Li> Upside - down cake </Li> <Li> Walnut and coffee cake </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Foam cakes and meringue </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Angel food cake </Li> <Li> Chiffon cake </Li> <Li> Dacquoise </Li> <Li> Kiev cake </Li> <Li> Pavlova </Li> <Li> Sans rival </Li> <Li> Spanische Windtorte </Li> <Li> Zuger Kirschtorte </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Yeast cakes </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Babka </Li> <Li> Banana bread </Li> <Li> Banbury cake </Li> <Li> Cacavellu </Li> <Li> Campanile </Li> <Li> Canestru </Li> <Li> Chorley cake </Li> <Li> Date and walnut loaf </Li> <Li> Flies ' graveyard </Li> <Li> Inuliata </Li> <Li> Pandoro </Li> <Li> Rum baba </Li> <Li> Streuselkuchen </Li> <Li> Sweetheart cake </Li> <Li> Welsh cake </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Special occasions </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Birthday cake </Li> <Li> Buccellato </Li> <Li> Bûche de Noël </Li> <Li> Christmas cake </Li> <Li> Doberge cake </Li> <Li> Groom 's cake </Li> <Li> Halloween cake </Li> <Li> King cake <Ul> <Li> Rosca de reyes </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Kransekake </Li> <Li> Lekach </Li> <Li> Marry girl cake </Li> <Li> Mooncake </Li> <Li> Pan de Pascua </Li> <Li> Pop out cake </Li> <Li> Simnel cake </Li> <Li> Soul cake </Li> <Li> Stack cake </Li> <Li> Stollen </Li> <Li> Strenna </Li> <Li> Wedding cake </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Other </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Beer cake </Li> <Li> Better than sex cake </Li> <Li> Biscuit </Li> <Li> Bizcocho </Li> <Li> Bulla cake </Li> <Li> Cake balls </Li> <Li> Cake pop </Li> <Li> Carrot cake </Li> <Li> Coconut cake </Li> <Li> Coffee cake </Li> <Li> Croquembouche </Li> <Li> Cupcake </Li> <Li> Cupcone </Li> <Li> Gingerbread <Ul> <Li> house </Li> <Li> man </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Heavy cake </Li> <Li> Ice cream cake </Li> <Li> Kuih </Li> <Li> Lolly cake </Li> <Li> Muffin </Li> <Li> Ontbijtkoek </Li> <Li> Pain d'épices </Li> <Li> Pancake </Li> <Li> Parkin </Li> <Li> Petit four </Li> <Li> Punschkrapfen </Li> <Li> Ruske kape </Li> <Li> Teacake </Li> <Li> Tiramisu </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="3"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Chocolate desserts </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Cakes </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Batik cake </Li> <Li> Black Forest cake </Li> <Li> Blackout cake </Li> <Li> Boston cream pie </Li> <Li> Bûche de Noël </Li> <Li> Chantilly cake </Li> <Li> Chocolate brownie </Li> <Li> Chocolate cake </Li> <Li> Chokladboll </Li> <Li> Death by Chocolate </Li> <Li> Devil 's food cake </Li> <Li> Éclair </Li> <Li> Flourless chocolate cake </Li> <Li> Fudge cake </Li> <Li> Garash cake </Li> <Li> German chocolate cake </Li> <Li> Hedgehog slice </Li> <Li> Kladdkaka </Li> <Li> Molten chocolate cake </Li> <Li> Pain au chocolat </Li> <Li> Prinzregententorte </Li> <Li> Red velvet cake </Li> <Li> Sachertorte </Li> <Li> Torta caprese </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Pies and tarts </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Chocolate creme pie </Li> <Li> Mississippi mud pie </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Cookies </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Chocolate chip cookie </Li> <Li> Chocolate salami </Li> <Li> Nanaimo bar </Li> <Li> Oreos </Li> <Li> S'mores </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Ice cream </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Chocolate chip cookie dough ice cream </Li> <Li> Chocolate ice cream </Li> <Li> Cookies and Cream </Li> <Li> Mint chocolate chip </Li> <Li> Milkshake </Li> <Li> Sundae </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Other </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Banana boat </Li> <Li> Brigadeiro </Li> <Li> Chocolate - covered bacon </Li> <Li> Chocolate - covered potato chips </Li> <Li> Chocolate crackles </Li> <Li> Chocolate pudding </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Devil%27s_food_cake&oldid=848047123 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> Cakes </Li> <Li> Chocolate desserts </Li> <Li> American desserts </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Español </Li> <Li> فارسی </Li> <Li> Հայերեն </Li> <Li> עברית </Li> <Li> Português </Li> <Li> Русский </Li> <Li> Simple English </Li> <Li> 粵語 </Li> <Li> 中文 </Li> 3 more </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 29 June 2018 , at 13 : 14 ( UTC ) . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - 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By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> | [
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What 's Love Got to Do with It ( film ) - wikipedia <H1> What 's Love Got to Do with It ( film ) </H1> This article is about the film . For the 1993 album of the same name , see What 's Love Got to Do with It ( album ) . For the 1984 single of the same name , see What 's Love Got to Do with It ( song ) . <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> What 's Love Got to Do with It </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Theatrical release poster </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Directed by </Th> <Td> Brian Gibson </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Produced by </Th> <Td> Doug Chapin Barry Krost </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Screenplay by </Th> <Td> Kate Lanier </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Based on </Th> <Td> I , Tina by Tina Turner Kurt Loder </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Starring </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Angela Bassett </Li> <Li> Laurence Fishburne </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Music by </Th> <Td> Stanley Clarke </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Production company </Th> <Td> Touchstone Pictures </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Distributed by </Th> <Td> Buena Vista Pictures Distribution , Inc . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Release date </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> June 6 , 1993 ( 1993 - 06 - 06 ) ( Los Angeles ) </Li> <Li> June 25 , 1993 ( 1993 - 06 - 25 ) ( United States ) </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Running time </Th> <Td> 118 minutes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Country </Th> <Td> United States </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Language </Th> <Td> English </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Budget </Th> <Td> $15 million </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Box office </Th> <Td> $39,100,956 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> What 's Love Got to Do with It is a 1993 American biographical film directed by Brian Gibson , loosely based on the life of American - born singer Tina Turner . It stars Angela Bassett as Tina Turner and Laurence Fishburne as Ike Turner . </P> <P> The screenplay was adapted by Kate Lanier from the book I , Tina written by Tina Turner and Kurt Loder . Both Ike and Tina Turner assigned rights to Lanier for their lives to be dramatized in the film . The film 's soundtrack featured the hit song `` I Do n't Wanna Fight '' , which went to number one in seven countries . In the United States , the film grossed almost $40 million and around $20 million in rentals . In the United Kingdom , it grossed nearly £ 10 million . </P> <H2> Contents </H2> <Ul> <Li> 1 Plot </Li> <Li> 2 Cast </Li> <Li> 3 Production </Li> <Li> 4 Differences from noted events </Li> <Li> 5 Awards and honors </Li> <Li> 6 Ebony Readers ' Poll <Ul> <Li> 6.1 Other honors </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 7 Reception </Li> <Li> 8 References </Li> <Li> 9 External links </Li> </Ul> <H2> Plot ( edit ) </H2> <P> Born and raised in Nutbush , Tennessee , Anna Mae Bullock ( Tina 's birth name ) grows up in an unhappy family , with her parents leaving and abandoning her at a young age . Following her grandmother 's death , she relocates to St. Louis , reuniting with her mother and close sister Alline . Anna Mae pursues a chance to be a professional singer after seeing charismatic bandleader Ike Turner perform one night . Later she wins her spot in Turner 's band after singing onstage and he begins mentoring her . In time , an unexpected romance develops between the two after she moves into Ike 's home . Shortly afterwards , they marry and begin having musical success together as Ike and Tina Turner . </P> <P> The marriage quickly turns violent when Ike starts physically dominating her , leaving her no chance to escape . In public , Tina rises from local St. Louis phenomenon into an R&B superstar with Ike growing increasingly jealous of the attention given to her . Ike turns to drugs and his abusive behavior worsens . As Tina seeks solace in her chaotic life , a friend turns her on to Buddhism , eventually convincing her that reciting the Lotus Sutra and chanting Nam Myoho Renge Kyo will help `` change her life . '' Tina grows increasingly confident afterwards and in a final fight with Ike finally musters the courage to defend herself , eventually leaving Ike after they arrive at a hotel . </P> <P> Winning the right to retain her stage name after their divorce , Tina continues working to pay bills . She gets a break after meeting Roger Davies , who eventually helps her realize her dreams of rock stardom . Despite Ike 's attempts to win her back , Tina eventually prevails and finds solo success , accomplishing her dreams without Ike . </P> <H2> Cast ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Angela Bassett as Anna Mae Bullock / Tina Turner <Ul> <Li> Rae'Ven Larrymore Kelly as Young Anna Mae Bullock </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Cora Lee Day as Grandma Georgiana </Li> <Li> Khandi Alexander as Darlene </Li> <Li> Laurence Fishburne as Ike Turner </Li> <Li> Jenifer Lewis as Zelma Bullock , Tina 's mother </Li> <Li> Phyllis Yvonne Stickney as Alline Bullock </Li> <Li> Penny Johnson Jerald as Lorraine Turner </Li> <Li> Vanessa Bell Calloway as Jackie </Li> <Li> Chi McBride as Fross </Li> <Li> Sherman Augustus as Reggie </Li> <Li> Terrence Riggins as Spider </Li> <Li> Bo Kane as Dance Show Host </Li> <Li> Terrence Evans as Bus Driver </Li> <Li> Rob LaBelle as Phil Spector </Li> <Li> James Reyne as Roger Davies </Li> <Li> Richard T. Jones as Ike Turner , Jr . </Li> <Li> Shavar Ross as Michael Turner </Li> <Li> Damon Hines as Ronnie Turner </Li> <Li> Suli McCulloghh as Craig Turner </Li> <Li> Elijah B. Saleem as teenage Ike Turner , Jr . </Li> </Ul> <H2> Production ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This article possibly contains original research . Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations . Statements consisting only of original research should be removed . ( July 2009 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> Angela Bassett , nominated for an Academy Award for her portrayal of Tina Turner <P> Halle Berry , Robin Givens , Pam Grier , Whitney Houston , Janet Jackson , and Vanessa L. Williams and were all considered for the role of Tina Turner . Whitney Houston was actually offered the role , but had to decline due to imminent maternity . Jenifer Lewis , who plays Tina 's mother in this film , originally auditioned to play Tina Turner , as well ; Born in 1957 , Lewis is one year older than Angela Bassett . </P> <P> Angela Bassett auditioned for the role in October 1992 and was chosen only a month before production began in December . During that time she had to learn not only how to talk like Turner but to dance and move like her . She would have been willing to try to do the singing as well , but ' ' not in the time we had , ' ' she said . ' ' I did think about it for a second , though . ' ' Instead , she lip syncs to soundtracks recorded by Tina Turner and Fishburne . Bassett worked with Tina Turner , but only ' ' a little bit . ' ' Turner helped most with the re-creations of her famed dance routines . </P> <P> All the Ike and Tina Turner songs used in the film were newly re-recorded versions featuring Tina Turner covering her own songs . On `` Proud Mary '' and `` It 's Gonna Work Out Fine '' , Laurence Fishburne sings Ike Turner 's parts . For Tina Turner 's solo recordings , the original masters were used , including the Phil Spector - produced `` River Deep - Mountain High '' . </P> <P> Laurence Fishburne was offered the role of Ike Turner five times and turned it down each time . ' ' It was pretty one - sided , ' ' said Fishburne , who turned down the project based on the script he first read . Ike , Fishburne added , was ' ' obviously the villain of the piece , but there was no explanation as to why he behaved the way he behaved - why she was with him for 16 to 20 years , what made her stay . ' ' The writers made some changes and though Ike is still shown as a pretty despicable sort , the film offers at least some insight into him - most notably a scene in which Ike recalls watching , at age 6 , his father 's death from wounds suffered in a fight over a woman . The changes helped persuade Fishburne to do the role , but he says that Bassett 's casting as Tina played a key part . ' ' She was the deciding factor , really , ' ' he said . </P> <P> Fishburne did not have Ike Turner around as a role model as much as he would have liked . He did meet Ike Turner once , though , during production of the film . `` He was not particularly welcome on this project , '' Fishburne says . The actor 's only meeting was a brief introduction when Ike showed up at the Turners ' former home in Baldwin Hills during a location shoot . Ike signed some autographs and showed Fishburne his walk . `` It was nice to meet him , '' says Fishburne . `` Regardless of his actions , he was so much a part of Tina 's life . The movie is about him just as much as her . It 's unfortunate that he was n't welcomed , that both of them were n't around more . '' </P> <P> In his autobiography Taking Back My Name , Ike Turner claims the movie damaged his reputation immensely and attacks many of the scenes for being either not strictly accurate or completely fabricated . Director Brian Gibson had no contact with Ike . `` I never spoke to him , '' says Gibson . `` I was not allowed to . Disney felt that it would not be a good idea . '' Tina herself admitted she wish the film had more truth to it . Since they sold the right to use their name and image for the film , neither Tina nor Ike had control over the script . Tina 's more graphic accounts of Ike 's abuse in her book were not added to the film . </P> <P> Bassett was injured while filming the first spousal abuse sequence . She fell off the back of a high - rise sofa , put her hands out to reduce the impact , and suffered a hairline fracture of her right hand . She only tried the stunt fall once , and footage leading up to the mishap appears in the film . </P> <P> Actress Vanessa Bell Calloway , who plays the fictional character Jackie , was leery of chanting the Buddhist words because of her strong Christian faith . Director Brian Gibson allowed her to form the words with her lips silently during filming and added the words with a voice double in post-production . She also appeared alongside Tina in the music video of `` What 's Love Got to Do with It '' . </P> <H2> Differences from noted events ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( August 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Though the film took its story from Tina Turner 's autobiography , I , Tina , it was determined to be only loosely based on the book , meaning certain events in the film were `` fictionalized for dramatic purposes '' . Examples of the fictionalized scenes include : </P> <Ul> <Li> In the film , Tina 's constant friend , `` Jackie '' ( played by Vanessa Bell Calloway ) , was a member of The Ikettes who left the Ike and Tina Turner Revue after a violent blowup with Ike in a roadside restaurant . In actuality , this character was fabricated for dramatic purposes . This fictionalized character also visits Tina in the hospital after her attempted suicide and later introduces Tina to Buddhism , chanting `` Nam Myoho Renge Kyo '' in front of the Gohonzon . Turner never mentioned a friend named Jackie in her autobiography ; this single character apparently represents an amalgamation of friends from Tina 's past , including members of the Ikettes and friends from the band 's entourage . </Li> <Li> When Anna Mae Bullock sees Ike Turner and his Kings of Rhythm perform , Ike is shown as the front man . The real - life Ike Turner had stage fright , and though he was a band leader and organizer , he often had other performers , particularly male singers , fronting the band . </Li> <Li> The original vocalist behind `` Rocket 88 '' , sung by Laurence Fishburne as Ike in the movie , was Jackie Brenston . </Li> <Li> During Anna Mae 's first performance with Ike and the Kings of Rhythm , Ike is shown playing guitar . But both Tina and Ike have stated Tina sang after being given a microphone by the band 's drummer , while Ike played piano during an intermission , rather than during a live performance as illustrated in the film , though she did later front the band the night she began singing with them . </Li> <Li> A reenactment shows Tina recording her first song , called `` Tina 's Wish , '' on the film 's soundtrack . However , this song is actually a re-recording Tina made of an old Ike and Tina song , `` Make Me Over , '' from the Ike & Tina album , Nutbush City Limits ( 1973 ) . Tina 's first recording ( as `` Little Ann '' ) was actually singing background on one of Ike 's songs , `` Box Top '' . </Li> <Li> During the scene where Ike and Tina are scheduled to perform at the Apollo Theater in 1960 , the bill lists Martha and the Vandellas and Otis Redding as fellow headliners . In reality , Martha and the Vandellas had not formed yet , several of them were performing in another different vocal group called the Del - Phis , while Redding had yet to record his first single and was fronting several bands . </Li> <Li> The film shows Tina giving birth to Ike 's son , named Craig , but in reality , Craig Turner was Tina 's child with another man , Raymond Hill . Hill was a member in Ike 's band . Tina gave birth to Craig when she was 18 in 1958 . Ike and Tina 's only child together , Ronald Renelle Turner also known as Ronnie , was born on October 27 , 1960 . </Li> <Li> Ike did not sneak Tina out of the hospital after she gave birth . In her book she says Ike was not present for the birth of their son . Tina checked herself out the hospital and when she discovered a woman Ike hired to replace her while she recovered was a prostitute . While in the hospital Tina was informed that this replacement was using her name to get clients so Tina went to confront the woman and beat her . Ike mentions the incident in his book as well , he was out of town and unaware that the woman was a prostitute . Tina does mention another incident of being sick in the hospital and claims Ike had his guys sneak her out . </Li> <Li> The film depicts Ike and Tina getting hitched after the birth of their son Craig ( who was actually Ronnie ) in 1960 when in reality they married two years later in 1962 . </Li> <Li> While Tina mentions that there were accounts of Ike abusing her , he never pushed cake in Tina 's face leading to a food fight in a diner . That scene in the film dramatizes an incident Tina Turner accounted in her autobiography , which describes that Ike had bought a pound cake because someone told him she asked for it . Tina says she did not but Ike told her to eat it anyways so she complied . </Li> <Li> The film portrays Ike raping Tina in their home studio during the recording of `` Nutbush City Limits . '' In reality , the song was recorded at Ike 's Bolic Sound Studio and there is no mention of marital rape in Tina 's autobiography . Ike also denied that he raped Tina . </Li> <Li> When Tina performs at the Ritz , the film has the timeline at 1983 , and the host announces her arrival as her `` debut solo performance '' . However , Tina had first performed at that theater in 1981 . Also inaccurate was the film 's portrayal of Ike 's visit to the theater , where he failed at silencing Tina with his gun . In truth , Ike was never at the Ritz ; he had not been seen in public for years following his and Tina 's divorce in 1978 . Ike had remained in Los Angeles , estranged from Tina for quite some time by 1981 . The film 's loose depictions do , however , capture the reality that Ike made multiple dangerous attempts to get Tina back following her divorce suit , in which he did threaten bodily harm , and Tina bought a gun to protect herself from Ike and his friends at the time . </Li> </Ul> <H2> Awards and honors ( edit ) </H2> <P> Bassett won a Golden Globe for Best Performance by an Actress in a Motion Picture - Comedy / Musical and an NAACP Image Award for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Motion Picture . Laurence Fishburne was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Actor in a Leading Role and Bassett was nominated for Best Actress in a Leading Role . The film won an American Choreography Award for one of its dance sequences . </P> <Ul> <Li> Academy Awards <Ul> <Li> Nominated -- Academy Award for Best Actor ( Laurence Fishburne ) </Li> <Li> Nominated -- Academy Award for Best Actress ( Angela Bassett ) </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Golden Globes <Ul> <Li> Won -- Golden Globe Award for Best Actress -- Motion Picture Musical or Comedy ( Angela Bassett ) </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> <H2> EBONY Readers ' Poll ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Year </Th> <Th> Nominee / work </Th> <Th> Award </Th> <Th> Result </Th> <Th> Ref . </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> What 's Love Got to Do with It </Td> <Td> favorite movie of the year </Td> <Td> Won </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Other honors ( edit ) </H3> <P> The film is recognized by American Film Institute in these lists : </P> <Ul> <Li> 2004 : AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Songs : <Ul> <Li> `` What 's Love Got to Do with It '' -- Nominated </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2006 : AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Cheers -- # 85 </Li> <Li> Ranked # 2 on Top 9 Subjects of a Music Bio-Pic by Entertainment Weekly </Li> <Li> Ranked # 8 on Top 10 Best Rock Biopics by Rolling Stone Readers ' Poll </Li> <Li> Ranked # 9 on The Best Black Movies of the Last 30 Years By Complex </Li> </Ul> <H2> Reception ( edit ) </H2> <P> The movie received critical acclaim . It currently holds a 96 % `` fresh '' rating on Rotten Tomatoes , based on 49 reviews with the consensus : `` With a fascinating real - life story and powerhouse performances from Angela Bassett and Laurence Fishburne , What 's Love Got to Do with It is a ca n't miss biopic . '' </P> <P> Ike Turner complained that Fishburne 's portrayal of him was inaccurate . </P> <P> Phil Spector slammed the movie ( and the book ) as a `` piece of trash '' , which `` demonized and vilified Ike '' . </P> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ Walker , Michael ( 1993 - 05 - 16 ) . `` SUMMER SNEAKS : Tina Turner 's Story Through a Disney Prism : The singer 's film biography , ' What 's Love Got to Do With It , ' focuses on her turbulent relationship with her mentor and ex-husband Ike Turner as well as her triumphant comeback - Los Angeles Times '' . Articles.latimes.com/2 . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 06 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` How Laurence And Angela Became Ike And Tina '' . tribunedigital - orlandosentinel . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 24 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Walker , Michael ( 1993 - 05 - 16 ) . `` SUMMER SNEAKS : Tina Turner 's Story Through a Disney Prism : The singer 's film biography , ' What 's Love Got to Do With It , ' focuses on her turbulent relationship with her mentor and ex-husband Ike Turner as well as her triumphant comeback - Los Angeles Times '' . Articles.latimes.com/2 . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 06 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : WALKER , MICHAEL ( 1993 - 05 - 16 ) . `` SUMMER SNEAKS : Tina Turner 's Story Through a Disney Prism : The singer 's film biography , ' What 's Love Got to Do With It , ' focuses on her turbulent relationship with her mentor and ex-husband Ike Turner as well as her triumphant comeback '' . Los Angeles Times . ISSN 0458 - 3035 . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 24 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Walker , Michael ( 1993 - 05 - 16 ) . `` SUMMER SNEAKS : Tina Turner 's Story Through a Disney Prism : The singer 's film biography , ' What 's Love Got to Do With It , ' focuses on her turbulent relationship with her mentor and ex-husband Ike Turner as well as her triumphant comeback - Los Angeles Times '' . Articles.latimes.com . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 05 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Turner , Tina . I , Tina . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Seymour , Gene ( 1995 - 12 - 22 ) . `` Angela Bassett : Grounded -- and Soaring as an Actress : After Vampires , Strange Days , the Film Star Can ' Exhale ' '' . The Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 22 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` EBONY Readers Poll End Of Year '' . Retrieved March 31 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Songs Nominees '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 14 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Cheers '' ( PDF ) . American Film Institute . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 14 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Top 9 Subjects of a Music Bio-Pic '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 20 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Top 10 Best Rock Biopics '' . Rolling Stone Readers ' Poll . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 20 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Best Black Movies of the Last 30 Years '' . Complex . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 31 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Tina turns tumultuous life into ' Love ' '' . Baltimore Sun . 1993 - 06 - 18 . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 05 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Tina Turner Story Tunes In To The Rhythms Of Real Life '' . Chicago Tribune . 1993 - 06 - 11 . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 05 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Turan , Kenneth ( 1993 - 06 - 09 ) . `` MOVIE REVIEW : ' Love ' : Playing It Nice and Rough : Exceptional Acting Powers Story of Up and Downs of Ike and Tina Turner '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 05 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Rickey , Carrie ( 1994 - 03 - 24 ) . `` For Pop Queen Tina Turner , Life Was Never , Ever Nice And Easy '' . Philly.com . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 05 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Philips , Chuck ( 1993 - 06 - 24 ) . `` Q&A WITH IKE TURNER : ' I Was the One Who Turned Her Into Tina Turner ' '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 05 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Phil Spector criticises Tina Turner at Ike Turner 's funeral '' . NME.com News . Retrieved December 24 , 2015 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wikiquote has quotations related to : What 's Love Got to Do with It ( film ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ul> <Li> What 's Love Got to Do with It on IMDb </Li> <Li> What 's Love Got to Do with It at AllMovie </Li> <Li> What 's Love Got to Do with It at Rotten Tomatoes </Li> <Li> What 's Love Got to Do with It at Box Office Mojo </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Films directed by Brian Gibson </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> The Billion Dollar Bubble ( 1976 ) </Li> <Li> Breaking Glass ( 1980 ) </Li> <Li> Kilroy Was Here ( 1983 ) </Li> <Li> Poltergeist II : The Other Side ( 1986 ) </Li> <Li> Murderers Among Us : The Simon Wiesenthal Story ( 1989 ) </Li> <Li> Drug Wars : The Camarena Story ( 1990 ) </Li> <Li> The Josephine Baker Story ( 1991 ) </Li> <Li> What 's Love Got to Do with It ( 1993 ) </Li> <Li> The Juror ( 1996 ) </Li> <Li> Still Crazy ( 1998 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Tina Turner </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Studio albums </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Tina Turns the Country On ! </Li> <Li> Acid Queen </Li> <Li> Rough </Li> <Li> Love Explosion </Li> <Li> Private Dancer </Li> <Li> Break Every Rule </Li> <Li> Foreign Affair </Li> <Li> Wildest Dreams </Li> <Li> Twenty Four Seven </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Live albums </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Tina Live in Europe </Li> <Li> VH1 Divas Live ' 99 </Li> <Li> Tina Live </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Soundtracks </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Mad Max Beyond Thunderdome </Li> <Li> What 's Love Got to Do with It </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Compilations </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Simply the Best </Li> <Li> The Collected Recordings -- Sixties to Nineties </Li> <Li> All the Best </Li> <Li> Tina ! </Li> <Li> Love Songs </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Videography </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Tina Turner Live : Nice ' N ' Rough </Li> <Li> Tina Live : Private Dancer Tour </Li> <Li> One Last Time Live in Concert </Li> <Li> All the Best -- The Live Collection </Li> <Li> Tina Live </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Tours </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Private Dancer Tour </Li> <Li> Break Every Rule World Tour </Li> <Li> Foreign Affair : The Farewell Tour </Li> <Li> What 's Love ? Tour </Li> <Li> Wildest Dreams Tour </Li> <Li> Twenty Four Seven Tour </Li> <Li> Tina ! : 50th Anniversary Tour </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Related articles </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Discography </Li> <Li> Awards </Li> <Li> Ike & Tina Turner </Li> <Li> I , Tina </Li> <Li> What 's Love Got to Do with It </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Book : Tina Turner </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> James Reyne </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> James Reyne discography </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Studio albums </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> James Reyne ( 1987 ) </Li> <Li> Hard Reyne ( 1989 ) </Li> <Li> Electric Digger Dandy ( 1991 ) </Li> <Li> The Whiff of Bedlam ( 1994 ) </Li> <Li> Design for Living ( 1999 ) </Li> <Li> Speedboats for Breakfast ( 2004 ) </Li> <Li> ... And the Horse You Rode In On ( 2005 ) </Li> <Li> Every Man a King ( 2007 ) </Li> <Li> Ghost Ships ( 2007 ) </Li> <Li> TCB ( 2010 ) </Li> <Li> Thirteen ( 2012 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Live albums </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Live in Rio ( 1996 ) </Li> <Li> One Night in Melbourne ( 2007 ) </Li> <Li> Live ' 99 ( 2015 ) </Li> <Li> All the Hits Live ( 2015 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Compilations </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> The Best of James Reyne ( 1992 ) </Li> <Li> Reckless : 1979 -- 1995 ( 2000 ) </Li> <Li> The Definitive Collection ( 2002 ) </Li> <Li> The Essential James Reyne ( 2008 ) </Li> <Li> The Anthology ( 2014 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Extended Plays </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` James Reyne and the Magnificent Few '' ( 2015 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Singles </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` Fall of Rome '' ( 1987 ) </Li> <Li> `` Hammerhead '' ( 1987 ) </Li> <Li> `` Rip it Up '' ( 1987 ) </Li> <Li> `` Motor 's Too Fast '' ( 1988 ) </Li> <Li> `` House of Cards '' ( 1989 ) </Li> <Li> `` One More River '' ( 1989 ) </Li> <Li> `` Slave '' ( 1991 ) </Li> <Li> `` Any Day Above Ground '' ( 1991 ) </Li> <Li> `` Way Out West '' ( with James Blundell ) ( 1992 ) </Li> <Li> `` Red Light Avenue '' ( 1994 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Television </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Return to Eden ( 1983 ) </Li> <Li> What 's Love Got to Do with It ( 1993 ) </Li> <Li> State Coroner ( 1998 ) </Li> <Li> The Postcard Bandit ( 2003 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Related articles </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Australian Crawl <Ul> <Li> Australian Crawl discography </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Company of Strangers ( group ) <Ul> <Li> Company of Strangers </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Daryl Braithwaite </Li> <Li> David Reyne </Li> <Li> Jaime Robbie Reyne </Li> <Li> Order of Australia </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=What%27s_Love_Got_to_Do_with_It_(film)&oldid=852049269 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> 1993 films </Li> <Li> English - language films </Li> <Li> 1990s biographical films </Li> <Li> 1990s drama films </Li> <Li> 1990s musical films </Li> <Li> African - American biographical dramas </Li> <Li> African - American drama films </Li> <Li> African - American musical films </Li> <Li> American biographical films </Li> <Li> American films </Li> <Li> American musical drama films </Li> <Li> Biographical films about singers </Li> <Li> Drama films based on actual events </Li> <Li> Films about domestic violence </Li> <Li> Films based on biographies </Li> <Li> Films directed by Brian Gibson </Li> <Li> Films featuring a Best Musical or Comedy Actress Golden Globe winning performance </Li> <Li> Films scored by Stanley Clarke </Li> <Li> Films set in 1958 </Li> <Li> Films set in 1960 </Li> <Li> Films set in 1964 </Li> <Li> Films set in 1968 </Li> <Li> Films set in 1971 </Li> <Li> Films set in 1974 </Li> <Li> Films set in 1977 </Li> <Li> Films set in 1980 </Li> <Li> Films set in 1983 </Li> <Li> Films set in St. Louis </Li> <Li> Films set in Tennessee </Li> <Li> Films shot in Chicago </Li> <Li> Films shot in El Paso , Texas </Li> <Li> Films shot in London </Li> <Li> Films shot in Los Angeles </Li> <Li> Films shot in Missouri </Li> <Li> Films shot in New York City </Li> <Li> Films shot in Tennessee </Li> <Li> Films about rape </Li> <Li> Tina Turner </Li> <Li> Touchstone Pictures films </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Articles that may contain original research from July 2009 </Li> <Li> All articles that may contain original research </Li> <Li> All articles with unsourced statements </Li> <Li> Articles with unsourced statements from February 2016 </Li> <Li> Articles needing additional references from August 2014 </Li> <Li> All articles needing additional references </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> Wikiquote </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> Català </Li> <Li> Deutsch </Li> <Li> Eesti </Li> <Li> Español </Li> <Li> فارسی </Li> <Li> Français </Li> <Li> Bahasa Indonesia </Li> <Li> Italiano </Li> <Li> Nederlands </Li> <Li> 日本 語 </Li> <Li> Norsk </Li> <Li> Polski </Li> <Li> Português </Li> <Li> Suomi </Li> <Li> Svenska </Li> 6 more </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 26 July 2018 , at 08 : 57 ( UTC ) . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . 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United States Women 's Open Championship ( golf ) - wikipedia <H1> United States Women 's Open Championship ( golf ) </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> U.S. Women 's Open <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Tournament information </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Location </Th> <Td> Bedminster , New Jersey in 2017 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Established </Th> <Td> 1946 , 71 years ago </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Course ( s ) </Th> <Td> Trump National Golf Club in 2017 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Organized by </Th> <Td> USGA ( since 1953 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Tour ( s ) </Th> <Td> LPGA Tour </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Format </Th> <Td> Stroke play </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Prize fund </Th> <Td> $ 5.0 million in 2017 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Month played </Th> <Td> July in 2017 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Tournament record score </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Aggregate </Th> <Td> 272 Annika Sörenstam ( 1996 ) 272 Juli Inkster ( 1999 ) 272 Chun In - gee ( 2015 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> To par </Th> <Td> -- 16 Juli Inkster ( 1999 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Current champion </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Park Sung - hyun </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> 2017 U.S. Women 's Open Golf Championship </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The United States Women 's Open Golf Championship , one of thirteen national championships conducted by the United States Golf Association ( USGA ) , is the oldest of the LPGA Tour 's five major championships , which includes the ANA Inspiration , Women 's PGA Championship , Women 's British Open , and The Evian Championship . </P> <P> Established 71 years ago in 1946 , the U.S. Women 's Open is the only event to have been recognized as a major by the LPGA since the group 's founding in 1950 . Originally operated by the Women 's Professional Golfers Association ( WPGA ) for its first three years and the LPGA for the next four , it became a USGA event in 1953 . Usually held in early July , the U.S. Women 's Open is the third major of the LPGA season and has the highest purse in women 's golf , at $ 4.5 million in 2015 . </P> <P> Unlike the U.S. Open , the U.S. Women 's Open is not globally recognized as a major championship . The Ladies European Tour does not sanction any of the three majors held in the United States , and the LPGA of Japan Tour has its own set of majors . The significance of this is limited , as the LPGA Tour is the dominant tour in women 's golf . </P> <P> In 2007 , international players outnumbered Americans for the first time . The 2008 tournament was won by 19 - year - old South Korean Inbee Park , who became the event 's youngest winner ever . </P> <P> The 2012 championship , won by Choi Na - yeon , was played July 5 -- 8 at Blackwolf Run in Kohler , Wisconsin , which previously hosted the event in 1998 , won by Pak Se - ri in a Monday playoff that extended to 20 holes . The Original Championship Course for 2012 played just under 7,000 yards ( 6,400 m ) , over 500 yards ( 460 m ) longer than in 1998 . </P> <P> Beginning in 2018 , the U.S. Women 's Open will be held prior to its men 's counterpart ( rather than following it and the U.S. Senior Open ) , in order to `` provide optimum playing conditions for the world 's best players across a broader variety of the country 's finest golf courses . '' </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Qualification </Li> <Li> 2 Winners </Li> <Li> 3 Multiple champions </Li> <Li> 4 Champions by nationality </Li> <Li> 5 Future sites </Li> <Li> 6 See also </Li> <Li> 7 References </Li> <Li> 8 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Qualification ( edit ) </H2> <P> The U.S. Women 's Open is open to any professional or amateur female golfer . Amateurs must have an up - to - date USGA Handicap Index not exceeding 2.4 , lowered in 2014 from 4.4 in 2013 . Players may obtain a place by being exempt or by competing successfully in qualifying . </P> <P> In 2002 , a two - stage method of qualification was introduced : 18 holes for local qualifying and 36 holes for sectional qualifying . In 2010 , the qualification process reverted to a single sectional stage of 36 holes played on a single day . </P> <P> The criteria for exemption from qualifying has changed through the years . In 2010 , there were eleven exemption categories , including winners of the U.S. Women 's Open for the last ten years , winners of the other three majors for the last five years , the top 50 from the previous year 's LPGA Tour money list , the top five from the previous year 's Japan LPGA Tour , Korea LPGA Tour , and Ladies European Tour money lists , and official winners of LPGA co-sponsored events for the 52 - week period prior to the U.S. Women 's Open . </P> <P> There is no upper or lower age limit . The youngest - ever qualifiers were 11 - year - old Lucy Li in 2014 , and 12 - year - old Lexi Thompson in 2007 . </P> <H2> Winners ( edit ) </H2> See also : List of U.S. Women 's Open ( golf ) champions <P> The number following some winners ' names indicates the cumulative number of U.S. Women 's Open wins for that player . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Year </Th> <Th> Champion </Th> <Th> Country </Th> <Th> Venue </Th> <Th> Location </Th> <Th> Score </Th> <Th> To par </Th> <Th> Purse ( $ ) </Th> <Th> Winner 's share ( $ ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2017 </Td> <Td> Park Sung - hyun </Td> <Td> South Korea </Td> <Td> Trump National Golf Club </Td> <Td> Bedminster , NJ </Td> <Td> 277 </Td> <Td> − 11 </Td> <Td> 5,000,000 </Td> <Td> 900,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2016 </Td> <Td> Brittany Lang </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> CordeValle Golf Club </Td> <Td> San Martin , CA </Td> <Td> 282 </Td> <Td> − 6 </Td> <Td> 4,500,000 </Td> <Td> 810,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2015 </Td> <Td> Chun In - gee </Td> <Td> South Korea </Td> <Td> Lancaster Country Club </Td> <Td> Lancaster , PA </Td> <Td> 272 </Td> <Td> − 8 </Td> <Td> 4,500,000 </Td> <Td> 810,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2014 </Td> <Td> Michelle Wie </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> Pinehurst Resort , Course No. 2 </Td> <Td> Pinehurst , NC </Td> <Td> 278 </Td> <Td> − 2 </Td> <Td> 4,000,000 </Td> <Td> 720,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2013 </Td> <Td> Inbee Park ( 2 ) </Td> <Td> South Korea </Td> <Td> Sebonack Golf Club </Td> <Td> Southampton , NY </Td> <Td> 280 </Td> <Td> − 8 </Td> <Td> 3,250,000 </Td> <Td> 585,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2012 </Td> <Td> Choi Na - yeon </Td> <Td> South Korea </Td> <Td> Blackwolf Run , composite course </Td> <Td> Kohler , WI </Td> <Td> 281 </Td> <Td> − 7 </Td> <Td> 3,250,000 </Td> <Td> 585,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2011 </Td> <Td> Ryu So - yeon </Td> <Td> South Korea </Td> <Td> Broadmoor Golf Club , East Course </Td> <Td> Colorado Springs , CO </Td> <Td> 281 </Td> <Td> − 3 </Td> <Td> 3,250,000 </Td> <Td> 585,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Paula Creamer </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> Oakmont Country Club </Td> <Td> Oakmont , PA </Td> <Td> 281 </Td> <Td> − 3 </Td> <Td> 3,250,000 </Td> <Td> 585,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2009 </Td> <Td> Eun - Hee Ji </Td> <Td> South Korea </Td> <Td> Saucon Valley Country Club </Td> <Td> Bethlehem , PA </Td> <Td> 284 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 3,250,000 </Td> <Td> 585,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2008 </Td> <Td> Inbee Park </Td> <Td> South Korea </Td> <Td> Interlachen Country Club </Td> <Td> Edina , MN </Td> <Td> 283 </Td> <Td> − 9 </Td> <Td> 3,250,000 </Td> <Td> 585,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2007 </Td> <Td> Cristie Kerr </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> Pine Needles Lodge and Golf Club </Td> <Td> Southern Pines , NC </Td> <Td> 279 </Td> <Td> − 5 </Td> <Td> 3,100,000 </Td> <Td> 560,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2006 </Td> <Td> Annika Sörenstam ( 3 ) </Td> <Td> Sweden </Td> <Td> Newport Country Club </Td> <Td> Newport , RI </Td> <Td> 284 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 3,100,000 </Td> <Td> 560,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2005 </Td> <Td> Birdie Kim </Td> <Td> South Korea </Td> <Td> Cherry Hills Country Club </Td> <Td> Cherry Hills Village , CO </Td> <Td> 287 </Td> <Td> + 3 </Td> <Td> 3,100,000 </Td> <Td> 560,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Meg Mallon ( 2 ) </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> The Orchards Golf Club </Td> <Td> South Hadley , MA </Td> <Td> 274 </Td> <Td> − 10 </Td> <Td> 3,100,000 </Td> <Td> 560,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2003 </Td> <Td> Hilary Lunke </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> Pumpkin Ridge Golf Club , Witch Hollow Course </Td> <Td> North Plains , OR </Td> <Td> 283 </Td> <Td> − 1 </Td> <Td> 3,100,000 </Td> <Td> 560,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2002 </Td> <Td> Juli Inkster ( 2 ) </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> Prairie Dunes Golf Club </Td> <Td> Hutchinson , KS </Td> <Td> 276 </Td> <Td> − 4 </Td> <Td> 3,000,000 </Td> <Td> 535,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2001 </Td> <Td> Karrie Webb ( 2 ) </Td> <Td> Australia </Td> <Td> Pine Needles Lodge and Golf Club </Td> <Td> Southern Pines , NC </Td> <Td> 273 </Td> <Td> − 7 </Td> <Td> 2,900,000 </Td> <Td> 520,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2000 </Td> <Td> Karrie Webb </Td> <Td> Australia </Td> <Td> Merit Club </Td> <Td> Libertyville , IL </Td> <Td> 282 </Td> <Td> − 6 </Td> <Td> 2,750,000 </Td> <Td> 500,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1999 </Td> <Td> Juli Inkster </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> Old Waverly Golf Club </Td> <Td> West Point , MS </Td> <Td> 272 </Td> <Td> − 16 </Td> <Td> 1,750,000 </Td> <Td> 315,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1998 </Td> <Td> Pak Se - ri </Td> <Td> South Korea </Td> <Td> Blackwolf Run , composite course </Td> <Td> Kohler , WI </Td> <Td> 290 </Td> <Td> + 6 </Td> <Td> 1,500,000 </Td> <Td> 267,500 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1997 </Td> <Td> Alison Nicholas </Td> <Td> England </Td> <Td> Pumpkin Ridge Golf Club , Witch Hollow Course </Td> <Td> North Plains , OR </Td> <Td> 274 </Td> <Td> − 10 </Td> <Td> 1,300,000 </Td> <Td> 232,500 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Annika Sörenstam ( 2 ) </Td> <Td> Sweden </Td> <Td> Pine Needles Lodge and Golf Club </Td> <Td> Southern Pines , NC </Td> <Td> 272 </Td> <Td> − 8 </Td> <Td> 1,200,000 </Td> <Td> 212,500 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1995 </Td> <Td> Annika Sörenstam </Td> <Td> Sweden </Td> <Td> Broadmoor Golf Club , East Course </Td> <Td> Colorado Springs , CO </Td> <Td> 278 </Td> <Td> − 2 </Td> <Td> 1,000,000 </Td> <Td> 175,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1994 </Td> <Td> Patty Sheehan ( 2 ) </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> Indianwood Golf and Country Club , Old Course </Td> <Td> Lake Orion , MI </Td> <Td> 277 </Td> <Td> − 7 </Td> <Td> 850,000 </Td> <Td> 155,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1993 </Td> <Td> Lauri Merten </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> Crooked Stick Golf Club </Td> <Td> Carmel , IN </Td> <Td> 280 </Td> <Td> − 8 </Td> <Td> 800,000 </Td> <Td> 144,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1992 </Td> <Td> Patty Sheehan </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> Oakmont Country Club </Td> <Td> Oakmont , PA </Td> <Td> 280 </Td> <Td> − 4 </Td> <Td> 700,000 </Td> <Td> 130,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1991 </Td> <Td> Meg Mallon </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> Colonial Country Club </Td> <Td> Fort Worth , TX </Td> <Td> 283 </Td> <Td> − 1 </Td> <Td> 600,000 </Td> <Td> 110,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1990 </Td> <Td> Betsy King ( 2 ) </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> Atlanta Athletic Club , Riverside Course </Td> <Td> Duluth , GA </Td> <Td> 284 </Td> <Td> − 4 </Td> <Td> 500,000 </Td> <Td> 85,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1989 </Td> <Td> Betsy King </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> Indianwood Golf and Country Club , Old Course </Td> <Td> Lake Orion , MI </Td> <Td> 278 </Td> <Td> − 2 </Td> <Td> 450,000 </Td> <Td> 80,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1988 </Td> <Td> Liselotte Neumann </Td> <Td> Sweden </Td> <Td> Baltimore Country Club , Five Farms , East Course </Td> <Td> Baltimore , MD </Td> <Td> 277 </Td> <Td> − 7 </Td> <Td> 400,000 </Td> <Td> 70,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Laura Davies </Td> <Td> England </Td> <Td> Plainfield Country Club </Td> <Td> Edison , NJ </Td> <Td> 285 </Td> <Td> − 3 </Td> <Td> 325,000 </Td> <Td> 55,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1986 </Td> <Td> Jane Geddes </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> NCR Country Club </Td> <Td> Kettering , OH </Td> <Td> 287 </Td> <Td> − 1 </Td> <Td> 300,000 </Td> <Td> 50,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1985 </Td> <Td> Kathy Baker </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> Baltusrol Golf Club , Upper Course </Td> <Td> Springfield , NJ </Td> <Td> 280 </Td> <Td> − 8 </Td> <Td> 250,000 </Td> <Td> 41,975 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1984 </Td> <Td> Hollis Stacy ( 3 ) </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> Salem Country Club </Td> <Td> Peabody , MA </Td> <Td> 290 </Td> <Td> + 2 </Td> <Td> 225,000 </Td> <Td> 36,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Jan Stephenson </Td> <Td> Australia </Td> <Td> Cedar Ridge Country Club </Td> <Td> Broken Arrow , OK </Td> <Td> 290 </Td> <Td> + 6 </Td> <Td> 200,000 </Td> <Td> 32,780 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1982 </Td> <Td> Janet Alex </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> Del Paso Country Club </Td> <Td> Sacramento , CA </Td> <Td> 283 </Td> <Td> − 5 </Td> <Td> 175,000 </Td> <Td> 27,315 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1981 </Td> <Td> Pat Bradley </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> La Grange Country Club </Td> <Td> La Grange , IL </Td> <Td> 279 </Td> <Td> − 9 </Td> <Td> 150,000 </Td> <Td> 22,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1980 </Td> <Td> Amy Alcott </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> Richland Country Club </Td> <Td> Nashville , TN </Td> <Td> 280 </Td> <Td> − 4 </Td> <Td> 140,000 </Td> <Td> 20,047 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1979 </Td> <Td> Jerilyn Britz </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> Brooklawn Country Club </Td> <Td> Fairfield , CT </Td> <Td> 284 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 125,000 </Td> <Td> 19,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1978 </Td> <Td> Hollis Stacy ( 2 ) </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> Country Club of Indianapolis </Td> <Td> Indianapolis , IN </Td> <Td> 289 </Td> <Td> + 5 </Td> <Td> 100,000 </Td> <Td> 15,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1977 </Td> <Td> Hollis Stacy </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> Hazeltine National Golf Club </Td> <Td> Chaska , MN </Td> <Td> 292 </Td> <Td> + 4 </Td> <Td> 75,000 </Td> <Td> 11,040 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1976 </Td> <Td> JoAnne Carner ( 2 ) </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> Rolling Green Golf Club </Td> <Td> Springfield , PA </Td> <Td> 292 </Td> <Td> + 8 </Td> <Td> 60,000 </Td> <Td> 9,054 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Sandra Palmer </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> Atlantic City Country Club </Td> <Td> Northfield , NJ </Td> <Td> 295 </Td> <Td> + 7 </Td> <Td> 55,000 </Td> <Td> 8,044 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Sandra Haynie </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> La Grange Country Club </Td> <Td> La Grange , IL </Td> <Td> 295 </Td> <Td> + 7 </Td> <Td> 40,000 </Td> <Td> 6,073 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1973 </Td> <Td> Susie Berning ( 3 ) </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> Country Club of Rochester </Td> <Td> Rochester , NY </Td> <Td> 290 </Td> <Td> + 2 </Td> <Td> 40,000 </Td> <Td> 6,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1972 </Td> <Td> Susie Berning ( 2 ) </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> Winged Foot Golf Club , East Course </Td> <Td> Mamaroneck , NY </Td> <Td> 299 </Td> <Td> + 11 </Td> <Td> 40,000 </Td> <Td> 6,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1971 </Td> <Td> JoAnne Carner </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> Kahkwa Club </Td> <Td> Erie , PA </Td> <Td> 288 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 31,000 </Td> <Td> 5,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1970 </Td> <Td> Donna Caponi ( 2 ) </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> Muskogee Country Club </Td> <Td> Muskogee , OK </Td> <Td> 287 </Td> <Td> − 1 </Td> <Td> 30,000 </Td> <Td> 5,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1969 </Td> <Td> Donna Caponi </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> Scenic Hills Country Club </Td> <Td> Pensacola , FL </Td> <Td> 294 </Td> <Td> + 6 </Td> <Td> 31,040 </Td> <Td> 5,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1968 </Td> <Td> Susie Berning </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> Moselem Springs Golf Club </Td> <Td> Fleetwood , PA </Td> <Td> 289 </Td> <Td> + 5 </Td> <Td> 25,000 </Td> <Td> 5,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1967 </Td> <Td> Catherine Lacoste ( a ) </Td> <Td> France </Td> <Td> The Homestead </Td> <Td> Hot Springs , VA </Td> <Td> 294 </Td> <Td> + 6 </Td> <Td> 25,000 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1966 </Td> <Td> Sandra Spuzich </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> Hazeltine National Golf Club </Td> <Td> Chaska , MN </Td> <Td> 297 </Td> <Td> + 9 </Td> <Td> 20,000 </Td> <Td> 4,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1965 </Td> <Td> Carol Mann </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> Atlantic City Country Club </Td> <Td> Northfield , NJ </Td> <Td> 290 </Td> <Td> + 2 </Td> <Td> 17,780 </Td> <Td> 3,800 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1964 </Td> <Td> Mickey Wright ( 4 ) </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> San Diego Country Club </Td> <Td> Chula Vista , CA </Td> <Td> 290 </Td> <Td> − 2 </Td> <Td> 9,900 </Td> <Td> 2,090 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1963 </Td> <Td> Mary Mills </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> Kenwood Country Club </Td> <Td> Cincinnati , OH </Td> <Td> 289 </Td> <Td> − 3 </Td> <Td> 9,000 </Td> <Td> 1,900 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1962 </Td> <Td> Murle Lindstrom </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> Dunes Golf and Beach Club </Td> <Td> Myrtle Beach , SC </Td> <Td> 301 </Td> <Td> + 13 </Td> <Td> 8,000 </Td> <Td> 1,800 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1961 </Td> <Td> Mickey Wright ( 3 ) </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> Baltusrol Golf Club , Lower Course </Td> <Td> Springfield , NJ </Td> <Td> 293 </Td> <Td> + 5 </Td> <Td> 8,000 </Td> <Td> 1,800 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1960 </Td> <Td> Betsy Rawls ( 4 ) </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> Worcester Country Club </Td> <Td> Worcester , MA </Td> <Td> 292 </Td> <Td> + 4 </Td> <Td> 7,200 </Td> <Td> 1,710 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1959 </Td> <Td> Mickey Wright ( 2 ) </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> Churchill Valley Country Club </Td> <Td> Pittsburgh , PA </Td> <Td> 287 </Td> <Td> − 1 </Td> <Td> 7,200 </Td> <Td> 1,800 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1958 </Td> <Td> Mickey Wright </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> Forest Lake Country Club </Td> <Td> Bloomfield , MI </Td> <Td> 290 </Td> <Td> − 2 </Td> <Td> 7,200 </Td> <Td> 1,800 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1957 </Td> <Td> Betsy Rawls ( 3 ) </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> Winged Foot Golf Club , East Course </Td> <Td> Mamaroneck , NY </Td> <Td> 299 </Td> <Td> + 7 </Td> <Td> 7,200 </Td> <Td> 1,800 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1956 </Td> <Td> Kathy Cornelius </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> Northland Country Club </Td> <Td> Duluth , MN </Td> <Td> 302 </Td> <Td> + 11 </Td> <Td> 6,000 </Td> <Td> 1,500 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1955 </Td> <Td> Fay Crocker </Td> <Td> Uruguay </Td> <Td> Wichita Country Club </Td> <Td> Wichita , KS </Td> <Td> 299 </Td> <Td> + 11 </Td> <Td> 7,500 </Td> <Td> 2,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1954 </Td> <Td> Babe Zaharias ( 3 ) </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> Salem Country Club </Td> <Td> Peabody , MA </Td> <Td> 291 </Td> <Td> + 3 </Td> <Td> 7,500 </Td> <Td> 2,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1953 </Td> <Td> Betsy Rawls ( 2 ) </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> Country Club of Rochester </Td> <Td> Rochester , NY </Td> <Td> 302 </Td> <Td> + 10 </Td> <Td> 7,500 </Td> <Td> 2,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1952 </Td> <Td> Louise Suggs ( 2 ) </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> Bala Golf Club </Td> <Td> Philadelphia , PA </Td> <Td> 284 </Td> <Td> + 8 </Td> <Td> 7,500 </Td> <Td> 1,750 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1951 </Td> <Td> Betsy Rawls </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> Druid Hills Golf Club </Td> <Td> Atlanta , GA </Td> <Td> 293 </Td> <Td> + 5 </Td> <Td> 7,500 </Td> <Td> 1,500 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1950 </Td> <Td> Babe Zaharias ( 2 ) </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> Rolling Hills Country Club </Td> <Td> Wichita , KS </Td> <Td> 291 </Td> <Td> − 9 </Td> <Td> 5,000 </Td> <Td> 1,250 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1949 </Td> <Td> Louise Suggs </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> Prince Georges Golf and Country Club </Td> <Td> Landover , MD </Td> <Td> 291 </Td> <Td> − 9 </Td> <Td> 7,500 </Td> <Td> 1,500 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1948 </Td> <Td> Babe Zaharias </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> Atlantic City Country Club </Td> <Td> Northfield , NJ </Td> <Td> 300 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 7,500 </Td> <Td> 1,200 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1947 </Td> <Td> Betty Jameson </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> Starmount Forest Country Club </Td> <Td> Greensboro , NC </Td> <Td> 295 </Td> <Td> − 9 </Td> <Td> 7,500 </Td> <Td> 1,200 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1946 </Td> <Td> Patty Berg † </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> Spokane Country Club </Td> <Td> Spokane , WA </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> 5&4 </Td> <Td> 19,700 </Td> <Td> 5,600 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> - Won in playoff ( a ) = Amateur † = Won 5 and 4 over Betty Jameson in 36 - hole match play final </P> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ The club is located in a portion of the Duluth postal area that became part of the newly incorporated city of Johns Creek in 2006 . Although the club is still served by the Duluth post office , it now lists its mailing address as Johns Creek . </Li> </Ol> <H2> Multiple champions ( edit ) </H2> <P> This table lists the golfers who have won more than one U.S. Women 's Open . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Td> Deceased golfer † </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Grand Slam winners ‡ </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Golfer </Th> <Th> Country </Th> <Th> Total </Th> <Th> Years </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Betsy Rawls </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1951 , 1953 , 1957 , 1960 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Mickey Wright ‡ </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1958 , 1959 , 1961 , 1964 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Babe Zaharias † </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1948 , 1950 , 1954 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Susie Berning </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1968 , 1972 , 1973 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Hollis Stacy </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1977 , 1978 , 1984 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Annika Sörenstam ‡ </Td> <Td> Sweden </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1995 , 1996 , 2006 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Louise Suggs ‡ </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1949 , 1952 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Donna Caponi </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1969 , 1970 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> JoAnne Carner </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1971 , 1976 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Betsy King </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1989 , 1990 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Patty Sheehan </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1992 , 1994 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Karrie Webb ‡ </Td> <Td> Australia </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 2000 , 2001 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Juli Inkster ‡ </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1999 , 2002 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Meg Mallon </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1991 , 2004 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Inbee Park </Td> <Td> South Korea </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 2008 , 2013 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The defending champion has retained the title on seven occasions , most recently in 2001 : </P> <Dl> <Dd> <Ul> <Li> 2001 - Karrie Webb </Li> <Li> 1996 - Annika Sörenstam </Li> <Li> 1990 - Betsy King </Li> <Li> 1978 - Hollis Stacy </Li> <Li> 1973 - Susie Berning </Li> <Li> 1970 - Donna Caponi </Li> <Li> 1959 - Mickey Wright </Li> </Ul> </Dd> </Dl> <P> Through 2016 , three consecutive championships has not been achieved . </P> <H2> Champions by nationality ( edit ) </H2> <P> This table lists the total number of titles won by golfers of each nationality . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Nationality </Th> <Th> Wins </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> 51 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> South Korea </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Sweden </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Australia </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> England </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> France </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Uruguay </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Future sites ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Year </Th> <Th> Course </Th> <Th> Location </Th> <Th> Dates </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2018 </Td> <Td> Shoal Creek Golf and Country Club </Td> <Td> Shoal Creek , Alabama </Td> <Td> May 31 -- June 3 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2019 </Td> <Td> Country Club of Charleston </Td> <Td> Charleston , South Carolina </Td> <Td> May 30 -- June 2 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2020 </Td> <Td> Champions Golf Club , Cypress Creek Course </Td> <Td> Houston , Texas </Td> <Td> June 4 -- 7 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2021 </Td> <Td> The Olympic Club , Lake Course </Td> <Td> San Francisco , California </Td> <Td> June 3 -- 6 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Source : </P> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Golf portal </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Golf in the United States </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ `` U.S. Women 's Open : History '' . USGA. 2013 . Retrieved June 23 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` U.S. Women 's Open Notebook '' . PGA Tour . Associated Press . June 26 , 2007 . Retrieved March 6 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Clarke , Liz ( July 7 , 1998 ) . `` Pak wins Open on 92nd hole '' . Spokesman - Review . p . C1 . Retrieved March 6 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` 2012 U.S. Women 's Open : Fact Sheet '' . USGA . Retrieved March 6 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Shoal Creek to Host 2018 U.S. Women 's Open '' . USGA . May 26 , 2014 . Retrieved July 16 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` U.S. Women 's Open sectional qualifying complete '' . USGA . June 4 , 2014 . Retrieved June 19 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 2013 Women 's Open Fact Sheet '' . USGA. 2013 . Retrieved June 19 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 2010 U.S. Open Qualifying '' . Archived from the original on June 12 , 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Lucy Li , 11 , qualifies for U.S. Open '' . ESPN . Retrieved May 20 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Dixon , Peter ( June 30 , 2007 ) . `` Thompson proves that youngsters can have fun '' . The Times . London . Retrieved April 24 , 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 1946 - 2010 - US Women 's Open - history - purses & winners ' shares '' ( PDF ) . LPGA . Retrieved July 31 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` U.S. Women 's Open to be played at Shoal Creek in Alabama in 2018 '' . PGA of America . Associated Press . 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We Belong Together - wikipedia <H1> We Belong Together </H1> For other uses , see We Belong Together ( disambiguation ) . <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> `` We Belong Together '' </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Single by Mariah Carey </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> from the album The Emancipation of Mimi </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> B - side </Th> <Td> `` It 's Like That '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Released </Th> <Td> March 29 , 2005 ( 2005 - 03 - 29 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Format </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> CD </Li> <Li> digital download </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Recorded </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Studio </Th> <Td> Right Track Studios ( New York City ) Southside Studios ( Atlanta , Georgia ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Genre </Th> <Td> R&B </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Length </Th> <Td> 3 : 21 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Label </Th> <Td> Island </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Songwriter ( s ) </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Mariah Carey </Li> <Li> Jermaine Dupri </Li> <Li> Manuel Seal </Li> <Li> Johntá Austin </Li> <Li> Kenneth Edmonds </Li> <Li> Darnell Bristol </Li> <Li> Bobby Womack </Li> <Li> Patrick Moten </Li> <Li> Sandra Sully </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Producer ( s ) </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Mariah Carey </Li> <Li> Jermaine Dupri </Li> <Li> Manuel Seal </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Mariah Carey singles chronology </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Td> `` It 's Like That '' ( 2005 ) </Td> <Td> `` We Belong Together '' ( 2005 ) </Td> <Td> `` Shake It Off '' ( 2005 ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> `` We Belong Together '' is a song by American singer Mariah Carey from her tenth studio album , The Emancipation of Mimi ( 2005 ) . The song was released on March 29 , 2005 , through Island Records , as the second single from the album . `` We Belong Together '' was written by Carey , Jermaine Dupri , Manuel Seal , and Johntá Austin , and produced by the former three . As the song samples lyrics from Bobby Womack 's `` If You Think You 're Lonely Now '' ( 1981 ) and the Deele 's `` Two Occasions '' ( 1987 ) , several other songwriters are credited . `` We Belong Together '' is built on a simple piano arrangement with an understated backbeat . The lyrics chronicle a woman 's desperation for her former lover to return . </P> <P> Following her decline in popularity between 2001 and 2005 , critics dubbed the song her musical comeback , as many had considered her career over . `` We Belong Together '' earned her several music industry awards and nominations throughout 2005 -- 06 . The song broke chart records in the United States and became Carey 's sixteenth topper on the US Billboard Hot 100 . After staying at number one for fourteen non-consecutive weeks , it joined four other songs in a tie as the second longest running number one song in US chart history , behind Carey 's own 1995 collaboration with Boyz II Men titled `` One Sweet Day '' . Billboard listed it as the `` song of the decade '' and the eleventh most popular song of all time . Additionally , it broke several airplay records , gathering both the largest one - day and one - week audiences in history . `` We Belong Together '' also topped the charts in Australia and reached the top five in Denmark , Hungary , Ireland , the Netherlands , New Zealand , Scotland , Spain , and the United Kingdom . </P> <P> The song 's music video was filmed as a two - part story with `` It 's Like That '' , which featured Carey at her bachelorette party . The video for `` We Belong Together '' is a continuation focusing on Carey 's wedding to an older and powerful man and ends with the singer eloping with her ex-lover . Rumors arose of the video 's connection to her 1993 marriage to Tommy Mottola . Carey performed the song on several award shows and television appearances around the world , namely MTV Movie Awards , MTV Video Music Awards , Macy 's Fourth of July Parade , The Oprah Winfrey Show and the 48th Grammy Awards . In Europe the song was performed at the Live 8 charity concert , the Fashion Rocks in Monaco , and the German Bambi Awards . Carey performed the song on both her Adventures of Mimi and Angels Advocate Tours . </P> <H2> Contents </H2> <Ul> <Li> 1 Background </Li> <Li> 2 Music and structure </Li> <Li> 3 Critical reception </Li> <Li> 4 Chart performance </Li> <Li> 5 Awards and nominations </Li> <Li> 6 Remixes </Li> <Li> 7 Music video <Ul> <Li> 7.1 Background </Li> <Li> 7.2 Synopsis </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 8 Live performances </Li> <Li> 9 Formats and track listings </Li> <Li> 10 Credits and personnel </Li> <Li> 11 Charts <Ul> <Li> 11.1 Weekly charts </Li> <Li> 11.2 Year - end charts </Li> <Li> 11.3 Decade - end charts </Li> <Li> 11.4 All - time charts </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 12 Certifications </Li> <Li> 13 See also </Li> <Li> 14 References </Li> <Li> 15 External links </Li> </Ul> <H2> Background ( edit ) </H2> <P> Carey had produced back - to - back commercially and critically unsuccessful albums , Glitter ( 2001 ) and Charmbracelet ( 2002 ) . Though fueled by strong media attention regarding Carey 's return to music , as well as her new deal with Island Records , the albums failed to deliver the type of success she had been accustomed to throughout the 1990s , and only managed sales of 3 million copies globally . After the album 's release , and its succeeding tour , Carey began conceptualizing and working on a new project , eventually titled The Emancipation of Mimi , her tenth studio effort . `` We Belong Together '' became a song that critics considered Carey 's `` return to form '' and `` the return of The Voice '' , after several questioned her vocal abilities following the release of Charmbracelet . </P> <P> By November 2004 , Carey had already recorded several songs for The Emancipation of Mimi . Island Records chairman L.A. Reid suggested Carey that she compose a few more strong singles to ensure the project 's commercial success . Noting that she had written some of her best work with Jermaine Dupri , Reid recommended her to meet with Dupri for a brief studio session . Carey headed to Atlanta to collaborate with Dupri where the duo wrote and produced `` Shake It Off '' and `` Get Your Number '' , which were eventually released as the album 's third and fourth singles . ( Following this recording session , `` Shake It Off '' was briefly selected as the album 's lead single , replacing the originally planned `` Say Somethin ' '' . ) Carey returned to Atlanta for a second meeting with Dupri ; during this trip , Carey and Dupri penned the last two songs to be included on the album , `` We Belong Together '' and `` It 's Like That '' . In an interview with Billboard , Carey described her sentiments regarding the song during the production stage : </P> <P> I had the chills . I had a great feeling about it when we finished writing the song , and I was flying back from Atlanta at some crazy hour of the morning ... But we were listening to it on the plane ride on the way home , and even from the demo version , I really felt something very special . </P> <P> Carey and her management then decided to release `` It 's Like That '' , which Carey called `` the right fire - starter '' , as the album 's lead single . She later reminisced about her experience with Dupri : `` I am so grateful I went to Atlanta , '' she said . `` And I have to say , we wrote some of my favorite songs on the album . I 'm so proud of Jermaine -- he 's so focused , and he knew what had to be done . '' </P> <H2> Music and structure ( edit ) </H2> <P> `` We Belong Together '' is an R&B ballad . Rolling Stone called it `` soulful . '' The song is propelled by a programmed Roland TR - 808 - styled kick and hi - hat , which is prominently utilized in hip hop music . Reviewer Jennifer Vineyard from MTV News commented that Carey 's spare and understated singing approach gave the song more power , which would not have been achieved if she had belted . The song also incorporates 1980s retro - soul music by `` cleverly '' referencing Bobby Womack 's `` If You Think You 're Lonely Now '' ( 1981 ) and the Deele 's `` Two Occasions '' ( 1987 ) , with Babyface . In the second verse of `` We Belong Together '' , Carey sings : `` Bobby Womack 's on the radio / Singing to me , ' If you think you 're lonely now ' . '' She then flips across a radio dial : `` So I turn the dial , tryin ' to catch a break / And then I hear Babyface / ' I only think of you ... ' . '' The line `` If you think you 're lonely now '' is from the song of the same name and `` I only think of you '' is from the chorus of `` Two Occasions . '' In the remix she also says `` I only think of you / On two occasions / That 's day and night ... '' Due to the inclusion of the lyrics from both songs , the songwriters were given co-writing credits on the song . `` We Belong Together '' follows the common verse - chorus form and is structured into three distinct sections , with each section presenting the protagonist in different emotions . The first section chronicles the break - up of the couple , and a sorrowful tone is established as she laments her former mistakes . In the second section , the narrative switches to the present , and the protagonist becomes increasingly agitated and feels `` all out of her element '' when she attempts to distract herself by listening to the radio , but fails . `` We Belong Together '' does not have a bridge ; instead , Carey transitions into the third section by raising the pitch an octave , which emphasizes the sheer frustration and desperation of the protagonist . Metro Times writer Johnny Loftus described the song 's production , lyrics and vocals in detail : </P> <P> It 's straightforward , heartfelt and classy . Mariah pleads with her departed lover -- ' When you left I lost a part of me / It 's still so hard to believe ' -- and the song 's gentle R&B roll is perfectly understated , built from a few piano chords and a slowed - down So So Def rhythm . It has a homebody quality , almost like an autumn song would -- you can imagine a split - up couple singing it quietly , separately , as the world goes on around them . She 's on a porch with tea ; he 's stuck in traffic when he finds Mariah on the radio . It even cleverly references that feel , with Mariah finding the Bobby Womack and Babyface songs on her radio just too tough to hear . There 's no tired ' I tried to 2 - way you ' retorts , no trash - technology love affair ' I was at the grocery store and this guy had the same ring tone as you , and I cried . ' No , there 's a classic sensibility to the lyrics and sound of ' We Belong Together ' that makes for perfect -- and perfectly universal -- pop / R&B songwriting . In other words , it 's the jam . And there 's probably a happy ending , too : Mariah 's triumphant octave shift finale makes the song 's title an emphatic . </P> <P> `` We Belong Together '' is a simple , understated musical arrangement set in F lydian and composed in 4 / 4 time . Similarly , within the song , Carey 's voice spans from G to the high note of A. Carey 's vocal range is demonstrated with a greater emphasis in the ending chorus , where the chorus is raised an octave higher , lying from G to A. As such , Carey ends with an anticipated coda , completing both the chorus and the song with a potent , belted note of C for approximately four semibreves ( around 17 seconds ) . It follows the common verse - chorus form and is structured into three sections that portray the protagonist in a range of emotions ; from doleful and resigned in the first section , to desperate and agitated in the second . In the last section the song climaxes with an octave raise , which not only emphasizes the protagonist 's heightened desperation , but her determination to be with her lover . The song is written in the key of C major with a slow tempo of 70 beats per minute . Carey 's vocals span from G to A , and the song follows a chord progression of Am -- G -- Em -- F . </P> <H2> Critical reception ( edit ) </H2> <P> `` We Belong Together '' became a `` career re-defining '' song for Carey , at a point when many critics had considered her career over . Unlike most of Carey 's recent singles at that time , `` We Belong Together '' received generally positive reviews from critics , most of whom hailed the song as her `` return to form '' , following reviews for Charmbracelet ( 2002 ) , that suggested Carey had lost her signature vocal range and power . Sal Cinquemani of Slant Magazine wrote `` the ... diva ( keeps ) cool with breathy , rapid - fire verses until the final full strong - voiced climax that ... proves that ' The Voice ' has indeed returned . '' Additionally , he said that `` The song is as ' innovative ' as Mariah has been in years . '' Other critics commended Carey on her novel singing style which , according to Kelefa Sanneh of The New York Times , gave the song its propulsion , writing `` This style is part of the reason why she has been able to turn a ballad into a summer smash . ' We Belong Together ' does n't have a guest rapper , or a hard - hitting beat , but Ms. Carey 's tricky vocal lines give the song more propulsion than you 'd expect , with tightly coiled counter-rhythms that tug against the beat . '' Johnny Loftus from Metro Times called it a `` summer hit '' and wrote `` We all know it 's the intangibles that make a summer single anyway , those untraceable currents that grab the heart and feet , and despite not being an anthem , ' We Belong Together ' is that rousing . '' </P> <P> Writing for Vibe , Michael Ehrlich claimed the song would `` cut across generations '' , while Cinquemani felt it would revive `` faith in Mariah the balladeer '' . Stephen Thomas Erlewine from AllMusic chose `` We Belong Together '' as a `` top Pick '' from the album , while Todd Burns from Stylus Magazine described it as `` beautifully cadenced '' . Echoing Cinquemani 's comments about the song and Carey 's past as a balladeer , Jozen Cummings from PopMatters wrote `` Carey makes the song her own , reminding fans of her ' Hero ' days with full , throaty vocals and a crashing climax at the end . The dichotomy between ' The Emancipation of Mimi 's ' first two tracks is the album 's bread and butter . '' Since first hearing the song on the radio , Sherri Winston from South Florida Sun - Sentinel claimed she `` knew it would be a smash '' , complimenting its understated beat and Carey 's vocals . Billboard 's Michael Paoletta described `` We Belong Together '' as one of the album 's strongest cuts , claiming that it highlighted the strongest focal point on the song : Carey 's voice . Slant Magazine ranked it 2nd on their best songs of 2005 list . </P> <H2> Chart performance ( edit ) </H2> Carey performing `` We Belong Together '' on Good Morning America <P> Between 2001 and 2004 , Carey 's popularity had substantially declined and many had considered her career as over . The song spent fourteen non-consecutive weeks at number one on both the US Billboard Hot 100 -- after making its debut at number 81 -- and on the Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs chart . It had major cross-over success , becoming the first song to simultaneously occupy the number one position on nine Billboard charts on the week ending August 6 , 2005 : the Hot 100 , Billboard Hot 100 Airplay , Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs , Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Airplay , Pop 100 Airplay , Top 40 Mainstream , Rhythmic Airplay Chart , Hot Dance Club Songs , and the Hot Ringtones charts . Spending fourteen weeks atop the Hot 100 , `` We Belong Together '' became the one of the second longest running number one songs in US chart history , behind only Carey 's 1995 collaboration with Boyz II Men , `` One Sweet Day '' , which spent sixteen weeks at number one . Aside from its chart success , the song broke several airplay records , and according to Mediabase and Nielsen BDS , gathered both the largest one - day and one - week audiences in BDS history , reaching 32.8 million and 223 million impressions respectively . This record was held until it was broken by Robin Thicke 's `` Blurred Lines '' in 2013 , with 234.65 million listeners on July 28 . </P> <P> During the week of September 25 , 2005 , Carey set another record , becoming the first female to occupy the first two spots atop the Hot 100 , as `` We Belong Together '' remained at number one , and her next single , `` Shake It Off '' , held the number two spot . Additionally , the song held the top position on the official Hot 100 Airplay chart for sixteen weeks , tying for the second all time spot with No Doubt 's `` Do n't Speak '' ( 1996 ) . `` We Belong Together '' was certified 3хPlatinum by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) , denoting shipments of a 3 million copies throughout the United States . On the Billboard Hot 100 Year - end Chart of 2005 , the song was declared the number one song , a career first for Carey . Billboard listed `` We Belong Together '' ninth on The Billboard Hot 100 All - Time Top Songs and second on Top Billboard Hot 100 R&B / Hip - Hop Songs . The song was also declared the most popular song of the 2000s decade by Billboard , which makes Carey the first artist to have more than one song being the most popular of a decade , as `` One Sweet Day '' was the most popular song of the 1990s . </P> <P> Besides its success in the United States , `` We Belong Together '' achieved strong charting throughout Europe and Australia . On the ARIA Charts , the song debuted atop the singles chart in Australia during the week dated July 3 , 2005 . The following week , it held the number one spot for a second week , and stayed on the chart for a total of eleven weeks . To date , `` We Belong Together '' was certified Platinum by the Australian Recording Industry Association ( ARIA ) , denoting shipments of 70,000 units . The song finished at number seventeen on the 2005 Australian Year - End Chart . In both Flemish and Wallonian territories in Belgium , `` We Belong Together '' peaked at numbers twelve and twenty - four , spending a total of fifteen and fourteen weeks fluctuating in the singles chart , respectively . The song finished at number forty - seven on the Flemish Year - End Chart of 2005 . `` We Belong Together '' made its debut at number fifteen on the Danish Tracklisten chart during the week of August 7 , 2005 , eventually peaking at number three . In France , the song peaked at number twelve , and spent nineteen weeks fluctuating within the French singles chart . On the Dutch Top 40 chart , `` We Belong Together '' reached number one in its fourth week , and spent a total of sixteen weeks in the chart , four of which were at the number two position . The song finished at number forty - one on the Dutch Year - End Chart of 2005 . In New Zealand , the song spend three weeks at number two on the singles chart , and a total of twelve before making its exit on October 3 , 2005 . At the end of 2005 , `` We Belong Together '' finished at number thirty - six , and was certified Gold by the Recording Industry Association of New Zealand ( RIANZ ) . In both Norway and Spain , the song peaked at number nine and three , and spent nine and seven weeks within the charts . In Switzerland , the song peaked at number four on the official singles chart , and charted for thirteen weeks . During mid-week predictions in the United Kingdom , `` We Belong Together '' was positioned to become Carey 's third UK number one single . However , it wound up debuting at number two on the UK Singles Chart . In its second week , the song dropped to number three , before re-surfacing to number two in its third week , this time blocked by James Blunt 's `` You 're Beautiful '' . The song spent a total of eighteen weeks within the singles chart , and has estimated sales of over 240,000 units in the United Kingdom . </P> <H2> Awards and Nominations ( edit ) </H2> <P> `` We Belong Together '' was awarded several prestigious music industry awards throughout 2005 and 2006 . At the 2005 Billboard Music Awards ceremony , Carey won five awards , with the song receiving awards in the `` Rhythmic Top 40 Title of the Year '' , `` Hot 100 song of the Year '' and `` Hot 100 Airplay of the Year '' categories . On November 6 , 2005 , Carey earned two awards for `` We Belong Together '' at the Radio Music Awards ceremony , in the `` Song of the Year / Mainstream Hit Radio '' and `` Song of the Year / Urban and Rhythmic Radio '' categories . Similarly , `` We Belong Together '' won the `` Best R&B / Soul Single '' and `` Best R&B / Soul Single , Female '' awards at the 20th annual Soul Train Music Awards , `` Choice Love Song '' at the Teen Choice Awards , `` Best R&B Song '' at the Vibe Awards , and `` World 's Most - Played Single '' at the 2005 World Music Awards . </P> <P> At the 48th annual Grammy Awards , held at the Shrine Auditorium on February 8 , 2006 , Carey was nominated for eight awards , the most she had received in one night throughout her career . `` We Belong Together '' was nominated for Song of the Year and Record of the Year ; however , it won two awards : `` Best R&B Song '' and `` Best Female R&B Vocal Performance '' . The song was named `` Song of the Year '' at the ASCAP Awards , and `` Song of the Year '' , `` Most Performed Song '' and `` Number - one Billboard Song '' at the BMI Awards . Towards the summer of 2006 , Carey took home `` Song of the Year '' , `` Best Pop Female Song Performance '' and `` Best R&B / Soul Female Song Performance '' at the GrooveVolt Music & Fashion Awards . </P> <H2> Remixes ( edit ) </H2> <P> Carey recorded an official remix version for `` We Belong Together '' , which she produced with DJ Clue . The remix features vocals from rappers Jadakiss and Styles P , two - thirds of the hip - hop trio the LOX . The remix is fundamentally different from the original , described as having `` a faster , springier backbeat '' by Kelefa Sanneh of The New York Times . Lyrically , the song is similar to the album version of the song , in which both rappers ' verses contemplate on past memories . Styles P raps `` Past is the past , just let it be bygones / Matter of fact I know a fly song that we could vibe on '' , which Sanneh writes `` Cheerfully out of place , he sounds like a man who has wandered into the wrong summertime party , but so what ? He figures he might as well stick around and enjoy it . '' In two separate reviews of The Emancipation of Mimi , Sanneh referred to the song as both `` great '' and `` excellent '' , in regards to the remix . </P> <P> Aside from the album version 's main remix , several others were commissioned and released , although none contained new vocals from Carey . Peter Rauhofer created the `` Reconstruction Mix / Atlantic Soul Vocal Mix '' and `` Atlantic Soul Vocal Mix '' , which both feature a synthetic bass line , a piano and guitar line , and distinctive hi - hats that produce a more up - tempo , hard - hitting beat . </P> <H2> Music video ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Background ( edit ) </H3> <P> The song 's music video premiered worldwide on April 11 , 2005 , although MSN offered an exclusive look at the music video on April 9 . Carey 's `` We Belong Together '' is Yahoo ! Music 's most watched video of 2005 with 7.5 million streamed performances . The video was shot by film director Brett Ratner in Los Angeles alongside the video for Carey 's previous single , `` It 's Like That '' . Carey had collaborated with Ratner several times in the past , having worked on the video for `` Heartbreaker '' , which became one of the most expensive of all time , costing an estimated $2.5 million . The video was filmed through February 9 to February 10 , 2005 , in conjunction with `` It 's Like That '' and serves as the second half to the two - part story . The music video for `` It 's Like That '' features Carey at her bachelorette party set to wed an older and powerful man , played by Eric Roberts . Towards the end of the video , her ex-lover and past flame , played by Wentworth Miller , arrives at the event , and the video concludes with them staring into each other 's eyes as Carey 's soon - to - be husband watches from a balcony . The video for `` We Belong Together '' finishes their tale of love , and features Carey on her wedding day . For the scenes of Carey 's wedding to the older man , she wore her Vera Wang gown she originally wore during her nuptials to Tommy Mottola in 1993 . In an interview with MSNBC , when asked if there was a connection to the use of the dress in the video and reality , Carey responded : </P> <P> The wedding dress was a Vera Wang original dress from a while ago that I actually wore on a certain occasion and had it in storage and when we came up with the concept for the video that had the element of a wedding in it , I said , ' well , I do have my old wedding dress , ' . ' It 's still worth ( sic ) for me ' cause I ca n't believe I was ever married but whatever , end of story . And I knew that we would n't be able to get a fabulous dress like in two days so I just took that dress out of the storage -- it has a 27 - foot train and it was just all hand - beaded and stuff and so I figured we might as well get a use out of it . ' </P> <H3> Synopsis ( edit ) </H3> In the music video , Carey wore her wedding dress from her nuptials to Tommy Mottola in 1993 . She is seen running from the altar , alongside her lover ( Wentworth Miller ) , in the video 's climactic scene . <P> The video features Carey readying for her wedding , and follows her to the altar , as well as her escape from the reception . Many of the actors featured in Carey 's `` It 's Like That '' video were in that of `` We Belong Together '' , which was shot as a continuation from the `` It 's Like That '' video . It begins with a scene of a large mansion , apparently owned by the older man who she is to marry . Carey is seen walking barefoot in a room , shedding a black sheer robe and laying down on a bed draped with white linens . Dressed in lingerie , Carey 's face is shown close - up , as scenes of her tossing in the bed are shown . As the song begins , Carey is seen sitting in front of a large mirror , preparing for her wedding by putting on earrings and shoes , and staring at the ring on her finger . Additional scenes of Carey sitting on a small blue sofa , wearing a purple dress , and Carey staring at the camera during a shower moment are interspersed . The wedding is then shown , with Miller approaching the reception through a stairwell in the back . Small children as seen throwing flowers on the white carpet , followed by Roberts and Carey walking down the aisle . </P> <P> As Carey , now dry and clothed , is shown in another scenario following the dressing scene , a still of Carey and Miller in the video for `` It 's like That '' is shown , during the lyrics `` I ca n't sleep at night / When you are on my mind '' . After several other scenes of Carey dressed in the purple gown and white shirt are interspersed , the altar is displayed , where before being ordained by the minister , Carey looks into her ex-lover's eyes once more . She turns to Roberts , and begins running towards Miller , leaving the reception . As the song 's climax is reached , Carey and Miller are shown running from the reception , as the guests stand up in awe , and watch the pair leave . Carey , dressed in the white shirt , is shown with growing anticipation , crying to the camera and moving her hands and hair . Back at the wedding scene , Carey and her lover get into his vehicle , and drive away as her 27 - foot train hangs behind the car . The video was nominated for `` Best R&B Video '' and `` Best Female Video '' at the 2005 MTV Video Music Awards . </P> <H2> Live performances ( edit ) </H2> <P> Due to its continued chart success , Carey performed `` We Belong Together '' on several live televised performances and included it on the set - lists of all of her tours following its release . In the United Kingdom , Carey filmed a two - part appearance on the British music program Top of the Pops , performing `` It 's Like That '' , `` We Belong Together '' , and `` Shake It Off '' . Additional European and Asian appearances included an interview on the French talk show Le Grand Journal , and a performance of `` We Belong Together '' on both Music Station and Riponggi Hills in Japan . After returning to the United States for a string of televised performances , Carey launched the release of the album on Good Morning America , in the form of a five - piece outdoor concert . The concert , taking place in Times Square and featuring the largest crowd in the plaza since the 2004 New Year 's Eve celebration , featured the first three singles from the album , as well as `` Fly Like a Bird '' and `` Make It Happen '' ( 1991 ) . The following week , she performed `` We Belong Together '' at the 2005 BET Awards , with an additional appearance at the annual VH1 Save the Music special , filmed live on April 17 from the Beacon Theatre . Throughout May , Carey appeared on several US television programs , performing `` We Belong Together '' on the Late Show with David Letterman ( May 5 ) , The Tonight Show with Jay Leno ( May 11 ) , and The Ellen DeGeneres Show ( May 13 ) , which included a performance of `` It 's Like That '' . As June approached , Carey made an appearance on The Oprah Winfrey Show ( May 24 ) , featuring a live rendition of `` We Belong Together '' . She appeared on stage wearing a long blue evening gown , and featured a four piece band , as well as three background vocalists . Eleven days later on June 4 , she performed at the annual Macy 's Fourth of July Parade , singing `` America the Beautiful '' and `` We Belong Together '' . </P> Carey performing `` We Belong Together '' on her Angels Advocate Tour <P> The following week , Carey made a live appearance at the 2005 MTV Movie Awards . The recital aired on television in black and white format , with Carey wearing a red Armani Privé and sporting a retro curled hairstyle , appearing in color . She performed `` We Belong Together '' on a white runway - styled stage with four male and female dancers . Following the stateside promotion of the album , Carey traveled to the United Kingdom on July 2 , 2005 for a benefit concert held in Hyde Park , London titled Live 8 . The televised event was watched by over 9.6 million British citizens and held a live audience of over 200,000 . Carey performed a three song set - list , opening with `` Make It Happen '' and `` Hero '' , which featured a live choir of African children , and followed by `` We Belong Together '' . On August 3 , USA Today announced that Carey would be added to the roster of performers at the 2005 MTV Video Music Awards , held on the 28th of the month . The ceremony was held at the American Airlines Arena in downtown Miami Beach Florida , with Carey 's performance taking place at the National Hotel in South Beach . Apart from the Killers , she was the only performer to tape their appearance from an undisclosed location in Miami . After being introduced by Eva Longoria , Carey appeared on a long stage in the hotel 's courtyard , with Dupri opening the song in a nearby cabana . After performing `` Shake It Off '' and the official remix version of `` We Belong Together '' , Carey made her way into the shallow pool , followed by Dupri and the back - up dancers . Following the awards ceremony , Carey once again took to Europe , being featured as a head - lining performer at the 2005 Fashion Rocks , held in Monaco . Following her introduction by Donatella Versace , Carey performed the Peter Rauhofer Remix for `` We Belong Together '' on a suspended rafter , while wearing a metallic Versace gown . Carey played a similarly - choreographed performance of the song 's Peter Rauhofer Remix at the German Bambi Awards , held in October 2005 . Two months later , she celebrated the new year on television , placing as the featured performer at the Times Square Ball drop on New Year 's Eve in New York . The special , titled Dick Clark 's New Year 's Rockin ' Eve with Ryan Seacrest , aired on ABC at 10 pm on December 31 , and featured Carey on stage wearing a short sparkling dress , and performing a selection of the album 's singles . </P> <P> At the 48th Grammy Awards , held on February 8 , 2006 , Carey was nominated for eight awards -- the most she had ever received in one night . That night , Carey returned to the Grammy stage for the first time since 1996 . Her performance opened with a pre-taped video in which she discussed the importance of God and religion in her life . Carey then came to the stage , dressed in a white Chanel gown , and sang a shortened version of `` We Belong Together '' . Next , Carey 's pastor Clarence Keaton read a Bible passage to open Carey 's performance of `` Fly Like a Bird '' , as he did in the studio recording of the song . Midway through the song , a black temporary wall was removed , revealing a large choir who joined Carey for the song 's gospel climax . The performance earned the night 's only standing ovation , prompting Teri Hatcher , who was presenting the next award , to exclaim , `` It 's like we 've all just been saved ! '' Carey 's performance earned rave reviews from critics . Gary Susman from Entertainment Weekly called Carey the `` comeback queen '' , noting that her voice `` soar ( ed ) into the rafters like only Carey 's can . '' Carey included `` We Belong Together '' on both succeeding tours following its release , the Adventures of Mimi and Angels Advocate Tours . On the former , the song was featured as the encore number , with Carey re-entering the arenas in a form fitting beige evening gown . Backed by three background vocalists , Trey Lorenz , Sherry Tatum , and MaryAnn Tatum , Carey began the song as confetti dropped the arena rafters . According to Jennifer Vineyard from MTV News , the performance was `` a major accomplishment '' , and the highlight of the show , and found Carey re-connect with the audience in ways that she was unable throughout most of the show . Similarly , during her Angel 's Advocate Tour , the song was placed as one of the final numbers on the set - list . Dressed in a black Herve Leger gown , Carey introduced the song as the Billboard 's `` song of the decade '' , and thanked the audience for making it her 16th number - one single in the United States . Following the song 's completion , Carey exited the arena for a few moments , before returning to perform `` Hero '' as the encore . </P> <H2> Formats and track listings ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> <P> Australian CD single </P> <Ol> <Li> `` We Belong Together '' -- 3 : 22 </Li> <Li> `` We Belong Together '' ( Reconstruction Radio Mix ) -- 4 : 05 </Li> <Li> `` It 's Like That ( Remix ) '' ( feat . Fat Joe ) -- 3 : 32 </Li> <Li> `` We Belong Together '' ( Video ) </Li> </Ol> <P> Danish maxi - single ( Promo ) </P> <Ol> <Li> `` We Belong Together ( Remix ) '' -- 4 : 30 </Li> <Li> `` We Belong Together ( Reconstruction Radio Mix ) '' -- 4 : 04 </Li> <Li> `` We Belong Together ( Reconstruction Club Mix ) '' -- 9 : 25 </Li> <Li> `` We Belong Together ( Atlantic Soul Radio Edit ) '' -- 4 : 22 </Li> <Li> `` We Belong Together ( Atlantic Soul Vocal ) '' -- 7 : 23 </Li> <Li> `` We Belong Together ( Atlantic Soul Instrumental ) '' -- 7 : 22 </Li> </Ol> <P> European CD single </P> <Ol> <Li> `` We Belong Together '' -- 3 : 22 </Li> <Li> `` We Belong Together ( Remix ) '' ( feat . Jadakiss and Styles P ) -- 4 : 30 </Li> </Ol> <P> Japanese CD single </P> <Ol> <Li> `` We Belong Together '' -- 3 : 22 </Li> <Li> `` We Belong Together '' ( Instrumental ) -- 3 : 22 </Li> </Ol> <P> </P> </Td> <Td> <P> UK CD single </P> <Ol> <Li> `` We Belong Together '' -- 3 : 23 </Li> <Li> `` We Belong Together '' ( Remix ) -- 4 : 06 </Li> </Ol> <P> UK CD maxi - single </P> <Ol> <Li> `` We Belong Together ( Remix ) '' -- 4 : 30 </Li> <Li> `` We Belong Together ( Reconstruction Radio Mix ) '' -- 4 : 04 </Li> <Li> `` We Belong Together ( Reconstruction Club Mix ) '' -- 9 : 25 </Li> <Li> `` We Belong Together ( Atlantic Soul Radio Edit ) '' -- 4 : 22 </Li> <Li> `` We Belong Together ( Atlantic Soul Vocal ) '' -- 7 : 23 </Li> <Li> `` We Belong Together ( Atlantic Soul Instrumental ) '' -- 7 : 22 </Li> </Ol> <P> US CD single ( Promo ) </P> <Ol> <Li> `` We Belong Together '' -- 4 : 27 </Li> <Li> `` We Belong Together ( Instrumental ) '' -- 4 : 28 </Li> </Ol> <P> </P> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Credits and personnel ( edit ) </H2> <P> Credits for The Emancipation of Mimi adapted from the album 's liner notes . </P> <Ul> <Li> Mariah Carey -- songwriting , producer , lead vocals , background vocals </Li> <Li> Jermaine Dupri -- songwriting , producer </Li> <Li> Manuel Seal -- songwriting , producer </Li> <Li> Johntá Austin -- songwriting </Li> <Li> Bobby Womack -- songwriting ( interpolation ) </Li> <Li> Patrick Moten -- songwriting ( interpolation ) </Li> <Li> Kenneth Edmonds -- songwriting ( interpolation ) </Li> <Li> Darnell Bristol -- songwriting ( interpolation ) </Li> <Li> Sandra Sully -- songwriting ( interpolation ) </Li> <Li> Brian Frye -- engineer </Li> <Li> Herb Power -- mastering </Li> </Ul> <H2> Charts ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> <H3> Weekly charts ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Chart ( 2005 ) </Th> <Th> Peak position </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Australia ( ARIA ) </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) </Th> <Td> 31 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) </Th> <Td> 12 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Wallonia ) </Th> <Td> 24 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Denmark ( Tracklisten ) </Th> <Td> 11 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Europe ( European Hot 100 Singles ) </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> France ( SNEP ) </Th> <Td> 12 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Germany ( Official German Charts ) </Th> <Td> 11 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Hungary ( Single Top 40 ) </Th> <Td> 5 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Ireland ( IRMA ) </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Italy ( FIMI ) </Th> <Td> 25 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Norway ( VG - lista ) </Th> <Td> 9 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Scotland ( Official Charts Company ) </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) </Th> <Td> 11 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> UK R&B ( Official Charts Company ) </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> US Billboard Hot 100 </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> US Adult Top 40 ( Billboard ) </Th> <Td> 16 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> US Dance Club Songs ( Billboard ) </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> US Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs ( Billboard ) </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> US Mainstream Top 40 ( Billboard ) </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> US Rhythmic ( Billboard ) </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> US Tropical Airplay ( Billboard ) </Th> <Td> 34 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> </P> </Td> <Td> <H3> Year - end charts ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Chart ( 2005 ) </Th> <Th> Position </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Australia ( ARIA ) </Td> <Td> 17 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) </Td> <Td> 47 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Europe ( European Hot 100 Singles ) </Td> <Td> 45 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Germany ( Official German Charts ) </Td> <Td> 92 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) </Td> <Td> 41 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) </Td> <Td> 41 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) </Td> <Td> 36 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) </Td> <Td> 57 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) </Td> <Td> 20 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> US Billboard Hot 100 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> US Hot Dance Club Songs ( Billboard ) </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> US Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs ( Billboard ) </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> US Pop 100 ( Billboard ) </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> US Rhythmic ( Billboard ) </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Decade - end charts ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Chart ( 2000 -- 09 ) </Th> <Th> Position </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> US Billboard Hot 100 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> US Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs ( Billboard ) </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> All - time charts ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Chart </Th> <Th> Position </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> US Billboard Hot 100 ( 2008 ) </Td> <Td> 9 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> US Billboard Hot 100 ( 2013 ) </Td> <Td> 11 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> US Billboard Hot 100 ( 2018 ) </Td> <Td> 14 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> </P> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Certifications ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Region </Th> <Th> Certification </Th> <Th> Certified units / Sales </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Australia ( ARIA ) </Th> <Td> Platinum </Td> <Td> 70,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> New Zealand ( RMNZ ) </Th> <Td> Gold </Td> <Td> 5,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> United Kingdom ( BPI ) </Th> <Td> Gold </Td> <Td> 400,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> United States ( RIAA ) </Th> <Td> 3 × Platinum </Td> <Td> 3,700,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="3"> <P> sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone </P> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> List of number - one singles of 2005 ( Australia ) </Li> <Li> List of Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles of 2005 </Li> <Li> List of number - one R&B singles of 2005 ( U.S. ) </Li> <Li> List of number - one dance singles of 2005 ( U.S. ) </Li> <Li> List of number - one dance airplay hits of 2005 ( U.S. ) </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ Anderson , Joan ( February 6 , 2006 ) . `` Carey , On ! 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Retrieved April 8 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Pennington , Gail ( June 28 , 2005 ) . `` Critic 's Picks '' . St. Louis Post-Dispatch. Lee Enterprises . Archived from the original on March 10 , 2006 . Retrieved May 10 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Australia 's Top 10 '' . The Age . Australia : Fairfax Media . July 4 , 2005 . Retrieved May 10 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kappes , Serena ( June 25 , 2005 ) . `` Bobby Brown 's Reality Check '' . People . Time Warner . Retrieved May 10 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Mariah Carey 's ' The Emancipation of Mimi ' Debuts at # 1 '' . Business Wire . Berkshire Hathaway . April 15 , 2005 . Retrieved May 10 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` TV Today '' . The Philadelphia Inquirer . Philadelphia Media Holdings . May 12 , 2011 . Retrieved May 10 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Critic 's Corner '' . The Boston Globe . The New York Times Company . July 28 , 2005 . Archived from the original on November 3 , 2012 . Retrieved May 10 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Brown , Tina ( July 3 , 2005 ) . `` Fireworks and Frankfurters For the Fourth '' . The Washington Post . The Washington Post Company . Retrieved May 10 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Television Tonight '' . San Jose Mercury News . MediaNews Group . July 4 , 2005 . Retrieved May 10 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Tecson , Brandee J. ( May 18 , 2005 ) . `` Mariah To Perform At MTV Movie Awards ; Nicole Richie , Fat Joe Tapped For Pre-Show '' . MTV News . Viacom . Retrieved May 10 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` ' Breakfast Cast ' to Reunite on MTV '' . USA Today . Gannett Company . May 28 , 2005 . Retrieved May 10 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Moss , Corey ( May 18 , 2011 ) . `` Eminem Teases Lindsay And Newbies Rule At MTV Movie Awards '' . MTV News . Viacom . Retrieved May 10 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Musical based on The Apprentice to hit Broadway '' . The New Zealand Herald . APN News & Media . May 23 , 2011 . Retrieved May 10 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Live 8 Attracts 9.6 m UK Viewers '' . BBC News . BBC . July 4 , 2005 . Retrieved April 13 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Live 8 : All the Backstage Gossip '' . BBC . July 4 , 2005 . Retrieved May 10 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Carey , Killers Join MTV Roster '' . USA Today . Gannett Company . May 28 , 2005 . Retrieved May 10 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Killers -- Miami Hotels Play Host To MTV VMA Performances '' . Contactmusic.com . August 25 , 2005 . Retrieved May 10 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Slezak , Michael ( August 29 , 2005 ) . `` The Video Music Awards '' . Entertainment Weekly . Time Warner . Retrieved May 10 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Fresco , Adam ( November 6 , 2005 ) . `` Pregnant Heiress Robbed of Jewels '' . The Sunday Times . UK : News International . Retrieved May 10 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Moss , Corey ( May 18 , 2005 ) . `` For The Record : Quick News On Nick And Jessica , Dr. Dre , Green Day , Ashanti , Pitbull , Wyclef Jean & More '' . MTV News . Viacom . Retrieved May 10 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Mariah Carey Left Devastated After the Theft of Gold Record '' . Spotlight . BBC . Archived from the original on May 21 , 2011 . Retrieved May 12 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Ring in the Year -- With 70 Year Olds '' . MSNBC . NBCUniversal . December 26 , 2005 . Retrieved May 12 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Guthrie , Marisa ( December 30 , 2005 ) . `` Times SQ . Beaming with New Year 's Special '' . Daily News . Mortimer Zuckerman . Retrieved May 12 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Guthrie , Marisa ( December 30 , 2005 ) . `` Ryan 's Hope : Kudos From Clark '' . Daily News . New York : Mortimer Zuckerman . Retrieved May 12 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Silverman , Stephen M. ( September 9 , 2005 ) . `` Mariah Sings in the New Year in Times Square '' . People . Time Warner . Retrieved May 12 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Rodman , Sarah ( September 10 , 2005 ) . `` Carey , West Top Grammy Nominations '' . Boston Herald . Herald Media Inc . Retrieved May 12 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Glaister , Dan ( February 7 , 2006 ) . `` Triumphant U2 Steals Carey 's Grammy Glory '' . The Guardian . London : Guardian Media Group . Retrieved May 12 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Susman , Gary ( April 11 , 2005 ) . `` Dance To The Music '' . Entertainment Weekly . Time Warner . Retrieved February 21 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Montgomery , James ( May 18 , 2005 ) . `` Mariah And Kanye Win , But In The End U2 -- And Curveballs -- Rule Grammy Night '' . MTV News . Viacom . Retrieved May 12 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Vineyard , Jennifer ( May 18 , 2005 ) . `` Alicia , Kanye Go For Plunging Necklines , Stars Rock White On Grammy Green Carpet '' . MTV News . Viacom . Retrieved May 12 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Rayner , Ben ( December 9 , 2005 ) . `` Mariah Carey , Meet U2 , Kelly ; Comeback Stalled as U2 Takes five Grammys Canadians Come Up Empty - handed at Awards Show '' . Toronto Star . Torstar . Retrieved May 12 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Pareles , Jon ( February 9 , 2006 ) . `` Few Big Surprises , Except One : The Music Dominated '' . The New York Times . The New York Times Company . Retrieved June 20 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Live Performances From The Grammys '' . USA Today . Gannett Company . June 6 , 2006 . Retrieved June 30 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Friedman , Roger ( February 9 , 2006 ) . `` Mariah : She Was Almost On Fire ( Fi - ah ) '' . Fox News . News Corporation . Retrieved June 30 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Vineyard , Jennifer ( August 23 , 2006 ) . `` Mariah Carey Connects In Diva - licious Concert '' . The Sun . MediaNews Group . Retrieved February 24 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Vineyard , Jennifer ( August 7 , 2006 ) . `` Mariah Carey Tour Kickoff : The Voice Outshines Costume Changes , Video Clips '' . MTV News . Viacom . Retrieved February 24 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Vineyard , Jennifer ( February 24 , 2010 ) . `` Mariah Carey Wows Crowd , Pokes Fun At Herself At L.A. Show '' . MTV News . Viacom . Retrieved February 24 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ We Belong Together ( Australian CD Single liner notes ) . Mariah Carey . Island Records . 2005 . 988 342 - 8 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ We Belong Together ( European CD Single liner notes ) . Mariah Carey . Island Records . 2005 . 0602498833209 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ We Belong Together ( Japanese CD Single liner notes ) . Mariah Carey . Island Records . 2005 . UICL - 5019 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ We Belong Together ( Japanese CD Single liner notes ) . Mariah Carey . Island Records . 2005 . 9883481 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ We Belong Together ( UK CD maxi - single liner notes ) . Mariah Carey . Island Records . 2005 . 988 348 - 3 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ We Belong Together ( US CD Single liner notes ) . Mariah Carey . Island Records . 2005 . B0005162 - 11 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Carey , Mariah ( 2005 ) . The Emancipation of Mimi ( Liner Notes ) ( Compact Disc ) . Mariah Carey . New York City , New York : Island Records . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Australian-charts.com -- Mariah Carey -- We Belong Together '' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . Retrieved May 8 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Mariah Carey -- We Belong Together '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Retrieved May 8 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Mariah Carey -- We Belong Together '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved May 8 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Mariah Carey -- We Belong Together '' ( in French ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved May 8 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Danishcharts.com -- Mariah Carey -- We Belong Together '' . Tracklisten . Retrieved May 8 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Hits of the world '' ( PDF ) . Billboard . July 30 , 2005 . p. 57 . Retrieved May 28 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Lescharts.com -- Mariah Carey -- We Belong Together '' ( in French ) . Les classement single . Retrieved May 8 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Offiziellecharts.de -- Mariah Carey -- We Belong Together '' . GfK Entertainment Charts . Retrieved May 8 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Archívum -- Slágerlisták -- MAHASZ '' ( in Hungarian ) . Single ( track ) Top 40 lista . Magyar Hanglemezkiadók Szövetsége . Retrieved May 28 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Irish Charts -- Search Results -- We Belong Together '' . Irish Singles Chart . Retrieved May 28 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Italiancharts.com -- Mariah Carey -- We Belong Together '' . Top Digital Download . Retrieved May 8 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Nederlandse Top 40 -- week 31 , 2005 '' ( in Dutch ) . Dutch Top 40 Retrieved May 28 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Mariah Carey -- We Belong Together '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Retrieved May 20 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Charts.nz -- Mariah Carey -- We Belong Together '' . Top 40 Singles . Retrieved May 8 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Norwegiancharts.com -- Mariah Carey -- We Belong Together '' . VG - lista . Retrieved May 8 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Official Scottish Singles Sales Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Spanishcharts.com -- Mariah Carey -- We Belong Together '' Canciones Top 50 . Retrieved May 8 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- Mariah Carey -- We Belong Together '' . Singles Top 100 . Retrieved May 8 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Mariah Carey -- We Belong Together '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Retrieved May 8 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Mariah Carey : Artist Chart History '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved May 8 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Official R&B Singles Chart Top 40 '' . Official Charts Company . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Mariah Carey Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved May 8 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Mariah Carey Chart History ( Adult Contemporary ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved May 8 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Mariah Carey Chart History ( Adult Pop Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved May 8 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Mariah Carey Chart History ( Dance Club Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved May 8 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Mariah Carey Chart History ( Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved May 8 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Mariah Carey Chart History ( Pop Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved May 8 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Mariah Carey Chart History ( Rhythmic ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved May 8 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Mariah Carey Chart History ( Tropical Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved May 28 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Year End European Hot 100 Singles Chart 2005 01 -- 2005 52 '' ( PDF ) . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on February 5 , 2013 . Retrieved July 27 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Single - Jahrescharts '' ( in German ) . GfK Entertainment . Retrieved June 5 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Jaaroverzichten - Single 2005 '' ( in Dutch ) . GfK Dutch Charts . Retrieved May 22 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Swiss Year - end Charts 2005 '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved May 28 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Official UK Singles Chart 2005 '' ( PDF ) . OCC . Retrieved May 28 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Billboard Hot 100 Chart 50th Anniversary - All - Time Top Songs '' . Billboard . Archived from the original on September 13 , 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Hot 100 55th Anniversary : The All - Time Top 100 Songs '' . Billboard . August 2 , 2013 . Archived from the original on December 15 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Hot 100 's All - Time Top 100 Songs '' . Billboard . August 2 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` ARIA Charts -- Accreditations -- 2005 Singles '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Retrieved 2013 . Check date values in : accessdate = ( help ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` New Zealand single certifications -- Mariah Carey -- We Belong Together '' . Recorded Music NZ . Retrieved May 28 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` British single certifications -- Mariah Carey -- We Belong Together '' . British Phonographic Industry . Retrieved November 3 , 2017 . Select singles in the Format field . Select Gold in the Certification field . Type We Belong Together in the `` Search BPI Awards '' field and then press Enter . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` American single certifications -- Mariah Carey -- We Belong Together '' . Recording Industry Association of America . Retrieved 2015 . Check date values in : accessdate = ( help ) If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Trust , Gary ( February 17 , 2014 ) . `` Ask Billboard : Katy Perry Regains No. 1 Momentum '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved May 7 , 2015 . </Li> </Ol> <P> Works cited </P> <Ul> <Li> Scapolo , Dean ( 2006 ) , The Complete New Zealand Music Charts 1966 -- 2006 , St. Martin 's Press , ISBN 978 - 1 - 877443 - 00 - 8 </Li> </Ul> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Mariah Carey songs </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Singles discography </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1990s songs </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` Vision of Love '' </Li> <Li> `` Love Takes Time '' </Li> <Li> `` Someday '' </Li> <Li> `` I Do n't Wanna Cry '' </Li> <Li> `` There 's Got to Be a Way '' </Li> <Li> `` Emotions '' </Li> <Li> `` Ca n't Let Go '' </Li> <Li> `` Make It Happen '' </Li> <Li> `` If It 's Over '' </Li> <Li> `` I 'll Be There '' </Li> <Li> `` Dreamlover '' </Li> <Li> `` Hero '' </Li> <Li> `` Anytime You Need a Friend '' </Li> <Li> `` Without You '' </Li> <Li> `` Never Forget You '' </Li> <Li> `` Endless Love '' </Li> <Li> `` All I Want for Christmas Is You '' </Li> <Li> `` O Holy Night '' </Li> <Li> `` Joy to the World '' </Li> <Li> `` Fantasy '' </Li> <Li> `` Underneath the Stars '' </Li> <Li> `` One Sweet Day '' </Li> <Li> `` Open Arms '' </Li> <Li> `` Always Be My Baby '' </Li> <Li> `` Forever '' </Li> <Li> `` Honey '' </Li> <Li> `` My All '' </Li> <Li> `` Butterfly '' </Li> <Li> `` The Roof '' </Li> <Li> `` Breakdown '' </Li> <Li> `` Close My Eyes '' </Li> <Li> `` The Beautiful Ones '' </Li> <Li> `` Sweetheart '' </Li> <Li> `` When You Believe '' </Li> <Li> `` I Still Believe '' </Li> <Li> `` Theme from Mahogany ( Do You Know Where You 're Going To ) '' </Li> <Li> `` Heartbreaker '' </Li> <Li> `` Thank God I Found You '' </Li> <Li> `` Ca n't Take That Away ( Mariah 's Theme ) '' </Li> <Li> `` Against All Odds ( Take a Look at Me Now ) '' </Li> <Li> `` Crybaby '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 2000s songs </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` Loverboy '' </Li> <Li> `` Do n't Stop ( Funkin ' 4 Jamaica ) '' </Li> <Li> `` Reflections ( Care Enough ) '' </Li> <Li> `` Last Night a DJ Saved My Life '' </Li> <Li> `` Never Too Far '' </Li> <Li> `` Never Too Far / Hero Medley '' </Li> <Li> `` Through the Rain '' </Li> <Li> `` Boy ( I Need You ) '' </Li> <Li> `` Bringin ' On the Heartbreak '' </Li> <Li> `` I Know What You Want '' </Li> <Li> `` It 's Like That '' </Li> <Li> `` We Belong Together '' </Li> <Li> `` Shake It Off '' </Li> <Li> `` Mine Again '' </Li> <Li> `` Say Somethin ' '' </Li> <Li> `` Get Your Number '' </Li> <Li> `` Fly Like a Bird '' </Li> <Li> `` Do n't Forget About Us '' </Li> <Li> `` Migrate '' </Li> <Li> `` Touch My Body '' </Li> <Li> `` I Stay in Love '' </Li> <Li> `` Right to Dream '' </Li> <Li> `` Side Effects '' </Li> <Li> `` I 'm That Chick '' </Li> <Li> `` I 'll Be Lovin ' U Long Time '' </Li> <Li> `` Bye Bye '' </Li> <Li> `` Hero '' ( 2008 version ) </Li> <Li> `` Betcha Gon ' Know ( The Prologue ) '' </Li> <Li> `` Obsessed '' </Li> <Li> `` I Want to Know What Love Is '' </Li> <Li> `` H.A.T.E.U. '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 2010s songs </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` Up Out My Face '' </Li> <Li> `` Angels Cry '' </Li> <Li> `` 100 % '' </Li> <Li> `` Oh Santa ! '' </Li> <Li> `` Christmas Time Is in the Air Again '' </Li> <Li> `` When Christmas Comes '' </Li> <Li> `` Triumphant ( Get ' Em ) '' </Li> <Li> `` One Child '' </Li> <Li> `` Auld Lang Syne ( The New Year 's Anthem ) '' </Li> <Li> `` Almost Home '' </Li> <Li> `` # Beautiful '' </Li> <Li> `` Thirsty '' </Li> <Li> `` You 're Mine ( Eternal ) '' </Li> <Li> `` You Do n't Know What to Do '' </Li> <Li> `` Meteorite '' </Li> <Li> `` The Art of Letting Go '' </Li> <Li> `` Infinity '' </Li> <Li> `` I Do n't '' </Li> <Li> `` The Star '' </Li> <Li> `` GTFO '' </Li> <Li> `` With You '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Other releases </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` Every Time I Close My Eyes '' </Li> <Li> `` Just Stand Up ! '' </Li> <Li> `` Lil ' L.O.V.E. '' </Li> <Li> `` My Love '' </Li> <Li> `` So Lonely '' </Li> <Li> `` Things That U Do '' </Li> <Li> `` U Make Me Wanna '' </Li> <Li> `` What More Can I Give '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Billboard Year - End number one singles ( 2000 -- 2019 ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> 2000 : `` Breathe '' -- Faith Hill </Li> <Li> 2001 : `` Hanging by a Moment '' -- Lifehouse </Li> <Li> 2002 : `` How You Remind Me '' -- Nickelback </Li> <Li> 2003 : `` In da Club '' -- 50 Cent </Li> <Li> 2004 : `` Yeah ! '' -- Usher featuring Lil Jon and Ludacris </Li> <Li> 2005 : `` We Belong Together '' -- Mariah Carey </Li> <Li> 2006 : `` Bad Day '' -- Daniel Powter </Li> <Li> 2007 : `` Irreplaceable '' -- Beyoncé </Li> <Li> 2008 : `` Low '' -- Flo Rida featuring T - Pain </Li> <Li> 2009 : `` Boom Boom Pow '' -- The Black Eyed Peas </Li> <Li> 2010 : `` Tik Tok '' -- Kesha </Li> <Li> 2011 : `` Rolling in the Deep '' -- Adele </Li> <Li> 2012 : `` Somebody That I Used to Know '' -- Gotye featuring Kimbra </Li> <Li> 2013 : `` Thrift Shop '' -- Macklemore & Ryan Lewis featuring Wanz </Li> <Li> 2014 : `` Happy '' -- Pharrell Williams </Li> <Li> 2015 : `` Uptown Funk '' -- Mark Ronson featuring Bruno Mars </Li> <Li> 2016 : `` Love Yourself '' -- Justin Bieber </Li> <Li> 2017 : `` Shape of You '' -- Ed Sheeran </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Complete list </Li> <Li> ( 1946 -- 1959 ) </Li> <Li> ( 1960 -- 1979 ) </Li> <Li> ( 1980 -- 1999 ) </Li> <Li> ( 2000 -- 2019 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> </P> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=We_Belong_Together&oldid=864847481 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> 2005 singles </Li> <Li> Mariah Carey songs </Li> <Li> Contemporary R&B ballads </Li> <Li> Pop ballads </Li> <Li> 2005 songs </Li> <Li> Billboard Hot 100 number - 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By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> | [
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Second Amendment to the United States Constitution - wikipedia <H1> Second Amendment to the United States Constitution </H1> `` Second Amendment '' redirects here . For other uses , see Second Amendment ( disambiguation ) . <Table> <Tr> <Td> This article is part of a series on the </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Constitution of the United States of America </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Preamble and Articles of the Constitution </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Preamble </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> II </Li> <Li> III </Li> <Li> IV </Li> <Li> V </Li> <Li> VI </Li> <Li> VII </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Amendments to the Constitution </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Bill of Rights </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> II </Li> <Li> III </Li> <Li> IV </Li> <Li> V </Li> <Li> VI </Li> <Li> VII </Li> <Li> VIII </Li> <Li> IX </Li> <Li> X </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> XI </Li> <Li> XII </Li> <Li> XIII </Li> <Li> XIV </Li> <Li> XV </Li> <Li> XVI </Li> <Li> XVII </Li> <Li> XVIII </Li> <Li> XIX </Li> <Li> XX </Li> <Li> XXI </Li> <Li> XXII </Li> <Li> XXIII </Li> <Li> XXIV </Li> <Li> XXV </Li> <Li> XXVI </Li> <Li> XXVII </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Unratified Amendments </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Congressional Apportionment </Li> <Li> Titles of Nobility </Li> <Li> Corwin </Li> <Li> Child Labor </Li> <Li> Equal Rights </Li> <Li> D.C. Voting Rights </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> History </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Drafting and ratification timeline </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Convention </Li> <Li> Signing </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Federalism </Li> <Li> Republicanism </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Full text of the Constitution and Amendments </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Preamble and Articles I -- VII </Li> <Li> Amendments I -- X </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Amendments XI -- XXVII </Li> <Li> Unratified Amendments </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> United States portal </Li> <Li> U.S. Government portal </Li> <Li> Law portal </Li> <Li> Wikipedia book </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> The Bill of Rights in the National Archives . Close up image of the Second Amendment <Table> <Tr> <Td> Firearm legal topics of the </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> United States of America </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Amendment II </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Assault weapon </Li> <Li> Assault weapons legislation </Li> <Li> Bump stocks </Li> <Li> Bureau of Alcohol , Tobacco , Firearms and Explosives ( ATF ) </Li> <Li> Brady Handgun Violence Prevention Act </Li> <Li> Campus carry in the U.S. </Li> <Li> Concealed carry in the U.S. </Li> <Li> Connecticut Children 's Safety Act </Li> <Li> Constitutional carry </Li> <Li> Domestic Violence Offender Gun Ban </Li> <Li> Federal Assault Weapons Ban </Li> <Li> Federal Firearms Act of 1938 </Li> <Li> Federal Firearms License </Li> <Li> Firearm case law </Li> <Li> Firearm Owners Protection Act </Li> <Li> Gun Control Act of 1968 </Li> <Li> Gun - Free School Zones Act ( GFSZA ) </Li> <Li> Gun law in the U.S. </Li> <Li> Gun laws in the U.S. by state </Li> <Li> Gun politics in the U.S. </Li> <Li> High - capacity magazine ban </Li> <Li> International treaties for arms control </Li> <Li> National Instant Criminal Background Check System ( NICS ) </Li> <Li> National Firearms Act ( NFA ) </Li> <Li> NY SAFE Act </Li> <Li> Open carry in the U.S. </Li> <Li> Right to keep and bear arms in the U.S. </Li> <Li> Sullivan Act ( New York ) </Li> <Li> Suppressor </Li> <Li> Tiahrt Amendment </Li> <Li> Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> United States portal </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The Second Amendment ( Amendment II ) to the United States Constitution protects the right of the people to keep and bear arms and was adopted on December 15 , 1791 , as part of the first ten amendments contained in the Bill of Rights . The Supreme Court of the United States has ruled that the right belongs to individuals for self defense . while also ruling that the right is not unlimited and does not prohibit all regulation of either firearms or similar devices . State and local governments are limited to the same extent as the federal government from infringing this right , per the incorporation of the Bill of Rights . </P> <P> The Second Amendment was based partially on the right to keep and bear arms in English common law and was influenced by the English Bill of Rights of 1689 . Sir William Blackstone described this right as an auxiliary right , supporting the natural rights of self - defense and resistance to oppression , and the civic duty to act in concert in defense of the state . </P> <P> While both James Monroe and John Adams supported the Constitution being ratified , its most influential framer was James Madison . In Federalist No. 46 , Madison wrote how a federal army could be kept in check by state militias , `` a standing army ... would be opposed ( by ) a militia . '' He argued that state militias `` would be able to repel the danger '' of a federal army , `` It may well be doubted , whether a militia thus circumstanced could ever be conquered by such a proportion of regular troops . '' He confidently contrasted the federal government of the United States to the European kingdoms , which he contemptuously described as `` afraid to trust the people with arms . '' He assured his fellow citizens that they need never fear their government because `` besides the advantage of being armed , which the Americans possess over the people of almost every other nation , the existence of subordinate governments , to which the people are attached , and by which the militia officers are appointed , forms a barrier against the enterprises of ambition '' . </P> <P> By January 1788 , Delaware , Pennsylvania , New Jersey , Georgia and Connecticut ratified the Constitution without insisting upon amendments . Several specific amendments were proposed , but were not adopted at the time the Constitution was ratified . For example , the Pennsylvania convention debated fifteen amendments , one of which concerned the right of the people to be armed , another with the militia . The Massachusetts convention also ratified the Constitution with an attached list of proposed amendments . In the end , the ratification convention was so evenly divided between those for and against the Constitution that the federalists agreed to amendments to assure ratification . </P> <P> In United States v. Cruikshank ( 1876 ) , the Supreme Court of the United States ruled that , `` The right to bear arms is not granted by the Constitution ; neither is it in any manner dependent upon that instrument for its existence . The Second Amendments means no more than that it shall not be infringed by Congress , and has no other effect than to restrict the powers of the National Government '' and thus limited the scope of the Second Amendment 's protections to the federal government . In United States v. Miller ( 1939 ) , the Supreme Court ruled that the Second Amendment did not protect weapon types not having a `` reasonable relationship to the preservation or efficiency of a well regulated militia '' . </P> <P> In the twenty - first century , the amendment has been subjected to renewed academic inquiry and judicial interest . In District of Columbia v. Heller ( 2008 ) , the Supreme Court handed down a landmark decision that held the amendment protects an individual 's right to keep a gun at home for self - defense . This was the first time in American history The Court had ruled the Second Amendment guarantees an individual 's right to own a gun . In McDonald v. Chicago ( 2010 ) , the Court clarified its earlier decisions that limited the amendment 's impact to a restriction on the federal government , expressly holding that the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment incorporates the Second Amendment against state and local governments . In Caetano v. Massachusetts ( 2016 ) , the Supreme Court reiterated its earlier rulings that `` the Second Amendment extends , prima facie , to all instruments that constitute bearable arms , even those that were not in existence at the time of the founding '' and that its protection is not limited to `` only those weapons useful in warfare '' . </P> <P> Due to these decisions , the debate between various organizations regarding gun control and gun rights continues . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Text </Li> <Li> 2 Pre-Constitution background <Ul> <Li> 2.1 Influence of the English Bill of Rights of 1689 </Li> <Li> 2.2 Experience in America prior to the U.S. Constitution </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 State Constitutional Precursors to the Second Amendment <Ul> <Li> 3.1 Virginia , June 12 , 1776 </Li> <Li> 3.2 Pennsylvania , September 28 , 1776 </Li> <Li> 3.3 Maryland , November 11 , 1776 </Li> <Li> 3.4 North Carolina , December 18 , 1776 </Li> <Li> 3.5 New York , April 20 , 1777 </Li> <Li> 3.6 Vermont , July 8 , 1777 </Li> <Li> 3.7 Massachusetts , June 15 , 1780 </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 Drafting and adoption of the Constitution </Li> <Li> 5 Ratification debates <Ul> <Li> 5.1 Argument for state power </Li> <Li> 5.2 Government tyranny </Li> <Li> 5.3 Preserving slave patrols </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 6 Conflict and compromise in Congress produce the Bill of Rights </Li> <Li> 7 Militia in the decades following ratification </Li> <Li> 8 Scholarly commentary <Ul> <Li> 8.1 Early commentary <Ul> <Li> 8.1. 1 Richard Henry Lee </Li> <Li> 8.1. 2 George Mason </Li> <Li> 8.1. 3 Tench Coxe </Li> <Li> 8.1. 4 Tucker / Blackstone </Li> <Li> 8.1. 5 William Rawle </Li> <Li> 8.1. 6 Joseph Story </Li> <Li> 8.1. 7 Lysander Spooner </Li> <Li> 8.1. 8 Timothy Farrar </Li> <Li> 8.1. 9 Judge Thomas Cooley </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 8.2 Late 20th century commentary </Li> <Li> 8.3 Meaning of `` well regulated militia '' </Li> <Li> 8.4 Meaning of `` the right of the People '' </Li> <Li> 8.5 Meaning of `` keep and bear arms '' </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 9 Supreme Court cases <Ul> <Li> 9.1 United States v. Cruikshank </Li> <Li> 9.2 Presser v. Illinois </Li> <Li> 9.3 Miller v. Texas </Li> <Li> 9.4 Robertson v. Baldwin </Li> <Li> 9.5 United States v. Miller </Li> <Li> 9.6 District of Columbia v. Heller <Ul> <Li> 9.6. 1 Judgment </Li> <Li> 9.6. 2 Notes and analysis </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 9.7 McDonald v. City of Chicago </Li> <Li> 9.8 Caetano v. Massachusetts </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 10 United States Courts of Appeals decisions before and after Heller <Ul> <Li> 10.1 Before Heller </Li> <Li> 10.2 After Heller </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 11 Calls for repeal </Li> <Li> 12 See also </Li> <Li> 13 Notes and citations </Li> <Li> 14 References <Ul> <Li> 14.1 Books </Li> <Li> 14.2 Periodicals </Li> <Li> 14.3 Other publications </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 15 Further reading </Li> <Li> 16 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Text ( edit ) </H2> <P> There are several versions of the text of the Second Amendment , each with capitalization or punctuation differences . Differences exist between the drafted and ratified copies , the signed copies on display , and various published transcriptions . The importance ( or lack thereof ) of these differences has been the source of debate regarding the meaning and interpretation of the amendment , particularly regarding the importance of the prefatory clause . </P> <P> One version was passed by the Congress , and a slightly different version was ratified . As passed by the Congress and preserved in the National Archives , with the rest of the original handwritten copy of the Bill of Rights prepared by scribe William Lambert , the amendment says : </P> <P> A well regulated Militia , being necessary to the security of a free State , the right of the people to keep and bear Arms , shall not be infringed . </P> The hand - written copy of the proposed Bill of Rights , 1789 , cropped to show only the text that would later be edited and ratified as the Second Amendment <P> Here is the amendment as ratified by the States and authenticated by Thomas Jefferson , the Secretary of State : </P> <P> A well regulated militia being necessary to the security of a free state , the right of the people to keep and bear arms shall not be infringed . </P> <H2> Pre-constitution background ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Influence of the English Bill of rights of 1689 ( edit ) </H3> <P> The right to bear arms in English history is regarded in English law as a subordinate auxiliary right of the primary rights to personal security , personal liberty , and private property . According to Sir William Blackstone , `` The ... last auxiliary right of the subject ... is that of having arms for their ( defense ) , suitable to their condition and degree , and such as are allowed by law . Which is ... declared by ... statute , and is indeed a public allowance , under due restrictions , of the natural right of resistance and self - preservation , when the sanctions of society and laws are found insufficient to restrain the violence of oppression . '' </P> <P> The English Bill of Rights of 1689 emerged from a tempestuous period in English politics during which two issues were major sources of conflict : the authority of the King to govern without the consent of Parliament , and the role of Catholics in a country that was becoming ever more Protestant . Ultimately , the Catholic James II was overthrown in the Glorious Revolution , and his successors , the Protestants William III and Mary II , accepted the conditions that were codified in the Bill . One of the issues the Bill resolved was the authority of the King to disarm his subjects , after James II had attempted to disarm many Protestants , and had argued with Parliament over his desire to maintain a standing ( or permanent ) army . The bill states that it is acting to restore `` ancient rights '' trampled upon by James II , though some have argued that the English Bill of Rights created a new right to have arms , which developed out of a duty to have arms . In District of Columbia v. Heller ( 2008 ) , the Supreme Court did not accept this view , remarking that the English right at the time of the passing of the English Bill of Rights was `` clearly an individual right , having nothing whatsoever to do with service in the militia '' and that it was a right not to be disarmed by the Crown and was not the granting of a new right to have arms . </P> <P> The text of the English Bill of Rights of 1689 includes language protecting the right of Protestants against disarmament by the Crown . This document states : `` That the Subjects which are Protestants may have Arms for their Defence suitable to their Conditions and as allowed by Law . '' It also contained text that aspired to bind future Parliaments , though under English constitutional law no Parliament can bind any later Parliament . Nevertheless , the English Bill of Rights remains an important constitutional document , more for enumerating the rights of Parliament over the monarchy than for its clause concerning a right to have arms . </P> <P> The statement in the English Bill of Rights concerning the right to bear arms is often quoted only in the passage where it is written as above and not in its full context . In its full context it is clear that the bill was asserting the right of Protestant citizens not to be disarmed by the King without the consent of Parliament and was merely restoring rights to Protestants that the previous King briefly and unlawfully had removed . In its full context it reads : </P> <P> Whereas the late King James the Second by the Assistance of diverse evill Councellors Judges and Ministers imployed by him did endeavour to subvert and extirpate the Protestant Religion and the Lawes and Liberties of this Kingdome ( list of grievances including ) ... by causing severall good Subjects being Protestants to be disarmed at the same time when Papists were both Armed and Imployed contrary to Law , ( Recital regarding the change of monarch ) ... thereupon the said Lords Spirituall and Temporall and Commons pursuant to their respective Letters and Elections being now assembled in a full and free Representative of this Nation takeing into their most serious Consideration the best meanes for attaining the Ends aforesaid Doe in the first place ( as their Auncestors in like Case have usually done ) for the Vindicating and Asserting their ancient Rights and Liberties , Declare ( list of rights including ) ... That the Subjects which are Protestants may have Arms for their Defence suitable to their Conditions and as allowed by Law . </P> <P> The historical link between the English Bill of Rights and the Second Amendment , which both codify an existing right and do not create a new one , has been acknowledged by the U.S. Supreme Court . </P> <P> The English Bill of Rights includes the proviso that arms must be as `` allowed by law . '' This has been the case before and after the passage of the Bill . While it did not override earlier restrictions on the ownership of guns for hunting , it is subject to the parliamentary right to implicitly or explicitly repeal earlier enactments . </P> <P> There is some difference of opinion as to how revolutionary the events of 1688 -- 89 actually were , and several commentators make the point that the provisions of the English Bill of Rights did not represent new laws , but rather stated existing rights . Mark Thompson wrote that , apart from determining the succession , the English Bill of Rights did `` little more than set forth certain points of existing laws and simply secured to Englishmen the rights of which they were already posessed ( sic ) . '' Before and after the English Bill of Rights , the government could always disarm any individual or class of individuals it considered dangerous to the peace of the realm . In 1765 , William Blackstone wrote the Commentaries on the Laws of England describing the right to have arms in England during the 18th century as a subordinate auxiliary right of the subject that was `` also declared '' in the English Bill of Rights . </P> <P> The fifth and last auxiliary right of the subject , that I shall at present mention , is that of having arms for their defence , suitable to their condition and degree , and such as are allowed by law . Which is also declared by the same statute 1 W. & M. st. 2 . c. 2 . and is indeed a public allowance , under due restrictions , of the natural right of resistance and self - preservation , when the sanctions of society and laws are found insufficient to restrain the violence of oppression . </P> <P> Although there is little doubt that the writers of the Second Amendment were heavily influenced by the English Bill of Rights , it is a matter of interpretation as to whether they were intent on preserving the power to regulate arms to the states over the federal government ( as the English Parliament had reserved for itself against the monarch ) or whether it was intent on creating a new right akin to the right of others written into the Constitution ( as the Supreme Court decided in Heller ) . Some in the United States have preferred the `` rights '' argument arguing that the English Bill of Rights had granted a right . The need to have arms for self - defence was not really in question . Peoples all around the world since time immemorial had armed themselves for the protection of themselves and others , and as organized nations began to appear these arrangements had been extended to the protection of the state . Without a regular army and police force ( which in England was not established until 1829 ) , it had been the duty of certain men to keep watch and ward at night and to confront and capture suspicious persons . Every subject had an obligation to protect the king 's peace and assist in the suppression of riots . </P> <H3> Experience in America prior to the U.S. Constitution ( edit ) </H3> Ideals that helped to inspire the Second Amendment in part are symbolized by the minutemen . <P> Early English settlers in America viewed the right to arms and / or the right to bear arms and / or state militias as important for one or more of these purposes ( in no particular order ) : </P> <Ul> <Li> enabling the people to organize a militia system ; </Li> <Li> participating in law enforcement ; </Li> <Li> safeguarding against tyrannical government ; </Li> <Li> repelling invasion ; </Li> <Li> suppressing insurrection , allegedly including slave revolts , though some scholars say these claims are factually incorrect ; </Li> <Li> facilitating a natural right of self - defense . </Li> </Ul> <P> Which of these considerations were thought of as most important and ultimately found expression in the Second Amendment is disputed . Some of these purposes were explicitly mentioned in early state constitutions ; for example , the Pennsylvania Constitution of 1776 asserted that , `` the people have a right to bear arms for the defence of themselves and the state '' . </P> <P> During the 1760s pre-revolutionary period , the established colonial militia was composed of colonists , including many who were loyal to British imperial rule . As defiance and opposition to British rule developed , a distrust of these Loyalists in the militia became widespread among the colonists , known as Patriots , who favored independence from British rule . As a result , some Patriots created their own militias that excluded the Loyalists and then sought to stock independent armories for their militias . In response to this arms build up , the British Parliament established an embargo of firearms , parts and ammunition against the American colonies . </P> <P> British and Loyalist efforts to disarm the colonial Patriot militia armories in the early phases of the American Revolution resulted in the Patriot colonists protesting by citing the Declaration of Rights , Blackstone 's summary of the Declaration of Rights , their own militia laws and common law rights to self - defense . While British policy in the early phases of the Revolution clearly aimed to prevent coordinated action by the Patriot militia , some have argued that there is no evidence that the British sought to restrict the traditional common law right of self - defense . Patrick J. Charles disputes these claims citing similar disarming by the patriots and challenging those scholars ' interpretation of Blackstone . </P> <P> The right of the colonists to arms and rebellion against oppression was asserted , for example , in a pre-revolutionary newspaper editorial in 1769 Boston objecting to the British army suppression of colonial opposition to the Townshend Acts : </P> <P> Instances of the licentious and outrageous behavior of the military conservators of the peace still multiply upon us , some of which are of such nature , and have been carried to such lengths , as must serve fully to evince that a late vote of this town , calling upon its inhabitants to provide themselves with arms for their defense , was a measure as prudent as it was legal : such violences are always to be apprehended from military troops , when quartered in the body of a populous city ; but more especially so , when they are led to believe that they are become necessary to awe a spirit of rebellion , injuriously said to be existing therein . It is a natural right which the people have reserved to themselves , confirmed by the Bill of Rights , to keep arms for their own defence ; and as Mr. Blackstone observes , it is to be made use of when the sanctions of society and law are found insufficient to restrain the violence of oppression . </P> <P> The armed forces that won the American Revolution consisted of the standing Continental Army created by the Continental Congress , together with regular French army and naval forces and various state and regional militia units . In opposition , the British forces consisted of a mixture of the standing British Army , Loyalist militia and Hessian mercenaries . Following the Revolution , the United States was governed by the Articles of Confederation . Federalists argued that this government had an unworkable division of power between Congress and the states , which caused military weakness , as the standing army was reduced to as few as 80 men . They considered it to be bad that there was no effective federal military crackdown on an armed tax rebellion in western Massachusetts known as Shays ' Rebellion . Anti-federalists on the other hand took the side of limited government and sympathized with the rebels , many of whom were former Revolutionary War soldiers . Subsequently , the Constitutional Convention proposed in 1787 to grant Congress exclusive power to raise and support a standing army and navy of unlimited size . Anti-federalists objected to the shift of power from the states to the federal government , but as adoption of the Constitution became more and more likely , they shifted their strategy to establishing a bill of rights that would put some limits on federal power . </P> <P> Modern scholars Thomas B. McAffee and Michael J. Quinlan have stated that James Madison `` did not invent the right to keep and bear arms when he drafted the Second Amendment ; the right was pre-existing at both common law and in the early state constitutions . '' In contrast , historian Jack Rakove suggests that Madison 's intention in framing the Second Amendment was to provide assurances to moderate Anti-Federalists that the militias would not be disarmed . </P> <P> One aspect of the gun control debate is the conflict between gun control laws and the right to rebel against unjust governments . Blackstone in his Commentaries alluded to this right to rebel as the natural right of resistance and self preservation , to be used only as a last resort , exercisable when `` the sanctions of society and laws are found insufficient to restrain the violence of oppression '' . Some believe that the framers of the Bill of Rights sought to balance not just political power , but also military power , between the people , the states and the nation , as Alexander Hamilton explained in his Concerning the Militia essay published in 1788 : </P> <P> ... it will be possible to have an excellent body of well - trained militia , ready to take the field whenever the defence of the State shall require it . This will not only lessen the call for military establishments , but if circumstances should at any time oblige the Government to form an army of any magnitude , that army can never be formidable to the liberties of the People , while there is a large body of citizens , little , if at all , inferior to them in discipline and the use of arms , who stand ready to defend their own rights , and those of their fellow - citizens . This appears to me the only substitute that can be devised for a standing army , and the best possible security against it , if it should exist . </P> <P> Some scholars have said that it is wrong to read a right of armed insurrection in the Second Amendment because clearly the founding fathers sought to place trust in the power of the ordered liberty of democratic government versus the anarchy of insurrectionists . Other writers , such as Glenn Reynolds , contend that the framers did believe in an individual right to armed insurrection . They cite examples , such as the Declaration of Independence ( describing in 1776 `` the Right of the People to ... institute new Government '' ) and the Constitution of New Hampshire ( stating in 1784 that `` nonresistance against arbitrary power , and oppression , is absurd , slavish , and destructive of the good and happiness of mankind '' ) . </P> <P> There was an ongoing debate beginning in 1789 about `` the people '' fighting governmental tyranny ( as described by Anti-Federalists ) ; or the risk of mob rule of `` the people '' ( as described by the Federalists ) related to the increasingly violent French Revolution . A widespread fear , during the debates on ratifying the Constitution , was the possibility of a military takeover of the states by the federal government , which could happen if the Congress passed laws prohibiting states from arming citizens , or prohibiting citizens from arming themselves . Though it has been argued that the states lost the power to arm their citizens when the power to arm the militia was transferred from the states to the federal government by Article I , Section 8 of the Constitution , the individual right to arm was retained and strengthened by the Militia Acts of 1792 and the similar act of 1795 . </P> <H2> State constitutional precursors to the Second Amendment ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> Related Articles & Sections within the first State Constitutions Adopted after May 10 , 1776 . <P> Note : On May 10 , 1776 , Congress passed a resolution recommending that any colony with a government that was not inclined toward independence should form one that was . </P> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <H3> Virginia , June 12 , 1776 ( edit ) </H3> <P> Virginia 's Constitution lists the reasons for dissolving its ties with the King in the formation of its own independent state government . Including the following : </P> <Ul> <Li> Keeping among us , in times of peace , standing armies and ships of war . </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Effecting to render the military independent of , and superior to , the civil power . </Li> </Ul> <P> * These same reasons would later be outlined within the Declaration of Independence . </P> <P> A Declaration of Rights . Section 13 . That a well - regulated militia , composed of the body of the people , trained to arms , is the proper , natural , and safe defence of a free State ; that standing armies , in time of peace , should be avoided , as dangerous to liberty ; and that in all cases the military should be under strict subordination to , and governed by , the civil power . </P> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <H3> Pennsylvania , September 28 , 1776 ( edit ) </H3> <P> Article 13 . That the people have a right to bear arms for the defence of themselves and the state ; and as standing armies in the time of peace are dangerous to liberty , they ought not to be kept up ; And that the military should be kept under strict subordination to , and governed by , the civil power . </P> <P> IMPORTANT NOTE : This is the first instance in relationship to U.S. Constitutional Law of the phrase `` right to bear arms . '' </P> <P> It is of relevance that Pennsylvania was a Quaker Colony traditionally opposed to bearing arms . `` In settling Pennsylvania , William Penn had a great experiment in view , a ' holy experiment , ' as he term ( ed ) it . This was no less than to test , on a scale of considerable magnitude , the practicability of founding and governing a State on the sure principles of the Christian religion ; where the executive should be sustained without arms ; where justice should be administered without oaths ; and where real religion might flourish without the incubus of a hierarchical system . '' The Non-Quaker residents , many from the Western Counties , complained often and loudly of being denied the right to a common defense . By the time of the American Revolution , through what could be described as a revolution within a revolution , the pro-militia factions had gained ascendancy in the state 's government . And by a manipulation through the use of oaths , disqualifying Quaker members , they made up a vast majority of the convention forming the new state constitution ; it was only natural that they would assert their efforts to form a compulsory State Militia in the context of a `` right '' to defend themselves and the state . </P> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <H3> Maryland , November 11 , 1776 ( edit ) </H3> <P> Articles XXV - XXVII. 25 . That a well - regulated militia is the proper and natural defence of a free government . 26 . That standing armies are dangerous to liberty , and ought not to be raised or kept up , without consent of the Legislature. 27 . That in all cases , and at all times , the military ought to be under strict subordination to and control of the civil power . </P> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <H3> North Carolina , December 18 , 1776 ( edit ) </H3> <P> A Declaration of Rights . Article XVII . That the people have a right to bear arms , for the defence of the State ; and , as standing armies , in time of peace , are dangerous to liberty , they ought not to be kept up ; and that the military should be kept under strict subordination to , and governed by , the civil power . </P> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <H3> New York , April 20 , 1777 ( edit ) </H3> <P> Article XL . And whereas it is of the utmost importance to the safety of every State that it should always be in a condition of defence ; and it is the duty of every man who enjoys the protection of society to be prepared and willing to defend it ; this convention therefore , in the name and by the authority of the good people of this State , doth ordain , determine , and declare that the militia of this State , at all times hereafter , as well in peace as in war , shall be armed and disciplined , and in readiness for service . That all such of the inhabitants of this State being of the people called Quakers as , from scruples of conscience , may be averse to the bearing of arms , be therefrom excused by the legislature ; and do pay to the State such sums of money , in lieu of their personal service , as the same ; may , in the judgment of the legislature , be worth . And that a proper magazine of warlike stores , proportionate to the number of inhabitants , be , forever hereafter , at the expense of this State , and by acts of the legislature , established , maintained , and continued in every county in this State . </P> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <H3> Vermont , July 8 , 1777 ( edit ) </H3> <P> Chapter 1 . Section XVIII . That the people have a right to bear arms for the defence of the themselves and the State ; and as standing armies , in the time of peace , are dangerous to liberty , they ought not to be kept up ; and that the military should be kept under strict subordination to , and governed by , the civil power . </P> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <H3> Massachusetts , June 15 , 1780 ( edit ) </H3> <P> A Declaration of Rights . Chapter 1 . Article XVII . The people have a right to keep and to bear arms for the common defence . And as , in time of peace , armies are dangerous to liberty , they ought not to be maintained without the consent of the legislature ; and the military power shall always be held in an exact subordination to the civil authority and be governed by it . </P> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Drafting and adoption of the Constitution ( edit ) </H2> Further information : Constitutional Convention James Madison ( left ) is known as the `` Father of the Constitution '' and `` Father of the Bill of Rights '' while George Mason ( right ) with Madison is also known as the `` Father of the Bill of Rights '' Patrick Henry ( left ) believed that a citizenry trained in arms was the only sure guarantor of liberty while Alexander Hamilton ( right ) wrote in Federalist No. 29 that `` little more can be reasonably aimed at , with respect to the people at large , than to have them properly armed ... '' <P> In March 1785 , delegates from Virginia and Maryland assembled at the Mount Vernon Conference to fashion a remedy to the inefficiencies of the Articles of Confederation . The following year , at a meeting in Annapolis , Maryland , 12 delegates from five states ( New Jersey , New York , Pennsylvania , Delaware , and Virginia ) met and drew up a list of problems with the current government model . At its conclusion , the delegates scheduled a follow - up meeting in Philadelphia , Pennsylvania for May 1787 to present solutions to these problems , such as the absence of : </P> <Ul> <Li> interstate arbitration processes to handle quarrels between states ; </Li> <Li> sufficiently trained and armed intrastate security forces to suppress insurrection ; </Li> <Li> a national militia to repel foreign invaders . </Li> </Ul> <P> It quickly became apparent that the solution to all three of these problems required shifting control of the states ' militias to the federal congress and giving that congress the power to raise a standing army . Article 1 , Section 8 of the Constitution codified these changes by allowing the Congress to provide for the common defense and general welfare of the United States by doing the following : </P> <Ul> <Li> raise and support armies , but no appropriation of money to that use shall be for a longer term than two years ; </Li> <Li> provide and maintain a navy ; </Li> <Li> make rules for the government and regulation of the land and naval forces ; </Li> <Li> provide for calling forth the militia to execute the laws of the union , suppress insurrections and repel invasions ; </Li> <Li> provide for organizing , arming , and disciplining the militia , and for governing such part of them as may be employed in the service of the United States , reserving to the states respectively , the appointment of the officers , and the authority of training the militia according to the discipline prescribed by Congress . </Li> </Ul> <P> Some representatives mistrusted proposals to enlarge federal powers , because they were concerned about the inherent risks of centralizing power . Federalists , including James Madison , initially argued that a bill of rights was unnecessary , sufficiently confident that the federal government could never raise a standing army powerful enough to overcome a militia . Federalist Noah Webster argued that an armed populace would have no trouble resisting the potential threat to liberty of a standing army . Anti-federalists , on the other hand , advocated amending the Constitution with clearly defined and enumerated rights providing more explicit constraints on the new government . Many Anti-federalists feared the new federal government would choose to disarm state militias . Federalists countered that in listing only certain rights , unlisted rights might lose protection . The Federalists realized there was insufficient support to ratify the Constitution without a bill of rights and so they promised to support amending the Constitution to add a bill of rights following the Constitution 's adoption . This compromise persuaded enough Anti-federalists to vote for the Constitution , allowing for ratification . The Constitution was declared ratified on June 21 , 1788 , when nine of the original thirteen states had ratified it . The remaining four states later followed suit , although the last two states , North Carolina and Rhode Island , ratified only after Congress had passed the Bill of Rights and sent it to the states for ratification . James Madison drafted what ultimately became the Bill of Rights , which was proposed by the first Congress on June 8 , 1789 , and was adopted on December 15 , 1791 . </P> <H2> Ratification Debates ( edit ) </H2> <P> The debate surrounding the Constitution 's ratification is of practical importance , particularly to adherents of originalist and strict constructionist legal theories . In the context of such legal theories and elsewhere , it is important to understand the language of the Constitution in terms of what that language meant to the people who wrote and ratified the Constitution . </P> <P> The Second Amendment was relatively uncontroversial at the time of its ratification . Robert Whitehill , a delegate from Pennsylvania , sought to clarify the draft Constitution with a bill of rights explicitly granting individuals the right to hunt on their own land in season , though Whitehill 's language was never debated . </P> <H3> Argument for state power ( edit ) </H3> <P> There was substantial opposition to the new Constitution , because it moved the power to arm the state militias from the states to the federal government . This created a fear that the federal government , by neglecting the upkeep of the militia , could have overwhelming military force at its disposal through its power to maintain a standing army and navy , leading to a confrontation with the states , encroaching on the states ' reserved powers and even engaging in a military takeover . Article VI of the Articles of Confederation states : </P> <Dl> <Dd> No vessel of war shall be kept up in time of peace by any State , except such number only , as shall be deemed necessary by the united States in congress assembled , for the defense of such State , or its trade ; nor shall any body of forces be kept up by any State in time of peace , except such number only , as in the judgement of the united States , in congress assembled , shall be deemed requisite to garrison the forts necessary for the defense of such State ; but every State shall always keep up a well - regulated and disciplined militia , sufficiently armed and accoutered , and shall provide and constantly have ready for use , in public stores , a due number of field pieces and tents , and a proper quantity of arms , ammunition and camp equipage . </Dd> </Dl> <P> In contrast , Article I , Section 8 , Clause 16 of the U.S. Constitution states : </P> <Dl> <Dd> To provide for organizing , arming , and disciplining , the Militia , and for governing such Part of them as may be employed in the Service of the United States , reserving to the States respectively , the Appointment of the Officers , and the Authority of training the Militia according to the discipline prescribed by Congress . </Dd> </Dl> <H3> Government tyranny ( edit ) </H3> <P> A foundation of American political thought during the Revolutionary period was concerned about political corruption and governmental tyranny . Even the federalists , fending off their opponents who accused them of creating an oppressive regime , were careful to acknowledge the risks of tyranny . Against that backdrop , the framers saw the personal right to bear arms as a potential check against tyranny . Theodore Sedgwick of Massachusetts expressed this sentiment by declaring that it is `` a chimerical idea to suppose that a country like this could ever be enslaved ... Is it possible ... that an army could be raised for the purpose of enslaving themselves or their brethren ? or , if raised whether they could subdue a nation of freemen , who know how to prize liberty and who have arms in their hands ? '' Noah Webster similarly argued : </P> <Dl> <Dd> Before a standing army can rule the people must be disarmed ; as they are in almost every kingdom in Europe . The supreme power in America can not enforce unjust laws by the sword ; because the whole body of the people are armed , and constitute a force superior to any band of regular troops that can be , on any pretence , raised in the United States . </Dd> </Dl> <P> George Mason also argued the importance of the militia and right to bear arms by reminding his compatriots of England 's efforts `` to disarm the people ; that it was the best and most effectual way to enslave them ... by totally disusing and neglecting the militia . '' He also clarified that under prevailing practice the militia included all people , rich and poor . `` Who are the militia ? They consist now of the whole people , except a few public officers . '' Because all were members of the militia , all enjoyed the right to individually bear arms to serve therein . </P> <P> Writing after the ratification of the Constitution , but before the election of the first Congress , James Monroe included `` the right to keep and bear arms '' in a list of basic `` human rights '' , which he proposed to be added to the Constitution . </P> <P> Patrick Henry argued in the Virginia ratification convention on June 5 , 1788 , for the dual rights to arms and resistance to oppression : </P> <Dl> <Dd> Guard with jealous attention the public liberty . Suspect everyone who approaches that jewel . Unfortunately , nothing will preserve it but downright force . Whenever you give up that force , you are inevitably ruined . </Dd> </Dl> <H3> Preserving slave patrols ( edit ) </H3> <P> According to Thom Hartmann , the Virginians James Madison , Patrick Henry , and George Mason were concerned that `` slave patrols , '' organized groups of white men who enforced discipline upon enslaved African Americans , needed to remain armed and , therefore , the Constitution needed to clarify that states have the right to organize white men in such militias . Also , Patrick Henry argued against the ratification of both the Constitution and the Second Amendment . Most Southern white men age 18 -- 45 were required to serve on such patrols . For example , Georgia law required the slave patrol militia , led by commissioned militia officers , to visit each plantation each month , to inspect slave dwellings for weapons and to apprehend and punish slaves who were found off premises . Patrick Henry formulated his concern that : `` If there should happen an insurrection of slaves , the country can not be said to be invaded . They can not , therefore , suppress it without the interposition of Congress ... Congress , and Congress only ( under the Constitution without a Second Amendment ) , can call forth the militia . '' </P> <P> Legal historian Paul Finkelman disputes Hartmann 's claim that the Second Amendment was adopted to protect slave patrols , arguing that Hartmann 's claim is `` factually incorrect and misleading '' and that there is no historical evidence for this assertion . </P> <H2> Conflict and compromise in Congress produce the Bill of rights ( edit ) </H2> <P> James Madison 's initial proposal for a bill of rights was brought to the floor of the House of Representatives on June 8 , 1789 , during the first session of Congress . The initial proposed passage relating to arms was : </P> <P> The right of the people to keep and bear arms shall not be infringed ; a well armed and well regulated militia being the best security of a free country : but no person religiously scrupulous of bearing arms shall be compelled to render military service in person . </P> <P> On July 21 , Madison again raised the issue of his bill and proposed a select committee be created to report on it . The House voted in favor of Madison 's motion , and the Bill of Rights entered committee for review . The committee returned to the House a reworded version of the Second Amendment on July 28 . On August 17 , that version was read into the Journal : </P> <P> A well regulated militia , composed of the body of the people , being the best security of a free State , the right of the people to keep and bear arms shall not be infringed ; but no person religiously scrupulous shall be compelled to bear arms . </P> <P> In late August 1789 , the House debated and modified the Second Amendment . These debates revolved primarily around risk of `` mal - administration of the government '' using the `` religiously scrupulous '' clause to destroy the militia as Great Britain had attempted to destroy the militia at the commencement of the American Revolution . These concerns were addressed by modifying the final clause , and on August 24 , the House sent the following version to the Senate : </P> <P> A well regulated militia , composed of the body of the people , being the best security of a free state , the right of the people to keep and bear arms shall not be infringed ; but no one religiously scrupulous of bearing arms shall be compelled to render military service in person . </P> <P> The next day , August 25 , the Senate received the amendment from the House and entered it into the Senate Journal . However , the Senate scribe added a comma before `` shall not be infringed '' and changed the semicolon separating that phrase from the religious exemption portion to a comma : </P> <P> A well regulated militia , composed of the body of the people , being the best security of a free state , the right of the people to keep and bear arms , shall not be infringed , but no one religiously scrupulous of bearing arms shall be compelled to render military service in person . </P> <P> By this time , the proposed right to keep and bear arms was in a separate amendment , instead of being in a single amendment together with other proposed rights such as the due process right . As a Representative explained , this change allowed each amendment to `` be passed upon distinctly by the States . '' On September 4 , the Senate voted to change the language of the Second Amendment by removing the definition of militia , and striking the conscientious objector clause : </P> <P> A well regulated militia , being the best security of a free state , the right of the people to keep and bear arms , shall not be infringed . </P> <P> The Senate returned to this amendment for a final time on September 9 . A proposal to insert the words `` for the common defence '' next to the words `` bear arms '' was defeated . A motion passed to replace the words `` the best , '' and insert in lieu there of `` necessary to the '' . The Senate then slightly modified the language to read as the fourth article and voted to return the Bill of Rights to the House . The final version by the Senate was amended to read as : </P> <P> A well regulated militia being necessary to the security of a free state , the right of the people to keep and bear arms , shall not be infringed . </P> <P> The House voted on September 21 , 1789 to accept the changes made by the Senate . </P> <P> The enrolled original Joint Resolution passed by Congress on September 25 , 1789 , on permanent display in the Rotunda , reads as : </P> <P> A well regulated militia , being necessary to the security of a free State , the right of the People to keep and bear arms , shall not be infringed . </P> <P> </P> <P> On December 15 , 1791 , the Bill of Rights ( the first ten amendments to the Constitution ) was adopted , having been ratified by three - fourths of the states , having been ratified as a group by all the fourteen states then in existence except Connecticut , Massachusetts , and Georgia -- which added ratifications in 1939 ; Vermont ratified them all . </P> <H2> Militia in the decades following ratification ( edit ) </H2> Ketland brass barrel smooth bore pistol common in Colonial America <P> During the first two decades following the ratification of the Second Amendment , public opposition to standing armies , among Anti-Federalists and Federalists alike , persisted and manifested itself locally as a general reluctance to create a professional armed police force , instead relying on county sheriffs , constables and night watchmen to enforce local ordinances . Though sometimes compensated , often these positions were unpaid -- held as a matter of civic duty . In these early decades , law enforcement officers were rarely armed with firearms , using billy clubs as their sole defensive weapons . In serious emergencies , a posse comitatus , militia company , or group of vigilantes assumed law enforcement duties ; these individuals were more likely than the local sheriff to be armed with firearms . On May 8 , 1792 , Congress passed `` ( a ) n act more effectually to provide for the National Defence , by establishing an Uniform Militia throughout the United States '' requiring : </P> <P> ( E ) ach and every free able - bodied white male citizen of the respective States , resident therein , who is or shall be of age of eighteen years , and under the age of forty - five years ( except as is herein after excepted ) shall severally and respectively be enrolled in the militia ... ( and ) every citizen so enrolled and notified , shall , within six months thereafter , provide himself with a good musket or firelock , a sufficient bayonet and belt , two spare flints , and a knapsack , a pouch with a box therein to contain not less than twenty - four cartridges , suited to the bore of his musket or firelock , each cartridge to contain a proper quantity of powder and ball : or with a good rifle , knapsack , shot - pouch and powder - horn , twenty balls suited to the bore of his rifle , and a quarter of a pound of powder ; and shall appear , so armed , accoutred and provided , when called out to exercise , or into service , except , that when called out on company days to exercise only , he may appear without a knapsack . </P> <P> The act also gave specific instructions to domestic weapon manufacturers `` that from and after five years from the passing of this act , muskets for arming the militia as herein required , shall be of bores sufficient for balls of the eighteenth part of a pound . '' In practice , private acquisition and maintenance of rifles and muskets meeting specifications and readily available for militia duty proved problematic ; estimates of compliance ranged from 10 to 65 percent . Compliance with the enrollment provisions was also poor . In addition to the exemptions granted by the law for custom - house officers and their clerks , post-officers and stage drivers employed in the care and conveyance of U.S. mail , ferrymen , export inspectors , pilots , merchant mariners and those deployed at sea in active service ; state legislatures granted numerous exemptions under Section 2 of the Act , including exemptions for : clergy , conscientious objectors , teachers , students , and jurors . And though a number of able - bodied white men remained available for service , many simply did not show up for militia duty . Penalties for failure to appear were enforced sporadically and selectively . None is mentioned in the legislation . </P> The Model 1795 Musket was made in the U.S. and used in the War of 1812 . <P> The first test of the militia system occurred in July 1794 , when a group of disaffected Pennsylvania farmers rebelled against federal tax collectors whom they viewed as illegitimate tools of tyrannical power . Attempts by the four adjoining states to raise a militia for nationalization to suppress the insurrection proved inadequate . When officials resorted to drafting men , they faced bitter resistance . Forthcoming soldiers consisted primarily of draftees or paid substitutes as well as poor enlistees lured by enlistment bonuses . The officers , however , were of a higher quality , responding out of a sense of civic duty and patriotism , and generally critical of the rank and file . Most of the 13,000 soldiers lacked the required weaponry ; the war department provided nearly two - thirds of them with guns . In October , President George Washington and General Harry Lee marched on the 7,000 rebels who conceded without fighting . The episode provoked criticism of the citizen militia and inspired calls for a universal militia . Secretary of War Henry Knox and Vice-President John Adams had lobbied Congress to establish federal armories to stock imported weapons and encourage domestic production . Congress did subsequently pass `` ( a ) n act for the erecting and repairing of Arsenals and Magazines '' on April 2 , 1794 , two months prior to the insurrection . Nevertheless , the militia continued to deteriorate and twenty years later , the militia 's poor condition contributed to several losses in the War of 1812 , including the sacking of Washington , D.C. , and the burning of the White House in 1814 . </P> <H2> Scholarly commentary ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Early commentary ( edit ) </H3> William Rawle of Pennsylvania ( left ) was a lawyer and district attorney ; Thomas M. Cooley of Michigan ( right ) was an educator and judge . Joseph Story of Massachusetts ( left ) became a U.S. Supreme Court justice ; Tench Coxe of Pennsylvania ( right ) was a political economist and delegate to the Continental Congress . Richard Henry Lee ( edit ) <P> In May of 1788 , Richard Henry Lee wrote in Additional Letters From The Federal Farmer # 169 or Letter XVIII regarding the definition of a `` militia '' : </P> <P> A militia , when properly formed , are in fact the people themselves , and render regular troops in a great measure unnecessary . </P> George Mason ( edit ) <P> In June of 1788 , George Mason addressed the Virginia Ratifying Convention regarding a `` militia : '' </P> <P> A worthy member has asked , who are the militia , if they be not the people , of this country , and if we are not to be protected from the fate of the Germans , Prussians , &c. by our representation ? I ask who are the militia ? They consist now of the whole people , except a few public officers . But I can not say who will be the militia of the future day . If that paper on the table gets no alteration , the militia of the future day may not consist of all classes , high and low , and rich and poor ; but may be confined to the lower and middle classes of the people , granting exclusion to the higher classes of the people . If we should ever see that day , the most ignominious punishments and heavy fines may be expected . Under the present government all ranks of people are subject to militia duty . </P> Tench Coxe ( edit ) <P> In 1792 , Tench Coxe made the following point in a commentary on the Second Amendment : </P> <P> As civil rulers , not having their duty to the people duly before them , may attempt to tyrannize , and as the military forces which must be occasionally raised to defend our country , might pervert their power to the injury of their fellow citizens , the people are confirmed by the next article in their right to keep and bear their private arms . </P> Tucker / Blackstone ( edit ) <P> The earliest published commentary on the Second Amendment by a major constitutional theorist was by St. George Tucker . He annotated a five - volume edition of Sir William Blackstone 's Commentaries on the Laws of England , a critical legal reference for early American attorneys published in 1803 . Tucker wrote : </P> <P> A well regulated militia being necessary to the security of a free state , the right of the people to keep , and bear arms , shall not be infringed . Amendments to C.U.S. Art . 4 . This may be considered as the true palladium of liberty ... The right of self defence is the first law of nature : in most governments it has been the study of rulers to confine this right within the narrowest limits possible . Wherever standing armies are kept up , and the right of the people to keep and bear arms is , under any colour or pretext whatsoever , prohibited , liberty , if not already annihilated , is on the brink of destruction . In England , the people have been disarmed , generally , under the specious pretext of preserving the game : a never failing lure to bring over the landed aristocracy to support any measure , under that mask , though calculated for very different purposes . True it is , their bill of rights seems at first view to counteract this policy : but the right of bearing arms is confined to protestants , and the words suitable to their condition and degree , have been interpreted to authorise the prohibition of keeping a gun or other engine for the destruction of game , to any farmer , or inferior tradesman , or other person not qualified to kill game . So that not one man in five hundred can keep a gun in his house without being subject to a penalty . </P> <P> In footnotes 40 and 41 of the Commentaries , Tucker stated that the right to bear arms under the Second Amendment was not subject to the restrictions that were part of English law : `` The right of the people to keep and bear arms shall not be infringed . Amendments to C.U.S. Art . 4 , and this without any qualification as to their condition or degree , as is the case in the British government '' and `` whoever examines the forest , and game laws in the British code , will readily perceive that the right of keeping arms is effectually taken away from the people of England . '' Blackstone himself also commented on English game laws , Vol. II , p. 412 , `` that the prevention of popular insurrections and resistance to government by disarming the bulk of the people , is a reason oftener meant than avowed by the makers of the forest and game laws . '' Blackstone discussed the right of self - defense in a separate section of his treatise on the common law of crimes . Tucker 's annotations for that latter section did not mention the Second Amendment but cited the standard works of English jurists such as Hawkins . </P> <P> Further , Tucker criticized the English Bill of Rights for limiting gun ownership to the very wealthy , leaving the populace effectively disarmed , and expressed the hope that Americans `` never cease to regard the right of keeping and bearing arms as the surest pledge of their liberty . '' </P> William Rawle ( edit ) <P> Tucker 's commentary was soon followed , in 1825 , by that of William Rawle in his landmark text , A View of the Constitution of the United States of America . Like Tucker , Rawle condemned England 's `` arbitrary code for the preservation of game , '' portraying that country as one that `` boasts so much of its freedom , '' yet provides a right to `` protestant subjects only '' that it `` cautiously describ ( es ) to be that of bearing arms for their defence '' and reserves for `` ( a ) very small proportion of the people ( . ) '' In contrast , Rawle characterizes the second clause of the Second Amendment , which he calls the corollary clause , as a general prohibition against such capricious abuse of government power , declaring bluntly : </P> <P> No clause could by any rule of construction be conceived to give to congress a power to disarm the people . Such a flagitious attempt could only be made under some general pretence by a state legislature . But if in any blind pursuit of inordinate power , either should attempt it , this amendment may be appealed to as a restraint on both . </P> <P> Speaking of the Second Amendment generally , Rawle said : </P> <P> The prohibition is general . No clause in the Constitution could by any rule of construction be conceived to give to congress a power to disarm the people . Such a flagitious attempt could only be made under some general pretence by a state legislature . But if in any blind pursuit of inordinate power , either should attempt it , this amendment may be appealed to as a restraint on both . </P> <P> Rawle , long before the concept of incorporation was formally recognized by the courts , or Congress drafted the Fourteenth Amendment , contended that citizens could appeal to the Second Amendment should either the state or federal government attempt to disarm them . He did warn , however , that `` this right ( to bear arms ) ought not ... be abused to the disturbance of the public peace '' and , paraphrasing Coke , observed : `` An assemblage of persons with arms , for unlawful purpose , is an indictable offence , and even the carrying of arms abroad by a single individual , attended with circumstances giving just reason to fear that he purposes to make an unlawful use of them , would be sufficient cause to require him to give surety of the peace . '' </P> Joseph Story ( edit ) <P> Joseph Story articulated in his influential Commentaries on the Constitution the orthodox view of the Second Amendment , which he viewed as the amendment 's clear meaning : </P> <P> The right of the citizens to keep and bear arms has justly been considered , as the palladium of the liberties of a republic ; since it offers a strong moral check against the usurpations and arbitrary power of rulers ; and it will generally , even if these are successful in the first instance , enable the people to resist and triumph over them . And yet , though this truth would seem so clear , and the importance of a well - regulated militia would seem so undeniable , it can not be disguised , that among the American people there is a growing indifference to any system of militia discipline , and a strong disposition , from a sense of its burdens , to be rid of all regulations . How it is practicable to keep the people duly armed without some organization , it is difficult to see . There is certainly no small danger , that indifference may lead to disgust , and disgust to contempt ; and thus gradually undermine all the protection intended by this clause of our National Bill of Rights . </P> <P> Story describes a militia as the `` natural defence of a free country , '' both against foreign foes , domestic revolts and usurpation by rulers . The book regards the militia as a `` moral check '' against both usurpation and the arbitrary use of power , while expressing distress at the growing indifference of the American people to maintaining such an organized militia , which could lead to the undermining of the protection of the Second Amendment . </P> Lysander Spooner ( edit ) <P> Abolitionist Lysander Spooner , commenting on bills of rights , stated that the object of all bills of rights is to assert the rights of individuals against the government and that the Second Amendment right to keep and bear arms was in support of the right to resist government oppression , as the only security against the tyranny of government lies in forcible resistance to injustice , for injustice will certainly be executed , unless forcibly resisted . Spooner 's theory provided the intellectual foundation for John Brown and other radical abolitionists who believed that arming slaves was not only morally justified , but entirely consistent with the Second Amendment . An express connection between this right and the Second Amendment was drawn by Lysander Spooner who commented that a `` right of resistance '' is protected by both the right to trial by jury and the Second Amendment . </P> <P> The congressional debate on the proposed Fourteenth Amendment concentrated on what the Southern States were doing to harm the newly freed slaves , including disarming the former slaves . </P> Timothy Farrar ( edit ) <P> In 1867 , Judge Timothy Farrar published his Manual of the Constitution of the United States of America , which was written when the Fourteenth Amendment was `` in the process of adoption by the State legislatures . '' : </P> <P> The States are recognized as governments , and , when their own constitutions permit , may do as they please ; provided they do not interfere with the Constitution and laws of the United States , or with the civil or natural rights of the people recognized thereby , and held in conformity to them . The right of every person to `` life , liberty , and property , '' to `` keep and bear arms , '' to the `` writ of habeas corpus '' to `` trial by jury , '' and divers others , are recognized by , and held under , the Constitution of the United States , and can not be infringed by individuals or even by the government itself . </P> Judge Thomas Cooley ( edit ) <P> Judge Thomas M. Cooley , perhaps the most widely read constitutional scholar of the nineteenth century , wrote extensively about this amendment , and he explained in 1880 how the Second Amendment protected the `` right of the people , '' : </P> <P> It might be supposed from the phraseology of this provision that the right to keep and bear arms was only guaranteed to the militia ; but this would be an interpretation not warranted by the intent . The militia , as has been elsewhere explained , consists of those persons who , under the law , are liable to the performance of military duty , and are officered and enrolled for service when called upon . But the law may make provision for the enrolment of all who are fit to perform military duty , or of a small number only , or it may wholly omit to make any provision at all ; and if the right were limited to those enrolled , the purpose of this guaranty might be defeated altogether by the action or neglect to act of the government it was meant to hold in check . The meaning of the provision undoubtedly is , that the people , from whom the militia must be taken , shall have the right to keep and bear arms ; and they need no permission or regulation of law for the purpose . But this enables the government to have a well - regulated militia ; for to bear arms implies something more than the mere keeping ; it implies the learning to handle and use them in a way that makes those who keep them ready for their efficient use ; in other words , it implies the right to meet for voluntary discipline in arms , observing in doing so the laws of public order . </P> <H3> Late 20th century commentary ( edit ) </H3> Assortment of 20th century handguns <P> In the latter half of the 20th century , there was considerable debate over whether the Second Amendment protected an individual right or a collective right . The debate centered on whether the prefatory clause ( `` A well regulated militia being necessary to the security of a free State '' ) declared the amendment 's only purpose or merely announced a purpose to introduce the operative clause ( `` the right of the People to keep and bear arms shall not be infringed '' ) . Scholars advanced three competing theoretical models for how the prefatory clause should be interpreted . </P> <P> The first , known as the `` states ' rights '' or `` collective right '' model , held that the Second Amendment does not apply to individuals ; rather , it recognizes the right of each state to arm its militia . Under this approach , citizens `` have no right to keep or bear arms , but the states have a collective right to have the National Guard '' . Advocates of collective rights models argued that the Second Amendment was written to prevent the federal government from disarming state militias , rather than to secure an individual right to possess firearms . Prior to 2001 , every circuit court decision that interpreted the Second Amendment endorsed the `` collective right '' model . However , beginning with the Fifth Circuit 's opinion United States v. Emerson in 2001 , some circuit courts recognized that the Second Amendment protects an individual right to bear arms . </P> <P> The second , known as the `` sophisticated collective right model '' , held that the Second Amendment recognizes some limited individual right . However , this individual right could only be exercised by actively participating members of a functioning , organized state militia . Some scholars have argued that the `` sophisticated collective rights model '' is , in fact , the functional equivalent of the `` collective rights model . '' Other commentators have observed that prior to Emerson , five circuit courts specifically endorsed the `` sophisticated collective right model '' . </P> <P> The third , known as the `` standard model '' , held that the Second Amendment recognized the personal right of individuals to keep and bear arms . Supporters of this model argued that `` although the first clause may describe a general purpose for the amendment , the second clause is controlling and therefore the amendment confers an individual right ' of the people ' to keep and bear arms '' . Additionally , scholars who favored this model argued the `` absence of founding - era militias mentioned in the Amendment 's preamble does not render it a ' dead letter ' because the preamble is a ' philosophical declaration ' safeguarding militias and is but one of multiple ' civic purposes ' for which the Amendment was enacted '' . </P> <P> Under both of the collective right models , the opening phrase was considered essential as a pre-condition for the main clause . These interpretations held that this was a grammar structure that was common during that era and that this grammar dictated that the Second Amendment protected a collective right to firearms to the extent necessary for militia duty . However , under the standard model , the opening phrase was believed to be prefatory or amplifying to the operative clause . The opening phrase was meant as a non-exclusive example -- one of many reasons for the amendment . This interpretation is consistent with the position that the Second Amendment protects a modified individual right . </P> <P> The question of a collective right versus an individual right was progressively resolved in favor of the individual rights model , beginning with the Fifth Circuit ruling in United States v. Emerson ( 2001 ) , along with the Supreme Court 's rulings in District of Columbia v. Heller ( 2008 ) , and McDonald v. Chicago ( 2010 ) . In Heller , the Supreme Court resolved any remaining circuit splits by ruling that the Second Amendment protects an individual right . Although the Second Amendment is the only Constitutional amendment with a prefatory clause , such linguistic constructions were widely used elsewhere in the late eighteenth century . </P> <P> Warren E. Burger , a conservative Republican appointed Chief Justice of the United States by President Richard Nixon , wrote in 1990 following his retirement : </P> <P> `` The Constitution of the United States , in its Second Amendment , guarantees a ' right of the people to keep and bear arms . ' However , the meaning of this clause can not be understood except by looking to the purpose , the setting and the objectives of the draftsmen ... People of that day were apprehensive about the new `` monster '' national government presented to them , and this helps explain the language and purpose of the Second Amendment ... We see that the need for a state militia was the predicate of the ' right ' guaranteed ; in short , it was declared ' necessary ' in order to have a state military force to protect the security of the state . '' </P> <P> And in 1991 Burger stated : </P> <P> `` If I were writing the Bill of Rights now , there would n't be any such thing as the Second Amendment ... that a well regulated militia being necessary for the defense of the state , the peoples ' rights to bear arms . This has been the subject of one of the greatest pieces of fraud -- I repeat the word ' fraud ' -- on the American public by special interest groups that I have ever seen in my lifetime . '' </P> <P> In a 1992 opinion piece , six former American attorneys general wrote : </P> <P> `` For more than 200 years , the federal courts have unanimously determined that the Second Amendment concerns only the arming of the people in service to an organized state militia ; it does not guarantee immediate access to guns for private purposes . The nation can no longer afford to let the gun lobby 's distortion of the Constitution cripple every reasonable attempt to implement an effective national policy toward guns and crime . '' </P> <P> Research by Robert Spitzer found that every law journal article discussing the Second Amendment through 1959 `` reflected the Second Amendment affects citizens only in connection with citizen service in a government organized and regulated militia . '' Only beginning in 1960 did law journal articles begin to advocate an `` individualist '' view of gun ownership rights . </P> <H3> Meaning of `` well regulated militia '' ( edit ) </H3> <P> The term `` regulated '' means `` disciplined '' or `` trained '' . In Heller , the U.S. Supreme Court stated that `` ( t ) he adjective ' well - regulated ' implies nothing more than the imposition of proper discipline and training . '' </P> <P> In the year prior to the drafting of the Second Amendment , in Federalist No. 29 Alexander Hamilton wrote the following about `` organizing '' , `` disciplining '' , `` arming '' , and `` training '' of the militia as specified in the enumerated powers : </P> <P> If a well regulated militia be the most natural defence of a free country , it ought certainly to be under the regulation and at the disposal of that body which is constituted the guardian of the national security ... confiding the regulation of the militia to the direction of the national authority ... ( but ) reserving to the states ... the authority of training the militia ... A tolerable expertness in military movements is a business that requires time and practice . It is not a day , or even a week , that will suffice for the attainment of it . To oblige the great body of the yeomanry , and of the other classes of the citizens , to be under arms for the purpose of going through military exercises and evolutions , as often as might be necessary to acquire the degree of perfection which would entitle them to the character of a well - regulated militia , would be a real grievance to the people , and a serious public inconvenience and loss ... Little more can reasonably be aimed at , with respect to the People at large , than to have them properly armed and equipped ; and in order to see that this be not neglected , it will be necessary to assemble them once or twice in the course of a year . </P> <P> Justice Scalia , writing for the Court in Heller : `` In Nunn v. State , 1 Ga . 243 , 251 ( 1846 ) , the Georgia Supreme Court construed the Second Amendment as protecting the ' natural right of self - defence ' and therefore struck down a ban on carrying pistols openly . Its opinion perfectly captured the way in which the operative clause of the Second Amendment furthers the purpose announced in the prefatory clause , in continuity with the English right '' : </P> <P> Nor is the right involved in this discussion less comprehensive or valuable : `` The right of the people to bear arms shall not be infringed . '' The right of the whole people , old and young , men , women and boys , and not militia only , to keep and bear arms of every description , not such merely as are used by the militia , shall not be infringed , curtailed , or broken in upon , in the smallest degree ; and all this for the important end to be attained : the rearing up and qualifying a well - regulated militia , so vitally necessary to the security of a free State . Our opinion is , that any law , State or Federal , is repugnant to the Constitution , and void , which contravenes this right , originally belonging to our forefathers , trampled under foot by Charles I. and his two wicked sons and successors , reestablished by the revolution of 1688 , conveyed to this land of liberty by the colonists , and finally incorporated conspicuously in our own Magna Charta ! And Lexington , Concord , Camden , River Raisin , Sandusky , and the laurel - crowned field of New Orleans , plead eloquently for this interpretation ! And the acquisition of Texas may be considered the full fruits of this great constitutional right . </P> <P> Justice Stevens in dissent : </P> <P> When each word in the text is given full effect , the Amendment is most naturally read to secure to the people a right to use and possess arms in conjunction with service in a well - regulated militia . So far as appears , no more than that was contemplated by its drafters or is encompassed within its terms . Even if the meaning of the text were genuinely susceptible to more than one interpretation , the burden would remain on those advocating a departure from the purpose identified in the preamble and from settled law to come forward with persuasive new arguments or evidence . The textual analysis offered by respondent and embraced by the Court falls far short of sustaining that heavy burden . And the Court 's emphatic reliance on the claim `` that the Second Amendment ... codified a pre-existing right , '' ante , at 19 ( refers to p. 19 of the opinion ) , is of course beside the point because the right to keep and bear arms for service in a state militia was also a pre-existing right . </P> <H3> Meaning of `` the right of the people '' ( edit ) </H3> <P> Justice Antonin Scalia , writing for the majority in Heller , stated : </P> <P> Nowhere else in the Constitution does a `` right '' attributed to `` the people '' refer to anything other than an individual right . What is more , in all six other provisions of the Constitution that mention `` the people , '' the term unambiguously refers to all members of the political community , not an unspecified subset . This contrasts markedly with the phrase `` the militia '' in the prefatory clause . As we will describe below , the `` militia '' in colonial America consisted of a subset of `` the people '' -- those who were male , able bodied , and within a certain age range . Reading the Second Amendment as protecting only the right to `` keep and bear Arms '' in an organized militia therefore fits poorly with the operative clause 's description of the holder of that right as `` the people '' . </P> <P> An earlier case , United States v. Verdugo - Urquidez ( 1990 ) , dealt with nonresident aliens and the Fourth Amendment , but led to a discussion of who are `` the People '' when referred to elsewhere in the Constitution : </P> <P> The Second Amendment protects `` the right of the people to keep and bear Arms , '' and the Ninth and Tenth Amendments provide that certain rights and powers are retained by and reserved to `` the people '' ... While this textual exegesis is by no means conclusive , it suggests that `` the people '' protected by the Fourth Amendment , and by the First and Second Amendments , and to whom rights and powers are reserved in the Ninth and Tenth Amendments , refers to a class of persons who are part of a national community or who have otherwise developed sufficient connection with this country to be considered part of that community . </P> <P> According to the majority in Heller , there were several different reasons for this amendment , and protecting militias was only one of them ; if protecting militias had been the only reason then the amendment could have instead referred to `` the right of the militia to keep and bear arms '' instead of `` the right of the people to keep and bear arms '' . </P> <H3> Meaning of `` keep and bear arms '' ( edit ) </H3> <P> In Heller the majority rejected the view that the term `` to bear arms '' implies only the military use of arms : </P> <P> Before addressing the verbs `` keep '' and `` bear , '' we interpret their object : `` Arms . '' The term was applied , then as now , to weapons that were not specifically designed for military use and were not employed in a military capacity . Thus , the most natural reading of `` keep Arms '' in the Second Amendment is to `` have weapons . '' At the time of the founding , as now , to `` bear '' meant to `` carry . '' In numerous instances , `` bear arms '' was unambiguously used to refer to the carrying of weapons outside of an organized militia . Nine state constitutional provisions written in the 18th century or the first two decades of the 19th , which enshrined a right of citizens `` bear arms in defense of themselves and the state '' again , in the most analogous linguistic context -- that `` bear arms '' was not limited to the carrying of arms in a militia . The phrase `` bear Arms '' also had at the time of the founding an idiomatic meaning that was significantly different from its natural meaning : `` to serve as a soldier , do military service , fight '' or `` to wage war . '' But it unequivocally bore that idiomatic meaning only when followed by the preposition `` against , '' . Every example given by petitioners ' amici for the idiomatic meaning of `` bear arms '' from the founding period either includes the preposition `` against '' or is not clearly idiomatic . In any event , the meaning of `` bear arms '' that petitioners and Justice Stevens propose is not even the ( sometimes ) idiomatic meaning . Rather , they manufacture a hybrid definition , whereby `` bear arms '' connotes the actual carrying of arms ( and therefore is not really an idiom ) but only in the service of an organized militia . No dictionary has ever adopted that definition , and we have been apprised of no source that indicates that it carried that meaning at the time of the founding . Worse still , the phrase `` keep and bear Arms '' would be incoherent . The word `` Arms '' would have two different meanings at once : `` weapons '' ( as the object of `` keep '' ) and ( as the object of `` bear '' ) one - half of an idiom . It would be rather like saying `` He filled and kicked the bucket '' to mean `` He filled the bucket and died . '' </P> <P> In a dissent , joined by Justices Souter , Ginsburg , and Breyer , Justice Stevens said : </P> <P> The Amendment 's text does justify a different limitation : the `` right to keep and bear arms '' protects only a right to possess and use firearms in connection with service in a state - organized militia . Had the Framers wished to expand the meaning of the phrase `` bear arms '' to encompass civilian possession and use , they could have done so by the addition of phrases such as `` for the defense of themselves '' . </P> <P> A May 2018 analysis by Dennis Baron contradicted the majority opinion : </P> <P> A search of Brigham Young University 's new online Corpus of Founding Era American English , with more than 95,000 texts and 138 million words , yields 281 instances of the phrase `` bear arms . '' BYU 's Corpus of Early Modern English , with 40,000 texts and close to 1.3 billion words , shows 1,572 instances of the phrase . Subtracting about 350 duplicate matches , that leaves about 1,500 separate occurrences of `` bear arms '' in the 17th and 18th centuries , and only a handful do n't refer to war , soldiering or organized , armed action . These databases confirm that the natural meaning of `` bear arms '' in the framers ' day was military . </P> <H2> Supreme Court Cases ( edit ) </H2> U.S. Supreme Court See also : Firearm case law in the United States <P> In the century following the ratification of the Bill of Rights , the intended meaning and application of the Second Amendment drew less interest than it does in modern times . The vast majority of regulation was done by states , and the first case law on weapons regulation dealt with state interpretations of the Second Amendment . A notable exception to this general rule was Houston v. Moore , 18 U.S. 1 ( 1820 ) , where the U.S. Supreme Court mentioned the Second Amendment in an aside . In the Dred Scott decision ( 1857 ) , the opinion of the court stated that if African Americans were considered U.S. citizens , `` It would give to persons of the negro race , who were recognised as citizens in any one State of the Union , the right ... to keep and carry arms wherever they went . '' </P> <P> State and federal courts historically have used two models to interpret the Second Amendment : the `` individual rights '' model , which holds that individuals hold the right to bear arms , and the `` collective rights '' model , which holds that the right is dependent on militia membership . The `` collective rights '' model has been rejected by the Supreme Court , in favor of the individual rights model . </P> <P> The Supreme Court 's primary Second Amendment cases include United States v. Miller , ( 1939 ) ; District of Columbia v. Heller ( 2008 ) ; and McDonald v. Chicago ( 2010 ) . </P> <P> Heller and McDonald supported the individual rights model , under which the Second Amendment protects the right to keep and bear arms much as the First Amendment protects the right to free speech . Under this model , the militia is composed of members who supply their own arms and ammunition . This is generally recognized as the method by which militias have historically been armed , as the Supreme Court in Miller said : </P> <P> The signification attributed to the term Militia appears from the debates in the Convention , the history and legislation of Colonies and States , and the writings of approved commentators . These show plainly enough that the Militia comprised all males physically capable of acting in concert for the common defense . ' A body of citizens enrolled for military discipline . ' And further , that ordinarily when called for service these men were expected to appear bearing arms supplied by themselves and of the kind in common use at the time . </P> <P> Of the collective rights model that holds that the right to arms is based on militia membership , the Supreme Court in Heller said : </P> <P> A purposive qualifying phrase that contradicts the word or phrase it modifies is unknown this side of the looking glass ( except , apparently , in some courses on Linguistics ) . If `` bear arms '' means , as we think , simply the carrying of arms , a modifier can limit the purpose of the carriage ( `` for the purpose of self - defense '' or `` to make war against the King '' ) . But if `` bear arms '' means , as the petitioners and the dissent think , the carrying of arms only for military purposes , one simply can not add `` for the purpose of killing game . '' The right `` to carry arms in the militia for the purpose of killing game '' is worthy of the mad hatter . </P> <H3> United States v. Cruikshank ( edit ) </H3> Main article : United States v. Cruikshank <P> In the Reconstruction Era case of United States v. Cruikshank , 92 U.S. 542 ( 1875 ) , the defendants were white men who had killed more than sixty black people in what was known as the Colfax massacre and had been charged with conspiring to prevent blacks from exercising their right to bear arms . The Court dismissed the charges , holding that the Bill of Rights restricted Congress but not private individuals . The Court concluded , `` ( f ) or their protection in its enjoyment , the people must look to the States . '' </P> <P> The Court stated that `` ( t ) he Second Amendment ... has no other effect than to restrict the powers of the national government ... '' Likewise , the Court held that there was no state action in this case , and therefore the Fourteenth Amendment was not applicable : </P> <P> The fourteenth amendment prohibits a State from depriving any person of life , liberty , or property , without due process of law ; but this adds nothing to the rights of one citizen as against another . </P> <P> Thus , the Court held a federal anti-Ku - Klux - Klan statute to be unconstitutional as applied in that case . </P> <H3> Presser v. Illinois ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Presser v. Illinois <P> In Presser v. Illinois , 116 U.S. 252 ( 1886 ) , Herman Presser headed a German - American paramilitary shooting organization and was arrested for leading a parade group of 400 men , training and drilling with military weapons with the declared intention to fight , through the streets of Chicago as a violation of Illinois law that prohibited public drilling and parading in military style without a permit from the governor . </P> <P> At his trial , Presser argued that the State of Illinois had violated his Second Amendment rights . The Supreme Court reaffirmed Cruikshank , and also held that the Second Amendment prevented neither the States nor Congress from barring private militias that parade with arms ; such a right `` can not be claimed as a right independent of law . '' This decision upheld the States ' authority to regulate the militia and that citizens had no right to create their own militias or to own weapons for semi-military purposes . However the court said : `` A state can not prohibit the people therein from keeping and bearing arms to an extent that would deprive the United States of the protection afforded by them as a reserve military force . '' </P> <H3> Miller v. Texas ( edit ) </H3> <P> In Miller v. Texas , 153 U.S. 535 ( 1894 ) , Franklin Miller was convicted and sentenced to be executed for shooting a police officer to death with an illegally carried handgun in violation of Texas law . Miller sought to have his conviction overturned , claiming his Second Amendment rights were violated and that the Bill of Rights should be applied to state law . The Supreme Court ruled that the Second Amendment did not apply to state laws such as the Texas law : `` As the proceedings were conducted under the ordinary forms of criminal prosecutions there certainly was no denial of due process of law . '' </P> <H3> Robertson v. Baldwin ( edit ) </H3> <P> In Robertson v. Baldwin , 165 U.S. 275 ( 1897 ) , the Court stated in dicta that laws regulating concealed arms did not infringe upon the right to keep and bear arms and thus were not a violation of the Second Amendment : </P> <P> The law is perfectly well settled that the first ten amendments to the Constitution , commonly known as the `` Bill of Rights , '' were not intended to lay down any novel principles of government , but simply to embody certain guaranties and immunities which we had inherited from our English ancestors , and which had , from time immemorial , been subject to certain well recognized exceptions arising from the necessities of the case . In incorporating these principles into the fundamental law , there was no intention of disregarding the exceptions , which continued to be recognized as if they had been formally expressed . Thus , the freedom of speech and of the press ( Art . I ) does not permit the publication of libels , blasphemous or indecent articles , or other publications injurious to public morals or private reputation ; the right of the people to keep and bear arms ( Art . II ) is not infringed by laws prohibiting the carrying of concealed weapons . </P> <H3> United States v. Miller ( edit ) </H3> Main article : United States v. Miller <P> In United States v. Miller , 307 U.S. 174 ( 1939 ) , the Supreme Court rejected a Second Amendment challenge to the National Firearms Act prohibiting the interstate transportation of unregistered Title II weapons : </P> <P> Jack Miller and Frank Layton `` did unlawfully ... transport in interstate commerce from ... Claremore ... Oklahoma to ... Siloam Springs ... Arkansas a certain firearm ... a double barrel ... shotgun having a barrel less than 18 inches in length ... at the time of so transporting said firearm in interstate commerce ... not having registered said firearm as required by Section 1132d of Title 26 , United States Code ... and not having in their possession a stamp - affixed written order ... as provided by Section 1132C ... '' </P> <P> In a unanimous opinion authored by Justice McReynolds , the Supreme Court stated `` the objection that the Act usurps police power reserved to the States is plainly untenable . '' As the Court explained : </P> <P> In the absence of any evidence tending to show that possession or use of a ' shotgun having a barrel of less than eighteen inches in length ' at this time has some reasonable relationship to any preservation or efficiency of a well regulated militia , we can not say that the Second Amendment guarantees the right to keep and bear such an instrument . Certainly it is not within judicial notice that this weapon is any part of the ordinary military equipment or that its use could contribute to the common defense . </P> <P> Gun rights advocates claim that the Court in Miller ruled that the Second Amendment protected the right to keep arms that are part of `` ordinary military equipment . '' They also claim that the Court did not consider the question of whether the sawed - off shotgun in the case would be an applicable weapon for personal defense , instead looking solely at the weapon 's suitability for the `` common defense . '' Law professor Andrew McClurg states , `` The only certainty about Miller is that it failed to give either side a clear - cut victory . Most modern scholars recognize this fact . '' </P> <H3> District of Columbia v. Heller ( edit ) </H3> Main article : District of Columbia v. Heller Judgment ( edit ) The Justices who decided Heller <P> According to the syllabus prepared by the U.S. Supreme Court Reporter of Decisions , in District of Columbia v. Heller , 554 U.S. 570 ( 2008 ) , the Supreme Court held : </P> <Dl> <Dd> 1 . The Second Amendment protects an individual right to possess a firearm unconnected with service in a militia , and to use that arm for traditionally lawful purposes , such as self - defense within the home . pp. 2 -- 53 . <Dl> <Dd> ( a ) The Amendment 's prefatory clause announces a purpose , but does not limit or expand the scope of the second part , the operative clause . The operative clause 's text and history demonstrate that it connotes an individual right to keep and bear arms . pp. 2 -- 22 . </Dd> <Dd> ( b ) The prefatory clause comports with the Court 's interpretation of the operative clause . The `` militia '' comprised all males physically capable of acting in concert for the common defense . The Antifederalists feared that the Federal Government would disarm the people in order to disable this citizens ' militia , enabling a politicized standing army or a select militia to rule . The response was to deny Congress power to abridge the ancient right of individuals to keep and bear arms , so that the ideal of a citizens ' militia would be preserved . pp. 22 -- 28 . </Dd> <Dd> ( c ) The Court 's interpretation is confirmed by analogous arms - bearing rights in state constitutions that preceded and immediately followed the Second Amendment . pp. 28 -- 30 . </Dd> <Dd> ( d ) The Second Amendment 's drafting history , while of dubious interpretive worth , reveals three state Second Amendment proposals that unequivocally referred to an individual right to bear arms . pp. 30 -- 32 . </Dd> <Dd> ( e ) Interpretation of the Second Amendment by scholars , courts and legislators , from immediately after its ratification through the late 19th century also supports the Court 's conclusion . pp. 32 -- 47 . </Dd> <Dd> ( f ) None of the Court 's precedents forecloses the Court 's interpretation . Neither United States v. Cruikshank , 92 U.S. 542 , nor Presser v. Illinois , 116 U.S. 252 , refutes the individual - rights interpretation . United States v. Miller , 307 U.S. 174 , does not limit the right to keep and bear arms to militia purposes , but rather limits the type of weapon to which the right applies to those used by the militia , i.e. , those in common use for lawful purposes . pp. 47 -- 54 . </Dd> </Dl> </Dd> <Dd> 2 . Like most rights , the Second Amendment right is not unlimited . It is not a right to keep and carry any weapon whatsoever in any manner whatsoever and for whatever purpose : For example , concealed weapons prohibitions have been upheld under the Amendment or state analogues . The Court 's opinion should not be taken to cast doubt on longstanding prohibitions on the possession of firearms by felons and the mentally ill , or laws forbidding the carrying of firearms in sensitive places such as schools and government buildings , or laws imposing conditions and qualifications on the commercial sale of arms . Miller 's holding that the sorts of weapons protected are those `` in common use at the time '' finds support in the historical tradition of prohibiting the carrying of dangerous and unusual weapons . pp. 54 -- 56 . </Dd> <Dd> 3 . The handgun ban and the trigger - lock requirement ( as applied to self - defense ) violate the Second Amendment . The District 's total ban on handgun possession in the home amounts to a prohibition on an entire class of `` arms '' that Americans overwhelmingly choose for the lawful purpose of self - defense . Under any of the standards of scrutiny the Court has applied to enumerated constitutional rights , this prohibition -- in the place where the importance of the lawful defense of self , family , and property is most acute -- would fail constitutional muster . Similarly , the requirement that any lawful firearm in the home be disassembled or bound by a trigger lock makes it impossible for citizens to use arms for the core lawful purpose of self - defense and is hence unconstitutional . Because Heller conceded at oral argument that the D.C. licensing law is permissible if it is not enforced arbitrarily and capriciously , the Court assumes that a license will satisfy his prayer for relief and does not address the licensing requirement . Assuming he is not disqualified from exercising Second Amendment rights , the District must permit Heller to register his handgun and must issue him a license to carry it in the home . pp. 56 -- 64 . </Dd> </Dl> <P> There are similar legal summaries of the Supreme Court 's findings in Heller . For example , the Illinois Supreme Court in People v. Aguilar ( 2013 ) , summed up Heller 's findings and reasoning : </P> <P> In District of Columbia v. Heller , 554 U.S. 570 ( 2008 ) , the Supreme Court undertook its first - ever `` in - depth examination '' of the second amendment 's meaning Id . at 635 . After a lengthy historical discussion , the Court ultimately concluded that the second amendment `` guarantee ( s ) the individual right to possess and carry weapons in case of confrontation '' ( id . at 592 ) ; that `` central to '' this right is `` the inherent right of self - defense '' ( id . at 628 ) ; that `` the home '' is `` where the need for defense of self , family , and property is most acute '' ( id . at 628 ) ; and that , `` above all other interests , '' the second amendment elevates `` the right of law - abiding , responsible citizens to use arms in defense of hearth and home '' ( id . at 635 ) . Based on this understanding , the Court held that a District of Columbia law banning handgun possession in the home violated the second amendment . Id . at 635 . </P> Notes and analysis ( edit ) <P> Heller has been widely described as a landmark decision . To clarify that its ruling does not invalidate a broad range of existing firearm laws , the majority opinion , written by Justice Antonin Scalia , said : </P> <P> Like most rights , the right secured by the Second Amendment is not unlimited ... Although we do not undertake an exhaustive historical analysis today of the full scope of the Second Amendment , nothing in our opinion should be taken to cast doubt on longstanding prohibitions on the possession of firearms by felons and the mentally ill , or laws forbidding the carrying of firearms in sensitive places such as schools and government buildings , or laws imposing conditions and qualifications on the commercial sale of arms . </P> <P> The Court 's statement that the right is limited has been widely discussed by lower courts and the media . The majority opinion also said that the amendment 's prefatory clause ( referencing the `` militia '' ) serves to clarify the operative clause ( referencing `` the people '' ) , but does not limit the scope of the operative clause , because `` the ' militia ' in colonial America consisted of a subset of ' the people ' ... '' </P> <P> Justice Stevens ' dissenting opinion , which was joined by the three other dissenters , said : </P> <P> The question presented by this case is not whether the Second Amendment protects a `` collective right '' or an `` individual right . '' Surely it protects a right that can be enforced by individuals . But a conclusion that the Second Amendment protects an individual right does not tell us anything about the scope of that right . </P> <P> Stevens went on to say the following : </P> <P> The Second Amendment was adopted to protect the right of the people of each of the several States to maintain a well - regulated militia . It was a response to concerns raised during the ratification of the Constitution that the power of Congress to disarm the state militias and create a national standing army posed an intolerable threat to the sovereignty of the several States . Neither the text of the Amendment nor the arguments advanced by its proponents evidenced the slightest interest in limiting any legislature 's authority to regulate private civilian uses of firearms . Specifically , there is no indication that the Framers of the Amendment intended to enshrine the common - law right of self - defense in the Constitution . </P> <P> This dissent called the majority opinion `` strained and unpersuasive '' and said that the right to possess a firearm exists only in relation to the militia and that the D.C. laws constitute permissible regulation . In the majority opinion , Justice Stevens ' interpretation of the phrase `` to keep and bear arms '' was referred to as a `` hybrid '' definition that Stevens purportedly chose in order to avoid an `` incoherent '' and `` ( g ) rotesque '' idiomatic meeting . </P> <P> Justice Breyer , in his own dissent joined by Stevens , Souter , and Ginsburg , stated that the entire Court subscribes to the proposition that `` the amendment protects an ' individual ' right -- i.e. , one that is separately possessed , and may be separately enforced , by each person on whom it is conferred '' . </P> <P> Regarding the term `` well regulated '' , the majority opinion said , `` The adjective ' well - regulated ' implies nothing more than the imposition of proper discipline and training . '' The majority opinion quoted Spooner from The Unconstitutionality of Slavery as saying that the right to bear arms was necessary for those who wanted to take a stand against slavery . The majority opinion also stated that : </P> <P> A purposive qualifying phrase that contradicts the word or phrase it modifies is unknown this side of the looking glass ( except , apparently , in some courses on Linguistics ) . If `` bear arms '' means , as we think , simply the carrying of arms , a modifier can limit the purpose of the carriage ( `` for the purpose of self - defense '' or `` to make war against the King '' ) . But if `` bear arms '' means , as the petitioners and the dissent think , the carrying of arms only for military purposes , one simply can not add `` for the purpose of killing game . '' The right `` to carry arms in the militia for the purpose of killing game '' is worthy of the mad hatter . </P> <P> The dissenting justices were not persuaded by this argument . </P> <P> Reaction to Heller has varied , with many sources giving focus to the ruling referring to itself as being the first in Supreme Court history to read the Second Amendment as protecting an individual right . The majority opinion , authored by Justice Scalia , gives explanation of the majority legal reasoning behind this decision . The majority opinion made clear that the recent ruling did not foreclose the Court 's prior interpretations given in United States v. Cruikshank , Presser v. Illinois , and United States v. Miller though these earlier rulings did not limit the right to keep and bear arms solely to militia purposes , but rather limits the type of weapon to which the right applies to those used by the militia ( i.e. , those in common use for lawful purposes ) . </P> <P> Heller pertained to three District of Columbia ordinances involving restrictions on firearms amounting to a total ban . These three ordinances were a ban on handgun registration , a requirement that all firearms in a home be either disassembled or have a trigger lock , and licensing requirement that prohibits carrying an unlicensed firearm in the home , such as from one room to another . </P> <P> Under any of the standards of scrutiny the Court has applied to enumerated constitutional rights , this prohibition -- in the place where the importance of the lawful defense of self , family , and property is most acute -- would fail constitutional muster ... Because Heller conceded at oral argument that the District 's licensing law is permissible if it is not enforced arbitrarily and capriciously , the Court assumed that a license will satisfy his prayer for relief and did not address the licensing requirement . Assuming he is not disqualified from exercising Second Amendment rights , the District must permit Heller to register his handgun and must issue him a license to carry it in the home . '' </P> <P> Justice Ginsburg has been a vocal critic of Heller . Speaking in an interview on public radio station WNYC , she called the Second Amendment `` outdated , '' saying : </P> <P> When we no longer need people to keep muskets in their home , then the Second Amendment has no function ... If the Court had properly interpreted the Second Amendment , the Court would have said that amendment was very important when the nation was new ; it gave a qualified right to keep and bear arms , but it was for one purpose only -- and that was the purpose of having militiamen who were able to fight to preserve the nation . </P> <H3> McDonald v. City of Chicago ( edit ) </H3> Main article : McDonald v. City of Chicago <P> On June 28 , 2010 , the Court in McDonald v. City of Chicago , 561 U.S. 3025 ( 2010 ) , held that the Second Amendment was incorporated , saying that `` ( i ) t is clear that the Framers and ratifiers of the Fourteenth Amendment counted the right to keep and bear arms among those fundamental rights necessary to our system of ordered liberty . '' This means that the Court ruled that the Second Amendment limits state and local governments to the same extent that it limits the federal government . It also remanded a case regarding a Chicago handgun prohibition . Four of the five Justices in the majority voted to do so by way of the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment , while the fifth Justice , Clarence Thomas , voted to do so through the amendment 's Privileges or Immunities Clause . </P> <P> Justice Thomas noted that the Privileges or Immunities Clause refers to `` citizens '' whereas the Due Process Clause refers more broadly to any `` person '' , and therefore Thomas reserved the issue of non-citizens for later decision . After McDonald , many questions about the Second Amendment remain unsettled , such as whether non-citizens are protected through the Equal Protection Clause . </P> <P> In People v. Aguilar ( 2013 ) , the Illinois Supreme Court summed up the central Second Amendment findings in McDonald : </P> <P> Two years later , in McDonald v. City of Chicago , 561 U.S. ___ , ___ , 130 S. Ct. 3020 , 3050 ( 2010 ) , the Supreme Court held that the second amendment right recognized in Heller is applicable to the states through the due process clause of the fourteenth amendment . In so holding , the Court reiterated that `` the Second Amendment protects the right to keep and bear arms for the purpose of self - defense '' ( id . at ___ , 130 S. Ct . at 3026 ) ; that `` individual self - defense is ' the central component ' of the Second Amendment right '' ( emphasis in original ) ( id . at ___ , 130 S. Ct . at 3036 ( quoting Heller , 554 U.S. at 599 ) ) ; and that `` ( s ) elf - defense is a basic right , recognized by many legal systems from ancient times to the present day '' ( id . at ___ , 130 S. Ct . at 3036 ) . </P> <H3> Caetano v. Massachusetts ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Caetano v. Massachusetts <P> On March 21 , 2016 , in a per curiam decision the Court vacated a Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court decision upholding the conviction of a woman who carried a stun gun for self defense . The Court reiterated that the Heller and McDonald decisions saying that `` the Second Amendment extends , prima facie , to all instruments that constitute bearable arms , even those that were not in existence at the time of the founding '' , that `` the Second Amendment right is fully applicable to the States '' , and that the protection is not restricted to `` only those weapons useful in warfare '' . </P> <H2> United States courts of Appeals decisions before and after Heller ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Before Heller ( edit ) </H3> <P> Until District of Columbia v. Heller ( 2008 ) , United States v. Miller ( 1939 ) had been the only Supreme Court decision that `` tested a congressional enactment against ( the Second Amendment ) . '' Miller did not directly mention either a collective or individual right , but for the 62 - year period from Miller until the Fifth Circuit 's decision in United States v. Emerson ( 2001 ) , federal courts recognized only the collective right , with `` courts increasingly referring to one another 's holdings ... without engaging in any appreciably substantive legal analysis of the issue '' . </P> <P> Emerson changed this by addressing the question in depth , with the Fifth Circuit determining that the Second Amendment protects an individual right . Subsequently , the Ninth Circuit conflicted with Emerson in Silveira v. Lockyer , and the D.C. Circuit supported Emerson in Parker v. District of Columbia . Parker evolved into District of Columbia v. Heller , in which the U.S. Supreme Court determined that the Second Amendment protects an individual right . </P> <H3> After Heller ( edit ) </H3> <P> Since Heller , the United States courts of appeals have ruled on many Second Amendment challenges to convictions and gun control laws . The following are post-Heller cases , divided by Circuit , along with summary notes : </P> <P> D.C. Circuit </P> <Ul> <Li> Heller v. District of Columbia , Civil Action No. 08 - 1289 ( RMU ) , No. 23. , 25 -- On March 26 , 2010 , the D.C. Circuit denied the follow up appeal of Dick Heller who requested the court to overturn the new District of Columbia gun control ordinances newly enacted after the 2008 Heller ruling . The court refused to do so , stating that the firearms registration procedures , the prohibition on assault weapons , and the prohibition on large capacity ammunition feeding devices were found to not violate the Second Amendment . On September 18 , 2015 , the D.C. Circuit ruled that requiring gun owners to re-register a gun every three years , make a gun available for inspection or pass a test about firearms laws violated the Second Amendment , although the court upheld requirements that gun owners be fingerprinted , photographed , and complete a safety training course . </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Wrenn v. District of Columbia , No. 16 - 7025 -- On July 25 , 2017 , the D.C. Circuit ruled that a District of Columbia regulation that limited conceal - carry licenses only to those individuals who could demonstrate , to the satisfaction of the chief of police , that they have a `` good reason '' to carry a handgun in public was essentially designed to prevent the exercise of the right to bear arms by most District residents and so violated the Second Amendment by amounting to a complete prohibition on firearms possession . </Li> </Ul> <P> First Circuit </P> <Ul> <Li> United States v. Rene E. , 583 F. 3d 8 ( 1st Cir. 2009 ) -- On August 31 , 2009 , the First Circuit affirmed the conviction of a juvenile for the illegal possession of a handgun as a juvenile , under 18 U.S.C. § 922 ( x ) ( 2 ) ( A ) and 18 U.S.C. § 5032 , rejecting the defendant 's argument that the federal law violated his Second Amendment rights under Heller . The court cited `` the existence of a longstanding tradition of prohibiting juveniles from both receiving and possessing handguns '' and observed `` the federal ban on juvenile possession of handguns is part of a longstanding practice of prohibiting certain classes of individuals from possessing firearms -- those whose possession poses a particular danger to the public . '' </Li> </Ul> <P> Second Circuit </P> <Ul> <Li> Kachalsky v. County of Westchester , 11 - 3942 -- On November 28 , 2012 , the Second Circuit upheld New York 's may - issue concealed carry permit law , ruling that `` the proper cause requirement is substantially related to New York 's compelling interests in public safety and crime prevention . '' </Li> </Ul> <P> Fourth Circuit </P> <Ul> <Li> United States v. Hall , 551 F. 3d 257 ( 4th Cir. 2009 ) -- On August 4 , 2008 , the Fourth Circuit upheld as constitutional the prohibition of possession of a concealed weapon without a permit . </Li> <Li> United States v. Chester , 628 F. 3d 673 ( 4th Cir. 2010 ) -- On December 30 , 2010 , the Fourth Circuit vacated William Chester 's conviction for possession of a firearm after having been convicted of a misdemeanor crime of domestic violence , in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 922 ( g ) ( 9 ) . The court found that the district court erred in perfunctorily relying on Heller 's exception for `` presumptively lawful '' gun regulations made in accordance with `` longstanding prohibitions '' . </Li> <Li> Kolbe v. Hogan , No. 14 - 1945 ( 4th Cir. 2016 ) -- On February 4 , 2016 , the Fourth Circuit vacated a U.S. District Court decision upholding a Maryland law banning high - capacity magazines and semi-automatic rifles , ruling that the District Court was wrong to have applied intermediate scrutiny . The Fourth Circuit ruled that the higher strict scrutiny standard is to be applied on remand . On March 4 , 2016 , the court agreed to rehear the case en banc on May 11 , 2016 . </Li> </Ul> <P> Fifth Circuit </P> <Ul> <Li> United States v. Dorosan , 350 Fed . Appx. 874 ( 5th Cir. 2009 ) -- On June 30 , 2008 , the Fifth Circuit upheld 39 C.F.R. 232.1 ( l ) , which bans weapons on postal property , sustaining restrictions on guns outside the home , specifically in private vehicles parked in employee parking lots of government facilities , despite Second Amendment claims that were dismissed . The employee 's Second Amendment rights were not infringed since the employee could have instead parked across the street in a public parking lot , instead of on government property . </Li> <Li> United States v. Bledsoe , 334 Fed . Appx. 771 ( 5th Cir. 2009 ) -- The Fifth Circuit affirmed the decision of a U.S. District Court decision in Texas , upholding 18 U.S.C. § 922 ( a ) ( 6 ) , which prohibits `` straw purchases . '' A `` straw purchase '' occurs when someone eligible to purchase a firearm buys one for an ineligible person . Additionally , the court rejected the request for a strict scrutiny standard of review . </Li> <Li> United States v. Scroggins , 551 F. 3d 257 ( 5th Cir. 2010 ) -- On March 4 , 2010 , the Fifth Circuit affirmed the conviction of Ernie Scroggins for possession of a firearm as a convicted felon , in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 922 ( g ) ( 1 ) . The court noted that it had , prior to Heller , identified the Second Amendment as providing an individual right to bear arms , and had already , likewise , determined that restrictions on felon ownership of firearms did not violate this right . Moreover , it observed that Heller did not affect the longstanding prohibition of firearm possession by felons . </Li> </Ul> <P> Sixth Circuit </P> <Ul> <Li> Tyler v. Hillsdale Co . Sheriff 's Dept. , 775 F. 3d 308 ( 6th Cir. 2014 ) -- On December 18 , 2014 , the Sixth Circuit ruled that strict scrutiny should be applied to firearms regulations when regulations burden `` conduct that falls within the scope of the Second Amendment right , as historically understood . '' At issue in this case was whether the Second Amendment is violated by a provision of the Gun Control Act of 1968 that prohibits possession of a firearm by a person who has been involuntarily committed to a psychiatric hospital . The court did not rule on the provision 's constitutionality , instead remanding the case to the United States district court that has earlier heard this case . On April 21 , 2015 , the Sixth Circuit voted to rehear the case en banc , thereby vacating the December 18 opinion . </Li> </Ul> <P> Seventh Circuit </P> <Ul> <Li> United States v. Skoien , 587 F. 3d 803 ( 7th Cir. 2009 ) -- Steven Skoien , a Wisconsin man convicted of two misdemeanor domestic violence convictions , appealed his conviction based on the argument that the prohibition violated the individual rights to bear arms , as described in Heller . After initial favorable rulings in lower court based on a standard of intermediate scrutiny , on July 13 , 2010 , the Seventh Circuit , sitting en banc , ruled 10 -- 1 against Skoien and reinstated his conviction for a gun violation , citing the strong relation between the law in question and the government objective . Skoien was convicted and sentenced to two years in prison for the gun violation , and will thus likely be subject to a lifetime ban on gun ownership . Editorials favoring gun rights sharply criticized this ruling as going too far with the enactment of a lifetime gun ban , while editorials favoring gun regulations praised the ruling as `` a bucket of cold water thrown on the ' gun rights ' celebration '' . </Li> <Li> Moore v. Madigan ( Circuit docket 12 - 1269 ) -- On December 11 , 2012 , the Seventh Circuit ruled that the Second Amendment protected a right to keep and bear arms in public for self - defense . This was an expansion of the Supreme Court 's decisions in Heller and McDonald , each of which referred only to such a right in the home . Based on this ruling , the court declared Illinois 's ban on the concealed carrying of firearms to be unconstitutional . The court stayed this ruling for 180 days , so Illinois could enact replacement legislation . On February 22 , 2013 , a petition for rehearing en banc was denied by a vote of 5 -- 4 . On July 9 , 2013 , the Illinois General Assembly , overriding Governor Quinn 's veto , passed a law permitting the concealed carrying of firearms . </Li> </Ul> <P> Ninth Circuit </P> <Ul> <Li> Nordyke v. King , 2012 WL 1959239 ( 9th Cir. 2012 ) -- On July 29 , 2009 , the Ninth Circuit vacated an April 20 panel decision and reheard the case en banc on September 24 , 2009 . The April 20 decision had held that the Second Amendment applies to state and local governments , while upholding an Alameda County , California ordinance that makes it a crime to bring a gun or ammunition on to , or possess either while on , county property . The en banc panel remanded the case to the three - judge panel . On May 2 , 2011 , that panel ruled that intermediate scrutiny was the correct standard by which to judge the ordinance 's constitutionality and remanded the case to the United States District Court for the Northern District of California . On November 28 , 2011 , the Ninth Circuit vacated the panel 's May 2 decision and agreed to rehear the case en banc . On April 4 , 2012 , the panel sent the case to mediation . The panel dismissed the case on June 1 , 2012 , but only after Alameda County officials changed their interpretation of the challenged ordinance . Under the new interpretation , gun shows may take place on county property under the ordinance 's exception for `` events '' , subject to restrictions regarding the display and handling of firearms . </Li> <Li> Teixeira v. County of Alameda , ( Circuit docket 13 - 17132 ) -- On May 16 , 2016 , the Ninth Circuit ruled that the right to keep and bear arms included being able to buy and sell firearms . The court ruled that a county law prohibiting a gun store being within 500 feet of a `` ( r ) esidentially zoned district ; elementary , middle or high school ; pre-school or day care center ; other firearms sales business ; or liquor stores or establishments in which liquor is served '' violated the Second Amendment . </Li> <Li> Peruta v. San Diego No. 10 - 56971 ( 9th Cir. 2016 ) , ( Circuit docket 13 - 17132 ) -- On June 9 , 2016 , pertaining to the legality of San Diego County 's restrictive policy regarding requiring documentation of `` good cause '' before issuing a concealed carry permit , the Ninth Circuit upheld the policy , finding that `` there is no Second Amendment right for members of the general public to carry concealed firearms in public . '' </Li> </Ul> <H2> Calls for repeal ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This section may lend undue weight to certain ideas , incidents , or controversies . Please help to create a more balanced presentation . Discuss and resolve this issue before removing this message . ( April 2018 ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> On June 27 , 2008 , a day after the Supreme Court handed down its decision in District of Columbia v. Heller , the Chicago Tribune wrote in an editorial that the Second Amendment should be repealed so local governments could ban firearms in an effort to protect their residents . </P> <P> On October 5 , 2017 , political commentator Bret Stephens called for the repeal of the Second Amendment , arguing that repeal is the only effective way to regulate firearms . </P> <P> On March 27 , 2018 , former Supreme Court Justice John Paul Stevens said the Second Amendment should be repealed . Stevens said that Heller went against the settled understanding of the Second Amendment as being militia - based and that overruling that decision by repealing the Second Amendment would be `` simple . '' President Trump responded the next day to Stevens 's call for repeal by saying that it would never happen . Elizabeth Wydra , president of the Constitutional Accountability Center , says that Stevens 's comments were `` staggeringly misplaced '' and could set back demands for gun control . She also said an attempt at repeal would be `` a daunting task '' likely to fail . </P> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> 2nd Amendment Day </Li> <Li> Gun culture in the United States </Li> <Li> Gun law in the US -- 2nd Amendment </Li> <Li> Gun politics in the United States </Li> <Li> List of amendments to the United States Constitution </Li> <Li> Right to keep and bear arms -- international views on the concept by country </Li> <Li> Second Amendment Caucus -- a Congressional caucus dedicated to supporting the right to bear arms ' </Li> <Li> Uniform Firearms Act -- a set of statutes in Pennsylvania that define and amplify the right to bear arms in that state 's Constitution . </Li> </Ul> <H2> Notes and citations ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ Constitutional Law . Casenotes . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Jilson , Cal . American Government : Political Development and Institutional Change . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Shaman , Jeffrey . `` After Heller : What Now for the Second Amendment '' . Santa Clara Law Review . Archived from the original on April 28 , 2015 . Retrieved January 30 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` US Senate Annotated Constitution '' . Archived from the original on February 10 , 2014 . Retrieved January 30 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Case 1 : 11 - cv - 10644 - DPW Document 31 # 124 ; Memorandum and Order '' . 30 March 2012 . Archived from the original on 10 October 2017 . Retrieved September 23 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Permanent resident aliens have second amendment rights too Monachus Lex '' . monachuslex.com . Archived from the original on November 8 , 2014 . Retrieved September 23 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Epstein , Lee ; Walk , Thomas G. ( September 18 , 2012 ) . Constitutional Law for a Changing America : Rights , Liberties and Justice ( 8 ed . ) . CQ Press . pp. 395 -- 96 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4522 - 2674 - 3 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Law Review : The Fourteenth Amendment and Incorporation '' . www.americanbar.org . Retrieved 23 May 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Blackstone 's Commentaries on the Laws of England -- Book the First -- Chapter the First : Of the Absolute Rights of Individuals , p. 139 '' . Avalon.law.yale.edu . Archived from the original on July 6 , 2011 . Retrieved August 1 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` United States of America v. Timothy Joe Emerson -- The Ratification Debates '' . Law.umkc.edu . Archived from the original on September 12 , 2010 . Retrieved August 30 , 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ The Federalist No. 46 , at 371 ( James Madison ) ( John . C. Hamilton Ed. , 1864 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` United States v. Cruikshank 92 U.S. 542 ( 1875 ) '' . Archived from the original on August 28 , 2013 . Retrieved September 5 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` United States v. Miller , 307 U.S. 174 ( 1939 ) '' . Cornell University Law School . Archived from the original on September 28 , 2013 . Retrieved September 5 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : CRS Report for Congress District of Columbia v. Heller : The Supreme Court and the Second Amendment April 11 , 2008 Congressional Research Service T.J. Halsted , Legislative Attorney , American Law Division . Order Code RL34446 `` Archived copy '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2013 - 07 - 03 . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 27 ... </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Greenhouse , Linda ( 27 June 2008 ) . `` Justices , Ruling 5 -- 4 , Endorse Personal Right to Own Gun '' . Retrieved 23 May 2018 -- via NYTimes.com . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` How the NRA Rewrote the Second Amendment -- Brennan Center for Justice '' . www.brennancenter.org . Retrieved 23 May 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Barnes , Robert ( 27 June 2008 ) . `` Justices Reject D.C. Ban On Handgun Ownership '' . Retrieved 23 May 2018 -- via www.washingtonpost.com . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Vicini , James . `` Americans have right to guns under landmark ruling '' . Reuters . Retrieved 23 May 2018 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Liptak , Adam ( June 28 , 2010 ) . `` Justices Extend Firearm Rights in 5 - to - 4 Ruling '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on February 27 , 2013 . Retrieved December 17 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Liptak , Adam ( March 21 , 2016 ) . `` Supreme Court Declines to Hear Challenge to Colorado 's Marijuana Laws '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on March 24 , 2016 . Retrieved March 21 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ editor , Gregg Lee Carter , . Guns in American society : an encyclopedia of history , politics , culture , and the law ( 2nd ed . ) . Santa Barbara , Calif. : ABC - CLIO . p . Introduction . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 38670 - 1 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Davies , pp. 209 -- 16 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ The second amendment 's capitalization and punctuation are not uniformly reported ; another version has four commas , after `` militia , '' `` state , '' and `` arms . '' Since documents were at that time copied by hand , variations in punctuation and capitalization are common , and the copy retained by the first Congress , the copies transmitted by it to the state legislatures , and the ratifications returned by them show wide variations in such details . Letter from Marlene McGuirl , Chief , British - American Law Division , Library of Congress ( Oct. 29 , 1976 ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Freedman , Adam ( December 16 , 2007 ) . `` Clause and Effect '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on February 26 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Errors in the Constitution '' . archives.gov . Archived from the original on August 20 , 2014 . Retrieved September 23 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Second Amendment Controversy Explained -- Theodore L. Johnson -- Google Books '' . Books.google.com . Retrieved July 5 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Writing Instruction for Generation 2.0 -- Gloria E. Jacobs -- Google Books '' . Books.google.com . Retrieved July 5 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Constitutional Mythologies : New Perspectives on Controlling the State -- Google Books '' . Books.google.com . Retrieved July 5 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Separation of Powers in Practice -- Thomas Campbell -- Google Books '' . Books.google.com . Retrieved July 5 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` How A Comma Gave Americans The Right To Own Guns '' Archived 2016 - 06 - 19 at the Wayback Machine ... Business Insider . Retrieved on 1 July 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Clause and Effect '' Archived 2017 - 01 - 26 at the Wayback Machine ... The New York Times . 16 December 2007 . Retrieved on 1 July 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ In Part II - A of the Opinion of the Court in District of Columbia v. Heller , the Supreme Court cited this version of the amendment , but another version is found in the copies distributed and then ratified by them . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Constitution of the United States of America : Analysis , and Interpretation -- 1992 Edition -- Second Amendment -- Bearing Arms '' . Gpo.gov . Archived from the original on May 29 , 2013 . Retrieved July 5 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Second Amendment Foundation Online '' . Saf.org. 1995 - 08 - 09 . Archived from the original on June 9 , 2013 . Retrieved July 5 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Michael Arnheim ( 2009 - 04 - 29 ) . `` U.S. Constitution For Dummies '' . Books.google.com . Retrieved July 5 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Reading the Second Amendment : The Freeman : Foundation for Economic Education '' . Fee.org . Archived from the original on May 30 , 2013 . Retrieved July 5 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` National Archives -- Bill of Rights '' . Archived from the original on October 23 , 2017 . Retrieved May 28 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` A Century of Lawmaking for a New Nation : U.S. Congressional Documents and Debates , 1774 -- 1875 '' . memory.loc.gov . Archived from the original on April 28 , 2015 . Retrieved September 23 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Blackstone 's Commentaries Book 1 Ch 1 -- `` The fifth and last auxiliary right of the subject ... is that of having arms for their defence '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ From the English Civil War until the Glorious Revolution militias occasionally disarmed Catholics , and the King , without Parliament 's consent , likewise occasionally disarmed Protestants . Malcolm , `` The Role of the Militia , '' pp. 139 -- 51 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Joyce Lee Malcolm , To Keep and Bear Arms . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` They accordingly obtained an assurance from William and Mary , in the ... ( Bill of Rights ) , that Protestants would never be disarmed : ... This right has long been understood to be the predecessor to our Second Amendment ... It was clearly an individual right , having nothing whatever to do with service in a militia . To be sure , it was an individual right not available to the whole population , given that it was restricted to Protestants , and like all written English rights it was held only against the Crown , not Parliament . '' Opinion of the Court in Heller Archived 2013 - 03 - 18 at the Wayback Machine . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` 1688 c. 2 1 Will. and Mar . Sess. 2 '' . Statutelaw.gov.uk . Archived from the original on August 24 , 2010 . Retrieved August 30 , 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Barnett , Law , p. 172 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` This meaning is strongly confirmed by the historical background of the Second Amendment . We look to this because it has always been widely understood that the Second Amendment , like the First and Fourth Amendments , codified a pre-existing right . The very text of the Second Amendment implicitly recognizes the pre-existence of the right and declares only that it `` shall not be infringed . '' As we ( the United States Supreme Court ) said in United States v. Cruikshank , 92 U.S. 542 , 553 ( 1876 ) , `` ( t ) his is not a right granted by the Constitution . Neither is it in any manner dependent upon that instrument for its existence . The Second amendment declares that it shall not be infringed ... '' . Between the Restoration and the Glorious Revolution , the Stuart Kings Charles II and James II succeeded in using select militias loyal to them to suppress political dissidents , in part by disarming their opponents . See J. Malcolm , To Keep and Bear Arms 31 -- 53 ( 1994 ) ( hereinafter Malcolm ) ; L. Schwoerer , The Declaration of Rights , 1689 , p. 76 ( 1981 ) . Under the auspices of the 1671 Game Act , for example , the Catholic James II had ordered general disarmaments of regions home to his Protestant enemies . See Malcolm 103 -- 106 . These experiences caused Englishmen to be extremely wary of concentrated military forces run by the state and to be jealous of their arms . They accordingly obtained an assurance from William and Mary , in the Declaration of Right ( which was codified as the English Bill of Rights ) , that Protestants would never be disarmed : `` That the subjects which are Protestants may have arms for their defense suitable to their conditions and as allowed by law . '' 1 W. & M. , c. 2 , § 7 , in 3 Eng . Stat . at Large 441 ( 1689 ) . This right has long been understood to be the predecessor to our Second Amendment . See E. Dumbauld , The Bill of Rights and What It Means Today 51 ( 1957 ) ; W. Rawle , A View of the Constitution of the United States of America 122 ( 1825 ) ( hereinafter Rawle ) . '' From the Opinion of the Court in District of Coöimbia versus Heller `` Archived copy '' ( PDF ) . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 2013 - 03 - 02 . Retrieved 2013 - 02 - 25 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Justice Antonin Scalia , wrote that `` the right of the people to keep and bear Arms , shall not be infringed '' was a just a controlling one and referred to it as a pre-existing right of individuals to possess and carry personal weapons for self - defense and intrinsically for defense against tyranny . As with the English law `` like most rights , the Second Amendment is not unlimited . It is not a right to keep and carry any weapon whatsoever in any manner whatsoever and for whatever purpose . '' District of Columbia v Heller Archived 2013 - 03 - 02 at the Wayback Machine . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Where a later enactment does not expressly repeal an earlier enactment which it has power to override , but the provisions of the later enactment are contrary to those of the earlier , the latter by implication repeals the earlier . '' R v. Burke , ( 1998 ) EWHC Admin 913 ; `` ( T ) he Bill of Rights ... was declaratory of the common law . It contained in it its own words of limitation , namely that the right to have arms for self - defence is limited by the words ' and as allowed by Law ' . The law is a changing thing . Parliament by statute can repeal the common law ... Where the Bill of Rights says that ' the Subjects may have arms for their defence suitable for their condition and as allowed by law ' , ' and as allowed by law ' means ' and as allowed by law for the time being ' ( . ) '' R v. Burke , ( 1999 ) EWCA Civ 923 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Thompson , Mark ( 1938 ) . Constitutional History of England . qtd. in Maer and Gay , p. 4 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Malcolm , To Keep and Bear Arms , p. 51 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Ely and Bodenhamer , pp. 89 -- 91 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Heyman , pp. 253 -- 59 . `` Finally , we should note that ( contrary to Kates 's assertion ) , Blackstone nowhere suggests that the right to arms derives from `` the common law . '' Instead , this is a right that is secured by `` the constitution , '' and in particular by the Bill of Rights . '' </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` English Bill of Rights , 1689 , `` An Act Declaring the Rights and Liberties of the Subject and Settling the Succession of the Crown '' `` . The Avalon Project . Yale Law School . 2008 . Archived from the original on October 22 , 2008 . Retrieved December 26 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ e.g. , King Henry II 's Assize of Arms and the Statute of Winchester of 1285 . See `` The history of policing in the West , Collective responsibility in early Anglo - Saxon times '' , Encyclopædia Britannica online Archived 2009 - 06 - 07 at the Wayback Machine ... </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Levy , pp. 136 -- 37 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Cornell , Gun Control , p. 2 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Hardy , p. 1237 . `` Early Americans wrote of the right in light of three considerations : ( 1 ) as auxiliary to a natural right of self - defense ; ( 2 ) as enabling an armed people to deter undemocratic government ; and ( 3 ) as enabling the people to organize a militia system . '' </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Malcolm , `` That Every Man Be Armed , '' pp. 452 , 466 . `` The Second Amendment reflects traditional English attitudes toward these three distinct , but intertwined , issues : the right of the individual to protect his life , the challenge to government of an armed citizenry , and the preference for a militia over a standing army . The framers ' attempt to address all three in a single declarative sentence has contributed mightily to the subsequent confusion over the proper interpretation of the Second Amendment . '' </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Levy , p. 136 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Merkel and Uviller , pp. 62 , 179 ff , 183 , 188 ff , 306 . `` ( T ) he right to bear arms was articulated as a civic right inextricably linked to the civic obligation to bear arms for the public defense . '' </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Spitzer , pp. 155 -- 59 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Dulaney , p. 2 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bogus , Carl T. ( editor ) ; Bellesiles , Michael A. ( contributor ) ( 2001 ) . The Second Amendment in Law and History : Historians and Constitutional Scholars on the Right to Bear Arms . New Press , The . pp. 67 -- 69 , 239 -- 40 . ISBN 1565846990 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Merkel and Uviller , pp. 62 , 179 ff , 183 , 188 ff , 306 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Roberts , Oliver Ayer ( 1895 ) . History of the Military Company of the Massachusetts , Now Called , the Ancient and Honorable Artillery Company of Massachusetts : 1637 -- 1888 , Vol. 1 . Boston : Alfred Mudge & Son . p. 1 - 2 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Humphrey , Hubert ( February 1960 ) . `` Know Your Lawmaker '' ( PDF ) . Guns . George E. von Rosen . p. 4 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 2014 - 12 - 17 . Retrieved Mar 21 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bogus , Carl T. ; Professor , Roger Williams University School of Law ( Winter 1998 ) . `` The Hidden History of the Second Amendment '' . U.C. Davis Law Review . 31 : 309 -- 408 . SSRN 1465114 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Hartmann , Thom ( 2013 - 01 - 15 ) . `` The Second Amendment was Ratified to Preserve Slavery '' . Truthout.org . Archived from the original on February 1 , 2013 . Retrieved February 4 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Whitewashing the Second Amendment '' . 2008 . Archived from the original on May 31 , 2009 . Retrieved January 16 , 2013 . the `` well - regulated militias '' cited in the Constitution almost certainly referred to state militias that were used to suppress slave insurrections . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Paul Finkelman , professor of law and public policy at Albany Law School ; 2nd Amendment Passed to Protect Slavery ? No ! Archived 2018 - 02 - 24 at the Wayback Machine . The Root ( magazine ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Pennsylvania Constitution of 1776 '' . The Avalon Project . Yale Law School . 2008 . Archived from the original on October 22 , 2008 . Retrieved December 26 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : DeConde , Alexander ( 2001 ) . Gun Violence in America : The Struggle for Control . Northeastern University Press . ISBN 9781555534868 . Retrieved 29 December 2014 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Boston , March 17 '' . N.Y.J. , Supplement : 1 , Col. 3 . April 13 , 1769 . qtd. in Halbrook , A Right to Bear Arms , p. 7 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Charles , `` Arms for Their Defence ? '' , p. 4 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Anderson and Horwitz , pp. 91 -- 92 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Vest , Rose . `` Shay 's Rebellion '' Archived 2008 - 12 - 25 at the Wayback Machine. , Home of Heroes . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Pole and Greene , p. 386 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Vile , p. 30 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Merkel and Uviller , p. 79 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ McAffee and Quinlan , p. 781 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Rakove , p. ? </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ William Blackstone , Commentaries on the Laws of England , Book 1 , Chapter 1 `` the fifth and last auxiliary right ... when the sanctions of society and laws are found insufficient to restrain the violence of oppression '' . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Millis , p. 49 . `` The founders sought to balance military , as they did political , power , between people , states , and nation ( . ) '' </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : The Federalist Papers No. 29 ( Alexander Hamilton ) ( concerning the militia ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bogus , Carl T. `` Do We Place our Faith in Law or Guns ? '' . Archived from the original on July 6 , 2008 . Retrieved July 29 , 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Henigan , p. ? . `` ( A ) generalized constitutional right of all citizens to engage in armed insurrection against their government ... would threaten the rule of law itself . '' </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Reynolds , p. ? </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Letter from John Adams to Abigail Adams , 22 December 1793 '' . Masshist.org . Archived from the original on 16 October 2010 . Retrieved August 30 , 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Cooke , p. 100 . `` This is another protection against a possible abuse by Congress . The right protected is really the right of a state to maintain an armed militia , or national guard , as we call it now . In the eighteenth century people feared that Congress might , by passing a law , prohibit the states from arming their citizens . Then having all the armed strength at its command , the national government could overwhelm the states . Such a circumstance has never happened , but this amendment would prevent it . The Second Amendment does not give anybody or everybody the right to possess and use firearms . The states may very properly prescribe regulations and permits governing the use of guns within their borders . '' </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ US Constitution Article 1 Section 8 To provide for organizing , arming , and disciplining , the Militia , and for governing such Part of them as may be employed in the Service of the United States , reserving to the States respectively , the Appointment of the Officers , and the Authority of training the Militia according to the discipline prescribed by Congress . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Elliots Debates Vol 3 , Virginia Convention , Saturday June 14 , 1788 '' . Teachingamericanhistory.org . January 1 , 1980 . Archived from the original on June 13 , 2010 . Retrieved August 30 , 2010 . The national government has an exclusive right to provide for arming , organizing , and disciplining the militia , and for governing such part of them as may be employed in the service of the United States . The state governments have the power of appointing the officers , and of training the militia , according to the discipline prescribed by Congress , if they should think proper to prescribe any . Should the national government wish to render the militia useless , they may neglect them , and let them perish , in order to have a pretence of establishing a standing army . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Dunlap , John ( 1778 ) . `` Journals of Congress Containing the Proceedings FROM JANUARY 1 , 1776 , TO JANUARY 1 , 1776 ; Volume II . ( Second Continental Congress ) '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Virginia Declaration of Rights '' . The Avalon Project . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Constitution of Pennsylvania -- September 28 , 1776 '' . The Avalon Project . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bowden , James ( 1854 ) . The History of the Society of Friends in America . London : W. & F.G. Cash . p. 123 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Ford , Paul Leicester ( September 1895 ) . `` The Adoption of the Pennsylvania Constitution of 1776 '' . Political Science Quarterly . Vol. 10 , No. 3 : 426 -- 459 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Constitution of Maryland -- November 11 , 1776 '' . The Avalon Project . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Constitution of North Carolina : December 18 , 1776 '' . The Avalon Project . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Constitution of New York : April 20 , 1777 '' . The Avalon Project . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Constitution of Vermont -- July 8 , 1777 '' . The Avalon Project . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Massachusetts Constitution of 1780 '' . General Court of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Mulloy , p. 43 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Smith , pp. 591 , 600 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Cress , Lawrence . An Armed Community : The Origins and Meaning of the Right to Bear Arms . p. 31 . qtd. in Cottrol , p. 283 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Vile , p. 19 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Schmidt et al. , p. 39 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Williams , pp. 41 -- 44 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Story , Joseph . `` Commentaries on the Constitution 2 : § § 904 -- 25 , 927 -- 30 , 946 -- 52 , 954 -- 70 , 972 -- 76 , 988 '' . The Founders Constitution . The University of Chicago Press . Archived from the original on March 9 , 2013 . Retrieved April 10 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ The Federalist Papers No. 46 ( James Madison ) ( concerning the influence of state and federal governments ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Webster , Noah . `` An Examination of the Leading Principles of the Federal Constitution '' Archived 2010 - 08 - 05 at the Wayback Machine . ( October 10 , 1787 ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Young , pp. 38 -- 41 . `` A Citizen of America ( Noah Webster ) October 10 , 1787 Pamphlet : An Examination into the leading principles of the Federal Constitution . '' </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Foner and Garraty , p. 914 . `` The Massachusetts compromise determined the fate of the Constitution , as it permitted delegates with doubts to vote for it in the hope that it would be amended . '' </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Adamson , p. 63 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ See Theories of Constitutional Interpretation Archived 2011 - 12 - 16 at the Wayback Machine. , maintained by Doug Linder , University of Missouri - Kansas City Law School . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 11 . ( Author cites Robert Bork : `` If the Constitution is law , then presumably its meaning , like that of all other law , is the meaning the lawmakers were understood to have intended . '' ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Garry Wills , A Necessary Evil : A History of American Distrust of Government , Simon and Schuster , 1999 , p. 252 . ( `` Until recently , the Second Amendment was a little - visited area of the Constitution . A two thousand - page commentary on the Constitution put out by the Library of Congress in 1973 has copious annotation for most clauses , but less than a page and a half for the Second Amendment . '' ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Garry Wills , A Necessary Evil : A History of American Distrust of Government , Simon and Schuster , 1999 , pp. 253 -- 54 . ( `` Whitehill deals with guns in three of his fifteen headings . Article 8 begins : ' The inhabitants of the several states shall have liberty to fowl and hunt in seasonable times ... ' article 7 : ' That the people have a right to bear arms for the defense of themselves and their own state , or the United States , or for the purposes of killing game ... ' '' ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Garry Wills , A Necessary Evil : A History of American Distrust of Government , Simon and Schuster , 1999 , p. 253 . ( `` The items on the ( Whitehill 's ) list were never discussed in the convention , which when on to approve the Constitution . '' ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Articles of Confederation '' . Usconstitution.net . May 19 , 2010 . Archived from the original on August 26 , 2010 . Retrieved August 30 , 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` US Library of Congress , repro of original text '' . Memory.loc.gov . Archived from the original on March 19 , 2011 . Retrieved August 30 , 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` US Constitution '' . US Constitution . Archived from the original on August 30 , 2010 . Retrieved August 30 , 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ 2 Jonathan Elliot , The Debates in the Several State Conventions on the Adoption of the Federal Constitution 97 ( 2d ed. 1863 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Noah Webster , An Examination into the Leading Principles of the Federal Constitution ( 1787 ) , Reprinted in Pamphlets on the Constitution of the United States , Published During Its Discussion by the People , 1787 -- 1788 , at 56 ( Paul L. Ford , ed. 1971 ) ( 1888 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ 3 Jonathan Elliot , The Debates in the Several State Conventions on the Adoption of the Federal Constitution 425 ( 3d Ed . 1937 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ James Monroe Papers , New York Public Library ( Miscellaneous Papers of James Monroe ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Speech on the Federal Constitution , Virginia Ratifying Convention , 1788 </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Raw Story , 22 Feb. 2018 , `` The Second Amendment Was Ratified to Preserve Slavery , '' `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2018 - 02 - 23 . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 23 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Raw Story , 22 Feb. 2018 , `` The Second Amendment Was Ratified to Preserve Slavery , '' `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2018 - 02 - 23 . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 23 . citing U.C. Davis Law Review , Winter 1998 , Bogus , Carl T . `` The Hidden History of the Second Amendment '' </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ James Madison ( June 8 , 1789 ) . Gales & Seaton 's History of Debates in Congress Archived 2011 - 01 - 11 at the Wayback Machine. , `` Amendments to the Constitution '' , House of Representatives , 1st Congress , 1st Session : pp. 448 -- 459 ( 451 ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Journal of the House of Representatives of the United States Archived 2015 - 09 - 04 at the Wayback Machine. , Vol. 1 : p. 64 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Annals of Congress Archived 2015 - 09 - 04 at the Wayback Machine. , House of Representatives , 1st Congress , 1st Session : p. 669 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Annals of Congress Archived 2011 - 01 - 10 at the Wayback Machine. , House of Representatives , 1st Congress , 1st Session : p. 778 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Journal of the Senate of the United States of America Archived 2017 - 01 - 26 at the Wayback Machine. , Vol. 1 : pp. 63 -- 64 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Letter from Roger Sherman to Simeon Baldwin ( Aug. 22 , 1789 ) qtd. in Bickford , et al. , p. 16 See also letter from James Madison to Alexander White ( Aug. 24 , 1789 ) qtd. in Madison , Writings , pp. 418 -- 19 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Journal of the Senate of the United States of America Archived 2016 - 12 - 19 at the Wayback Machine. , Vol. 1 : p. 71 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Journal of the Senate of the United States of America Archived 2015 - 09 - 04 at the Wayback Machine. , Vol. 1 : p. 77 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Bill of Rights : A Transcription '' . 4 November 2015 . Retrieved 23 May 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Amendments to the Constitution of the United States ( Washington , Government Printing Office , n.d. ) `` Archived copy '' ( PDF ) . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 2018 - 01 - 28 . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 03 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : 1 Stat. 272 Archived 2011 - 01 - 12 at the Wayback Machine ... </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Merkel and Uviller , pp. 293 -- 94 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Merkel and Uviller , p. 12 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Szatmary , p. 107 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ 1 Stat. 351 Archived 2015 - 09 - 04 at the Wayback Machine ... </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Remarks on the First Part of the Amendments to the Federal Constitution , '' Federal Gazette , June 18 , 1792 , at 2 , col. 1 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Glenn Harlan Reynolds . `` A Critical Guide to the Second Amendment '' . guncite.com . Archived from the original on June 5 , 2014 . Retrieved September 23 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Halbrook , Stephen P. ( 1998 ) . Freedmen , the 14th Amendment , and the Right to Bear Arms , 1866 -- 1876 . Greenwood Publishing Group . ISBN 9780275963316 . Retrieved March 19 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Tucker , p. 490 and Kopel , David B . `` The Second Amendment in the Nineteenth Century '' . Second Amendment Project . Archived from the original on 2006 - 05 - 25 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Blackstone , Sir William ; Tucker , St. George ; Christian , Edward ( 1803 ) . Blackstone 's Commentaries : With Notes of Reference , to the Constitution and Laws , of the Federal Government of the United States ; and of the Commonwealth of Virginia . In Five Volumes . With an Appendix to Each Volume , Containing Short Tracts Upon Such Subjects as Appeared Necessary to Form a Connected View of the Laws of Virginia , as a Member of the Federal Union . William Young Birch , and Abraham Small , no . 17 , South Second - street , Robert Carr , printer . Retrieved July 5 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ For two radically different views of Blackstone on the Second Amendment , see Heyman , Chicago - Kent , and Volokh , Senate Testimony . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Rawle , p. 126 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Rawle , pp. 125 -- 26 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Rawle , William ( 1825 ) . A View of the Constitution of the United States of America . H.C. Carey & I. Lea . Retrieved July 5 , 2013 . In the second article , it is declared , that a well regulated militia is necessary to the security of a free state ; a proposition from which few will dissent . Although in actual war , the services of regular troops are confessedly more valuable ; yet , while peace prevails , and in the commencement of a war before a regular force can be raised , the militia form the palladium of the country . They are ready to repel invasion , to suppress insurrection , and preserve the good order and peace of government . That they should be well regulated , is judiciously added . A disorderly militia is disgraceful to itself , and dangerous not to the enemy , but to its own country . The duty of the state government is , to adopt such regulations as will tend to make good soldiers with the least interruptions of the ordinary and useful occupations of civil life . In this all the Union has a strong and visible interest . The corollary , from the first position , is , that the right of the people to keep and bear arms shall not be infringed . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Rawle , William ( 2011 ) . `` A View to the Constitution of the United States of America '' ( PDF ) . Portage Publications . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 2013 - 11 - 05 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ A Familiar Exposition of the Constitution of the United States : Containing a Brief Commentary on Every Clause , Explaining the True Nature , Reasons , and Objects Thereof : Designed for the Use of School Libraries and General Readers : with an Appendix , Containing Important Public Documents , Illustrative of the Constitution . 1833 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Story , Joseph ( 1865 ) . A Familiar Exposition of the Constitution of the United States : Containing a Brief Commentary on Every Clause , Explaining the True Nature , Reasons , and Objects Thereof : Designed for the Use of School Libraries and General Readers : with an Appendix , Containing Important Public Documents , Illustrative of the Constitution . The Lawbook Exchange , Ltd . ISBN 9781886363717 . Retrieved July 5 , 2013 . The next amendment is , ' A well - regulated militia being necessary to the security of a free state , the right of the people to keep and bear arms shall not be infringed . ' One of the ordinary modes , by which tyrants accomplish their purposes without resistance , is , by disarming the people , and making it an offence to keep arms , and by substituting a regular army in the stead of a resort to the militia . The friends of a free government can not be too watchful , to overcome the dangerous tendency of the public mind to sacrifice , for the sake of mere private convenience , this powerful check upon the designs of ambitious men . § 451 . The importance of this article will scarcely be doubted by any persons , who have duly reflected upon the subject . The militia is the natural defence of a free country against sudden foreign invasions , domestic insurrections , and domestic usurpations of power by rulers . It is against sound policy for a free people to keep up large military establishments and standing armies in time of peace , both from the enormous expenses , with which they are attended , and the facile means , which they afford to ambitious and unprincipled rulers , to subvert the government , or trample upon the rights of the people . The right of the citizens to keep and bear arms has justly been considered , as the palladium of the liberties of a republic ; since it offers a strong moral check against the usurpations and arbitrary power of rulers ; and it will generally , even if these are successful in the first instance , enable the people to resist and triumph over them . And yet , though this truth would seem so clear , and the importance of a well - regulated militia would seem so undeniable , it can not be disguised , that among the American people there is a growing indifference to any system of militia discipline , and a strong disposition , from a sense of its burdens , to be rid of all regulations . How it is practicable to keep the people duly armed without some organization , it is difficult to see . There is certainly no small danger , that indifference may lead to disgust , and disgust to contempt ; and thus gradually undermine all the protection intended by this clause of our National Bill of Rights . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Story , Joseph ( 1833 ) . Commentaries on the U.S. Constitution . Harper & Brothers . pp. § 1890 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Spooner , pp. 17 -- 18 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Renehan , pp. 172 -- 74 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Spooner , p. 17 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Cramer , p. ? </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Farrar , Timothy ( 1872 ) . Manual of the Constitution of the United States of America . Little , Brown . Retrieved July 6 , 2013 . § 34 . The people of the United States , in making their Constitution , do not create or confer on themselves any new rights , but they expressly reserve all the rights they then held , except what were delegated for their own benefit ; and they particularly and expressly recognize and perpetuate many natural and civil common - law rights , which , of course , are placed beyond the reach of any subordinate government , and even of their own . Among these are the following : 1 . The right to be , what they call themselves , ' the people of the United States , ' citizens , and component members of the body politic , -- the nation ; and to participate in all the privileges , immunities , and benefits the Constitution was designed to obtain or secure for all the American people , especially the right to be protected and governed according to the provisions of the Constitution . 2 . A right to the privileges and immunities of citizens in any of the several States . Among these is the fundamental and elementary right of suffrage . The Representatives to the national and State legislatures must be chosen by the people , the citizens ( Section 2 ) . Consequently , the citizens must choose them , and have a right to choose them . Am. 14 , § 2 . 3 . A right to the common - law writ of habeas corpus , to protect the other common - law right , as well as natural and constitutional right , of personal liberty . 4 . A right to trial by jury in any criminal case . 5 . A right to keep and bear arms . 6 . A right to life , liberty , and property , unless deprived by due process of law . 7 . A right to just compensation for private property legally taken for public use . 8 . A right to participate in all rights retained by , or reserved to , the people . Most of these rights , with many others , belong by the Constitution not only to the citizens , -- the people of the United States , strictly so called , by reason of the franchise of natural birth or otherwise , -- but also to all persons who may be allowed to be and remain under the jurisdiction and protection of our government . These are a part only of the rights held by every member of the nation , under and by virtue of the Constitution of the United States , independent of any other earthly power , and which , of course , ' can not be destroyed or abridged by the laws of any particular State . ' Who , then , in the United States is destitute of rights ? ... The States are recognized as governments , and , when their own constitutions permit , may do as they please ; provided they do not interfere with the Constitution and laws of the United States , or with the civil or natural rights of the people recognized thereby , and held in conformity to them . The right of every person to ' life , liberty , and property , ' to ' keep and bear arms , ' to the ' writ of habeas corpus ' to ' trial by jury , ' and divers others , are recognized by , and held under , the Constitution of the United States , and can not be infringed by individuals or even by the government itself . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Cooley , Thomas M. ( November 1883 ) . `` The Abnegation of Self - Government '' . Princeton Review : 213 -- 14 . Archived from the original on 2016 - 08 - 21 -- via University of Michigan Law School . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Cooley , Thomas McIntyre ( 1871 ) . A treatise on the constitutional limitations which rest upon the legislative power of the states of the American union . Little , Brown and company . p. 381 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Cooley , Thomas McIntyre ( 1880 ) . The General Principles of Constitutional Law in the United States of America . F.B. Rothman . p. 271 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Right to Keep and Bear Arms , U.S. Senate . 2001 Paladin Press . ISBN 1 - 58160 - 254 - 5 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ United States v. Emerson Archived 2012 - 08 - 17 at the Wayback Machine. , 270 F. 3d 203 , 218 -- 19 ( 5th Cir. 2001 ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kenneth A. Klukowski , Armed by Right : The Emerging Jurisprudence Of The Second Amendment , 18 Geo . Mason U. Civ . Rts . L.J. 167 , 176 ( 2008 ) ( `` Advocates of the collective theories posit that the Second Amendment was written out of fear that the new central government would disarm state militias needed for local defense . Under any sort of collective theory , the government could completely ban all firearm ownership whatsoever . '' ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ George A. Mocsary , Explaining Away the Obvious : The Infusibility of Characterizing the Second Amendment as a Nonindividual Right , 76 Fordham L. Rev. 2113 , 2133 ( 2008 ) ( `` Up until 2001 , every federal circuit court of appeals that ruled on the issue had adopted the collective right approach . '' ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kenneth A. Klukowski , Citizen Gun Rights : Incorporating the Second Amendment Through the Privileges or Immunities Clause , 39 N.M.L. Rev. 195 , 199 -- 200 ( 2009 ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ George A. Mocsary , Explaining Away the Obvious : The Infusibility of Characterizing the Second Amendment as a Nonindividual Right , 76 Fordham L. Rev. 2113 , 2133 -- 34 ( 2008 ) ; cf . Silveira v. Lockyer , 312 F. 3d 1052 , 1087 ( 9th Cir. 2002 ) ( endorsing collective rights model ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Barnett , Randy E. ( 2004 ) . Was the Right to Keep and Bear Arms Conditioned on Service in an Organized Militia ? . Retrieved March 21 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kenneth A. Klukowski , Armed by Right : The Emerging Jurisprudence Of The Second Amendment , 18 Geo . Mason U. Civ . Rts . L.J. 167 , 176 ( 2008 ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ George A. Mocsary , Explaining Away the Obvious : The Infusibility of Characterizing the Second Amendment as a Nonindividual Right , 76 Fordham L. Rev. 2113 , 2133 ( 2008 ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kenneth A. Klukowski , Citizen Gun Rights : Incorporating the Second Amendment Through the Privileges or Immunities Clause , 39 N.M.L. Rev. 195 , 200 ( 2009 ) ( citing United States v. Wright , 117 F. 3d 1265 , 1273 -- 74 ( 11th Cir. 1997 ) ; United States v. Rybar , 103 F. 3d 273 , 286 ( 3d Cir. 1996 ) ; United States v. Hale , 978 F. 2d 1016 , 1020 ( 8th Cir. 1992 ) ; United States v. Oakes , 564 F. 2d 384 , 387 ( 10th Cir. 1977 ) ; Cases v. United States , 131 F. 2d 916 , 923 ( 1st Cir. 1942 ) ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Dorothy J. Hernaez , `` Parker v. District of Columbia : Understanding the Broader Implications for the Future of Gun Control '' , 6 Geo . J.L. & Pub . Pol'y 693 , 696 ( 2008 ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ George A. Mocsary , `` Explaining Away the Obvious : The Infusibility of Characterizing the Second Amendment as a Nonindividual Right '' , 76 Fordham L. Rev. 2113 , 2134 ( 2008 ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Merkel and Uviller , p. 150 . `` The linguistically correct reading of this unique construction is as though it said : ' Congress shall not limit the right of the people ( that is , the potential members of the state militia ) to acquire and keep the sort of arms appropriate to their military duty , so long as the following statement remains true : `` an armed , trained , and controlled militia is the best -- if not the only -- way to protect the state government and the liberties of its people against uprisings from within and incursions or oppression from without . ' '' </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Winterer , pp. 1 -- 21 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Amicus Brief , ACRU , Case No. 03 - CV - 0213 - EGS , Shelly Parker , et al. vs. District of Columbia '' ( PDF ) . p. 14 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on July 4 , 2010 . Retrieved August 30 , 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Frey and Wellman , p. 194 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Shapiro , p. 148 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Volokh , `` Commonplace , '' p. 793 . `` The Second Amendment is widely seen as quite unusual , because it has a justification clause as well as an operative clause . Professor Volokh points out that this structure was actually quite commonplace in American constitutions of the Framing era : State Bills of Rights contained justification clauses for many of the rights they secured . '' </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Rottenberg , Annette T. ; Winchell , Donna Haisty ( 3 August 2011 ) . `` Elements of Argument : A Text and Reader '' . Macmillan . Retrieved 23 May 2018 -- via Google Books . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Frank Staheli ( 28 August 2016 ) . `` Warren Burger `` 2nd Amendment Fraud '' -- 1991 PBS News Hour `` . PBS . Retrieved 23 May 2018 -- via YouTube . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` IT 'S TIME TO PASS THE BRADY BILL '' . The Washington Post . 3 October 1992 . Retrieved 23 May 2018 -- via www.washingtonpost.com . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ https://scholarship.kentlaw.iit.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=3294&context=cklawreview </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` How the NRA Rewrote the Second Amendment -- Brennan Center for Justice '' . www.brennancenter.org . Retrieved 24 May 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Merkel , p. 361 . `` Well - regulated meant well trained , rather than subject to rules and regulations . '' </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Heller , Opinion of the Court , Part II - A-2 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Scalia in Heller '' . Archived from the original on March 18 , 2013 . Retrieved March 25 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Stevens ' dissent '' . Archived from the original on March 10 , 2013 . Retrieved March 25 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` District of Columbia v Heller '' . Supreme.justia.com . Archived from the original on October 19 , 2010 . Retrieved August 30 , 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kopel , David B. ( 1999 ) . The Supreme Court 's Thirty - five Other Gun Cases : What the Supreme Court Has Said about the Second Amendment . Independence Institute . Retrieved March 17 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Crooker , Constance . Gun Control and Gun Rights , p. 55 ( Greenwood Publishing Group , 2003 ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Lund , Nelson . `` The Past and Future of the Individual 's Right to Arms Archived 2018 - 03 - 25 at the Wayback Machine . '' , Georgia Law Review , Volume 31 , p. 26 ( 1996 ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` District of Columbia v Heller '' . Cornell University Law School . Archived from the original on July 6 , 2010 . Retrieved August 30 , 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Baron , Dennis ( 21 May 2018 ) . `` Opinion -- Antonin Scalia was wrong about the meaning of ' bear arms ' '' . Retrieved 23 May 2018 -- via www.washingtonpost.com . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Cornell , Gun Control , p. 6 . Neither of the two modern theories that have defined public debate over the right to bear arms is faithful to the original understanding of this provision of the Bill of Rights . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Justice Story `` misidentified '' it as the `` 5th Amendment . '' Several public officials , including James Madison and Supreme Court Justice Joseph Story , retained the confusing practice of referring to each of the ten amendments in the Bill of Rights by the enumeration found in the first draft ; the fifth article is the Second Amendment . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` FindLaw Cases and Codes '' . Caselaw.lp.findlaw.com . Archived from the original on August 15 , 2013 . Retrieved July 5 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` United States v. Miller '' . Supreme.justia.com . Archived from the original on April 21 , 2010 . Retrieved August 30 , 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` District of Columbia v. Heller '' . Supreme.justia.com . Archived from the original on October 19 , 2010 . Retrieved August 30 , 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Cruikshank , at 552 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Cruikshank , at 553 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Cruikshank , at 554 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Doherty , p. 14 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Lehr und Wehr Verein '' . The New York Times . July 20 , 1886 . p. 5 . Archived from the original on April 27 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Cramer , Clayton E. ( 1994 ) . For the defense of themselves and the state : the original intent and judicial interpretation of the right to keep and bear arms . Praeger . ISBN 9780275949136 . Retrieved March 11 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Miller , at 539 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Robertson , at 281 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Miller , at 175 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Miller , at 177 -- 78 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Miller , at 178 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Fezell , Howard J. `` The misconstruction of United States v. Miller '' . Archived from the original on December 22 , 2008 . Retrieved January 5 , 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Paul Helmke ( March 28 , 2008 ) . `` One Court 's Second Amendment Fantasy '' . Huffington Post . Archived from the original on November 13 , 2012 . Retrieved April 29 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ McClurg , p. 139 . `` But when all is said and done , the only certainty about Miller is that it failed to give either side a clear - cut victory . Most modern scholars recognize this fact . For example , Professor Eugene Volokh describes Miller as ' deliciously and usefully ambiguous ' in an article about using the Second Amendment as a teaching tool in constitutional law . That is probably the most accurate statement that can be made about the case . '' </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` District of Columbia v. Heller ( No. 07 - 290 ) '' . Legal Information Institute . Cornell University Law School . Archived from the original on January 20 , 2013 . Retrieved December 26 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Cornell School of Law Summary of the Heller Decision '' . Law.cornell.edu . Archived from the original on September 11 , 2012 . Retrieved September 1 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Witkin Legal Institute Summary of the Heller Decision '' . Witkin.com . June 30 , 2009 . Archived from the original on January 15 , 2013 . Retrieved December 26 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Nathan Moore Summary of the Heller Decision '' . Mooredefenselaw.com . June 30 , 2008 . Archived from the original on January 15 , 2013 . Retrieved December 26 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Global Legal Information Network Summary of the Heller Decision '' . Glin.gov . Archived from the original on February 29 , 2012 . Retrieved September 1 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Veronica Rose ; Principal Analyst . `` OLR Research Institute 's Summary of the Heller Decision '' . Cga.ct.gov . Archived from the original on November 13 , 2012 . Retrieved September 1 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Oyez Summary of the Heller Decision '' . Oyez.org . Archived from the original on January 16 , 2013 . Retrieved December 26 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` '' Legal Community Against Violence '' Summary of the Heller Decision '' ( PDF ) . Lcav.org . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on September 13 , 2012 . Retrieved September 1 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` People v. Aguilar , 2013 IL 112116 '' ( PDF ) . Illinois Supreme Court . Illinois Supreme Court . September 12 , 2013 . pp. 5 -- 6 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on June 11 , 2014 . Retrieved September 14 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Mauro , Tony ( June 27 , 2008 ) . `` Supreme Court Strikes Down D.C. Gun Ban '' . Archived from the original on December 4 , 2008 . Retrieved January 5 , 2009 . In a historic 5 -- 4 decision ... the landmark ruling ... </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Biskupic , Joan & Johnson , Kevin ( June 27 , 2008 ) . `` Landmark ruling fires challenges to gun laws '' . USA Today . Archived from the original on December 5 , 2008 . Retrieved January 5 , 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Vicini , James ( June 26 , 2008 ) . `` Americans have right to guns under landmark ruling '' . Reuters . Retrieved January 5 , 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Greenhouse , Linda ( June 27 , 2008 ) . `` Justices , Ruling 5 -- 4 , Endorse Personal Right to Own Gun '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on April 17 , 2009 . Retrieved January 5 , 2009 . 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ISBN 1 - 933995 - 17 - 3 . </Li> <Li> Smith , Rich ( 2007 ) . The Bill of Rights : Defining Our Freedoms . ABDO Group . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59928 - 913 - 7 . </Li> <Li> Spitzer , Robert J. ( 2001 ) . The Right to Bear Arms : Rights and Liberties under the Law . Santa Barbara , CA : ABC - CLIO . ISBN 1 - 57607 - 347 - 5 . </Li> <Li> Szatmary , David P. ( 1980 ) . Shays ' Rebellion : the Making of an Agrarian Insurrection . Amherst : University of Massachusetts Press . ISBN 0 - 87023 - 295 - 9 . </Li> <Li> Tucker , St. George ; Blackstone , William ( 1996 ) . Blackstone 's Commentaries : With Notes of Reference to the Constitution and Laws , of the Federal Government of the United States , and of the Commonwealth of Virginia : In Five Volumes . The Lawbook Exchange , Ltd . ISBN 978 - 1 - 886363 - 15 - 1 . </Li> <Li> Tushnet , Mark V. ( 2007 ) . Out of Range : Why the Constitution Ca n't End the Battle Over Guns . Oxford University Press . p. xv . 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A Necessary Evil : A History of American Distrust of Government . New York : Simon & Schuster . pp. 256 -- 57 . ISBN 0 - 684 - 87026 - 6 . </Li> <Li> Winterer , Caroline ( 2002 ) . The Culture of Classicism : Ancient Greece and Rome in American Intellectual Life , 1780 -- 1910 . Baltimore : Johns Hopkins University Press . </Li> <Li> Young , David E. ( 2001 ) . The Origin of the Second Amendment : A Documentary History of the Bill of Rights 1787 -- 1792 ( 2 ed . ) . Golden Oak Books . ISBN 0 - 9623664 - 3 - 9 . </Li> </Ul> <H3> Periodicals ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Barnett , Gary E. ( June 24 , 2008 ) . `` The Reasonable Regulation of the Right to Keep and Bear Arms '' . Geo . J.L. & Pub . Pol'y. 6 ( 2 ) . SSRN 1152102 . </Li> <Li> Bogus , Carl T. ( Winter 1998 ) . `` The Hidden History of the Second Amendment '' ( PDF ) . U.C. Davis Law Review . 31 ( 2 ) : 309 -- 408 . </Li> <Li> Breen , T.H. ( 1972 ) . `` English Origins and New World Development : The Case of the Covenanted Militia in Seventeenth - Century Massachusetts '' . Past & Present. 57 ( 1 ) : 74 . doi : 10.1093 / past / 57.1. 74 . </Li> <Li> Charles , Patrick J. ( 2009 ) . `` ' Arms for Their Defence ? ' : An Historical , Legal , and Textual Analysis of the English Right to Have Arms and Whether the Second Amendment should Be Incorporated in McDonald v. City of Chicago '' . Clev . St. L. Rev. SSRN 1550768 . Missing or empty url = ( help ) </Li> <Li> Cramer , Clayton ( 15 June 2007 ) . `` The Racist Roots of Gun Control '' . Libcom.org . Archived from the original on September 30 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Davies , Ross ( Winter 2008 ) . `` Which is the Constitution '' ( PDF ) . Green Bag 2d. 11 ( 2 ) : 209 -- 16 . </Li> <Li> Gunn , Steven H. ( 1998 ) . `` A Lawyer 's Guide to the Second Amendment '' . BYU L. Rev. 35 . </Li> <Li> Hardy , David ( 2007 ) . `` Book Review : A Well - Regulated Militia : The Founding Fathers and the Origins of Gun Control in America '' . Wm . & Mary Bill of Rts. J. 15 . SSRN 947334 . </Li> <Li> Henigan , Denis ( 1991 ) . `` Arms , Anarchy , and the Second Amendment '' . Val . L. Rev. 26 ( 107 ) . Archived from the original on October 18 , 2008 . </Li> <Li> Heyman , Stephen ( 2000 ) . `` Natural Rights and the Second Amendment '' . Chi. - Kent . L. Rev. 76 ( 237 ) . </Li> <Li> Kates Jr. , Don B. ( November 1983 ) . `` Handgun Prohibition and the Original Meaning of the Second Amendment '' . Mich . L. Rev. 82 ( 2 ) : 204 -- 73 . doi : 10.2307 / 1288537 . JSTOR 1288537 . </Li> <Li> Konig , David Thomas ( Spring 2004 ) . `` The Second Amendment : A Missing Transatlantic Context for the Historical Meaning of `` the Right of the People to Keep and Bear Arms '' `` . Law and History Review . 22 ( 1 ) : 120 -- 59 . doi : 10.2307 / 4141667 . </Li> <Li> Lund , Nelson . `` Heller and Second Amendment Precedent '' . Lewis & Clark L. Rev. SSRN 1235537 . </Li> <Li> Malcolm , Joyce Lee ( 1986 ) . `` Book Review : That Every Man Be Armed '' . 54 . </Li> <Li> Malcolm , Joyce Lee ( 1993 ) . `` The Role of the Militia in the Development of the Englishman 's Right to be Armed -- Clarifying the Legacy '' . J. On Firearms & Pub . Pol'y. 5 . Archived from the original on 2010 - 08 - 23 . </Li> <Li> McAffee , Thomas B. ; Quinlan , Michael J. ( March 1997 ) . `` Bringing Forward the Right to Keep and Bear Arms : Do Text , History , or Precedent Stand in the Way ? '' . N.C.L. Rev. Archived from the original on 2000 - 08 - 16 . </Li> <Li> McClurg , Andrew ( 1999 ) . `` Lotts ' More Guns and Other Fallacies Infecting the Gun Control Debate '' . J. Of Firearms & Pub . Pol'y. 11 . </Li> <Li> Merkel , William ( Summer 2009 ) . `` Heller and Scalia 's Originalism '' . Lewis & Clark L. Rev. 13 ( 2 ) . SSRN 1422048 . </Li> <Li> Rakove , Jack ( 2000 ) . `` The Second Amendment : The Highest Stage of Originalism '' . Chi. - Kent . L. Rev. 76 . </Li> <Li> Reynolds , Glenn ( 1995 ) . `` A Critical Guide to the Second Amendment '' . Tenn . L. Rev. 62 ( 461 ) . SSRN 960788 . </Li> <Li> Schmidt , Christopher ( February 2007 ) . `` An International Human Right to Keep and Bear Arms '' . Wm . & Mary Bill of Rts. J. 15 ( 3 ) : 983 . </Li> <Li> Smith , Douglas ( 2008 ) . `` The Second Amendment and the Supreme Court '' . Geo . J.L. & Pub . Pol'y. 6 . SSRN 1093751 . </Li> <Li> Volokh , Eugene ( 1998 ) . `` The Commonplace Second Amendment '' . NYU L. Rev. 73 ( 793 ) . </Li> <Li> Volokh , Eugene ( November -- December 1998 ) . `` Testimony of Eugene Volokh on the Second Amendment , Senate Subcommittee on the Constitution , September 23 , 1998 '' . Cal . Pol. Rev . </Li> <Li> Weisselberg , Charles D. ( 2009 ) . `` Selected Criminal Law Cases in the Supreme Court 's 2007 -- 2008 Term , and a Look Ahead '' ( PDF ) . Court Review . 44 . </Li> <Li> Winkler , Adam ( February 2007 ) . `` Scrutinizing the Second Amendment '' . Mich . L. Rev. 105 . </Li> <Li> Winkler , Adam ( June 2009 ) . `` Heller 's Catch 22 '' . UCLA L. Rev. 56 . SSRN 1359225 . </Li> </Ul> <H3> Other publications ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Maer , Lucinda ; Gay , Oonagh ( 2009 ) . `` The Bill of Rights 1689 '' . Parliament and Constitution Centre . </Li> </Ul> <H2> Further reading ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Tahmassebi , S.B. ( 1991 ) . `` Gun Control and Racism '' . George Mason University Civil Rights Law Journal . 2 ( 1 ) : 67 -- 100 . Archived from the original on August 16 , 2000 . </Li> </Ul> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wikiquote has quotations related to : Second Amendment to the United States Constitution </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ul> <Li> Works related to United States Bill of Rights at Wikisource </Li> <Li> District of Columbia v. 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] | https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Second_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution&oldid=846583879 | -2,874,022,863,504,195,000 |
Married to Medicine - wikipedia <H1> Married to Medicine </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Married to Medicine </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Genre </Th> <Td> Reality television </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Starring </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Jacqueline Walters </Li> <Li> Simone Whitmore </Li> <Li> Kari Wells </Li> <Li> Toya Bush - Harris </Li> <Li> Quad Webb - Lunceford </Li> <Li> Mariah Huq </Li> <Li> Heavenly Kimes </Li> <Li> Lisa Nicole Cloud </Li> <Li> Contessa Metcalfe </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Country of origin </Th> <Td> United States </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Original language ( s ) </Th> <Td> English </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> No. of seasons </Th> <Td> 5 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> No. of episodes </Th> <Td> 79 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Production </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Executive producer ( s ) </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Matt Anderson </Li> <Li> Nate Green </Li> <Li> Mariah Huq </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Running time </Th> <Td> 41 -- 43 minutes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Production company ( s ) </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> FremantleMedia North America </Li> <Li> Purveyors of Pop </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Release </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Original network </Th> <Td> Bravo </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Picture format </Th> <Td> 1080i ( HDTV ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Original release </Th> <Td> March 24 , 2013 ( 2013 - 03 - 24 ) -- present </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> External links </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Website </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Married to Medicine is an American reality television series which premiered on March 24 , 2013 , on Bravo and was created by Mariah Huq . The series chronicles the lives of seven women in the Atlanta medical community with three of the women being doctors themselves while the others are doctors ' wives . It shows the group as they balance their social circles , careers , and families . </P> <P> Toya Bush - Harris , Mariah Huq , Quad Webb - Lunceford , Jacqueline Walters , Kari Wells , and Simone Whitmore composed the first - season cast . Lisa Nicole Cloud and Heavenly Kimes joined the series beginning with the second season after the departure of Wells , while Huq departed after the second season . </P> <P> Bravo has renewed the show for a third and fourth season . </P> <P> The network announced a spin - off show entitled Married to Medicine : Houston , which premiered on November 11 , 2016 . </P> <P> On April 27 , 2017 , it was revealed that Bravo renewed the show for a fifth season . </P> <P> On April 11 , 2018 , Bravo renewed the show for a sixth season . With this renewal , another spin - off titled Married to Medicine : Los Angeles would be premiering at a later date . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Production </Li> <Li> 2 Cast <Ul> <Li> 2.1 Main </Li> <Li> 2.2 Recurring </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 Series overview </Li> <Li> 4 Episodes <Ul> <Li> 4.1 Season 1 ( 2013 ) </Li> <Li> 4.2 Season 2 ( 2014 ) </Li> <Li> 4.3 Season 3 ( 2015 ) </Li> <Li> 4.4 Season 4 ( 2016 -- 17 ) </Li> <Li> 4.5 Season 5 ( 2017 -- 18 ) </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 5 Reception </Li> <Li> 6 References </Li> <Li> 7 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Production ( edit ) </H2> <P> In November 2012 , Bravo announced the series green - light of Married to Medicine . The network detailed the series by stating , `` Married to Medicine follows a group of successful and educated women , including doctors and wives of doctors , who are connected to the world of medicine in Atlanta . '' By February 2013 , the first - season cast was revealed with Toya Bush - Harris , Mariah Huq , Quad Webb - Lunceford , Jacqueline Walters , Kari Wells , and Simone Whitmore starring in the series . At the time of its debut , Married to Medicine held the title of highest - rated series premiere since Bethenny Getting Married ? in 2010 and the most watched non-spinoff series premiere in the network 's history . The milestone was later surpassed in January 2014 by Blood , Sweat and Heels . The first season delivered over 1 million viewers in the 18 - 49 viewership demographic and 1.8 million total viewers , making it the network 's highest - rated non-franchise / non-spin - off freshman series since Queer Eye for the Straight Guy . </P> <P> The production of the second season began the first week of September 2013 . It premiered on April 6 , 2014 , with Toya Bush - Harris , Mariah Huq , Quad Webb - Lunceford , Jacqueline Walters , and Simone Whitmore reprising their roles while Lisa Nicole Cloud and Heavenly Kimes joined in the second season . Wells transitioned into a guest starring role for the second and third season . </P> <P> On January 15 , 2015 , Bravo renewed the show for a third season , which premiered on June 7 , 2015 , and featured Bush - Harris , Lunceford , Walters , Whitmore , Kimes , and Cloud reprising their roles from the second season . Huq transitioned into a recurring role for the third season , while Jill Connors , who had guest starred in the second season , was featured in a recurring capacity . </P> <P> On December 26 , 2015 , Heavenly Kimes teased that the show will be returning for a fourth season . No further sources have surfaced to confirm if this statement is legit or not . Sources revealed on April 27 , 2016 , that the show had been renewed for a fourth season by Bravo , and the current cast were already six weeks into filming . The entire cast from the third season returned as series regulars , along with Mariah returning in a recurring capacity . </P> <P> In regards to a fifth season , Bravo has yet to announce the renewal . However , the cast have been optimistic that the show will return with all of them reprising their roles , with the exception of Lisa Nicole , as she has stated that she would not return for any upcoming seasons of the show . On June 19 , 2017 , it was confirmed that majority of the cast would be returning for the upcoming fifth season , with the exception of Lisa Nicole . It was also announced that another new cast member would join the show , however , that member has yet to be revealed . Mariah Huq is also expected to return in a recurring role . On September 19 , 2017 , Bravo announced the premiere date for the fifth season , along with a trailer for the upcoming season and the reveal of the new cast member , Dr. Contessa Metcalfe , who officially joined the main cast from the third episode . </P> <H2> Cast ( edit ) </H2> The first season cast : ( from left ) Dr. Jackie , Quad , Toya , Mariah , Kari , Dr. Simone The second season cast : ( from left ) Toya , Dr. Heavenly , Lisa Nicole , Dr. Jackie , Quad , Dr. Simone , Mariah The third & fourth season cast : ( from left ) Dr. Jackie , Toya , Lisa Nicole , Dr. Simone , Dr. Heavenly , Quad <H3> Main ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Cast member </Th> <Th_colspan="5"> Seasons </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th> 5 </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Dr. Jacqueline Walters </Td> <Td_colspan="5"> Main </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Dr. Simone Whitmore </Td> <Td_colspan="5"> Main </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Kari Wells </Td> <Td> Main </Td> <Td_colspan="4"> Guest </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Toya Bush - Harris </Td> <Td_colspan="5"> Main </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Quad Webb - Lunceford </Td> <Td_colspan="5"> Main </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Mariah Huq </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> Main </Td> <Td_colspan="3"> Recurring </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Dr. Heavenly Kimes </Td> <Td> Guest </Td> <Td_colspan="4"> Main </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Lisa Nicole Cloud </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> </Td> <Td_colspan="3"> Main </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Dr. Contessa Metcalfe </Td> <Td_colspan="4"> </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> Main </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Recurring ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Cast member </Th> <Th_colspan="5"> Seasons </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th> 5 </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Curtis Walters ( Jackie 's husband ) </Td> <Td_colspan="5"> Recurring </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Cecil Whitmore ( Simone 's husband ) </Td> <Td_colspan="5"> Recurring </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Dr. Duncan Wells ( Kari 's husband ) </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> Recurring </Td> <Td_colspan="4"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Dr. Eugene Harris ( Toya 's husband ) </Td> <Td_colspan="5"> Recurring </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Dr. Gregory Lunceford ( Quad 's husband ) </Td> <Td_colspan="5"> Recurring </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Dr. Aydin Huq ( Mariah 's husband ) </Td> <Td_colspan="5"> Recurring </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Keisha ( Jackie 's office manager ) </Td> <Td_colspan="4"> Recurring </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> Guest </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Dr. Damon Kimes ( Heavenly 's husband ) </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> Guest </Td> <Td_colspan="4"> Recurring </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Alaura Kimes ( Heavenly 's daughter ) </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> Guest </Td> <Td_colspan="3"> Recurring </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Dr. Darren Naugles ( Lisa Nicole 's husband ) </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> </Td> <Td_colspan="3"> Recurring </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Jill Connors ( Toya 's friend ) </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> Guest </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> Recurring </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Dr. John Connors ( Jill 's husband ) </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> Recurring </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Genise Shelton ( Toya 's friend ) </Td> <Td_colspan="3"> </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> Recurring </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> Guest </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Dr. Courtney Shelton ( Genise 's husband ) </Td> <Td_colspan="3"> </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> Recurring </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Ms. Renee ( Contessa 's nanny ) </Td> <Td_colspan="4"> </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> Recurring </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Series overview ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Season </Th> <Th> Episodes </Th> <Th_colspan="3"> Originally aired </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> First aired </Th> <Th> Last aired </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 13 </Td> <Td> March 24 , 2013 ( 2013 - 03 - 24 ) </Td> <Td> June 4 , 2013 ( 2013 - 06 - 04 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 17 </Td> <Td> April 6 , 2014 ( 2014 - 04 - 06 ) </Td> <Td> July 24 , 2014 ( 2014 - 07 - 24 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 18 </Td> <Td> June 7 , 2015 ( 2015 - 06 - 07 ) </Td> <Td> October 11 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 11 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 16 </Td> <Td> November 6 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 06 ) </Td> <Td> February 24 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 24 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> 18 </Td> <Td> November 5 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 05 ) </Td> <Td> March 23 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 23 ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Episodes ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Season 1 ( 2013 ) ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> No. in series </Th> <Th> No. in season </Th> <Th> Title </Th> <Th> Original air date </Th> <Th> U.S. viewers ( million ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` A Taste of Your Own Medicine '' </Td> <Td> March 24 , 2013 ( 2013 - 03 - 24 ) </Td> <Td> 1.89 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="5"> Dr. Simone and Dr. Jackie have to go through the obstacles they face with life as a mother , wife , friend and OB - GYN physician ; Kari , Quad , Toya , and Mariah show us the privileged life when you 're married to the medical field . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` Mistress of Medicine '' </Td> <Td> March 31 , 2013 ( 2013 - 03 - 31 ) </Td> <Td> 1.38 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="5"> Mariah works to make amends with the ladies ; Quad gets advice after she goes on attack ; Kari fights back by invoking Quad 's invite into an event Mariah and Kari are hosting , and Simone 's patient has to deal with some shocking information . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` Queen Bee Sting '' </Td> <Td> April 7 , 2013 ( 2013 - 04 - 07 ) </Td> <Td> 1.81 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="5"> Mariah confronts Kari about Quad 's dis - invite to their joint party ; Quad and Kari come to terms by agreeing to meet to solve their problems ; Simone 's competitive side bursts out during a visit by her sister , and Jackie reveals a surprising secret . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` A Black Eye Event '' </Td> <Td> April 14 , 2013 ( 2013 - 04 - 14 ) </Td> <Td> 2.66 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="5"> Toya unravels a hidden secret from Mariah 's past , and Kari is annoyed when Mariah is n't holding true to her duties as co-host to their `` Hollywood Glam '' party . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 5 </Th> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> `` Resuscitating Reputations '' </Td> <Td> April 21 , 2013 ( 2013 - 04 - 21 ) </Td> <Td> 2.28 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="5"> The group is divided after Toya and Mariah 's physical altercation . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 6 </Th> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> `` Blood is Thicker than Dog Water '' </Td> <Td> April 28 , 2013 ( 2013 - 04 - 28 ) </Td> <Td> 1.94 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="5"> Toya decides to dis - invite Mariah 's family from her Halloween party ; Quad sets herself up for some drama when she chooses to invite Toya and Mariah to her upcoming Puppies in Paris party . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 7 </Th> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> `` The Sour Squeeze '' </Td> <Td> May 5 , 2013 ( 2013 - 05 - 05 ) </Td> <Td> 1.58 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="5"> Jackie has grown tired of all the drama in the group and hosts a Lemon Squeeze to resolve the issues between Toya and Mariah , and Mariah unveils the reasoning behind the altercation with Toya . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 8 </Th> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> `` Sip Happens '' </Td> <Td> May 12 , 2013 ( 2013 - 05 - 12 ) </Td> <Td> 1.18 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="5"> Simone believes that it 's time to talk with Mariah for the first time after the fight , and Mariah finally confronts Toya . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 9 / 10 </Th> <Td> 9 / 10 </Td> <Td> `` Finale '' </Td> <Td> May 19 , 2013 ( 2013 - 05 - 19 ) </Td> <Td> 1.51 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="5"> Kari brews up more drama after she slips news that Quad and Mariah did n't make it onto Toya 's guest list ; Jackie has some last minute things to take care of prior to her spa grand opening ; Toya presents her husband 's most recent business venture to some potential investors ; Mariah invites the ladies over for a homemade traditional Bangladesh meal where Toya and Quad arrive for an intense night , and Toya and Kari choose not to attend Mariah 's dinner when they uncover information regarding Quad 's past . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 11 </Th> <Td> 11 </Td> <Td> `` Reunion ( Part 1 ) '' </Td> <Td> May 26 , 2013 ( 2013 - 05 - 26 ) </Td> <Td> 1.22 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="5"> Mariah , Quad , Simone , Toya , Kari , and Jacqueline sit down with Andy Cohen to discuss the drama that unraveled this season . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 12 </Th> <Td> 12 </Td> <Td> `` Reunion ( Part 2 ) '' </Td> <Td> May 28 , 2013 ( 2013 - 05 - 28 ) </Td> <Td> 0.87 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="5"> The conclusion of a two - part reunion features the `` Married to Medicine '' cast addressing the dramas of season one . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 13 </Th> <Td> 13 </Td> <Td> `` Secrets Revealed '' </Td> <Td> June 4 , 2013 ( 2013 - 06 - 04 ) </Td> <Td> 0.61 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="5"> Previously unseen footage from `` Married to Medicine '' is presented . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Season 2 ( 2014 ) ( edit ) </H3> <P> Dr. Heavenly and Lisa Nicole joined the cast of Married to Medicine ; Kari departed as a series regular . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> No. in series </Th> <Th> No. in season </Th> <Th> Title </Th> <Th> Original air date </Th> <Th> U.S. viewers ( million ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 14 </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` Far From Heavenly '' </Td> <Td> April 6 , 2014 ( 2014 - 04 - 06 ) </Td> <Td> 2.40 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="5"> Quad learns that Mariah is spreading rumors ; Jackie would like to have another child , and Dr. Heavenly invites all the women to a cocktail party . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 15 </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` Love and Basketball '' </Td> <Td> April 13 , 2014 ( 2014 - 04 - 13 ) </Td> <Td> 2.11 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="5"> Jackie goes on a date with Curtis ; Mariah wants her husband to receive a hair transplant , and Simone and Toya attempt to mend their friendship . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 16 </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` A Steakhouse Beef '' </Td> <Td> April 20 , 2014 ( 2014 - 04 - 20 ) </Td> <Td> 2.38 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="5"> Toya invites all the ladies to her son 's birthday party , and Mariah and Quad get into a verbal altercation . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 17 </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` A Week of Impact '' </Td> <Td> April 27 , 2014 ( 2014 - 04 - 27 ) </Td> <Td> 2.14 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="5"> Quad puts all of her energy into her fashion line , and Simone and her husband are having a difficult time paying the bills . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 18 </Th> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> `` Chariot of Fiyah ! '' </Td> <Td> May 4 , 2014 ( 2014 - 05 - 04 ) </Td> <Td> 2.31 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="5"> The ladies attend Lisa Nicole 's speaking event to support her , but drama ensures over the group . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 19 </Th> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> `` Textual Healing '' </Td> <Td> May 11 , 2014 ( 2014 - 05 - 11 ) </Td> <Td> 1.22 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="5"> Lisa is informed about the status of her cancer , and Quad wants to make it up to Mariah by inviting her to an upcoming fashion show . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 20 </Th> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> `` A Fashion Faux - pas '' </Td> <Td> May 18 , 2014 ( 2014 - 05 - 18 ) </Td> <Td> 1.56 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="5"> Jackie is surprised when Simone details her financial difficulties ; Heavenly receives some gossip about Mariah , and the ladies come together to attend the Women of Atlanta fashion show . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 21 </Th> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> `` Guess Who 's Not Coming to Dinner ? '' </Td> <Td> May 25 , 2014 ( 2014 - 05 - 25 ) </Td> <Td> 0.92 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="5"> Simone tests Jackie 's mothering skills ; Toya scouts for a house , and Heavenly hosts a dinner party . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 22 </Th> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> `` Queen of Shade '' </Td> <Td> June 1 , 2014 ( 2014 - 06 - 01 ) </Td> <Td> 1.87 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="5"> Quad and Reco hurry to finish their samples while Mariah files a restraining order . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 23 </Th> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> `` Blind Date '' </Td> <Td> June 8 , 2014 ( 2014 - 06 - 08 ) </Td> <Td> 1.70 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="5"> Simone asks Jackie for help with her love life , and Quad 's business ventures lead to an argument . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 24 </Th> <Td> 11 </Td> <Td> `` Couples Retreat '' </Td> <Td> June 15 , 2014 ( 2014 - 06 - 15 ) </Td> <Td> 1.55 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="5"> The couples arrive in the Blue Ridge Mountains ; Greg makes a controversial statement . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 25 </Th> <Td> 12 </Td> <Td> `` The Flight of the Uterus '' </Td> <Td> June 22 , 2014 ( 2014 - 06 - 22 ) </Td> <Td> 1.70 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="5"> Quad learns that Ramona invited Mariah on the trip . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 26 </Th> <Td> 13 </Td> <Td> `` From Courtroom to Catwalk '' </Td> <Td> June 29 , 2014 ( 2014 - 06 - 29 ) </Td> <Td> 0.81 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="5"> Jackie 's stepdaughter arrives with a revelation ; Mariah tries to make peace by inviting the ladies to a business launch , and Lisa reveals her design collection . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 27 </Th> <Td> 14 </Td> <Td> `` The Queen Bee Gets Stung '' </Td> <Td> July 6 , 2014 ( 2014 - 07 - 06 ) </Td> <Td> 1.91 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="5"> Quad confronts Simone about their issues ; Toya showcases her lavish new home , and Quad gears up for a fashion show to highlight her new puppy - couture line . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 28 </Th> <Td> 15 </Td> <Td> `` Reunion ( Part 1 ) '' </Td> <Td> July 13 , 2014 ( 2014 - 07 - 13 ) </Td> <Td> 1.31 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="5"> The ladies re-group once again to discuss all the drama that went down this season . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 29 </Th> <Td> 16 </Td> <Td> `` Reunion ( Part 2 ) '' </Td> <Td> July 17 , 2014 ( 2014 - 07 - 17 ) </Td> <Td> 0.97 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="5"> Final part of the reunion sees the ongoing feud between Toya and Simone boil over with an ugly ending . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 30 </Th> <Td> 17 </Td> <Td> `` Secrets Revealed '' </Td> <Td> July 24 , 2014 ( 2014 - 07 - 24 ) </Td> <Td> 0.76 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="5"> Unseen scenes of this past season are shown . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Season 3 ( 2015 ) ( edit ) </H3> <P> Mariah departed as a series regular . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> No. in series </Th> <Th> No. in season </Th> <Th> Title </Th> <Th> Original air date </Th> <Th> U.S. viewers ( million ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 31 </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` Background Check Yourself '' </Td> <Td> June 7 , 2015 ( 2015 - 06 - 07 ) </Td> <Td> 1.33 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="5"> Toya hosts a Halloween bash ; problems plague Dr. Simone and Toya 's friendship ; Quad works on her puppy - couture line , and Dr. Jackie tests a fitness program on the ladies . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 32 </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` Putt Up Or Shut Up '' </Td> <Td> June 14 , 2015 ( 2015 - 06 - 14 ) </Td> <Td> 1.07 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="5"> Simone and Toya clash ; Quad hires a private investigator to unearth dirt on Lisa Nicole and her husband , and Jackie invite the ladies to join their fitness venture . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 33 </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` Inspector Quad '' </Td> <Td> June 21 , 2015 ( 2015 - 06 - 21 ) </Td> <Td> 0.86 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="5"> Quad gets payback on Lisa ; Jackie introduces her new fitness program to the ladies : `` Fit is the new It '' . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 34 </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` Friends Do n't Do Background Check on Friends '' </Td> <Td> July 5 , 2015 ( 2015 - 07 - 05 ) </Td> <Td> 1.07 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="5"> Quad makes an accusation that sends Lisa reeling . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 35 </Th> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> `` The Naked Truth '' </Td> <Td> July 12 , 2015 ( 2015 - 07 - 12 ) </Td> <Td> 0.94 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="5"> The women go to the same strip club frequented by Lisa 's husband . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 36 </Th> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> `` Queen Bee Returns to the Hive '' </Td> <Td> July 19 , 2015 ( 2015 - 07 - 19 ) </Td> <Td> 1.05 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="5"> Lisa confronts her husband , while Quad and Mariah reunite for a heart to heart . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 37 </Th> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> `` Love and Races '' </Td> <Td> July 26 , 2015 ( 2015 - 07 - 26 ) </Td> <Td> 1.02 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="5"> Lisa meets with her attorney , while Quad consults with her own high - powered attorney , Phaedra Parks . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 38 </Th> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> `` California Dreamin ' '' </Td> <Td> August 2 , 2015 ( 2015 - 08 - 02 ) </Td> <Td> 1.01 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="5"> Quad jets off to California with Simone and Jill ; Jackie struggles to tend to her ailing father , and Lisa throws a cooking party for her son 's birthday . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 39 </Th> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> `` Invites and Dis - invites '' </Td> <Td> August 9 , 2015 ( 2015 - 08 - 09 ) </Td> <Td> 0.97 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="5"> Quad refocuses her energy on marketing her doggy fashion line ; Dr. Heavenly 's husband insists she 's spending too much time away from home , and Simone withdraws Lisa 's invitation to her party . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 40 </Th> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> `` Full Court Stress '' </Td> <Td> August 16 , 2015 ( 2015 - 08 - 16 ) </Td> <Td> 1.12 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="5"> Toya follows through with her plan to market her husband 's business ; Quad has her first pop - up shop to bring `` Picture Perfect Pup '' to the forefront , and Toya shares a rumor . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 41 </Th> <Td> 11 </Td> <Td> `` Boys on the Side ? '' </Td> <Td> August 23 , 2015 ( 2015 - 08 - 23 ) </Td> <Td> 1.06 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="5"> Toya scouts locations for her husband 's new business ; Heavenly 's daughter interns for Lisa , and Lisa accuses Quad of questioning her husband 's sexuality . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 42 </Th> <Td> 12 </Td> <Td> `` Mariah the Party Crasher '' </Td> <Td> August 30 , 2015 ( 2015 - 08 - 30 ) </Td> <Td> 1.05 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="5"> Heavenly is ready to launch her dating app ; Jill throws a wild Prohibition Party , and Simone proposes a trip to the Bahamas . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 43 </Th> <Td> 13 </Td> <Td> `` Bahama Mamas '' </Td> <Td> September 6 , 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 06 ) </Td> <Td> 1.02 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="5"> The couples depart for the Bahamas , while Jill and Heavenly are going head to head for round two of their disagreement . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 44 </Th> <Td> 14 </Td> <Td> `` Baha - mania '' </Td> <Td> September 13 , 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 13 ) </Td> <Td> 0.87 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="5"> Simone arranges a medical mission to inspire the women to come together to help others . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 45 </Th> <Td> 15 </Td> <Td> `` Mariah - mania '' </Td> <Td> September 20 , 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 20 ) </Td> <Td> 1.08 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="5"> Quad hosts the `` Heroes in Healthcare '' event bringing most of the women together , and Toya and Mariah exchange words . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 46 </Th> <Td> 16 </Td> <Td> `` Reunion ( Part 1 ) '' </Td> <Td> September 27 , 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 27 ) </Td> <Td> 1.09 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="5"> The ladies come together again to discuss the highs and lows of the third season . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 47 </Th> <Td> 17 </Td> <Td> `` Reunion ( Part 2 ) '' </Td> <Td> October 4 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 04 ) </Td> <Td> 1.13 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="5"> Final part of the reunion where we see Mariah get her say about the ladies and the husbands share their thoughts about this seasons drama . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 48 </Th> <Td> 18 </Td> <Td> `` Secrets Revealed '' </Td> <Td> October 11 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 11 ) </Td> <Td> 0.72 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="5"> Never before seen footage are revealed from this past season . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Season 4 ( 2016 -- 17 ) ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> No. in series </Th> <Th> No. in season </Th> <Th> Title </Th> <Th> Original air date </Th> <Th> U.S. viewers ( million ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 49 </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` New Beginnings '' </Td> <Td> November 6 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 06 ) </Td> <Td> 1.67 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="5"> Quad has a new baby in her house ; Dr. Simone and Cecil adjust to separate lives , and Toya is in trouble with the IRS . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 50 </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` Forecast : Clouds With a 100 % Chance of Shade '' </Td> <Td> November 13 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 13 ) </Td> <Td> 1.70 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="5"> Simone reaches out to Quad ; Genise reveals her true thoughts about Dr. Heavenly , and all the women are invited to Mariah 's new - beginnings party . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 51 </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` Her Father 's Daughter '' </Td> <Td> November 20 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 20 ) </Td> <Td> 1.48 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="5"> Toya and Lisa Nicole 's friendship begins to wilt ; Simone contacts her family to find her missing father , and Toya and Mariah meet in a bid to make peace . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 52 </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` The Father , Son , and Heavenly 's Spirit '' </Td> <Td> November 27 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 27 ) </Td> <Td> 1.51 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="5"> Simone , Quad , and Dr. Jackie head to Nashville ; Heavenly does some soul searching with her spiritual guide , while Lisa and Darren seek help from a professional about their relationship . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 53 </Th> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> `` The Breast - est of Friends '' </Td> <Td> December 11 , 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 11 ) </Td> <Td> 1.57 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="5"> Heavenly and Lisa 's collaboration turns ugly ; Simone returns to work with a trans patient who wants gender reassignment surgery , and Jackie 's topless charity photo shoot spins out of control . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 54 </Th> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> `` It 's My Prom and I 'll Throw Down if I Want to ! '' </Td> <Td> December 16 , 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 16 ) </Td> <Td> 0.68 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="5"> Darren must face the music after flaking on Lisa 's baby - making plans ; Simone finds out news about her father , and Mariah and Quad go head to head at Toya 's birthday party . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 55 </Th> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> `` Is There Life After Prom ? '' </Td> <Td> December 23 , 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 23 ) </Td> <Td> 0.69 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="5"> Mariah and Quad 's friendship is on shaky ground ; Quad is planning a birthday bash for Dr. G , and Toya realizes she can no longer afford her lifestyle . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 56 </Th> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> `` Brutally Honest Makeover '' </Td> <Td> December 30 , 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 30 ) </Td> <Td> 0.80 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="5"> Toya and Eugene must move into a smaller house ; Jackie and Curtis ' marriage continues to take a backseat to Jackie 's career ; Mariah and Simone meet to get their friendship back on track , and Toya treats the women to a spa day to get ready for Hawaii . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 57 </Th> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> `` Hawaii Five Solo '' </Td> <Td> January 6 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 06 ) </Td> <Td> 1.07 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="5"> Simone and Cecil head off to Hawaii to celebrate their 20th anniversary ; Lisa flies solo ; Jackie arrives with some baggage of her own , and Mariah starts the trip off on the wrong foot . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 58 </Th> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> `` Hawaii Five - Uh Oh '' </Td> <Td> January 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 13 ) </Td> <Td> 0.84 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="5"> Darren still can not be found ; the group bares it all in couples therapy , but the exchange between Lisa and Heavenly proves anything but therapeutic ; the group attends a traditional Hawaiian luau . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 59 </Th> <Td> 11 </Td> <Td> `` Coconut Bras and Brawls '' </Td> <Td> January 20 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 20 ) </Td> <Td> 0.87 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="5"> Simone devises one more surprise for the women ; Quad organizes a photo shoot for Jackie , and Mariah divulges what she really thinks of Quad and her past . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 60 </Th> <Td> 12 </Td> <Td> `` Brazilian Bombshells '' </Td> <Td> January 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 27 ) </Td> <Td> 0.80 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="5"> Heavenly learns Lisa has n't been entirely honest about their collaboration , and Quad bares it all at her 35th birthday party . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 61 </Th> <Td> 13 </Td> <Td> `` The Devil is Busy '' </Td> <Td> February 3 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 03 ) </Td> <Td> 0.77 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="5"> Toya and Eugene 's new accountant wants them to downsize their life ; Jackie springs a romantic surprise on Curtis , and tempers flare at Toya 's housewarming party . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 62 </Th> <Td> 14 </Td> <Td> `` Breast Friends '' </Td> <Td> February 10 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 10 ) </Td> <Td> 0.84 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="5"> Heavenly faces a crisis of conscience ; Lisa and Darren try to pick up the pieces , and Jackie 's look book is almost ready . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 63 </Th> <Td> 15 </Td> <Td> `` Reunion ( Part 1 ) '' </Td> <Td> February 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 17 ) </Td> <Td> 0.98 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="5"> Host Andy Cohen reflects on some of the most season 's biggest moments as the ladies of medicine reunite in part one of the reunion . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 64 </Th> <Td> 16 </Td> <Td> `` Reunion ( Part 2 ) '' </Td> <Td> February 24 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 24 ) </Td> <Td> 0.96 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="5"> Andy Cohen welcomes the husbands to tell their sides of the story . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Season 5 ( 2017 -- 18 ) ( edit ) </H3> <P> Dr. Contessa joined the cast of Married to Medicine ; Lisa Nicole departed as a series regular . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> No. in series </Th> <Th> No. in season </Th> <Th> Title </Th> <Th> Original air date </Th> <Th> U.S. viewers ( million ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 65 </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` Waiting to Exhale '' </Td> <Td> November 5 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 05 ) </Td> <Td> 1.48 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="5"> Curtis ' infidelity causes the ladies to question their own marriages ; Eugene takes on extra shifts to pay back the IRS ; Quad celebrates the grand opening of Dr. G 's new practice , and Dr. Heavenly plans a special night for Dr. Jackie . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 66 </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` Hot Off the Press '' </Td> <Td> November 10 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 10 ) </Td> <Td> 0.80 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="5"> Toya and Dr. Eugene discuss the lack of intimacy between them ; Dr. Jackie continues to deal with her husbands infidelity ; Quad plans her new business venture , and Dr. Simone tries to keep her marriage alive . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 67 </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` Let 's All Throw a Fit - Ni '' </Td> <Td> November 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 17 ) </Td> <Td> 0.74 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="5"> Dr. Jackie throws a Fit - Ni event ; Dr. Simone and Cecile seek out professional help in hopes to save their marriage ; Quad starts to feel taken advantage of by her husband while Toya , Dr. Contessa , and Dr. Heavenly sort out their own issues . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 68 </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` Black Girl Magic or Black Girl Tragic ? '' </Td> <Td> December 1 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 01 ) </Td> <Td> 0.70 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="5"> Quad still feels unappreciated by Dr. G ; Dr. Jackie continues to deal with her personal life being public news , and Dr. Simone takes the girls on a trip to New Orleans . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 69 </Th> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> `` Guess Who 's Coming to Nola ? '' </Td> <Td> December 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 08 ) </Td> <Td> 0.89 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="5"> The ladies ' trip in New Orleans continues as Dr. Simone takes the women on an excursion ; Dr. Heavenly and Dr. Contessa still do n't see eye - to - eye , and Toya surprises the group with a blast from the past . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 70 </Th> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> `` That Voodoo That You Do So Well '' </Td> <Td> December 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 15 ) </Td> <Td> 0.88 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="5"> The ladies try to salvage their experience on their last day in New Orleans in spite of Mariah 's surprise visit ; Dr. Simone and Dr. Jackie hold a forgiveness ceremony , and Quad faces a tough homecoming with Dr. G . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 71 </Th> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> `` Mama Drama '' </Td> <Td> December 22 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 22 ) </Td> <Td> 0.76 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="5"> Quad continues to work on her marriage with Dr. G ; Dr. Simone and Cecile realize they need to be more expressive ; Dr. Heavenly restarts her spiritual journey , and Mariah throws a Mother 's Day Celebration dinner . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 72 </Th> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> `` Fly Girls & Low Riders '' </Td> <Td> January 5 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 05 ) </Td> <Td> 1.05 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="5"> Dr. Jackie faces Curtis for the first time since the infidelity became public ; Quad takes some time away from her marriage ; Dr. Contessa throws a 90s pool party , while Dr. Heavenly , Dr. Simone , and Mariah rehash what was said at the Mother 's Day Celebration dinner . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 73 </Th> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> `` Breakdown or Breakthrough '' </Td> <Td> January 12 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 12 ) </Td> <Td> 0.87 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="5"> The tension between Dr. Heavenly and Mariah continues ; Dr. Jackie explores the new side to Curtis ; Dr. Simone 's marriage is still a work in progress ; Dr. Contessa deals with the aftermath of Ms. Renee , while Quad and Dr. G organise a martial focus group . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 74 </Th> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> `` Invitations and Revelations '' </Td> <Td> January 19 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 19 ) </Td> <Td> 0.84 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="5"> Dr. Heavenly takes over the annual couples trip ; Dr. Simone and Cecil host their Kidz Force app party ; Quad elevates her career by appearing on a televised cooking segment , and Mariah still refuses to apologize to Dr. Heavenly . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 75 </Th> <Td> 11 </Td> <Td> `` The Heavenlywed Game '' </Td> <Td> January 26 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 26 ) </Td> <Td> 0.87 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="5"> The ladies and their husbands head to Barbados for their annual couples trip ; tension between Quad and Dr. G arise ; Dr. Heavenly plays nice towards Mariah , and Dr. Jackie gets a big surprise . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 76 </Th> <Td> 12 </Td> <Td> `` Island Fever '' </Td> <Td> February 2 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 02 ) </Td> <Td> 0.70 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="5"> As the couples ' trip continues , marriages are being mended and friendships are being tested ; Dr. Heavenly takes pride in what she has planned , and Quad lashes out . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 77 </Th> <Td> 13 </Td> <Td> `` Circle of Truth '' </Td> <Td> February 16 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 16 ) </Td> <Td> 0.87 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="5"> The trip to Barbados turns out to be a success ; the ladies leave with hopes of their marriages and friendships growing for the greater good . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 78 </Th> <Td> 14 </Td> <Td> `` D.N.A. D - Day '' </Td> <Td> February 23 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 23 ) </Td> <Td> 0.77 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="5"> Dr. Heavenly throws a DNA reveal to make up for the failed couples therapy ; Dr. Jackie lets Curtis move back into the house ; Quad and Dr. G have another focus group session , but does n't end well ; an argument between Quad and Toya leads Dr. Eugene to say something that does not sit well with the rest of the ladies . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 79 </Th> <Td> 15 </Td> <Td> `` In the Black '' </Td> <Td> March 2 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 02 ) </Td> <Td> 0.85 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="5"> Toya and Dr. Eugene throw an `` In the Black '' party ; Dr. Simone and Cecil celebrate their eldest son 's graduating from high school , while Quad and Dr. G 's marriage takes a turn for the worse . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 80 </Th> <Td> 16 </Td> <Td> `` Reunion ( Part 1 ) '' </Td> <Td> March 9 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 09 ) </Td> <Td> 0.86 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="5"> In the first part of the reunion , Toya is questioned about her sex life ; Dr. Contessa defends Ms. Renee after all she has done ; Mariah airs out her grievances with Dr. Heavenly , and Dr. Simone reveals the true state of her marriage . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 81 </Th> <Td> 17 </Td> <Td> `` Reunion ( Part 2 ) '' </Td> <Td> March 16 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 16 ) </Td> <Td> 0.88 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="5"> Mariah is left with a shock ; Dr. Jackie gives an update on her marriage , and Quad spills the truth about how she feels about Dr. G . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 82 </Th> <Td> 18 </Td> <Td> `` Reunion ( Part 3 ) '' </Td> <Td> March 23 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 23 ) </Td> <Td> 0.94 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="5"> Dr. Simone and Cecile mend their marriage ; Quad and Dr. G continue to fight , and the season ends with the ladies moving past their differences . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Reception ( edit ) </H2> <P> Before the series premiere , a group of students from Howard University College of Medicine created a Change.org petition to prevent the series from airing . The petition stated that the series `` heavily associates Black females in medicine with materialism , cat fights , and unprofessionalism '' . It goes on to detail the rising difficulty in obtaining residency positions as African American women and how the series ' representation of those physicians would only make the task tougher . </P> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Bravo Media Prescribes a Healthy Dose of Drama with New Docu - Series `` Married to Medicine '' Premiering Sunday , March 24 at 9PM ET / PT '' ( Press release ) . The Futon Critic . February 14 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Hold On to Your Wigs as Bravo Media Greenlights Two New Series and Picks Up Season Two of Kim Zolciak 's `` Do n't Be Tardy ... '' `` . The Futon Critic . Retrieved February 14 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara . `` Bravo Greenlights ' Married to Medicine ' and ' Taking Atlanta ' & Picks Up Second Season of ' Do n't be Tardy ... ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 14 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( February 19 , 2014 ) . `` New Seasons of ' Million Dollar Listing New York ' & ' Married to Medicine ' to Premiere in April on Bravo '' . TV by the Numbers ( Press release ) . Retrieved February 19 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( January 15 , 2015 ) . `` ' The Real Housewives of Orange County ' , ' Married to Medicine ' & ' Flipping Out ' Renewed for New Seasons + Premiere Dates Unveiled for ' Shahs of Sunset ' More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 16 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Fashion&Style ( 27 April 2016 ) . `` ' Married To Medicine ' Season 4 : Mariah Huq Returns Full Time ; New 2016 Cast Member Revealed '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Gerard , Jeremy ( March 30 , 2015 ) . `` Bravo Media Slates 10 New Series , Including ' Recipe For Deception ' -- Upfronts '' ( Press release ) . Deadline . Retrieved March 30 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ http://www.bravotv.com/the-daily-dish/married-to-medicine-will-return-for-season-5 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ http://www.bravotv.com/the-daily-dish/new-married-to-medicine-series-in-los-angeles-announced </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Doctor Is in as Bravo Media 's `` Married to Medicine '' Scores Nearly 2 Million Total Viewers and Over 1 Million A18 - 49 '' ( Press release ) . The Futon Critic . March 25 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( January 7 , 2014 ) . `` Bravo Media Shatters Ratings Records Sunday With Its Best Night in Network History '' . TV by the Numbers ( Press release ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( May 20 , 2013 ) . `` Bravo 's ' Married to Medicine ' Delivers 1.8 Million Total Viewers in Freshman Season '' . TV by the Numbers ( Press release ) . access - date = requires url = ( help ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Ho , Rodney ( August 27 , 2013 ) . `` What TV shows are being shot in metro Atlanta ? '' . Access Atlanta . Archived from the original on August 31 , 2013 . Retrieved August 31 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Fashion&Style ( 28 December 2015 ) . `` ' Married To Medicine ' Renewed For Season 4 ? Heavenly Kimes Teases New Episodes On Twitter '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ http://www.itechpost.com/articles/84999/20170216/married-medicine-season-5-canceled-stars-hint-shows-future-installment.htm </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ http://radiotvtalk.blog.ajc.com/2017/03/31/lisa-nicole-cloud-leaving-bravos-married-to-medicine/ </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ http://www.enstarz.com/articles/194363/20170619/married-to-medicine-season-5-2017-cast-confirmed-whos-out-whos-in-video.htm </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ http://www.bravotv.com/the-daily-dish/married-to-medicine-season-5-trailer </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Sunday 's Cable Ratings : `` Walking Dead '' Dominates Demos , Edges `` Bible '' in Viewers `` . The Futon Critic . March 26 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( April 2 , 2013 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' The Walking Dead ' Wins Night , ' Game of Thrones ' , ' The Bible ' , ' Vikings ' , ' Shameless ' , ' The Client List ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( April 9 , 2013 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' Monday Night RAW ' Wins Night + ' Teen Mom 2 ' , ' MTV Movie Sneak Peek ' , ' Bates Motel ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( April 16 , 2013 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' Wins Night , ' MTV Movie Awards ' , ' Vikings ' , ' Mad Men ' , ' The Client List ' , ' Veep ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( April 23 , 2013 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' Wins Night + NBA Playoffs , ' Real Housewives of Atlanta ' , ' Vikings ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( April 30 , 2013 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' Wins Night , NBA Playoffs , ' Vikings ' , ' The Client List ' , ' Mad Men ' , ' Veep ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 7 , 2013 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' Wins Night + ' Ax Men ' , ' Mad Men ' , ' Army Wives ' , ' The Client List ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 14 , 2013 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' Wins Night + ' Breaking Amish ' , ' Mad Men ' , ' Long Island Medium ' , ' River Monsters ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( May 21 , 2013 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' Wins Night , ' North America ' , ' Mad Men ' , ' Veep ' , ' The Client List ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( May 29 , 2013 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : NBA Playoffs Win Night , ' Mermaids : The New Evidence ' , ' Behind the Candelabra ' , ' Mad Men ' , ' Long Island Medium ' , ' North America ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( May 30 , 2013 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : NBA Playoffs Win Night , ' Deadliest Catch ' , ' Real Husbands of Hollywood ' , ' Counting Cars ' , ' Backyard Oil ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Tuesday 's Cable Ratings : `` Deadliest Catch , '' `` Storage Wars '' Top Originals `` . The Futon Critic . June 5 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( April 8 , 2014 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' Wins Night + ' The Real Housewives of Atlanta ' , ' Silicon Valley ' , ' Married to Medicine ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 8 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( April 15 , 2014 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' Wins Night , ' Real Housewives of Atlanta ' , ' MTV Movie Awards ' , ' Silicon Valley ' , ' Mad Men ' , ' Drop Dead Diva ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 15 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( April 22 , 2014 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' Wins Night , + NBA Playoffs , ' Real Housewives of Atlanta ' , ' Naked and Afraid ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 22 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( April 29 , 2014 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' Wins Night , NBA Playoffs , ' Real Housewives of Atlanta ' , ' Mad Men ' , ' Devious Maids ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 29 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 6 , 2014 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' Wins Night , + ' Real Housewives of Atlanta ' , ' Married to Medicine ' , ' Silicon Valley ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 6 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( May 13 , 2014 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' Wins Night , NBA Playoffs , ' Silicon Valley ' , ' Bar Rescue ' , ' Real Housewives of Atlanta ' , ' Mad Men ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 13 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 20 , 2014 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' Wins Night + ' Silicon Valley ' , ' Real Housewives of Atlanta ' , ' River Monsters ' , ' Married to Medicine ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 20 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( May 28 , 2014 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : NBA Playoffs Win Night , ' Mad Men ' , ' Devious Maids ' , ' Total Divas ' , ' Married to Medicine ' , ' Turn ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 28 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( June 3 , 2014 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' Wins Night + NHL Conference Finals , ' Real Housewives of Atlanta : Kandi 's Wedding ' , ' Silicon Valley ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 3 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( June 10 , 2014 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' Wins Night , ' Keeping Up With the Kardashians ' , ' Devious Maids ' , ' Veep ' , ' Turn ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 10 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( June 17 , 2014 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' Wins Night + World Cup Soccer , ' Keeping up with the Kardashians ' , NASCAR & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 17 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( June 24 , 2014 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : World Cup Soccer Wins Night , ' True Blood ' , ' The Last Ship ' , ' Falling Skies ' , ' Devious Maids ' , ' Penny Dreadful ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 24 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Yanan , Travis ( July 1 , 2014 ) . `` Sunday 's Cable Ratings & Broadcast Finals : `` BET Awards '' Claims Top Spots `` . The Futon Critic . Retrieved July 2 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( July 9 , 2014 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' True Blood ' Wins Night , ' The Last Ship ' , ' Falling Skies ' , ' The Leftovers ' , ' Devious Maids ' , ' Witches of East End ' , & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 12 , 2014 . Retrieved July 9 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( July 15 , 2014 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' True Blood ' Tops Night + ' The Strain ' , ' Keeping Up With the Kardashians ' , ' The Last Ship ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 11 , 2014 . Retrieved July 15 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( July 18 , 2014 ) . `` Thursday Cable Ratings : ' Pawn Stars ' Tops Night + ' Loiter Squad ' , ' Married ' , ' Pawnography ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on July 8 , 2015 . Retrieved July 18 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( July 25 , 2014 ) . `` Thursday Cable Ratings : ' Pawn Stars ' Tops Night + ' Pawnography ' , ' Loiter Squad ' , ' The Daily Show ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 3 , 2015 . Retrieved July 26 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( June 9 , 2015 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' Wins Night , ' Silicon Valley ' , ' Naked & Afraid ' , ' Married to Medicine ' , ' Veep ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Tribune Digital Ventures . Retrieved June 10 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( June 16 , 2015 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' Tops Night + ' Silicon Valley ' , NASCAR , ' Botched ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 1 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( June 23 , 2015 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' True Detective ' Wins Night , ' Ballers ' , ' Naked and Afraid ' , ' The Last Ship ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 1 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Sunday Cable Ratings : Shark Week Wins Night , ' True Detective ' , ' Ballers ' , ' The Last Ship ' , ' Botched ' , ' Falling Skies ' & More '' . 8 July 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 100 Sunday Cable Originals ( & Network Update ) : 7.12. 2015 - Showbuzz Daily '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 100 Sunday Cable Originals ( & Network Update ) : 7.19. 2015 - Showbuzz Daily '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 100 Sunday Cable Originals ( & Network Update ) : 7.26. 2015 - Showbuzz Daily '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 100 Sunday Cable Originals ( & Network Update ) : 8.2. 2015 - Showbuzz Daily '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 100 Sunday Cable Originals ( & Network Update ) : 8.9. 2015 - Showbuzz Daily '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( August 18 , 2015 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Naked and Afraid XL ' Wins Night , ' Rick & Morty ' , ' Ballers ' , ' The Last Ship ' , ' The Strain ' , ' Ray Donovan ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Tribune Digital Ventures . Retrieved August 19 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 100 Sunday Cable Originals ( & Network Update ) : 8.23. 2015 - Showbuzz Daily '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 100 Sunday Cable Originals ( & Network Update ) : 8.30. 2015 - Showbuzz Daily '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 100 Sunday Cable Originals ( & Network Update ) : 9.6. 2015 - Showbuzz Daily '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 100 Sunday Cable Originals ( & Network Update ) : 9.13. 2015 - Showbuzz Daily '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( September 22 , 2015 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Fear The Walking Dead ' Tops Night + ' NFL Countdown ' , ' Rick & Morty ' , ' Basketball Wives ' , ' The Strain ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Tribune Digital Ventures . Retrieved September 25 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 100 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Update : 9.27. 2015 - Showbuzz Daily '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 100 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Update : 10.4. 2015 - Showbuzz Daily '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 100 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Update : 10.11. 2015 - Showbuzz Daily '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( November 8 , 2016 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 11.6. 16 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved November 9 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( November 22 , 2016 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 11.20. 16 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved November 23 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( November 15 , 2016 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 11.13. 16 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved November 16 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( November 30 , 2016 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 11.27. 16 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved December 1 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( December 13 , 2016 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 12.11. 16 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved December 14 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( December 19 , 2016 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Friday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 12.16. 16 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved December 20 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( December 27 , 2016 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Friday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 12.23. 16 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved December 29 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( January 3 , 2017 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Friday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 12.30. 16 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved January 4 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( January 9 , 2017 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Friday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 1.6. 17 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved January 11 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( January 17 , 2017 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Friday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 1.13. 17 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved January 18 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( January 23 , 2017 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Friday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 1.20. 17 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved January 26 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( January 30 , 2017 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Friday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 1.27. 17 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved January 31 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( February 6 , 2017 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Friday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 2.3. 17 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved February 7 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( February 13 , 2017 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Friday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 2.10. 17 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved February 14 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( February 21 , 2017 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Friday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 2.17. 17 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved February 27 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( February 27 , 2017 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Friday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 2.24. 17 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved February 28 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( November 7 , 2017 ) . `` ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 11.5. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved November 8 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( November 13 , 2017 ) . `` ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Friday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 11.10. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved November 14 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( November 20 , 2017 ) . `` ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Friday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 11.17. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved November 22 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( December 4 , 2017 ) . `` ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Friday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 12.1. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved December 8 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( December 11 , 2017 ) . `` ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Friday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 12.8. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved December 12 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( December 18 , 2017 ) . `` ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Friday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 12.15. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved December 20 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( December 16 , 2017 ) . `` ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Friday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 12.22. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved December 28 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( January 8 , 2018 ) . `` ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Friday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 1.5. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved January 12 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( January 16 , 2018 ) . `` ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Friday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 1.12. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved January 19 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( January 22 , 2018 ) . `` ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Friday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 1.19. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved January 22 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( January 29 , 2018 ) . `` ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Friday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 1.26. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved January 30 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( February 5 , 2018 ) . `` ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Friday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 2.2. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved February 12 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( February 20 , 2018 ) . `` ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Friday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 2.16. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved February 25 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( February 26 , 2018 ) . `` ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Friday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 2.23. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved March 3 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( March 5 , 2018 ) . `` ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Friday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 3.2. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved March 12 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( March 12 , 2018 ) . `` ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Friday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 3.9. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved March 12 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( March 19 , 2018 ) . `` Friday cable ratings : ' Gold Rush : White Water ' dips , ' Real Time with Bill Maher ' holds steady '' . Tv by the Numbers . Retrieved April 17 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( March 26 , 2018 ) . `` ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Friday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 3.23. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved April 22 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Bravo 's `` Married To Medicine '' : Cancel the show and remove all promotions `` . Change.org . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Black Medical Students Petition to End Married to Medicine '' . EBONY . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Wakeman , Jessica . `` Howard University Med Students Petition Bravo To Cancel `` Married To Medicine '' `` . Buzzmedia . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Travis , Camille . `` Petition Seeks To Cancel Bravo 's Docu - Series ' Married To Medicine ' '' . Uptown Lifestyle . </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Official website </Li> <Li> Married to Medicine on IMDb </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Bravo original programming </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Current </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Below Deck ( since 2013 ) </Li> <Li> Below Deck Mediterranean ( since 2016 ) </Li> <Li> Cyrus vs. Cyrus : Design and Conquer ( since 2017 ) </Li> <Li> Do n't Be Tardy ( since 2012 ) </Li> <Li> Flipping Out ( since 2007 ) </Li> <Li> Girlfriends ' Guide to Divorce ( since 2014 ) </Li> <Li> Going Off the Menu ( 2016 ) </Li> <Li> Imposters ( since 2017 ) </Li> <Li> Inside the Actors Studio ( since 1994 ) </Li> <Li> Married to Medicine ( since 2013 ) </Li> <Li> Million Dollar Listing Los Angeles ( since 2006 ) </Li> <Li> Million Dollar Listing New York ( since 2012 ) </Li> <Li> A Night with My Ex ( since 2017 ) </Li> <Li> Real Estate Wars ( since 2017 ) </Li> <Li> The Real Housewives of Atlanta ( since 2008 ) </Li> <Li> The Real Housewives of Beverly Hills ( since 2010 ) </Li> <Li> The Real Housewives of Dallas ( since 2016 ) </Li> <Li> The Real Housewives of New Jersey ( since 2009 ) </Li> <Li> The Real Housewives of New York City ( since 2008 ) </Li> <Li> The Real Housewives of Orange County ( since 2006 ) </Li> <Li> The Real Housewives of Potomac ( since 2016 ) </Li> <Li> Shahs of Sunset ( since 2012 ) </Li> <Li> Southern Charm ( since 2014 ) </Li> <Li> Southern Charm New Orleans ( since 2018 ) </Li> <Li> Southern Charm Savannah ( since 2017 ) </Li> <Li> Summer House ( since 2017 ) </Li> <Li> Top Chef ( since 2006 ) </Li> <Li> Vanderpump Rules ( since 2013 ) </Li> <Li> Watch What Happens Live with Andy Cohen ( since 2009 ) </Li> <Li> Xscape : Still Kickin ' It ( since 2017 ) </Li> <Li> Your Husband Is Cheating on Us ( since 2018 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Former </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> 2000s debuts </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 30 Even Scarier Movie Moments ( 2006 ) </Li> <Li> The 100 Scariest Movie Moments ( 2004 ) </Li> <Li> The Awful Truth ( 1999 -- 2000 ) </Li> <Li> Battle of the Network Reality Stars ( 2005 ) </Li> <Li> Being Bobby Brown ( 2005 ) </Li> <Li> Better Halves ( 2007 ) </Li> <Li> Blow Out ( 2004 -- 06 ) </Li> <Li> Boy Meets Boy ( 2003 ) </Li> <Li> Bravo A-List Awards ( 2008 -- 09 ) </Li> <Li> Breaking News ( 2002 ) </Li> <Li> Celebrity Poker Showdown ( 2003 -- 06 ) </Li> <Li> Chef Academy ( 2009 -- 10 ) </Li> <Li> Date My Ex : Jo & Slade ( 2008 ) </Li> <Li> The Fashion Show : Ultimate Collection ( 2009 -- 11 ) </Li> <Li> First Class All the Way ( 2008 ) </Li> <Li> Gay Weddings ( 2002 ) </Li> <Li> Hey Paula ( 2007 ) </Li> <Li> The It Factor ( 2002 -- 03 ) </Li> <Li> Kathy Griffin : My Life on the D - List ( 2005 -- 10 ) </Li> <Li> Launch My Line ( 2009 -- 10 ) </Li> <Li> Make Me a Supermodel ( 2008 -- 09 ) </Li> <Li> Manhunt ( 2004 ) </Li> <Li> Miami Social ( 2009 ) </Li> <Li> The Millionaire Matchmaker ( 2008 -- 15 ) </Li> <Li> NYC Prep ( 2009 ) </Li> <Li> Outrageous and Contagious : Viral Videos ( 2006 ) </Li> <Li> Page to Screen ( 2002 -- 05 ) </Li> <Li> Party / Party ( 2005 -- 06 ) </Li> <Li> Queer Eye for the Straight Girl ( 2005 ) </Li> <Li> Queer Eye for the Straight Guy ( 2003 -- 07 ) </Li> <Li> The Rachel Zoe Project ( 2008 -- 13 ) </Li> <Li> Significant Others ( 2004 ) </Li> <Li> Shear Genius ( 2007 -- 10 ) </Li> <Li> Showbiz Moms & Dads ( 2004 ) </Li> <Li> Showdog Moms & Dads ( 2005 ) </Li> <Li> Sports Kids Moms & Dads ( 2005 ) </Li> <Li> Step It Up and Dance ( 2008 ) </Li> <Li> Tabatha Takes Over ( 2008 -- 13 ) </Li> <Li> Tabloid Wars ( 2006 ) </Li> <Li> Things I Hate About You ( 2004 ) </Li> <Li> Tim Gunn 's Guide to Style ( 2007 -- 08 ) </Li> <Li> Top Chef Masters ( 2009 -- 13 ) </Li> <Li> Top Design ( 2008 ) </Li> <Li> Welcome to the Parker ( 2007 ) </Li> <Li> Work Out ( 2006 -- 08 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 2010s debuts </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 100 Days of Summer ( 2014 ) </Li> <Li> 9 By Design ( 2010 ) </Li> <Li> Après Ski ( 2015 ) </Li> <Li> Around the World in 80 Plates ( 2012 ) </Li> <Li> Best New Restaurant ( 2015 ) </Li> <Li> Bethenny Ever After ( 2010 -- 12 ) </Li> <Li> Blood , Sweat & Heels ( 2014 -- 15 ) </Li> <Li> Boys to Manzo ( 2011 ) </Li> <Li> Chef Roblé & Co. 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Red - wikipedia <H1> Red </H1> Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the color . For other uses , see Red ( disambiguation ) . <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Red </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Spectral coordinates </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Wavelength </Th> <Td> approx. 625 -- 740 nm </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Frequency </Th> <Td> ~ 480 -- 400 THz </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Color coordinates </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Hex triplet </Th> <Td> # FF0000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> sRGB ( r , g , b ) </Th> <Td> ( 255 , 0 , 0 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Source </Th> <Td> X11 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> B : Normalized to ( 0 -- 255 ) ( byte ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Red is the color at the end of visible spectrum of light , next to orange and opposite violet . It has a dominant wavelength of approximately 625 -- 740 nanometers . It is a primary color in the RGB color model and the CMYK color model , and is the complementary color of cyan . Reds range from the brilliant yellow - tinged scarlet and vermillion to bluish - red crimson , and vary in shade from the pale red pink to the dark red burgundy . The red sky at sunset results from Rayleigh scattering , while the red color of the Grand Canyon and other geological features is caused by hematite or red ochre , both forms of iron oxide . Iron oxide also gives the red color to the planet Mars . The red color of blood comes from protein hemoglobin , while ripe strawberries , red apples and reddish autumn leaves are colored by anthocyanins . </P> <P> Red pigment made from ochre was one of the first colors used in prehistoric art . The Ancient Egytians and Mayans colored their faces red in ceremonies ; Roman generals had their bodies colored red to celebrate victories . It was also an important color in China , where it was used to color early pottery and later the gates and walls of palaces . In the Renaissance , the brilliant red costumes for the nobility and wealthy were dyed with kermes and cochineal . The 19th century brought the introduction of the first synthetic red dyes , which replaced the traditional dyes . Red also became the color of revolution ; Soviet Russia adopted a red flag following the Bolshevik Revolution in 1917 , later followed by China , Vietnam , and other communist countries . </P> <P> Since red is the color of blood , it has historically been associated with sacrifice , danger and courage . Modern surveys in the United States and Europe show red is also the color most commonly associated with heat , activity , passion , sexuality , anger , love and joy . In China , India and many other Asian countries it is the color of symbolizing happiness and good fortune . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Shades and variations </Li> <Li> 2 In science and nature <Ul> <Li> 2.1 Seeing red </Li> <Li> 2.2 In color theory and on a computer screen </Li> <Li> 2.3 Why the sunset is red </Li> <Li> 2.4 Lasers </Li> <Li> 2.5 Astronomy </Li> <Li> 2.6 Fire </Li> <Li> 2.7 Pigments and dyes </Li> <Li> 2.8 Red lac , red lake and crimson lake </Li> <Li> 2.9 Food coloring </Li> <Li> 2.10 Autumn leaves </Li> <Li> 2.11 Blood and other reds in nature </Li> <Li> 2.12 Hair color </Li> <Li> 2.13 In animal and human behavior </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 History and art <Ul> <Li> 3.1 Prehistory </Li> <Li> 3.2 Ancient history </Li> <Li> 3.3 Postclassical history <Ul> <Li> 3.3. 1 In Europe </Li> <Li> 3.3. 2 In Asia </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3.4 Modern history <Ul> <Li> 3.4. 1 In the 16th and 17th centuries </Li> <Li> 3.4. 2 In the 18th and 19th centuries </Li> <Li> 3.4. 3 In the 20th and 21st century </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 Symbolism <Ul> <Li> 4.1 Courage and sacrifice </Li> <Li> 4.2 Courtly love , the red rose , and Saint Valentine 's Day </Li> <Li> 4.3 Happiness , celebration and ceremony </Li> <Li> 4.4 Hatred , anger , aggression , passion , heat and war </Li> <Li> 4.5 Warning and danger </Li> <Li> 4.6 The color that attracts attention </Li> <Li> 4.7 Seduction , sexuality and sin </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 5 In different cultures and traditions <Ul> <Li> 5.1 Wedding dresses </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 6 In religion </Li> <Li> 7 Military uses <Ul> <Li> 7.1 The red uniform </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 8 In sports </Li> <Li> 9 On flags </Li> <Li> 10 Red flag and revolution </Li> <Li> 11 Use by political movements </Li> <Li> 12 Social and special interest groups </Li> <Li> 13 Idioms </Li> <Li> 14 Superstition </Li> <Li> 15 In film </Li> <Li> 16 See also </Li> <Li> 17 References <Ul> <Li> 17.1 Notes and citations </Li> <Li> 17.2 Bibliography </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 18 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Shades and variations </H2> <Ul> <Li> <P> Pure , or solid red , the color of most ripe raspberries . </P> </Li> <Li> <P> Scarlet is one quarter of the way between the colors red and orange . It is the color worn by a cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church . </P> </Li> <Li> <P> The cardinal takes its name from the color worn by Roman Catholic cardinals . </P> </Li> <Li> <P> Pink is a pale shade of red . Cherry blossoms in the Tsutsujigaoka Park , Sendai , Miyagi , Japan . </P> </Li> <Li> <P> Vermilion is similar to scarlet , but slightly more orange . This is sindoor , a red cosmetic powder used in India ; Some Hindu women put a stripe of sindoor in their hair to show they are married . </P> </Li> <Li> <P> Maple tree with red leaves in the morning mist Estonia </P> </Li> <Li> <P> Crimson is a strong , deep red containing a little blue . The emblem of Harvard University . </P> </Li> <Li> <P> Maroon is a dark brownish red . Its name comes from marron , the French word for chestnut . </P> </Li> <Li> <P> Ruby is the color of a cut and polished ruby gemstone . </P> </Li> <Li> <P> Burgundy , claret , or Wine red , is a very dark red containing a little blue . In France this color is known as Bordeaux . </P> </Li> </Ul> <P> ( Lists of shades of red and shades of pink are found at the end of this article . ) </P> <H2> In Science and nature </H2> <H3> Seeing red </H3> Bulls , like dogs and many other animals , have dichromacy , which means they can not distinguish the color red . They charge the matador 's cape because of its motion , not its color . <P> The human eye sees red when it looks at light with a wavelength between approximately 625 and 740 nanometers . It is a primary color in the RGB color model and the Light just past this range is called infrared , or below red , and can not be seen by human eyes , although it can be sensed as heat . In the language of optics , red is the color evoked by light that stimulates neither the S or the M ( short and medium wavelength ) cone cells of the retina , combined with a fading stimulation of the L ( long - wavelength ) cone cells . </P> <P> Primates can distinguish the full range of the colors of the spectrum visible to humans , but many kinds of mammals , such as dogs and cattle , have dichromacy , which means they can see blues and yellows , but can not distinguish red and green ( both are seen as gray ) . Bulls , for instance , can not see the red color of the cape of a bullfighter , but they are agitated by its movement . ( See color vision ) . </P> <P> One theory for why primates developed sensitivity to red is that it allowed ripe fruit to be distinguished from unripe fruit and inedible vegetation . This may have driven further adaptations by species taking advantage of this new ability , such as the emergence of red faces . </P> <P> Red light is used to help adapt night vision in low - light or night time , as the rod cells in the human eye are not sensitive to red . </P> <P> Red illumination was ( and sometimes still is ) used as a safelight while working in a darkroom as it does not expose most photographic paper and some films . Today modern darkrooms usually use an amber safelight . </P> <H3> In color theory and on a computer screen </H3> <P> On the color wheel long used by painters , and in traditional color theory , red is one of the three primary colors , along with blue and yellow . Painters in the Renaissance mixed red and blue to make violet : Cennino Cennini , in his 15th century manual on painting , wrote , `` If you want to make a lovely violet colour , take fine lac ( red lake ) , ultramarine blue ( the same amount of the one as of the other ) with a binder '' he noted that it could also be made by mixing blue indigo and red hematite . </P> <P> In modern color theory , also known as the RGB color model , red , green and blue are additive primary colors . Red , green and blue light combined together makes white light , and these three colors , combined in different mixtures , can produce nearly any other color . This is the principle that is used to make all of the colors on your computer screen and your television . For example , purple on a computer screen is made by a similar formula to that used by Cennino Cennini in the Renaissance to make violet , but using additive colors and light instead of pigment : it is created by combining red and blue light at equal intensity on a black screen . Violet is made on a computer screen in a similar way , but with a greater amount of blue light and less red light . </P> <P> So that the maximum number of colors can be accurately reproduced on your computer screen , each color has been given a code number , or sRGB , which tells your computer the intensity of the red , green and blue components of that color . The intensity of each component is measured on a scale of zero to 255 , which means the complete list includes 16,777,216 distinct colors and shades . The sRGB number of pure red , for example , is 255 , 00 , 00 , which means the red component is at its maximum intensity , and there is no green or blue . The sRGB number for crimson is 220 , 20 , 60 , which means that the red is slightly less intense and therefore darker , there is some green , which leans it toward orange ; and there is a larger amount of blue , which makes it slightly blue - violet . </P> <P> ( See Web colors and RGB color model ) </P> <Ul> <Li> <P> In a traditional color wheel from 1708 , red , yellow and blue are primary colors . Red and yellow make orange , red and blue make violet . </P> </Li> <Li> <P> In modern color theory , red , green and blue are the additive primary colors , and together they make white . A combination of red , green and blue light in varying proportions makes all the colors on your computer screen and television screen . </P> </Li> <Li> <P> Tiny Red , green and blue sub-pixels ( enlarged on left side of image ) create the colors you see on your computer screen and TV . </P> </Li> </Ul> <H3> Why the sunset is red </H3> Sunsets and sunrises are often red because of an optical effect called Rayleigh scattering . <P> As a ray of white sunlight travels through the atmosphere to the eye , some of the colors are scattered out of the beam by air molecules and airborne particles due to Rayleigh scattering , changing the final color of the beam that is seen . Colors with a shorter wavelength , such as blue and green , scatter more strongly , and are removed from the light that finally reaches the eye . At sunrise and sunset , when the path of the sunlight through the atmosphere to the eye is longest , the blue and green components are removed almost completely , leaving the longer wavelength orange and red light . The remaining reddened sunlight can also be scattered by cloud droplets and other relatively large particles , which give the sky above the horizon its red glow . </P> <H3> Lasers </H3> <P> Lasers emitting in the red region of the spectrum have been available since the invention of the ruby laser in 1960 . In 1962 the red helium -- neon laser was invented , and these two types of lasers were widely used in many scientific applications including holography , and in education . Red helium -- neon lasers were used commercially in LaserDisc players . The use of red laser diodes became widespread with the commercial success of modern DVD players , which use a 660 nm laser diode technology . Today , red and red - orange laser diodes are widely available to the public in the form of extremely inexpensive laser pointers . Portable , high - powered versions are also available for various applications . More recently , 671 nm diode - pumped solid state ( DPSS ) lasers have been introduced to the market for all - DPSS laser display systems , particle image velocimetry , Raman spectroscopy , and holography . </P> <P> Red 's wavelength has been an important factor in laser technologies ; red lasers , used in early compact disc technologies , are being replaced by blue lasers , as red 's longer wavelength causes the laser 's recordings to take up more space on the disc than would blue - laser recordings . </P> <H3> Astronomy </H3> <Ul> <Li> Mars is called the Red Planet because of the reddish color imparted to its surface by the abundant iron oxide present there . </Li> <Li> Astronomical objects that are moving away from the observer exhibit a Doppler red shift . </Li> <Li> Jupiter 's surface displays a Great Red Spot caused by an oval - shaped mega storm south of the planet 's equator . </Li> <Li> Red giants are stars that have exhausted the supply of hydrogen in their cores and switched to thermonuclear fusion of hydrogen in a shell that surrounds its core . They have radii tens to hundreds of times larger than that of the Sun . However , their outer envelope is much lower in temperature , giving them an orange hue . Despite the lower energy density of their envelope , red giants are many times more luminous than the Sun due to their large size . </Li> <Li> Red supergiants like Betelgeuse and Antares are the biggest variety of red giants , They are huge in size , with radii 200 to 800 times greater than our Sun , but relatively cool in temperature ( 3500 - 4500 K ) , causing their distinct red tint . Because they are shrinking rapidly in size , they are surrounded by an envelope or skin much bigger than the star itself . The envelope of Betelgeuse is 250 times bigger than the star inside . </Li> <Li> A red dwarf is a small and relatively cool star , which has a mass of less than half that of the Sun and a surface temperature of less than 4,000 K. Red dwarfs are by far the most common type of star in the Galaxy , but due to their low luminosity , from Earth , none is visible to the naked eye . </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> <P> Mars appears to be red because of iron oxide on its surface . </P> </Li> <Li> <P> The red giant called Mira , a star which is glowing from thermonuclear fusion . </P> </Li> <Li> <P> Artist 's impression of a red dwarf , a small , relatively cool star that appears red instead of white because of its lower temperature . </P> </Li> </Ul> <H3> Fire </H3> <Ul> <Li> Fire is often shown as red in art , but flames are usually yellow , orange or blue . Some elements exhibit a red color when burned : calcium , for example , produces a brick - red when combusted . </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> <P> Red is commonly associated with flames and fire , but flames are almost always yellow , orange or blue </P> </Li> </Ul> <H3> Pigments and dyes </H3> <Ul> <Li> <P> Hematite , or iron ore , is the source of the red color of red ochre . </P> </Li> <Li> <P> Red ochre cliffs near Roussillon in France . Red ochre is composed of clay tinted with hematite . Ochre was the first pigment used by man in prehistoric cave paintings . </P> </Li> <Li> <P> The mineral cinnabar , the ore of mercury , is the source of the color vermilion . In Roman times , most cinnabar came from mines at Almadén in Spain , where the miners were usually prisoners and slaves . Mercury is highly toxic , and working in the mines was often a death sentence for the miners . </P> </Li> <Li> <P> Vermilion pigment , made from cinnabar . This was the pigment used in the murals of Pompeii and to color Chinese lacquerware beginning in the Song dynasty . </P> </Li> <Li> <P> Despite its yellow greenish flower , the roots of the Rubia tinctorum , or madder plant , produced the most common red dye used from ancient times until the 19th century . </P> </Li> <Li> <P> Red lead , also known as minium , has been used since the time of the ancient Greeks . Chemically it is known as lead tetroxide . The Romans prepared it by the roasting of lead white pigment . It was commonly used in the Middle Ages for the headings and decoration of illuminated manuscripts . </P> </Li> <Li> <P> Dragon 's blood is a bright red resin that is obtained from different species of a number of distinct plant genera : Croton , Dracaena , Daemonorops , Calamus rotang and Pterocarpus . The red resin was used in ancient times as a medicine , incense , dye and varnish for making violins in Italy . </P> </Li> <Li> <P> The tiny female cochineal insect of Spanish Mexico ( on the left ) , was crushed to make the deep crimson color used in Renaissance costumes . </P> </Li> <Li> <P> Extract of carmine , made by crushing cochineal and other scale insects which feed on the sap of live oak trees . Also called kermes , it was used from the Middle Ages until the 19th century to make crimson dye . Now it is used as a coloring for yoghurt and other food products . </P> </Li> <Li> <P> The Sappanwood tree , native to India , Malaysia and Sri Lanka , and later the related Brazilwood tree ( shown here ) , from the coast of South America , were the source of a popular red pigment and dye called brazilin . The red wood was ground to powder and mixed with an alkaline solution . The brazilwood gave its name to the nation of Brazil . </P> </Li> <Li> <P> Alizarin was the first synthetic red dye , created by German chemists in 1868 . It duplicated the colorant in the madder plant , but was cheaper and longer lasting . After its introduction , the production of natural dyes from the madder plant virtually ceased . </P> </Li> </Ul> <H3> Red lac , red lake and crimson lake </H3> Titian used glazes of red lake to create the vivid crimson of the robes in The Vendramin Family Venerating a Relic of the True Cross , completed 1550 -- 60 ( detail ) . <P> Red lac , also called red lake , crimson lake or carmine lake , was an important red pigment in Renaissance and Baroque art . Since it was translucent , thin layers of red lac were built up or glazed over a more opaque dark color to create a particularly deep and vivid color . </P> <P> Unlike vermilion or red ochre , made from minerals , red lake pigments are made by mixing organic dyes , made from insects or plants , with white chalk or alum . Red lac was made from the gum lac , the dark red resinous substance secreted by various scale insects , particularly the Laccifer lacca from India . Carmine lake was made from the cochineal insect from Central and South America , Kermes lake came from a different scale insect , kermes vermilio , which thrived on oak trees around the Mediterranean . Other red lakes were made from the rose madder plant and from the brazilwood tree . </P> <P> Red lake pigments were an important part of the palette of 16th century Venetian painters , particularly Titian , but they were used in all periods . Since the red lakes were made from organic dyes , they tended to be fugitive , becoming unstable and fading when exposed to sunlight . </P> <H3> Food coloring </H3> <P> The most common synthetic food coloring today is Allura Red AC is a red azo dye that goes by several names including : Allura Red , Food Red 17 , C.I. 16035 , FD&C Red 40 , It was originally manufactured from coal tar , but now is mostly made from petroleum . </P> <P> In Europe , Allura Red AC is not recommended for consumption by children . It is banned in Denmark , Belgium , France and Switzerland , and was also banned in Sweden until the country joined the European Union in 1994 . The European Union approves Allura Red AC as a food colorant , but EU countries ' local laws banning food colorants are preserved . </P> <P> In the United States , Allura Red AC is approved by the Food and Drug Administration ( FDA ) for use in cosmetics , drugs , and food . It is used in some tattoo inks and is used in many products , such as soft drinks , children 's medications , and cotton candy . On June 30 , 2010 , the Center for Science in the Public Interest ( CSPI ) called for the FDA to ban Red 40 . </P> <P> Because of public concerns about possible health risks associated with synthetic dyes , many companies have switched to using natural pigments such as carmine , made from crushing the tiny female cochineal insect . This insect , originating in Mexico and Central American , was used to make the brilliant scarlet dyes of the European Renaissance . </P> <H3> Autumn leaves </H3> <P> The red of autumn leaves is produced by pigments called anthocyanins . They are not present in the leaf throughout the growing season , but are actively produced towards the end of summer . They develop in late summer in the sap of the cells of the leaf , and this development is the result of complex interactions of many influences -- both inside and outside the plant . Their formation depends on the breakdown of sugars in the presence of bright light as the level of phosphate in the leaf is reduced . </P> <P> During the summer growing season , phosphate is at a high level . It has a vital role in the breakdown of the sugars manufactured by chlorophyll . But in the fall , phosphate , along with the other chemicals and nutrients , moves out of the leaf into the stem of the plant . When this happens , the sugar - breakdown process changes , leading to the production of anthocyanin pigments . The brighter the light during this period , the greater the production of anthocyanins and the more brilliant the resulting color display . When the days of autumn are bright and cool , and the nights are chilly but not freezing , the brightest colorations usually develop . </P> <P> Anthocyanins temporarily color the edges of some of the very young leaves as they unfold from the buds in early spring . They also give the familiar color to such common fruits as cranberries , red apples , blueberries , cherries , raspberries , and plums . </P> <P> Anthocyanins are present in about 10 % of tree species in temperate regions , although in certain areas -- a famous example being New England -- up to 70 % of tree species may produce the pigment . In autumn forests they appear vivid in the maples , oaks , sourwood , sweetgums , dogwoods , tupelos , cherry trees and persimmons . These same pigments often combine with the carotenoids ' colors to create the deeper orange , fiery reds , and bronzes typical of many hardwood species . ( See Autumn leaf color ) . </P> <H3> Blood and other reds in nature </H3> <P> Oxygenated blood is red due to the presence of oxygenated hemoglobin that contains iron molecules , with the iron components reflecting red light . Red meat gets its color from the iron found in the myoglobin and hemoglobin in the muscles and residual blood . </P> <P> Plants like apples , strawberries , cherries , tomatoes , peppers , and pomegranates are often colored by forms of carotenoids , red pigments that also assist photosynthesis . </P> <Ul> <Li> When used to describe natural animal coloration , `` red '' usually refers to a brownish , reddish - brown or ginger color . In this sense it is used to describe coat colors of reddish - brown cattle and dogs , and in the names of various animal species or breeds such as red fox , red squirrel , red deer , European robin , red grouse , red knot , redstart , redwing , red setter , Red Devon cattle , etc . This reddish - brown color is also meant when using the terms red ochre and red hair . </Li> <Li> The red herring dragged across a trail to destroy the scent gets its color from the heavy salting and slow smoking of the fish , which results in a warm , brown color . </Li> <Li> When used for flowers , red often refers to purplish ( red deadnettle , red clover , red helleborine ) or pink ( red campion , red valerian ) colors . </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> <P> Red blood cell agar . Blood appears red due to the iron molecules in blood cells . </P> </Li> <Li> <P> A red setter or Irish setter </P> </Li> <Li> <P> A pair of European red foxes . </P> </Li> <Li> <P> The European robin or robin redbreast </P> </Li> <Li> <P> A cooked lobster </P> </Li> </Ul> <H3> Hair color </H3> Woman with red hair <P> Red hair occurs naturally on approximately 1 -- 2 % of the human population . It occurs more frequently ( 2 -- 6 % ) in people of northern or western European ancestry , and less frequently in other populations . Red hair appears in people with two copies of a recessive gene on chromosome 16 which causes a mutation in the MC1R protein . </P> <P> Red hair varies from a deep burgundy through burnt orange to bright copper . It is characterized by high levels of the reddish pigment pheomelanin ( which also accounts for the red color of the lips ) and relatively low levels of the dark pigment eumelanin . The term redhead ( originally redd hede ) has been in use since at least 1510 . Cultural reactions have varied from ridicule to admiration ; many common stereotypes exist regarding redheads and they are often portrayed as fiery - tempered . ( See red hair ) . </P> <H3> In animal and human Behavior </H3> <P> Red is associated with dominance in a number of animal species . For example , in mandrills , red coloration of the face is greatest in alpha males , increasingly less prominent in lower ranking subordinates , and directly correlated with levels of testosterone . Red can also affect the perception of dominance by others , leading to significant differences in mortality , reproductive success and parental investment between individuals displaying red and those not . In humans , wearing red has been linked with increased performance in competitions , including professional sport and multiplayer video games . Controlled tests have demonstrated that wearing red does not increase performance or levels of testosterone during exercise , so the effect is likely to be produced by perceived rather than actual performance . Judges of tae kwon do have been shown to favor competitors wearing red protective gear over blue , and , when asked , a significant majority of people say that red abstract shapes are more `` dominant '' , `` aggressive '' , and `` likely to win a physical competition '' than blue shapes . In contrast to its positive effect in physical competition and dominance behavior , exposure to red decreases performance in cognitive tasks and elicits aversion in psychological tests where subjects are placed in an `` achievement '' context ( e.g. taking an IQ test ) . </P> <H2> History and art </H2> <H3> Prehistory </H3> <P> Inside cave 13B at Pinnacle Point , an archeological site found on the coast of South Africa , paleoanthropologists in 2000 found evidence that , between 170,000 and 40,000 years ago , Late Stone Age people were scraping and grinding ochre , a clay colored red by iron oxide , probably with the intention of using it to color their bodies . </P> <P> Red hematite powder was also found scattered around the remains at a grave site in a Zhoukoudian cave complex near Beijing . The site has evidence of habitation as early as 700,000 years ago . The hematite might have been used to symbolize blood in an offering to the dead . </P> <P> Red , black and white were the first colors used by artists in the Upper Paleolithic age , probably because natural pigments such as red ochre and iron oxide were readily available where early people lived . Madder , a plant whose root could be made into a red dye , grew widely in Europe , Africa and Asia . The cave of Altamira in Spain has a painting of a bison colored with red ochre that dates to between 15,000 and 16,500 BC . </P> <P> A red dye called Kermes was made beginning in the Neolithic Period by drying and then crushing the bodies of the females of a tiny scale insect in the genus Kermes , primarily Kermes vermilio . The insects live on the sap of certain trees , especially Kermes oak trees near the Mediterranean region . Jars of kermes have been found in a Neolithic cave - burial at Adaoutse , Bouches - du - Rhône . Kermes from oak trees was later used by Romans , who imported it from Spain . A different variety of dye was made from Porphyrophora hamelii ( Armenian cochineal ) scale insects that lived on the roots and stems of certain herbs . It was mentioned in texts as early as the 8th century BC , and it was used by the ancient Assyrians and Persians . </P> <P> Kermes is also mentioned in the Bible . In the Book of Exodus , God instructs Moses to have the Israelites bring him an offering including cloth `` of blue , and purple , and scarlet . '' The term used for scarlet in the 4th century Latin Vulgate version of the Bible passage is coccumque bis tinctum , meaning `` colored twice with coccus . '' Coccus , from the ancient Greek Kokkos , means a tiny grain and is the term that was used in ancient times for the Kermes vermilio insect used to make the Kermes dye . This was also the origin of the expression `` dyed in the grain . '' </P> <H3> Ancient History </H3> <P> In ancient Egypt , red was associated with life , health , and victory . Egyptians would color themselves with red ochre during celebrations . Egyptian women used red ochre as a cosmetic to redden cheeks and lips and also used henna to color their hair and paint their nails . </P> <P> But , like many colors , it also had a negative association , with heat , destruction and evil . A prayer to god Isis said : `` Oh Isis , protect me from all things evil and red . '' The ancient Egyptians began manufacturing pigments in about 4000 BC . Red ochre was widely used as a pigment for wall paintings , particularly as the skin color of men . An ivory painter 's palette found inside the tomb of King Tutankhamun had small compartments with pigments of red ochre and five other colors . The Egyptians used the root of the rubia , or madder plant , to make a dye , later known as alizarin , and also used it as a pigment , which became known as madder lake , alizarin or alizarin crimson . </P> <P> In Ancient China , artisans were making red and black painted pottery as early as the Yangshao Culture period ( 5000 -- 3000 BC ) . A red - painted wooden bowl was found at a Neolithic site in Yuyao , Zhejiang . Other red - painted ceremonial objects have been found at other sites dating to the Spring and Autumn period ( 770 -- 221 BC ) . </P> <P> During the Han dynasty ( 200 BC to 200 AD ) Chinese craftsmen made a red pigment , lead tetroxide , which they called ch - ien tan , by heating lead white pigment . Like the Egyptians , they made a red dye from the madder plant to color silk fabric for gowns and used pigments colored with madder to make red lacquerware . </P> <P> Red lead or Lead tetroxide pigment was widely used as the red in Persian and Indian miniature paintings as well as in European art , where it was called minium . </P> <P> In India , the rubia plant has been used to make dye since ancient times . A piece of cotton dyed with rubia dated to the third millennium BC was found at an archaeological site at Mohenjo - daro . It has been used by Indian monks and hermits for centuries to dye their robes . </P> <P> The early inhabitants of America had their own vivid crimson dye , made from the cochineal , an insect of the same family as the Kermes of Europe and the Middle East , which feeds on the Opuntia , or prickly pear cactus plant . Red - dyed textiles from the Paracas culture ( 800 -- 100 BC ) have been found in tombs in Peru . </P> <P> Red also featured in the burials of royalty in the Maya city - states . In the Tomb of the Red Queen inside Temple XIII in the ruined Maya city of Palenque ( 600 -- 700 AD ) , the skeleton and ceremonial items of a noble woman were completely covered with bright red powder made from cinnabar . </P> <Ul> <Li> <P> Image of a human hand created with red ochre in Pech Merle cave , France ( Gravettian era , 25,000 BC ) . </P> </Li> <Li> <P> Image of a bison from the cave of Altamira in Spain , painted with red ochre between 15,000 and 16.500 BC . </P> </Li> <Li> <P> Painted statues of the ruler Akhenaten and Queen Nefertiti ( 1345 BC ) </P> </Li> <Li> <P> Painted red and black bowl from the Yangshao culture period in China ( 4500 BC ) , in the National Museum of Beijing </P> </Li> <Li> <P> Chinese lacquerware from the Han Dynasty ( 200 BC -- 200 AD ) </P> </Li> <Li> <P> Textiles dyed red from the Paracas culture of Peru ( about 200 BC ) , in the British Museum </P> </Li> </Ul> <P> In ancient Greece and the Minoan civilization of ancient Crete , red was widely used in murals and in the polychrome decoration of temples and palaces . The Greeks began using red lead as a pigment . </P> <P> In Ancient Rome , Tyrian purple was the color of the Emperor , but red had an important religious symbolism . Romans wore togas with red stripes on holidays , and the bride at a wedding wore a red shawl , called a flammeum . Red was used to color statues and the skin of gladiators . Red was also the color associated with army ; Roman soldiers wore red tunics , and officers wore a cloak called a paludamentum which , depending upon the quality of the dye , could be crimson , scarlet or purple . In Roman mythology red is associated with the god of war , Mars . The vexilloid of the Roman Empire had a red background with the letters SPQR in gold . A Roman general receiving a triumph had his entire body painted red in honor of his achievement . </P> <P> The Romans liked bright colors , and many Roman villas were decorated with vivid red murals . The pigment used for many of the murals was called vermilion , and it came from the mineral cinnabar , a common ore of mercury . It was one of the finest reds of ancient times -- the paintings have retained their brightness for more than twenty centuries . The source of cinnabar for the Romans was a group of mines near Almadén , southwest of Madrid , in Spain . Working in the mines was extremely dangerous , since mercury is highly toxic ; the miners were slaves or prisoners , and being sent to the cinnabar mines was a virtual death sentence . </P> <Ul> <Li> <P> A restored mural , called The Prince of Lilies , from the Bronze Age Palace of Minos at Knossos on Crete </P> </Li> <Li> <P> Etruscan dancers in the Tomb of the Triclinium ( 470 BC ) </P> </Li> <Li> <P> A fresco in the House of the Vettii in Pompeii , from about 62 AD . It was buried by the eruption of Vesuvius in 79 AD and preserved . </P> </Li> <Li> <P> Roman wall painting showing a dye shop , Pompeii ( 40 BC ) . Dyed fabrics have been hung up to dry . </P> </Li> </Ul> <H3> Postclassical History </H3> In Europe <P> After the fall of the Western Roman Empire , the Byzantine Empire , the princes of Europe and the Roman Catholic Church adapted red as a color of majesty and authority . It also played an important part in the rituals of the Catholic Church -- it symbolized the blood of Christ and the Christian martyrs -- and it associated the power of the kings with the sacred rituals of the Church . </P> <P> Red was the color of the banner of the Byzantine emperors . In Western Europe , Emperor Charlemagne painted his palace red as a very visible symbol of his authority , and wore red shoes at his coronation . Kings , princes and , beginning in 1295 , Roman Catholic cardinals began to wear red colored habitus . When Abbe Suger rebuilt Saint Denis Basilica outside Paris in the early 12th century , he added stained glass windows colored blue cobalt glass and red glass tinted with copper . Together they flooded the basilica with a mystical light . Soon stained glass windows were being added to cathedrals all across France , England and Germany . In medieval painting red was used to attract attention to the most important figures ; both Christ and the Virgin Mary were commonly painted wearing red mantles . </P> <P> Red clothing was a sign of status and wealth . It was worn not only by cardinals and princes , but also by merchants , artisans and townspeople , particularly on holidays or special occasions . Red dye for the clothing of ordinary people was made from the roots of the rubia tinctorum , the madder plant . This color leaned toward brick - red , and faded easily in the sun or during washing . The wealthy and aristocrats wore scarlet clothing dyed with kermes , or carmine , made from the carminic acid in tiny female scale insects , which lived on the leaves of oak trees in Eastern Europe and around the Mediterranean . The insects were gathered , dried , crushed , and boiled with different ingredients in a long and complicated process , which produced a brilliant scarlet . </P> <P> Brazilin was another popular red dye in the Middle Ages . It came from the sapanwood tree , which grew in India , Malaysia and Sri Lanka . A similar tree , brazilwood , grew on the coast of South America . The red wood was ground into sawdust and mixed with an alkaline solution to make dye and pigment . It became one of the most profitable exports from the New World , and gave its name to the nation of Brazil . </P> <Ul> <Li> <P> The crimson coronation mantle of Roger II of Sicily ( 1133 - 1134 ) , dyed with Kermes , the most prestigious red of the Middle Ages . </P> </Li> <Li> <P> Interior of a Byzantine church , the Cathedral of Monreale in Sicily , with a mosaic portrait of Christ dressed in red ( 12th century ) </P> </Li> <Li> <P> The Annunciation scene in stained glass , from the Saint Denis Basilica ( early 12th century ) . Abbe Suger himself , the builder of the church , is pictured at the feet of the Virgin Mary , at right . She wears red with a green cloak . </P> </Li> <Li> <P> King Richard II of England ( 1390s ) dressed in red </P> </Li> <Li> <P> Pope Innocent IV ( 1400 -- 1410 ) dressed in red , the symbol of the blood of Christ </P> </Li> <Li> <P> Dyeing wool , England ( 1482 ) , from the British Museum </P> </Li> </Ul> In Asia <P> Red has been an important color in Chinese culture , religion , industry , fashion and court ritual since ancient times . Silk was woven and dyed as early as the Han Dynasty ( 25 -- 220 BC ) . China had a monopoly on the manufacture of silk until the 6th century AD , when it was introduced into the Byzantine Empire . In the 12th century , it was introduced into Europe . </P> <P> At the time of the Han Dynasty , Chinese red was a light red , but during the Tang dynasty new dyes and pigments were discovered . The Chinese used several different plants to make red dyes , including the flowers of the safflour ( Carthamus tinctorius ) , the thorns and stems of a variety of sorghum plant called Kao - liang , and the wood of the sappanwood tree . For pigments , they used cinnabar , which produced the famous vermillion or `` Chinese red '' of Chinese laquerware . </P> <P> Red played an important role in Chinese philosophy . It was believed that the world was composed of five elements : metal , wood , water , fire and earth , and that each had a color . Red was associated with fire . Each Emperor chose the color that his fortune - tellers believed would bring the most prosperity and good fortune to his reign . During the Zhou , Han , Jin , Song and Ming Dynasties , red was considered a noble color , and it was featured in all court ceremonies , from coronations to sacrificial offerings , and weddings . </P> <P> Red was also a badge of rank . During the Song dynasty ( 906 -- 1279 ) , officials of the top three ranks wore purple clothes ; those of the fourth and fifth wore bright red ; those of the sixth and seventh wore green ; and the eighth and ninth wore blue . Red was the color worn by the royal guards of honor , and the color of the carriages of the imperial family . When the imperial family traveled , their servants and accompanying officials carried red and purple umbrellas . Of an official who had talent and ambition , it was said `` he is so red he becomes purple . '' </P> <P> Red was also featured in Chinese Imperial architecture . In the Tang and Song Dynasties , gates of palaces were usually painted red , and nobles often painted their entire mansion red . One of the most famous works of Chinese literature , A Dream of Red Mansions by Cao Xueqin ( 1715 -- 1763 ) , was about the lives of noble women who passed their lives out of public sight within the walls of such mansions . In later dynasties red was reserved for the walls of temples and imperial residences . When the Manchu rulers of the Qing Dynasty conquered the Ming and took over the Forbidden City and Imperial Palace in Beijing , all the walls , gates , beams and pillars were painted in red and gold . </P> <P> Red is not often used in traditional Chinese paintings , which are usually black ink on white paper with a little green sometimes added for trees or plants ; but the round or square seals which contain the name of the artist are traditionally red . </P> <Ul> <Li> <P> Woven silk from the Western Han Dynasty , 2nd century BC . </P> </Li> <Li> <P> the Emperor Gaozong of Song ( 1127 -- 1162 AD ) , wearing red , the color his astrologers considered most auspicious for his reign </P> </Li> <Li> <P> The Meridan Gate of the Forbidden City in Beijing . Walls , columns , windows and gates of palaces and temples were traditionally painted red . </P> </Li> <Li> <P> A red lacquerware tray with engraved gold foil decoration ( 12 -- 13th century ) , from the Song dynasty </P> </Li> <Li> <P> The red coach of the Ming dynasty 's Xuande Emperor ( 1425 -- 1435 ) , pulled by elephants </P> </Li> <Li> <P> Dancer of the Tang dynasty , from the Astana Tombs </P> </Li> </Ul> <H3> Modern History </H3> In the 16th and 17th centuries <P> In Renaissance painting , red was used to draw the attention of the viewer ; it was often used as the color of the cloak or costume of Christ , the Virgin Mary , or another central figure . In Venice , Titian was the master of fine reds , particularly vermilion ; he used many layers of pigment mixed with a semi-transparent glaze , which let the light pass through , to create a more luminous color . </P> <P> During the Renaissance trade routes were opened to the New World , to Asia and the Middle East , and new varieties of red pigment and dye were imported into Europe , usually through Venice , Genoa or Seville , and Marseille . Venice was the major depot importing and manufacturing pigments for artists and dyers from the end of the 15th century ; the catalog of a Venetian Vendecolori , or pigment seller , from 1534 included vermilion and kermes . </P> <P> There were guilds of dyers who specialized in red in Venice and other large Europeans cities . The Rubia plant was used to make the most common dye ; it produced an orange - red or brick red color used to dye the clothes of merchants and artisans . For the wealthy , the dye used was kermes , made from a tiny scale insect which fed on the branches and leaves of the oak tree . For those with even more money there was Polish Cochineal ; also known as Kermes vermilio or `` Blood of Saint John '' , which was made from a related insect , the Margodes polonicus . It made a more vivid red than ordinary Kermes . The finest and most expensive variety of red made from insects was the `` Kermes '' of Armenia ( Armenian cochineal , also known as Persian kirmiz ) , made by collecting and crushing Porphyophora hamelii , an insect which lived on the roots and stems of certain grasses . The pigment and dye merchants of Venice imported and sold all of these products and also manufactured their own color , called Venetian red , which was considered the most expensive and finest red in Europe . Its secret ingredient was arsenic , which brightened the color . </P> <P> But early in the 16th century , a brilliant new red appeared in Europe . When the Spanish conquistador Hernán Cortés and his soldiers conquered the Aztec Empire in 1519 -- 1521 , they discovered slowly that the Aztecs had another treasure beside silver and gold ; they had the tiny cochineal , a parasitic scale insect which lived on cactus plants , which , when dried and crushed , made a magnificent red . The cochineal in Mexico was closely related to the Kermes varieties of Europe , but unlike European Kermes , it could be harvested several times a year , and it was ten times stronger than the Kermes of Poland . It worked particularly well on silk , satin and other luxury textiles . In 1523 Cortes sent the first shipment to Spain . Soon cochineal began to arrive in European ports aboard convoys of Spanish galleons . </P> <P> At first the guilds of dyers in Venice and other cities banned cochineal to protect their local products , but the superior quality of cochineal dye made it impossible to resist . By the beginning of the 17th century it was the preferred luxury red for the clothing of cardinals , bankers , courtesans and aristocrats . </P> <P> The painters of the early Renaissance used two traditional lake pigments , made from mixing dye with either chalk or alum , kermes lake , made from kermes insects , and madder lake , made from the rubia tinctorum plant . With the arrival of cochineal , they had a third , carmine , which made a very fine crimson , though it had a tendency to change color if not used carefully . It was used by almost all the great painters of the 15th and 16th centuries , including Rembrandt , Vermeer , Rubens , Anthony van Dyck , Diego Velázquez and Tintoretto . Later it was used by Thomas Gainsborough , Seurat and J.M.W. Turner . </P> <Ul> <Li> <P> The Assumption , by Titian ( 1516 -- 1518 ) . The figures of God , the Virgin Mary and two apostles are highlighted by their vermilion red costumes . </P> </Li> <Li> <P> The young Queen Elizabeth I ( here in about 1563 ) liked to wear bright reds , before she adopted the more sober image of the `` Virgin Queen '' . Her satin gown was probably dyed with kermes . </P> </Li> <Li> <P> The Wedding Dance ( 1566 ) , by Pieter Bruegel the Elder . In Renaissance Flanders , people of all social classes wore red at celebrations . The dye came from the root of the madder plant , which tended toward orange . </P> </Li> <Li> <P> Woman with a wine glass , by Johannes Vermeer ( 1659 -- 1660 ) . Vermeer used different shades and tints of vermilion to paint the red skirt , then glazed it with madder lake to make a more luminous color . </P> </Li> <Li> <P> Dyed feather headdress from the Aztec people of Mexico and Central America . For red they used cochineal , a brilliant scarlet dye made from insects . </P> </Li> <Li> <P> A native of Central America collecting cochineal insects from a cactus to make red dye ( 1777 ) . From the 16th until the 19th century , it was a highly profitable export from Spanish Mexico to Europe . </P> </Li> <Li> <P> Rembrandt used carmine lake , made of cochineal , to paint the skirt of the bride in the painting known as The Jewish bride ( 1665 -- 1669 ) . </P> </Li> <Li> <P> The red heels of the shoes of King Louis XIV of France were discreet symbols of his royal status . </P> </Li> </Ul> In the 18th and 19th centuries <P> During the French Revolution , the Jacobins and other more radical parties adopted the red flag ; it was taken from red flags hoisted by the French government to declare a state of siege or emergency . Many of them wore a red Phrygian cap , or liberty cap , modeled after the caps worn by freed slaves in Ancient Rome . During the height of the Reign of Terror , Women wearing red caps gathered around the guillotine to celebrate each execution . They were called the `` Furies of the guillotine '' . The guillotines used during the Reign of Terror in 1792 and 1793 were painted red , or made of red wood . During the Reign of Terror a statue of a woman titled liberty , painted red , was placed in the square in front of the guillotine . After the end of the Reign of Terror , France went back to the blue , white and red tricolor , whose red was taken from the red and blue colors of the city of Paris , and was the traditional color of Saint Denis , the Christian martyr and patron saint of Paris . </P> <P> In the mid-19th century , red became the color of a new political and social movement , socialism . It became the most common banner of the worker 's movement , of the French Revolution of 1848 , of the Paris Commune in 1870 , and of socialist parties across Europe . ( see red flags and revolution section below ) . </P> <P> As the Industrial Revolution spread across Europe , chemists and manufacturers sought new red dyes that could be used for large - scale manufacture of textiles . One popular color imported into Europe from Turkey and India in the 18th and early 19th century was Turkey red , known in France as rouge d'Adrinople . Beginning in the 1740s , this bright red color was used to dye or print cotton textiles in England , the Netherlands and France . Turkey red used madder as the colorant , but the process was longer and more complicated , involving multiple soaking of the fabrics in lye , olive oil , sheep 's dung , and other ingredients . The fabric was more expensive but resulted in a fine bright and lasting red , similar to carmine , perfectly suited to cotton . The fabric was widely exported from Europe to Africa , the Middle East and America . In 19th century America , it was widely used in making the traditional patchwork quilt . </P> <P> In 1826 , the French chemist Pierre - Jean Robiquet discovered the organic compound alizarin , the powerful coloring ingredient of the madder root , the most popular red dye of the time . In 1868 , German chemists Carl Graebe and Liebermann were able to synthesize alizarin , and to produce it from coal tar . The synthetic red was cheaper and more lasting than the natural dye , and the plantation of madder in Europe and import of cochineal from Latin America soon almost completely ceased . </P> <P> The 19th century also saw the use of red in art to create specific emotions , not just to imitate nature . It saw the systematic study of color theory , and particularly the study of how complementary colors such as red and green reinforced each other when they were placed next to each other . These studies were avidly followed by artists such as Vincent van Gogh . Describing his painting , The Night Cafe , to his brother Theo in 1888 , Van Gogh wrote : `` I sought to express with red and green the terrible human passions . The hall is blood red and pale yellow , with a green billiard table in the center , and four lamps of lemon yellow , with rays of orange and green . Everywhere it is a battle and antithesis of the most different reds and greens . '' </P> <Ul> <Li> <P> A Phrygian cap , or liberty cap , was worn by the supporters of the French Revolution of 1789 . </P> </Li> <Li> <P> During the Reign of Terror during the later French Revolution , the `` Furies of the Guillotine '' cheered on each execution . </P> </Li> <Li> <P> Red flag over a barricade on Rue Soufflot in Paris during the French Revolution of 1848 . </P> </Li> <Li> <P> The Night Cafe , ( 1888 ) , by Vincent van Gogh , used red and green to express what Van Gogh called `` the terrible human passions . '' </P> </Li> </Ul> In the 20th and 21st century <P> In the 20th century , red was the color of Revolution ; it was the color of the Bolshevik Revolution in 1917 and of the Chinese Revolution of 1949 , and later of the Cultural Revolution . Red was the color of Communist Parties from Eastern Europe to Cuba to Vietnam . </P> <P> In the late 19th and early 20th century , the German chemical industry invented two new synthetic red pigments : cadmium red , which was the color of natural vermilion , and mars red , which was a synthetic red ochre , the color of the very first natural red pigment . </P> <P> The French painter Henri Matisse ( 1869 -- 1954 ) was one of the first prominent painters to use the new cadmium red . He even tried , without success , to persuade the older and more traditional Renoir , his neighbor in the south of France , to switch from vermilion to cadmium red . </P> <P> Matisse was also one of the first 20th - century artists to make color the central element of the painting , chosen to evoke emotions . `` A certain blue penetrates your soul '' , he wrote . `` A certain red affects your blood pressure . '' He also was familiar with the way that complementary colors , such as red and green , strengthened each other when they were placed next to each other . He wrote , `` My choice of colors is not based on scientific theory ; it is based on observation , upon feelings , upon the real nature of each experience ... I just try to find a color which corresponds to my feelings . '' </P> <P> Later in the century , the American artist Mark Rothko ( 1903 -- 1970 ) also used red , in even simpler form , in blocks of dark , somber color on large canvases , to inspire deep emotions . Rothko observed that color was `` only an instrument ; '' his interest was `` in expressing human emotions tragedy , ecstasy , doom , and so on . '' </P> <P> Rothko also began using the new synthetic pigments , but not always with happy results . In 1962 he donated to Harvard University a series of large murals of the Passion of Christ whose predominant colors were dark pink and deep crimson . He mixed mostly traditional colors to make the pink and crimson ; synthetic ultramarine , cerulean blue , and titanium white , but he also used two new organic reds , Naphtol and Lithol . The Naphtol did well , but the Lithol slowly changed color when exposed to light . Within five years the deep pinks and reds had begun to turn light blue , and by 1979 the paintings were ruined and had to be taken down . </P> <Ul> <Li> <P> Bathing of a Red Horse , by the Russian symbolist painter Kuzma Petrov - Vodkin ( 1912 ) , used a bright red horse to surprise and shock viewers . It provoked a furious discussion among Russian critics . </P> </Li> <Li> <P> Four Darks in Red by Mark Rothko ( 1958 ) . The somber dark reds were chosen to inspire deep human emotions . </P> </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Symbolism </H2> <H3> Courage and sacrifice </H3> <P> Surveys show that red is the color most associated with courage . In western countries red is a symbol of martyrs and sacrifice , particularly because of its association with blood . Beginning in the Middle Ages , the Pope and Cardinals of the Roman Catholic Church wore red to symbolize the blood of Christ and the Christian martyrs . The banner of the Christian soldiers in the First Crusade was a red cross on a white field , the St. George 's Cross . According to Christian tradition , Saint George was a Roman soldier who was a member of the guards of the Emperor Diocletian , who refused to renounce his Christian faith and was martyred . The Saint George 's Cross became the Flag of England in the 16th century , and now is part of the Union Flag of the United Kingdom , as well as the Flag of the Republic of Georgia . </P> <P> In 1587 , Mary , Queen of Scots , accused of treason against Queen Elizabeth I , wore a red shirt at her execution , to proclaim that she was an innocent martyr . </P> <P> The Thin Red Line was a famous incident in the Battle of Balaclava ( 1854 ) during the Crimean War , when a thin line of Scottish Highlander infantry , assisted by Royal Marines and Turkish infantrymen , repulsed a Russian cavalry charge . It was widely reported in the British press as an example of courage in the face of overwhelming odds and became a British military legend . </P> <P> In the 19th century novel The Red Badge of Courage by Stephen Crane , a story about the American Civil War , the red badge was the blood from a wound , by which a soldier could prove his courage . </P> <Ul> <Li> <P> The Crucified Martyr ( Saint Julia ) by the Dutch artist Hieronymus Bosch . Saint Julia wears red , the traditional color of Christian martyrs . </P> </Li> <Li> <P> Roman Catholic Popes wear red as the symbol of the blood of Christ . This is Pope Innocent III , in about 1219 . </P> </Li> <Li> <P> Saint George and the Dragon , by Paolo Uccello ( 1456 -- 1460 ) . He wears the Saint George 's Cross as a cape , which was also the banner of Milan . </P> </Li> <Li> <P> Robert Gibb 's 1881 painting , The Thin Red Line , depicting The Thin Red Line at the Battle of Balaclava ( 1854 ) , when a line of the Scottish Highland infantry repulsed a Russian cavalry charge . The name was given by the British press as a symbol of courage against the odds . </P> </Li> <Li> <P> The red poppy flower is worn on Remembrance Day in Commonwealth countries to honor soldiers who died in the First World War . </P> </Li> </Ul> <H3> Courtly love , the red rose , and Saint Valentine 's day </H3> <P> Red is the color most commonly associated with love , followed at a great distance by pink . It the symbolic color of the heart and the red rose , is closely associated with romantic love or courtly love and Saint Valentine 's Day . Both the Greeks and the Hebrews considered red a symbol of love as well as sacrifice . </P> <P> The Roman de la Rose , the Romance of the Rose , a thirteenth - century French poem , was one of the most popular works of literature of the Middle Ages . It was the allegorical search by the author for a red rose in an enclosed garden , symbolizing the woman he loved , and was a description of love in all of its aspects . Later , in the 19th century , British and French authors described a specific language of flowers ; giving a single red rose meant ' I love you , ' </P> <P> Saint Valentine , a Roman Catholic Bishop or priest who was martyred in about 296 AD , seems to have had no known connection with romantic love , but the day of his martyrdom on the Roman Catholic calendar , Saint Valentine 's Day ( February 14 ) , became , in the 14th century , an occasion for lovers to send messages to each other . In recent years the celebration of Saint Valentine ' s day has spread beyond Christian countries to Japan and China and other parts of the world . The celebration of Saint Valentine 's Day is forbidden or strongly condemned in many Islamic countries , including Saudi Arabia , Pakistan and Iran . In Saudi Arabia , in 2002 and 2011 , religious police banned the sale of all Valentine 's Day items , telling shop workers to remove any red items , as the day is considered a Christian holiday . </P> <Ul> <Li> <P> The Codex Manesse , a 14th - century collection of love songs . Red roses were symbol of courtly love . </P> </Li> <Li> <P> Fifteenth - century Illustration from the Roman de la Rose , a thirteenth - century French poem about a search for a red rose symbolizing the poet 's love . </P> </Li> <Li> <P> A valentine from 1909 . The tradition of sending messages of love on February 14 , Valentine 's Day , dates back to the 14th century . </P> </Li> <Li> <P> God Speed ! , a Victorian era painting by Edmund Leighton of a Lady giving a red token of love to her knight . </P> </Li> </Ul> <H3> Happiness , celebration and ceremony </H3> <P> Red is the color most commonly associated with joy and well being . It is the color of celebration and ceremony . A red carpet is often used to welcome distinguished guests . Red is also the traditional color of seats in opera houses and theaters . Scarlet academic gowns are worn by new Doctors of Philosophy at degree ceremonies at Oxford University and other schools . In China , it is considered the color of good fortune and prosperity , and it is the color traditionally worn by brides . In Christian countries , it is the color traditionally worn at Christmas by Santa Claus , because in the 4th century the historic Saint Nicholas was the Greek Christian Bishop of Myra , in modern - day Turkey , and bishops then dressed in red . </P> <Ul> <Li> <P> President Barack Obama and Prime Minister Manmohan Singh of India on a red carpet at the White House . </P> </Li> <Li> <P> Seats in opera houses and theaters are traditionally red . This is the Opera House in Vienna . </P> </Li> <Li> <P> Scarlet academic gowns are worn by new Doctors of Philosophy at a degree ceremony at Oxford University . </P> </Li> <Li> <P> In China , red is the color of happiness and celebration . The Lantern Festival in Shanghai . </P> </Li> <Li> <P> Santa Claus traditionally wears red , because the original Saint Nicholas was a bishop of the Greek Christian church in the 4th century . </P> </Li> </Ul> <H3> Hatred , anger , aggression , passion , heat and War </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This section needs expansion with : more information about associating red with hatred , anger , aggression , passion , heat and war ... You can help by adding to it . ( June 2015 ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> While red is the color most associated with love , it also the color most frequently associated with hatred , anger , aggression and war . People who are angry are said to `` see red . '' Red is the color most commonly associated with passion and heat . In ancient Rome , red was the color of Mars , the god of war -- the planet Mars was named for him because of its red color . </P> <H3> Warning and danger </H3> <P> Red is the traditional color of warning and danger . In the Middle Ages , a red flag announced that the defenders of a town or castle would fight to defend it , and a red flag hoisted by a warship meant they would show no mercy to their enemy . In Britain , in the early days of motoring , motor cars had to follow a man with a red flag who would warn horse - drawn vehicles , before the Locomotives on Highways Act 1896 abolished this law . In automobile races , the red flag is raised if there is danger to the drivers . In international football , a player who has made a serious violation of the rules is shown a red penalty card and ejected from the game . </P> <P> Several studies have indicated that red carries the strongest reaction of all the colors , with the level of reaction decreasing gradually with the colors orange , yellow , and white , respectively . For this reason , red is generally used as the highest level of warning , such as threat level of terrorist attack in the United States . In fact , teachers at a primary school in the UK have been told not to mark children 's work in red ink because it encourages a `` negative approach '' . </P> <P> Red is the international color of stop signs and stop lights on highways and intersections . It was standardized as the international color at the Vienna Convention on Road Signs and Signals of 1968 . It was chosen partly because red is the brightest color in daytime ( next to orange ) , though it is less visible at twilight , when green is the most visible color . Red also stands out more clearly against a cool natural backdrop of blue sky , green trees or gray buildings . But it was mostly chosen as the color for stoplights and stop signs because of its universal association with danger and warning . </P> <Ul> <Li> <P> The standard international stop sign , following the Vienna Convention on Road Signs and Signals of 1968 </P> </Li> <Li> <P> A stop sign in Iran </P> </Li> <Li> <P> Footballer Nemanja Vidić is shown a red card and ejected from a soccer match </P> </Li> <Li> <P> A red Chinese typhoon alert sign </P> </Li> <Li> <P> Red is the color of a severe terrorist threat level in the United States , under the Homeland Security Advisory System . </P> </Li> <Li> <P> Red is the color of a severe fire danger in Australia ; new black / red stripes are an even more catastrophic hazard . </P> </Li> <Li> <P> Red is the color of a UK Railway `` Home '' signal ; the white stripe helps recognition against dark backgrounds . </P> </Li> </Ul> <H3> The color that attracts attention </H3> Fashion model Magdalena Frackowiak at Paris Fashion Week ( Fall 2011 ) <P> Red is the color that most attracts attention . Surveys show it is the color most frequently associated with visibility , proximity , and extroverts . It is also the color most associated with dynamism and activity . </P> <P> Red is used in modern fashion much as it was used in Medieval painting ; to attract the eyes of the viewer to the person who is supposed to be the center of attention . People wearing red seem to be closer than those dressed in other colors , even if they are actually the same distance away . Monarchs , wives of Presidential candidates and other celebrities often wear red to be visible from a distance in a crowd . It is also commonly worn by lifeguards and others whose job requires them to be easily found . </P> <P> Because red attracts attention , it is frequently used in advertising , though studies show that people are less likely to read something printed in red because they know it is advertising , and because it is more difficult visually to read than black and white text . </P> <H3> Seduction , sexuality and sin </H3> De Wallen , Amsterdam 's red - light district ; red is the sex industry 's preferred color in many cultures , due to being strongly associated with passion , love and sexuality . <P> Red by a large margin is the color most commonly associated with seduction , sexuality , eroticism and immorality , possibly because of its close connection with passion and with danger . </P> <P> Red was long seen as having a dark side , particularly in Christian theology . It was associated with sexual passion , anger , sin , and the devil . In the Old Testament of the Bible , the Book of Isaiah said : `` Though your sins be as scarlet , they shall be white as snow . '' In the New Testament , in the Book of Revelation , the Antichrist appears as a red monster , ridden by a woman dressed in scarlet , known as the Whore of Babylon : </P> <P> `` So he carried me away in the spirit into the wilderness : and I saw a woman sit upon a scarlet coloured beast , full of names of blasphemy , having seven heads and ten horns . `` And the woman was arrayed in purple and scarlet colour , and decked with gold and precious stones and pearls , having a golden cup in her hand full of abominations and filthiness of her fornication : `` And upon her forehead was a name written a mystery : Babylon the Great , the Mother of Harlots and of all the abominations of the earth : And I saw the woman drunken with the blood of the saints , and with the blood of the martyrs of Jesus . </P> <P> Satan is often depicted as colored red and / or wearing a red costume in both iconography and popular culture . By the 20th century , the devil in red had become a folk character in legends and stories . In 1915 , Irving Berlin wrote a song , At the Devil 's Ball , and the devil in red appeared more often in cartoons and movies than in religious art . </P> <P> In 17th century New England , red was associated with adultery . In the 1850 novel by Nathaniel Hawthorne , The Scarlet Letter , set in a Puritan New England community , a woman is punished for adultery with ostracism , her sin represented by a red letter ' A ' sewn onto her clothes . </P> <P> Red is still commonly associated with prostitution . Prostitutes in many cities were required to wear red to announce their profession , and houses of prostitution displayed a red light . Beginning in the early 20th century , houses of prostitution were allowed only in certain specified neighborhoods , which became known as red - light districts . Large red - light districts are found today in Bangkok and Amsterdam . </P> <P> In Roman Catholicism , red represents wrath , one of the seven deadly sins . </P> <P> In both Christian and Hebrew tradition , red is also sometimes associated with murder or guilt , with `` having blood on one 's hands '' , or `` being caught red - handed . '' </P> <Ul> <Li> <P> The Whore of Babylon , depicted in a 14th - century French illuminated manuscript . The woman appears attractive , but is wearing red under her blue garment . </P> </Li> <Li> <P> Reine de joie , ( Queen of Joy ) , a book cover illustration by Henri de Toulouse - Lautrec ( 1892 ) about a Paris prostitute </P> </Li> <Li> <P> Sheet music for `` At the Devil 's Ball '' , by Irving Berlin , United States , 1915 . </P> </Li> <Li> <P> The red - light district in Amsterdam ( 2003 ) . </P> </Li> <Li> <P> Red lipstick has been worn by women as a cosmetic since ancient times . It was worn by Cleopatra , Queen Elizabeth I , and films stars such as Elizabeth Taylor and Marilyn Monroe . </P> </Li> </Ul> <H2> In different cultures and traditions </H2> <P> In China , red ( simplified Chinese : 红 ; traditional Chinese : 紅 ; pinyin : hóng ) is the symbol of fire and the south ( both south in general and Southern China specifically ) . It carries a largely positive connotation , being associated with courage , loyalty , honor , success , fortune , fertility , happiness , passion , and summer . In Chinese cultural traditions , red is associated with weddings ( where brides traditionally wear red dresses ) and red paper is frequently used to wrap gifts of money or other objects . Special red packets ( simplified Chinese : 红包 ; traditional Chinese : 紅包 ; pinyin : hóng bāo in Mandarin or lai see in Cantonese ) are specifically used during Chinese New Year celebrations for giving monetary gifts . On the more negative side , obituaries are traditionally written in red ink , and to write someone 's name in red signals either cutting them out of one 's life , or that they have died . Red is also associated with either the feminine or the masculine ( yin and yang respectively ) , depending on the source . The Little Red Book , a collection of quotations from Chairman Mao Tse - Tung , founding father of the People 's Republic of China ( PRC ) , was published in 1966 and widely distributed thereafter . </P> <P> In Japan , red is a traditional color for a heroic figure . In the Indian subcontinent , red is the traditional color of bridal dresses , and is frequently represented in the media as a symbolic color for married women . The color is associated with purity , as well as with sexuality in marital relationships through its connection to heat and fertility . It is also the color of wealth , beauty , and the goddess Lakshmi . </P> <P> In Central Africa , Ndembu warriors rub themselves with red paint during celebrations . Since their culture sees the color as a symbol of life and health , sick people are also painted with it . Like most Central African cultures , the Ndembu see red as ambivalent , better than black but not as good as white . In other parts of Africa , however , red is a color of mourning , representing death . Because red bears are associated with death in many parts of Africa , the Red Cross has changed its colors to green and white in parts of the continent . </P> <P> The early Ottoman Turks led by the first Ottoman Sultan , Osman I , carried red banners symbolizing sovereignty , Ghazis and Sufism , until , according to legend , he saw a new red flag in his dream inlaid with a crescent . </P> <H3> Wedding dresses </H3> <P> In many Asian countries , red is the traditional color for a wedding dress today , symbolizing joy and good fortune . </P> <Ul> <Li> In India , brides traditionally wear a red sari , called the sari of blood , offered by their father , signifying that his duties as a father are transferred to the new husband , and as a symbol of his wish for her to have children . Once married , the bride will wear a sari with a red border , changing it to a white sari if her husband dies . In Pakistan and India , some brides traditionally also have their hands and feet painted red with henna by the family of their new spouse , to bring happiness and signify their new status . </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> <P> The bride at a traditional Chinese wedding dresses in red , the color of happiness and good fortune . </P> </Li> <Li> <P> Wedding dress in Rajput , India . </P> </Li> <Li> <P> Wedding dress from Vietnam . </P> </Li> <Li> <P> A red wedding kimono , or uchikake , from Japan . Brides in Japan can wear either a white kimono or bright colors . </P> </Li> <Li> <P> In India and Pakistan , brides traditionally have their hands and feet decorated with red henna . </P> </Li> </Ul> <H2> In religion </H2> <Ul> <Li> In Christianity , red is associated with the blood of Christ and the sacrifice of martyrs . In the Roman Catholic Church it is also associated with pentecost and the Holy Spirit . Since 1295 , it is the color worn by Cardinals , the senior clergy of the Roman Catholic Church . Red is the liturgical color for the feasts of martyrs , representing the blood of those who suffered death for their faith . It is sometimes used as the liturgical color for Holy Week , including Palm Sunday and Good Friday , although this is a modern ( 20th century ) development . In Catholic practice , it is also the liturgical color used to commemorate the Holy Spirit ( for this reason it is worn at Pentecost and during Confirmation masses ) . Because of its association with martyrdom and the Spirit , it is also the color used to commemorate the Apostles ( except for the Apostle St. John , who was not martyred , where white is used ) , and as such , it is used to commemorate bishops , who are the successors of the Apostles ( for this reason , when funeral masses are held for bishops , cardinals , or popes , red is used instead of the white that would ordinarily be used ) . </Li> <Li> In Buddhism , red is one of the five colors which are said to have emanated from the Buddha when he attained enlightenment , or nirvana . It is particularly associated with the benefits of the practice of Buddhism ; achievement , wisdom , virtue , fortune and dignity . It was also believed to have the power to resist evil . In China red was commonly used for the walls , pillars , and gates of temples . </Li> <Li> In the Shinto religion of Japan , the gateways of temples , called torii , are traditionally painted vermilion red and black . The torii symbolizes the passage from the profane world to a sacred place . The bridges in the gardens of Japanese temples are also painted red ( and usually only temple bridges are red , not bridges in ordinary gardens ) , since they are also passages to sacred places . Red was also considered a color which could expel evil and disease . </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> <P> A Shinto torii at Itsukushima , Japan </P> </Li> <Li> <P> Cardinals of the Roman Catholic Church at the funeral of Pope John Paul II </P> </Li> <Li> <P> Buddhist monks in Tibet </P> </Li> <Li> <P> In Hinduism , red is associated with Lakshmi , the goddess of wealth and embodiment of beauty . </P> </Li> <Li> <P> Red flags in a celebration of Muharram in Iran . </P> </Li> </Ul> <H2> Military uses </H2> <P> NATO Military Symbols for Land Based Systems uses red to denote hostile forces , hence the terms `` red team '' and `` Red Cell '' to denote challengers during exercises . </P> <H3> The red uniform </H3> <P> The red military uniform was adopted by the English Parliament 's New Model Army in 1645 , and was still worn as a dress uniform by the British Army until the outbreak of the First World War in August 1914 . Ordinary soldiers wore red coats dyed with madder , while officers wore scarlet coats dyed with the more expensive cochineal . This led to British soldiers being known as red coats . </P> <P> In the modern British army , scarlet is still worn by the Foot Guards , the Life Guards , and by some regimental bands or drummers for ceremonial purposes . Officers and NCOs of those regiments which previously wore red retain scarlet as the color of their `` mess '' or formal evening jackets . The Royal Gibraltar Regiment has a scarlet tunic in its winter dress . </P> <P> Scarlet is worn for some full dress , military band or mess uniforms in the modern armies of a number of the countries that made up the former British Empire . These include the Australian , Jamaican , New Zealand , Fijian , Canadian , Kenyan , Ghanaian , Indian , Singaporean , Sri Lankan and Pakistani armies . </P> <P> The musicians of the United States Marine Corps Band wear red , following an 18th - century military tradition that the uniforms of band members are the reverse of the uniforms of the other soldiers in their unit . Since the US Marine uniform is blue with red facings , the band wears the reverse . </P> <P> Red Serge is the uniform of the Royal Canadian Mounted Police , created in 1873 as the North - West Mounted Police , and given its present name in 1920 . The uniform was adapted from the tunic of the British Army . Cadets at the Royal Military College of Canada also wear red dress uniforms . </P> <P> The Brazilian Marine Corps wears a red dress uniform . </P> <Ul> <Li> <P> Officer and soldier of the British Army , ( 1815 ) . </P> </Li> <Li> <P> The scarlet uniform of the National Guards Unit of Bulgaria </P> </Li> <Li> <P> Musicians of the United States Marine Corps Band </P> </Li> <Li> <P> Officer of the Royal Canadian Mounted Police </P> </Li> <Li> <P> The Brazilian Marine Corps wears a dress uniform called A Garança . </P> </Li> <Li> <P> Soldiers of the Rajput Regiment of the Indian Army </P> </Li> </Ul> <H2> In sports </H2> <P> The first known team sport to feature red uniforms was chariot racing during the late Roman Empire . The earliest races were between two chariots , one driver wearing red , the other white . Later , the number of teams was increased to four , including drivers in light green and sky blue . Twenty - five races were run in a day , with a total of one hundred chariots participating . </P> <P> Today many sports teams throughout the world feature red on their uniforms . Along with blue , red is the most commonly used non-white color in sports . Numerous national sports teams wear red , often through association with their national flags . A few of these teams feature the color as part of their nickname such as Spain ( with their association football ( soccer ) national team nicknamed La Furia Roja or `` The Red Fury '' ) and Belgium ( whose football team bears the nickname Rode Duivels or `` Red Devils '' ) . </P> <P> In Major League Baseball the color is featured in the league 's logo . Major League Baseball is especially well known for red teams . The Cincinnati Red Stockings are the oldest professional baseball team , dating back to 1869 . The franchise soon relocated to Boston and is now the Atlanta Braves , but its name survives as the origin for both the Cincinnati Reds and Boston Red Sox . During the 1950s when red was strongly associated with communism , the modern Cincinnati team was known as the `` Redlegs '' and the term was used on baseball cards . After the red scare faded , the team was known as the `` Reds '' again . 11 teams either regularly features red caps or utilize the color in their uniforms . </P> <P> In the NHL , red jerseys are worn by the Detroit Red Wings , Washington Capitals , Calgary Flames , Carolina Hurricanes , Chicago Blackhawks , Colorado Avalanche , Minnesota Wild , Montreal Canadiens , Ottawa Senators , Phoenix Coyotes , and the New Jersey Devils . </P> <P> In club association football ( soccer ) , red is a commonly used color throughout the world . A number of teams ' nicknames feature the color . A red penalty card is issued to a player who commits a serious infraction : the player is immediately disqualified from further play and his team must continue with one less player for the game 's duration . </P> <P> In rugby union , Ireland 's Munster rugby , New Zealand 's Canterbury provincial team and the Crusaders Super 14 rugby side wear red as a major color in their playing strips . </P> <P> In the NFL , many teams feature a shade of the color as either the primary color of team 's dark `` home '' jersey ( or an alternate thereof ) or its `` throwback '' jersey . This includes the Arizona Cardinals , Atlanta Falcons , Houston Texans , Kansas City Chiefs , New England Patriots , San Francisco 49ers , Tampa Bay Buccaneers , and Washington Redskins . In order to challenge to a call made on the field , coaches have to throw a red flag onto the football field . </P> <P> In the NBA the color is featured in the league 's logo . Eleven teams prominently feature the color ( or shades of the color ) with the Cleveland Cavaliers using a deeper shade of the color , wine . </P> <P> In boxing , red is often the color used on a fighter 's gloves . George Foreman wore the same red trunks he used during his loss to Muhammad Ali when he defeated Michael Moorer 20 years later to regain the title he lost . Boxers named or nicknamed `` red '' include Red Burman , Ernie `` Red '' Lopez , and his brother Danny `` Little Red '' Lopez . </P> <P> Rosso Corsa is the red international motor racing color of cars entered by teams from Italy . Since the 1920s Italian race cars of Alfa Romeo , Maserati , Lancia , and later Ferrari and Abarth have been painted with a color known as rosso corsa ( `` racing red '' ) . National colors were mostly replaced in Formula One by commercial sponsor liveries in 1968 , but unlike most other teams , Ferrari always kept the traditional red , although the shade of the color varies . </P> <Ul> <Li> <P> Ancient Roman mosaic of the winner of a chariot race , wearing the colors of the red team . </P> </Li> <Li> <P> Both the Cleveland Indians and the Boston Red Sox wear red . </P> </Li> <Li> <P> In martial arts , a red belt shows a high degree of proficiency , second only , in some schools , to the black belt . </P> </Li> <Li> <P> An Alfa Romeo Grand Prix car in 1977 , painted Rosso Corsa , ( `` racing red '' ) , the traditional racing color of Italy from the 1920s until the late 1960s . </P> </Li> </Ul> <H2> On flags </H2> <P> Red is one of the most common colors used on national flags . The use of red has similar connotations from country to country : the blood , sacrifice , and courage of those who defended their country ; the sun and the hope and warmth it brings ; and the sacrifice of Christ 's blood ( in some historically Christian nations ) are a few examples . Red is the color of the flags of several countries that once belonged to the former British Empire . The British flag bears the colors red , white , and blue ; it includes the cross of Saint George , patron saint of England , and the saltire of Saint Patrick , patron saint of Ireland , both of which are red on white . The flag of the United States bears the colors of Britain , the colors of the French tricolore include red as part of the old Paris coat of arms , and other countries ' flags , such as those of Australia , New Zealand , and Fiji , carry a small inset of the British flag in memory of their ties to that country . Many former colonies of Spain , such as Mexico , Colombia , Costa Rica , Cuba , Ecuador , Panama , Peru , Puerto Rico and Venezuela , also feature red - one of the colors of the Spanish flag - on their own banners . Red flags are also used to symbolize storms , bad water conditions , and many other dangers . Navy flags are often red and yellow . Red is prominently featured in the flag of the United States Marine Corps . </P> <P> The red on the flag of Nepal represents the floral emblem of the country , the rhododendron . </P> <P> Red , blue , and white are also the Pan-Slavic colors adopted by the Slavic solidarity movement of the late nineteenth century . Initially these were the colors of the Russian flag ; as the Slavic movement grew , they were adopted by other Slavic peoples including Slovaks , Slovenes , and Serbs . The flags of the Czech Republic and Poland use red for historic heraldic reasons ( see Coat of arms of Poland and Coat of arms of the Czech Republic ) & not due to Pan-Slavic connotations . In 2004 Georgia adopted a new white flag , which consists of four small and one big red cross in the middle touching all four sides . </P> <P> Red , white , and black were the colors of the German Empire from 1870 to 1918 , and as such they came to be associated with German nationalism . In the 1920s they were adopted as the colors of the Nazi flag . In Mein Kampf , Hitler explained that they were `` revered colors expressive of our homage to the glorious past . '' The red part of the flag was also chosen to attract attention -- Hitler wrote : `` the new flag ... should prove effective as a large poster '' because `` in hundreds of thousands of cases a really striking emblem may be the first cause of awakening interest in a movement . '' The red also symbolized the social program of the Nazis , aimed at German workers . Several designs by a number of different authors were considered , but the one adopted in the end was Hitler 's personal design . </P> <P> Red , white , green and black are the colors of Pan-Arabism and are used by many Arab countries . </P> <P> Red , gold , green , and black are the colors of Pan-Africanism . Several African countries thus use the color on their flags , including South Africa , Ghana , Senegal , Mali , Ethiopia , Togo , Guinea , Benin , and Zimbabwe . The Pan-African colors are borrowed from the flag of Ethiopia , one of the oldest independent African countries . Rwanda , notably , removed red from its flag after the Rwandan Genocide because of red 's association with blood . </P> <P> The flags of Japan and Bangladesh both have a red circle in the middle of different colored backgrounds . The flag of the Philippines has a red trapezoid on the bottom signifying blood , courage , and valor ( also , if the flag is inverted so that the red trapezoid is on top and the blue at the bottom , it indicates a state of war ) . The flag of Singapore has a red rectangle on the top . The field of the flag of Portugal is green and red . The Ottoman Empire adopted several different red flags during the six centuries of its rule , with the successor Republic of Turkey continuing the 1844 Ottoman Flag . </P> <Ul> <Li> <P> The flag of the Byzantine Empire from 1260 to its fall in 1453 </P> </Li> <Li> <P> The St George 's cross was the banner of the First Crusade , then , beginning in the 13th century , the flag of England . It is the red color ( along with that of the Cross of Saint Patrick ) in the flag of the United Kingdom , and , by adoption , of the red in the flag of the United States . </P> </Li> <Li> <P> The red stripes in the flag of the United States were adapted from the flag of the British East Indies Company . This is the Grand Union Flag , the first U.S. flag established by the Continental Congress . </P> </Li> <Li> <P> The Flag of Georgia also features the Saint George 's Cross . It dates back to the banner of Medieval Georgia in the 5th century . </P> </Li> <Li> <P> The maple leaf flag of Canada , adopted in 1965 . The red color comes from the Saint George 's Cross of England . </P> </Li> <Li> <P> The national flag of Cambodia in its present form was originally adopted in 1948 and readopted in 1993 , after the Constituent Assembly election in 1993 and restoration of the monarchy . Red color in the flag represents bravery . </P> </Li> </Ul> <H2> Red flag and Revolution </H2> Main article : Red flag <P> In the Middle Ages , ships in combat hoisted a long red streamer , called the Baucans , to signify a fight to the death . In the 17th century , a red flag signalled defiance . A besieged castle or city would raise a red flag to tell the attackers that they would not surrender . </P> <P> The red flag appeared as a political symbol during the French Revolution , after the fall of Bastille . A law adopted by the new government on October 20 , 1789 authorized the Garde Nationale to raise the red flag in the event of a riot , to signal that the Garde would imminently intervene . During a demonstration on the Champs de Mars on July 17 , 1791 , the Garde Nationale fired on the crowd , killed up to fifty people . The government was denounced by the more radical revolutionaries . In the words of his famous hymn , the Marseillaise , Rouget de Lisle wrote : `` Against us they have raised the bloody flag of tyranny ! '' ( Contre nous de la tyrannie , l'entendard sanglant est leve ) . Beginning in 1790 , the most radical revolutionaries adopted the red flag themselves , to symbolize the blood of those killed in the demonstrations , and to call for the repression of those they considered counter-revolutionary . </P> <P> During the French Revolution , many in the Paris crowds also wore a red phrygian cap , a symbol of liberty , modeled after the caps worn in ancient Rome by freed slaves ; but the colors of the Revolution finally became blue , white and red . The red in the French flag was taken from the emblem of the city of Paris , where it represented the city 's patron saint , Saint Denis . </P> <P> Karl Marx published the Communist Manifesto in February 1848 , with little attention . However , a few days later the French Revolution of 1848 broke out , which replaced the monarchy of Louis Philippe with the Second French Republic . In June 1848 , Paris workers , disenchanted with the new government , built barricades and raised red flags . The new government called in the French Army to put down the uprising , the first of many such confrontations between the army and the new worker 's movements in Europe . </P> <P> Red was also the color of the movement to unify Italy , led by Giuseppe Garibaldi . His followers were known as the camicie rosse , or ( redshirts ) during the fight for Italian Risorgimento in 1860 . </P> <P> In 1870 , following the stunning defeat of the French Army by the Germans in the Franco - Prussian War , French workers and socialist revolutionaries seized Paris and created the Paris Commune . The Commune lasted for two months before it was crushed by the French Army , with much bloodshed . The original red banners of the Commune became icons of the socialist revolution ; in 1921 members of the French Communist Party came to Moscow and presented the new Soviet government with one of the original Commune banners ; it was placed ( and is still in place ) in the tomb of Vladimir Lenin , next to his open coffin . </P> <P> With the victory of the Bolsheviks in the Russian Revolution of 1917 , the red flag , with a hammer to symbolize the workers and sickle to symbolize peasants , became the official flag of Russia , and , in 1923 , of the Soviet Union . It remained so until the breakup of the Soviet Union in 1991 . </P> <P> After the Communist Party of China took power in 1949 , the flag of China became a red flag with a large star symbolizing the Communist Party , and smaller stars symbolizing workers , peasants , the urban middle class and rural middle class . The flag of the Communist Party of China became a red banner with a hammer and sickle , similar to that on the Soviet flag . In the 1950s and 1960s , other Communist regimes such as Vietnam and Laos also adopted red flags . Some Communist countries , such as Cuba , chose to keep their old flags ; and other countries used red flags which had nothing to do with Communism or socialism ; the red flag of Nepal , for instance , represents the national flower . </P> <Ul> <Li> <P> A French soldier takes down a red flag from the barricades during the Paris uprising of 1848 . </P> </Li> <Li> <P> A poster from the Paris Commune ( 1871 ) </P> </Li> <Li> <P> A demonstration in Moscow during the unsuccessful Russian Revolution of 1905 , painted by Ilya Repin . </P> </Li> <Li> <P> Red was the color of the Russian Revolution in 1917 . The Bolshevik , painting by Boris Kustodiev ( 1920 ) . </P> </Li> <Li> <P> The flag of the Soviet Union ( 1923 -- 1992 ) . The hammer symbolized workers , the sickle represented peasants , and the red star symbolized the Communist Party . </P> </Li> <Li> <P> The Flag of the People 's Republic of China . Red symbolizes revolution , the large star is the Communist Party , and the smaller stars represent the working class , the peasants , and the urban middle class , the rural middle class , as described by Mao Zedong . </P> </Li> </Ul> <H2> Use by political movements </H2> Honor guard of Chinese Army welcomes U.S. Defense Secretary to Beijing . <P> In 18th - century Europe , red was usually associated with the monarchy and with those in power . The Pope wore red , as did the Swiss Guards of the Kings of France , the soldiers of the British Army and the Danish Army . </P> <P> The French Revolution saw red used by the Jacobins as a symbol of the martyrs of the Revolution . In the nineteenth century , with the Industrial Revolution and the rise of worker 's movements , it became the color of socialism ( especially the Marxist variant ) , and , with the Paris Commune of 1870 , of revolution . </P> <P> In the 20th century , red was the color first of the Russian Bolsheviks and then , after the success of the Russian Revolution of 1917 , of Communist Parties around the world . </P> <P> Red also became the color of many social democratic parties in Europe , including the Labour Party in Britain ( founded 1900 ) ; the Social Democratic Party of Germany ( whose roots went back to 1863 ) and the French Socialist Party , which dated back under different names , to 1879 . The Socialist Party of America ( 1901 -- 1972 ) and the Communist Party USA ( 1919 ) both also chose red as their color . </P> <P> Members of the Christian - Social People 's Party in Liechtenstein ( founded 1918 ) advocated an expansion of democracy and progressive social policies , and were often referred to disparagingly as `` Reds '' for their social liberal leanings and party colors . </P> <P> The Communist Party of China , founded in 1920 , adopted the red flag and hammer and sickle emblem of the Soviet Union , which became the national symbols when the Party took power in China in 1949 . Under Party leader Mao Zedong , the Party anthem became `` The East Is Red '' , and Mao Zedong himself was sometimes referred to as a `` red sun '' . During the Cultural Revolution in China , Party ideology was enforced by the Red Guards , and the sayings of Mao Zedong were published as a small red book in hundreds of millions of copies . Today the Communist Party of China claims to be the largest political party in the world , with eighty million members . </P> <P> Beginning in the 1960s and the 1970s , paramilitary extremist groups such as the Red Army Faction in Germany , the Japanese Red Army and the Shining Path Maoist movement in Peru used red as their color . But in the 1980s , some European socialist and social democratic parties , such as the Labour Party in Britain and the Socialist Party in France , moved away from the symbolism of the far left , keeping the red color but changing their symbol to a less - threatening red rose . </P> <P> Red is used around the world by political parties of the left or center - left . In the United States , it is the color of the Communist Party USA , of the Social Democrats , USA , and in Puerto Rico , of the Popular Democratic Party of Puerto Rico . </P> <P> In the United States , political commentators often refer to the `` red states '' , which traditionally vote for Republican candidates in presidential elections , and `` blue states '' , which vote for the Democratic candidate . This convention is relatively recent : before the 2000 presidential election , media outlets assigned red and blue to both parties , sometimes alternating the allocation for each election . Fixed usage was established during the 39 - day recount following the 2000 election , when the media began to discuss the contest in terms of `` red states '' versus `` blue states '' . </P> <Ul> <Li> <P> Logo of the German Social Democratic Party </P> </Li> <Li> <P> A map of the U.S. showing the blue states , which voted for the Democratic candidate in all the last four Presidential elections , and the red states , which voted for the Republican . </P> </Li> </Ul> <H2> Social and special interest groups </H2> <P> Such names as Red Club ( a bar ) , Red Carpet ( a discothèque ) or Red Cottbus and Club Red ( event locations ) suggest liveliness and excitement . The Red Hat Society is a social group founded in 1998 for women 50 and over . Use of the color red to call attention to an emergency situation is evident in the names of such organizations as the Red Cross ( humanitarian aid ) , Red Hot Organization ( AIDS support ) , and the Red List of Threatened Species ( of IUCN ) . In reference to humans , term `` red '' is often used in the West to describe the indigenous peoples of the Americas . </P> <H2> Idioms </H2> <P> Many idiomatic expressions exploit the various connotations of red : </P> <Dl> <Dt> Expressing emotion </Dt> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> `` to see red '' ( to be angry or aggressive ) </Li> <Li> `` to have red ears / a red face '' ( to be embarrassed ) </Li> <Li> `` to paint the town red '' ( to have an enjoyable evening , usually with a generous amount of eating , drinking , dancing ) </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dt> Giving warning </Dt> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> `` to raise a red flag '' ( to signal that something is problematic ) </Li> <Li> `` like a red rag to a bull '' ( to cause someone to be enraged ) </Li> <Li> `` to be in the red '' ( to be losing money , from the accounting habit of writing deficits and losses in red ink ) </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dt> Calling attention </Dt> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> `` a red letter day '' ( a special or important event , from the medieval custom of printing the dates of saints ' days and holy days in red ink . ) </Li> <Li> `` to print in red ink '' ( for emphasis or easy identification ) </Li> <Li> `` to lay out the red carpet '' or `` give red - carpet treatment '' ( to treat someone royally as a very special person ) </Li> <Li> `` to catch someone red - handed '' ( in the act of doing something wrong , such with blood on his hands after a murder or poaching game ) </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dt> Other idioms </Dt> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> `` to tie up in red tape '' . In England red tape was used by lawyers and government officials to identify important documents . It became a term for excessive bureaucratic regulation . It was popularized in the 19th century by the writer Thomas Carlyle , who complained about `` red - tapism '' . </Li> <Li> `` red herring . '' A false clue that leads investigators off the track . Refers to the practice of using a fragrant smoked fish to distract hunting or tracking dogs from the track they are meant to follow . </Li> </Ul> <H2> Superstition </H2> <Ul> <Li> It is a common belief in the United States that red cars are stopped for speeding more often than other color cars . However , there is no statistical evidence that this is true . Many police departments have denied it , saying their officers stop drivers for their behavior , not the color of their cars . The one survey that was made on this subject in 1990 by a St. Petersburg , Florida newspaper showed that the number of speeding tickets given to drivers of red cars was about the same as the proportion of red cars on the road in the community . </Li> </Ul> <H2> In film </H2> <P> Many movie titles have included the color 's name , such as : </P> <Ul> <Li> The Woman in Red , a 1935 American film </Li> <Li> Reds , a 1981 film about Communism in the USA and Russia </Li> <Li> The Woman in Red , a 1984 American comedy film </Li> <Li> Raise the Red Lantern , a 1991 Chinese film directed by Zhang Yimou about a concubine </Li> <Li> Three Colors : Red , a French movie from 1994 </Li> <Li> Red , a Tamil movie from 2002 </Li> <Li> Red , a 2008 American film </Li> <Li> Red and Red 2 , American films from 2010 and 2013 </Li> <Li> Red Dog , a 2011 Australian film </Li> <Li> Red State , a 2011 American film </Li> <Li> Red Dawn , 1984 and 2012 American films </Li> </Ul> <H2> See also </H2> <Ul> <Li> Erythrophobia </Li> <Li> List of colors </Li> <Li> Little Red Riding Hood </Li> </Ul> <H2> References </H2> <H3> Notes and citations </H3> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ Georgia State University Department of Physics and Astronomy . `` Spectral Colors '' . HyperPhysics site . Retrieved October 20 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Georgia State University Department of Physics and Astronomy . `` Spectral Colors '' . HyperPhysics site . Retrieved October 20 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Maerz and Paul A Dictionary of Color McGraw - Hill , New York ( 1930 ) </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Archetti , Marco ; Döring , Thomas F. ; Hagen , Snorre B. ; Hughes , Nicole M. ; Leather , Simon R. ; Lee , David W. ; Lev - Yadun , Simcha ; Manetas , Yiannis ; Ougham , Helen J. ; Schaberg , Paul G. ; Thomas , Howard ( 2011 ) . `` Unravelling the evolution of autumn colours : an interdisciplinary approach '' . Trends in Ecology & Evolution. 24 ( 3 ) : 166 -- 73 . doi : 10.1016 / j. tree. 2008.10. 006 . PMID 19178979 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Chunling ( 2008 ) , China Red , pp. 60 -- 61 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Eva Heller , Psychologie de la couleur -- effets et symboliques . pp. 39 -- 63 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Webster 's New World Dictionary of American English , 3rd College Edition , ( 1988 ) . `` A dark brown red . '' Random House College Dictionary ( 1975 ) , `` a dark brownish - red . '' </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Georgia State University Department of Physics and Astronomy . `` Spectral Colors '' . HyperPhysics site . Retrieved October 20 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` What Wavelength Goes With a Color ? '' . Atmospheric Science Data Center . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 15 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kalat , James W. ( 2005 ) . Introduction to Psychology . Thomson Wadsworth . p. 105 . ISBN 0 - 534 - 62460 - X . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Ali , Mohamed Ather ; Klyne , M.A. ( 1985 ) . Vision in Vertebrates . New York : Plenum Press . pp. 174 -- 75 . ISBN 0 - 306 - 42065 - 1 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ O'Neil , Dennis ( March 19 , 2010 ) . `` Primate Color Vision '' . Primates . San Marcos , California : Palomar Community College . Retrieved 22 April 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Hogan , Dan ; Michele Hogan ( May 25 , 2007 ) . `` Color Vision Drove Primates To Develop Red Skin And Hair , Study Finds '' . Science News . Rockville , Maryland : ScienceDaily . Retrieved 22 April 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Human Vision and Color Perception '' . Olympus Microscopy Resource Center . Retrieved 2007 - 09 - 19 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Be a Stargazer '' . Sensitize Your Eyes . Retrieved 2007 - 09 - 25 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Important Facts About Safelights '' . How Safe is Your Safelight ? . Eastman Kodak . Retrieved 18 April 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Lara Broecke , Cennino Cennini 's Il Libro dell'Arte : a new English Translation and Commentary with italian Transcription , Archetype 2015 , p. 115 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : See David Briggs , The Dimensions of Color </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ K. Saha ( 2008 ) . The Earth 's Atmosphere -- Its Physics and Dynamics . Springer . p. 107 . ISBN 978 - 3 - 540 - 78426 - 5 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ B. Guenther ( ed . ) ( 2005 ) . Encyclopedia of Modern Optics . Vol. 1 . Elsevier . p. 186 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ A.D. White and J.D. Rigden , `` Continuous Gas Maser Operation in the Visible '' . Proc IRE vol. 50 , p1697 : July 1962 . US Patent 3242439 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Laserglow -- Blue , Red , Yellow , Green Lasers '' . Laserglow.com . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 20 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Laserglow -- Lab / OEM Lasers '' . Laserglow.com . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 20 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ DVD </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Adams , Melanie ; Natasha Raynor ( September 19 , 1994 -- March 12 , 2009 ) . `` Mars , The Red Planet '' . MidLink Magazine . North Carolina State University . Retrieved 12 April 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Cardall , Christian ; Steven Daunt ( 2003 ) . `` The Great Red Spot '' . The Solar System . University of Tennessee . Retrieved 12 April 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Brightest Red Dwarf '' , by Ken Croswell ( Accessed 6 / 7 / 08 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ C. Michael Hogan . 2010 . Calcium . eds . A. Jorgensen , C. Cleveland . Encyclopedia of Earth . National Council for Science and the Environment . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Websters New World Dictionary of American English , Third College Edition ( 1988 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ David Bomford and Ashok Roy , A Closr Look -- Colour , National Gallery Company and Yale University Press , pp. 41 -- 42 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ From Shampoo to Cereal : Seeing to the Safety of Color Additives at the Wayback Machine ( archived January 15 , 2008 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Food Color Facts at the Wayback Machine ( archived October 1 , 2007 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` E129 '' , UK Food Guide , a British food additives website . Last retrieved 20 May 2007 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ European Parliament and Council Directive 94 / 36 / EC of 30 June 1994 on colours for use in foodstuffs </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Group urges ban of 3 common dyes '' . CNN . 2010 - 06 - 30 . Archived from the original on 3 July 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 01 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Davies , Kevin M. ( 2004 ) . Plant pigments and their manipulation . Wiley - Blackwell . p. 6 . ISBN 1 - 4051 - 1737 - 0 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Why is blood red ? '' . University of California , Santa Barbara . Retrieved 3 October 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Nabili , Siamak . `` Hemoglobin '' . Procedures and Tests . MedicineNet . p. 1 . Retrieved 12 April 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Fleming , H.P. ; T.N. Blumer ; H.B. Craig ( 1960 ) . `` Quantitative Estimations Of Myoglobin And Hemoglobin In Beef Muscle Extracts '' ( PDF ) . Journal of Animal Sciences . North Carolina Agricultural Experiment Station , Raleigh : American Society of Animal Science . p. 2 . Retrieved 22 April 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Speer , Brian . `` Photosynthetic Pigments '' . UCMP Glossary . University of California : University of California Museum of Paleontology . Retrieved 22 April 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Red Alert ! '' , Joel Garreau , The Washington Post , March 18 , 2002 </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Little , A.C. ; Little , R.A. ( 2007 ) . `` Attribution to red suggests special role in dominance signalling '' . Journal of Evolutionary Psychology . 5 : 161 -- 68 . doi : 10.1556 / JEP. 2007.1008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Setchell , J. ; Smith , T. ; Wickings , E. ; Knapp , L. ( 2008 ) . `` Social correlates of testosterone and ornamentation in male mandrills '' . Hormones and Behavior . 54 ( 3 ) : 365 -- 72 . doi : 10.1016 / j. yhbeh. 2008.05. 004 . PMID 18582885 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Cuthill , I.C. ; Hunt , S. ; Cleary , C. ; Clark , C. ( 1997 ) . `` Colour bands , dominance , and body mass regulation in male zebra finches ( Taeniopygia guttata ) '' . Proceedings of the Royal Society B : Biological Sciences . 264 ( 1384 ) : 1093 -- 99 . doi : 10.1098 / rspb. 1997.0151 . PMC 1688540 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Hill , R.A. ; Barton , R.A. ( 2005 ) . `` Psychology : Red enhances human performance in contests '' . Nature . 435 ( 7040 ) : 293 . Bibcode : 2005Natur. 435 ... 293H . doi : 10.1038 / 435293a . PMID 15902246 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Attrill , M. ; Gresty , K. ; Hill , R. ; Barton , R. ( 2008 ) . `` Red shirt colour is associated with long - term team success in English football '' . Journal of Sports Sciences . 26 ( 6 ) : 577 -- 82 . doi : 10.1080 / 02640410701736244 . PMID 18344128 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Ilie , A. ; Ioan , S. ; Zagrean , L. ; Moldovan , M. ( 2008 ) . `` Better to Be Red than Blue in Virtual Competition '' . CyberPsychology & Behavior . 11 ( 3 ) : 375 -- 77 . doi : 10.1089 / cpb. 2007.0122 . PMID 18537513 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Hackney , A.C. ( 2005 ) . `` Testosterone and human performance : influence of the color red '' . European Journal of Applied Physiology. 96 ( 3 ) : 330 -- 33 . doi : 10.1007 / s00421 - 005 - 0059 - 7 . PMID 16283371 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Hagemann , N. ; Strauss , B. ; Leissing , J. ( 2008 ) . `` When the Referee Sees Red ... '' . Psychological Science . 19 ( 8 ) : 769 -- 71 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1467 - 9280.2008. 02155. x . PMID 18816283 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Elliot , A.J. ; Maier , M.A. ( 2007 ) . `` Color and Psychological Functioning '' . Current Directions in Psychological Science . 16 ( 5 ) : 250 -- 54 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1467 - 8721.2007. 00514. x . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Elliot , A.J. ; Maier , M.A. ; Binser , M.J. ; Friedman , R. ; Pekrun , R. ( 2008 ) . `` The Effect of Red on Avoidance Behavior in Achievement Contexts '' . Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin . 35 ( 3 ) : 365 -- 75 . doi : 10.1177 / 0146167208328330 . PMID 19223458 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Marean , C.W. ; Bar - Matthews , M ; Bernatchez , J. ; Fisher , E. ; Goldberg , P. ; Herries , A.I.R. ; Jacobs , Z. ; Jerardino , A. ; Karkanas , P. ; Minichillo , T. ; Nilssen , P.J. ; Thompson , E. ; Watts , I. ; Williams , H.W. ( 2007 ) . `` Early Human use of marine resources and pigment in South Africa during the Middle Pleistocene '' . Nature . 449 ( 7164 ) : 905 -- 08 . doi : 10.1038 / nature06204 . PMID 17943129 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Chunling ( 2008 ) , China Red , p. 4 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Michel Pastoureau , Le Petit livre des couleurs , p. 32 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Barber ( 1991 ) , pp. 230 -- 31 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Greenfield ( 2005 ) p. 45 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ KJV Book of Exodus 25 : 4 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Exodus%2025&version=VULGATE%7C Bible Gateway , Vulgate Bible ( retrieved December 23 , 2012 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Jenkins , David , ed. ( 2003 ) . The Cambridge History of Western Textiles . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 34107 - 8 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Pigments through the Ages -- Intro to the reds '' . Webexhibits.org . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 08 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Hamilton R. ( 2007 ) . Ancient Egypt : The Kingdom of the Pharaohs . Paragon Inc. p. 62 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Manniche , Lise . Sacred Luxuries. 1999 Cornell University Press , New York . pp. 127 -- 43 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Eva Heller ( 2009 ) , Psychologie de la couleur -- Effets et symboliques , p. 45 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Philip Ball ( 2001 ) , Bright Earth , Art and the Invention of Color , p. 100 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Chunling ( 2008 ) , China Red , pp. 60 -- 61 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Philip Ball ( 2001 ) , Bright Earth , Art and the Invention of Color , p. 100 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ H.C. Bhardwaj & K.K. Jain ( 1982 ) . `` Indian dyes and dyeing industry during 18th -- 19th century '' ( PDF ) . Indian Journal of History of Science . 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Low , Harcourt , Brace and Company , New York . p. 554 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Dart , Tom ( March 12 , 2008 ) . `` Teams with red shirts have a head start '' . Times Online . London : News International Group . Retrieved 13 April 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Frommer , Harvey ( April 9 , 2010 ) . `` First Professional Baseball Team : Flashback '' . Dr. Harvey Frommer on Sports . Diamond Bar , California : Travel Watch . Retrieved 18 April 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Cuordileone , K.A. Manhood and American Political Culture in the Cold War . New York : Routledge , 2005 . ISBN 0 - 415 - 92599 - 1 p. xiii </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Brabazon , Tara . Tracking the Jack . Sydney : UNSW Press , 2000 . ISBN 0 - 86840 - 699 - 6 p. 10 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The United States Flag -- Public and Intergovernmental Affairs '' . United States Department of Veterans Affairs . Retrieved December 7 , 2006 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Brabazon , Tara . Tracking the Jack . Sydney R. : UNSW Press , 2000 . 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Cited in `` red flag '' , Oxford English Dictionary . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Jean - Bernard Lacroix , `` Troubles et criminalité de 1789 à l'an VI '' , La Révolution dans les Basses - Alpes , Annales de Haute - Provence , bulletin de la société scientifique et littéraire des Alpes - de-Haute - Provence , no . 307 , 1 trimestre 1989 , 108 année , p. 154 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Van Geldorn , James ( 1993 ) , Bolshevik Festivals 1917 -- 21 , University of California Press , Berkeley . p. 178 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Christlich - soziale Volkspartei '' . e-archiv.li ( in German ) . Liechtenstein National Archives . Retrieved 22 February 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The East Is Red '' . TIME. 1970 - 05 - 04 . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 10 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Reddest Red Sun '' . Morning Sun . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 10 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Xinhua -- China 's Communist Party members exceed 80 million '' . News.xinhuanet.com. 2011 - 06 - 24 . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 08 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Farhi , Paul ( 2 November 2004 ) . `` Elephants Are Red , Donkeys Are Blue '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved 19 April 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Larssen , Nick ( 1995 ) . The Canadian Criminal Justice System . p. 440 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Robert Hendrickson ( 1999 ) , Encyclopedia of word and phrase origins . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ http://www.snopes.com/autos/law/redcars.asp See Snopes.com . The survey showed that 16 percent of the cars seen on the road were red , and 18 percent of cars which received tickets in a year period were red . ( Retrieved October 12 , 20012 ) . </Li> </Ol> <H3> Bibliography </H3> <Ul> <Li> Broecke , Lara ( 2015 ) . Cennino Cennini 's Il Libro dell'Arte : a New English Translation and Commentary with italian Transcription . Archetype . ISBN 978 - 1 - 909492 - 28 - 8 . </Li> <Li> Barber , E. j.w. ( 1991 ) . Prehistoric Textiles . Princeton University Press . ISBN 0 - 691 - 00224 - X . </Li> <Li> Greenfield , Amy Butler ( 2005 ) . A Perfect Red . Editions Autrement ( French translation ) . ISBN 978 - 2 - 7467 - 1094 - 8 . </Li> <Li> Ball , Philip ( 2001 ) . Bright Earth , Art and the Invention of Colour . Hazan ( French translation ) . ISBN 978 - 2 - 7541 - 0503 - 3 . </Li> <Li> Heller , Eva ( 2009 ) . Psychologie de la couleur -- Effets et symboliques . Pyramyd ( French translation ) . ISBN 978 - 2 - 35017 - 156 - 2 . </Li> <Li> Chunling , Yan ( 2008 ) . China Red . Beijing : Foreign Languages Press . ISBN 978 - 7 - 119 - 04531 - 3 . </Li> <Li> Pastoureau , Michel ( 2005 ) . Le petit livre des couleurs . Editions du Panama . ISBN 978 - 2 - 7578 - 0310 - 3 . </Li> <Li> Gage , John ( 1993 ) . Colour and Culture : Practice and Meaning from Antiquity to Abstraction . Thames and Hudson ( Page numbers cited from French translation ) . ISBN 978 - 2 - 87811 - 295 - 5 . </Li> <Li> Varichon , Anne ( 2000 ) . Couleurs -- pigments et teintures dans les mains des peuples . Seuil . ISBN 978 - 2 - 02084697 - 4 . </Li> <Li> Davies , Kevin M. ( 2004 ) . Plant pigments and their manipulation . Wiley - Blackwell . p. 6 . ISBN 1 - 4051 - 1737 - 0 . </Li> <Li> Hendrickson , Robert ( 1999 ) . Encyclopedia of Word and Phrase Origins . Facts on File . p. 6 . ISBN 08160 - 3266 - 1 . </Li> <Li> Jenkins , David , ed. ( 2003 ) . The Cambridge History of Western Textiles . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0521341078 . </Li> <Li> Thompson , Daniel ( 1956 ) . The Materials and Techniques of Medieval Painting . Dover Publications . ISBN 0 - 486 - 20327 - 1 . </Li> <Li> Bomford , David ( 2000 ) . A Closer Look -- Colour . National Gallery Company , London . ISBN 978 - 1 - 85709 - 442 - 8 . </Li> </Ul> <H2> External links </H2> <Ul> <Li> Media related to Red at Wikimedia Commons </Li> <Li> The dictionary definition of red at Wiktionary </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Shades of red </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Td> Alizarin crimson </Td> <Td> Amaranth </Td> <Td> American rose </Td> <Td> Auburn </Td> <Td> Blood red </Td> <Td> Burgundy </Td> <Td> Cardinal </Td> <Td> Carmine </Td> <Td> Carnelian </Td> <Td> Cerise </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Chocolate Cosmos </Td> <Td> Cinnabar </Td> <Td> Coquelicot </Td> <Td> Crimson </Td> <Td> Dark red </Td> <Td> Electric crimson </Td> <Td> Fire brick </Td> <Td> Flame </Td> <Td> Folly </Td> <Td> Fuchsia </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Indian red </Td> <Td> Magenta </Td> <Td> Maroon </Td> <Td> Mahogany </Td> <Td> Mystic red </Td> <Td> Oxblood </Td> <Td> Persian red </Td> <Td> Pink </Td> <Td> Raspberry </Td> <Td> Red </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Red - violet </Td> <Td> Redwood </Td> <Td> Rose </Td> <Td> Rosewood </Td> <Td> Rosso corsa </Td> <Td> Ruby </Td> <Td> Rust </Td> <Td> Scarlet </Td> <Td> Terra cotta </Td> <Td> Turkey red </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Tuscan red </Td> <Td> Tyrian purple </Td> <Td> Venetian red </Td> <Td> Vermilion </Td> <Td> Wine </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> A typical sample is shown for each name ; a range of color - variations is commonly associated with each color - name . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Shades of pink </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Td> Amaranth </Td> <Td> Amaranth pink </Td> <Td> Baker - Miller pink </Td> <Td> Boto pink </Td> <Td> Brink pink </Td> <Td> Carmine </Td> <Td> Carnation pink </Td> <Td> Cerise </Td> <Td> Coral pink </Td> <Td> Crimson </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Cyclamen </Td> <Td> Deep carmine </Td> <Td> Deep pink </Td> <Td> Fandango </Td> <Td> Folly </Td> <Td> French rose </Td> <Td> Fuchsia </Td> <Td> Hollywood cerise </Td> <Td> Hot magenta </Td> <Td> Hot pink </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Lavender pink </Td> <Td> Magenta </Td> <Td> Mauve </Td> <Td> Mexican pink </Td> <Td> Mountbatten pink </Td> <Td> Persian rose </Td> <Td> Pink </Td> <Td> Puce </Td> <Td> Raspberry </Td> <Td> Rose </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Rose pink </Td> <Td> Ruby </Td> <Td> Salmon pink </Td> <Td> Shocking pink </Td> <Td> Thulian pink </Td> <Td> Ultra pink </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> A typical sample is shown for each name ; a range of color - variations is commonly associated with each color - name . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Electromagnetic spectrum </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> ← higher frequencies longer wavelengths → <Ul> <Li> Gamma rays </Li> <Li> X-rays </Li> <Li> Ultraviolet </Li> <Li> Visible </Li> <Li> Infrared </Li> <Li> Terahertz radiation </Li> <Li> Microwave </Li> <Li> Radio </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Visible ( optical ) </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Violet </Li> <Li> Blue </Li> <Li> Green </Li> <Li> Yellow </Li> <Li> Orange </Li> <Li> Red </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Microwaves </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> W band </Li> <Li> V band </Li> <Li> Q band </Li> <Li> K band </Li> <Li> K band </Li> <Li> K band </Li> <Li> X band </Li> <Li> S band </Li> <Li> C band </Li> <Li> L band </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Radio </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> EHF </Li> <Li> SHF </Li> <Li> UHF </Li> <Li> VHF </Li> <Li> HF </Li> <Li> MF </Li> <Li> LF </Li> <Li> VLF </Li> <Li> ULF </Li> <Li> SLF </Li> <Li> ELF </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Wavelength types </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Microwave </Li> <Li> Shortwave </Li> <Li> Medium wave </Li> <Li> Longwave </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Web colors </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Hexadecimal </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Td> white </Td> <Td> gray ( or grey ) </Td> <Td> red </Td> <Td> yellow </Td> <Td> lime </Td> <Td> aqua ( or cyan ) </Td> <Td> blue </Td> <Td> fuchsia ( or magenta ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> silver </Td> <Td> black </Td> <Td> maroon </Td> <Td> olive </Td> <Td> green </Td> <Td> teal </Td> <Td> navy </Td> <Td> purple </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Category </Li> <Li> Portal </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="3"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Color topics </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="3"> <Ul> <Li> Red </Li> <Li> Orange </Li> <Li> Yellow </Li> <Li> Green </Li> <Li> Cyan </Li> <Li> Blue </Li> <Li> Indigo </Li> <Li> Violet </Li> <Li> Purple </Li> <Li> Magenta </Li> <Li> Pink </Li> <Li> Brown </Li> <Li> White </Li> <Li> Gray </Li> <Li> Black </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Color science </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Color physics </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Electromagnetic spectrum <Ul> <Li> Light </Li> <Li> Rainbow </Li> <Li> Visible </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Spectral colors </Li> <Li> Chromophore <Ul> <Li> Structural coloration </Li> <Li> Animal coloration </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> On Vision and Colors </Li> <Li> Metamerism <Ul> <Li> Spectral power distribution </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Color perception </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Color vision <Ul> <Li> Color blindness <Ul> <Li> Achromatopsia </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> test </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Tetrachromacy <Ul> <Li> Color constancy </Li> <Li> Color term </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Color depth <Ul> <Li> Color photography </Li> <Li> Spot color </Li> <Li> Color printing </Li> <Li> Web colors </Li> <Li> Color mapping </Li> <Li> Color code </Li> <Li> Color management </Li> <Li> Chrominance </Li> <Li> False color </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Chroma key </Li> <Li> Color balance </Li> <Li> Color cast </Li> <Li> Color temperature </Li> <Li> Eigengrau </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Color psychology </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Color symbolism </Li> <Li> Color preferences </Li> <Li> Lüscher color test </Li> <Li> Kruithof curve </Li> <Li> Political color </Li> <Li> National colors </Li> <Li> Chromophobia </Li> <Li> Chromotherapy </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Color philosophy </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Color space </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Color model <Ul> <Li> additive </Li> <Li> subtractive </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Color mixing <Ul> <Li> Primary color </Li> <Li> Secondary color </Li> <Li> Tertiary color ( intermediate ) </Li> <Li> Quaternary color </Li> <Li> Quinary color </Li> <Li> Aggressive color ( warm ) </Li> <Li> Receding color ( cool ) </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Pastel colors </Li> <Li> Color gradient </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Color scheme </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Color tool <Ul> <Li> Monochromatic colors </Li> <Li> Complementary colors </Li> <Li> Analogous colors </Li> <Li> Achromatic colors ( Neutral ) </Li> <Li> Polychromatic colors </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Impossible colors </Li> <Li> Light - 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David ( Michelangelo ) - wikipedia <H1> David ( Michelangelo ) </H1> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> David </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Artist </Th> <Td> Michelangelo </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Year </Th> <Td> 1501 -- 04 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Medium </Th> <Td> Marble statue </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Location </Th> <Td> Galleria dell'Accademia , Florence , Italy </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> David is a masterpiece of Renaissance sculpture created in marble between 1501 and 1504 by the Italian artist Michelangelo . David is a 5.17 - metre ( 17.0 ft ) marble statue of a standing male nude . The statue represents the Biblical hero David , a favoured subject in the art of Florence . </P> <P> David was originally commissioned as one of a series of statues of prophets to be positioned along the roofline of the east end of Florence Cathedral , but was instead placed in a public square , outside the Palazzo Vecchio , the seat of civic government in Florence , in the Piazza della Signoria where it was unveiled on September 8 , 1504 . </P> 3D 3D model <P> Because of the nature of the hero it represented , the statue soon came to symbolize the defence of civil liberties embodied in the Republic of Florence , an independent city - state threatened on all sides by more powerful rival states and by the hegemony of the Medici family . The eyes of David , with a warning glare , were turned towards Rome . The statue was moved to the Galleria dell'Accademia , Florence , in 1873 , and later replaced at the original location by a replica . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 History <Ul> <Li> 1.1 Commission </Li> <Li> 1.2 Placement </Li> <Li> 1.3 Later history </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2 Interpretation </Li> <Li> 3 Conservation <Ul> <Li> 3.1 Replicas </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 See also </Li> <Li> 5 References </Li> <Li> 6 Bibliography </Li> <Li> 7 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> History ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Commission ( edit ) </H3> David , modelling of the marble . <P> The history of the statue begins before Michelangelo 's work on it from 1501 to 1504 . Prior to Michelangelo 's involvement , the Overseers of the Office of Works of Florence Cathedral , consisting mostly of members of the influential woolen cloth guild , the Arte della Lana , had plans to commission a series of twelve large Old Testament sculptures for the buttresses of the cathedral . In 1410 Donatello made the first of the statues , a figure of Joshua in terracotta . A figure of Hercules , also in terracotta , was commissioned from the Florentine sculptor Agostino di Duccio in 1463 and was made perhaps under Donatello 's direction . Eager to continue their project , in 1464 , the Operai contracted Agostino to create a sculpture of David . A block of marble was provided from a quarry in Carrara , a town in the Apuan Alps in northern Tuscany . Agostino only got as far as beginning to shape the legs , feet and the torso , roughing out some drapery and probably gouging a hole between the legs . His association with the project ceased , for reasons unknown , with the death of Donatello in 1466 , and ten years later Antonio Rossellino was commissioned to take up where Agostino had left off . </P> <P> Rossellino 's contract was terminated soon thereafter , and the block of marble remained neglected for 26 years , all the while exposed to the elements in the yard of the cathedral workshop . This was of great concern to the Opera authorities , as such a large piece of marble not only was costly but represented a large amount of labour and difficulty in its transportation to Florence . In 1500 , an inventory of the cathedral workshops described the piece as `` a certain figure of marble called David , badly blocked out and supine . '' A year later , documents showed that the Operai were determined to find an artist who could take this large piece of marble and turn it into a finished work of art . They ordered the block of stone , which they called The Giant , `` raised on its feet '' so that a master experienced in this kind of work might examine it and express an opinion . Though Leonardo da Vinci and others were consulted , it was Michelangelo , only 26 years old , who convinced the Operai that he deserved the commission . On 16 August 1501 , Michelangelo was given the official contract to undertake this challenging new task . He began carving the statue early in the morning on 13 September , a month after he was awarded the contract . He would work on the massive statue for more than two years . </P> <H3> Placement ( edit ) </H3> A replica of David now stands outside the Palazzo Vecchio . <P> On 25 January 1504 , when the sculpture was nearing completion , Florentine authorities had to acknowledge there would be little possibility of raising the more than six - ton statue to the roof of the cathedral . They convened a committee of 30 Florentine citizens that comprised many artists , including Leonardo da Vinci and Sandro Botticelli , to decide on an appropriate site for David . While nine different locations for the statue were discussed , the majority of members seem to have been closely split between two sites . One group , led by Giuliano da Sangallo and supported by Leonardo and Piero di Cosimo , among others , believed that , due to the imperfections in the marble , the sculpture should be placed under the roof of the Loggia dei Lanzi on Piazza della Signoria ; the other group thought it should stand at the entrance to the Palazzo della Signoria , the city 's town hall ( now known as Palazzo Vecchio ) . Another opinion , supported by Botticelli , was that the sculpture should be situated on or near the cathedral . In June 1504 , David was installed next to the entrance to the Palazzo Vecchio , replacing Donatello 's bronze sculpture of Judith and Holofernes , which embodied a comparable theme of heroic resistance . It took four days to move the statue the half mile from Michelangelo 's workshop into the Piazza della Signoria . Later that summer the sling and tree - stump support were gilded , and the figure was given a gilded loin - garland . </P> <H3> Later history ( edit ) </H3> David Galleria dell'Accademia . <P> In 1873 , the statue of David was removed from the piazza , to protect it from damage , and displayed in the Accademia Gallery , Florence , where it attracted many visitors . A replica was placed in the Piazza della Signoria in 1910 . </P> <P> In 1991 , a mentally disturbed artist named Piero Cannata attacked the statue with a hammer he had concealed beneath his jacket ; in the process of damaging the toes of the left foot , he was restrained . </P> <P> On 12 November 2010 , a fiberglass replica of the David was installed on the roofline of Florence Cathedral , for one day only . Photographs of the installation reveal the statue the way the Operai who commissioned the work originally expected it to be seen . </P> <P> In 2010 , a dispute over the ownership of David arose when , based on a legal review of historical documents , the municipality of Florence claimed ownership of the statue in opposition to the Italian Culture Ministry , which disputes the municipality claim . </P> <P> In the mid 1800s , small cracks were noticed on the left leg on David which can possibly be attributed to an uneven sinking of the ground under the massive statue . </P> David 's eyes look towards Rome . <H2> Interpretation ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( September 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> Close - up of David . <P> The pose of Michelangelo 's David is unlike that of earlier Renaissance depictions of David . The bronze statues by Donatello and Verrocchio represented the hero standing victorious over the head of Goliath , and the painter Andrea del Castagno had shown the boy in mid-swing , even as Goliath 's head rested between his feet , but no earlier Florentine artist had omitted the giant altogether . According to Helen Gardner and other scholars , David is depicted before his battle with Goliath . Instead of being shown victorious over a foe much larger than he , David looks tense and ready for combat . </P> <P> The statue appears to show David after he has made the decision to fight Goliath but before the battle has actually taken place , a moment between conscious choice and action . His brow is drawn , his neck tense and the veins bulge out of his lowered right hand . His left hand holds a sling that is draped over his shoulder and down to his right hand , which holds a rock . The twist of his body effectively conveys to the viewer the feeling that he is in motion , an impression heightened with contrapposto . The statue is a Renaissance interpretation of a common ancient Greek theme of the standing heroic male nude . In the High Renaissance , contrapposto poses were thought of as a distinctive feature of antique sculpture . This is typified in David , as the figure stands with one leg holding its full weight and the other leg forward . This classic pose causes the figure 's hips and shoulders to rest at opposing angles , giving a slight s - curve to the entire torso . The contrapposto is emphasised by the turn of the head to the left , and by the contrasting positions of the arms . </P> <P> Michelangelo 's David has become one of the most recognized works of Renaissance sculpture , a symbol of strength and youthful beauty . </P> David 's right hand . <P> Just the colossal size of the statue impressed Michelangelo 's contemporaries . Vasari described it as `` certainly a miracle that of Michelangelo , to restore to life one who was dead , '' and then listed all of the largest and most grand of the ancient statues that he had ever seen , concluding that Michelangelo 's work surpassed `` all ancient and modern statues , whether Greek or Latin , that have ever existed . '' </P> <P> The proportions of the David are atypical of Michelangelo 's work ; the figure has an unusually large head and hands ( particularly apparent in the right hand ) . The small size of the genitals , though , is in line with his other works and with Renaissance conventions in general , perhaps referencing the ancient Greek ideal of pre-pubescent male nudity . These enlargements may be due to the fact that the statue was originally intended to be placed on the cathedral roofline , where the important parts of the sculpture may have been accentuated in order to be visible from below . The statue is unusually slender ( front to back ) in comparison to its height , which may be a result of the work done on the block before Michelangelo began carving it . </P> <P> It is possible that the David was conceived as a political statue before Michelangelo began to work on it . Certainly David the giant - killer had long been seen as a political figure in Florence , and images of the Biblical hero already carried political implications there . Donatello 's bronze David , made for the Medici family , perhaps c. 1440 , had been appropriated by the Signoria in 1494 , when the Medici were exiled from Florence , and the statue was installed in the courtyard of the Palazzo della Signoria , where it stood for the Republican government of the city . By placing Michelangelo 's statue in the same general location , the Florentine authorities ensured that David would be seen as a political parallel as well as an artistic response to that earlier work . These political overtones led to the statue being attacked twice in its early days . Protesters pelted it with stones the year it debuted , and , in 1527 , an anti-Medici riot resulted in its left arm being broken into three pieces . </P> <P> Commentators have noted the presence on David 's penis of his foreskin , which is at odds with the Judaic practice of circumcision , but is consistent with the conventions of Renaissance art . </P> <H2> Conservation ( edit ) </H2> <P> During World War II , David was entombed in brick to protect it from damage from airborne bombs . </P> Detail of David 's damaged left foot , caused by exposure to the elements and in 1991 when a deranged man hit it with a concealed hammer . <P> In 1991 , the foot of the statue was damaged by a man with a hammer . The samples obtained from that incident allowed scientists to determine that the marble used was obtained from the Fantiscritti quarries in Miseglia , the central of three small valleys in Carrara . The marble in question contains many microscopic holes that cause it to deteriorate faster than other marbles . Because of the marble 's degradation , from 2003 to 2004 the statue was given its first major cleaning since 1843 . Some experts opposed the use of water to clean the statue , fearing further deterioration . Under the direction of Franca Falleti , senior restorers Monica Eichmann and Cinzia Parnigoni undertook the job of restoring the statue . </P> <P> In 2008 , plans were proposed to insulate the statue from the vibration of tourists ' footsteps at Florence 's Galleria dell'Accademia , to prevent damage to the marble . </P> <H3> Replicas ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Replicas of Michelangelo 's David Approximate heights of various notable statues : 1 . Spring Temple Buddha 153 m ( incl. 25 m pedestal and 20 m throne ) 2 . Statue of Liberty 93 m ( incl. 47 m pedestal ) 3 . The Motherland Calls 91 m ( excl . pedestal ) 4 . Christ the Redeemer 38 m ( incl. 8 m pedestal ) 5 . Statue of David 5.17 m ( excl . 2.5 m pedestal ) <P> David has stood on display at Florence 's Galleria dell'Accademia since 1873 . In addition to the full - sized replica occupying the spot of the original in front of the Palazzo Vecchio , a bronze version overlooks Florence from the Piazzale Michelangelo . The plaster cast of David at the Victoria and Albert Museum has a detachable plaster fig leaf which is displayed nearby . Legend claims that the fig leaf was created in response to Queen Victoria 's shock upon first viewing the statue 's nudity , and was hung on the figure prior to royal visits , using two strategically placed hooks . In 2010 , the Italian government began a campaign to solidify its claim to the iconic marble statue . </P> <P> David has been endlessly reproduced , in plaster and imitation marble fibreglass , signifying an attempt to lend an atmosphere of culture even in some unlikely settings such as beach resorts , gambling casinos and model railroads . </P> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> List of works by Michelangelo </Li> <Li> List of statues by height </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Dl> <Dt> Notes </Dt> </Dl> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ The height of the David was recorded incorrectly and the mistake proliferated through many art history publications . The accurate height was only determined in 1998 -- 99 when a team from Stanford University went to Florence to try out a project on digitally imaging large 3D objects by photographing sculptures by Michelangelo and found that the sculpture was taller than any of the sources had indicated . See ( 1 ) and ( 2 ) . </Li> </Ol> <Dl> <Dt> Citations </Dt> </Dl> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ See , for example , Donatello 's 2 versions of David ; Verrocchio 's bronze David ; Domenico Ghirlandaio 's painting of David ; and Bartolomeo Bellano 's bronze David . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ This theory was first proposed by Saul Levine `` The Location of Michelangelo 's David : The Meeting of January 25 , 1504 , The Art Bulletin 56 ( 1974 ) : 31 -- 49 . See also J. Huston McCulloch , David : A New Perspective , ( 2007 ) accessed 13 - 02 - 2010 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ The genesis of David was discussed in Seymour 1967 and in Coonin 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Charles Seymour , Jr . `` Homo Magnus et Albus : the Quattrocento Background for Michelangelo 's David of 1501 -- 04 , '' Stil und Überlieferung in der Kunst des Abendlandes , Berlin , 1967 , II , 96 -- 105 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Seymour , 100 -- 101 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Giovanni Gaye , Carteggio inedito d'artisti del sec . XIV , XV , XVI , Florence : 1839 -- 40 , 2 : 454 and Charles Seymour , Michelangelo 's David : A Search for Identity , Pittsburgh : Pittsburgh University Press , 1967 , 134 -- 137 , doc. 34 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Gaetano Milanesi , Le lettere di Michelangelo Buonarroti pubblicati coi ricordi ed i contratti artistici , Florence , 1875 , 620 -- 623 : `` ... the Consuls of the Arte della Lana and the Lords Overseers being met Overseers , have chosen as sculptor to the said Cathedral the worthy master , Michelangelo , the son of Lodovico Buonarrotti , a citizen of Florence , to the end that he may make , finish and bring to perfection the male figure known as the Giant , nine braccia in height , already blocked out in marble by Maestro Agostino grande , of Florence , and badly blocked ; and now stored in the workshops of the Cathedral . The work shall be completed within the period and term of two years next ensuing , beginning from the first day of September next ensuing , with a salary and payment together in joint assembly within the hall of the said of six broad florins of gold in gold for every month . And for all other works that shall be required about the said building ( edificium ) the said Overseers bind themselves to supply and provide both men and scaffolding from their office and all else that may be necessary . When the said work and the said male figure of marble shall be finished , then the Consuls and Overseers who shall at that time be in authority shall judge whether it merits a higher reward , being guided therein by the dictates of their own consciences . '' </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ The statue has not been weighed , but an estimate of its weight was circulated in 2004 , when the statue was cleaned . See a CBS news report of 8 March 2004 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ The minutes of the meeting were published in Giovanni Gaye , Carteggio inedito d'artisti del sec . XIV , XV , XVI , Florence , 1839 -- 40 , 2 : 454 -- 463 . For an English translation of the document , see Seymour , Michelangelo 's David , 140 -- 155 and for an analysis , see Saul Levine , `` The Location of Michelangelo 's David : The Meeting of January 25 , 1504 , Art Bulletin 56 ( 1974 ) : 31 -- 49 ; N. Randolph Parks , `` The Placement of Michelangelo 's David : A Review of the Documents , '' Art Bulletin , 57 ( 1975 ) 560 -- 570 ; and Rona Goffen , Renaissance Rivals : Michelangelo , Leonardo , Raphael , Titian , New Haven , 2002 , 123 -- 127 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Goffen ( 2002 ) , p. 130 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Coonin , 2014 , pp. 90 - 94 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Coonin , 2014 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` a man the police described as deranged , broke part of a toe with a hammer , saying a 16th century Venetian painter 's model ordered him to do so . '' Cowell , Alan . `` Michelangelo 's David Is Damaged '' , New York Times , 1991 - 09 - 15 . Retrieved on 2008 - 05 - 23 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Rossella Lorenzi , Art lovers go nuts over dishy David , ABC Science , Monday , 21 November 2005 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Michelangelo 's David as It Was Meant to Be Seen : Discovery News '' . news.discovery.com . Retrieved 24 July 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Povoledo , Elisabetta ( 31 August 2010 ) . `` Who Owns Michelangelo 's ' David ' ? '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 1 September 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Pisa , Nick ( 16 August 2010 ) . `` Florence vs Italy : Michelangelo 's David at centre of ownership row '' . The Daily Telegraph ( London ) . Retrieved 1 September 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ A. , Borri ( 2006 ) . `` Diagnostic analysis of the lesions and stability of Michelangelo 's David '' . Journal of Cultural Heritage . 7 : 273 -- 285 . doi : 10.1016 / j. culher. 2006.06. 004 -- via ScienceDirect . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` File : Andrea del castagno , scudo di david con la testa di golia , 1450 - 55 circa , 02. JPG - Wikimedia Commons '' . commons.wikimedia.org . Retrieved 24 July 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Helen Gardner , Fred S. Kleiner , Christin J. MamiyaIt , Gardner 's Art Through the Ages retrieved February 17 , 2009 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Howard Hibbard , Michelangelo , New York : Harper & Row , 1974 , 59 -- 61 ; Anthony Hughes , Michelangelo , London : Phaidon , 1997 , 74 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` David Sculpture , Michelango 's David , Michelangelo Gallery '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Giorgio Vasari , Le vite de ' più eccellenti pittori , scultori e architettori nelle redazioni del 1550 e 1568 , ed . Rosanna Bettarini and Paola Barocchi , Florence , 1966 -- 87 , 6 : 21 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Levine , 45 -- 46 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Butterfield , Andrew ( 1995 ) . `` New Evidence for the Iconography of David in Quattrocento Florence '' . I Tatti Studies . 8 : 115 -- 133 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Strauss , RM ; Marzo - Ortega , H ( 2002 ) . `` Michelangelo and medicine '' . JR Soc Med. 95 : 514 -- 5 . doi : 10.1258 / jrsm. 95.10. 514 . PMC 1279184 . PMID 12356979 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Coonin , 2014 , pp. 105 - 108 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Eric Scigliano . `` Inglorious Restorations . Destroying Old Masterpieces in Order to Save Them . '' Harper 's Magazine . August 2005 , 61 -- 68 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Michelangelo 's David ' may crack ' '' . BBC News . 19 September 2008 . Retrieved 19 September 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` David 's Fig Leaf '' . Victoria and Albert Museum . Retrieved 29 May 2007 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` You need not travel to Florence to see Michelangelo 's David . You can see it well enough for educational purposes in reproduction , '' asserted E.B. Feldman in 1973 ( Feldman , `` The teacher as model critic '' , Journal of Aesthetic Education , 1973 ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ That `` typical examples of kitsch include fridge magnets showing Michelangelo 's David . '' is reported even in the British Medical Journal ( J Launer , `` Medical kitsch '' , BMJ , 2000 ) </Li> </Ol> <H2> Bibliography ( edit ) </H2> <Table> External video <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Michelangelo 's David , Smarthistory </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ul> <Li> Coonin , A. Victor , From Marble to Flesh : The Biography of Michelangelo 's David , Florence : The Florentine Press , 2014 . ISBN 9788897696025 . </Li> <Li> Goffen , Rona ( 2002 ) . Renaissance Rivals : Michelangelo , Leonardo , Raphael , Titian . Yale University Press . </Li> <Li> Hall , James , Michelangelo and the Reinvention of the Human Body New York : Farrar , Straus and Giroux , 2005 . </Li> <Li> Hartt , Frederick , Michelangelo : the complete sculpture , New York : Abrams Books , 1982 . </Li> <Li> Hibbard , Howard . Michelangelo , New York : Harper & Row , 1974 . </Li> <Li> Hirst Michael , `` Michelangelo In Florence : David In 1503 and Hercules In 1506 , '' The Burlington Magazine , 142 ( 2000 ) : 487 -- 492 . </Li> <Li> Hughes , Anthony , Michelangelo , London : Phaidon Press , 1997 . </Li> <Li> Levine , Saul , `` The Location of Michelangelo 's David : The Meeting of January 25 , 1504 '' , The Art Bulletin , 56 ( 1974 ) : 31 -- 49 . </Li> <Li> Natali , Antonio ; Michelangelo ( 2014 ) . Michelangelo Inside and Outside the Uffizi . Florence : Maschietto . ISBN 978 - 88 - 6394 - 085 - 5 . </Li> <Li> Pope - Hennessy , John , Italian High Renaissance and Baroque Sculpture . London : Phaidon , 1996 . </Li> <Li> Seymour , Charles , Jr . Michelangelo 's David : a search for identity ( Mellon Studies in the Humanities ) , Pittsburgh : University of Pittsburgh Press , 1967 . </Li> <Li> Vasari , Giorgio , The Lives of the Artists ( Penguin Books ) , `` Life of Michelangelo '' , pp. 325 -- 442 . </Li> </Ul> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wikimedia Commons has media related to Michelangelo 's David . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ul> <Li> David : A New Perspective , J. Huston McCulloch </Li> <Li> Michelangelo Buonarroti : David , Art and the Bible </Li> <Li> The Digital Michelangelo Project , Stanford University </Li> <Li> Models of wax and clay used by Michelangelo in making his sculpture and paintings </Li> <Li> The Museums of Florence -- The David of Michelangelo </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="3"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Tourism in Florence </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Religious sites </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Basilicas </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Cathedral of Santa Maria del Fiore </Li> <Li> S Lorenzo <Ul> <Li> Medici Chapel </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> S Croce <Ul> <Li> Baroncelli and Pazzi Chapels </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> S Maria Novella <Ul> <Li> Tornabuoni Chapel </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> SS Annunziata </Li> <Li> S Marco </Li> <Li> S Miniato al Monte </Li> <Li> S Maria del Carmine <Ul> <Li> Brancacci Chapel </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> S Trinita <Ul> <Li> Bartolini Salimbeni Chapel </Li> <Li> Sassetti Chapel </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> S Spirito 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</Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Florence , 1501 -- 1505 </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> David </Li> <Li> Madonna of Bruges </Li> <Li> Additions to the Piccolomini Altarpiece ( Saints Peter , Paul , Pius and Gregory ) </Li> <Li> Pitti Tondo </Li> <Li> Taddei Tondo </Li> <Li> St. Matthew </Li> <Li> * Rothschild Bronzes </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Tomb of Pope Julius II , 1505 -- 1545 </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Moses </Li> <Li> Rebellious Slave </Li> <Li> Dying Slave </Li> <Li> Young Slave </Li> <Li> Bearded Slave </Li> <Li> Atlas Slave </Li> <Li> Awakening Slave </Li> <Li> The Genius of Victory </Li> <Li> Rachel </Li> <Li> Leah </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Florence , 1516 -- 1534 </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Christ Carrying the Cross </Li> <Li> Medici Chapel <Ul> <Li> Giuliano de ' Medici </Li> <Li> Night </Li> <Li> Day </Li> <Li> Dusk </Li> <Li> Dawn </Li> <Li> Medici Madonna </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Apollo </Li> <Li> Crouching Boy </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Rome , 1534 -- 1564 </Th> <Td> <Ul> 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<Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Architecture </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Florence </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> New Sacristy and Laurentian Library in the Basilica of San Lorenzo </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Rome </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Piazza del Campidoglio </Li> <Li> Palazzo Farnese </Li> <Li> St. Peter 's Basilica </Li> <Li> San Giovanni dei Fiorentini </Li> <Li> Porta Pia </Li> <Li> Santa Maria degli Angeli e dei Martiri </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> More </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Works on paper </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Study of a Kneeling Nude Girl for The Entombment </Li> <Li> Male Back With a Flag </Li> <Li> Epifania </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Milieu </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Cecchino dei Bracci </Li> <Li> Tommaso dei Cavalieri </Li> <Li> Vittoria Colonna </Li> <Li> Ascanio Condivi </Li> <Li> Gherardo Perini </Li> <Li> Sebastiano del Piombo </Li> <Li> Febo di Poggio </Li> <Li> Luigi del Riccio </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Related </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Art patronage of Julius II </Li> <Li> Casa Buonarroti </Li> <Li> Lives of the Most Excellent Painters , Sculptors , and Architects </Li> <Li> Michelangelo and the Medici </Li> <Li> Replicas of David </Li> <Li> Replicas of the Pietà </Li> <Li> Restoration of the Sistine Chapel frescoes </Li> <Li> The Titan : Story of Michelangelo ( 1950 documentary ) </Li> <Li> The Agony and the Ecstasy ( 1961 novel , 1965 film ) </Li> <Li> A Season of Giants ( 1990 TV film ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Coordinates : 43 ° 46 ′ 36.13 '' N 11 ° 15 ′ 34.02 '' E / 43.7767028 ° N 11.2594500 ° E / 43.7767028 ; 11.2594500 </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> BNF : cb12071178b ( data ) </Li> <Li> GND : 4246818 - 8 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Michelangelo 's David '' . Smarthistory at Khan Academy . Retrieved 18 March 2013 . </Li> </Ol> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=David_(Michelangelo)&oldid=845314604 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> 16th - century sculptures </Li> <Li> Collections of the Galleria dell'Accademia </Li> <Li> Culture in Florence </Li> <Li> Marble sculptures in Italy </Li> <Li> Outdoor sculptures in Florence </Li> <Li> Monuments and memorials in Florence </Li> <Li> Sculptures by Michelangelo </Li> <Li> Sculptures depicting David </Li> <Li> Vandalized works of art </Li> <Li> Tourist attractions in Florence </Li> <Li> Colossal statues </Li> <Li> Nude sculptures </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Articles needing additional references from September 2016 </Li> <Li> All articles needing additional references </Li> <Li> Coordinates on Wikidata </Li> <Li> Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers </Li> <Li> Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> More </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Asturianu </Li> <Li> Azərbaycanca </Li> <Li> বাংলা </Li> <Li> Беларуская </Li> <Li> Български </Li> <Li> Bosanski </Li> <Li> Català </Li> <Li> Čeština </Li> <Li> Cymraeg </Li> <Li> Dansk </Li> <Li> Deutsch </Li> <Li> Eesti </Li> <Li> Ελληνικά </Li> <Li> Español </Li> <Li> Esperanto </Li> <Li> Euskara </Li> <Li> فارسی </Li> <Li> Français </Li> <Li> Galego </Li> <Li> 한국어 </Li> <Li> Հայերեն </Li> <Li> Hrvatski </Li> <Li> Bahasa Indonesia </Li> <Li> IsiZulu </Li> <Li> Íslenska </Li> <Li> Italiano </Li> <Li> עברית </Li> <Li> Basa Jawa </Li> <Li> ქართული </Li> <Li> Latina </Li> <Li> Latviešu </Li> <Li> Lëtzebuergesch </Li> <Li> Lietuvių </Li> <Li> Magyar </Li> <Li> Монгол </Li> <Li> Nederlands </Li> <Li> 日本 語 </Li> <Li> Norsk </Li> <Li> Polski </Li> <Li> Português </Li> <Li> Română </Li> <Li> Русский </Li> <Li> Scots </Li> <Li> Simple English </Li> <Li> Slovenčina </Li> <Li> کوردی </Li> <Li> Српски / srpski </Li> <Li> Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски </Li> <Li> Suomi </Li> <Li> Svenska </Li> <Li> தமிழ் </Li> <Li> తెలుగు </Li> <Li> ไทย </Li> <Li> Türkçe </Li> <Li> Українська </Li> <Li> Tiếng Việt </Li> <Li> Winaray </Li> <Li> 粵語 </Li> <Li> 中文 </Li> 51 more </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 10 June 2018 , at 23 : 55 ( UTC ) . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> | [
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Where Do We Come from ? What Are We ? Where Are We Going ? - Wikipedia <H1> Where Do We Come from ? What Are We ? Where Are We Going ? </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Where Do We Come From ? What Are We ? Where Are We Going ? </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Artist </Th> <Td> Paul Gauguin </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Year </Th> <Td> 1897 -- 1898 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Medium </Th> <Td> Oil on canvas </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> 139 cm × 375 cm ( 55 in × 148 in ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Location </Th> <Td> Museum of Fine Arts , Boston </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Where Do We Come From ? What Are We ? Where Are We Going ? is a painting by French artist Paul Gauguin . Gauguin inscribed the original French title in the upper left corner : D'où Venons Nous / Que Sommes Nous / Où Allons Nous . The inscription the artist wrote on his canvas has no question mark , no dash , and all words are capitalized . In the upper right corner he signed and dated the painting : P. Gauguin / 1897 . The painting was created in Tahiti , and is in the Museum of Fine Arts in Boston , Massachusetts , US . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Background </Li> <Li> 2 Style and analysis </Li> <Li> 3 Reception and provenance </Li> <Li> 4 References and sources </Li> <Li> 5 Further reading </Li> <Li> 6 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Background ( edit ) </H2> <P> Gauguin had been a student at the Petit Séminaire de La Chapelle - Saint - Mesmin , just outside Orléans , from the age of eleven to the age of sixteen . His subjects there included a class in Catholic liturgy ; the teacher for this class was the Bishop of Orléans , Félix - Antoine - Philibert Dupanloup . Dupanloup had devised his own catechism to be lodged in the minds of the young schoolboys , and to lead them towards proper spiritual reflections on the nature of life . The three fundamental questions in this catechism were : `` Where does humanity come from ? '' `` Where is it going to ? '' , `` How does humanity proceed ? '' . Although in later life Gauguin was vociferously anticlerical , these questions from Dupanloup 's catechism obviously had lodged in his mind , and `` where ? '' became the key question that Gauguin asked in his art . </P> <P> Looking for a society more simple and elemental than that of his native France , Gauguin left for Tahiti in 1891 . In addition to several other paintings that express his highly individualistic mythology , he completed this painting in 1897 or 1898 . Gauguin considered it a masterpiece and the grand culmination of his thought . He was in despair when he undertook the painting , mourning the tragic death of his favourite daughter earlier in the year and oppressed by debts , and had planned to kill himself on finishing it . He subsequently made an unsuccessful attempt with an overdose of arsenic . Thomson thinks it quite possible that he only painted in the inscription while recovering from the attempt . </P> <H2> Style and analysis ( edit ) </H2> <P> Gauguin indicated that the painting should be read from right to left , with the three major figure groups illustrating the questions posed in the title . The three women with a child represent the beginning of life ; the middle group symbolizes the daily existence of young adulthood ; and in the final group , according to the artist , `` an old woman approaching death appears reconciled and resigned to her thoughts '' ; at her feet , `` a strange white bird ... represents the futility of words '' or `` the uselessness of vain words '' . The blue idol in the background apparently represents what Gauguin described as `` the Beyond . '' Of its entirety he said , `` I believe that this canvas not only surpasses all my preceding ones , but that I shall never do anything better -- or even like it . '' </P> <P> The painting is an accentuation of Gauguin 's trailblazing post-impressionistic style ; his art stressed the vivid use of colors and thick brushstrokes , tenets of the impressionists ( though the Impressionists focused on quick brushstrokes ) , while it aimed to convey an emotional or expressionistic strength . It emerged in conjunction with other avant - garde movements of the twentieth century , including cubism and fauvism . </P> <H2> Reception and provenance ( edit ) </H2> <P> In 1898 , Gauguin sent the painting to Georges - Daniel de Monfreid in Paris . Monfreid passed it to Ambroise Vollard along with eight other thematically related pictures shipped earlier . They went on view at Vollard 's gallery from November to December 1898 . The exhibition was a success , although D'où Venons Nous ? received mixed reviews . The critic Andre Fontainas of the Mercure de France acknowledged a grudging respect for the work but thought the allegory impenetrable were it not for the inscription , and compared the painting unfavourably to the murals of Pierre Puvis de Chavannes who had died recently . Vollard had already purchased the other works as a job lot from Monfreid for 1,000 francs ( Gauguin was furious when he found out ) , but refrained from purchasing the larger monumental work and had difficulty selling it on . </P> <P> Charles Morice ( fr ) two years later tried to raise a public subscription to purchase the painting for the nation . To assist this endeavour , Gauguin wrote a detailed description of the work concluding with the messianic remark that he spoke in parables : `` Seeing they see not , hearing they hear not '' . The subscription nevertheless failed . Vollard eventually sold the painting for 2,500 francs ( about $10,000 in year 2000 US dollars ) in 1901 to Gabriel Frizeau ( fr ) , of which Vollard 's commission was perhaps as much as 500 francs . </P> <P> Subsequently , the painting was consigned and sold to several other Parisian and European merchants and collectors until it was purchased by the Marie Harriman Gallery in New York City in 1936 . The Museum of Fine Arts , Boston , acquired it from the Marie Harriman Gallery on 16 April 1936 . </P> <H2> References and sources ( edit ) </H2> <Dl> <Dt> References </Dt> <Dd> </Dd> </Dl> <Ol> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Where Do We Come From ? What Are We ? Where Are We Going ? , Museum of Fine Arts , Boston . Retrieved 23 February 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Gayford pp. 99 - 100 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Stuckey p. 129 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Mathews pp. 225 - 6 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Thomson p. 194 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Boime p. 143 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Boime p. 140 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Gauguin - Tahiti , The Workshop of the Tropics '' . musee-orsay.fr . Musée d'Orsay . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Mathews p. 229 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Thomson pp. 198 - 200 . </Li> </Ol> <Dl> <Dt> Sources </Dt> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> Boime , Albert . ( 2008 ) Revelation of Modernism : Responses to the Cultural Crisis in Fin - de-Siécle . University of Missouri Press , ISBN 9780826266255 </Li> <Li> Gayford , Martin . ( 2006 ) The Yellow House : Van Gogh , Gauguin , and Nine Turbulent Weeks in Arles , London : Penguin Books , ISBN 0 - 670 - 91497 - 5 . </Li> <Li> Mathews , Nancy Mowll ( 2001 ) . Paul Gauguin , an Erotic Life . New Haven , Connecticut : Yale University Press , ISBN 0 - 300 - 09109 - 5 </Li> <Li> Stuckey , Charles . `` Gauguin Inside Art '' in Eric M. Zafran . Ed. , Gauguin 's Nirvana : Painters at Le Pouldu 1889 - 90 . New Haven : Wadsworth Atheneum Museum of Art , Hartford in association with Yale University Press , 2001 , ISBN 0300089546 . </Li> <Li> Thomson , Belinda ( 1987 ) . Gauguin . London : Thames and Hudson . ISBN 0 - 500 - 20220 - 6 . </Li> </Ul> <H2> Further reading ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Rewald , John ( 1956 ; revised 1978 ) . History of Post-Impressionism : From Van Gogh to Gauguin , London : Secker & Warburg . </Li> <Li> Rewald , John . ( 1946 ) History of Impressionism . </Li> </Ul> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <P> Media related to Paul Gauguin at Wikimedia Commons </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Paul Gauguin </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Paintings </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Study of a Nude ( 1880 ) </Li> <Li> Still Life with Profile of Laval ( 1886 ) </Li> <Li> Vision after the Sermon ( 1888 ) </Li> <Li> The Painter of Sunflowers ( 1888 ) </Li> <Li> Landscape near Arles ( 1888 ) </Li> <Li> Fruits on a Table ( 1889 ) </Li> <Li> The Flageolet Player on the Cliff ( 1889 ) </Li> <Li> The Yellow Christ ( 1889 ) </Li> <Li> The Green Christ ( 1889 ) </Li> <Li> Christ on the Mount of Olives ( 1889 ) </Li> <Li> Self - Portrait with Halo and Snake ( 1889 ) </Li> <Li> Still Life with Head - Shaped Vase and Japanese Woodcut ( 1889 ) </Li> <Li> Tahitian Women on the Beach ( 1891 ) </Li> <Li> Vahine no te vi ( 1892 ) </Li> <Li> Fatata te Miti ( By the Sea ) ( 1892 ) </Li> <Li> Arearea ( 1892 ) </Li> <Li> Spirit of the Dead Watching ( 1892 ) </Li> <Li> When Will You Marry ? ( 1892 ) </Li> <Li> Aha Oe Feii ? ( 1892 ) </Li> <Li> Arii Matamoe ( 1892 ) </Li> <Li> Merahi metua no Tehamana ( 1893 ) </Li> <Li> Nave Nave Mahana ( 1896 ) </Li> <Li> Where Do We Come From ? What Are We ? Where Are We Going ? ( 1897 / 1898 ) </Li> <Li> Two Tahitian Women ( 1899 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Other works </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Jug in the Form of a Head , Self - Portrait ( 1889 ) </Li> <Li> Soyez amoureuses vous serez heureuses ( wood panel , 1889 ) </Li> <Li> Objet décoratif carré avec dieux tahitiens ( sculpture , 1893 - 1895 ) </Li> <Li> Oviri ( ceramic sculpture , 1895 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Periodicals </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Le Sourire ( 1899 - 1900 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Exhibitions </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Les XX , 1889 </Li> <Li> The Volpini Exhibition , 1889 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Museums </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Paul Gauguin Museum ( Tahiti ) </Li> <Li> Paul Gauguin Cultural Center </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> People </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Jean René Gauguin ( son ) </Li> <Li> Flora Tristan ( grandmother ) </Li> <Li> Émile Bernard </Li> <Li> Vincent van Gogh </Li> <Li> Meijer de Haan </Li> <Li> Charles Laval </Li> <Li> George - Daniel de Monfreid </Li> <Li> Camille Pissarro </Li> <Li> Émile Schuffenecker </Li> <Li> Theo van Gogh </Li> <Li> Ambroise Vollard </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Related </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Lust for Life ( 1956 film ) </Li> <Li> Rebel in Paradise ( 1960 film ) </Li> <Li> The Wolf at the Door ( 1986 film ) </Li> <Li> Paradise Found ( 2003 film ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> BNF : cb13750370t ( data ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Where_Do_We_Come_From%3F_What_Are_We%3F_Where_Are_We_Going%3F&oldid=841302634 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> Paintings by Paul Gauguin </Li> <Li> Paintings of the Museum of Fine Arts , Boston </Li> <Li> Tahitian art </Li> <Li> 1897 paintings </Li> <Li> Birds in art </Li> <Li> Cats in art </Li> <Li> Goats in art </Li> <Li> Water in art </Li> <Li> Dogs in art </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Interlanguage link template link number </Li> <Li> Commons category with local link different than on Wikidata </Li> <Li> Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Brezhoneg </Li> <Li> Català </Li> <Li> Deutsch </Li> <Li> Ελληνικά </Li> <Li> Español </Li> <Li> فارسی </Li> <Li> Français </Li> <Li> Հայերեն </Li> <Li> Hrvatski </Li> <Li> Íslenska </Li> <Li> Italiano </Li> <Li> עברית </Li> <Li> Latviešu </Li> <Li> Lietuvių </Li> <Li> Nedersaksies </Li> <Li> 日本 語 </Li> <Li> Polski </Li> <Li> Русский </Li> <Li> Suomi </Li> <Li> Svenska </Li> <Li> Українська </Li> <Li> 中文 </Li> 14 more </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 15 May 2018 , at 01 : 12 . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> | [
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Teton dam - wikipedia <H1> Teton dam </H1> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Teton Dam </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Catastrophic failure on June 5 , 1976 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Location in eastern Idaho </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Official name </Th> <Td> Teton Dam </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Country </Th> <Td> United States </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Location </Th> <Td> Fremont & Madison counties , Idaho </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Coordinates </Th> <Td> 43 ° 54 ′ 35 '' N 111 ° 32 ′ 21 '' W / 43.90972 ° N 111.53917 ° W / 43.90972 ; - 111.53917 Coordinates : 43 ° 54 ′ 35 '' N 111 ° 32 ′ 21 '' W / 43.90972 ° N 111.53917 ° W / 43.90972 ; - 111.53917 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Purpose </Th> <Td> Flood control , irrigation </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Construction began </Th> <Td> 1972 ( 1972 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Opening date </Th> <Td> 1976 ( 1976 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Demolition date </Th> <Td> June 5 , 1976 ( 1976 - 06 - 05 ) ( failure ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Construction cost </Th> <Td> $48,825,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Owner ( s ) </Th> <Td> U.S. Bureau of Reclamation </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Dam and spillways </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Type of dam </Th> <Td> Embankment dam </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Impounds </Th> <Td> Teton River </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Height </Th> <Td> 305 ft ( 93 m ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Length </Th> <Td> 3,100 ft ( 940 m ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Width ( base ) </Th> <Td> 1,700 ft ( 520 m ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Reservoir </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Creates </Th> <Td> Teton Reservoir </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Total capacity </Th> <Td> 288,250 acre feet ( 355,550,000 m ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Normal elevation </Th> <Td> 5,320 ft ( 1,620 m ) AMSL </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The Teton Dam was an earthen dam on the Teton River in Idaho , United States . It was built by the Bureau of Reclamation , one of eight federal agencies authorized to construct dams . Located in the eastern part of the state , between Fremont and Madison counties , it suffered a catastrophic failure on June 5 , 1976 , as it was filling for the first time . </P> <P> The collapse of the dam resulted in the deaths of 11 people and 13,000 cattle . The dam cost about $100 million to build and the federal government paid over $300 million in claims related to its failure . Total damage estimates have ranged up to $2 billion . The dam has not been rebuilt . </P> <H2> Contents </H2> <Ul> <Li> 1 History and geology </Li> <Li> 2 Filling </Li> <Li> 3 Collapse and flood </Li> <Li> 4 Cause </Li> <Li> 5 Deaths , damage and property claims </Li> <Li> 6 See also </Li> <Li> 7 References </Li> <Li> 8 External links </Li> </Ul> <H2> History and geology ( edit ) </H2> <P> There had been interest in building a dam in the eastern Snake River Plain for many years to control spring runoff and provide a more constant water supply in the summer . The area had suffered a severe drought in 1961 , followed by severe flooding in 1962 . The Bureau of Reclamation ( USBR ) proposed the Teton Dam in 1963 and Congress passed without opposition an authorizing bill the following year . The planned dam was to be an earthen structure 310 feet ( 94 m ) high and 0.6 miles ( 1.0 km ) long and create a reservoir 17 miles ( 27 km ) in length . The impounded water would be used to generate hydroelectric power . An environmental impact statement was issued for the dam in 1971 , but it did not raise the possibility of a collapse . Lack of funding and of site prep work and questions surrounding the required environmental impact statement stalled the project . Barely 14 pages long , the statement quickly drew the ire of opponents of the project . </P> <P> On September 27 , 1971 , several environmental and conservation groups filed a lawsuit in Idaho District Court to stop the construction . Opponents of the dam questioned the project 's justifications . They argued that damming a wild and scenic river and destruction of its trout fishery and other wildlife habitat would `` replace a unique resource with a vulgar one . '' The suit questioned the economic return on investment , the Bureau 's compliance with the National Environmental Policy Act and the geologic soundness of the dam 's location . Concerns over the seismic conditions of the dam site delayed the bid process pending further review by the Department of the Interior . Pressure from Idaho 's congressional delegation stopped the review and in spite of the lawsuit , bids were taken in Idaho Falls on October 29 , 1971 . The contract was awarded to Morrison - Knudsen Co. of Boise , assisted by Peter Kiewit Sons Co. of Omaha , Nebraska . The $39 million contract was awarded in December 1971 . In spite of the lawsuit , work began in February 1972 . After various motions , amended complaints , attempted injunctions and appeals , the suit was dismissed on December 23 , 1974 . </P> <P> The eastern Snake River Plain is almost entirely underlain by basalt erupted from large shield volcanos on top of rhyolitic ash - flow tuff and ignimbrites . The tuff , a late - Cenozoic volcanic rock is 1.9 million years old . The dam site is composed of basalt and rhyolite , both of which are considered unsuitable for dam construction because of their high permeability . This was confirmed by long term pump - in tests at rates of 165 to 460 US gallons ( 620 to 1,740 litres ) per minute . Test cores , drilled by engineers and geologists employed by the Bureau of Reclamation , showed that the canyon rock at the dam site is highly fissured and unstable , particularly on the right side ( as one faces the direction of flow ) . The widest fissures were determined to be 1.7 inches ( 4.3 cm ) wide . The Bureau planned to seal these fissures by injecting grout into the rock under high pressure to create a grout curtain in the rock . </P> <P> In addition , an investigation of the area by geologists of the U.S. Geologic Survey indicated that it was seismically active : five earthquakes had occurred within 30 miles ( 50 km ) of the dam site in the previous five years , two of which had been of significant magnitude . This information was provided to the Bureau of Reclamation in a memorandum , but the geologists ' concerns were considerably watered down in the six - month re-drafting process before the USGS sent the final version of the memo to the USBR in July 1973 . </P> <P> In 1973 , when the dam was only half built , but almost $5 million had already been spent on the project , large open fissures were encountered during excavation of the keyway trench near the right end of the dam , about 700 feet ( 210 m ) from the canyon wall . The two largest , near - vertical fissures trended generally east - west and extended more than 100 feet ( 30 m ) below the bottom of the key trench . Some of the fissures were lined with calcite , and rubble filled others . Several voids , as much as 6 inches ( 15 cm ) wide , were encountered 60 to 85 feet ( 18 to 26 m ) below the ground surface beyond the right end of the dam and grout curtain . The largest fissures were actually caves large enough to enter . One of them was eleven feet ( 3.4 m ) wide and a hundred feet ( 30 m ) long . Another one was nine feet ( 2.7 m ) wide in places and 190 feet ( 60 m ) long . These were not grouted because they were beyond the keyway trench and beyond the area where the Bureau had decided grouting was required . This necessitated using twice as much grouting as had been originally anticipated -- 118,000 linear feet were used in total . </P> <P> Later , the report of a committee of the House of Representatives which investigated the dam 's collapse felt that the discovery of the caves should have been sufficient for the Bureau of Reclamation to doubt its ability to fill them in with grout , but this did not happen ; even after the dam had failed , the Bureau continued to insist that the grouting was appropriate . </P> <P> In December 1972 , concerned about the geological conditions of the Teton River Canyon , USGS geologist David Schleicher wrote about the Teton Dam , still under construction , `` A final point is that flooding in response to seismic or other failure of the dam -- probably most likely at the time of highest water -- would make the flood of February 1962 look like small potatoes . Since such a flood could be anticipated , we might consider a series of strategically - placed motion - picture cameras to document the process . '' </P> <H2> Filling ( edit ) </H2> <P> The dam was completed in November 1975 and filling the reservoir began at the standard rate of 1 foot ( 0.30 m ) a day . However , snows were heavy that winter and five months later the project 's construction engineer requested permission to double the filling rate in order to deal with the additional spring run - off , while continuing to inspect for leaks and monitor the groundwater . A month later , even though monitoring showed that groundwater was flowing a thousand times faster than had been originally anticipated , the filling rate was doubled again , to 4 feet ( 1.2 m ) a day . </P> <P> On June 3 and 4 , 1976 , three small springs were discovered downstream of the dam , although the water running through the leaks was clear and such leaks are not unexpected for an earthen dam . At the time , the reservoir was almost at capacity , with a maximum depth of 240 feet ( 73 m ) . The only structure that had been initially prepared for releasing water was the emergency outlet works , which could carry just 850 cubic feet per second ( 24 m / s ) . The main outlet works and spillway gates were not yet in service : the gates were cordoned off by steel walls while they were being painted . </P> <H2> Collapse and flood ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Breach of Teton Dam , June 5 , 1976 </Li> <Li> <P> The dark brown streak on the dam face near the gray bedrock in the left half of the photo is a leak that formed on the morning of June 5 . The speck above the leak near the top of the dam is a D - 9 bulldozer that is heading down to the leak to push dirt into it . </P> </Li> <Li> <P> Large amounts of mud are now spilling down the face of the dam , unchecked by the efforts of the bulldozer operators . The outlet works at the foot of the dam are flooding with muddy water . </P> </Li> <Li> <P> The dam is now breached and muddy water flows violently over the dam face . </P> </Li> <Li> <P> The breach has now widened to nearly its full extent . The outlet works are completely inundated with muddy water . </P> </Li> </Ul> <P> On Saturday , June 5 , 1976 , at 7 : 30 a.m. Mountain Daylight Time ( MDT ) , a muddy leak appeared , suggesting sediment was in the water , but engineers did not believe there was a problem . By 9 : 30 a.m. the downstream face of the dam had developed a wet spot which began to discharge water at 20 to 30 cubic feet per second ( 0.57 to 0.85 m / s ) and the embankment material began to wash out . Crews with bulldozers were sent to plug the leak , but were unsuccessful . Local media appeared at the site and at 11 : 15 officials told the county sheriff 's office to evacuate downstream residents . Work crews were forced to flee on foot as the widening gap , now larger than a swimming pool , swallowed their equipment . The operators of two bulldozers caught in the eroding embankment were pulled to safety with ropes . </P> <P> At 11 : 55 a.m. MDT ( UTC - 17 : 55 ) , the crest of the dam sagged and collapsed into the reservoir ; two minutes later the remainder of the right - bank third of the main dam wall disintegrated . Over 2,000,000 cubic feet per second ( 57,000 m / s ) of sediment - filled water emptied through the breach into the remaining 6 miles ( 10 km ) of the Teton River canyon , after which the flood spread out and shallowed on the Snake River Plain . By 8 : 00 p.m. that evening , the reservoir had completely emptied , although over two - thirds of the dam wall remained standing . </P> <H2> Cause ( edit ) </H2> <P> Study of the dam 's environment and structure placed blame for the collapse on the permeable loess soil used in the core and on fissured ( cracked ) rhyolite in the abutments of the dam that allowed water to seep around and through the earth fill dam . The permeable loess was found to be cracked . It is postulated that the combination of these flaws allowed water to seep through the dam and led to internal erosion , called piping , that eventually caused the dam 's collapse . </P> <P> An investigating panel had quickly identified piping as the most probable cause of the failure , then focused its efforts on determining how the piping started . Two mechanisms were possible . The first was the flow of water under highly erodible and unprotected fill , through joints in unsealed rock beneath the grout cap and development of an erosion tunnel . The second was `` cracking caused by differential strains or hydraulic fracturing of the core material . '' The panel was unable to determine whether one or the other mechanism occurred , or a combination : </P> <P> The fundamental cause of failure may be regarded as a combination of geological factors and design decisions that , taken together , permitted the failure to develop . </P> <P> A wide - ranging controversy ensued from the dam 's collapse . According to the Bureau of Reclamation , Bureau engineers assess all Reclamation dams under strict criteria established by the Safety of Dams program . Each structure is periodically reviewed for resistance to seismic activity , for internal faults , and for physical deterioration . The dam safety program identified two other dangerous dams -- Fontenelle , which very nearly failed 11 years earlier , when it was filled , in a manner similar to the Teton Dam , and again in May 1985 ; and the Jackson Lake Dam which would have failed during an earthquake on the nearby Teton Fault . </P> <H2> Deaths , damage and property claims ( edit ) </H2> Teton Dam ruins in 2004 <P> Teton Canyon ends approximately six miles below the dam site , where the river flows onto the Snake River Plain . When the dam failed , the flood struck several communities immediately downstream , particularly Wilford at the terminus of the canyon , Sugar City , Salem , Hibbard and Rexburg . Thousands of homes and businesses were destroyed . The small agricultural communities of Wilford and Sugar City were wiped from the river bank . Five of the fourteen deaths attributed to the flood occurred in Wilford . The similar community of Teton , on the south bank of the river , is on a modest bench and was largely spared . One Teton resident was fishing on the river at the time of the dam failure and was drowned . An elderly woman living in the city of Teton died as a result of the evacuation . </P> <P> One estimate placed damage to Hibbard and Rexburg area , with a population of about 10,000 , at 80 percent of existing structures . The Teton River flows through the industrial , commercial and residential districts of north Rexburg . A significant reason for the massive damage in the community was the location of a lumber yard directly upstream . When the flood waters hit , thousands of logs were washed into town . Dozens of them hit a bulk gasoline storage tank a few hundred yards away . The gasoline ignited and sent flaming slicks adrift on the racing water . The force of the logs and cut lumber and the subsequent fires practically destroyed the city . </P> <P> The flood waters traveled west along the route of the Henrys Fork of the Snake River , around both sides of the Menan Buttes , significantly damaging the community of Roberts . The city of Idaho Falls , even further down on the flood plain , had time to prepare . At the older American Falls Dam downstream , engineers increased discharge by less than 5 % before the flood arrived . That dam held and the flood was effectively over , but tens of thousands of acres of land near the river were stripped of fertile topsoil . </P> <P> The force of the failure destroyed the lower part of the Teton River , washing away riparian zones and reducing the canyon walls . This seriously damaged the stream 's ecology and impacted the native Yellowstone cutthroat trout population . The force of the water and excessive sediment also damaged stream habitat in the Snake River and some tributaries , as far downstream as the Fort Hall bottoms . </P> <P> After the dam 's collapse , debris clean - up began immediately and took the remainder of the summer . Rebuilding of damaged property continued for several years . Within a week after the disaster , President Gerald Ford requested a $200 million appropriation for initial payments for damages , without assigning responsibility for Teton Dam 's failure . </P> <P> The Bureau of Reclamation set up claims offices in Rexburg , Idaho Falls and Blackfoot . By January 4 , 1977 , disaster victims filed over 4,800 claims totalling $194 million . By that date , the federal government paid 3,813 of those claims , $93.5 million . Originally scheduled to end in July 1978 , the claims program continued into the 1980s . At the end of the claims program in January 1987 , the federal government had paid 7,563 claims for a total amount of $322 million . </P> <P> No plans have been made for rebuilding the Teton Dam , but its reconstruction has been brought up on at least one occasion . </P> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Great Sheffield Flood </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ Associated Press ( December 17 , 1971 ) . `` Crews due at planned dam site '' . Spokesman - Review . p. 7 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Teton Basin Project : Development '' . USBR . Retrieved December 6 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Perrow , Charles . Normal Accidents . New York : Basic Books , 1984 . ISBN 0 - 465 - 05144 - 8 , pp. 233 -- 238 </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` The Failure of Teton Dam '' . Bureau of Reclamation. 2011 - 04 - 18 . Archived from the original on 2011 - 11 - 28 . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 27 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Reisner , Marc ( 1993 ) . Cadillac Desert . p. 407 . ISBN 0 - 14 - 017824 - 4 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Dylan J. McDonald ( 2006 ) . The Teton Dam Disaster . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7385 - 4861 - 6 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Snake River Plain '' Archived 2014 - 09 - 19 at the Wayback Machine . on National Atlas.gov ( U.S. Department of the Interior ) </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Arthur , H.G. , 1977 . Teton Dam Failure , pp. 61 -- 71 , in The Evaluation of Dam Safety ( Engineering Foundation Conference Proceedings , Asilomar , Nov. 28 -- Dec. 3 , 1976 ) , American Society of Civil Engineers , New York , 523 p . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Marc Reisner ( 1993 ) . Cadillac Desert . p. 397 . ISBN 0 - 14 - 017824 - 4 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Smalley , Ian . `` The Teton Dam : rhyolite foundation + loess core = disaster '' Geology Today v. 8 , n. 1 ( January 1992 ) , pp. 19 -- 22 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Reisner , p. 380 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Reisner , p. 383 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Detailed Information on the Bureau of Reclamation -- Safety of Dams Program Assessment '' . Archived from the original on 10 February 2011 . Retrieved 25 May 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Marc Reisner ( 1993 ) . Cadillac Desert . p. 404 . ISBN 0 - 14 - 017824 - 4 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Johnson , Elaine . `` Teton Dam Flood , June 5 , 1976 '' </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Marc Reisner ( 1993 ) . Cadillac Desert . p. 405 . ISBN 0 - 14 - 017824 - 4 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Data From American Falls Dam '' . Zeb Palmer ( data courtesy Bureau of Reclamation ) . Archived from the original on February 10 , 2013 . Retrieved December 20 , 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Ford , Gerald. `` Remarks Upon Signing the Teton Dam Disaster Assistance Bill . September 7 , 1976 '' on the American Presidency Project at the University of California Santa Barbara </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Levy , Ken ( June 29 , 2011 ) . `` Teton Dam rebuild still option for water storage News tetonvalleynews.net '' . Teton Valley News . Retrieved June 4 , 2017 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wikimedia Commons has media related to Teton Dam . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ul> <Li> Bureau of Reclamation overview with photos and link to final report </Li> <Li> The Teton Basin Project , Eric A. Stene , Bureau of Reclamation History Program , 1996 </Li> <Li> `` The Bureau That Changed the West '' One That Got Away : Teton Dam </Li> <Li> Teton Dam Flood Museum , Rexburg , Idaho </Li> <Li> Teton Dam Collection -- Oral History reports and newspaper articles , includes more than 50 oral history interviews of those living in the area when the disaster occurred . </Li> <Li> Images showing progressive dam erosion damage , taken at the time by Mrs. Eunice Olson </Li> <Li> Teton Dam Failure Narrative </Li> <Li> Teton River Canyon , ID Teton Dam Collapse and Flooding , Jun 1976 at GenDisasters.com </Li> <Li> Johnson , Elaine , `` Teton Dam Flood , June 5 , 1976 '' now at http://www.fremont.idgenweb.org/history-flood.html </Li> </Ul> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Teton_Dam&oldid=846244772 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> 1976 disasters </Li> <Li> 1976 floods </Li> <Li> 1976 in Idaho </Li> <Li> Dams completed in 1976 </Li> <Li> Dam failures in the United States </Li> <Li> Dams in Idaho </Li> <Li> Disasters in Idaho </Li> <Li> Environmental disasters in the United States </Li> <Li> Buildings and structures in Fremont County , Idaho </Li> <Li> Buildings and structures in Madison County , Idaho </Li> <Li> United States Bureau of Reclamation dams </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Webarchive template wayback links </Li> <Li> Coordinates on Wikidata </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> Català </Li> <Li> Deutsch </Li> <Li> Español </Li> <Li> Français </Li> <Li> Italiano </Li> <Li> 日本 語 </Li> <Li> Simple English </Li> </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 17 June 2018 , at 11 : 49 ( UTC ) . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> | [
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Turtles all the way down - wikipedia <H1> Turtles all the way down </H1> Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the saying in cosmology . For other uses , see Turtles All the Way Down . The saying holds that the world is supported by a chain of increasingly large turtles . Beneath each turtle is yet another : it is `` turtles all the way down '' . <P> `` Turtles all the way down '' is an expression of the infinite regress problem in cosmology posed by the `` unmoved mover '' paradox . The saying alludes to the mythological idea of a World Turtle that supports the earth on its back . The phrase suggests that this turtle rests on the back of an even larger turtle , which itself is part of a column of increasingly large turtles that continues indefinitely or even infinitely ( i.e. , that it is `` turtles all the way down '' ) . Thus , the metaphor is also used as an example of the problem of infinite regress in epistemology to show that there is a necessary foundation to knowledge . </P> <P> The exact origin of the phrase `` turtles all the way down '' is uncertain . In the form `` rocks all the way down '' , the saying appears as early as 1838 . References to the saying 's mythological antecedents , the World Turtle and its counterpart the World Elephant , were made by a number of authors in the 17th and 18th centuries . This mythology is frequently assumed to have originated in ancient India and other Hinduist beliefs . The final form of the saying is still well known and can be found in a variety of modern contexts . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 History <Ul> <Li> 1.1 Background in Hindu mythology </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2 Notable modern allusions or variations </Li> <Li> 3 See also </Li> <Li> 4 References </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> History ( edit ) </H2> <P> In the form of `` rocks all the way down '' , the saying dates to at least 1838 , when it was printed in an unsigned anecdote in the New York Mirror about a schoolboy and an old woman living in the woods : </P> <P> `` The world , marm , '' said I , anxious to display my acquired knowledge , `` is not exactly round , but resembles in shape a flattened orange ; and it turns on its axis once in twenty - four hours . '' </P> <P> `` Well , I do n't know anything about its axes , '' replied she , `` but I know it do n't turn round , for if it did we 'd be all tumbled off ; and as to its being round , any one can see it 's a square piece of ground , standing on a rock ! '' </P> <P> `` Standing on a rock ! but upon what does that stand ? '' </P> <P> `` Why , on another , to be sure ! '' </P> <P> `` But what supports the last ? '' </P> <P> `` Lud ! child , how stupid you are ! There 's rocks all the way down ! '' </P> <P> A version of the saying in its `` turtle '' form appeared in an 1854 transcript of remarks by preacher Joseph Frederick Berg addressed to Joseph Barker : </P> <P> My opponent 's reasoning reminds me of the heathen , who , being asked on what the world stood , replied , `` On a tortoise . '' But on what does the tortoise stand ? `` On another tortoise . '' With Mr. Barker , too , there are tortoises all the way down . ( Vehement and vociferous applause . ) </P> -- `` Second Evening : Remarks of Rev. Dr. Berg '' William James <P> Many 20th - century attributions claim that William James is the source of the phrase . James referred to the fable of the elephant and tortoise several times , but told the infinite regress story with `` rocks all the way down '' in his 1882 essay , `` Rationality , Activity and Faith '' : </P> <P> Like the old woman in the story who described the world as resting on a rock , and then explained that rock to be supported by another rock , and finally when pushed with questions said it was `` rocks all the way down , '' he who believes this to be a radically moral universe must hold the moral order to rest either on an absolute and ultimate should or on a series of shoulds `` all the way down . '' </P> <P> The linguist John R. Ross also associates James with the phrase : </P> <P> After a lecture on cosmology and the structure of the solar system , William James was accosted by a little old lady . </P> <P> `` Your theory that the sun is the centre of the solar system , and the earth is a ball which rotates around it has a very convincing ring to it , Mr. James , but it 's wrong . I 've got a better theory , '' said the little old lady . </P> <P> `` And what is that , madam ? '' Inquired James politely . </P> <P> `` That we live on a crust of earth which is on the back of a giant turtle , '' </P> <P> Not wishing to demolish this absurd little theory by bringing to bear the masses of scientific evidence he had at his command , James decided to gently dissuade his opponent by making her see some of the inadequacies of her position . </P> <P> `` If your theory is correct , madam , '' he asked , `` what does this turtle stand on ? '' </P> <P> `` You 're a very clever man , Mr. James , and that 's a very good question , '' replied the little old lady , `` but I have an answer to it . And it is this : The first turtle stands on the back of a second , far larger , turtle , who stands directly under him . '' </P> <P> `` But what does this second turtle stand on ? '' persisted James patiently . </P> <P> To this the little old lady crowed triumphantly . `` It 's no use , Mr. James -- it 's turtles all the way down . '' </P> -- J.R. Ross , Constraints on Variables in Syntax 1967 <H3> Background in Hindu mythology ( edit ) </H3> Further information : World Turtle and World Elephant Four World Elephants resting on a World Turtle <P> The explicit reference to infinite regression ( `` all the way down '' ) can not be shown to predate the 19th century , but in the 17th and 18th centuries , there are references to the story in the form of a World Elephant standing on a World Turtle claimed , without good evidence , to come from Hindu mythology . </P> <P> Henry David Thoreau , in his journal entry of 4 May 1852 , writes : </P> <P> Men are making speeches ... all over the country , but each expresses only the thought , or the want of thought , of the multitude . No man stands on truth . They are merely banded together as usual , one leaning on another and all together on nothing ; as the Hindoos made the world rest on an elephant , and the elephant on a tortoise , and had nothing to put under the tortoise . </P> <P> There is an allusion to the story in David Hume 's Dialogues Concerning Natural Religion ( published in 1779 ) : </P> <P> How can we satisfy ourselves without going on in infinitum ? And , after all , what satisfaction is there in that infinite progression ? Let us remember the story of the Indian philosopher and his elephant . It was never more applicable than to the present subject . If the material world rests upon a similar ideal world , this ideal world must rest upon some other ; and so on , without end . It were better , therefore , never to look beyond the present material world . </P> <P> The first known reference to a Hindu source is found in a letter by Jesuit Emanual de Veiga ( 1549 -- 1605 ) , written at Chandagiri on 18 September 1599 , in which the relevant passage reads : </P> <P> Alii dicebant terram novem constare angulis , quibus cœlo innititur . Alius ab his dissentiens volebat terram septem elephantis fulciri , elephantes uero ne subsiderent , super testudine pedes fixos habere . Quærenti quis testudinis corpus firmaret , ne dilaberetur , respondere nesciuit . </P> <P> Others hold that the earth has nine corners by which the heavens are supported . Another disagreeing from these would have the earth supported by seven elephants , and the elephants do not sink down because their feet are fixed on a tortoise . When asked who would fix the body of the tortoise , so that it would not collapse , he said that he did not know . </P> <P> Veiga 's account seems to have been received by Samuel Purchas , who has a close paraphrase in his Purchas His Pilgrims ( 1613 / 1626 ) , `` that the Earth had nine corners , whereby it was borne up by the Heaven . Others dissented , and said , that the Earth was borne up by seven Elephants ; the Elephants feet stood on Tortoises , and they were borne by they know not what . '' </P> <P> Purchas ' account is again reflected by John Locke in his 1689 tract An Essay Concerning Human Understanding , introducing the story as attributed to Hindu mythology as a trope referring to the problem of induction in philosophical debate . Locke compares one who would say that properties inhere in `` Substance '' to the Indian who said the world was on an elephant which was on a tortoise , `` But being again pressed to know what gave support to the broad - back 'd Tortoise , replied , something , he knew not what '' . </P> <P> The metaphor is used as an example of the problem of infinite regress in epistemology to show that there is a necessary foundation to knowledge , as written by Johann Gottlieb Fichte in 1794 : </P> <P> `` If there is not to be any ( system of human knowledge dependent upon an absolute first principle ) two cases are only possible . Either there is no immediate certainty at all , and then our knowledge forms many series or one infinite series , wherein each theorem is derived from a higher one , and this again from a higher one , et. , etc . We build our houses on the earth , the earth rests on an elephant , the elephant on a tortoise , the tortoise again -- who knows on what ? -- and so on ad infinitum . True , if our knowledge is thus constituted , we can not alter it ; but neither have we , then , any firm knowledge . We may have gone back to a certain link of our series , and have found every thing firm up to this link ; but who can guarantee us that , if we go further back , we may not find it ungrounded , and shall thus have to abandon it ? Our certainty is only assumed , and we can never be sure of it for a single following day . '' </P> <H2> Notable modern allusions or variations ( edit ) </H2> <P> References to `` turtles all the way down '' have been made in a variety of modern contexts . For example , `` Turtles All the Way Down '' is the name of a song by country artist Sturgill Simpson that appears on his 2014 album Metamodern Sounds in Country Music . Turtles All The Way Down is also the title of a novel by John Green that was published on October 10 , 2017 about a teenage girl with obsessive compulsive disorder , a condition he also has . </P> <P> Stephen Hawking incorporates the saying into the beginning of his 1988 book A Brief History of Time : </P> <P> A well - known scientist ( some say it was Bertrand Russell ) once gave a public lecture on astronomy . He described how the earth orbits around the sun and how the sun , in turn , orbits around the center of a vast collection of stars called our galaxy . At the end of the lecture , a little old lady at the back of the room got up and said : `` What you have told us is rubbish . The world is really a flat plate supported on the back of a giant tortoise . '' The scientist gave a superior smile before replying , `` What is the tortoise standing on ? '' `` You 're very clever , young man , very clever , '' said the old lady . `` But it 's turtles all the way down ! '' </P> <P> Hawking 's reference to Russell may be due to Russell 's 1927 lecture Why I Am Not a Christian . In it , while discounting the First Cause argument intended to be a proof of God 's existence , Russell comments : </P> <P> If everything must have a cause , then God must have a cause . If there can be anything without a cause , it may just as well be the world as God , so that there can not be any validity in that argument . It is exactly of the same nature as the Hindu 's view , that the world rested upon an elephant and the elephant rested upon a tortoise ; and when they said , ' How about the tortoise ? ' the Indian said , ' Suppose we change the subject . ' </P> <P> The saying has even made its way into legal contexts . Justice Antonin Scalia of the U.S. Supreme Court discussed his `` favored version '' of the tale in a footnote to his plurality opinion in Rapanos v. United States ( decided June 19 , 2006 ) : </P> <P> In our favored version , an Eastern guru affirms that the earth is supported on the back of a tiger . When asked what supports the tiger , he says it stands upon an elephant ; and when asked what supports the elephant he says it is a giant turtle . When asked , finally , what supports the giant turtle , he is briefly taken aback , but quickly replies `` Ah , after that it is turtles all the way down . '' </P> -- Antonin Scalia , Antonin Scalia . `` RAPANOS v. UNITED STATES '' . Cornell Law School Legal Information Institute 's Supreme Court collection . <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Cartesian theater </Li> <Li> Chicken or the egg </Li> <Li> Cosmological argument </Li> <Li> Discworld </Li> <Li> God of the gaps </Li> <Li> Kurma </Li> <Li> Matryoshka doll </Li> <Li> Münchhausen trilemma </Li> <Li> Primum Mobile </Li> <Li> Primum movens </Li> <Li> Problem of the creator of God </Li> <Li> Teleological argument </Li> <Li> Transfinite induction </Li> <Li> The Siphonaptera </Li> <Li> Yertle the Turtle and Other Stories </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Fichte , J.G. ( 1794 ) . Ueber den Begriff der Wissenschaftslehre oder der sogenannten Philosophie ( Concerning the Conception of the Science of Knowledge Generally ) ( A.E. Kroeger , Trans . ) . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Unwritten Philosophy '' . New York Mirror. 16 ( 12 ) . 1838 - 09 - 15 . p. 91 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Locke , John ( 1689 ) . An Essay Concerning Human Understanding , Book II , Chapter XXIII , section 2 </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Dialogues Concerning Natural Religion / Part 4 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Barker , Joseph ( 1854 ) . Great Discussion on the Origin , Authority , and Tendency of the Bible , between Rev. J.F. Berg , D.D. , of Philadelphia , and Joseph Barker , of Ohio . Boston : J.B. Yerrinton & Son , Printers . p. 48 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Robert Anton Wilson ( 1983 ) . Prometheus Rising . Phoenix , AZ : New Falcon Publishers . p. 25 . ISBN 1 - 56184 - 056 - 4 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ William , James ( July 1882 ) . `` Rationality , Activity and Faith '' . The Princeton Review : 82 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ John R. Ross ( 1967 ) . Constraints on variables in syntax . ( Doctoral dissertation , Massachusetts Institute of Technology ) . Available at MIT Theses ( http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/15166 ) . See page iv of the ms. , page 4 of the electronic file . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ David M. Gross . `` TPL Excerpts from H.D. Thoreau 's journals ( 1852 ) '' . The Picket Line . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ J. Charpentier , ' A Treatise on Hindu Cosmography from the Seventeenth Century ( Brit . Mus . MS . Sloane 2748 A ) . ' Bulletin of the School of Oriental Studies , University of London 3 ( 2 ) ( 1924 ) , pp. 317 - 342 , citing John Hay , De rebus Japonicis , Indicis , and Peruanis epistulæ recentiores ( Antwerp , 1605 , p. 803f . ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Will Sweetman , Indology mailing list , citing Dieter Henrich , ' Die `` wahrhafte Schildkröte '' ' Hegel - Studien 2 ( 1963 ) , pp. 281 - 91 , and J. Charpentier , ' A Treatise on Hindu Cosmography from the Seventeenth Century ( Brit . Mus . MS . Sloane 2748 A ) . ' Bulletin of the School of Oriental Studies , University of London 3 ( 2 ) ( 1924 ) , pp. 317 - 342 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Hendrickson , Matt ( 2014 ) . `` Sturgill Simpson : Country Philosopher '' . Garden & Gun . Retrieved 30 October 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Senior , Jennifer ( October 10 , 2017 ) . `` In John Green 's ' Turtles All the Way Down , ' a Teenager 's Mind Is at War With Itself . '' The New York Times ( NYTimes.com ) . Retrieved October 29 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Hawking , Stephen ( 1988 ) . A Brief History of Time . Bantam Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 553 - 05340 - 1 . </Li> </Ol> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Turtles_all_the_way_down&oldid=824234329 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> Mythological cosmologies </Li> <Li> Flat Earth theory </Li> <Li> Metaphors referring to animals </Li> <Li> Legendary turtles </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty </Li> <Li> Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from November 2017 </Li> <Li> Pages using div col with deprecated parameters </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> Wikiquote </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> Italiano </Li> <Li> עברית </Li> <Li> Latina </Li> <Li> Polski </Li> <Li> Українська </Li> </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 6 February 2018 , at 03 : 12 . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> | [
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Maze Runner : the Death Cure - wikipedia <H1> Maze Runner : the Death Cure </H1> Jump to : navigation , search For the book the film is based on , see The Death Cure . <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Maze Runner : The Death Cure </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Theatrical release poster </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Directed by </Th> <Td> Wes Ball </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Produced by </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Ellen Goldsmith - Vein </Li> <Li> Wyck Godfrey </Li> <Li> Marty Bowen </Li> <Li> Joe Hartwick , Jr . </Li> <Li> Wes Ball </Li> <Li> Lee Stollman </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Screenplay by </Th> <Td> T.S. Nowlin </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Based on </Th> <Td> The Death Cure by James Dashner </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Starring </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Dylan O'Brien </Li> <Li> Kaya Scodelario </Li> <Li> Thomas Brodie - Sangster </Li> <Li> Nathalie Emmanuel </Li> <Li> Giancarlo Esposito </Li> <Li> Aidan Gillen </Li> <Li> Walton Goggins </Li> <Li> Ki Hong Lee </Li> <Li> Barry Pepper </Li> <Li> Will Poulter </Li> <Li> Patricia Clarkson </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Music by </Th> <Td> John Paesano </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Cinematography </Th> <Td> Gyula Pados </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Edited by </Th> <Td> Dan Zimmerman </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Production company </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Gotham Group </Li> <Li> Temple Hill Entertainment </Li> <Li> Oddball Entertainment </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Distributed by </Th> <Td> 20th Century Fox </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Release date </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> January 11 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 11 ) ( Seoul ) </Li> <Li> January 26 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 26 ) ( United States ) </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Running time </Th> <Td> 142 minutes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Country </Th> <Td> United States </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Budget </Th> <Td> $62 million </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Box office </Th> <Td> $272.6 million </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Maze Runner : The Death Cure ( also known simply as The Death Cure ) is a 2018 American dystopian science fiction action film directed by Wes Ball and written by T.S. Nowlin , based on the novel The Death Cure written by James Dashner . It is the sequel to the 2015 film Maze Runner : The Scorch Trials and the third and final installment in the Maze Runner film series . The film stars Dylan O'Brien , Kaya Scodelario , Thomas Brodie - Sangster , Dexter Darden , Nathalie Emmanuel , Giancarlo Esposito , Aidan Gillen , Walton Goggins , Ki Hong Lee , Jacob Lofland , Katherine McNamara , Barry Pepper , Will Poulter , Rosa Salazar , and Patricia Clarkson . </P> <P> Maze Runner : The Death Cure was originally set to be released on February 17 , 2017 , in the United States by 20th Century Fox , but the studio rescheduled the film 's release for January 26 , 2018 in theatres and IMAX , allowing time for O'Brien to recover from injuries he sustained during filming . The film received mixed reviews from critics and has grossed over $272 million worldwide . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Plot </Li> <Li> 2 Cast </Li> <Li> 3 Production <Ul> <Li> 3.1 Filming </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 Release </Li> <Li> 5 Reception <Ul> <Li> 5.1 Box office </Li> <Li> 5.2 Critical response </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 6 References </Li> <Li> 7 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Plot ( edit ) </H2> <P> Thomas , Newt , and Frypan are the last of the free `` Gladers '' immune to the Flare virus that has ravaged the world 's population . Against the orders of Vince , who now leads The Right Arm resistance , the three leave their camp to rescue their immune friend Minho , who is being tortured by the organization WCKD in hopes of developing a cure for the virus . Heading for the `` Last City '' , where WCKD 's headquarters is located , the group is attacked by Cranks , humans infected with the Flare . However , they are saved by Jorge and Brenda , who join them . </P> <P> The group makes it to the wall of the Last City , which protects the city from Cranks . Outside the wall , people are rallying in protest to be let into the city . When WCKD opens fire at the protesters , the group is captured by a contingent of masked men and are taken to a hideout . One of the masked men is revealed to be Gally , who has survived being killed by Minho at the end of The Maze Runner . Gally takes them to see Lawrence , a rebellion leader for those outside the walls , who grants them permission to enter the Last City through a secret entrance . Gally leads Thomas and Newt through to the city and , spotting Teresa , Gally tells Thomas that she can get them into WCKD headquarters . The three capture her and she agrees to help them . </P> <P> Thomas , Newt , and Gally escort Teresa inside WCKD headquarters and toward the location of the Immunes . Gally looks after the Immune children and stays to find a serum that can treat the Flare , while Thomas , Newt , and Teresa go to find Minho . They are caught and chased by a vengeful Janson , who leads WCKD 's troops . Teresa lets them escape to find Minho , before rushing to do a blood test on Thomas ' blood , which she obtained when removing trackers from the Gladers . </P> <P> Gally gets the serum and takes the Immune children outside to a bus where Brenda is waiting . While Gally makes his way back into WCKD headquarters to find Thomas , Brenda is forced to leave with the Immune children in a bus as WCKD forces close in on them . Thomas and Newt reunite with Minho in the medical wing . They are chased by Janson before escaping . Teresa discovers that Thomas ' blood can cure the Flare . She shares her discovery with WCKD 's leader Ava Paige , both agreeing that they must find Thomas . Brenda and the Immune children are cornered by WCKD authorities but are saved by Frypan . Meanwhile , Lawrence rallies his rebels outside the city before blowing a hole in the city wall , allowing his allies and the infected people to storm the city . Outside the headquarters , Gally finds Thomas , Minho , and Newt . Sending Minho and Gally ahead , Newt gives Thomas a necklace with a silver cylinder pendant before passing out . Teresa transmits her voice throughout the city , telling Thomas that his blood can save Newt if he will only return to WCKD . Newt , nearly completely subsumed by the Flare , regains consciousness and attacks Thomas , while begging Thomas to kill him . Left with no other option , Thomas kills Newt . </P> <P> Thomas makes his way back to WCKD and confronts Ava , who stresses that WCKD 's intentions are good . However , she is killed by Janson , who is turning into a Crank . Janson knocks Thomas out and drags him to a lab where Teresa is ready to extract his blood . However , he reveals that he and WCKD are only truly interested in curing those whom they please , which results in Teresa turning on him . After a fight , Janson is killed , allowing Thomas and Teresa to escape to the rooftop where an aircraft piloted by Jorge and Vince is waiting . Thomas makes it aboard , but Teresa is killed when the headquarters comes apart after being hit by a building collapsing owing to the rebels ' attacks . </P> <P> The group reunites with the rest of the Immunes and The Right Arm , escaping to a safe haven that was revealed by Ava , where the remaining population can live in safety . There , Thomas discovers that the pendant Newt gave to him had a note in it . Still traumatized by Teresa 's death , he reads the note , in which Newt tells him to look after himself and everyone , before thanking Thomas for being his friend . </P> <H2> Cast ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Dylan O'Brien as Thomas </Li> <Li> Kaya Scodelario as Teresa </Li> <Li> Thomas Brodie - Sangster as Newt </Li> <Li> Dexter Darden as Frypan </Li> <Li> Nathalie Emmanuel as Harriet </Li> <Li> Giancarlo Esposito as Jorge </Li> <Li> Aidan Gillen as Janson </Li> <Li> Walton Goggins as Lawrence </Li> <Li> Ki Hong Lee as Minho </Li> <Li> Jacob Lofland as Aris </Li> <Li> Katherine McNamara as Sonya </Li> <Li> Barry Pepper as Vince </Li> <Li> Will Poulter as Gally </Li> <Li> Rosa Salazar as Brenda </Li> <Li> Patricia Clarkson as Ava Paige </Li> </Ul> <H2> Production ( edit ) </H2> <P> In March 2015 , it was confirmed that T.S. Nowlin , who co-wrote the first and wrote the second film , would adapt Maze Runner : The Death Cure . On September 16 , 2015 , it was confirmed that Ball would return to direct the final film . </P> <H3> Filming ( edit ) </H3> <P> Principal photography began on March 14 , 2016 , in Vancouver , British Columbia . Previously it was revealed at San Diego Comic - Con International that filming would begin in February 2016 . </P> <P> On March 18 , 2016 , it was reported that actor Dylan O'Brien was injured on set and was hospitalized . James Dashner announced via Twitter that the production was postponed after the accident . It was said that the producers were `` looking to '' resume filming around mid-May . According to the Directors Guild of Canada 's production list , the film was scheduled to resume filming on May 9 , and complete principal photography on July 26 . However , on April 29 , 2016 , production was shut down indefinitely as O'Brien's injuries were more serious than previously thought . </P> <P> Filming resumed on March 6 , 2017 in Cape Town , South Africa . In May 2017 , it was announced that Walton Goggins would play the part of Lawrence , described as `` an unusual and dangerous character who is part - revolutionary , part - anarchist , and a voice for the voiceless people . '' Principal photography wrapped on June 3 , 2017 . </P> <H2> Release ( edit ) </H2> <P> It was originally scheduled to be released in the United States on February 17 , 2017 . However , due to Dylan O'Brien's injuries , the studio said that it was unlikely that this date was going to be met . On May 27 , 2016 , 20th Century Fox rescheduled the film for January 12 , 2018 , allowing time for Dylan O'Brien to fully recover . </P> <P> On April 22 , 2017 , the studio delayed the release date once again , to February 9 , 2018 , in order to allow more time for post-production ; months later , on August 25 , the studio moved the release forward two weeks . The film premiered on January 26 , 2018 in theatres and IMAX . </P> <H2> Reception ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Box Office ( edit ) </H3> <P> As of February 28 , 2018 , Maze Runner : The Death Cure has grossed $56.6 million in the United States and Canada , and $216.1 million in other territories , for a worldwide total of $272.6 million , against a production budget of $62 million . </P> <P> In the United States and Canada , The Death Cure was released alongside the wide expansion of Hostiles , and was expected to gross around $20 million from 3,786 theaters in its opening weekend . The film made $1.5 million from Thursday night previews , in between the $1.1 million made by the first film and $1.7 million by the second , and $8.4 million on its first day . It ended up opening to $24.2 million , down from the previous film but still finishing atop the box office . In its second weekend the film dropped 58 % to $10.2 million , finishing second behind Jumanji : Welcome to the Jungle . </P> <P> A week prior to its North American release , the film debuted in South Korea , Australia and Taiwan , grossing $15.1 million over its opening weekend . During the first two weeks of international release , the film dominated the international box office taking $62.6 and $35.2 million respectively , and outpacing the two previous films . </P> <H3> Critical response ( edit ) </H3> <P> On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes , the film has an approval rating of 43 % based on 140 reviews , and an average rating of 5.1 / 10 . The website 's critical consensus reads , `` Maze Runner : The Death Cure may offer closure to fans of the franchise , but for anyone who has n't already been hooked , this bloated final installment is best left unseen . '' On Metacritic , the film has a weighted average score of 51 out of 100 , based on 37 critics , indicating `` mixed or average reviews '' . Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of `` B + '' on an A+ to F scale . </P> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ `` MAZE RUNNER : THE DEATH CURE ( 2018 ) ( 12A ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . January 17 , 2018 . Retrieved January 17 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Maze Runner : The Death Cure ( 2018 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved March 1 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Busch , Anita ( March 4 , 2015 ) . `` ' Maze Runner : The Death Cure ' Sets T.S. Nowlin To Pen '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved March 10 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Maze Runner 3 to begin filming in Vancouver in March '' . Vancity Buzz . January 18 , 2016 . Retrieved February 8 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ A. , Aliza ( March 9 , 2016 ) . `` ' The Maze Runner : Death Cure ' News And Updates : Filming Confirmed ; Release Date Set On February '' . jobsnhire.com . Retrieved March 12 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Defy Media ( @ ClevverTV ) ( July 9 , 2015 ) . `` The script for Death Cure is currently being worked on & will begin filming in February # ScorchTrials # ScorchSneakPeek '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved July 10 , 2015 -- via Twitter . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Zumberge , Marianne ( March 18 , 2016 ) . `` ' Maze Runner ' Star Dylan O'Brien Injured on Set '' . Variety . Retrieved March 18 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Maze Runner Star Dylan O'Brien Healing Very Well After On - Set Accident , Will Return to Work in About Six Weeks -- E ! '' . E !. April 5 , 2016 . Retrieved May 1 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Dylan O'Brien's Injuries Force ' Maze Runner ' Sequel to Extend Production Shut Down '' . Yahoo . Retrieved May 1 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Maze Runner : The Death Cure Resumes Filming In February '' . August 29 , 2016 . Retrieved August 31 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Ian Bailey ( September 4 , 2016 ) . `` Maze Runner film production leaving B.C. for South Africa '' . The Globe and Mail . Retrieved September 5 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ @ wesball ( March 2 , 2017 ) . `` Big day today . Shot two scenes in 7 hours ( that 's a short day for me ) . Also prelit a set for tomorrow . Then watched dailies ... Pretty stuff '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Hipes , Patrick ( May 10 , 2017 ) . `` Walton Goggins Set For ' Maze Runner : The Death Cure ' '' . Deadline Hollywood . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ @ wesball ( June 4 , 2017 ) . `` That 's a wrap ! Thanks to a great cast and crew for a hell of an experience '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Chitwood , Adam ( April 18 , 2015 ) . `` MAZE RUNNER : THE DEATH CURE Set for 2017 Release ; Miraculously Not Being Split into Two Movies '' . Collider.com . Retrieved June 29 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Past , present and future releases to Past , Present and Future Releases UK Recent and Upcoming Movie '' . www.launchingfilms.com . Retrieved April 1 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( May 28 , 2016 ) . `` Dylan O'Brien's ' Maze Runner : Death Cure ' Release Pushed Back to 2018 '' . Retrieved August 31 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ @ wesball ( April 22 , 2017 ) . `` Hey maze fans . Do n't worry . Release date shifted 4 weeks . It 's a good thing . I get four more weeks of vfx finals , sound mixing , editing '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Anthony , D'Allessandro ( April 22 , 2017 ) . `` ' Deadpool 2 ' , ' New Mutants ' & ' Dark Phoenix ' Find 2018 Dates Among Fox 's Slew of Release Changes & Additions '' . Retrieved April 23 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Dave , McNary ( August 25 , 2017 ) . `` Steven Spielberg 's Pentagon Papers Movie Re-Titled ' The Post ' '' . Variety . Retrieved August 26 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : McNary , Dave ( January 23 , 2018 ) . `` Box Office : ' Maze Runner : The Death Cure ' Races Toward $20 Million Opening '' . Variety . Retrieved January 23 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : D'Alessandro , Anthony ( January 28 , 2018 ) . `` Fox Controls Close To 40 % Of Weekend B.O. Led By ' Maze Runner ' & Oscar Holdovers ; ' Hostiles ' Gallops Past $10 M '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved January 28 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( February 4 , 2018 ) . `` ' Jumanji ' Poised To Be Dwayne Johnson 's Highest Grossing Pic of All - Time Stateside After Super Bowl Weekend Rebound '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved February 4 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( January 28 , 2018 ) . `` Box Office : ' Maze Runner : The Death Cure ' Dominates With $62.6 Million Internationally '' . Variety . Retrieved February 5 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( February 4 , 2018 ) . `` ' Maze Runner : The Death Cure ' Sprints to $35 Million at International Box Office '' . Variety . Retrieved February 5 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Maze Runner : The Death Cure ( 2018 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved February 18 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Maze Runner : The Death Cure reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved January 28 , 2018 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Official website </Li> <Li> Maze Runner : The Death Cure on IMDb </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> The Maze Runner series by James Dashner </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Main trilogy </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> The Maze Runner </Li> <Li> The Scorch Trials </Li> <Li> The Death Cure </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Prequels </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> The Kill Order </Li> <Li> The Fever Code </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Film series </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> The Maze Runner </Li> <Li> Maze Runner : The Scorch Trials </Li> <Li> Maze Runner : The Death Cure </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Films directed by Wes Ball </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> The Maze Runner ( 2014 ) </Li> <Li> Maze Runner : The Scorch Trials ( 2015 ) </Li> <Li> Maze Runner : The Death Cure ( 2018 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maze_Runner:_The_Death_Cure&oldid=828322653 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> 2018 films </Li> <Li> 2010s action thriller films </Li> <Li> 2010s adventure films </Li> <Li> 2010s mystery films </Li> <Li> 2010s science fiction films </Li> <Li> 2010s teen films </Li> <Li> 20th Century Fox films </Li> <Li> American films </Li> <Li> American action thriller films </Li> <Li> American science fiction action films </Li> <Li> American science fiction thriller films </Li> <Li> American sequel films </Li> <Li> Films about revenge </Li> <Li> Films based on American novels </Li> <Li> Films based on science fiction novels </Li> <Li> Films directed by Wes Ball </Li> <Li> Films shot in South Africa </Li> <Li> IMAX films </Li> <Li> The Maze Runner </Li> <Li> Post-apocalyptic films </Li> <Li> Science fiction adventure films </Li> <Li> Teen mystery films </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> All pages needing factual verification </Li> <Li> Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from February 2018 </Li> <Li> Use mdy dates from February 2018 </Li> <Li> Articles containing potentially dated statements from February 2018 </Li> <Li> All articles containing potentially dated statements </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Čeština </Li> <Li> Dansk </Li> <Li> Deutsch </Li> <Li> Español </Li> <Li> فارسی </Li> <Li> Français </Li> <Li> 한국어 </Li> <Li> Bahasa Indonesia </Li> <Li> Italiano </Li> <Li> עברית </Li> <Li> Magyar </Li> <Li> Nederlands </Li> <Li> 日本 語 </Li> <Li> Norsk </Li> <Li> Polski </Li> <Li> Português </Li> <Li> Русский </Li> <Li> Српски / srpski </Li> <Li> Türkçe </Li> <Li> Українська </Li> <Li> Tiếng Việt </Li> <Li> 中文 </Li> 14 more </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 1 March 2018 , at 21 : 52 . </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> | [
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] | when is the death cure coming out in ireland | [
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] | https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Maze_Runner:_The_Death_Cure&oldid=828322653 | 8,321,652,840,430,051,000 |
John Magaro - wikipedia <H1> John Magaro </H1> <P> </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> John Magaro </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Magaro at the 2012 New York Film Festival </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> John Robert Magaro ( 1983 - 02 - 16 ) February 16 , 1983 ( age 35 ) Akron , Ohio , U.S. </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Occupation </Th> <Td> Actor </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Years active </Th> <Td> 2005 -- present </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> John Robert Magaro ( born February 16 , 1983 ) is an American actor . He starred alongside James Gandolfini in Not Fade Away ( 2012 ) -- the feature film debut of David Chase , creator of The Sopranos . He also starred alongside Rooney Mara in Carol ( 2015 ) . He made his Broadway debut as Earl Williams , the escaped convict , in the hit revival of The Front Page in 2016 . </P> <H2> Contents </H2> <Ul> <Li> 1 Life and career <Ul> <Li> 1.1 Not Fade Away </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2 Filmography <Ul> <Li> 2.1 Film </Li> <Li> 2.2 Television </Li> <Li> 2.3 Videogame </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 References </Li> <Li> 4 External links </Li> </Ul> <H2> Life and career ( edit ) </H2> <P> Magaro was born in Akron , Ohio , the son of Wendy and James Magaro , and grew up in its nearby suburb of Munroe Falls . His father is of Italian descent and his mother is Jewish ; he was raised in his mother 's religion . His parents were teachers . While attending school within the Stow - Munroe Falls City School District , he began acting in local theater , including shows at the Cleveland Play House and the Kent State Porthouse Theatre at Blossom Music Center , and Weathervane Playhouse in Akron , Ohio . As a youth , Magaro also appeared in television commercials , and had a role in a Rescue 911 episode . </P> <P> After graduating from Stow - Munroe Falls High School in 2001 , he went on to study theater at Point Park University in Pittsburgh . Currently , Magaro lives in and works out of New York . Among his acting highlights are The Big Short and Todd Haynes ' acclaimed film Carol alongside Rooney Mara and Cate Blanchett . His early film work included The Brave One alongside Jodie Foster and Terrence Howard ; the HBO film Taking Chance starring Kevin Bacon ; and a lead role in fellow Northeast Ohio native Wes Craven 's horror film , My Soul to Take . He also appeared in 8 episodes of Orange Is the New Black . </P> <H3> Not Fade Away ( edit ) </H3> <P> Not Fade Away ( 2012 ) took place in 1960s New Jersey and centered on Magaro 's character , the lead singer of a teenage rock and roll band called `` The Twylight Zones '' -- a reference to Rod Serling 's popular anthology series , The Twilight Zone . The film 's title referred to `` Not Fade Away '' , a Buddy Holly song later covered by The Rolling Stones . The film itself reunited The Sopranos ' creator David Chase with stars James Gandolfini ( as Magaro 's father ) and Steven Van Zandt ( as music supervisor ) . </P> <H2> Filmography ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Film ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Year </Th> <Th> Title </Th> <Th> Role </Th> <Th> Notes </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2005 </Td> <Td> Prisoners of War </Td> <Td> Prisoner </Td> <Td> Short film </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2006 </Td> <Td> Level Red </Td> <Td> Putski </Td> <Td> Short film </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2007 </Td> <Td> Bomb </Td> <Td> Smack </Td> <Td> Short film </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> The Brave One </Td> <Td> Ethan </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> The Life Before Her Eyes </Td> <Td> Michael Patrick </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2008 </Td> <Td> Assassination of a High School President </Td> <Td> Cipriato </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> We Pedal Uphill </Td> <Td> Kyle </Td> <Td> Written and directed by Roland Tec </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2009 </Td> <Td> The Box </Td> <Td> Charles </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> My Soul to Take </Td> <Td> Alex </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2011 </Td> <Td> Down the Shore </Td> <Td> Martin </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2012 </Td> <Td> Liberal Arts </Td> <Td> Dean </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Not Fade Away </Td> <Td> Douglas Damiano </Td> <Td> Feature film debut for David Chase </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2013 </Td> <Td> Deep Powder </Td> <Td> Cota </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2014 </Td> <Td> Unbroken </Td> <Td> Frank A. Tinker </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2015 </Td> <Td> Do n't Worry Baby </Td> <Td> Robert Lang </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Carol </Td> <Td> Dannie </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> The Big Short </Td> <Td> Charlie Geller </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2016 </Td> <Td> The Finest Hours </Td> <Td> Ervin Maske </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2017 </Td> <Td> War Machine </Td> <Td> Cory Staggart </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Marshall </Td> <Td> Irwin Friedman </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2018 </Td> <Td> Overlord </Td> <Td> Gomez </Td> <Td> Post-production </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Television ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Year </Th> <Th> Title </Th> <Th> Role </Th> <Th> Notes </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2006 </Td> <Td> Conviction </Td> <Td> Jiggy </Td> <Td> Episode : `` Denial '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2007 </Td> <Td> Law & Order </Td> <Td> Nathan Gersh </Td> <Td> Episode : `` Talking Points '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2009 </Td> <Td> Taking Chance </Td> <Td> Rich Brewer </Td> <Td> TV movie </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Law & Order : Special Victims Unit </Td> <Td> Andrew Hingham </Td> <Td> Episode : `` Conned '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2011 </Td> <Td> Body of Proof </Td> <Td> Chuck Foster </Td> <Td> Episode : `` Buried Secrets '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2012 </Td> <Td> Person of Interest </Td> <Td> Carl Elias ( Age 22 ) </Td> <Td> Episode : `` Flesh and Blood '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2015 </Td> <Td> Law & Order : Special Victims Unit </Td> <Td> Keith Musio </Td> <Td> Episode : `` Institutional Fail '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2015 -- 2017 </Td> <Td> Orange Is The New Black </Td> <Td> Vince Muccio </Td> <Td> 8 episodes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2015 -- 2016 </Td> <Td> The Good Wife </Td> <Td> Roland Hlavin </Td> <Td> 3 episodes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2016 </Td> <Td> Angie Tribeca </Td> <Td> Snick </Td> <Td> Episode : `` The Coast Is Fear '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2016 </Td> <Td> Crisis in Six Scenes </Td> <Td> Alan Brockman </Td> <Td> 5 episodes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2018 </Td> <Td> Jack Ryan </Td> <Td> Victor Polizzi </Td> <Td> Recurring </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2019 </Td> <Td> The Umbrella Academy </Td> <Td> Leonard Peabody </Td> <Td> Filming </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Videogame ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Year </Th> <Th> Title </Th> <Th> Role </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2006 </Td> <Td> Bully </Td> <Td> Sheldon </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2008 </Td> <Td> Bully : Scholarship Edition </Td> <Td> Sheldon </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Heldenfels , Rich ( October 8 , 2010 ) . `` Slasher film star chases after dream : Stow grad John Magaro carves out acting career , stars in Wes Craven flick '' . Akron Beacon Journal . Beacon Journal Publishing Co . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Gates , Anita ( November 19 , 2008 ) . `` Healing Hearts : One Crotchety , Two Confused '' . The New York Times . The New York Times Company . Retrieved November 2 , 2010 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Fernandez , Jay A. ; Kit , Borys ( October 15 , 2010 ) . `` ' Sopranos ' Colleagues Reunite for ' 60s - Set Film '' . ABCNews.com . ABC News Internet Ventures . Retrieved November 2 , 2010 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : McNary , Dave ( January 24 , 2011 ) . `` Gandolfini , Chase reconnect at ' Twylight ' `` . Variety.com . Reed Business Information . Retrieved February 1 , 2011 . <Ul> <Li> Andreeva , Nellie ( January 24 , 2011 ) . `` ' Sopranos ' Big - Screen Reunion : James Gandolfini Joins David Chase 's New Movie '' . Deadline Hollywood . Mail.com Media Corporation . Retrieved February 1 , 2011 . </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` David Chase 's Feature Debut Finally Has A Title - / Film '' . Slashfilm. 2012 - 03 - 02 . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 26 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Home - Pittsburgh Post-Gazette '' . Pittsburgh Post-Gazette . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Sell , Jill ( June 10 , 1994 ) . `` ' Oliver ' proves quick study '' . The Plain Dealer . The Plain Dealer Publishing Co. p. 38 - Friday . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` ' Lillian Yuralia ' at La MaMa Theater '' . Jewish-Theatre.com . All About Jewish Theatre . November 2008 . Archived from the original on January 27 , 2013 . Retrieved November 2 , 2010 . <Ul> <Li> `` Mazel Tov ! ! '' ( PDF ) . Hashomer. 66 ( 4 ) . Congregation Etz Chayim . December 2008 . p. 9 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on July 26 , 2011 . </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Musarra , Russ ( January 18 , 1998 ) . `` Acting is kid stuff : talented young thespians are taking center stage at area community theaters '' . Akron Beacon Journal . Beacon Journal Publishing Co. p . D1 - Entertainment . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Stow - Munroe Falls High School 2005 Alumni Directory , Chesapeake , Virginia : B.C. Harris Publishing Company , Inc. , 2005 , pp. 302 -- 360 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Review : My Soul to Take ( 2010 ) '' . DreadCentral.com . Dread Central Media , LLC . October 8 , 2010 . Retrieved November 2 , 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Sneider , Jeff ( May 24 , 2011 ) . `` Richard Jenkins enrolls in ' Liberal Arts ' '' . Variety.com . Reed Business Information . Retrieved June 12 , 2011 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> John Magaro on IMDb </Li> <Li> John Magaro at AllMovie </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> WorldCat Identities </Li> <Li> GND : 1107069033 </Li> <Li> VIAF : 168529504 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_Magaro&oldid=863433612 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> 1983 births </Li> <Li> American male film actors </Li> <Li> American male stage actors </Li> <Li> American male television actors </Li> <Li> Jewish American male actors </Li> <Li> Living people </Li> <Li> Male actors from Akron , Ohio </Li> <Li> Point Park University alumni </Li> <Li> 21st - century American male actors </Li> <Li> American people of Italian descent </Li> <Li> 20th - century American male actors </Li> <Li> American male child actors </Li> <Li> American male video game actors </Li> <Li> Male actors of Italian descent </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Use mdy dates from February 2014 </Li> <Li> Articles with hCards </Li> <Li> Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers </Li> <Li> Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> Afrikaans </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> تۆرکجه </Li> <Li> Deutsch </Li> <Li> فارسی </Li> <Li> 한국어 </Li> <Li> Հայերեն </Li> <Li> Italiano </Li> <Li> Nederlands </Li> <Li> Русский </Li> <Li> Українська </Li> 4 more </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 10 October 2018 , at 18 : 53 ( UTC ) . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> | [
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List of major rivers of India - wikipedia <H1> List of major rivers of India </H1> Jump to : navigation , search Map of the major rivers , lakes , and reservoirs in India Map showing rivers and flood prone areas in India <P> The rivers of India play an important role in the lives of the Indians . They provide potable water , cheap transportation , electricity , and the livelihood for a large number of people all over the country . This easily explains why nearly all the major cities of India are located by the banks of rivers . The rivers also have an important role in Hindu Dharma and are considered holy by all Hindus in the country . </P> <P> Seven major rivers along with their numerous tributaries make up the river system of India . The largest basin system of the rivers pour their waters into the Bay of Bengal ; however , some of the rivers whose courses take them through the western part of the country and towards the east of the state of Himachal Pradesh empty into the Arabian Sea . Parts of Ladakh , northern parts of the Aravalli range and the arid parts of the Thar Desert have inland drainage . </P> <P> All major rivers of India originate from one of the following main watersheds : </P> <Ol> <Li> Aravalli range </Li> <Li> Himalaya and Karakoram ranges </Li> <Li> Sahyadri or Western Ghats in western India </Li> <Li> Vindhya and Satpura ranges and Chotanagpur plateau in central India </Li> </Ol> <P> Himalayan glaciers in the Indian subcontinent are broadly divided into the three river basins , namely the Indus , Ganga and Brahmaputra . The Indus basin has the largest number of glaciers ( 3500 ) , whereas the Ganga and Brahmaputra basins contain about 1000 and 660 glaciers , respectively . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 The Indo - Gangetic Plains </Li> <Li> 2 Aravalli Range River System </Li> <Li> 3 Ganges River System </Li> <Li> 4 Indus River system </Li> <Li> 5 Annual flows and other data </Li> <Li> 6 The Peninsular River system </Li> <Li> 7 See also </Li> <Li> 8 References </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> The indo - gangetic plains ( edit ) </H2> <P> Known as Ganga - Satluj Ka Maidaan ( गँगा सतलुज का मैदान ) , this area is drained by 16 major rivers . The major Himalayan Rivers are the Indus , Ganges , and Brahmaputra . These rivers are long , and are joined by many large and important tributaries . Himalayan rivers have long courses from their source to sea ( in India Arabian sea and Bay of Bengal ) . </P> Laxman Jhoola in Rishikesh <H2> Aravalli range river system ( edit ) </H2> <P> Following rivers flow from the Aravalli range , both northwards to Yamuna as well as southwards to Arabian Sea . </P> <Ul> <Li> North - to - south flowing rivers , originate from the western slopes of Aravalli range in Rajasthan , pass through the southeastern portion of the Thar Desert , and end into Gujarat . <Ul> <Li> Luni River , originates in the Pushkar valley near Ajmer , ends in the marshy lands of Rann of Kutch . </Li> <Li> Sakhi river , ends in the marshy lands of Rann of Kutch . </Li> <Li> Sabarmati River , originates one the western slopes of Aravalli range of the Udaipur District , end into the Gulf of Cambay of Arabian Sea . </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> West to north - west flowing rivers , originate from the western slopes of Aravalli range in Rajasthan , flow through semi-arid historical Shekhawati region , drain into southern Haryana . Several Ochre Coloured Pottery culture sites , also identified as late Harappan phase of Indus Valley Civilisation culture , has been found along the banks of these rivers . <Ul> <Li> Sahibi River , originates near Manoharpur in Sikar district flows through Haryana , along with its following tributaries : <Ul> <Li> Dohan river , tributary of Sahibi river , originates near Neem Ka Thana in Alwar district ) . </Li> <Li> Sota River , tributary of Sahibi river , merges with Sahibi river at Behror in Alwar district . </Li> <Li> Krishnavati river , former tributary of Sahibi river , originates near Dariba copper mines in Rajsamand district of Rajasthan , flows through Patan in Dausa district and Mothooka in Alwar district , then disappears in Mahendragarh district in Haryana much before reaching Sahibi river . </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> West to north - east flowing rivers , originating from the eastern slopes of Aravalli range in Rajasthan , flow northwards to Yamuna . <Ul> <Li> Chambal River , a southern - side tributary of Yamuna river . <Ul> <Li> Banas River , a northern - side tributary of Chambal river . <Ul> <Li> Berach River , a southern - side tributary of Banas River , originates in the hills of Udaipur District . <Ul> <Li> Ahar River , a right - side ( or eastern side ) tributary of the Berach river , originates in the hills of Udaipur District , flows through Udaipur city forming the famous Lake Pichola . </Li> <Li> Wagli Wagon River , a right - side tributary of the Berach River . </Li> <Li> Gambhiri River , a right - side tributary of the Berach river . </Li> <Li> Orai River , a right - side tributary of the Berach River . </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> <H2> Ganges river system ( edit ) </H2> <P> The major rivers in this system are ( in order of merging , from west to east ) </P> <Ul> <Li> Ganga - Starting from Gangotri Glacier , Uttarakhand </Li> <Li> Chambal - Flows through Madhya Pradesh , Rajasthan and merges into Yamuna in Uttar Pradesh </Li> <Li> Betwa - Not Himalayan river , covers Madhya Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh before merging into Yamuna </Li> <Li> Yamuna - Yamuna runs its most of the course parallel to Ganga before contributing its water to Ganga at Allahabad </Li> <Li> Gomti - Starts near the junction of three borders viz . Nepal , Uttarakhand and UP </Li> <Li> Ghaghra - Starts in Nepal near Uttarakhand </Li> <Li> Son - Not Himalayan river , covers MP , UP , Jharkhand and Bihar . Largest of Ganga 's southern tributaries </Li> <Li> Gandak - Starts from Nepal </Li> <Li> Kosi - Starts from Bihar , near Indo - Nepal border </Li> <Li> Brahmaputra - Merges with Ganga to form the grand river ( but short in length ) - Padma in Bangladesh . By now , flow velocity of both rivers slow down to considerable extent as they are in plains now . </Li> </Ul> <P> Before entering Bangladesh , Ganga leaves a distributary Hoogly , which provides water for irrigation in West Bengal </P> <H2> Indus river system ( edit ) </H2> <P> The Indus River originates in the northern slopes of the Kailash range near Lake Mansarovar in Tibet . Although most of the river 's course runs through neighbouring Pakistan , as per as regulation of Indus water treaty of 1960 , India can use only 20 percent of the water in this river . A portion of it does run through Indian territory , as do parts of the courses of its five major tributaries , listed below . These tributaries are the source of the name of the Punjab of South Asia ; the name is derived from the punch ( `` five '' ) and aab ( `` water '' ) , hence the combination of the words ( Punjab ) means `` land with the water of five rivers '' . The Indus is 3,200 kilometres ( 2,000 mi ) long . </P> <P> The major rivers in Indus river system are ( in order of their length ) : </P> <Ul> <Li> Indus - 3,202 kilometres ( 1,990 mi ) </Li> <Li> Chenab - 960 kilometres ( 600 mi ) </Li> <Li> Jhelum - 813 kilometres ( 505 mi ) </Li> <Li> Ravi - 720 kilometres ( 450 mi ) </Li> <Li> Sutlej - 529 kilometres ( 329 mi ) </Li> <Li> Beas - 460 kilometres ( 290 mi ) </Li> <Li> Shyok </Li> <Li> Zanskar </Li> </Ul> <H2> Annual flows and other data ( edit ) </H2> <P> India experiences an average precipitation of 1,170 millimetres ( 46 in ) per year , or about 4,000 cubic kilometres ( 960 cu mi ) of rains annually . Some 80 percent of its area experiences rains of 750 millimetres ( 30 in ) or more a year . However , this rain is not uniform in time or geography . Most of the rains occur during its monsoon seasons ( June to September ) , with the northeast and north receiving far more rains than India 's west and south . Other than rains , the melting of snow year round over the Himalayas feeds the northern rivers to varying degrees . The southern rivers , however experience more flow variability over the year . For the Himalayan basin , this leads to flooding in some months and water scarcity in others . Despite extensive river system , safe clean drinking water as well as irrigation water supplies for sustainable agriculture are in shortage across India , in part because it has , as yet , harnessed a small fraction of its available and recoverable surface water resource . India harnessed 761 cubic kilometres ( 183 cu mi ) ( 20 percent ) of its water resources in 2010 , part of which came from unsustainable use of groundwater . Of the water it withdrew from its rivers and groundwater wells , India dedicated about 688 cubic kilometres ( 165 cu mi ) to irrigation , 56 cubic kilometres ( 13 cu mi ) to municipal and drinking water applications and 17 cubic kilometres ( 4.1 cu mi ) to industry . </P> <P> According to 2011 report of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations , India 's basin wise distribution of catchment area and utilizable surface water resources is presented in the following table : </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> ( hide ) Basin number </Th> <Th> River basin unit </Th> <Th> Region </Th> <Th> Draining into </Th> <Th> Catchment area ( % of river irrigated India ) </Th> <Th> Average runoff ( km ) </Th> <Th> Additional available surface water ( km ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1.1 </Td> <Td> Ganges ( GBM ) </Td> <Td> North </Td> <Td> Bangladesh </Td> <Td> 26.5 </Td> <Td> 525.02 </Td> <Td> 250 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Brahmaputra ( GBM ) </Td> <Td> Northeast </Td> <Td> Bangladesh </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 537.24 </Td> <Td> 24 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1.3 </Td> <Td> Meghna / Barak ( GBM ) </Td> <Td> East </Td> <Td> Bangladesh </Td> <Td> 1.5 </Td> <Td> 48.36 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Other Northeast rivers </Td> <Td> Northeast </Td> <Td> Myanmar , Bangladesh </Td> <Td> 1.1 </Td> <Td> 31 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Subernarekha </Td> <Td> East - southeast </Td> <Td> Bay of Bengal </Td> <Td> 0.9 </Td> <Td> 12.37 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Brahmani - Baitarani </Td> <Td> East - southeast </Td> <Td> Bay of Bengal </Td> <Td> 1.6 </Td> <Td> 28.48 </Td> <Td> 6.8 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> Mahanadi </Td> <Td> Central - east </Td> <Td> Bay of Bengal </Td> <Td> 4.4 </Td> <Td> 66.88 </Td> <Td> 18.3 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> Godavari </Td> <Td> Central </Td> <Td> Bay of Bengal </Td> <Td> 9.7 </Td> <Td> 110.54 </Td> <Td> 50 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> Krishna </Td> <Td> Central </Td> <Td> Bay of Bengal </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> 78.12 </Td> <Td> 76.3 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> Pennar </Td> <Td> Southeast </Td> <Td> Bay of Bengal </Td> <Td> 1.7 </Td> <Td> 6.32 </Td> <Td> 58 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> Kaveri </Td> <Td> South </Td> <Td> Bay of Bengal </Td> <Td> 2.5 </Td> <Td> 21.36 </Td> <Td> 6.9 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> East flowing rivers between Mahanadi and Pennar </Td> <Td> Central - east </Td> <Td> Bay of Bengal </Td> <Td> 2.7 </Td> <Td> 22.52 </Td> <Td> 19 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 11 </Td> <Td> East flowing rivers between Kanyakumari and Pennar </Td> <Td> Southeast </Td> <Td> Bay of Bengal </Td> <Td> 3.1 </Td> <Td> 16.46 </Td> <Td> 13.1 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 12 </Td> <Td> West flowing rivers between Tadri and Kanyakumari </Td> <Td> Southwest </Td> <Td> Arabian Sea </Td> <Td> 1.7 </Td> <Td> 113.53 </Td> <Td> 16.7 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 13 </Td> <Td> West flowing rivers between Tapi and Tadri </Td> <Td> Southwest </Td> <Td> Arabian Sea </Td> <Td> 1.7 </Td> <Td> 87.41 </Td> <Td> 24.3 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 14 </Td> <Td> Tapi </Td> <Td> Central - west </Td> <Td> Arabian Sea </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 14.88 </Td> <Td> 11.9 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 15 </Td> <Td> Narmada </Td> <Td> Central - west </Td> <Td> Arabian Sea </Td> <Td> 3.1 </Td> <Td> 45.64 </Td> <Td> 14.5 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 16 </Td> <Td> Mahi </Td> <Td> Northwest </Td> <Td> Arabian Sea </Td> <Td> 1.1 </Td> <Td> 11.02 </Td> <Td> 34.5 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 17 </Td> <Td> Sabarmati </Td> <Td> Northwest </Td> <Td> Arabian Sea </Td> <Td> 0.7 </Td> <Td> 3.81 </Td> <Td> 3.1 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 18 </Td> <Td> West flowing rivers between Kutch and Saurashtra </Td> <Td> Northwest </Td> <Td> Arabian Sea </Td> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> 15.1 </Td> <Td> 1.9 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 19 </Td> <Td> Rajasthan inland basin </Td> <Td> Northwest </Td> <Td> India </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> Negligible </Td> <Td> 15 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 20 </Td> <Td> Indus tributaries </Td> <Td> Northwest </Td> <Td> Pakistan </Td> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> 73.31 </Td> <Td> 46 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Total ( per International Treaty ) </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 100 </Td> <Td> 1869.37 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> The peninsular river system ( edit ) </H2> <P> The main water divide in peninsular rivers is formed by the Western Ghats , which run from north to south close to the western coast . Most of the major rivers of the peninsula such as the Mahanadi , the Godavari , the Krishna and the Kaveri flow eastwards and drain into the Bay of Bengal . These rivers make delta at their mouths . The Narmada , Periyar and Tapti are the only long rivers , which flow west and make estuaries . </P> This chart shows the tributaries and distributaries of major rivers of India . The merging of cells to the right side each time indicates getting supply from a tributary and vice versa . The bottom-most row shows other rivers with no major helping rivers ( Saryu is an exception ) . Flow of the rivers is assumed to be from left to right . <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Indian Rivers Inter-link </Li> <Li> Amazon river basin </Li> <Li> Rhine river basin </Li> <Li> Danube river basin </Li> <Li> Nile river basin </Li> <Li> ganga </Li> <Li> Kannur </Li> <Li> Trivandrum </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ Sunil Vaidyanathan , Rivers of India , ISBN 978 - 8189738884 , 2012 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ http://www.ijsce.org/attachments/File/v3i1/A1288033113.pdf page no 361 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Gupta , S.P. ( ed . ) ( 1995 ) , The lost Sarasvati and the Indus Civilization , Jodhpur : Kusumanjali Prakashan CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Cultural Contours of India : Dr. Satya Prakash Felicitation Volume , Vijai Shankar Śrivastava , 1981 . ISBN 0391023586 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Sahibi river </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Books : Page 41 , 42 , 43 , 44 , 47 ( b ) Sahibi Nadi ( River ) , River Pollution , By A.k. jain </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Minerals and Metals in Ancient India : Archaeological evidence , Arun Kumar Biswas , Sulekha Biswas , University of Michigan . 1996 . ISBN 812460049X . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : FAO , India - Rivers Catchment , Aquastat , United Nations ( 2011 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ K.L. Rao , India 's Water Wealth , ISBN 978 - 8125007043 , 1979 </Li> </Ol> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_major_rivers_of_India&oldid=807210593 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> Lists of rivers of India </Li> <Li> Rivers of India </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> বাংলা </Li> <Li> भोजपुरी </Li> <Li> हिन्दी </Li> <Li> ಕನ್ನಡ </Li> <Li> संस्कृतम् </Li> </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 26 October 2017 , at 16 : 21 . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> | [
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( April 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> Income Tax in India <Table> <Tr> <Th> Taxation </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> An aspect of fiscal policy </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Policies ( show ) <Ul> <Li> Government revenue </Li> <Li> Tax revenue </Li> <Li> Non-tax revenue </Li> <Li> Tax law </Li> <Li> Tax bracket </Li> <Li> Tax threshold </Li> <Li> Exemption </Li> <Li> Credit </Li> <Li> Deduction </Li> <Li> Tax shift </Li> <Li> Tax cut </Li> <Li> Tax holiday </Li> <Li> Tax advantage </Li> <Li> Tax incentive </Li> <Li> Tax reform </Li> <Li> Tax harmonization </Li> <Li> Tax competition </Li> <Li> Double taxation </Li> <Li> Representation </Li> <Li> Unions </Li> <Li> Medical savings account </Li> <Li> Tax , tariff and trade </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Economics ( show ) <Ul> <Li> Price effect </Li> <Li> Excess burden </Li> <Li> Tax incidence </Li> <Li> Laffer curve </Li> <Li> Optimal tax </Li> <Li> Theory </Li> <Li> Optimal capital income taxation </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Collection ( show ) <Ul> <Li> Revenue service </Li> <Li> Revenue stamp </Li> <Li> Tax assessment </Li> <Li> Taxable income </Li> <Li> Tax lien </Li> <Li> Tax refund </Li> <Li> Tax shield </Li> <Li> Tax residence </Li> <Li> Tax preparation </Li> <Li> Tax investigation </Li> <Li> Tax shelter </Li> <Li> Private tax collection </Li> <Li> Tax farming </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Noncompliance ( show ) <Ul> <Li> Tax avoidance </Li> <Li> Tax evasion </Li> <Li> Tax resistance </Li> <Li> Tax haven </Li> <Li> Smuggling </Li> <Li> Black market </Li> <Li> Transfer mispricing </Li> <Li> Unreported employment </Li> <Li> Tax shelter </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Distribution ( show ) <Ul> <Li> Tax rate </Li> <Li> Progressive </Li> <Li> Regressive </Li> <Li> Proportional </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Types ( show ) <Ul> <Li> Direct </Li> <Li> Indirect </Li> <Li> Per unit </Li> <Li> Ad valorem </Li> <Li> In rem </Li> <Li> Capital gains </Li> <Li> Carbon </Li> <Li> Consumption </Li> <Li> Dividend </Li> <Li> Ecotax </Li> <Li> Excise </Li> <Li> Fuel </Li> <Li> Georgist </Li> <Li> Gift </Li> <Li> Gross receipts </Li> <Li> Income </Li> <Li> Inheritance ( estate ) </Li> <Li> Land value </Li> <Li> Payroll </Li> <Li> Pigovian </Li> <Li> Property </Li> <Li> Sales </Li> <Li> Sin </Li> <Li> Single </Li> <Li> Stamp </Li> <Li> Steering </Li> <Li> Turnover </Li> <Li> Value - added ( VAT ) </Li> <Li> Corporate profit </Li> <Li> Excess profits </Li> <Li> Windfall profits </Li> <Li> Negative ( income ) </Li> <Li> Flat </Li> <Li> Wealth </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> International ( show ) <Ul> <Li> Financial transaction tax </Li> <Li> Currency transaction tax </Li> <Li> Tobin tax </Li> <Li> Spahn tax </Li> <Li> Tax equalization </Li> <Li> Tax treaty </Li> <Li> Permanent establishment </Li> <Li> Transfer pricing </Li> <Li> European Union FTT </Li> <Li> Foreign revenue rule </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Trade ( show ) <Ul> <Li> Custom </Li> <Li> Duty </Li> <Li> Tariff <Ul> <Li> Import </Li> <Li> Export </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Tariff war </Li> <Li> Free trade </Li> <Li> Free trade zone </Li> <Li> Trade agreement </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Religious ( show ) <Ul> <Li> Church tax </Li> <Li> Eight per thousand </Li> <Li> Teind </Li> <Li> Tithe </Li> <Li> Fiscus Judaicus </Li> <Li> Leibzoll </Li> <Li> Temple tax </Li> <Li> Tolerance tax </Li> <Li> Jizya </Li> <Li> Kharaj </Li> <Li> Khums </Li> <Li> Nisab </Li> <Li> Zakat </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> By country ( show ) <Ul> <Li> List of countries by tax rates </Li> <Li> Tax revenues as % GDP </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Albania </Li> <Li> Algeria </Li> <Li> Argentina </Li> <Li> Australia </Li> <Li> Azerbaijan </Li> <Li> Bangladesh </Li> <Li> Bhutan </Li> <Li> Brazil </Li> <Li> Bulgaria </Li> <Li> BVI </Li> <Li> Canada </Li> <Li> China </Li> <Li> Colombia </Li> <Li> Croatia </Li> <Li> Denmark </Li> <Li> France </Li> <Li> Germany </Li> <Li> Greece </Li> <Li> Hong Kong </Li> <Li> Iceland </Li> <Li> India </Li> <Li> Indonesia </Li> <Li> Iran </Li> <Li> Ireland </Li> <Li> Israel </Li> <Li> Italy </Li> <Li> Japan </Li> <Li> Kazakhstan </Li> <Li> Lithuania </Li> <Li> Malta </Li> <Li> Namibia </Li> <Li> Netherlands </Li> <Li> New Zealand </Li> <Li> Norway </Li> <Li> Pakistan </Li> <Li> Palestine </Li> <Li> Peru </Li> <Li> Philippines </Li> <Li> Poland </Li> <Li> Russia </Li> <Li> Singapore </Li> <Li> South Africa </Li> <Li> Sweden </Li> <Li> Switzerland </Li> <Li> Taiwan </Li> <Li> Tanzania </Li> <Li> United Kingdom </Li> <Li> United States </Li> <Li> Uruguay </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Central Revenue collections in 2007 - 08 ( Source : Compiled from reports of Comptroller and Auditor General of India for relevant years ) </P> Personal income tax ( direct ) ( 17.43 % ) Corporate tax ( direct ) ( 33.99 % ) Other Taxes ( direct ) ( 2.83 % ) Excise duty ( indirect ) ( 20.84 % ) Customs duty ( indirect ) ( 17.46 % ) Other taxes ( indirect ) ( 8.68 % ) <P> The Constitution of India → Schedule VII → Union List → Entry 82 has given the power to the Central Government to levy a tax on any income other than agricultural income , which is defined in Section 10 ( 1 ) of the Income Tax Act , 1961 . The Income Tax Law consists of Income Tax Act 1961 , Income Tax Rules 1962 , Notifications and Circulars issued by Central Board of Direct Taxes ( CBDT ) , Annual Finance Acts and judicial pronouncements by the Supreme Court and High Courts . </P> <P> The government imposes a tax on taxable income of all persons who are individuals , Hindu Undivided Families ( HUF 's ) , companies , firms , LLP , association of persons , body of individuals , local authority and any other artificial juridical person . Levy of tax on a person depends upon his residential status . The CBDT administers the Income Tax Department , which is a part of the Department of Revenue under the Ministry of Finance , Govt. of India . Income tax is a key source of funds that the government uses to fund its activities and serve the public . </P> <P> The Income Tax Department is the biggest revenue mobilizer for the Government . The total tax revenues of the Central Government increased from ₹ 1,392.26 billion ( US $21 billion ) in 1997 - 98 to ₹ 5,889.09 billion ( US $88 billion ) in 2007 - 08 . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 History </Li> <Li> 2 Amnesty scheme </Li> <Li> 3 Charge to income tax </Li> <Li> 4 Agricultural income <Ul> <Li> 4.1 Income partly agricultural and partly business activities </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 5 Permissible deductions from gross total income </Li> <Li> 6 Due date of submission of return </Li> <Li> 7 Advance tax </Li> <Li> 8 Tax deducted at source ( TDS ) </Li> <Li> 9 Corporate income tax <Ul> <Li> 9.1 Surcharge </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 10 Tax returns <Ul> <Li> 10.1 Categories </Li> <Li> 10.2 Statistics </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 11 Annual information return and statements <Ul> <Li> 11.1 Annual information return </Li> <Li> 11.2 Statements by producers </Li> <Li> 11.3 Statements by non-resident having a liaison office in India </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 12 Income tax rates for individuals <Ul> <Li> 12.1 Income Tax Rates for Financial Year 2017 - 2018 & Assessment Year 2018 - 2019 </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 13 Assessments </Li> <Li> 14 Tax penalties </Li> <Li> 15 Appeals </Li> <Li> 16 See also </Li> <Li> 17 References </Li> <Li> 18 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> History ( edit ) </H2> <P> The `` Direct Taxes Code Bill '' was tabled in the Parliament on 30 August 2010 by the then Finance Minister to replace the Income Tax Act , 1961 and Wealth Tax Act . The bill , however , could not go through and eventually lapsed after revocation of the Wealth Tax Act in 2015 . </P> <H2> Amnesty Scheme ( edit ) </H2> Main article : Income declaration scheme , 2016 <P> Government of India allowed the people to declare their undisclosed incomes in Income Declaration Scheme , 2016 and pay a total of 45 % tax for one time settlement . 64,275 disclosures were made amounting to ₹ 652.5 billion ( US $9.7 billion ) . </P> <H2> Charge to income tax ( edit ) </H2> <P> For the assessment year 2016 - 17 , Individuals earning an income up to ₹ 2.5 lakh ( US $3,700 ) were exempt from income tax . </P> <P> About 1 % of the national population , called the upper class , fall under the 30 % slab . It grew 22 % annually on average during 2000 - 10 to 0.58 million income taxpayers . The middle class , who fall under the 10 % and 20 % slabs , grew 7 % annually on average to 2.78 million income taxpayers . </P> <H2> Agricultural income ( edit ) </H2> <P> Agricultural income is exempt from tax as per section 10 ( 1 ) of the Act . Section 2 ( 1A ) defines agricultural income as : </P> <Ul> <Li> Any rent or revenue derived from land , which is situated in India and is used for agricultural purposes . </Li> <Li> Any income derived from such land by agricultural operations including processing of agricultural produce , raised or received as rent - in - kind so as to render it fit for the market or sale of such produce . </Li> <Li> Income attributable to a farm house ( subject to some conditions ) . </Li> <Li> Income derived from saplings or seedlings grown in a nursery . </Li> </Ul> <H3> Income partly agricultural and partly business activities ( edit ) </H3> <P> Income in respect of the below mentioned activities is initially computed as if it is business income and after considering permissible deductions . Thereafter , 40 , 35 or 25 percent of the income as the case may be , is treated as business income , and the rest is treated as agricultural income . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Income </Th> <Th> Business income </Th> <Th> Agricultural income </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Growing & manufacturing tea in India </Td> <Td> 40 % </Td> <Td> 60 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Sale of latex or cenex or latex based crepes or brown crepes manufactured from field latex or coalgum obtained from rubber plants grown by a seller in India </Td> <Td> 35 % </Td> <Td> 65 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Sale of coffee grown & cured by seller in India </Td> <Td> 25 % </Td> <Td> 75 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Sale of coffee grown , cured , roasted & grounded by seller in India </Td> <Td> 40 % </Td> <Td> 60 % </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> ^ a For apportionment of a composite business - cum - agricultural income , other than the above - mentioned , the market value of any agricultural produce , raised by the assessee or received by him as rent - in - kind and utilized as raw material in his business , should be deducted . No further deduction is permissible in respect of any expenditure incurred by the assessee as a cultivator or receiver of rent - in - kind . </P> <H2> Permissible deductions from gross total income ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( November 2012 ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Ministry of Finance has notified certain deductions from gross total income of an assessee . Below are deductions as updated by Finance Act , 2015 . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Td> Section </Td> <Td> Nature of deduction </Td> <Td> Remarks </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 80C </Td> <Td> This section has been introduced by the Finance Act , 2005 . Broadly speaking , this section provides deduction from total income in respect of various investments / expenditures / payments in respect of which tax rebate u / s 88 was earlier available . The total deduction under this section is limited to Rs. 1.50 lakh only . <P> Deductions can be claimed for : </P> <P> Provident Fund ( PF ) & Voluntary Provident Fund ( VPF ) : PF is automatically deducted from your salary . Both you and your employer contribute to it . While employer 's contribution is exempt from tax , your contribution ( i.e. , employee 's contribution ) is counted towards section 80C investments . You also have the option to contribute additional amounts through voluntary contributions ( VPF ) . Current rate of interest is 8.5 % per annum ( p.a. ) and is tax - free . </P> <P> Public Provident Fund ( PPF ) : Among all the assured returns small saving schemes , Public Provident Fund ( PPF ) is one of the best . Current rate of interest is 8.70 % tax - free ( Compounded Yearly ) and the normal maturity period is 15 years . Minimum amount of contribution is Rs 500 and maximum is Rs 1 , 50,000 . A point worth noting is that interest rate is assured but not fixed . </P> <P> Life Insurance Premiums : Any amount that you pay towards life insurance premium for yourself , your spouse or your children can also be included in . Please note that life insurance premium paid by you for your parents ( father / mother / both ) or your in - laws is not eligible for deduction under section 80C . If you are paying premium for more than one insurance policy , all the premiums can be included . It is not necessary to have the insurance policy from Life Insurance Corporation ( LIC ) -- even insurance bought from private players can be considered here . </P> <P> Equity Linked Savings Scheme ( ELSS ) : There are some mutual fund ( MF ) schemes specially created for offering you tax savings , and these are called Equity Linked Savings Scheme , or ELSS . The investments that you make in ELSS are eligible for deduction under Sec 80C . </P> <P> Home Loan Principal Repayment : The Equated Monthly Installment ( EMI ) that you pay every month to repay your home loan consists of two components -- Principal and Interest. The principal component of the EMI qualifies for deduction under Sec 80C . Even the interest component can save you significant income tax -- but that would be under Section 24 of the Income Tax Act . Please read `` Income Tax ( IT ) Benefits of a Home Loan / Housing Loan / Mortgage '' , which presents a full analysis of how you can save income tax through a home loan . </P> <P> Stamp Duty and Registration Charges for a home : The amount you pay as stamp duty when you buy a house , and the amount you pay for the registration of the documents of the house can be claimed as deduction under section 80C in the year of purchase of the house . </P> <P> Sukanya Samriddhi Account : Sukanya Samriddhi Account meaning Girl Child Prosperity Scheme is a special deposit scheme launched by Prime Minister Narendra Modi on 22 January 2015 for girl child . The scheme of Sukanya Samriddhi Account came into effect via notification of Ministry of Finance . The notification details are Notification No . G.S.R. 863 ( E ) Dated 02.12. 2014 . Scheme will be governed by ' Sukanya Samriddhi Account Rules , 2014 ' . </P> <Ul> <Li> Per girl child only single account is allowed . Parents can open this account for maximum two girl child . In case of twins this facility will be extended to third child </Li> <Li> Minimum deposit amount for this account is ₹ 1,000 / - and maximum is ₹ 1 , 50,000 / - per year </Li> <Li> Money to be deposited for 14 years in this account . </Li> <Li> Interest rate for this account is 9.1 % per annum , calculated on yearly basis , Yearly compounded . </Li> <Li> Passbook facility is available with Sukanya Samriddhi account . </Li> <Li> From FY 2014 - 14 the interest earned on account will be tax exempted . As per Finance Bill 2015 - 16 . </Li> </Ul> <P> National Savings Certificate ( NSC ) ( VIII Issue ) : </P> <P> NSC is a time - tested tax saving instrument with a maturity period of Five and Ten Years . Presently , the interest is paid @ 8.50 % p.a. on 5 year NSC and 8.80 % Per Annum on 10 year NSC . Interest is Compounded Half Yearly . While the minimum investment amount is Rs 100 , there is no maximum amount . Premature withdrawals are permitted only in specific circumstances such as death of the holder . Investments in NSC are eligible for a deduction of up to Rs 150,000 p.a. under Section 80C . Furthermore , the accrued interest which is deemed to be reinvested qualifies for deduction under Section 80C . However , the interest income is chargeable to tax in the year in which it accrues . </P> <P> Infrastructure Bonds : These are also popularly called Infra Bonds . These are issued by infrastructure companies , and not the government . The amount that you invest in these bonds can also be included in Sec 80C deductions . </P> <P> Pension Funds -- Section 80CCC : This section -- Sec 80CCC -- stipulates that an investment in pension funds is eligible for deduction from your income . Section 80CCC investment limit is clubbed with the limit of Section 80C -- it means that the total deduction available for 80CCC and 80C is Rs . 1.50 Lakh. This also means that your investment in pension funds up to Rs . 1.50 Lakh can be claimed as deduction u / s 80CCC . However , as mentioned earlier , the total deduction u / s 80C and 80CCC can not exceed Rs . 1.50 Lakh . </P> <P> 5 - Yr bank fixed deposits ( FDs ) : Tax - saving fixed deposits ( FDs ) of scheduled banks with tenure of 5 years are also entitled for section 80C deduction . </P> <P> Senior Citizen Savings Scheme 2004 ( SCSS ) : A recent addition to section 80C list , Senior Citizen Savings Scheme ( SCSS ) is the most lucrative scheme among all the small savings schemes but is meant only for senior citizens . Current rate of interest is 9.20 % per annum payable quarterly . Please note that the interest is payable quarterly instead of compounded quarterly . Thus , unclaimed interest on these deposits wo n't earn any further interest . Interest income is chargeable to tax . </P> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 80CCC </Td> <Td> Payment of premium for annuity plan of LIC or any other insurer Deduction is available up to a maximum of Rs. 1 , 00,000 / - </Td> <Td> The premium must be deposited to keep in force a contract for an annuity plan of the LIC or any other insurer for receiving pension from the fund . The Finance Act 2015 has enhanced the ceiling of deduction under Section 80CCC from Rs. 100,000 to Rs. 1 , 50,000 with effect from A.Y. 2016 - 17 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 80CCD </Td> <Td> Deposit made by an employee in his pension account to the extent of 10 % of his salary . </Td> <Td> Where the Central Government makes any contribution to the pension account , deduction of such contribution to the extent of 10 % of salary shall be allowed . Further , in any year where any amount is received from the pension account such amount shall be charged to tax as income of that previous year . The Finance Act , 2009 has extended benefit to any individual assesse , not being a Central Government employee . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 80CCF </Td> <Td> Subscription to long term infrastructure bonds </Td> <Td> Subscription made by individual or HUF to the extent of Rs. 20,000 to notified long term infrastructure bonds is exempt from A.Y. 2011 - 12 onwards . This deduction is discontinued w.e.f. A.Y. 2013 - 14 . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 80CCG </Td> <Td> Investment under Rajiv Gandhi Equity Savings Scheme , 2013 </Td> <Td> The deduction was 50 % of amount invested in such equity shares or ₹ 25,000 , whichever is lower . The maximum Investment permissible for claiming deduction under RGESS is Rs. 50,000 . The benefit is in addition to deduction available u / s Sec 80C . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 80D </Td> <Td> Payment of medical insurance premium . Deduction is available up to Rs. 25,000 / for self / family and also up to Rs. 25,000 / - for insurance in respect of parent / parents of the assessee . In case of senior citizens , a deduction up to Rs. 50,000 / - shall be available under this Section . Insurance premiumum of senior citizen parent / parents of the assessee also eligible for enhanced deduction of Rs. 50000 / - </Td> <Td> The premium is to be paid by any mode of payment other than cash and the insurance scheme should be framed by the General Insurance Corporation of India & approved by the Central Govt. or Scheme framed by any other insurer and approved by the Insurance Regulatory & Development Authority . The premium should be paid in respect of health insurance of the assessee or his family members . The Finance Act 2008 has also provided deduction up to Rs. 15,000 / - in respect of health insurance premium paid by the assessee towards his parent / parents . w.e.f. 01.04. 2011 , contributions made to the Central Government Health Scheme is also covered under this section . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 80DD </Td> <Td> Deduction of Rs. 40,000 / -- In respect of ( a ) expenditure incurred on medical treatment , ( including nursing ) , training and rehabilitation of handicapped dependent relative . ( b ) Payment or deposit to specified scheme for maintenance of dependent handicapped relative . W.e.f. 01 . 04.2004 the deduction under this section has been enhanced to Rs. 50,000 / - Further , if the dependent is a person with severe disability a deduction of Rs. 1 , 00,000 / -- shall be available under this sectionBudget 2015 has Further Proposed to hike the limit from A.Y. 2016 - 17 to Rs. 75000 from existing Rs. 50,000 / - and for person with severe disability to Rs. 1.25 lakh from existing Rs. 1 Lakh . </Td> <Td> The handicapped dependent should be a dependent relative suffering from a permanent disability ( including blindness ) or mentally retarded , as certified by a specified physician or psychiatrist. Note : A person with severe disability means a person with 80 % or more of one or more disabilities as outlined in section 56 ( 4 ) of the `` Persons with Disabilities ( Equal opportunities , Protection of Rights and Full Participation ) Act. , '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 80DDB </Td> <Td> Deduction of Rs. 40,000 / - in respect of medical expenditure incurred . W.e.f. 01.04. 2004 , deduction under this section shall be available to the extent of Rs. 40,000 / - or the amount actually paid , whichever is less . Earlier , the deduction for a senior citizen and a super senior citizen were Rs 60,000 and Rs 80,000 or the amount actually paid , whichever is less respectively. Now , as per Finance Act 2018 , the deduction has been raised to Rs 1 , 00,000 for both senior citizens as well as very senior citizen . </Td> <Td> Expenditure must be actually incurred by resident assessee on himself or dependent relative for medical treatment of specified disease or ailment . The diseases have been specified in Rule 11DD . A certificate in form 10I is to be furnished by the assessee from a specialist working in a Government hospital. Budget 2015 has proposed for the purpose of claiming deduction under the section assessee will be required to obtain a prescription from a specialist doctor instead of Certificate . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 80E </Td> <Td> Deduction in respect of payment in the previous year of interest on loan taken from a financial institution or approved charitable institution for higher studies . </Td> <Td> This provision has been introduced to provide relief to students taking loans for higher studies . The payment of the interest thereon will be allowed as deduction over a period of up to 8 years . Further , by Finance Act , 2007 deduction under this section shall be available not only in respect of loan for pursuing higher education by self but also by spouse or children of the assessee . W.e.f. 01.04. 2010 higher education means any course of study pursued after passing the senior secondary examination or its equivalent from any recognized school , board or university . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 80EE </Td> <Td> Deduction in respect of interest on loan taken for residential house property </Td> <Td> Vide Finance Act 2013 , an individual is allowed a deduction up to a limit of Rs 1 , 00,000 being paid as interest on a loan taken from a financial institution , sanctioned during the period 01 - 04 - 2013 to 31 - 03 - 2014 ( loan not to exceed Rs 25 lakhs ) for acquisition of a residential house whose value does not exceed Rs 40 lakhs . However the deduction is available if the assessee does not own any residential house property on the date of sanction of the loan . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 80G </Td> <Td> Donation to certain funds , charitable institutions etc . </Td> <Td> The various donations specified in Sec . 80G are eligible for deduction up to either 100 % or 50 % with or without restriction as provided in Sec . 80G . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 80GG </Td> <Td> Deduction available is the least of ( i ) Rent paid less 10 % of total income . ( ii ) Rs. 5000 per month . ( iii ) 25 % of total income . </Td> <Td> ( 1 ) Assessee or his spouse or minor child should not own residential accommodation at the place of employment . ( 2 ) He should not be in receipt of house rent allowance . ( 3 ) He should not have a self - occupied residential premises in any other place . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 80TTA </Td> <Td> Deduction in respect of interest on deposits in savings account </Td> <Td> Section 80TTA is introduced wef A.Y. 2013 - 14 to provide deduction to an individual or a Hindu undivided family in respect of interest received on deposits ( not being time deposits ) in a savings account held with banks , cooperative banks and post office . The deduction is restricted to Rs 10,000 or actual interest whichever is lower . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 80TTB </Td> <Td> Deduction on interest of time deposits for Senior Citizen </Td> <Td> Section 80TTB is introduced w.e.f F.Y 2018 - 19 to provide deduction specifically to senior citizen ( 60 years or more ) of Rs 50,000 or the amount of interest on deposits whichever is lower . This section includes the post office deposits , bank deposits ( FD or savings both ) or deposits in cooperative society engaged in banking . <P> Consequential amendment have been made in section 194A in respect of TDS of senior citizens . Now , no TDS shall be deducted on the interest from FD up to Rs. 50,000 in case of senior citizens . Further , it is to be noted that as section Section 80TTB has been introduced exclusively for senior citizens , so no deduction under Section 80TTA shall be available to senior citizens . </P> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 80U </Td> <Td> Deduction in case of a disabled person </Td> <Td> If an assessee furnishes the certificate issued in a prescribed format from a notified ' medical authority ' , then shall become eligible to avail this deduction . The quantum of deduction shall be Rs. 75,000 in case of a person with disability . However , in case of severe disability the deduction shall be raised to Rs. 1 , 25,000.In this deduction , a person can claim deduction when he himself is disabled . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 87A </Td> <Td> Rebate of Rs 2500 for individuals having total income up to Rs 3.5 lakh </Td> <Td> Finance Act 2017 has provided relief in the form of rebate to individual taxpayers , resident in India , who are in lower income bracket , i.e. having total income not exceeding Rs 3 , 50,000 / - . The amount of rebate is Rs 2500 / - or the amount of tax payable , whichever is lower . WEF A.Y. 18 - 19 ( F.Y 17 - 18 ) . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 80RRB </Td> <Td> Deduction in respect of any income by way of royalty in respect of a patent registered on or after 01.04. 2003 under the Patents Act 1970 shall be available as : - Rs. 3 lacs or the income received , whichever is less . </Td> <Td> The assessee who is a patentee must be an individual resident in India . The assessee must furnish a certificate in the prescribed form duly signed by the prescribed authority along with the return of income . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 80QQB </Td> <Td> Deduction in respect of royalty or copyright income received in consideration for authoring any book of literary , artistic or scientific nature other than text book shall be available to the extent of Rs. 3 lacs or income received , whichever is less . </Td> <Td> The assessee must be an individual resident in India who receives such income in exercise of his profession . To avail of this deduction , the assessee must furnish a certificate in the prescribed form along with the return of income . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Due date of submission of return ( edit ) </H2> <P> The due date of submission of return shall be ascertained according to section 139 ( 1 ) of the Act as under : - </P> <Table> <Tr> <Td> 30 September of the Assessment Year ( AY ) </Td> <Td> - If the assessee is a company ( not having any inter-nation transaction ) , or - If the assessee is any person other than a company whose books of accounts are required to be audited under any law , or - If the assessee is a working partner in a firm whose books of accounts are required to be audited under any law . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 30 November of the AY </Td> <Td> If the assessee is a company and it is required to furnish report under section 92E pertaining to international transactions . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 31 July of the AY </Td> <Td> In any other case . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> If the Income of a Salaried Individual is less than ₹ 500,000 and he has earned income through salary or Interest or both , such Individuals are exempted from filing their Income Tax return provided that such payment has been received after the deduction of TDS and this person has not earned interest more than ₹ 10,000 from all source combined . Such a person should not have changed jobs in the financial year . </P> <P> CBDT has announced that all individual / HUF taxpayers with income more than ₹ 500,000 are required to file their income tax returns online . However , digital signatures wo n't be mandatory for such class of taxpayers . </P> <H2> Advance tax ( edit ) </H2> <P> Under this schemes , every assessee is required to pay tax in a particular financial year , preceding the assessment year , on an estimated basis . However , if such estimated tax liability for an individual who is not above 60 years of age at any point of time during the previous year and does not conduct any business in the previous year , and the estimated tax liability is below ₹ 10,000 , advance tax will not be payable . </P> <P> Until FY 2015 - 16 , the due dates and amount of advance tax were different for corporate taxpayers and individual taxpayers. However , from FY 2016 - 17 , both categories of taxpayers were brought at par . Further , individuals opting presumptive scheme of taxation u / s 44AD , 44ADA are liable to pay advance tax in single instalment . </P> <P> The due dates of payment of advance tax for F.Y 17 - 18 are : - </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Th> In case of corporate assessee as well as Individuals </Th> <Th> For Persons opting sec 44AD & 44ADA </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> On or before 15 June of the previous year </Td> <Td> Up to 15 % of advance tax payable </Td> <Td> - </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> On or before 15 September of the previous year </Td> <Td> Up to 45 % of balance of advance tax payable </Td> <Td> - </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> On or before 15 December of the previous year </Td> <Td> Up to 75 % of balance of advance tax payable </Td> <Td> - </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> On or before 15 March of the previous year </Td> <Td> Up to 100 % of balance of advance tax payable </Td> <Td> Up to 100 % of the advance tax payable </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Any default in payment of advance tax attracts interest under section 234B and any deferment of advance tax attracts interest under section 234C . </P> <H2> Tax deducted at source ( TDS ) ( edit ) </H2> <P> The general rule is that the total income of an assessee for the previous year is taxable in the relevant assessment year . However , income tax is recovered from the assessee in the previous year itself by way of TDS . The relevant provisions therein are listed below . ( To be used for reference only . The detailed provisions therein are not listed below . ) </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Section </Th> <Th> Nature of payment </Th> <Th> Threshold limit ( up to which no tax is deductible ) </Th> <Th> TDS to be deducted </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 192 </Td> <Td> Salary to any person </Td> <Td> Exemption limit </Td> <Td> As specified for individual in Part III of I Schedule </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 193 </Td> <Td> Interest on securities to any resident </Td> <Td> Subject to detailed provisions of given section </Td> <Td> 10 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 194A </Td> <Td> Interest ( other than interest on securities ) to any resident </Td> <Td> In case of Bank / cooperative bank - ₹ 10000 ( for persons below 60 years ) & 50000 ( for persons 60 years or more ) and in any other case - ₹ 5000 </Td> <Td> 10 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 194B </Td> <Td> Winning from lotteries etc. to any person </Td> <Td> ₹ 10000 </Td> <Td> 30 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 194BB </Td> <Td> Winning from horse races to any person </Td> <Td> ₹ 10000 </Td> <Td> 30 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 194C </Td> <Td> Payment to resident contractors </Td> <Td> ₹ 30000 ( for single contract ) & ₹ 100000 ( for aggregate consideration in a financial year ) </Td> <Td> 2 % ( for companies / firms ) & 1 % otherwise </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 194D </Td> <Td> Insurance commission to resident </Td> <Td> ₹ 15000 </Td> <Td> 5 % ( for resident person ) & 10 % ( for domestic companies ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 194DA </Td> <Td> Payment in respect of life insurance policy </Td> <Td> ₹ 100000 </Td> <Td> 1 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 194E </Td> <Td> Payment to non-resident sportsmen or sports association </Td> <Td> Not applicable </Td> <Td> 20 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 194EE </Td> <Td> Payment of deposit under National Savings Scheme to any person </Td> <Td> ₹ 2500 </Td> <Td> 10 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 194F </Td> <Td> Payment on account of repurchase of unit by Mutual Fund or Unit Trust of India </Td> <Td> NIL </Td> <Td> 20 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 194G </Td> <Td> Commission on sale of lottery tickets to any person </Td> <Td> ₹ 15000 </Td> <Td> 5 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 194H </Td> <Td> Commission / brokerage to a resident </Td> <Td> ₹ 15000 </Td> <Td> 5 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 194 - I </Td> <Td> Rents paid to any resident </Td> <Td> ₹ 180000 </Td> <Td> 2 % ( for plant , machinery , equipment ) & 10 % ( for land , building , furniture ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 194IA </Td> <Td> Payment for Purchase of Immovable Property </Td> <Td> ₹ 5000000 </Td> <Td> 1 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 194IB </Td> <Td> Payment of rent by individual or HUF not liable to tax audit </Td> <Td> ₹ 50000 </Td> <Td> 5 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 194J </Td> <Td> Fees for professional / technical services ; Royalty </Td> <Td> ₹ 30000 </Td> <Td> 10 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 194LA </Td> <Td> Payment of compensation on acquisition of certain immovable property </Td> <Td> ₹ 250000 </Td> <Td> 10 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 194LB </Td> <Td> Interest paid by Infrastructure Development Fund under section 10 ( 47 ) to non-resident or foreign company </Td> <Td> - </Td> <Td> 5 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 194LC </Td> <Td> Payment of interest by an Indian Company or a business trust in respect of money borrowed in foreign currency under a loan agreement or by way of issue of long - term bonds </Td> <Td> - </Td> <Td> 5 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 195 </Td> <Td> Interest or other sums ( not being salary , which is covered under section 192 ) paid to non-residents or foreign company except under section 115O </Td> <Td> Amount as computed by the Assessing Officer on application made under section 195 ( 2 ) or 195 ( 3 ) </Td> <Td> As per double taxation avoidance treaty or regular provisions of Income Tax Act , which is beneficial to the recipient </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> ^ 1 At what time tax has to be deducted at source and some other specifications are subject to the above sections . ^ 2 In most cases , these payments shall not to deducted by an individual or an HUF if books of accounts are not required to be audited under the provisions of the Income Tax Act , 1961 in the immediately preceding financial year . </P> <P> In most cases , the tax deducted should be deposited within 7 days from the end of the month in which tax was deducted . </P> <H2> Corporate income tax ( edit ) </H2> Income-wise number of corporate assessees in India <P> For Domestic Companies , the tax rate shall be flat 30 % . However , as per Finance Act , 2018 , the tax rate for MSME has been reduced from 29 % to 25 % for companies having turnover or gross receipts less than Rs. 250 Crores in the last year i.e. in Financial Year 2016 - 17. Surcharge and Cess shall be levied over and above the flat rate of tax . Therefore , for large corporate , the tax rate is still 30 % but for MSME ( Micro , Small and Medium Enterprise ) it has been reduced to 25 % . </P> <P> For Foreign companies , the tax rate shall be 40 % in India for normal income. However , specifically in case of Royalty income or fees for rendering technical services the tax rate shall be 50 % . Surcharge and Cess shall be levied over and above the flat rate of tax . </P> <P> Note - For both companies , an EC and SHEC of 3 % ( on both the tax and the surcharge ) will be payable till F.Y 17 - 18. But , from F.Y 18 - 19 , the EC and SHEC has been replaced by Health and Education Cess @ 4 %. From 2005 - 06 , electronic filing of company returns is mandatory till date . </P> <H3> Surcharge ( edit ) </H3> <P> Non-corporate assessee : Surcharge of 10 % shall be levied if income is more than 50 lakhs but less than Rs. 1 crore . Further , Surcharge of 15 % shall be levied in case the income is more than 1 crore of an individual . Corporate assessee : </P> <Table> <Tr> <Td> Particulars </Td> <Td> Taxable income > 1 crore </Td> <Td> Taxable income > 10 crore </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Domestic company </Td> <Td> 7 % of income tax payable </Td> <Td> 12 % of income tax payable </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Foreign company </Td> <Td> 2 % of income tax payable </Td> <Td> 5 % of income tax payable </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> ^ 1 Applicable from assessment year 2015 - 16 onwards . </P> <H2> Tax returns ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Categories ( edit ) </H3> <P> There are five categories of income tax returns . </P> <Dl> <Dt> Normal return u / s 139 ( 1 ) </Dt> </Dl> <P> Any assessee ( Company or firm or a person ) who 's income exceeds the maximum amount which is not chargeable to tax is required to file return u / s 139 ( 1 ) within the due date . Currently , the maximum amount not chargeable to tax ( basic exemption limit ) for individuals is Rs. 2 , 50 , 0000 for below 60 years , 3 , 00,000 for 60 years to 79 years and 5 , 00,000 for 80 years and above. The due date is different for various assessees . </P> <Dl> <Dt> Belated return u / s 139 ( 4 ) </Dt> </Dl> <P> In case of failure to file the return on or before the due date , belated return can be filed.As per Budget 2016 , it can be filed before the expiry of relevant assessment year . </P> <Dl> <Dt> Revised return u / s 139 ( 5 ) </Dt> </Dl> <P> In case of any omission or any wrong statement mentioned in the normal return can be revised.As per Budget 2017 , the return can be revised at any time before the expiry of relevant assessment year. Further , from F.Y 16 - 17 , the belated return can also be revised . </P> <Dl> <Dt> Defective return u / s 139 ( 9 ) </Dt> </Dl> <P> If the assessing officer considers the return as defective , he may intimate the defect . One has to rectify the defect within a period of fifteen days from the date of such intimation . </P> <Dl> <Dt> Apart from the above mentioned categories , the return is also required to filed in response to notices under the various sections like section 142 ( 1 ) ( i ) , 143 ( 1 ) ( a ) , 139 ( 9 ) , 154 etc. of the income tax act , 1961 . </Dt> </Dl> <H3> Statistics ( edit ) </H3> <P> As of January 2016 , a total of more than 3.27 crore returns were e-filed for the financial year 2014 - 15 . </P> <H2> Annual information return and statements ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Annual information return ( edit ) </H3> <P> Those who are responsible for registering , or , maintaining books of account or other documents containing a record of any specified financial transaction , shall furnish an annual information return in Form No. 61A . </P> <H3> Statements by producers ( edit ) </H3> <P> Producers of a cinematographic film during the financial year shall , prepare and deliver to the Assessing Officer a statement in the Form No. 52A , </P> <Ul> <Li> within 30 days from the end of such financial year or </Li> <Li> within 30 days from the date of the completion of the production of the film , </Li> </Ul> <P> whichever is earlier . </P> <H3> Statements by Non-Resident having a liaison office in India ( edit ) </H3> <P> With effect from 01 , June 2011 , Non-Resident having a liaison office in India shall prepare and deliver a statement in Form No. 49C to the Assessing Officer within sixty days from the end of such financial year . </P> <H2> Income tax rates for individuals ( edit ) </H2> <P> </P> <H3> Income tax rates for financial year 2017 - 2018 & assessment year 2018 - 2019 ( edit ) </H3> <P> Income Tax Rates Slab for FY 2017 - 18 ( AY 2018 - 19 ) - The Finance Bill , 2017 </P> <P> RATES FOR CHARGING INCOME - TAX IN CERTAIN CASES , DEDUCTING INCOME - TAX FROM INCOME CHARGEABLE UNDER THE HEAD `` SALARIES '' AND COMPUTING `` ADVANCE TAX '' </P> <P> In cases in which income - tax has to be charged under sub-section ( 4 ) of section 172 of the Income - tax Act or sub-section ( 2 ) of section 174 or section 174A or section 175 or sub-section ( 2 ) of section 176 of the said Act or deducted from , or paid on , from income chargeable under the head `` Salaries '' under section 192 of the said Act or in which the `` advance tax '' payable under Chapter XVII - C of the said Act has to be computed at the rate or rates in force , such income - tax or , as the case may be , `` advance tax '' ( not being `` advance tax '' in respect of any income chargeable to tax under Chapter XII or Chapter XII - A or income chargeable to tax under section 115JB or section 115JC or Chapter XII - FA or Chapter XII - FB or sub-section ( 1A ) of section 161 or section 164 or section 164A or section 167B of the Income - tax Act at the rates as specified in that Chapter or section or surcharge , wherever applicable , on such `` advance tax '' in respect of any income chargeable to tax under section 115A or section 115AB or section 115AC or section 115ACA or section 115AD or section 115B or section 115BA or section 115BB or section 115BBA or section 115BBC or section 115BBD or section 115BBDA or section 115BBE or section 115BBF or section 115BBG or section 115E or section 115JB or section 115JC ) shall be charged , deducted or computed at the following rate or rates : -- </P> <P> ( I ) In the case of every individual other than the individual referred to in items ( II ) and ( III ) of this Paragraph or Hindu undivided family or association of persons or body of individuals , whether incorporated or not , or every artificial juridical person referred to in sub-clause ( vii ) of clause ( 31 ) of section 2 of the Income - tax Act , not being a case to which any other Paragraph of this Part applies , -- </P> <Table> <Tr> <Td_colspan="3"> Part I : Income tax slab for individual tax payers & HUF ( less than 60 years old ) ( both men & women ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="3"> Rates of income - tax </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> ( 1 ) </Td> <Td> where the total income does not exceed Rs. 2 , 50,000 </Td> <Td> No Tax </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> ( 2 ) </Td> <Td> where the total income exceeds Rs. 2 , 50,000 but does not exceed Rs. 5 , 00,000 </Td> <Td> 5 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> ( 3 ) </Td> <Td> where the total income exceeds Rs. 5 , 00,000 but does not exceed Rs. 10 , 00,000 </Td> <Td> 20 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> ( 4 ) </Td> <Td> where the total income exceeds Rs. 10 , 00,000 </Td> <Td> 30 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="3"> Surcharge : <P> * * 10 % of income tax , where total income is between Rs. 50 lakhs and Rs. 1 crore. * * 15 % of income tax , where total income exceeds Rs. 1 crore . </P> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="3"> Cess : 3 % on total of income tax + surcharge . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="3"> * * Income up to Rs. 2 , 50,000 is exempt from tax if you are less than 60 years old . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> ( II ) In the case of every individual , being a resident in India , who is of the age of sixty years or more but less than eighty years at any time during the previous year , - </P> <Table> <Tr> <Td_colspan="3"> Part II : Income tax slab for individual tax payers & HUF ( 60 years old or more but less than 80 years old ) ( both men & women ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="3"> Rates of income - tax </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> ( 1 ) </Td> <Td> where the total income does not exceed Rs. 3 , 00,000 </Td> <Td> No Tax </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> ( 2 ) </Td> <Td> where the total income exceeds Rs. 3 , 00,000 but does not exceed Rs. 5 , 00,000 </Td> <Td> 5 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> ( 3 ) </Td> <Td> where the total income exceeds Rs. 5 , 00,000 but does not exceed Rs. 10 , 00,000 </Td> <Td> 20 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> ( 4 ) </Td> <Td> where the total income exceeds Rs. 10 , 00,000 </Td> <Td> 30 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="3"> Surcharge : <P> * * 10 % of income tax , where total income is between Rs. 50 lakhs and Rs. 1 crore. * * 15 % of income tax , where total income exceeds Rs. 1 crore . </P> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="3"> Cess : 3 % on total of income tax + surcharge . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="3"> * * Income up to Rs. 3 , 00,000 is exempt from tax if you are more than 60 years but less than 80 years of age . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> ( III ) In the case of every individual , being a resident in India , who is of the age of eighty years or more at any time during the previous year , - </P> <Table> <Tr> <Td_colspan="3"> Part III : Income tax slab for super senior citizens ( 80 years old or more ) ( both men & women ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="3"> Rates of income - tax </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> ( 1 ) </Td> <Td> where the total income up to Rs. Rs. 2 , 50,000 </Td> <Td> No Tax </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> ( 2 ) </Td> <Td> where the total income up to Rs. 5 , 00,000 </Td> <Td> No Tax </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> ( 3 ) </Td> <Td> where the total income exceeds Rs. 5 , 00,000 but does not exceed Rs. 10 , 00,000 </Td> <Td> 20 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> ( 4 ) </Td> <Td> where the total income exceeds Rs. 10 , 00,000 </Td> <Td> 30 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="3"> Surcharge : <P> * * 10 % of income tax , where total income is between Rs. 50 lakhs and Rs. 1 crore. * * 15 % of income tax , where total income exceeds Rs. 1 crore . </P> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="3"> Cess : 3 % on total of income tax + surcharge . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="3"> * * Income up to Rs. 3 , 00,000 is exempt from tax if you are more than 60 years but less than 80 years of age . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Td_colspan="3"> In the case of every co-operative society , -- </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="3"> Rates of income - tax </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> ( 1 ) </Td> <Td> where the total income does not exceed Rs. 10,000 </Td> <Td> 10 per cent. of the total income ; </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> ( 2 ) </Td> <Td> where the total income exceeds Rs. 10,000 but does not <P> exceed Rs. 20,000 </P> </Td> <Td> Rs. 1,000 plus 20 per cent. of the amount by which the total income exceeds Rs. 10,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> ( 3 ) </Td> <Td> where the total income exceeds Rs. 20,000 </Td> <Td> Rs. 3,000 plus 30 per cent. of the amount by which the total income exceeds Rs. 20,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="3"> Surcharge on income - tax <P> The amount of income - tax computed in accordance with the preceding provisions of this Paragraph , or the provisions of section 111A or section 112 of the Income - tax Act , shall , in the case of every co-operative society , having a total income exceeding one crore rupees , be increased by a surcharge for the purposes of the Union calculated at the rate of twelve per cent. of such incometax </P> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="3"> Provided that in the case of every co-operative society mentioned above having total income exceeding one crore rupees , the total amount payable as income - tax and surcharge on such income shall not exceed the total amount payable as income - tax on a total income of one crore rupees by more than the amount of income that exceeds one crore rupees . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> In the case of every firm , -- </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Rates of income - tax </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> On the whole of the total income </Td> <Td> 30 per cent. of the total income ; </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Surcharge on income - tax <P> The amount of income - tax computed in accordance with the preceding provisions of this Paragraph , or the provisions of section 111A or section 112 of the Income - tax Act , shall , in the case of every firm , having a total income exceeding one crore rupees , be increased by a surcharge for the purposes of the Union calculated at the rate of twelve per cent. of such income - tax . </P> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Provided that in the case of every firm mentioned above having total income exceeding one crore rupees , the total amount payable as income - tax and surcharge on such income shall not exceed the total amount payable as income - tax on a total income of one crore rupees by more than the amount of income that exceeds one crore rupees . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> In the case of every local authority , -- </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Rates of income - tax </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> On the whole of the total income </Td> <Td> 30 per cent. of the total income ; </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Surcharge on income - tax <P> The amount of income - tax computed in accordance with the preceding provisions of this Paragraph , or the provisions of section 111A or section 112 of the Income - tax Act , shall , in the case of every local authority , having a total income exceeding one crore rupees , be increased by a surcharge for the purposes of the Union calculated at the rate of twelve per cent. of such income - tax . </P> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Provided that in the case of every local authority mentioned above having total income exceeding one crore rupees , the total amount payable as income - tax and surcharge on such income shall not exceed the total amount payable as income - tax on a total income of one crore rupees by more than the amount of income that exceeds one crore rupees . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> In the case of a domestic company </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Rates of income - tax </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> ( i ) where its total turnover or the gross receipt in the previous year 2015 - 16 does not exceed fifty crore rupees ; </Td> <Td> 25 per cent. of the total income ; </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> ( ii ) other than that referred to in item ( i ) </Td> <Td> 30 per cent. of the total income ; </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Surcharge on income - tax <P> ( a ) having a total income exceeding one crore rupees but not exceeding ten crore rupees , at the rate of seven per cent. of such income - tax ; and </P> <P> ( b ) having a total income exceeding ten crore rupees , at the rate of twelve per cent. of such income - tax ; </P> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> In the case of a company other than a domestic company - </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Rates of income - tax </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> ( i ) on so much of the total income as consists of , -- <P> ( a ) royalties received from Government or an Indian concern in pursuance of an agreement made by it with the Government or the Indian concern after the 31st day of March , 1961 but before the 1st day of April , 1976 ; or </P> <P> ( b ) fees for rendering technical services received from Government or an Indian concern in pursuance of an agreement made by it with the Government or the Indian concern after the 29th day of February , 1964 but before the 1st day of April , 1976 , and where such agreement has , in either case , been approved by the Central Government </P> </Td> <Td> 50 per cent. of the total income ; </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> ( ii ) on the balance , if any , of the total income </Td> <Td> 40 per cent. of the total income </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Surcharge on income - tax <P> The amount of income - tax computed in accordance with the preceding provisions of this Paragraph , or the provisions of section 111A or section 112 of the Income - tax Act , shall , be increased by a surcharge for the purposes of the Union , calculated , - </P> <P> ( a ) having a total income exceeding one crore rupees but not exceeding ten crore rupees , at the rate of two per cent. of such income - tax ; and </P> <P> ( b ) having a total income exceeding ten crore rupees , at the rate of five per cent. of such income - tax : </P> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Provided that in the case of every company having a total income exceeding one crore rupees but not exceeding ten crore rupees , the total amount payable as income - tax and surcharge on such income shall not exceed the total amount payable as income - tax on a total income of one crore rupees by more than the amount of income that exceeds one crore rupees : <P> Provided further that in the case of every company having a total income exceeding ten crore rupees , the total amount payable as income - tax and surcharge on such income shall not exceed the total amount payable as income - tax and surcharge on a total income of ten crore rupees by more than the amount of income that exceeds ten crore rupees . </P> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Assessments ( edit ) </H2> <P> Self - assessment is done by the assessee himself in his Return of Income . The department assess the tax of an assessee under section 143 ( 3 ) ( scrutiny ) , 144 ( best judgement ) , 147 and 153A ( search and seizure ) . The notices for such assessments are issued under section 143 ( 2 ) , 148 and 153A respectively . The time limits are prescribed under section 153 . </P> <H2> Tax penalties ( edit ) </H2> <P> There are various penalties & fees which can be levied as per the Income Tax Act , 1961 . Some of the important penalties and fees are discussed as under : </P> <P> 1 . Penalty under section 271 ( 1 ) ( c ) for either concealment of income or for furnishing inaccurate particulars of income : - </P> <P> If the Assessing Officer or the Commissioner ( Appeals ) or the Commissioner in the course of any proceedings under this Act , is satisfied that any person - </P> <P> ( b ) has failed to comply with a notice under sub-section ( 1 ) of section 142 or sub-section ( 2 ) of section 143 or fails to comply with a direction issued under sub-section ( 2A ) of section 142 , or ( c ) has concealed the particulars of his income or furnished inaccurate particulars of such income , </P> <P> he may direct that such person shall pay by way of penalty , - </P> <P> ( ii ) in the cases referred to in clause ( b ) , in addition to any tax payable by him , a sum of ten thousand rupees for each such failure ; ( iii ) in the cases referred to in clause ( c ) , in addition to any tax payable by him , a sum which shall not be less than , but which shall not exceed three times , the amount of tax sought to be evaded by reason of the concealment of particulars of his income or the furnishing of inaccurate particulars of such income . </P> <P> In other words , u / s 271 ( 1 ) ( c ) , the penalty may range from 100 % to 300 % of the amount of tax sought to be evaded . </P> <P> 2 . Penalty u / s 270A for under reporting or misreporting of income : - </P> <P> The Assessing Officer or the Commissioner ( Appeals ) or the Principal Commissioner or Commissioner may direct any person to pay a penalty in addition to tax , if he has under - reported or misreported his income while filing his return . </P> <P> In case of under reported income , the penalty shall be 50 % of the amount of tax payable on under reported income . Further , in case of misreporting income , the penalty shall be 200 % of the amount of tax payable on misreported income . </P> <P> </P> <P> 3 . Fee u / s 234F for late filing of ITR : - </P> <P> As per the budget 2017 , a new section 234F has been introduced to ensure timely filing of returns of income . According to Section 234F , if a person is required to file income tax return ( ITR ) as per income tax law ( section 139 ( 1 ) ) but does not file it within the due date then late fees shall be levied upon him. The amount of fees shall depend upon the time of filing the return and total income . </P> <P> The quantum of fees u / s 234F has been enumerated as below : ( i ) If the return is filed after 31st July but on or before the 31st day of December of the assessment year - Rs. 5000 ( ii ) If the return is filed after 31st December of the assessment year - Rs . 10,000 However , if the Total income is less than or equal to five lakh rupees , then in that case , the fee amount shall not exceed Rs. 1000 . </P> <P> The provisions of this section shall be applicable from in respect of Income Tax returns to be filed for FY 2017 - 18 ( or AY 2018 - 19 ). This section shall be applicable on all persons including Individual , HUF , Company , Firm , AOP etc. , if the return is filed after their respective due dates. Financial year 17 - 18 would be the first year when any such fees would be leviable without the intervention of Assessing Officer . </P> <H2> Appeals ( edit ) </H2> <P> When taxpayers dispute the income tax demands raised on them , a structured appeal process has to be followed . The first level of appeals lies with the CIT ( A ) . The next level of appeal lies with the Income Tax Appellate Tribunal - an independent body , which is the final fact finding authority . Courts can subsequently be approached by the aggrieved party only if a question of law is involved . </P> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Service tax in India </Li> <Li> Central Excise ( India ) </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ Institute of Chartered Accountants of India ( 2011 ) . Taxation . ISBN 978 - 81 - 8441 - 290 - 1 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Growth of Income Tax revenue in India '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 16 November 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Home - Central Board of Direct Taxes , Government of India '' . Incometaxindia.gov.in . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 18 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Impact of DTC on India Inc '' , The Hindu Business Line , 6 September 2010 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Black money haul : Rs 65,250 crore collected through Income Declaration Scheme '' , The Economic Times , 1 October 2016 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` All you need to know about Income Tax Returns for AY 2016 - 17 '' , Daily News and Analysis , 16 April 2016 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Santosh Tiwari . `` Evasion of personal tax dips to 59 % of mop - up '' . The Financial Express . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ https://www.incometaxindia.gov.in/pages/acts/income-tax-act.aspx </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` E-Filing is mandatory Income is more than 5 lacs '' . CA club india . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Income Tax rates for Companies '' . businesssetup.in . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Corporate taxpayers must file electronically , point 4 of IT circular . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` e-Filing Statistics '' , incometaxindiaefiling.gov.in </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Annual Information return '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kumar , Pawan . `` Income Tax Rates Slab for FY 2017 - 18 ( AY 2018 - 19 ) - Param News : Latest India News , Breaking News , Sports , Bollywood , Politics , Jobs '' . www.paramnews.com . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 20 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Readers ' Corner : Taxation '' , Business Standard , 27 March 2016 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Section 271 of India IT Act </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` CIT ( Appeals ) to pass orders within a fortnight '' , The Times of India , 23 June 2015 </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Indian Income Tax Department </Li> <Li> Electronic Filing of Income Tax returns </Li> <Li> Union budget and Economic Survey </Li> <Li> Income Tax Settlement Commission Website </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> hide <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Taxation in India </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Taxes </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Central Excise Duty </Li> <Li> Goods and Services Tax </Li> <Li> Income tax in India </Li> <Li> Securities Transaction Tax </Li> <Li> Service Tax </Li> <Li> Value - added taxation </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Bodies </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> CBDT <Ul> <Li> Chairperson , Central Board of Direct Taxes </Li> <Li> Investigation Division of the Central Board of Direct Taxes </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Central Board of Excise and Customs <Ul> <Li> Chairperson Central Board of Excise & Customs </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Income Tax Department </Li> <Li> Central Economic Intelligence Bureau </Li> <Li> Directorate of Revenue Intelligence </Li> <Li> Tax Administration Reform Commission </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Legislations </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Benami Transactions ( Prohibition ) Act , 1988 </Li> <Li> Expenditure Tax Act , 1987 </Li> <Li> Finance Act ( India ) <Ul> <Li> The Finance Act , 2016 </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Gift Tax Act , 1958 </Li> <Li> Interest Tax Act , 1974 </Li> <Li> The Income - tax Act , 1961 </Li> <Li> Wealth Tax Act , 1957 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Schemes </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Income declaration scheme , 2016 </Li> <Li> Pradhan Mantri Garib Kalyan Yojana </Li> <Li> Voluntary Disclosure of Income Scheme </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Compliance </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Income Tax Returns <Ul> <Li> ITR - 2 </Li> <Li> SUGAM ITR - 4S </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Indian tax forms </Li> <Li> Tax Collected at Source </Li> <Li> Tax Deducted at Source </Li> <Li> Tax Deduction and Collection Account Number </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Income_tax_in_India&oldid=844063463 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> Income tax in India </Li> <Li> Income taxes </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Articles to be merged from April 2017 </Li> <Li> All articles to be merged </Li> <Li> Wikipedia articles in need of updating from November 2013 </Li> <Li> All Wikipedia articles in need of updating </Li> <Li> Wikipedia articles that are too technical from February 2016 </Li> <Li> All articles that are too technical </Li> <Li> Articles needing expert attention from February 2016 </Li> <Li> All articles needing expert attention </Li> <Li> Articles needing cleanup from April 2016 </Li> <Li> All pages needing cleanup </Li> <Li> Cleanup tagged articles with a reason field from April 2016 </Li> <Li> Wikipedia pages needing cleanup from April 2016 </Li> <Li> Articles needing additional references from April 2016 </Li> <Li> All articles needing additional references </Li> <Li> Articles with multiple maintenance issues </Li> <Li> Use Indian English from September 2013 </Li> <Li> All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English </Li> <Li> Use dmy dates from March 2013 </Li> <Li> Articles to be expanded from November 2012 </Li> <Li> All articles to be expanded </Li> <Li> Articles using small message boxes </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> हिन्दी </Li> <Li> ಕನ್ನಡ </Li> <Li> ਪੰਜਾਬੀ </Li> <Li> தமிழ் </Li> <Li> తెలుగు </Li> </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 2 June 2018 , at 10 : 16 . </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> | [
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] | https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Income_tax_in_India&oldid=844063463 | -7,780,086,360,158,025,000 |
Attack on Pearl Harbor - wikipedia <H1> Attack on Pearl Harbor </H1> <P> Coordinates : 21 ° 22 ′ N 157 ° 57 ′ W / 21.367 ° N 157.950 ° W / 21.367 ; - 157.950 </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Attack on Pearl Harbor </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Part of the Asia and the Pacific Theater of World War II </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Photograph of Battleship Row taken from a Japanese plane at the beginning of the attack . The explosion in the center is a torpedo strike on USS West Virginia . Two attacking Japanese planes can be seen : one over USS Neosho and one over the Naval Yard . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Date </Th> <Td> December 7 , 1941 ; 76 years ago ( 1941 - 12 - 07 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Location </Th> <Td> Primarily Pearl Harbor , Hawaii Territory , U.S. </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Result </Th> <Td> <P> Major Japanese tactical victory ; precipitated the entrance of the United States into World War II </P> <Ul> <Li> See consequences of the attack on Pearl Harbor </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Belligerents </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> Japan </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Commanders and leaders </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> ADM Husband E. Kimmel LTG Walter Short </Td> <Td> VADM Chūichi Nagumo ADM Isoroku Yamamoto CDR Mitsuo Fuchida </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Strength </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 8 battleships 8 cruisers 30 destroyers 4 submarines 3 USCG Cutters 47 other ships ≈ 390 aircraft </Td> <Td> Mobile Unit : 6 aircraft carriers 2 battleships 2 heavy cruisers 1 light cruiser 9 destroyers 8 tankers 23 fleet submarines 5 midget submarines 414 aircraft </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Casualties and losses </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 4 battleships sunk 4 battleships damaged 1 ex-battleship sunk 1 harbor tug sunk 3 cruisers damaged 3 destroyers damaged 3 other ships damaged 188 aircraft destroyed 159 aircraft damaged 2,335 killed 1,143 wounded </Td> <Td> 4 midget submarines sunk 1 midget submarine grounded 29 aircraft destroyed 74 aircraft damaged 64 killed 1 sailor captured </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Civilian casualties 68 killed 35 wounded 3 aircraft shot down </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Hawaiian Islands Campaign </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Pearl Harbor </Li> <Li> Niihau </Li> <Li> 1st Midway </Li> <Li> Johnston and Palmyra </Li> <Li> 2nd Midway </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> 3rd Midway </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Japanese offensives , 1940 -- 1942 </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> French Indochina </Li> <Li> Thailand </Li> <Li> Malaya </Li> <Li> Borneo </Li> <Li> Pearl Harbor </Li> <Li> Hong Kong </Li> <Li> Philippines </Li> <Li> Guam </Li> <Li> Wake </Li> <Li> Dutch East Indies </Li> <Li> New Guinea </Li> <Li> Singapore </Li> <Li> Burma </Li> <Li> Australia </Li> <Li> Indian Ocean </Li> <Li> Solomons </Li> <Li> Coral Sea </Li> <Li> North America </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Pacific War </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Central Pacific <Ul> <Li> Hawaii </Li> <Li> Marshalls - Gilberts raids </Li> <Li> Doolittle Raid </Li> <Li> Coral Sea </Li> <Li> Midway </Li> <Li> RY </Li> <Li> Solomons </Li> <Li> Gilberts & Marshalls </Li> <Li> Marianas & Palau </Li> <Li> Volcano & Ryukyu </Li> <Li> Truk </Li> </Ul> <P> Southeast Asia </P> <Ul> <Li> Indochina ( 1940 ) </Li> <Li> Indian Ocean ( 1940 -- 45 ) </Li> <Li> Philippines 1941 -- 42 </Li> <Li> Franco - Thai War </Li> <Li> Thailand </Li> <Li> Dutch East Indies </Li> <Li> Malaya </Li> <Li> Hong Kong </Li> <Li> Singapore </Li> <Li> Indochina ( 1945 ) </Li> <Li> Malacca Strait </Li> <Li> Jurist </Li> <Li> Tiderace </Li> <Li> Zipper </Li> <Li> Strategic bombing ( 1944 -- 45 ) </Li> </Ul> <P> Burma </P> <Ul> <Li> Burma ( 1941 -- 42 ) </Li> <Li> Burma ( 1942 -- 43 ) </Li> <Li> Burma ( 1944 ) </Li> <Li> Burma ( 1944 -- 45 ) </Li> </Ul> <P> Southwest Pacific </P> <Ul> <Li> Dutch East Indies 1941 -- 42 </Li> <Li> Portuguese Timor </Li> <Li> Australia </Li> <Li> New Guinea </Li> <Li> Philippines 1944 -- 45 </Li> <Li> Borneo 1945 </Li> </Ul> <P> North America </P> <Ul> <Li> Ellwood </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> Aleutian Islands </Li> <Li> Estevan Point Lighthouse </Li> <Li> Fort Stevens </Li> <Li> Lookout Air Raids </Li> <Li> Fire balloon </Li> <Li> Project Hula </Li> <Li> PX </Li> </Ul> <P> Japan </P> <Ul> <Li> Air raids </Li> <Li> Mariana Islands </Li> <Li> Volcano & Ryukyu Is </Li> <Li> Tokyo </Li> <Li> Starvation </Li> <Li> Naval bombardments </Li> <Li> Yokosuka </Li> <Li> Sagami Bay </Li> <Li> Kure </Li> <Li> Downfall </Li> <Li> Hiroshima & Nagasaki </Li> <Li> Kurils </Li> <Li> Karafuto </Li> <Li> Japanese surrender </Li> </Ul> <P> Manchuria </P> <Ul> <Li> Kantokuen </Li> <Li> Manchuria ( 1945 ) </Li> <Li> Mutanchiang </Li> <Li> Sakhalin Island </Li> <Li> Kuril Islands </Li> <Li> Shumshu </Li> </Ul> Second Sino - Japanese War </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The attack on Pearl Harbor was a surprise military strike by the Imperial Japanese Navy Air Service against the United States naval base at Pearl Harbor , Hawaii Territory , on the morning of December 7 , 1941 . The attack , also known as the Battle of Pearl Harbor , led to the United States ' entry into World War II . The Japanese military leadership referred to the attack as the Hawaii Operation and Operation AI , and as Operation Z during its planning . </P> <P> Japan intended the attack as a preventive action to keep the U.S. Pacific Fleet from interfering with its planned military actions in Southeast Asia against overseas territories of the United Kingdom , the Netherlands , and the United States . Over the course of seven hours there were coordinated Japanese attacks on the U.S. - held Philippines , Guam and Wake Island and on the British Empire in Malaya , Singapore , and Hong Kong . </P> <P> The attack commenced at 7 : 48 a.m. Hawaiian Time ( 18 : 18 GMT ) . The base was attacked by 353 Imperial Japanese aircraft ( including fighters , level and dive bombers , and torpedo bombers ) in two waves , launched from six aircraft carriers . All eight U.S. Navy battleships were damaged , with four sunk . All but the USS Arizona were later raised , and six were returned to service and went on to fight in the war . The Japanese also sank or damaged three cruisers , three destroyers , an anti-aircraft training ship , and one minelayer . One hundred eighty - eight U.S. aircraft were destroyed ; 2,403 Americans were killed and 1,178 others were wounded . Important base installations such as the power station , dry dock , shipyard , maintenance , and fuel and torpedo storage facilities , as well as the submarine piers and headquarters building ( also home of the intelligence section ) , were not attacked . Japanese losses were light : 29 aircraft and five midget submarines lost , and 64 servicemen killed . One Japanese sailor , Kazuo Sakamaki , was captured . </P> <P> The surprise attack came as a profound shock to the American people and led directly to the American entry into World War II in both the Pacific and European theaters . The following day , December 8 , the United States declared war on Japan , and several days later , on December 11 , Germany and Italy each declared war on the U.S. The U.S. responded with a declaration of war against Germany and Italy . Domestic support for non-interventionism , which had been fading since the Fall of France in 1940 , disappeared . </P> <P> There were numerous historical precedents for unannounced military action by Japan , but the lack of any formal warning , particularly while negotiations were still apparently ongoing , led President Franklin D. Roosevelt to proclaim December 7 , 1941 , `` a date which will live in infamy '' . Because the attack happened without a declaration of war and without explicit warning , the attack on Pearl Harbor was later judged in the Tokyo Trials to be a war crime . </P> <H2> Contents </H2> <Ul> <Li> 1 Background to conflict <Ul> <Li> 1.1 Diplomatic background </Li> <Li> 1.2 Military planning </Li> <Li> 1.3 Objectives </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2 Approach and attack <Ul> <Li> 2.1 Submarines </Li> <Li> 2.2 Japanese declaration of war </Li> <Li> 2.3 First wave composition </Li> <Li> 2.4 Second wave composition </Li> <Li> 2.5 American casualties and damage </Li> <Li> 2.6 Japanese losses </Li> <Li> 2.7 Possible third wave </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 Ships lost or damaged <Ul> <Li> 3.1 Battleships </Li> <Li> 3.2 Ex-battleship ( target / AA training ship ) </Li> <Li> 3.3 Cruisers </Li> <Li> 3.4 Destroyers </Li> <Li> 3.5 Auxiliaries </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 Salvage </Li> <Li> 5 Aftermath <Ul> <Li> 5.1 Niihau Incident </Li> <Li> 5.2 Strategic implications </Li> <Li> 5.3 Retrospective debate on American intelligence </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 6 In popular culture </Li> <Li> 7 See also </Li> <Li> 8 References </Li> <Li> 9 External links </Li> </Ul> <H2> Background to conflict </H2> Main article : Events leading to the attack on Pearl Harbor <H3> Diplomatic background </H3> <P> War between Japan and the United States had been a possibility that each nation had been aware of , and planned for , since the 1920s . However , tensions did not seriously grow until Japan 's invasion of Manchuria in 1931 . Over the next decade , Japan expanded into China , leading to the Second Sino - Japanese War in 1937 . Japan spent considerable effort trying to isolate China , and endeavored to secure enough independent resources to attain victory on the mainland . The `` Southern Operation '' was designed to assist these efforts . </P> Pearl Harbor on October 30 , 1941 , looking southwest <P> Starting in December 1937 , events such as the Japanese attack on USS Panay , the Allison incident , and the Nanking Massacre swung Western public opinion sharply against Japan . Fearing Japanese expansion , the United States , United Kingdom , and France assisted China with its loans for war supply contracts . </P> <P> In 1940 , Japan invaded French Indochina , attempting to stymie the flow of supplies reaching China . The United States halted shipments of airplanes , parts , machine tools , and aviation gasoline to Japan , which the latter perceived as an unfriendly act . The United States did not stop oil exports , however , partly because of the prevailing sentiment in Washington : given Japanese dependence on American oil , such an action was likely to be considered an extreme provocation . </P> <P> In mid-1940 , President Franklin D. Roosevelt moved the Pacific Fleet from San Diego to Hawaii . He also ordered a military buildup in the Philippines , taking both actions in the hope of discouraging Japanese aggression in the Far East . Because the Japanese high command was ( mistakenly ) certain any attack on the United Kingdom 's Southeast Asian colonies , including Singapore , would bring the U.S. into the war , a devastating preventive strike appeared to be the only way to prevent American naval interference . An invasion of the Philippines was also considered necessary by Japanese war planners . The U.S. War Plan Orange had envisioned defending the Philippines with an elite force of 40,000 men ; this option was never implemented due to opposition from Douglas MacArthur , who felt he would need a force ten times that size . By 1941 , U.S. planners expected to abandon the Philippines at the outbreak of war . Late that year , Admiral Thomas C. Hart , commander of the Asiatic Fleet , was given orders to that effect . </P> <P> The U.S. finally ceased oil exports to Japan in July 1941 , following the seizure of French Indochina after the Fall of France , in part because of new American restrictions on domestic oil consumption . Because of this decision , Japan proceeded with plans to take the oil - rich Dutch East Indies . On August 17 , Roosevelt warned Japan that America was prepared to take opposing steps if `` neighboring countries '' were attacked . The Japanese were faced with a dichotomy -- either withdraw from China and lose face , or seize new sources of raw materials in the resource - rich European colonies of Southeast Asia . </P> <P> Japan and the U.S. engaged in negotiations during 1941 , attempting to improve relations . In the course of these negotiations , Japan offered to withdraw from most of China and Indochina after making peace with the Nationalist government . It also proposed to adopt an independent interpretation of the Tripartite Pact and to refrain from trade discrimination , provided all other nations reciprocated . Washington rejected these proposals . Japanese Prime Minister Konoye then offered to meet with Roosevelt , but Roosevelt insisted on reaching an agreement before any meeting . The U.S. ambassador to Japan repeatedly urged Roosevelt to accept the meeting , warning that it was the only way to preserve the conciliatory Konoye government and peace in the Pacific . However , his recommendation was not acted upon . The Konoye government collapsed the following month , when the Japanese military rejected a withdrawal of all troops from China . </P> <P> Japan 's final proposal , delivered on November 20 , offered to withdraw from southern Indochina and to refrain from attacks in Southeast Asia , so long as the United States , United Kingdom , and Netherlands ceased aid to China and lifted their sanctions against Japan . The American counter-proposal of November 26 ( November 27 in Japan ) , the Hull note , required Japan completely evacuate China without conditions and conclude non-aggression pacts with Pacific powers . On November 26 in Japan , the day before the note 's delivery , the Japanese task force left port for Pearl Harbor . </P> <H3> Military planning </H3> <P> Preliminary planning for an attack on Pearl Harbor to protect the move into the `` Southern Resource Area '' ( the Japanese term for the Dutch East Indies and Southeast Asia generally ) had begun very early in 1941 under the auspices of Admiral Isoroku Yamamoto , then commanding Japan 's Combined Fleet . He won assent to formal planning and training for an attack from the Imperial Japanese Navy General Staff only after much contention with Naval Headquarters , including a threat to resign his command . Full - scale planning was underway by early spring 1941 , primarily by Rear Admiral Ryūnosuke Kusaka , with assistance from Captain Minoru Genda and Yamamoto 's Deputy Chief of Staff , Captain Kameto Kuroshima . The planners studied the 1940 British air attack on the Italian fleet at Taranto intensively . </P> <P> Over the next several months , pilots were trained , equipment was adapted , and intelligence was collected . Despite these preparations , Emperor Hirohito did not approve the attack plan until November 5 , after the third of four Imperial Conferences called to consider the matter . Final authorization was not given by the emperor until December 1 , after a majority of Japanese leaders advised him the `` Hull Note '' would `` destroy the fruits of the China incident , endanger Manchukuo and undermine Japanese control of Korea . '' </P> <P> By late 1941 , many observers believed that hostilities between the U.S. and Japan were imminent . A Gallup poll just before the attack on Pearl Harbor found that 52 % of Americans expected war with Japan , 27 % did not , and 21 % had no opinion . While U.S. Pacific bases and facilities had been placed on alert on many occasions , U.S. officials doubted Pearl Harbor would be the first target ; instead , they expected the Philippines would be attacked first . This presumption was due to the threat that the air bases throughout the country and the naval base at Manila posed to sea lanes , as well as to the shipment of supplies to Japan from territory to the south . They also incorrectly believed that Japan was not capable of mounting more than one major naval operation at a time . </P> <H3> Objectives </H3> <P> The Japanese attack had several major aims . First , it intended to destroy important American fleet units , thereby preventing the Pacific Fleet from interfering with Japanese conquest of the Dutch East Indies and Malaya and to enable Japan to conquer Southeast Asia without interference . Second , it was hoped to buy time for Japan to consolidate its position and increase its naval strength before shipbuilding authorized by the 1940 Vinson - Walsh Act erased any chance of victory . Third , to deliver a blow to America 's ability to mobilize its forces in the Pacific , battleships were chosen as the main targets , since they were the prestige ships of any navy at the time . Finally , it was hoped that the attack would undermine American morale such that the U.S. government would drop its demands contrary to Japanese interests , and would seek a compromise peace with Japan . </P> <P> Striking the Pacific Fleet at anchor in Pearl Harbor carried two distinct disadvantages : the targeted ships would be in very shallow water , so it would be relatively easy to salvage and possibly repair them ; and most of the crews would survive the attack , since many would be on shore leave or would be rescued from the harbor . A further important disadvantage -- this of timing , and known to the Japanese -- was the absence from Pearl Harbor of all three of the U.S. Pacific Fleet 's aircraft carriers ( Enterprise , Lexington , and Saratoga ) . IJN top command was attached to Admiral Mahan 's `` decisive battle '' doctrine , especially that of destroying the maximum number of battleships . Despite these concerns , Yamamoto decided to press ahead . </P> <P> Japanese confidence in their ability to achieve a short , victorious war also meant other targets in the harbor , especially the navy yard , oil tank farms , and submarine base , were ignored , since -- by their thinking -- the war would be over before the influence of these facilities would be felt . </P> <H2> Approach and attack </H2> See also : Order of battle of the Attack on Pearl Harbor Route followed by the Japanese fleet to Pearl Harbor and back An Imperial Japanese Navy Mitsubishi A6M Zero fighter on the aircraft carrier Akagi <P> </P> <P> On November 26 , 1941 , a Japanese task force ( the Striking Force ) of six aircraft carriers -- Akagi , Kaga , Sōryū , Hiryū , Shōkaku , and Zuikaku -- departed Hittokapu Bay on Kasatka ( now Iterup ) Island in the Kurile Islands , en route to a position northwest of Hawaii , intending to launch its 408 aircraft to attack Pearl Harbor : 360 for the two attack waves and 48 on defensive combat air patrol ( CAP ) , including nine fighters from the first wave . </P> <P> The first wave was to be the primary attack , while the second wave was to attack carriers as its first objective and cruisers as its second , with battleships as the third target . The first wave carried most of the weapons to attack capital ships , mainly specially adapted Type 91 aerial torpedoes which were designed with an anti-roll mechanism and a rudder extension that let them operate in shallow water . The aircrews were ordered to select the highest value targets ( battleships and aircraft carriers ) or , if these were not present , any other high value ships ( cruisers and destroyers ) . First wave dive bombers were to attack ground targets . Fighters were ordered to strafe and destroy as many parked aircraft as possible to ensure they did not get into the air to intercept the bombers , especially in the first wave . When the fighters ' fuel got low they were to refuel at the aircraft carriers and return to combat . Fighters were to serve CAP duties where needed , especially over U.S. airfields . </P> <P> Before the attack commenced , two reconnaissance aircraft launched from cruisers Chikuma and Tone were sent to scout over Oahu and Maui and report on U.S. fleet composition and location . Reconnaissance aircraft flights risked alerting the U.S. , and were not necessary . U.S. fleet composition and preparedness information in Pearl Harbor was already known due to the reports of the Japanese spy Takeo Yoshikawa . A report of the absence of the U.S. fleet in Lahaina anchorage off Maui was received from the fleet submarine I - 72 . Another four scout planes patrolled the area between the Japanese carrier force ( the Kidō Butai ) and Niihau , to detect any counterattack . </P> <H3> Submarines </H3> <P> Fleet submarines I - 16 , I - 18 , I - 20 , I - 22 , and I - 24 each embarked a Type A midget submarine for transport to the waters off Oahu . The five I - boats left Kure Naval District on November 25 , 1941 . On December 6 , they came to within 10 nmi ( 19 km ; 12 mi ) of the mouth of Pearl Harbor and launched their midget subs at about 01 : 00 on December 7 . At 03 : 42 Hawaiian Time , the minesweeper Condor spotted a midget submarine periscope southwest of the Pearl Harbor entrance buoy and alerted the destroyer Ward . The midget may have entered Pearl Harbor . However , Ward sank another midget submarine at 06 : 37 in the first American shots in the Pacific Theater . A midget submarine on the north side of Ford Island missed the seaplane tender Curtiss with her first torpedo and missed the attacking destroyer Monaghan with her other one before being sunk by Monaghan at 08 : 43 . </P> <P> A third midget submarine , Ha - 19 , grounded twice , once outside the harbor entrance and again on the east side of Oahu , where it was captured on December 8 . Ensign Kazuo Sakamaki swam ashore and was captured by Hawaii National Guard Corporal David Akui , becoming the first Japanese prisoner of war . A fourth had been damaged by a depth charge attack and was abandoned by its crew before it could fire its torpedoes . Japanese forces received a radio message from a midget submarine at 00 : 41 on December 8 claiming damage to one or more large warships inside Pearl Harbor . </P> <P> In 1992 , 2000 , and 2001 , Hawaii Undersea Research Laboratory 's submersibles found the wreck of the fifth midget submarine lying in three parts outside Pearl Harbor . The wreck was in the debris field where much surplus U.S. equipment was dumped after the war , including vehicles and landing craft . Both of its torpedoes were missing . This correlates with reports of two torpedoes fired at the light cruiser St. Louis at 10 : 04 at the entrance of Pearl Harbor , and a possible torpedo fired at destroyer Helm at 08 : 21 . </P> <H3> Japanese declaration of war </H3> See also : Japanese war crimes <P> The attack took place before any formal declaration of war was made by Japan , but this was not Admiral Yamamoto 's intention . He originally stipulated that the attack should not commence until thirty minutes after Japan had informed the United States that peace negotiations were at an end . However , the attack began before the notice could be delivered . Tokyo transmitted the 5000 - word notification ( commonly called the `` 14 - Part Message '' ) in two blocks to the Japanese Embassy in Washington . Transcribing the message took too long for the Japanese ambassador to deliver it on schedule ; in the event , it was not presented until more than an hour after the attack began . ( In fact , U.S. code breakers had already deciphered and translated most of the message hours before he was scheduled to deliver it . ) The final part is sometimes described as a declaration of war . While it was viewed by a number of senior U.S government and military officials as a very strong indicator negotiations were likely to be terminated and that war might break out at any moment , it neither declared war nor severed diplomatic relations . A declaration of war was printed on the front page of Japan 's newspapers in the evening edition of December 8 , but not delivered to the U.S. government until the day after the attack . </P> <P> For decades , conventional wisdom held that Japan attacked without first formally breaking diplomatic relations only because of accidents and bumbling that delayed the delivery of a document hinting at war to Washington . In 1999 , however , Takeo Iguchi , a professor of law and international relations at International Christian University in Tokyo , discovered documents that pointed to a vigorous debate inside the government over how , and indeed whether , to notify Washington of Japan 's intention to break off negotiations and start a war , including a December 7 entry in the war diary saying , `` ( O ) ur deceptive diplomacy is steadily proceeding toward success . '' Of this , Iguchi said , `` The diary shows that the army and navy did not want to give any proper declaration of war , or indeed prior notice even of the termination of negotiations ... and they clearly prevailed . '' </P> <P> In any event , even if the Japanese had decoded and delivered the 14 - Part Message before the beginning of the attack , it would not have constituted either a formal break of diplomatic relations or a declaration of war . The final two paragraphs of the message read : </P> <P> Thus the earnest hope of the Japanese Government to adjust Japanese - American relations and to preserve and promote the peace of the Pacific through cooperation with the American Government has finally been lost . </P> <P> The Japanese Government regrets to have to notify hereby the American Government that in view of the attitude of the American Government it can not but consider that it is impossible to reach an agreement through further negotiations . </P> <H3> First wave composition </H3> The Japanese attacked in two waves . The first wave was detected by U.S. Army radar at 136 nautical miles ( 252 km ) , but was misidentified as USAAF bombers arriving from the American mainland Top : A. Ford Island NAS B. Hickam Field C. Bellows Field D. Wheeler Field E. Kaneohe NAS F. Ewa MCAS R - 1 . Opana Radar Station R - 2 . Kawailoa RS R - 3 . Kaaawa RS G. Haleiwa H. Kahuku I. Wahiawa J. Kaneohe K. Honolulu 0 . B - 17s from mainland 1 . First strike group 1 - 1 . Level bombers 1 -- 2 . Torpedo bombers 1 -- 3 . Dive bombers 2 . Second strike group 2 - 1 . Level bombers 2 - 1F . Fighters 2 - 2 . Dive bombers Bottom : A. Wake Island B. Midway Islands C. Johnston Island D. Hawaii D - 1 . Oahu 1 . USS Lexington 2 . USS Enterprise 3 . First Air Fleet < 21 feet ( 6.4 m ) 22 -- 23 feet ( 6.7 -- 7.0 m ) 29 feet ( 8.8 m ) 30 -- 32 feet ( 9.1 -- 9.8 m ) 33 -- 34 feet ( 10.1 -- 10.4 m ) 34 -- 35 feet ( 10.4 -- 10.7 m ) 36 -- 37 feet ( 11.0 -- 11.3 m ) 38 -- 39 feet ( 11.6 -- 11.9 m ) 40 -- 41 feet ( 12.2 -- 12.5 m ) 42 -- 48 feet ( 12.8 -- 14.6 m ) > 49 feet ( 14.9 m ) City Army base Navy base Attacked targets : 1 : USS California 2 : USS Maryland 3 : USS Oklahoma 4 : USS Tennessee 5 : USS West Virginia 6 : USS Arizona 7 : USS Nevada 8 : USS Pennsylvania 9 : Ford Island NAS 10 : Hickam field Ignored infrastructure targets : A : Oil storage tanks B : CINCPAC headquarters building C : Submarine base D: Navy Yard <P> The first attack wave of 183 planes was launched north of Oahu , led by Commander Mitsuo Fuchida . Six planes failed to launch due to technical difficulties . It included : </P> <Ul> <Li> 1st Group ( targets : battleships and aircraft carriers ) <Ul> <Li> 49 Nakajima B5N Kate bombers armed with 800 kg ( 1760 lb ) armor - piercing bombs , organized in four sections ( 1 failed to launch ) </Li> <Li> 40 B5N bombers armed with Type 91 torpedoes , also in four sections </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2nd Group -- ( targets : Ford Island and Wheeler Field ) <Ul> <Li> 51 Aichi D3A Val dive bombers armed with 550 lb ( 249 kg ) general - purpose bombs ( 3 failed to launch ) </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3rd Group -- ( targets : aircraft at Ford Island , Hickam Field , Wheeler Field , Barber 's Point , Kaneohe ) <Ul> <Li> 43 Mitsubishi A6M `` Zero '' fighters for air control and strafing ( 2 failed to launch ) </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> <P> As the first wave approached Oahu , it was detected by the U.S. Army SCR - 270 radar at Opana Point near the island 's northern tip . This post had been in training mode for months , but was not yet operational . The operators , Privates George Elliot Jr. and Joseph Lockard , reported a target . But Lieutenant Kermit A. Tyler , a newly assigned officer at the thinly manned Intercept Center , presumed it was the scheduled arrival of six B - 17 bombers from California . The Japanese planes were approaching from a direction very close ( only a few degrees difference ) to the bombers , and while the operators had never seen a formation as large on radar , they neglected to tell Tyler of its size . Tyler , for security reasons , could not tell the operators of the six B - 17s that were due ( even though it was widely known ) . </P> <P> As the first wave planes approached Oahu , they encountered and shot down several U.S. aircraft . At least one of these radioed a somewhat incoherent warning . Other warnings from ships off the harbor entrance were still being processed or awaiting confirmation when the attacking planes began bombing and strafing . Nevertheless , it is not clear any warnings would have had much effect even if they had been interpreted correctly and much more promptly . The results the Japanese achieved in the Philippines were essentially the same as at Pearl Harbor , though MacArthur had almost nine hours warning that the Japanese had already attacked Pearl Harbor . </P> <P> The air portion of the attack began at 7 : 48 a.m. Hawaiian Time ( 3 : 18 a.m. December 8 Japanese Standard Time , as kept by ships of the Kido Butai ) , with the attack on Kaneohe . A total of 353 Japanese planes in two waves reached Oahu . Slow , vulnerable torpedo bombers led the first wave , exploiting the first moments of surprise to attack the most important ships present ( the battleships ) , while dive bombers attacked U.S. air bases across Oahu , starting with Hickam Field , the largest , and Wheeler Field , the main U.S. Army Air Forces fighter base . The 171 planes in the second wave attacked the Army Air Forces ' Bellows Field near Kaneohe on the windward side of the island , and Ford Island . The only aerial opposition came from a handful of P - 36 Hawks , P - 40 Warhawks , and some SBD Dauntless dive bombers from the carrier Enterprise . </P> A destroyed Vindicator at Ewa field , the victim of one of the smaller attacks on the approach to Pearl Harbor <P> In the first wave attack , about eight of the forty - nine 800 kg ( 1760 lb ) armor - piercing bombs dropped hit their intended battleship targets . At least two of those bombs broke up on impact , another detonated before penetrating an unarmored deck , and one was a dud . Thirteen of the forty torpedoes hit battleships , and four torpedoes hit other ships . Men aboard U.S. ships awoke to the sounds of alarms , bombs exploding , and gunfire , prompting bleary - eyed men to dress as they ran to General Quarters stations . ( The famous message , `` Air raid Pearl Harbor . This is not drill . '' , was sent from the headquarters of Patrol Wing Two , the first senior Hawaiian command to respond . ) The defenders were very unprepared . Ammunition lockers were locked , aircraft parked wingtip to wingtip in the open to prevent sabotage , guns unmanned ( none of the Navy 's 5 `` / 38s , only a quarter of its machine guns , and only four of 31 Army batteries got in action ) . Despite this low alert status , many American military personnel responded effectively during the attack . Ensign Joe Taussig Jr. , aboard Nevada , commanded the ship 's antiaircraft guns and was severely wounded , but continued to be on post . Lt. Commander F.J. Thomas commanded Nevada in the captain 's absence and got her under way until the ship was grounded at 9 : 10 a.m. One of the destroyers , Aylwin , got underway with only four officers aboard , all ensigns , none with more than a year 's sea duty ; she operated at sea for 36 hours before her commanding officer managed to get back aboard . Captain Mervyn Bennion , commanding West Virginia , led his men until he was cut down by fragments from a bomb which hit Tennessee , moored alongside . </P> <H3> Second wave composition </H3> <P> The second planned wave consisted of 171 planes : 54 B5Ns , 81 D3As , and 36 A6Ms , commanded by Lieutenant - Commander Shigekazu Shimazaki . Four planes failed to launch because of technical difficulties . This wave and its targets comprised : </P> <Ul> <Li> 1st Group -- 54 B5Ns armed with 550 lb ( 249 kg ) and 132 lb ( 60 kg ) general - purpose bombs <Ul> <Li> 27 B5Ns -- aircraft and hangars on Kaneohe , Ford Island , and Barbers Point </Li> <Li> 27 B5Ns -- hangars and aircraft on Hickam Field </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2nd Group ( targets : aircraft carriers and cruisers ) <Ul> <Li> 78 D3As armed with 550 lb ( 249 kg ) general - purpose bombs , in four sections ( 3 aborted ) </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3rd Group -- ( targets : aircraft at Ford Island , Hickam Field , Wheeler Field , Barber 's Point , Kaneohe ) <Ul> <Li> 35 A6Ms for defense and strafing ( 1 aborted ) </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> <P> The second wave was divided into three groups . One was tasked to attack Kāne ʻohe , the rest Pearl Harbor proper . The separate sections arrived at the attack point almost simultaneously from several directions . </P> <H3> American casualties and damage </H3> <P> Ninety minutes after it began , the attack was over . Two thousand and eight sailors were killed , and 710 others wounded ; 218 soldiers and airmen ( who were part of the Army until the independent U.S. Air Force was formed in 1947 ) were killed and 364 wounded ; 109 marines were killed and 69 wounded ; and 68 civilians were killed and 35 wounded . In total , 2,403 Americans died and 1,178 were wounded . Eighteen ships were sunk or run aground , including five battleships . All of the Americans killed or wounded during the attack were non-combatants , given the fact there was no state of war when the attack occurred . </P> USS Arizona during the attack USS Nevada , on fire and down at the bow , attempting to leave the harbor before being deliberately beached <P> Of the American fatalities , nearly half were due to the explosion of Arizona 's forward magazine after it was hit by a modified 16 - inch ( 410 mm ) shell . </P> <P> Already damaged by a torpedo and on fire amidships , Nevada attempted to exit the harbor . She was targeted by many Japanese bombers as she got under way and sustained more hits from 250 lb ( 113 kg ) bombs , which started further fires . She was deliberately beached to avoid blocking the harbor entrance . </P> USS West Virginia was sunk by six torpedoes and two bombs during the attack <P> California was hit by two bombs and two torpedoes . The crew might have kept her afloat , but were ordered to abandon ship just as they were raising power for the pumps . Burning oil from Arizona and West Virginia drifted down on her , and probably made the situation look worse than it was . The disarmed target ship Utah was holed twice by torpedoes . West Virginia was hit by seven torpedoes , the seventh tearing away her rudder . Oklahoma was hit by four torpedoes , the last two above her belt armor , which caused her to capsize . Maryland was hit by two of the converted 16 '' shells , but neither caused serious damage . </P> <P> Although the Japanese concentrated on battleships ( the largest vessels present ) , they did not ignore other targets . The light cruiser Helena was torpedoed , and the concussion from the blast capsized the neighboring minelayer Oglala . Two destroyers in dry dock , Cassin and Downes were destroyed when bombs penetrated their fuel bunkers . The leaking fuel caught fire ; flooding the dry dock in an effort to fight fire made the burning oil rise , and both were burned out . Cassin slipped from her keel blocks and rolled against Downes . The light cruiser Raleigh was holed by a torpedo . The light cruiser Honolulu was damaged , but remained in service . The repair vessel Vestal , moored alongside Arizona , was heavily damaged and beached . The seaplane tender Curtiss was also damaged . The destroyer Shaw was badly damaged when two bombs penetrated her forward magazine . </P> This message denotes the first U.S. ship , St. Louis to clear Pearl Harbor . ( National Archives and Records Administration ) ( Note that this is in answer to question `` Is channel clear ? '' and faint writing at bottom concerning the answer being held until St. Louis had successfully cleared . ) <P> Of the 402 American aircraft in Hawaii , 188 were destroyed and 159 damaged , 155 of them on the ground . Almost none were actually ready to take off to defend the base . Eight Army Air Forces pilots managed to get airborne during the attack and six were credited with downing at least one Japanese aircraft during the attack : 1st Lt. Lewis M. Sanders , 2nd Lt. Philip M. Rasmussen , 2nd Lt. Kenneth M. Taylor , 2nd Lt. George S. Welch , 2nd Lt. Harry W. Brown , and 2nd Lt. Gordon H. Sterling Jr . Sterling was shot down by Lt. Fujita over Kaneohe Bay and is listed as Body Not Recovered ( not Missing In Action ) . Lt. John L. Dains was killed by friendly fire returning from a victory over Kaawa . Of 33 PBYs in Hawaii , 24 were destroyed , and six others damaged beyond repair . ( The three on patrol returned undamaged . ) Friendly fire brought down some U.S. planes on top of that , including five from an inbound flight from Enterprise . Japanese attacks on barracks killed additional personnel . </P> <P> At the time of the attack , nine civilian aircraft were flying in the vicinity of Pearl Harbor . Of these , three were shot down . </P> <H3> Japanese losses </H3> <P> Fifty - five Japanese airmen and nine submariners were killed in the attack , and one was captured . Of Japan 's 414 available planes , 29 were lost during the battle ( nine in the first attack wave , 20 in the second ) , with another 74 damaged by antiaircraft fire from the ground . </P> <H3> Possible third wave </H3> <P> Several Japanese junior officers including Fuchida and Genda urged Nagumo to carry out a third strike in order to destroy as much of Pearl Harbor 's fuel and torpedo storage , maintenance , and dry dock facilities as possible . Genda , who had unsuccessfully advocated for invading Hawaii after the air attack , believed that without an invasion , three strikes were necessary to disable the base as much as possible . The captains of the other five carriers in the task force reported they were willing and ready to carry out a third strike . Military historians have suggested the destruction of these shore facilities would have hampered the U.S. Pacific Fleet far more seriously than the loss of its battleships . If they had been wiped out , `` serious ( American ) operations in the Pacific would have been postponed for more than a year '' ; according to Admiral Chester W. Nimitz , later Commander in Chief of the Pacific Fleet , `` it would have prolonged the war another two years . '' Nagumo , however , decided to withdraw for several reasons : </P> <Ul> <Li> American anti-aircraft performance had improved considerably during the second strike , and two thirds of Japan 's losses were incurred during the second wave . </Li> <Li> Nagumo felt if he launched a third strike , he would be risking three quarters of the Combined Fleet 's strength to wipe out the remaining targets ( which included the facilities ) while suffering higher aircraft losses . </Li> <Li> The location of the American carriers remained unknown . In addition , the admiral was concerned his force was now within range of American land - based bombers . Nagumo was uncertain whether the U.S. had enough surviving planes remaining on Hawaii to launch an attack against his carriers . </Li> <Li> A third wave would have required substantial preparation and turnaround time , and would have meant returning planes would have had to land at night . At the time , only the Royal Navy had developed night carrier techniques , so this was a substantial risk . </Li> <Li> The task force 's fuel situation did not permit him to remain in waters north of Pearl Harbor much longer , since he was at the very limit of logistical support . To do so risked running unacceptably low on fuel , perhaps even having to abandon destroyers en route home . </Li> <Li> He believed the second strike had essentially satisfied the main objective of his mission -- the neutralization of the Pacific Fleet -- and did not wish to risk further losses . Moreover , it was Japanese Navy practice to prefer the conservation of strength over the total destruction of the enemy . </Li> </Ul> <P> At a conference aboard his flagship the following morning , Yamamoto supported Nagumo 's withdrawal without launching a third wave . In retrospect , sparing the vital dockyards , maintenance shops , and the oil tank farm meant the U.S. could respond relatively quickly to Japanese activities in the Pacific . Yamamoto later regretted Nagumo 's decision to withdraw and categorically stated it had been a great mistake not to order a third strike . </P> <H2> Ships lost or damaged </H2> <P> Twenty - one ships were damaged or lost in the attack , of which all but three were repaired and returned to service . </P> <H3> Battleships </H3> <Ul> <Li> Arizona ( RADM Kidd 's flagship of Battleship Division One ) : hit by four armor - piercing bombs , exploded ; total loss . 1,177 dead . </Li> <Li> Oklahoma : hit by five torpedoes , capsized ; total loss . 429 dead . </Li> <Li> West Virginia : hit by two bombs , seven torpedoes , sunk ; returned to service July 1944 . 106 dead . </Li> <Li> California : hit by two bombs , two torpedoes , sunk ; returned to service January 1944 . 100 dead . </Li> <Li> Nevada : hit by six bombs , one torpedo , beached ; returned to service October 1942 . 60 dead . </Li> <Li> Pennsylvania ( ADM Kimmel 's flagship of the United States Pacific Fleet ) : in drydock with Cassin and Downes , hit by one bomb and debris from USS Cassin ; remained in service . 9 dead . </Li> <Li> Tennessee : hit by two bombs ; returned to service February 1942 . 5 dead . </Li> <Li> Maryland : hit by two bombs ; returned to service February 1942 . 4 dead ( including floatplane pilot shot down ) . </Li> </Ul> <H3> Ex-battleship ( target / aa training ship ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Utah : hit by two torpedoes , capsized ; total loss . 64 dead . </Li> </Ul> <H3> Cruisers </H3> <Ul> <Li> Helena : hit by one torpedo ; returned to service January 1942 . 20 dead . </Li> <Li> Raleigh : hit by one torpedo ; returned to service February 1942 . </Li> <Li> Honolulu : Near miss , light damage ; remained in service . </Li> </Ul> <H3> Destroyers </H3> <Ul> <Li> Cassin : in drydock with Downes and Pennsylvania , hit by one bomb , burned ; returned to service February 1944 . </Li> <Li> Downes : in drydock with Cassin and Pennsylvania , caught fire from Cassin , burned ; returned to service November 1943 . </Li> <Li> Helm : underway to West Loch , damaged by two near - miss bombs ; continued patrol ; dry - docked 15 January 1942 and sailed 20 January 1942 . </Li> <Li> Shaw : hit by three bombs ; returned to service June 1942 . </Li> </Ul> <H3> Auxiliaries </H3> <Ul> <Li> Oglala ( minelayer ) : Damaged by torpedo hit on Helena , capsized ; returned to service ( as engine - repair ship ) February 1944 . </Li> <Li> Vestal ( repair ship ) : hit by two bombs , blast and fire from Arizona , beached ; returned to service by August 1942 . </Li> <Li> Curtiss ( seaplane tender ) : hit by one bomb , one crashed Japanese aircraft ; returned to service January 1942 . 19 dead . </Li> <Li> Sotoyomo ( harbor tug ) : damaged by explosion and fires in Shaw ; sunk ; returned to service August 1942 . </Li> <Li> YFD - 2 ( yard floating dock ) : damaged by 250kg bombs ; sunk ; returned to service 25 January 1942 servicing Shaw . </Li> </Ul> <H2> Salvage </H2> Captain Homer N. Wallin ( center ) supervises salvage operations aboard USS California , early 1942 <P> After a systematic search for survivors , formal salvage operations began . Captain Homer N. Wallin , Material Officer for Commander , Battle Force , U.S. Pacific Fleet , was immediately ordered to lead salvage operations . `` Within a short time I was relieved of all other duties and ordered to full time work as Fleet Salvage Officer . '' </P> <P> Around Pearl Harbor , divers from the Navy ( shore and tenders ) , the Naval Shipyard , and civilian contractors ( Pacific Bridge and others ) began work on the ships that could be refloated . They patched holes , cleared debris , and pumped water out of ships . Navy divers worked inside the damaged ships . Within six months , five battleships and two cruisers were patched or refloated so they could be sent to shipyards in Pearl Harbor and on the mainland for extensive repair . </P> <P> Intensive salvage operations continued for another year , a total of some 20,000 man - hours under water . Oklahoma , while successfully raised , was never repaired , and capsized while under tow to the mainland in 1947 . Arizona and the target ship Utah were too heavily damaged for salvage , though much of their armament and equipment was removed and put to use aboard other vessels . Today , the two hulks remain where they were sunk , with Arizona becoming a war memorial . </P> <H2> Aftermath </H2> Main article : Consequences of the attack on Pearl Harbor U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt signing declaration of war against Imperial Japan on December 8 , 1941 <P> In the wake of the attack , 15 Medals of Honor , 51 Navy Crosses , 53 Silver Stars , four Navy and Marine Corps Medals , one Distinguished Flying Cross , four Distinguished Service Crosses , one Distinguished Service Medal , and three Bronze Star Medals were awarded to the American servicemen who distinguished themselves in combat at Pearl Harbor . Additionally , a special military award , the Pearl Harbor Commemorative Medal , was later authorized for all military veterans of the attack . </P> <P> The day after the attack , Roosevelt delivered his famous Infamy Speech to a Joint Session of Congress , calling for a formal declaration of war on the Empire of Japan . Congress obliged his request less than an hour later . On December 11 , Germany and Italy declared war on the United States , even though the Tripartite Pact did not require it . Congress issued a declaration of war against Germany and Italy later that same day . The UK actually declared war on Japan nine hours before the U.S. did , partially due to Japanese attacks on Malaya , Singapore and Hong Kong , and partially due to Winston Churchill 's promise to declare war `` within the hour '' of a Japanese attack on the United States . </P> Pennsylvania , behind the wreckage of Downes and Cassin <P> The attack was an initial shock to all the Allies in the Pacific Theater . Further losses compounded the alarming setback . Japan attacked the Philippines hours later ( because of the time difference , it was December 8 in the Philippines ) . Only three days after the attack on Pearl Harbor , the battleships Prince of Wales and Repulse were sunk off the coast of Malaya , causing British Prime Minister Winston Churchill later to recollect `` In all the war I never received a more direct shock . As I turned and twisted in bed the full horror of the news sank in upon me . There were no British or American capital ships in the Indian Ocean or the Pacific except the American survivors of Pearl Harbor who were hastening back to California . Over this vast expanse of waters Japan was supreme and we everywhere were weak and naked '' . </P> Remember December 7th ! , by Allen Saalburg , propaganda issued in 1942 <P> Throughout the war , Pearl Harbor was frequently used in American propaganda . </P> <P> One further consequence of the attack on Pearl Harbor and its aftermath ( notably the Niihau incident ) was that Japanese American residents and citizens were relocated to nearby Japanese - American internment camps . Within hours of the attack , hundreds of Japanese American leaders were rounded up and brought to high - security camps such as Sand Island at the mouth of Honolulu harbor and Kilauea Military Camp on the island of Hawaii . Eventually , more than 110,000 Japanese Americans , nearly all who lived on the West Coast , were forced into interior camps , but in Hawaii , where the 150,000 - plus Japanese Americans composed over one - third of the population , only 1,200 to 1,800 were interned . </P> <P> The attack also had international consequences . The Canadian province of British Columbia , bordering the Pacific Ocean , had long had a large population of Japanese immigrants and their Japanese Canadian descendants . Pre-war tensions were exacerbated by the Pearl Harbor attack , leading to a reaction from the Government of Canada . On February 24 , 1942 , Order - in - Council P.C. no . 1486 was passed under the War Measures Act allowing for the forced removal of any and all Canadians of Japanese descent from British Columbia , as well as the prohibiting them from returning to the province . On 4 March , regulations under the Act were adopted to evacuate Japanese - Canadians . As a result , 12,000 were interned in interior camps , 2,000 were sent to road camps and another 2,000 were forced to work in the prairies at sugar beet farms . </P> Petty Officer Shigenori Nishikaichi 's aircraft shown ten days after it crashed <H3> Niihau incident </H3> Main article : Niihau incident <P> The Japanese planners had determined that some means was required for rescuing fliers whose aircraft were too badly damaged to return to the carriers . The island of Niihau , only 30 minutes flying time from Pearl Harbor , was designated as the rescue point . </P> <P> The Zero flown by Petty Officer Shigenori Nishikaichi of Hiryu was damaged in the attack on Wheeler , so he flew to the rescue point on Niihau . The aircraft was further damaged on landing . Nishikaichi was helped from the wreckage by one of the native Hawaiians , who , aware of the tension between the United States and Japan , took the pilot 's maps and other documents . The island 's residents had no telephones or radio and were completely unaware of the attack on Pearl Harbor . Nishikaichi enlisted the support of three Japanese - American residents in an attempt to recover the documents . During the ensuing struggles , Nishikaichi was killed and a Hawaiian civilian was wounded ; one collaborator committed suicide , and his wife and the third collaborator were sent to prison . </P> <P> The ease with which the local ethnic Japanese residents had apparently gone to the assistance of Nishikaichi was a source of concern for many , and tended to support those who believed that local Japanese could not be trusted . </P> <H3> Strategic implications </H3> <P> Admiral Hara Tadaichi summed up the Japanese result by saying , `` We won a great tactical victory at Pearl Harbor and thereby lost the war . '' To a similar effect , see Isoroku Yamamoto 's alleged `` sleeping giant '' quote . </P> <P> While the attack accomplished its intended objective , it turned out to be largely unnecessary . Unbeknownst to Yamamoto , who conceived the original plan , the U.S. Navy had decided as far back as 1935 to abandon ' charging ' across the Pacific towards the Philippines in response to an outbreak of war ( in keeping with the evolution of Plan Orange ) . The U.S. instead adopted `` Plan Dog '' in 1940 , which emphasized keeping the IJN out of the eastern Pacific and away from the shipping lanes to Australia , while the U.S. concentrated on defeating Nazi Germany . </P> <P> Fortunately for the United States , the American aircraft carriers were untouched by the Japanese attack ; otherwise the Pacific Fleet 's ability to conduct offensive operations would have been crippled for a year or more ( given no diversions from the Atlantic Fleet ) . As it was , the elimination of the battleships left the U.S. Navy with no choice but to rely on its aircraft carriers and submarines -- the very weapons with which the U.S. Navy halted and eventually reversed the Japanese advance . While six of the eight battleships were repaired and returned to service , their relatively low speed and high fuel consumption limited their deployment , and they served mainly in shore bombardment roles ( their only major action being the Battle of Surigao Strait in October 1944 ) . A major flaw of Japanese strategic thinking was a belief that the ultimate Pacific battle would be fought by battleships , in keeping with the doctrine of Captain Alfred Thayer Mahan . As a result , Yamamoto ( and his successors ) hoarded battleships for a `` decisive battle '' that never happened . </P> <P> The Japanese confidence in their ability to achieve a short , victorious war meant that they neglected Pearl Harbor 's navy repair yards , oil tank farms , submarine base , and old headquarters building . All of these targets were omitted from Genda 's list , yet they proved more important than any battleship to the American war efforts in the Pacific . The survival of the repair shops and fuel depots allowed Pearl Harbor to maintain logistical support to the U.S. Navy 's operations , such as the Battles of Coral Sea and Midway . It was submarines that immobilized the Imperial Japanese Navy 's heavy ships and brought Japan 's economy to a virtual standstill by crippling the transportation of oil and raw materials : by the end of 1942 , import of raw materials was cut to half of what it had been , `` to a disastrous ten million tons '' , while oil import `` was almost completely stopped '' . Lastly , the basement of the Old Administration Building was the home of the cryptanalytic unit which contributed significantly to the Midway ambush and the Submarine Force 's success . </P> <H3> Retrospective debate on American intelligence </H3> Arizona Memorial Main article : Pearl Harbor advance - knowledge conspiracy theory <P> Ever since the Japanese attack , there has been debate as to how and why the United States had been caught unaware , and how much and when American officials knew of Japanese plans and related topics . Military officers including Gen. Billy Mitchell had pointed out the vulnerability of Pearl to air attack . At least two naval war games , one in 1932 and another in 1936 , proved that Pearl was vulnerable to such an attack . Admiral James Richardson was removed from command shortly after protesting President Roosevelt 's decision to move the bulk of the Pacific fleet to Pearl Harbor . The decisions of military and political leadership to ignore these warnings has contributed to conspiracy theories . Several writers , including journalist Robert Stinnett and former United States Rear Admiral Robert Alfred Theobald , have argued that various parties high in the U.S. and British governments knew of the attack in advance and may even have let it happen or encouraged it in order to force the U.S. into war via the so - called `` back door '' . However , this conspiracy theory is rejected by mainstream historians . </P> <H2> In popular culture </H2> Main article : Attack on Pearl Harbor in popular culture <H2> See also </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Battle of Taranto </Li> <Li> Operation K </Li> <Li> Air warfare of World War II </Li> <Li> Attack on Howland Island </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> List of United States Navy ships present at Pearl Harbor , December 7 , 1941 </Li> <Li> List of Medal of Honor recipients for the Attack on Pearl Harbor </Li> <Li> Nagai Kita </Li> <Li> Edwin T. Layton </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> National Pearl Harbor Remembrance Day </Li> <Li> Pearl Harbor Survivors Association </Li> <Li> Winds Code </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> References </H2> <P> Informational notes </P> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ USCGC Taney ( WHEC - 37 ) , USCGC Reliance ( WSC - 150 ) , USCGC Tiger ( WSC - 152 ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Unless otherwise stated , all vessels listed were salvageable . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : In 1941 , Hawaii was a half - hour different from the majority of other time zones . See UTC − 10 : 30 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ USS Utah ( AG - 16 , formerly BB - 31 ) ; Utah was moored in the space intended to have been occupied by the aircraft carrier Enterprise which , returning with a task force , had been expected to enter the channel at 0730 on December 7 ; delayed by weather , the task force did not reach Pearl Harbor until dusk the following day . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ After it was announced in September that iron and steel scrap export would also be prohibited , Japanese Ambassador Horinouchi protested to Secretary Hull on October 8 , 1940 , warning this might be considered an `` unfriendly act . '' </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ This was mainly a Japanese Navy preference ; the Japanese Army would have chosen to attack the Soviet Union . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Dorn report did not state with certainty that Kimmel and Short knew about Taranto . There is , however , no doubt that they did know , as did the Japanese . Lt. Cdr . Takeshi Naito , the assistant naval attaché to Berlin , flew to Taranto to investigate the attack first hand , and Naito subsequently had a lengthy conversation with Cdr . Mitsuo Fuchida about his observations . Fuchida led the Japanese attack on December 7 , 1941 . '' </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` A torpedo bomber needed a long , level flight , and when released , its conventional torpedo would plunge nearly a hundred feet deep before swerving upward to strike a hull . Pearl Harbor deep averages 42 feet . But the Japanese borrowed an idea from the British carrier - based torpedo raid on the Italian naval base of Taranto . They fashioned auxiliary wooden tail fins to keep the torpedoes horizontal , so they would dive to only 35 feet , and they added a breakaway `` nosecone '' of soft wood to cushion the impact with the surface of the water . '' </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ She was located by a University of Hawaii research submersible on August 28 , 2002 in 400 m ( 1,300 ft ) of water , 6 nmi ( 11 km ) outside the harbor . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ While the nine sailors who died in the attack were quickly lionized by the Japanese government as Kyūgunshin ( `` The Nine War Heroes '' ) , the news of Sakamaki 's capture , which had been publicized in U.S. news broadcasts , was kept secret . Even after the war , however , he received recriminating correspondence from those who despised him for not sacrificing his own life . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ The Japanese Attack on Pearl Harbor , Planning and Execution . First wave : 189 planes , 50 Kates w / bombs , 40 Kates with torpedoes , 54 Vals , 45 Zekes Second wave : 171 planes , 54 Kates w / bombs , 81 Vals , 36 Zekes . The Combat Air Patrol over the carriers alternated 18 plane shifts every two hours , with 18 more ready for takeoff on the flight decks and an additional 18 ready on hangar decks . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ In the twenty - five sorties flown , USAF Historical Study No. 85 credits six pilots with ten planes destroyed : 1st Lt Lewis M. Sanders ( P - 36 ) and 2nd Lts Philip M Rasmussen ( P - 36 ) , Gordon H. Sterling Jr . ( P - 36 , killed in action ) , Harry W. Brown ( P - 36 ) , Kenneth M. Taylor ( P - 40 , 2 ) , and George S. Welch ( P - 40 , 4 ) . Three of the P - 36 kills were not verified by the Japanese and may have been shot down by naval anti-aircraft fire . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Odd though it may sound , `` not '' is correct , in keeping with standard Navy telegraphic practice . This was confirmed by Beloite and Beloite after years of research and debate . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ The gunners that did get in action scored most of the victories against Japanese aircraft that morning , including the first of the attack by Tautog , and Dorie Miller 's Navy Cross-worthy effort . Miller was an African - American cook aboard West Virginia who took over an unattended anti-aircraft gun on which he had no training . He was the first African - American sailor to be awarded the Navy Cross . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ The wreck has become a memorial to those lost that day , most of whom remain within the ship . She continues to leak small amounts of fuel oil , over 70 years after the attack . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ USAAF pilots of the 46th and 47th Pursuit Squadrons , 15th Pursuit Group , claim to have destroyed 10 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ In the event , loss of these might have been a net benefit to the U.S. Blair , passim . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Wallin had been assigned to go to Massawa in East Africa . The harbor there was blocked by scuttled Italian and German ships , which prevented British use of the port . Commander Edward Ellsberg was sent instead . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ The pact had one of its objectives limiting U.S. intervention in conflicts involving the three nations . Liddell Hart , B.H. ( 1970 ) History of the Second World War London : Weidenfeld Nicolson . p. 206 Shirer , William L. ( 1960 ) The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich : A History of Nazi Germsny New York : Simon and Shuster . p. 873 Keegan , John ( 1990 ) The Second World War New York : Viking . p. 130 . ISBN 0670823597 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ In less than eleven months , most of Japan 's elite naval aviators who had been at Pearl Harbor were lost in subsequent battles . Lack of fuel and an inflexible training policy meant that they could not be replaced . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Gordon Prange specifically addresses some revisionist works , including Charles A. Beard . President Roosevelt and the Coming War 1941 ; William Henry Chamberlin , America 's Second Crusade ; John T. Flynn , The Roosevelt Myth ; George Morgenstern , Pearl Harbor ; Frederic R. Sanborn , Design for War ; Robert Alfred Theobald , The Final Secret of Pearl Harbor ; Harry E. Barnes , ed. , Perpetual War for Perpetual Peace and The Court Historians versus Revisionism ; Husband E. Kimmel , Admiral Kimmel 's Story . '' </Li> </Ol> <P> Citations </P> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Long Blue Line : The attack on Pearl Harbor -- '' a date that will live in infamy `` '' . coastguard.dodlive.mil . Retrieved 8 December 2017 . These units included high - endurance cutter Taney and patrol cutters Tiger and Reliance </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` U.S. COAST GUARD UNITS IN HAWAII '' ( PDF ) . media.defense.gov . Retrieved 8 December 2017 . USCGC Tiger ( WSC - 152 ) ; Commanding Officer : CWO William J. Mazzoni , USCG ; 125 - foot cutter </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Active Class , U.S. Coast Guard Cutters '' . pwencycl.kgbudge.com . Retrieved 8 December 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Ships and District Craft Present at Pearl Harbor , 0800 7 December 1941 U.S. Navy Historical Center '' . History.navy.mil . Archived from the original on July 10 , 2011 . Retrieved July 5 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ CinCP report of damage to ships in Pearl Harbor from ibiblio.org/hyperwar . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Overview of The Pearl Harbor Attack , 7 December 1941 '' . Archived from the original on August 6 , 2010 . Retrieved October 5 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Gilbert 2009 , p. 272 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Gailey 1995 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Pearl Harbor Casualty List '' . USSWestVirginia.org . Retrieved December 7 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Conn 2000 , p. 194 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Morison 2001 , pp. 101 , 120 , 250 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Prange , Gordon W. , Goldstein , Donald , & Dillon , Katherine . The Pearl Harbor Papers ( Brassey 's , 2000 ) , p. 17ff ; Google Books entry on Prange et al . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ For the Japanese designator of Oahu . Wilford , Timothy . `` Decoding Pearl Harbor '' , in The Northern Mariner , XII , # 1 ( January 2002 ) , p. 32fn81 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Fukudome , Shigeru , `` Hawaii Operation '' . United States Naval Institute , Proceedings , 81 ( December 1955 ) , pp. 1315 -- 1331 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Gill , G. Hermon ( 1957 ) . Royal Australian Navy 1939 -- 1942 . Australia in the War of 1939 -- 1945 . Series 2 -- Navy . 1 . Canberra : Australian War Memorial . p. 485 . LCCN 58037940 . Archived from the original on May 25 , 2009 . Retrieved June 16 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Prange et al. December 7 , 1941 , p. 174 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Parillo 2006 , p. 288 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Thomas 2007 , pp. 57 -- 59 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Pearl Harbor Facts '' . About . Retrieved October 5 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` United States declares war '' . Abilene Reporter - News . December 8 , 1941 . p. 1 . Retrieved August 12 , 2014 -- via Newspapers.com . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Bromwich , Jonah Engel ( 2016 - 12 - 07 ) . `` How Pearl Harbor Shaped the Modern World '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 25 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Braumoeller , Bear F. ( 2010 ) `` The Myth of American Isolationism . '' Foreign Policy Analysis 6 : 349 -- 371 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Yuma Totani ( April 1 , 2009 ) . The Tokyo War Crimes Trial : The Pursuit of Justice in the Wake of World War II . Harvard University Asia Center . p. 57 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Stephen C. McCaffrey ( September 22 , 2004 ) . Understanding International Law . AuthorHouse . pp. 210 -- 229 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Barnhart 1987 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Werner Gruhl ( 2007 ) . Imperial Japan 's World War Two , 1931 -- 1945 . Transaction Publishers . p. 39 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7658 - 0352 - 8 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ GPO 1943 , p. 96 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ GPO 1943 , p. 94 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Toland , Japan 's War . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Shift Of Our Fleet To Atlantic Studied , New York Times , June 23 , 1940 , `` Except for the Atlantic Battle Squadron , the entire fleet is now in the Pacific , based at Pearl Harbor , Hawaii . '' </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Harper , Tim ( 2009 - 09 - 07 ) . `` Japan 's gigantic second world war gamble '' . The Guardian . ISSN 0261 - 3077 . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 07 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Peattie 1997 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ William Chalek ( 2002 ) , `` 8 . War Plan Orange '' , Guest of the Emperor , iUniverse , pp. 45 -- 52 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 595 - 23996 - 2 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Edward S. Miller ( 2007 ) , War Plan Orange : The U.S. Strategy to Defeat Japan , 1897 -- 1945 , Naval Institute Press , pp. 63 , ISBN 978 - 1 - 59114 - 500 - 4 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ GPO 1943 , p. 125 </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Peattie 1997 ; Coox , Kobun . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Chapter IV The Showdown With Japan August -- December 1941 Strategic Planning for Coalition Warfare , 1941 -- 1942 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Chapter IV : The Fatal Turn Morton , Louis . Strategy and Command : The First Two Years </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Review of the Diplomatic Conversations REPORT OF THE JOINT COMMITTEE ON THE INVESTIGATION OF THE PEARL HARBOR ATTACK ( 1946 ) </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Chapter V : The Decision for War Morton , Louis . Strategy and Command : The First Two Years </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Gailey 1995 , p. 68 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Gailey 1995 , p. 70 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Lord , Walter ( 2012 ) . Day of Infamy . Open Road Media . p. 14 . ISBN 1 - 4532 - 3842 - 5 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Borch & Martinez 2005 , pp. 53 -- 54 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Hellions of the Deep : The Development of American Torpedoes in World War II . By Robert Gannon , Published by Penn State Press , 1996 , p. 49 . ISBN 0 - 271 - 01508 - X </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Wetzler 1998 , p. 39 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bix 2000 , p. 417 , citing the Sugiyama memo </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ The Canadian Institute of Public Opinion ( December 8 , 1941 ) . `` Gallup Poll Found 52 p.c. of Americans Expected War '' . Ottawa Citizen . p. 1 . Retrieved November 28 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Noted by Arthur MacArthur in the 1890s . Manchester , William . American Caesar </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Peattie & Evans , Kaigun </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Willmott 1983 , p. 14 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Fukudome , Shigeru . Shikan : Shinjuwan Kogeki ( Tokyo , 1955 ) , p. 150 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Gordon W. Prange , Donald M. Goldstein and Katherine V. Dillon , At Dawn We Slept : The Untold Story of Pearl Harbor ( 1982 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Alan Zimm , The Attack on Pearl Harbor : Strategy , Combat , Myths , Deceptions ( 2011 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kaigun ; Wilmott , Barrier and the Javelin ; Blair , Silent Victory </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Willmott 1983 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Zimm 2011 , p. 132 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Peattie 2001 p. 145 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Zimm 2011 , pp. 173 , 174 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Zimm 2011 , p. 153 </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Tony DiGiulian . `` Order of Battle -- Pearl Harbor -- December 7 , 1941 '' . Navweaps.com . Archived from the original on June 30 , 2011 . Retrieved July 17 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Stewart , A.J. , Lieutenant Commander , USN . `` Those Mysterious Midgets '' , United States Naval Institute Proceedings , December 1974 , p. 56 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Stewart , p. 56 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Goldstein 2000 , p. 146 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Stewart , `` Those Mysterious Midgets '' , p. 57 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Smith 1999 , p. 36 </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Stewart , `` Those Mysterious Midgets '' , p. 58 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Japanese Midget Submarine '' . Retrieved January 20 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Stewart , pp. 59 -- 61 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Stewart , Those Mysterious Midgets , pp. 61 -- 62 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Ofstie , R.A. , Rear Admiral , USN . The Campaigns of the Pacific War ( United States Government Printing Office , 1946 ) , p. 19 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Zimm 2011 , pp. 330 -- 341 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Toland , Infamy </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Prange , Goldstein , and Dillon , At Dawn We Slept , pp. 424 and 475 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Prange , Goldstein , and Dillon , At Dawn We Slept , pp. 493 -- 494 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Declaration of War handout Retrieved August 9 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Howard W. French ( December 9 , 1999 ) . `` Pearl Harbor Truly a Sneak Attack , Papers Show '' . The New York Times . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kawabata , Tai , `` Historian seeks to clear embassy of Pearl Harbor ' sneak attack ' infamy '' , Japan Times , December 10 , 2014 , p. 3 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Japanese ' Fourteen Part ' Message of December 7 , 1941 '' HyperWar </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Shinsato , Douglas and Tadanori Urabe , For That One Day : The Memoirs of Mitsuo Fuchida , Commander of the Attack on Pearl Harbor , Chapters 19 and 20 , eXperience , inc. , Kamuela , Hawaii , 2011 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9846745 - 0 - 3 </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Aircraft Attack Organization '' . Ibiblio.org . Archived from the original on June 23 , 2011 . Retrieved July 17 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : NavSource 2003 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Prange , Goldstein , Dillon . At Dawn We Slept . pages 730 -- 31 ' Short mishandled radar ... ' In his ( Short 's ) words ' ... more for training than any idea it would be real ' </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Evans , Harold . The American Century London : Jonathan Cape , 1998 . p. 309 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Prange 1988 , p. 98 </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Prange et al. , At Dawn We Slept , p. 500 - 501 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Symonds , Craig L. The Battle Of Midway , ( Oxford University Press , 2011 ) , p. 218 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Hone , Thomas C. ( 1977 ) . `` The Destruction of the Battle Line at Pearl Harbor '' . Proceedings . United States Naval Institute . 103 ( 12 ) : 56&57 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Parillo 2006 , p. 293 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bonner , Kermit . Final Voyages p. 105 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Aylwin , Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Patrick Watson ( December 1 , 2007 ) . Watson 's Really Big WWII Almanac , Volume 2 : July to December . Xlibris Corporation . p. 592 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ GPO 1946 , pp. 64 -- 65 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Dennis W. Shepherd ( September 22 , 2004 ) . Returning Son : From Baghdad , Kentucky to Baghdad , Iraq ( and back ) . AuthorHouse . p. 57 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ USS Shaw ( DD - 373 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Dorr , Robert F. ; Fred L. Borch . `` Pyjama - clad pilot took on Japanese at Pearl Harbor '' . Army Times . United States Army . Retrieved October 12 , 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` HyperWar : 7 December 1941 : The Air Force Story ( Chapter 4 ) '' . Ibiblio.org . Retrieved July 10 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Potter , Lt Col Joseph V. ( Winter 1982 ) . `` A Handful of Pilots '' ( PDF ) . JOURNAL . American Aviation Historical Society . pp. 282 -- 285 . Retrieved October 12 , 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Ofstie 1946 , p. 18 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Gailey 1997 , p. 68 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Caravaggio , Angelo N. ( Winter 2014 ) . `` '' Winning '' the Pacific War `` . Naval War College Review . 67 ( 1 ) : 85 -- 118 . Archived from the original on July 14 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Horn , Steve . The Second Attack on Pearl Harbor : Operation K and Other Japanese Attempts to Bomb America in World War II ( Annapolis : Naval Institute Press , 2005 ) , p. 16 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Willmott 1983 ; Blair , Silent Victory . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Gailey 1997 , pp. 97 -- 98 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Yergin , Daniel ( 1991 ) , The Prize : The Epic Quest for Oil , Money & Power , New York : Simon & Schuster , ISBN 0 - 671 - 79932 - 0 p. 327 </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Hoyt 2000 , p. 190 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Hoyt 2000 , p. 191 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Stephen , Martin ; Grove , Eric ( Ed ) ( 1988 ) , Sea Battles in Close - up : World War 2 , Volume 1 , Shepperton , Surrey : Ian Allan , pp. 34 -- 38 , ISBN 0 - 7110 - 1596 - 1 CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Prange 1988 </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Gailey 1997 , p. 97 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Willmott 1983 , p. 16 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Gailey 1997 , p. 98 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Prange , Goldstein , Dillon . At Dawn We Slept page 49 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Wallin , Homer N. ( 1968 ) . Pearl Harbor : Why , How , Fleet Salvage and Final Appraisal ( PDF ) . Naval History Division . p. 198 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Wallin , Homer N. ( 1968 ) . Pearl Harbor : Why , How , Fleet Salvage and Final Appraisal ( PDF ) . Naval History Division . p. 205 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Wallin , Homer . Pearl Harbor : Why , How Fleet Salvage and Final Appraisal . Naval History Division , 1968 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Commander Edward Ellsberg , O.B.E. Under the Red Sea Sun Dodd , Mead , and Co. , 1946 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Raymer , E.C. Descent Into Darkness . Presidio Press , 1996 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Post-attack ship salvage 1942 -- 1944 '' . Geocities . October 27 , 2009 . Archived from the original on October 27 , 2009 . Retrieved July 17 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Smith 1999 , p. . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The U.S. At War , The Last Stage '' . Time . December 15 , 1941 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Churchill , Winston ; Martin Gilbert ( 2001 ) , `` December 1941 '' , The Churchill War Papers : The Ever - Widening War , Volume 3 : 1941 , London , New York : W.W. Norton , pp. 1593 -- 1594 , ISBN 0 - 393 - 01959 - 4 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Anthony Rhodes , Propaganda : The art of persuasion : World War II , p. 257 1976 , Chelsea House Publishers , New York </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` World War II Internment in Hawai'i '' . Education through Cultural & Historical Organizations . Archived from the original on August 12 , 2011 . Retrieved November 13 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Levine , E. ( 1995 ) . A Fence Away from Freedom : Japanese Americans and World War II . New York : G.P. Putnam 's Sons . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on December 1 , 2011 . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 13 . Pearl Harbor Oahu website , retrieved on November 12 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Daniels , R. ( 1972 ) . Concentration camps USA : Japanese Americans and World War II . New York : Holt , Rinehart and Winston , Inc . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` New Mexico Office of the State Historian -- people '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Regulations made 4 March 1942 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ War Measures Act Conference ( 1977 : McMaster University ) . ( 1978 ) . The Japanese Canadian experience : the October crisis ( proceedings ) . Wilfrid Laurier University Book Shelves : London , Ontario : P. Anas Pub . pp. 12 -- 14 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Douglas Shinsato , Translator / Publisher of For That One Day : The Memoirs of Mitsuo Fuchida , Commander of the Attack on Pearl Harbor , 2011 , pp. 293 -- 294 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Haufler , Herve . Codebreaker 's Victory : How the Allied Cryptographers Won World War II ( New York : NAL , 2003 ) , quoted p. 127 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Hakim 1995 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Willmott 1983 , War Plan Orange </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Attack on Pearl Harbor Nihon Kaigun '' . Combinedfleet.com . Retrieved March 6 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Pearl Harbor vet remembers Dec. 7 , 1941 , sneak attack '' . The Kalona News . April 17 , 2013 . Retrieved March 6 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Blair , pp. 360 , 816 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Rehearsals for Pearl Harbor </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Wallin , Vice Admiral , Homer N. ( July 2 , 2017 ) . `` Pearl Harbor : Why , How , Fleet Salvage and Final Appraisal '' . Hyperwar . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Prange , Gordon W. ; Donald M. Goldstein ; Katherinve V. Dillon ( 1991 ) . Pearl Harbor : The Verdict of History . Penguin Books . ISBN 978 - 0140159097 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Prados , John ( 1995 ) . Combined Fleet Decoded : The Secret History of American Intelligence and the Japanese Navy in World War II . Annapolis , Maryland : Naval Institute Press . pp. 161 -- 177 . ISBN 1 - 55750 - 431 - 8 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Budiansky , Stephen ( 2002 ) . Battle of Wits : The Complete Story of Codebreaking in World War II . Free Press . ISBN 978 - 0743217347 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Stevenson , Richard W. `` New Light Shed on Churchill and Pearl Harbor '' . The New York Times . Retrieved March 4 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Prange , Gordon W. ; Goldstein , Donald M. ; Dillon , Katherine V. ( 1991 ) . At Dawn We Slept : The Untold Story of Pearl Harbor . New York : Penguin Books . p. 867 . ISBN 9780140157345 . </Li> </Ol> <P> Bibliography </P> <Dl> <Dd> <Dl> <Dd> Books </Dd> </Dl> </Dd> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> Barnhart , Michael A. ( 1987 ) , Japan prepares for total war : the search for economic security , 1919 -- 1941 , Cornell University Press , ISBN 978 - 0 - 8014 - 1915 - 7 </Li> <Li> Bix , Herbert P. ( 2000 ) , Hirohito and the Making of Modern Japan , Diane Pub Co , ISBN 978 - 0 - 7567 - 5780 - 9 </Li> <Li> Borch , Frederic L. ; Martinez , Daniel ( 2005 ) , Kimmel , Short , and Pearl Harbor : the final report revealed , Naval Institute Press , ISBN 978 - 1 - 59114 - 090 - 0 </Li> <Li> Conn , Stetson ; Fairchild , Byron ; Engelman , Rose C. ( 2000 ) , `` 7 -- The Attack on Pearl Harbor '' , Guarding the United States and Its Outposts , Washington D.C. : Center of Military History United States Army </Li> <Li> Gailey , Harry A. ( 1997 ) , War in the Pacific : From Pearl Harbor to Tokyo Bay , Presidio , ISBN 0 - 89141 - 616 - 1 </Li> <Li> Gilbert , Martin ( 2009 ) , The Second World War , Phoenix , ISBN 978 - 0 - 7538 - 2676 - 8 </Li> <Li> Goldstein , Donald M. ( 2000 ) , Goldstein , Donald M. ; Dillon , Katherine V. , eds. , The Pearl Harbor papers : inside the Japanese plans , Brassey 's , ISBN 978 - 1 - 57488 - 222 - 3 </Li> <Li> Hakim , Joy ( 1995 ) , A History of US : Book 9 : War , Peace , and All that Jazz , Oxford University Press , U.S. , ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 509514 - 2 </Li> <Li> Hixson , Walter L. ( 2003 ) , The American Experience in World War II : The United States and the road to war in Europe , Taylor & Francis , ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 94029 - 0 </Li> <Li> Hoyt , Edwin P. ( 2000 ) , Pearl Harbor , G.K. Hall , ISBN 0 - 7838 - 9303 - 5 </Li> <Li> Morison , Samuel Eliot ( 2001 ) , History of United States Naval Operations in World War II : The rising sun in the Pacific , 1931 -- April 1942 , University of Illinois Press , ISBN 0 - 252 - 06973 - 0 </Li> <Li> Ofstie , Ralph , A. , RADM USN , Naval Analysis Division , United States Strategic Bombing Survey ( Pacific ) ( 1946 ) , The Campaigns of the Pacific War , United States Government Printing Office </Li> <Li> Peattie , Mark R. ; Evans , David C. ( 1997 ) , Kaigun : Strategy , Tactics , and Technology in the Imperial Japanese Navy , Naval Institute Press , ISBN 0 - 87021 - 192 - 7 </Li> <Li> Peattie , Mark R. ( 2001 ) , Sunburst : The Rise of Japanese Naval Air Power , 1909 -- 1941 , Naval Institute Press , ISBN 1 - 59114 - 664 - X </Li> <Li> Parillo , Mark ( 2006 ) , `` The United States in the Pacific '' , in Higham , Robin ; Harris , Stephen , Why Air Forces Fail : the Anatomy of Defeat , The University Press of Kentucky , ISBN 978 - 0 - 8131 - 2374 - 5 </Li> <Li> Prange , Gordon William ; Goldstein , Donald M. ; Dillon , Katherine V. ( 1988 ) . December 7 , 1941 : The Day the Japanese Attacked Pearl Harbor . McGraw - Hill . ISBN 978 - 0 - 07 - 050682 - 4 . </Li> <Li> Smith , Carl ( 1999 ) , Pearl Harbor 1941 : The Day of Infamy ; Osprey Campaign Series # 62 , Osprey Publishing , ISBN 1 - 85532 - 798 - 8 </Li> <Li> Stille , Mark E. ( 2011 ) , Tora ! Tora ! Tora ! : Pearl Harbor 1941 ; Osprey Raid Series # 26 , Osprey Publishing , ISBN 978 - 1 - 84908 - 509 - 0 </Li> <Li> Thomas , Evan ( 2007 ) , Sea of Thunder : Four Commanders and the Last Great Naval Campaign 1941 -- 1945 , Simon and Schuster , ISBN 978 - 0 - 7432 - 5222 - 5 </Li> <Li> Willmott , H.P. ( 1983 ) , The barrier and the javelin : Japanese and Allied Pacific strategies , February to June 1942 , Naval Institute Press </Li> <Li> Zimm , Alan D. ( 2011 ) , Attack on Pearl Harbor : Strategy , Combat , Myths , Deceptions , Havertown , Pennsylvania : Casemate Publishers , ISBN 978 - 1 - 61200 - 010 - 7 </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dd> <Dl> <Dd> U.S. government documents </Dd> </Dl> </Dd> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> `` Document text '' , U.S. Navy Report of Japanese Raid on Pearl Harbor , United States National Archives , Modern Military Branch , 1942 , archived from the original on January 13 , 2008 , retrieved December 25 , 2007 </Li> <Li> `` Document text '' , Peace and War , United States Foreign Policy 1931 -- 1941 , Washington D.C. : United States Government Printing Office , 1943 , retrieved December 8 , 2007 </Li> <Li> `` Damage to United States Naval Forces and Installations as a Result of the Attack '' , Report of the Joint Committee on the Investigation of the Pearl Harbor Attack , Washington D.C. : United States Government Printing Office , 1946 , retrieved December 8 , 2007 </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dd> <Dl> <Dd> Magazine articles </Dd> </Dl> </Dd> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> Rodgaard , John ; Peter Hsu ; Carroll Lucas & Captain Andrew Biach ( December 1999 ) , `` Pearl Harbor -- Attack from Below '' , Naval History , United States Naval Institute , 13 ( 6 ) , archived from the original on September 30 , 2006 ( requires subscription ) </Li> <Li> Wetzler , Peter ( 1998 ) , Hirohito and war : imperial tradition and military decision making in prewar Japan , University of Hawaii Press , ISBN 978 - 0 - 8248 - 1925 - 5 </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dd> <Dl> <Dd> Online sources </Dd> </Dl> </Dd> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> Organization of the Japanese Air Attack Units December 7 , 1941 , NavSource Naval History , 2003 , archived from the original on December 13 , 2007 , retrieved December 8 , 2007 </Li> <Li> USS Shaw , destroyerhistory.org , archived from the original on June 17 , 2011 , retrieved January 5 , 2017 </Li> <Li> Homer N. Wallin , `` Pearl Harbor : Why , How , Fleet Salvage and Final Appraisal '' , Hyperwar , ibiblio.org , retrieved October 10 , 2011 </Li> </Ul> <P> Further reading </P> <Ul> <Li> Edwin T. Layton , Roger Pineau , and John Costello ( 1985 ) , And I Was There : Pearl Harbor and Midway -- Breaking the Secrets , New York : Morrow . Layton , Kimmel 's Combat Intelligence Officer , says that Douglas MacArthur was the only field commander who had received any substantial amount of Purple intelligence . </Li> <Li> George Edward Morgenstern . Pearl Harbor : The Story of the Secret War . ( The Devin - Adair Company , 1947 ) ISBN 978 - 1 - 299 - 05736 - 4 . Conspiracy theory . </Li> <Li> James Dorsey . `` Literary Tropes , Rhetorical Looping , and the Nine Gods of War : ' Fascist Proclivities ' Made Real , '' in The Culture of Japanese Fascism , ed. by Alan Tansman ( Durham & London : Duke UP , 2009 ) , pp. 409 -- 431 . A study of Japanese wartime media representations of the submarine component of the attack on Pearl Harbor . </Li> <Li> McCollum memo A 1940 memo from a Naval headquarters staff officer to his superiors outlining possible provocations to Japan , which might lead to war ( declassified in 1994 ) . </Li> <Li> Gordon W. Prange , At Dawn We Slept ( McGraw - Hill , 1981 ) , Pearl Harbor : The Verdict of History ( McGraw - Hill , 1986 ) , and December 7 , 1941 : The Day the Japanese Attacked Pearl Harbor ( McGraw - Hill , 1988 ) . This monumental trilogy , written with collaborators Donald M. Goldstein and Katherine V. Dillon , is considered the authoritative work on the subject . </Li> <Li> Larry Kimmett and Margaret Regis , The Attack on Pearl Harbor : An Illustrated History ( NavPublishing , 2004 ) . Using maps , photos , unique illustrations , and an animated CD , this book provides a detailed overview of the surprise attack that brought the United States into World War II . </Li> <Li> Walter Lord , Day of Infamy ( Henry Holt , 1957 ) is a very readable , and entirely anecdotal , re-telling of the day 's events . </Li> <Li> W.J. Holmes , Double - Edged Secrets : U.S. Naval Intelligence Operations in the Pacific During World War II ( Naval Institute , 1979 ) contains some important material , such as Holmes ' argument that , had the U.S. Navy been warned of the attack and put to sea , it would have likely resulted in an even greater disaster . </Li> <Li> Michael V. Gannon , Pearl Harbor Betrayed ( Henry Holt , 2001 ) is a recent examination of the issues surrounding the surprise of the attack . </Li> <Li> Frederick D. Parker , Pearl Harbor Revisited : United States Navy Communications Intelligence 1924 -- 1941 ( Center for Cryptologic History , 1994 ) contains a detailed description of what the Navy knew from intercepted and decrypted Japan 's communications prior to Pearl . </Li> <Li> Henry C. Clausen and Bruce Lee , Pearl Harbor : Final Judgment , ( HarperCollins , 2001 ) , an account of the secret `` Clausen Inquiry '' undertaken late in the war by order of Congress to Secretary of War Henry L. Stimson . </Li> <Li> Robert A. Theobald , Final Secret of Pearl Harbor ( Devin - Adair Pub , 1954 ) ISBN 0 - 8159 - 5503 - 0 ISBN 0 - 317 - 65928 - 6 Foreword by Fleet Admiral William F. Halsey , Jr . </Li> <Li> Albert C. Wedemeyer , Wedemeyer Reports ! ( Henry Holt Co , 1958 ) ISBN 0 - 89275 - 011 - 1 ISBN 0 - 8159 - 7216 - 4 </Li> <Li> Hamilton Fish III , Tragic Deception : FDR and America 's Involvement in World War II ( Devin - Adair Pub , 1983 ) ISBN 0 - 8159 - 6917 - 1 </Li> <Li> John Toland , Infamy : Pearl Harbor and Its Aftermath ( Berkley Reissue edition , 1986 ISBN 0 - 425 - 09040 - X ) . </Li> <Li> Mary Ellen Condon - Rall , `` The U.S. Army Medical Department and the Attack on Pearl Harbor '' . ( The Journal of Medical History , January 1989 ) . PMID 11617401 . This article discusses the state of medical readiness prior to the attack , and the post-attack response by medical personnel . </Li> <Li> Robert Stinnett , Day of Deceit : The Truth About FDR and Pearl Harbor ( Free Press , 1999 ) A study of the Freedom of Information Act documents that led Congress to direct clearance of Kimmel and Short . ISBN 0 - 7432 - 0129 - 9 </Li> <Li> Edward L. Beach , Jr. , Scapegoats : A Defense of Kimmel and Short at Pearl Harbor ISBN 1 - 55750 - 059 - 2 </Li> <Li> Andrew Krepinevich . `` Lighting the Path Ahead : Field Exercises and Transformation ( 186 KB ) '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on July 13 , 2007 . Retrieved January 5 , 2017 . ( Center for Strategic and Budgetary Assessments ) contains a passage regarding the Yarnell attack , as well as reference citations . </Li> <Li> Roberta Wohlstetter , Pearl Harbor : Warning and Decision , ( Stanford University Press : 1962 ) . The most cited scholarly work on the intelligence failure at Pearl Harbor . Her introduction and analysis of the concept of `` noise '' persists in understanding intelligence failures . <Ul> <Li> Roberta Wohlstetter , `` Cuba and Pearl Harbor : Hindsight and Foresight . '' Foreign Affairs 43.4 ( 1965 ) : 691 - 707 . online </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> John Hughes - Wilson , Military Intelligence Blunders and Cover - Ups . Robinson , 1999 ( revised 2004 ) . Contains a brief but insightful chapter on the particular intelligence failures , and broader overview of what causes them . </Li> <Li> Douglas T. Shinsato and Tadanori Urabe , `` For That One Day : The Memoirs of Mitsuo Fuchida , Commander of the Attack on Pearl Harbor '' . ( eXperience : 2011 ) ISBN 978 - 0 - 9846745 - 0 - 3 </Li> <Li> Horn , Steve ( 2005 ) . The Second Attack on Pearl Harbor : Operation K And Other Japanese Attempts to Bomb America in World War II . Naval Institute Press . ISBN 1 - 59114 - 388 - 8 . </Li> <Li> Seki , Eiji. ( 2006 ) . Mrs. Ferguson 's Tea - Set , Japan and the Second World War : The Global Consequences Following Germany 's Sinking of the SS Automedon in 1940 . London : Global Oriental . ISBN 1 - 905246 - 28 - 5 ; ISBN 978 - 1 - 905246 - 28 - 1 ( cloth ) Published by BRILL / Global Oriental , 2006 . Previously announced as Sinking of the SS Automedon and the Role of the Japanese Navy : A New Interpretation . </Li> <Li> Daniel Madsen , Resurrection - Salvaging the Battle Fleet at Pearl Harbor . U.S. Naval Institute Press . 2003 . Highly readable and thoroughly researched account of the aftermath of the attack and the salvage efforts from December 8 , 1941 through early 1944 . </Li> <Li> Takeo , Iguchi , Demystifying Pearl Harbor : A New Perspective From Japan , I - House Press , 2010 , ASIN : B003RJ1AZA . </Li> <Li> Haynok , Robert J. ( 2009 ) . How the Japanese Did It . Naval History Magazine . 23 . United States Naval Institute . </Li> <Li> Melber , Takuma , Pearl Harbor . Japans Angriff und der Kriegseintritt der USA . C.H. Beck , München 2016 , ISBN 978 - 3 - 406 - 69818 - 7 . A concise introduction with a good focus oo what came before the attack and on the Japanese perspective . </Li> <Li> Moorhead , John J. 1942 `` Surgical Experience at Pearl Harbor '' , The Journal of the American Medical Association . An overview of different surgical procedures at the hospital at the scene of the event . </Li> </Ul> <H2> External links </H2> Listen to this article ( 2 parts ) ( info ) Part 1 Part 2 This audio file was created from a revision of the article `` Attack on Pearl Harbor '' dated 2006 - 01 - 12 , and does not reflect subsequent edits to the article . ( Audio help ) More spoken articles <P> </P> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wikimedia Commons has media related to Pearl Harbor attack . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Td> Library resources about Attack on Pearl Harbor </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Online books </Li> <Li> Resources in your library </Li> <Li> Resources in other libraries </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ul> <Li> Navy History Heritage Command Official Overview </Li> <Li> History.com Account With Video </Li> <Li> About Education Account </Li> <Li> `` Remembering Pearl Harbor : The USS Arizona Memorial '' , a National Park Service Teaching with Historic Places ( TwHP ) lesson plan </Li> <Li> Hawaii War Records Depository , Archives & Manuscripts Department , University of Hawaii at Manoa Library </Li> <Li> 7 December 1941 , The Air Force Story </Li> <Li> The `` Magic '' Background ( PDFs or readable online ) </Li> <Li> The Congressional investigation </Li> <Li> LTC Jeffrey J. Gudmens ; COL Timothy R. Reese ( 2009 ) . Staff Ride Handbook for the Attack on Pearl Harbor , 7 December 1941 : A Study of Defending America ( PDF ) ( Report ) . Combat Studies Institute . </Li> </Ul> <P> Accounts </P> <Ul> <Li> Guarding The United States And Its Outposts , in Guarding the United States and Its Outposts Official U.S. Army history of Pearl Harbor by the United States Army Center of Military History </Li> <Li> War comes to Hawaii Honolulu Star - Bulletin , Monday , September 13 , 1999 </Li> </Ul> <P> Media </P> <Ul> <Li> Video of first Newsreel from December 23 , 1941 attack on Pearl Harbor </Li> <Li> Bombing of Pearl Harbour -- 1941 </Li> <Li> Attack on Pearl Harbor 1 , Nippon News , No. 82 . in the official website of NHK . </Li> <Li> Attack on Pearl Harbor 2 , Nippon News , No. 84 . in the official website of NHK . </Li> <Li> Historic footage of Pearl Harbor during and immediately following attack on December 7 , 1941 </Li> </Ul> <P> Historical documents </P> <Ul> <Li> WW2DB : U.S. Navy Report of Japanese Raid on Pearl Harbor </Li> <Li> Second World War -- USA Declaration of War on Japan . </Li> <Li> Collection of extensive Japanese preparation military documents </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Pearl Harbor attack </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Attack </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Events leading to the attack </Li> <Li> Order of battle </Li> <Li> Present US ships </Li> <Li> Battleship Row </Li> <Li> Niihau incident </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Japanese carriers involved </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Akagi </Li> <Li> Kaga </Li> <Li> Sōryū </Li> <Li> Hiryū </Li> <Li> Shōkaku </Li> <Li> Zuikaku </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> United States ships sunk </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Arizona <Ul> <Li> salvaged artifacts </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> California </Li> <Li> Oglala </Li> <Li> Oklahoma </Li> <Li> Shaw </Li> <Li> Sotoyomo </Li> <Li> Utah </Li> <Li> West Virginia </Li> <Li> YFD - 2 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Aftermath </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Consequences </Li> <Li> Sleeping giant quote </Li> <Li> Infamy Speech </Li> <Li> U.S. declaration of war </Li> <Li> Roberts Commissions </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Remembrance </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Remembrance Day </Li> <Li> USS Arizona Memorial </Li> <Li> Survivors Association </Li> <Li> Commemorative Medal </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Books </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Crisis : The Japanese Attack on Pearl Harbor and Southeast Asia ( 1992 ) </Li> <Li> Day of Deceit ( 2001 ) </Li> <Li> Days of Infamy series ( 2004 -- 05 ) </Li> <Li> Pacific War series ( 2007 -- 08 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Films </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Secret Agent of Japan ( 1942 ) </Li> <Li> This Is the Army ( 1943 ) </Li> <Li> December 7th : The Movie ( 1943 ) </Li> <Li> Task Force ( 1949 ) </Li> <Li> From Here to Eternity ( 1953 ) </Li> <Li> The Revolt of Mamie Stover ( 1956 ) </Li> <Li> In Harm 's Way ( 1965 ) </Li> <Li> Tora ! 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] | https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor&oldid=853902797 | -7,267,728,721,994,162,000 |
Help Me ( House ) - Wikipedia <H1> Help Me ( House ) </H1> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This article 's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed . Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise . ( March 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> 21st episode of the sixth season of House <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> `` Help Me '' </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> House episode </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Episode no . </Th> <Td> Season 6 Episode 21 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Directed by </Th> <Td> Greg Yaitanes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Written by </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Peter Blake </Li> <Li> Russel Friend </Li> <Li> Garrett Lerner </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Original air date </Th> <Td> May 17 , 2010 ( 2010 - 05 - 17 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Guest appearance ( s ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> China Jesusita Shavers as Hanna </Li> <Li> Doug Kruse as Jay Dolce </Li> <Li> Jamie McShane as Captain McCreaney </Li> <Li> Desean Terry as Charles </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Episode chronology </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Td> ← Previous `` Baggage '' </Td> <Td> Next → `` Now What ? '' </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> List of House episodes </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> `` Help Me '' is the twenty - first episode and season finale of the sixth season of the American medical drama House . It first aired on May 17 , 2010 . The episode covers a crane collapse in which House tries to save one of the victims , Hanna , who is trapped in rubble . `` Help Me '' was positively received by critics . </P> <H2> Contents </H2> <Ul> <Li> 1 Plot </Li> <Li> 2 Production <Ul> <Li> 2.1 Filming </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 Reception <Ul> <Li> 3.1 Ratings and viewership </Li> <Li> 3.2 Critical response </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 References </Li> <Li> 5 External links </Li> </Ul> <H2> Plot ( edit ) </H2> <P> House ( Hugh Laurie ) , gives Cuddy a book written by her great - grandfather as a housewarming present . He then arrives at a downtown building , where a crane collapsed and caused an accident that injured numerous people . House , Cuddy , and House 's team roam the area diagnosing and treating victims , until they come across the crane operator , who ostensibly fell asleep despite being overloaded with caffeine . House deduces the operator must have passed out and sends him to Princeton - Plainsboro to be diagnosed . He attempts to go with him , but is held back by Cuddy . </P> <P> While taking a break , House hears a sound similar to that of a person banging on a steel pipe . He informs the emergency officials , who attempt to communicate with anyone possibly trapped beneath the rubble , but they give up after receiving no response . House decides to go looking himself , and crawls under the mountain of rubble until he reaches a deep cavity and finds a trapped woman named Hanna . </P> <P> As House treats Hanna while waiting for reinforcements , he also begins the differential on the crane operator through the phone and speaks with Cuddy , who reveals that she has gotten engaged to Lucas . House suggests that the crane operator has a brain lesion and orders an MRI . The situation is exacerbated when the emergency official realizes the support beam pinning Hanna ( China Shavers ) , the trapped woman , is also under a mountain of rubble that could collapse . The equipment that can free her is hours away from arriving , so the official suggests amputation . Both Hanna and House refuse . </P> <P> The crane operator begins bleeding from the eyes during the MRI and House attempts to return to Princeton - Plainsboro to diagnose him , but without his presence Hanna suffers a panic attack . Too much time has now passed and Hanna is at severe risk for crush syndrome . </P> <P> House then gets into an argument with Cuddy . Cuddy claims House is only refusing amputation to oppose her , bitter over her engagement with Lucas , at which point House calls her a pathetic narcissist . Cuddy then tells House to move on with his life , and insults House further by telling him that she and Wilson are moving on with their own lives and the only one left behind is House , who has nothing . </P> <P> Hanna refuses the amputation , listening to House 's earlier advice , but House soon arrives . To Cuddy 's surprise , House tells Hanna she should amputate . He then answers her earlier question of what had happened to his own leg , by telling the story of his infarction and his own refusal of the suggested amputation . </P> <P> House brings the electric saw and a scalpel to the scene , and explains that he can not give her anesthesia , since it is too risky , forcing him to amputate the leg with her awake , followed by her screams . She is immediately taken to an ambulance , which then departs for Princeton - Plainsboro . On the ride back , House continues the differential on the crane operator through the phone and deduces that he has a spinal cyst . Hanna suddenly has trouble breathing . House realizes she has a fat embolism , caused by the amputation . Impossible to treat , she dies before arriving at Princeton - Plainsboro . </P> <P> For House , it is the drop of water that makes the vase overflow . Despite Foreman 's support , he can not stand it anymore . While Thirteen leaves a leave request letter in front of Taub , House arrives home . </P> <P> In pain from his leg , various wounds , Hanna 's death , and Cuddy 's earlier comment , he rips his bathroom mirror out of the wall revealing a hidden cavity behind it , where he had a final stash of Vicodin . Collapsing , he opens a bottle and takes out two pills , thinking that vicodin is his only way of feeling better . As he is getting ready to take them , Cuddy arrives . She reveals that she ended the relationship with Lucas , because she realized that she truly loves House . Despite having a new fiancé , all she can think about is House , and could n't live in peace without knowing if they could ever work as a couple . House stands up and walks over to Cuddy and then they share in a tender kiss . House stops and asks if he is hallucinating this and she asks if he took the Vicodin . Realizing it was still in his hand , House drops the pills on the floor . They both smile at each other , sharing another kiss and joining hands . </P> <H2> Production ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Filming ( edit ) </H3> <P> This episode was shot entirely using Canon EOS 5D Mark II cameras . These digital SLR cameras are primarily designed for still - picture photographs , but are one of the first to include high - definition video recording capability . These allowed the production team to work in very tight spaces , using minimal lighting , while also offering a very shallow depth of field putting the backgrounds out of focus , and making the work very challenging for the focus pullers . Original plans only included some scenes to be shot digitally , but eventually the Canon 5D cameras were used for the entire episode . After successfully using the cameras for scenes on the episode `` Lockdown '' director of photography Gale Tattersall convinced producers to film an entire episode using the cameras . The episode was filmed using a wide variety of lenses , on loan from Canon . Motion stabilization rigs were also used to make the cameras more like motion picture cameras . </P> <H2> Reception ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Ratings and viewership ( edit ) </H3> <P> The episode was watched by 11.06 million American viewers , the 17th highest watched program of the week . Between the 18 -- 49 category , the show received 5.6 million viewers and was the 9th most watched program within the 18 -- 49 viewers . The program , broadcast by Global Total , was watched by 2.55 million Canadians , making it the 4th highest watched program of the week in Canada . </P> <H3> Critical response ( edit ) </H3> <P> The critical response to the episode was highly positive . </P> <P> Jonah Krakow of IGN gave the episode an `` Incredible '' rating of 9.5 out of 10 , calling it `` fantastic '' . Jonah Krakow praised the episode 's pacing by saying : `` This episode did n't let up for one minute , because even while House was trying to save Hannah under threat of the building shifting and crushing him , he had to deal with his personal feelings for Cuddy ( who had just gotten engaged to Lucas ) while also trying to diagnose the crane operator ( at the hospital with his team ) via cellphone . In a way , this episode reminded me of one of my favorites from this season , `` 5 to 9 '' , where Cuddy 's jam - packed day at the hospital was spotlighted . Like that episode , just when you thought House and his team were in the clear , there was another speed bump in the road . For example , that amputation was as riveting and horrifying a scene as I can remember ... and there were still 20 minutes and plenty of brutal twists and turns left in the episode . </P> <P> Unrealityshout.com praised the episode and said that : `` ... it must be said , Hugh Laurie acts his socks off in this episode . I think this is one of the few times another human being has seen House at his most vulnerable . He develops an attachment to Hannah , and I think a lot hinges on his ability to save her . In a series where House has virtually phoned in his diagnoses , here he is with his sleeves rolled up amputating a woman 's leg . And still he ca n't save her . And Hugh Laurie had sheer desperation in his eyes throughout those scenes which actually connected with me as a viewer . '' </P> <P> Zack Handlen of The A.V. Club gave the episode a B rating . Handlen wrote : `` '' Help Me '' is strong , no question . I cared about the Patient Of The Week for the first time in a very long while ( I 'm talking about Hanna , not the crane operator , who was only there to give Coke Zero something to do ) , and while it was easy to predict at the outset she was n't going to make it , I was still upset when she died . Partly that 's because , once she was rescued from under the building , I assumed she was going to be okay -- it 's an obvious fake out , but an effective one . Plus , as familiar as so much of this was ( how many medical dramas have had an episode with a patient trapped under rubble ? ) , it was done well , and Hugh Laurie was so strong , that it really made Hanna 's fate matter . '' </P> <P> TVFantatic.com gave the episode a 4.6 / 5.0 and said that `` ... after Cuddy 's cutting diatribe on `` Help Me '' ( `` You 're gon na risk her life just to save her leg ? Really worked out well for you , did n't it ? '' ) , House finally realised ... he 's miserable and alone , no matter how he tries to analyze it ... this vulnerability did n't just guarantee Hugh Laurie an Emmy , it made Cuddy fans around the globe celebrate . '' </P> <P> Screenrant.com reviewed the episode very positively saying : `` Tonight 's season finale of House however , was not only beautiful masterpiece in both acting and writing , but also a refreshing return to basics . It included so many jaw - dropping , heart stopping moments that this episode could easily be considered one of the best episodes of House to date because it not only gave fans what they 've always wanted ( House and Cuddy -- together ) , but it also provides an amazing platform to start off the seventh season . '' </P> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Bloom , Philip ( April 19 , 2010 ) . `` EXCLUSIVE : In depth interview with Greg Yaitanes , Executive Producer and Director of `` House '' Season Finale shot on Canon 5DmkII `` . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 23 . Interview with Greg Yaitanes about Season Finale of House by PhilipBloom . Archived from the original ( m4a ) on 2010 - 04 - 20 . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 23 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Jefferson Graham ( May 14 , 2010 ) . `` ' House ' director producing episode with digital camera , memory card '' . USA Today . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 23 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Seidman , Robert ( May 25 , 2010 ) . `` TV Ratings Top 25 : Dancing Tops Idol With Viewers Again , Lost Finale Wins With Adults 18 - 49 '' . TVbythenumbers.com . Archived from the original on May 28 , 2010 . Retrieved May 30 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2010 - 07 - 05 . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 18 . CS1 maint : Archived copy as title ( link ) </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Jonah Krakow ( 2010 - 05 - 18 ) . `` House : `` Help Me '' Review . The season comes to a close , but not without a fight `` . IGN . News Corporation . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 23 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Unreality Shout review '' . 21 September 2010 . Archived from the original on 23 May 2010 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Zack Handlen ( May 17 , 2010 ) . `` House `` Help Me '' `` . The A.V. Club . The Onion . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 23 . Rating B </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` TV Fanatic Review '' . 21 September 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Screen Rant Review '' . 22 September 2010 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wikiquote has quotations related to : Help Me </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ul> <Li> `` Help Me '' at Fox.com </Li> <Li> `` Help Me '' on IMDb </Li> <Li> `` Help Me '' at TV.com </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> House </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Characters </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Main </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Gregory House </Li> <Li> Lisa Cuddy </Li> <Li> James Wilson </Li> <Li> Eric Foreman </Li> <Li> Robert Chase </Li> <Li> Allison Cameron </Li> <Li> Thirteen ( Remy Hadley ) </Li> <Li> Chris Taub </Li> <Li> Lawrence Kutner </Li> <Li> Martha Masters </Li> <Li> Jessica Adams </Li> <Li> Chi Park </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Recurring </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Edward Vogler </Li> <Li> Stacy Warner </Li> <Li> Michael Tritter </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Episodes </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Season 1 </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` Pilot '' </Li> <Li> `` Paternity '' </Li> <Li> `` Love Hurts '' </Li> <Li> `` Three Stories '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Season 2 </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` Acceptance '' </Li> <Li> `` Autopsy '' </Li> <Li> `` Humpty Dumpty '' </Li> <Li> `` Daddy 's Boy '' </Li> <Li> `` Spin '' </Li> <Li> `` Hunting '' </Li> <Li> `` The Mistake '' </Li> <Li> `` Deception '' </Li> <Li> `` Failure to Communicate '' </Li> <Li> `` Need to Know '' </Li> <Li> `` All In '' </Li> <Li> `` Clueless '' </Li> <Li> `` House vs. God '' </Li> <Li> `` Who 's Your Daddy ? '' </Li> <Li> `` No Reason '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Season 3 </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` Meaning '' </Li> <Li> `` Informed Consent '' </Li> <Li> `` Lines in the Sand '' </Li> <Li> `` Fools for Love '' </Li> <Li> `` Que Será Será '' </Li> <Li> `` Son of Coma Guy '' </Li> <Li> `` Whac - A-Mole '' </Li> <Li> `` Finding Judas '' </Li> <Li> `` Merry Little Christmas '' </Li> <Li> `` Words and Deeds '' </Li> <Li> `` One Day , One Room '' </Li> <Li> `` Needle in a Haystack '' </Li> <Li> `` Insensitive '' </Li> <Li> `` Half - Wit '' </Li> <Li> `` Top Secret '' </Li> <Li> `` Fetal Position '' </Li> <Li> `` Airborne '' </Li> <Li> `` Act Your Age '' </Li> <Li> `` House Training '' </Li> <Li> `` Family '' </Li> <Li> `` Resignation '' </Li> <Li> `` The Jerk '' </Li> <Li> `` Human Error '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Season 4 </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` Alone '' </Li> <Li> `` The Right Stuff '' </Li> <Li> `` 97 Seconds '' </Li> <Li> `` Guardian Angels '' </Li> <Li> `` Mirror Mirror '' </Li> <Li> `` Whatever It Takes '' </Li> <Li> `` Ugly '' </Li> <Li> `` You Do n't Want to Know '' </Li> <Li> `` Games '' </Li> <Li> `` It 's a Wonderful Lie '' </Li> <Li> `` Frozen '' </Li> <Li> `` Do n't Ever Change '' </Li> <Li> `` No More Mr. Nice Guy '' </Li> <Li> `` Living the Dream '' </Li> <Li> `` House 's Head '' </Li> <Li> `` Wilson 's Heart '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Season 5 </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` Dying Changes Everything '' </Li> <Li> `` Not Cancer '' </Li> <Li> `` Adverse Events '' </Li> <Li> `` Birthmarks '' </Li> <Li> `` Lucky Thirteen '' </Li> <Li> `` Joy '' </Li> <Li> `` The Itch '' </Li> <Li> `` Emancipation '' </Li> <Li> `` Last Resort '' </Li> <Li> `` Let Them Eat Cake '' </Li> <Li> `` Joy to the World '' </Li> <Li> `` Big Baby '' </Li> <Li> `` The Greater Good '' </Li> <Li> `` Unfaithful '' </Li> <Li> `` The Softer Side '' </Li> <Li> `` The Social Contract '' </Li> <Li> `` Here Kitty '' </Li> <Li> `` Locked In '' </Li> <Li> `` Simple Explanation '' </Li> <Li> `` Saviors '' </Li> <Li> `` House Divided '' </Li> <Li> `` Under My Skin '' </Li> <Li> `` Both Sides Now '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Season 6 </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` Broken '' </Li> <Li> `` Epic Fail '' </Li> <Li> `` The Tyrant '' </Li> <Li> `` Instant Karma '' </Li> <Li> `` Brave Heart '' </Li> <Li> `` Known Unknowns '' </Li> <Li> `` Teamwork '' </Li> <Li> `` Ignorance Is Bliss '' </Li> <Li> `` Wilson '' </Li> <Li> `` The Down Low '' </Li> <Li> `` Remorse '' </Li> <Li> `` Moving the Chains '' </Li> <Li> `` 5 to 9 '' </Li> <Li> `` Private Lives '' </Li> <Li> `` Black Hole '' </Li> <Li> `` Lockdown '' </Li> <Li> `` Knight Fall '' </Li> <Li> `` Open and Shut '' </Li> <Li> `` The Choice '' </Li> <Li> `` Baggage '' </Li> <Li> `` Help Me '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Season 7 </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` Now What ? '' </Li> <Li> `` Selfish '' </Li> <Li> `` Unwritten '' </Li> <Li> `` Massage Therapy '' </Li> <Li> `` Unplanned Parenthood '' </Li> <Li> `` Office Politics '' </Li> <Li> `` A Pox on Our House '' </Li> <Li> `` Small Sacrifices '' </Li> <Li> `` Larger than Life '' </Li> <Li> `` Carrot or Stick '' </Li> <Li> `` Family Practice '' </Li> <Li> `` You Must Remember This '' </Li> <Li> `` Two Stories '' </Li> <Li> `` Recession Proof '' </Li> <Li> `` Bombshells '' </Li> <Li> `` Out of the Chute '' </Li> <Li> `` Fall from Grace '' </Li> <Li> `` The Dig '' </Li> <Li> `` Last Temptation '' </Li> <Li> `` Changes '' </Li> <Li> `` The Fix '' </Li> <Li> `` After Hours '' </Li> <Li> `` Moving On '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Season 8 </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` Twenty Vicodin '' </Li> <Li> `` Transplant '' </Li> <Li> `` Charity Case '' </Li> <Li> `` Risky Business '' </Li> <Li> `` The Confession '' </Li> <Li> `` Parents '' </Li> <Li> `` Dead & Buried '' </Li> <Li> `` Perils of Paranoia '' </Li> <Li> `` Better Half '' </Li> <Li> `` Runaways '' </Li> <Li> `` Nobody 's Fault '' </Li> <Li> `` Chase '' </Li> <Li> `` Man of the House '' </Li> <Li> `` Love Is Blind '' </Li> <Li> `` Blowing the Whistle '' </Li> <Li> `` Gut Check '' </Li> <Li> `` We Need the Eggs '' </Li> <Li> `` Body & Soul '' </Li> <Li> `` The C - Word '' </Li> <Li> `` Post Mortem '' </Li> <Li> `` Holding On '' </Li> <Li> `` Everybody Dies '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Related </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Cast list </Li> <Li> Accolades </Li> <Li> Diagnoses </Li> <Li> Soundtrack </Li> <Li> Nurse Jeffrey </Li> <Li> Doctor Richter </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Portal </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Help_Me_(House)&oldid=861147418 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> House ( season 6 ) episodes </Li> <Li> 2010 American television episodes </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> CS1 maint : Archived copy as title </Li> <Li> Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention from March 2011 </Li> <Li> All Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention </Li> <Li> Articles with short description </Li> <Li> Television episode articles with short description for single episodes </Li> <Li> Pages using infobox television episode with incorrectly formatted episode list </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> Help </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> Français </Li> <Li> Русский </Li> <Li> Українська </Li> </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 25 September 2018 , at 12 : 44 ( UTC ) . </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> | [
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Fiddler on the Roof - wikipedia <H1> Fiddler on the Roof </H1> Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the 1964 musical . For the film , see Fiddler on the Roof ( film ) . <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Fiddler on the Roof </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Playbill from the Original Broadway Production </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Music </Th> <Td> Jerry Bock </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Lyrics </Th> <Td> Sheldon Harnick </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Book </Th> <Td> Joseph Stein </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Basis </Th> <Td> Tevye and His Daughters by Sholem Aleichem </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Productions </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 1964 Broadway </Li> <Li> 1967 West End </Li> <Li> 1971 film </Li> <Li> 1976 Broadway revival </Li> <Li> 1981 Broadway revival </Li> <Li> 1983 West End revival </Li> <Li> 1990 Broadway revival </Li> <Li> 1994 West End revival </Li> <Li> 2003 UK tour </Li> <Li> 2004 Broadway revival </Li> <Li> 2007 West End revival </Li> <Li> 2008 UK tour </Li> <Li> 2009 US Tour </Li> <Li> 2015 Broadway revival </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Awards </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Tony Award for Best Musical </Li> <Li> Tony Award for Best Score </Li> <Li> Tony Award for Best Book </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Fiddler on the Roof is a musical with music by Jerry Bock , lyrics by Sheldon Harnick , and book by Joseph Stein , set in the Pale of Settlement of Imperial Russia in 1905 . It is based on Tevye and his Daughters ( or Tevye the Dairyman ) and other tales by Sholem Aleichem . The story centers on Tevye , the father of five daughters , and his attempts to maintain his Jewish religious and cultural traditions as outside influences encroach upon the family 's lives . He must cope both with the strong - willed actions of his three older daughters , who wish to marry for love -- each one 's choice of a husband moves further away from the customs of his faith -- and with the edict of the Tsar that evicts the Jews from their village . </P> <P> The original Broadway production of the show , which opened in 1964 , had the first musical theatre run in history to surpass 3,000 performances . Fiddler held the record for the longest - running Broadway musical for almost 10 years until Grease surpassed its run . It remains the sixteenth longest - running show in Broadway history . The production was extraordinarily profitable and highly acclaimed . It won nine Tony Awards , including Best Musical , score , book , direction and choreography . It spawned five Broadway revivals and a highly successful 1971 film adaptation and has enjoyed enduring international popularity . It has also been a popular choice for school and community productions . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Background </Li> <Li> 2 Synopsis <Ul> <Li> 2.1 Act I </Li> <Li> 2.2 Act II </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 Musical numbers </Li> <Li> 4 Principal characters </Li> <Li> 5 Productions <Ul> <Li> 5.1 Original productions </Li> <Li> 5.2 Broadway revivals </Li> <Li> 5.3 London revivals </Li> <Li> 5.4 UK tours </Li> <Li> 5.5 Australian productions </Li> <Li> 5.6 US tours </Li> <Li> 5.7 International and amateur productions </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 6 Film adaptation and recordings </Li> <Li> 7 Cultural influence <Ul> <Li> 7.1 Parodies </Li> <Li> 7.2 Covers </Li> <Li> 7.3 Other song versions </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 8 Awards </Li> <Li> 9 Notes </Li> <Li> 10 References </Li> <Li> 11 Further reading </Li> <Li> 12 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Background ( edit ) </H2> <P> Fiddler on the Roof is based on Tevye and his Daughters ( or Tevye the Dairyman ) , a series of stories by Sholem Aleichem that he wrote in Yiddish between 1894 and 1914 about Jewish life in a village in the Pale of Settlement of Imperial Russia at the turn of the 20th century . It is also influenced by Life Is with People , by Mark Zborowski and Elizabeth Herzog . Aleichem wrote a dramatic adaptation of the stories that he left unfinished at his death , but which was produced in Yiddish in 1919 by the Yiddish Art Theater and made into a film in the 1930s . In the late 1950s , a musical based on the stories , called Tevye and his Daughters , was produced Off - Broadway by Arnold Perl . Rodgers and Hammerstein and then Mike Todd briefly considered bringing this musical to Broadway but dropped the idea . </P> <P> Investors and some in the media worried that Fiddler on the Roof might be considered `` too Jewish '' to attract mainstream audiences . Other critics considered that it was too culturally sanitized , `` middlebrow '' and superficial ; Philip Roth , writing in The New Yorker , called it shtetl kitsch . For example , it portrays the local Russian officer as sympathetic , instead of brutal and cruel , as Sholom Aleichem had described him . Aleichem 's stories ended with Tevye alone , his wife dead and his daughters scattered ; at the end of Fiddler , the family members are alive , and most are emigrating together to America . The show found the right balance for its time , even if not entirely authentic , to become `` one of the first popular post-Holocaust depictions of the vanished world of Eastern European Jewry '' . Harold Prince replaced the original producer Fred Coe and brought in director / choreographer Jerome Robbins . The writers and Robbins considered naming the musical Tevye , before landing on a title suggested by various paintings by Marc Chagall that also inspired the original set design . Contrary to popular belief , the `` title of the musical does not refer to any specific painting '' . During rehearsals , one of the stars , Jewish actor Zero Mostel , feuded with Robbins , whom he held in contempt because Robbins had testified before the House Un-American Activities Committee and hid his Jewish heritage from the public . Other cast members also had run - ins with Robbins , who reportedly `` abused the cast , drove the designers crazy ( and ) strained the good nature of Hal Prince '' . </P> <H2> Synopsis ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Act I ( edit ) </H3> <P> Tevye , a poor Jewish milkman with five daughters , explains the customs of the Jews in the Russian shtetl of Anatevka in 1905 , where their lives are as precarious as the perch of a fiddler on a roof ( `` Tradition '' ) . At Tevye 's home , everyone is busy preparing for the Sabbath meal . His sharp - tongued wife , Golde , orders their daughters , Tzeitel , Hodel , Chava , Shprintze and Bielke , about their tasks . Yente , the village matchmaker , arrives to tell Golde that Lazar Wolf , the wealthy butcher , a widower older than Tevye , wants to wed Tzeitel , the eldest daughter . The next two daughters , Hodel and Chava , are excited about Yente 's visit , but Tzeitel is unenthusiastic ( `` Matchmaker , Matchmaker '' ) . A girl from a poor family must take whatever husband Yente brings , but Tzeitel wants to marry her childhood friend , Motel the tailor . </P> The Fiddler by Marc Chagall , from which the musical takes its name <P> Tevye is delivering milk , pulling the cart himself , as his horse is lame . He asks God : Whom would it hurt `` If I Were a Rich Man '' ? Avram , the bookseller , has news from the outside world about pogroms and expulsions . A stranger , Perchik , hears their conversation and scolds them for doing nothing more than talk . The men dismiss Perchik as a radical , but Tevye invites him home for the Sabbath meal and offers him food and a room in exchange for tutoring his two youngest daughters . Golde tells Tevye to meet Lazar after the Sabbath but does not tell him why , knowing that Tevye does not like Lazar . Tzeitel is afraid that Yente will find her a husband before Motel asks Tevye for her hand . But Motel resists : he is afraid of Tevye 's temper , and tradition says that a matchmaker arranges marriages . Motel is also very poor and is saving up to buy a sewing machine before he approaches Tevye , to show that he can support a wife . The family gathers for the `` Sabbath Prayer . '' </P> <P> After the Sabbath , Tevye meets Lazar at Mordcha 's inn , assuming mistakenly that Lazar wants to buy his cow . Once the misunderstanding is cleared up , Tevye agrees to let Lazar marry Tzeitel -- with a rich butcher , his daughter will never want for anything . All join in the celebration of Lazar 's good fortune ; even the Russian youths at the inn join in the celebration and show off their dancing skills ( `` To Life '' ) . Outside the inn , Tevye happens upon the Russian Constable , who has jurisdiction over the Jews in the town . The Constable warns him that there is going to be a `` little unofficial demonstration '' in the coming weeks ( a euphemism for a minor pogrom ) . The Constable has sympathy for the Jewish community but is powerless to prevent the violence . </P> <P> The next morning , after Perchik 's lessons with her young sisters , Tevye 's second daughter Hodel mocks Perchik 's Marxist interpretation of a Bible story . He , in turn , criticizes her for hanging on to the old traditions of Judaism , noting that the world is changing . To illustrate this , he dances with her , defying the prohibition against opposite sexes dancing together . The two begin to fall in love . Later , a hungover Tevye announces that he has agreed that Tzeitel will marry Lazar Wolf . Golde is overjoyed , but Tzeitel is devastated and begs Tevye not to force her . Motel arrives and tells Tevye that he is the perfect match for Tzeitel and that he and Tzeitel gave each other a pledge to marry . He promises that Tzeitel will not starve as his wife . Tevye is stunned and outraged at this breach of tradition , but impressed at the timid tailor 's display of backbone . After some soul - searching ( `` Tevye 's Monologue '' ) , Tevye agrees to let them marry , but he worries about how to break the news to Golde . An overjoyed Motel celebrates with Tzeitel ( `` Miracle of Miracles '' ) . </P> <P> In bed with Golde , Tevye pretends to be waking from a nightmare . Golde offers to interpret his dream , and Tevye `` describes '' it ( `` Tevye 's Dream '' ) . Golde 's grandmother Tzeitel returns from the grave to bless the marriage of her namesake , but to Motel , not to Lazar Wolf . Lazar 's formidable late wife , Fruma - Sarah , rises from her grave to warn , in graphic terms , of severe retribution if Tzeitel marries Lazar . The superstitious Golde is terrified , and she quickly counsels that Tzeitel must marry Motel . While returning from town , Tevye 's third daughter , the bookish Chava , is teased and intimidated by some gentile youths . One , Fyedka , protects her , dismissing the others . He offers Chava the loan of a book , and a secret relationship begins . </P> <P> The wedding day of Tzeitel and Motel arrives , and all the Jews join the ceremony ( `` Sunrise , Sunset '' ) and the celebration ( `` The Wedding Dance '' ) . Lazar gives a fine gift , but an argument arises with Tevye over the broken agreement . Perchik ends the tiff by breaking another tradition : he crosses the barrier between the men and women to dance with Tevye 's daughter Hodel . The celebration ends abruptly when a group of Russians rides into the village to perform the `` demonstration '' . They disrupt the party , damaging the wedding gifts and wounding Perchik , who attempts to fight back , and wreak more destruction in the village . Tevye instructs his family to clean up the mess . </P> <H3> Act ii ( edit ) </H3> Fiddler On the Roof by Lev Segal in Netanya , Israel <P> Months later , Perchik tells Hodel he must return to Kiev to work for the revolution . He proposes marriage , admitting that he loves her , and says that he will send for her . She agrees ( `` Now I Have Everything '' ) . They tell Tevye that they are engaged , and he is appalled that they are flouting tradition by making their own match , especially as Perchik is leaving . When he forbids the marriage , Perchik and Hodel inform him that they do not seek his permission , only his blessing . After more soul searching , Tevye relents -- the world is changing , and he must change with it ( `` Tevye 's Rebuttal '' ) . He informs the young couple that he gives them his blessing and his permission . </P> <P> Tevye explains these events to an astonished Golde . `` Love , '' he says , `` it 's the new style . '' Tevye asks Golde , despite their own arranged marriage , `` Do You Love Me ? '' After dismissing Tevye 's question as foolish , she eventually admits that , after 25 years of living and struggling together and raising five daughters , she does . Meanwhile , Yente tells Tzeitel that she saw Chava with Fyedka . News spreads quickly in Anatevka that Perchik has been arrested and exiled to Siberia ( `` The Rumor / I Just Heard '' ) , and Hodel is determined to join him there . At the railway station , she explains to her father that her home is with her beloved , wherever he may be , although she will always love her family ( `` Far From the Home I Love '' ) . </P> <P> Time passes . Motel has purchased a used sewing machine , and he and Tzeitel have had a baby . Chava finally gathers the courage to ask Tevye to allow her marriage to Fyedka . Again Tevye reaches deep into his soul , but marriage outside the Jewish faith is a line he will not cross . He forbids Chava to speak to Fyedka again . When Golde brings news that Chava has eloped with Fyedka , Tevye wonders where he went wrong ( `` Chavaleh Sequence '' ) . Chava returns and tries to reason with him , but he refuses to speak to her and tells the rest of the family to consider her dead . Meanwhile , rumors are spreading of the Russians expelling Jews from their villages . While the villagers are gathered , the Constable arrives to tell everyone that they have three days to pack up and leave the town . In shock , they reminisce about `` Anatevka '' and how hard it will be to leave what has been their home for so long . </P> <P> As the Jews leave Anatevka , Chava and Fyedka stop to tell her family that they are also leaving for Kraków , unwilling to remain among the people who could do such things to others . Tevye still will not talk to her , but when Tzeitel says goodbye to Chava , Tevye prompts her to add `` God be with you . '' Motel and Tzeitel go to Poland as well but will join the rest of the family when they have saved up enough money . As Tevye , Golde and their two youngest daughters leave the village for America , the fiddler begins to play . Tevye beckons with a nod , and the fiddler follows them out of the village . </P> <H2> Musical numbers ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> <Dl> <Dt> Act I </Dt> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> `` Prologue : Tradition '' -- Tevye and the Company </Li> <Li> `` Matchmaker , Matchmaker '' -- Tzeitel , Hodel and Chava </Li> <Li> `` If I Were a Rich Man '' -- Tevye </Li> <Li> `` Sabbath Prayer '' -- Tevye , Golde and the Company </Li> <Li> `` To Life '' -- Tevye , Lazar Wolf and the Company </Li> <Li> `` Tevye 's Monologue '' -- Tevye </Li> <Li> `` Miracle of Miracles '' -- Motel </Li> <Li> `` Tevye 's Dream '' -- Tevye , Golde , Grandma Tzeitel , Fruma - Sarah , Company </Li> <Li> `` Sunrise , Sunset '' -- Tevye , Golde , Perchik , Hodel and the Company </Li> <Li> `` The Bottle Dance '' -- Instrumental </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Dl> <Dt> Act II </Dt> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> `` Entr'acte '' -- Orchestra </Li> <Li> `` Now I Have Everything '' -- Perchik and Hodel </Li> <Li> `` Tevye 's Rebuttal '' -- Tevye </Li> <Li> `` Do You Love Me ? '' -- Tevye and Golde </Li> <Li> `` The Rumor / I Just Heard '' -- Yente and villagers § </Li> <Li> `` Far From the Home I Love '' -- Hodel </Li> <Li> `` Chavaleh ( Little Bird ) '' -- Tevye </Li> <Li> `` Anatevka '' -- The Company </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> § The 2004 revival featured a song for Yente and some women of the village ( Rivka and Mirala ) titled `` Topsy Turvy '' , discussing the disappearing role of the matchmaker in society . The number replaced `` The Rumor / I Just Heard '' . </P> <H2> Principal characters ( edit ) </H2> <P> All of the characters are Jewish , except as noted : </P> <Ul> <Li> Tevye , a poor milkman with five daughters . A firm supporter of the traditions of his faith , he finds many of his convictions tested by the actions of his three oldest daughters . </Li> <Li> Golde , Tevye 's sharp - tongued wife . </Li> <Li> Tzeitel , their oldest daughter , about nineteen . She loves her childhood friend Motel and marries him , even though he 's poor , begging her father not to force her to marry Lazar Wolf . </Li> <Li> Hodel , their daughter , about seventeen . Intelligent and spirited , she falls in love with Perchik and later joins him in Siberia . </Li> <Li> Chava , their daughter , about fifteen . A shy book lover , who falls in love with Fyedka . </Li> <Li> Shprintze , their daughter , about twelve . </Li> <Li> Bielke , their youngest daughter , about nine . </Li> <Li> Motel Kamzoil , a poor but hardworking tailor who loves , and later marries , Tzeitel . </Li> <Li> Perchik , a scholar and Bolshevik revolutionary who comes to Anatevka and falls in love with Hodel . He leaves for Kiev and is exiled to Siberia . </Li> <Li> Fyedka , a young Christian man . He shares Chava 's passion for reading and is outraged by the Russians ' treatment of the Jews . </Li> <Li> Lazar Wolf , the wealthy village butcher . Widower of Fruma - Sarah . Attempts to arrange a marriage for himself to Tzeitel . </Li> <Li> Yente , the gossipy village matchmaker who matches Tzeitel and Lazar . </Li> <Li> Fruma - Sarah , Lazar Wolf 's dead wife , who rises from the grave in Tevye 's `` nightmare '' . </Li> <Li> Grandma Tzeitel , Golde 's dead grandmother , also featured in the `` nightmare '' . </Li> <Li> Mordcha , the innkeeper . </Li> <Li> Rabbi , the wise village rabbi . </Li> <Li> Constable , a Christian man ; the head of the local Russian police . </Li> </Ul> <H2> Productions ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Original productions ( edit ) </H3> Zero Mostel as Tevye in the original Broadway production , 1964 <P> Following its tryout at Detroit 's Fisher Theatre in July and August 1964 , then Washington in August to September , the original Broadway production opened on September 22 , 1964 , at the Imperial Theatre , transferred in 1967 to the Majestic Theatre and in 1970 to The Broadway Theatre , and ran for a record - setting total of 3,242 performances . The production was directed and choreographed by Robbins -- his last original Broadway staging . The set , designed in the style of Marc Chagall 's paintings , was by Boris Aronson . A colorful logo for the production , also inspired by Chagall 's work , was designed by Tom Morrow . Chagall reportedly did not like the musical . </P> <P> The cast included Zero Mostel as Tevye the milkman , Maria Karnilova as his wife Golde ( each of whom won a Tony for their performances ) , Beatrice Arthur as Yente the matchmaker , Austin Pendleton as Motel , Bert Convy as Perchik the student revolutionary , Gino Conforti as the fiddler , and Julia Migenes as Hodel . Mostel ad - libbed increasingly as the run went on , `` which drove the authors up the wall . '' Joanna Merlin originated the role of Tzeitel , which was later assumed by Bette Midler during the original run . Carol Sawyer was Fruma Sarah , Adrienne Barbeau took a turn as Hodel , and Pia Zadora played the youngest daughter , Bielke . Both Peg Murray and Dolores Wilson made extended appearances as Golde , while other stage actors who have played Tevye include Herschel Bernardi , Theodore Bikel and Harry Goz ( in the original Broadway run ) , and Leonard Nimoy . Mostel 's understudy in the original production , Paul Lipson , went on to appear as Tevye in more performances than any other actor ( until Chaim Topol ) , clocking over 2,000 performances in the role in the original run and several revivals . Florence Stanley took over the role of Yente nine months into the run . The production earned $1,574 for every dollar invested in it . It was nominated for ten Tony Awards , winning nine , including Best Musical , score , book , direction and choreography , and acting awards for Mostel and Karnilova . </P> <P> The original London West End production opened on February 16 , 1967 , at Her Majesty 's Theatre and played for 2,030 performances . It starred Topol as Tevye , a role he had previously played in Tel Aviv , and Miriam Karlin as Golde . Alfie Bass , Lex Goudsmit and Barry Martin eventually took over as Tevye . Topol later played Tevye in the 1971 film adaptation , for which he was nominated for an Academy Award , and in several revivals over the next four decades . The show was revived in London for short seasons in 1983 at the Apollo Victoria Theatre and in 1994 at the London Palladium . </P> <H3> Broadway revivals ( edit ) </H3> <P> The first Broadway revival opened on December 28 , 1976 , and ran for 176 performances at the Winter Garden Theatre . Zero Mostel starred as Tevye . Robbins directed and choreographed . A second Broadway revival opened on July 9 , 1981 , and played for a limited run ( 53 performances ) at Lincoln Center 's New York State Theater . It starred Herschel Bernardi as Tevye and Karnilova as Golde . Other cast members included Liz Larsen , Fyvush Finkel , Lawrence Leritz and Paul Lipson . Robbins directed and choreographed . The third Broadway revival opened on November 18 , 1990 , and ran for 241 performances at the George Gershwin Theatre . Topol starred as Tevye , and Marcia Lewis was Golde . Robbins ' production was reproduced by Ruth Mitchell and choreographer Sammy Dallas Bayes . The production won the Tony Award for Best Revival . </P> <P> A fourth Broadway revival opened on February 26 , 2004 , and ran for 36 previews and 781 performances at the Minskoff Theatre . Alfred Molina , and later Harvey Fierstein , starred as Tevye , and Randy Graff , and later Andrea Martin and Rosie O'Donnell , was Golde . Barbara Barrie and later Nancy Opel played Yente , Laura Michelle Kelly played Hodel and Lea Michele played Sprintze . It was directed by David Leveaux . This production replaced Yente 's song `` The Rumor '' with a song for Yente and two other women called `` Topsy - Turvy '' . The production was nominated for six Tonys but did not win any . In June 2014 , to celebrate the show 's 50th anniversary , a gala celebration and reunion was held at The Town Hall in New York City to benefit The National Yiddish Theatre -- Folksbiene , with appearances by many of the cast members of the various Broadway productions and the 1971 film . </P> <P> The fifth Broadway revival began previews on November 20 and opened on December 20 , 2015 at the Broadway Theatre , with concept and choreography based on the original by Jerome Robbins . Bartlett Sher directed , and Hofesh Shechter choreographed . The cast starred Danny Burstein as Tevye , with Jessica Hecht as Golde , Alexandra Silber as Tzeitel , Adam Kantor as Motel , Ben Rappaport as Perchik , Samantha Massell as Hodel and Melanie Moore as Chava . Judy Kuhn replaced Hecht as Golde on November 22 , 2016 , for the last five weeks of the run . Designers include Michael Yeargan ( sets ) , Catherine Zuber ( costumes ) and Donald Holder ( lighting ) . Initial reviews were mostly positive , finding Burstein and the show touching . The production was nominated for three Tony Awards but won none . It closed on December 31 , 2016 after 463 performances . </P> <H3> London revivals ( edit ) </H3> <P> Fiddler was first revived in London in 1983 at the Apollo Victoria Theatre ( a four - month season starring Topol ) and again in 1994 at the London Palladium for two months and then on tour , again starring Topol , and directed and choreographed by Sammy Dallas Bayes , recreating the Robbins production . </P> <P> After a two - month tryout at the Crucible Theatre in Sheffield , England , a London revival opened on May 19 , 2007 , at the Savoy Theatre starring Henry Goodman as Tevye , Beverley Klein as Golde , Alexandra Silber as Hodel , Damian Humbley as Perchik and Victor McGuire as Lazar Wolf . The production was directed by Lindsay Posner . Robbins ' choreography was recreated by Sammy Dallas Bayes ( who did the same for the 1990 Broadway revival ) , with additional choreography by Kate Flatt . </P> <H3> UK tours ( edit ) </H3> <P> A 2003 national tour played for seven months , with a radical design , directed by Julian Woolford and choreographed by Chris Hocking . The production 's minimalist set and costumes were monochromatic , and Fruma - Sarah was represented by a 12 - foot puppet . This production was revived in 2008 starring Joe McGann . </P> <P> The show toured the UK again in 2013 and 2014 starring Paul Michael Glaser as Tevye with direction and choreography by Craig Revel Horwood . </P> <H3> Australian productions ( edit ) </H3> <P> The original Australian production opened on June 16 , 1967 , at Her Majesty 's Theatre in Sydney . It starred Hayes Gordon as Tevye and Brigid Lenihan as Golde . The production ran for two years . The first professional revival tour was staged by the Australian Opera in 1984 with Gordon again playing Tevye . A young Anthony Warlow played Fyedka . </P> <P> In 2005 and 2007 , Topol recreated his role as Tevye in Australian productions , with seasons in Sydney , Brisbane , Melbourne , Perth , Wellington and Auckland . The musical was again revived in Melbourne and Sydney in 2015 -- 2016 with Anthony Warlow as Tevye , Sigrid Thornton as Golde and Lior as Motel . </P> <H3> US tours ( edit ) </H3> <P> Topol in ' Fiddler on the Roof ' : The Farewell Tour opened on January 20 , 2009 , in Wilmington , Delaware . Topol left the tour in November 2009 due to torn muscles . He was replaced by Harvey Fierstein . </P> <H3> International and amateur productions ( edit ) </H3> 2006 production at the Brno City Theatre in the Czech Republic <P> The musical was an international hit , with early productions playing throughout Europe , in South America , Africa and Australia ; 100 different productions were mounted in the former West Germany in the first three decades after the musical 's premiere , and within five years after the collapse of the Berlin Wall , 23 productions were staged in the former East Germany ; and it was the longest - running musical ever seen in Tokyo . </P> <P> A Hebrew language staging was produced in Tel Aviv by the Israeli impresario Giora Godik in the 1960s . This version was so successful that Godik soon produced a Yiddish version translated by Shraga Friedman . A 2008 Hebrew language production ran at the Cameri Theatre in Tel Aviv for more than six years . It was directed by Moshe Kepten , choreographed by Dennis Courtney and starred Natan Datner . </P> <P> Un violon sur le toît was produced in French at Paris 's théâtre Marigny from November 1969 to May 1970 , resuming from September to January 1971 ( a total of 292 performances ) with Ivan Rebroff as Tevye and Maria Murano as Golde . Another adaptation was produced in 2005 at the théâtre Comédia in Paris with Franck Vincent as Tevye and Isabelle Ferron as Golde . The Stratford Shakespeare Festival produced the musical from April to October 2013 at the Festival Theatre directed and choreographed by Donna Feore . It starred Scott Wentworth as Tevye . </P> <P> The musical receives about 500 amateur productions a year in the US alone . </P> <H2> Film adaptation and recordings ( edit ) </H2> Main article : Fiddler on the Roof ( film ) <P> The film version was released in 1971 , directed and produced by Norman Jewison , and Stein adapted his own book for the screenplay . The casting of Chaim Topol over Zero Mostel for the role of Tevye caused controversy at first . The film received mostly positive reviews from film critics and became the highest - grossing film of 1971 . Fiddler received eight Oscar nominations , including Best Picture , Best Director for Jewison , Best Actor in a Leading Role for Topol , and Best Actor in a Supporting Role for Leonard Frey ( as Motel ; in the original Broadway production , Frey was the rabbi 's son ) . It won three , including best score / adaptation for arranger - conductor John Williams . </P> <P> In the film version , the character of Yente is reduced , and Perchik 's song to Hodel `` Now I Have Everything '' is cut and replaced by a scene in Kiev . The `` Chagall color palette '' of the original Broadway production was exchanged for a grittier , more realistic depiction of the village of Anatevka . </P> <P> Theatre writer John Kenrick writes that the original Broadway cast album released by RCA Victor in 1964 , `` shimmers -- an essential recording in any show lover 's collection '' , praising the cast . The remastered CD includes two recordings not on the original album , the bottle dance from the wedding scene and `` Rumor '' performed by Beatrice Arthur . Kenrick writes that while the original Broadway cast version is the clear first choice among recordings of this musical , he also likes the Columbia Records studio cast album with Bernardi as Tevye ; the film soundtrack , although he feels that the pace drags a bit ; and some of the numerous foreign versions , including the Israeli , German and Japanese casts . </P> <H2> Cultural influence ( edit ) </H2> Statue of Tevye , his horse , wagon , and passenger in Birobidzhan , Russia <P> The musical 's popularity has led to numerous references in popular media and elsewhere . The show or its songs have been parodied and covered widely : </P> <H3> Parodies ( edit ) </H3> <P> Parodies relating to the show have included Antenna on the Roof ( Mad Magazine # 156 , January 1973 ) , which speculated about the lives of Tevye 's descendants living in an assimilated 1970s suburban America . The H.P. Lovecraft Historical Society published a musical theatre and album parody of Fiddler on the Roof called A Shoggoth on the Roof , which incorporates the works of H.P. Lovecraft . In the film Mrs. Doubtfire ( 1993 ) , Robin Williams parodies `` Matchmaker '' . </P> <P> References to the musical on television have included a 2005 episode of Gilmore Girls titled `` Jews and Chinese Food '' , involving a production of the musical . A skit by The Electric Company about a village fiddler with a fear of heights , so he is deemed `` Fiddler on the Chair '' . In the Family Guy episode `` When You Wish Upon a Weinstein '' ( 2003 ) , William Shatner is depicted as playing Tevye in a scene from Fiddler . The second episode of Muppets Tonight , in 1996 , featured Garth Brooks doing a piece of `` If I were a Rich Man '' in which he kicks several chickens off the roof . `` The Rosie Show '' , a 1996 episode of The Nanny , parodied the dream scene , when Mr. Sheffield fakes a dream to convince Fran not to be a regular on a TV show . A 2011 episode of NBC 's Community , entitled `` Competitive Wine Tasting '' , included a parody of Fiddler titled , `` Fiddler , Please ! '' , with an all - black cast dressed in Fiddler on the Roof costumes singing `` It 's Hard to Be Jewish in Russia , Yo '' . Chabad.org kicked off their 2008 `` To Life '' Telethon with a pastiche of the fiddle solo and bottle dance from the musical . </P> <P> Broadway references have included Spamalot , where a `` Grail dance '' sends up the `` bottle dance '' in Fiddler 's wedding scene . The Producers ( 2001 ) includes a musical number in the style of Jerry Bock that features an actual fiddler on a roof . Also in 2001 , Chicago 's Improv Olympic produced a well - received parody , `` The Roof Is on Fiddler '' , that used most of the original book of the musical but replaced the songs with 1980 's pop songs . The original Broadway cast of the musical Avenue Q and the Broadway 2004 revival cast of Fiddler on the Roof collaborated for a Broadway Cares / Equity Fights AIDS benefit and produced an approximately 10 - minute - long show , `` Avenue Jew '' , that incorporated characters from both shows , including puppets . </P> <H3> Covers ( edit ) </H3> <P> Songs from the musical have been covered by notable artists . For example , in 1964 , jazz saxophonist Cannonball Adderley recorded the album Fiddler on the Roof , which featured jazz arrangements of eight songs from the musical . AllMusic awarded the album 4 stars and states `` Cannonball plays near his peak ; this is certainly the finest album by this particular sextet '' . That same year , Eydie Gormé released a single of `` Matchmaker '' . In 1999 , Knitting Factory Records released Knitting on the Roof , a compilation CD featuring covers of Fiddler songs by alternative bands such as The Residents , Negativland , and The Magnetic Fields . Indie rock band Bright Eyes recorded an adaptation of `` Sunrise , Sunset '' on their 2000 album Fevers and Mirrors . Allmusic gave the album a favorable review , and the online music magazine Pitchfork Media ranked it at number 170 on their list of top 200 albums of the 2000s . In 2005 , Melbourne punk band Yidcore released a reworking of the entire show called Fiddling on Ya Roof . </P> <P> Gwen Stefani and Eve covered `` If I Were a Rich Man '' as `` Rich Girl '' for Stefani 's 2004 debut solo album Love . Angel . Music . Baby . in 2004 . The song was inspired by the 1993 British Louchie Lou & Michie One ragga version of the same name . Stefani 's version reached # 7 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart , where it remained for over six months . It was certified gold by the RIAA and nominated for a Grammy Award for Best Rap / Sung Collaboration . It was also covered in 2008 and 2009 by the Capitol Steps , poking fun at Illinois politics , especially then - Governor Rod Blagojevich . The Santa Clara Vanguard Drum and Bugle Corps performs the `` Bottle Dance '' from Fiddler as a `` recurring trademark '' , including at the Drum Corps International World Championships . </P> <H3> Other song versions ( edit ) </H3> <P> The song `` Sunrise , Sunset '' is often played at weddings , and in 2011 Sheldon Harnick wrote two versions of the song , suitable for same - sex weddings , with minor word changes . For example , for male couples , changes include `` When did they grow to be so handsome '' . </P> <H2> Awards ( edit ) </H2> Main article : List of awards and nominations for the musical Fiddler on the Roof <P> Fiddler 's original Broadway production in 1964 was nominated for ten Tony Awards , winning nine , including Best Musical , score , and book , and Robbins won for best direction and choreography . Mostel and Karnilova won as best leading actor and best featured actress . In 1972 , the show won a special Tony on becoming the longest - running musical in Broadway history . </P> <P> Its revivals have also been honored . At the 1981 Tony Awards , Bernardi was nominated as best actor . Ten years later , the 1991 revival won for best revival , and Topol was nominated as best actor . The 2004 revival was nominated for six Tony Awards and three Drama Desk Awards but won none . The 2007 West End revival was nominated for Olivier Awards for best revival , and Goodman was nominated as best actor . </P> <H2> Notes ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ Paulson , Michael . `` Fiddler on the Roof Gets a Debated Update '' , The New York Times , December 18 , 2015 , accessed March 6 , 2018 ; and TIME magazine , May 26 , 2008 issue , p. 51 ( reporting that Fiddler ranked as the seventh most frequently produced musical by U.S. high schools in 2007 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Joselit , Jenna Weissman . `` Fiddler on the Roof Distorted Sholem Aleichem '' , The New Republic , June 7 , 2014 , accessed November 3 , 2014 </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Solomon , Alisa . `` How Fiddler Became Folklore '' , The Jewish Daily Forward , September 1 , 2006 , accessed January 29 , 2015 </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Brustein , Robert . `` Fiddle Shtick '' , The New York Review of Books , December 18 , 2014 , vol. 61 , No. 20 , pp. 82 -- 83 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Fiddler on the Roof . Additional Facts , MTI , accessed May 6 , 2010 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Wecker , Menachem . `` Marc Chagall : The French painter who inspired the title Fiddler on the Roof '' , The Washington Post , October 24 , 2014 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Show Archive '' Archived 2014 - 01 - 16 at the Wayback Machine. , Broadway in Detroit , accessed January 15 , 2014 </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Henneberger , Melinda . `` 50th anniversary of Fiddler on the Roof reunites Tevye 's many daughters '' , The Washington Post , June 14 , 2014 </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Hernandez , Ernio . `` Fiddler on the Roof -- 1964 '' Archived 2004 - 06 - 03 at the Wayback Machine. , Playbill , February 26 , 2004 , accessed June 17 , 2015 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ He staged Jerome Robbins ' Broadway , a `` greatest hits '' collection of some of his most famous stagings , at the Imperial Theatre on February 26 , 1989 , which ran for 633 performances . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Rich , p. 172 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Gussow , Mel . `` Paul Lipson , 82 , Who Appeared As Tevye Over 2,000 Times '' . The New York Times , January 5 , 1996 , accessed October 19 , 2015 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Florence Stanley '' , PlaybillValult.com , accessed July 29 , 2015 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kantor , p. 302 : `` The 1960s was the decade that nurtured long - running blockbusters in unprecedented quantities : ten musicals passed the rarefied 1,000 performance mark , three of them passed the 2,000 mark ( Hello , Dolly ! , a Merrick smash , grossed $27 million on Broadway ) , and one , Fiddler on the Roof , passed the 3,000 mark , earning back $1,574 for every dollar put into it . '' </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Fiddler On The Roof , Guide to Musical Theatre , accessed July 24 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Heller , Aron . `` Iconic Israeli Actor Chaim Topol Reflects Upon His Long Career '' , Haaretz , April 21 , 2015 , accessed August 4 , 2016 ; and Propst , Andy . `` Harvey Fierstein Replaces Topol in Fiddler on the Roof Tour '' , TheaterMania.com , November 11 , 2009 , accessed July 24 , 2016 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Fiddler on the Roof ( 2004 ) , IBDB database , accessed July 22 , 2012 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Gans . Andrew . `` Broadway 's Fiddler on the Roof Welcomes Judy Kuhn Tonight '' , Playbill , November 22 , 2016 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Simoes , Monica . `` To Life ! Watch Danny Burstein , Alexandra Silber and Company Give a Spirited Sneak Peek at Fiddler on the Roof '' , Playbill , October 15 , 2015 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Review Roundup : L'Chaim ! Danny Burstein Leads Fiddler on the Roof Revival '' , broadwayworld.com , December 20 , 2015 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Gans , Andrew . `` Fiddler on the Roof Ends Broadway Run December 31 '' , playbill.com , December 31 , 2016 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Information on the 1994 production Archived 2007 - 10 - 14 at the Wayback Machine . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Information about the 2007 London production of Fiddler on the Roof </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Fiddler on the Roof Archived December 27 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine. , Thisistheatre.com , April 27 , 2015 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Fiddler on the Roof official UK tour page '' , Music & Lyrics , accessed December 16 , 2014 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Hayes Gordon OBE AO 1920 - 1999 '' , Live Performance Australia ( 2007 ) , accessed January 1 , 2016 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Contrasts for opening of Australian Opera season '' . The Canberra Times . 58 , ( 17,792 ) . Australian Capital Territory , Australia . 15 June 1984 . p. 13 . Retrieved 25 January 2018 -- via National Library of Australia . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` ' Fiddler ' received with enthusiasm '' . The Canberra Times . 58 , ( 17,799 ) . Australian Capital Territory , Australia . 22 June 1984 . p. 13 . Retrieved 25 January 2018 -- via National Library of Australia . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Nye , Monica ( 24 August 2005 ) . `` Topol 's Model Role '' . The Age . Retrieved 26 November 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Munro - Wallis , Nigel ( 7 April 2006 ) . `` Fiddler on the Roof '' . ABC Radio Brisbane . Retrieved 26 November 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Chaim Topol '' . AusStage. 2017 . Retrieved 26 November 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Manning , Selwyn ( 10 May 2007 ) . `` Topol -- Auckland Has In Its Midst A Champion '' . Scoop News . Retrieved 26 November 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bennet , Sally . `` Anthony Warlow returns to Australian stage for Fiddler on the Roof '' , Herald - Sun , September 12 , 2015 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Jones , Kenneth . `` Harvey Fierstein to Replace Topol in Touring Fiddler on the Roof '' , Playbill.com , November 11 , 2009 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Whitfield , pp. 107 -- 108 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Nahshon , Edna . `` Israeli Theater : The revival of the Hebrew Language '' Archived 2014 - 11 - 04 at the Wayback Machine. , All About Jewish Theatre , accessed January 14 , 2011 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Almagor , Dan ( translated to English by Jay Shir ) . `` Musical Plays on the Hebrew Stage '' ) . All About Jewish Theater , Ariel 103 ( 1996 ) , pp. 19 -- 25 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Cameri Theatre Repertoire : Fiddler on the Roof '' Archived 2015 - 07 - 24 at the Wayback Machine. , www.cameri.co.il , accessed July 26 , 2015 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kae , Helen . `` Theatre Review : Fiddler On The Roof '' , Jerusalem Post , 2008 , accessed July 26 , 2015 ; Izso , Lauren . `` L'Chaim ! Fiddler on the Roof to return to Broadway '' , Jerusalem Post , March 10 , 2014 , accessed July 26 , 2015 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Un violon sur le toît , Opérette -- Théâtre Musical , accessed September 17 , 2016 ( in French ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Fiddler on the Roof at the Stratford Shakespeare Festival '' Archived 2013 - 07 - 14 at the Wayback Machine. , accessed August 30 , 2013 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Whitfield , p. 107 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Fiddler on the Roof ( 1971 ) , Rottentomatoes.com , accessed August 2 , 2015 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Tino Balio , United Artists : The Company That Changed the Film Industry , University of Wisconsin Press ( 1987 ) , p. 194 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The 44th Academy Awards ( 1972 ) Nominees and Winners '' , Oscars.org , accessed August 27 , 2011 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Huttner , Jan Lisa . `` Fiddler : Stage versus Screen '' , JUF.org , November 14 , 2011 , accessed September 7 , 2015 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Fiddler on the Roof , AFI.com , accessed September 7 , 2015 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kenrick , John . `` Comparative Cast CD Reviews II : Fiddler on the Roof '' , Musicals101.com , accessed June 5 , 2016 </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Solomon , Alisa . `` Tevye , Today and Beyond '' , Part 2 of 2 , The Jewish Daily Forward , September 8 , 2006 , accessed March 30 , 2012 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ A Shoggoth on the Roof Archived 2012 - 04 - 15 at the Wayback Machine. , H.P. Lovecraft Historical Society , March 30 , 2012 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Willistein , Paul . `` Mrs. Doubtfire Offers Williams At His Best '' , The Morning Call , November 25 , 1993 , accessed March 30 , 2012 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Episode Recap : Gilmore Girls : ' Jews and Chinese Food ' '' , TV.com , accessed March 30 , 2012 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` When You Wish Upon a Weinstein '' Archived 2014 - 08 - 09 at the Wayback Machine. , San Francisco Jewish Film Festival , 2009 , accessed April 3 , 2012 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Amazing Bottle Dancers Kick Off the 2008 Chabad Telethon ! '' , Bottledancers.com , 2008 , accessed October 19 , 2015 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Demers , Ben . `` Monty Python 's Spamalot '' , DCTheatreScene.com , March 15 , 2012 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Jones , Chris . `` Parody hits the Roof '' , Chicago Tribune , June 28 , 2001 , accessed January 25 , 2012 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Yanow , S. `` Cannonball Adderley 's Fiddler on the Roof '' , Allmusic , accessed March 30 , 2012 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Sobel , Robert . `` For Eydie and Steve , It 's Fun and Songs -- Marriage Style '' , Billboard magazine , October 15 , 1966 , p. 18 , accessed October 28 , 2016 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kim , Wook . `` Music Review : Knitting on the Roof '' , Entertainment Weekly , January 7 , 2000 , accessed March 30 , 2012 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Layne , Joslyn . `` Review : Knitting on the Roof '' , Allmusic , accessed March 30 , 2012 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Fevers and Mirrors , Allmusic , accessed March 30 , 2012 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Top 200 Albums of the 2000s : 200 -- 151 '' , Pitchfork Media , September 28 , 2009 , accessed March 30 , 2012 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Shand , John . `` Yidcore : Eighth Day Slice / Fiddlin ' on Ya Roof '' , Sydney Morning Herald , October 20 , 2005 , accessed March 30 , 2012 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Ives , Brian and C. Bottomley . `` Gwen Stefani : The Solo Express '' , VH1 , MTV Networks , January 5 , 2005 , accessed May 22 , 2007 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Rich Girl -- Gwen Stefani '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved October 21 , 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Gold & Platinum '' , Recording Industry Association of America , March 29 , 2005 , accessed </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Complete list of 2006 Grammy winners '' , The Baltimore Sun , Tribune Company , February 9 , 2006 , accessed March 14 , 2007 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Lariviere , John . `` The Capitol Steps '' , Talkin ' Broadway , accessed March 30 , 2012 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Boo , Michael . `` Fanfare : Five great DCI color guard moments '' , Drum Corps International News , April 6 , 2011 , accessed March 30 , 2012 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Jones , Arnold Wayne . `` ' Sunrise , Sunset ' gets gay lyric '' , Dallas Voice , October 6 , 2011 , accessed August 5 , 2013 </Li> </Ol> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Kantor , Michael ; Laurence Maslon ( 2004 ) . Broadway : the American musical . New York , New York : Bulfinch Press . ISBN 0 - 8212 - 2905 - 2 . </Li> <Li> Rich , Frank . The Theatre Art of Boris Aronson ( 1987 ) , Knopf ISBN 0 - 394 - 52913 - 8 </Li> <Li> Whitfield , Stephen J ( 2003 ) . `` Fiddling with Sholem Aleichem : A History of Fiddler on the Roof '' . Key texts in American Jewish culture . New Brunswick , NJ : Rutgers University Press . ISBN 0 - 8135 - 3221 - 3 . </Li> </Ul> <H2> Further reading ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Altman , Richard ( 1971 ) . The Making of a Musical : Fiddler on the Roof . Crown Publishers . </Li> <Li> Isenberg , Barbara ( 2014 ) . Tradition ! : The Highly Improbable , Ultimately Triumphant Broadway - to - Hollywood Story of Fiddler on the Roof , the World 's Most Beloved Musical . New York : St. Martin 's Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 312 - 59142 - 7 . </Li> <Li> Solomon , Alisa ( 2013 ) . Wonder of Wonders : A Cultural History of Fiddler on the Roof . Metropolitan Books . ISBN 0805092609 . </Li> </Ul> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wikiquote has quotations related to : Fiddler on the Roof </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wikimedia Commons has media related to Fiddler on the Roof . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ul> <Li> Fiddler on the Roof at the Internet Broadway Database </Li> <Li> Fiddler on the Roof JR . at the Music Theatre International website </Li> <Li> Fiddler on the Roof at Ovrtur </Li> <Li> YouTube video : `` Sunrise , Sunset , '' from the Japanese stage production . </Li> <Li> Longest - running plays on Broadway , Off - Broadway , London , Toronto , Melbourne , Paris , Vienna , and Berlin </Li> <Li> List of longest - running Broadway productions from Playbill.com </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Td> Preceded by Life with Father </Td> <Td> Longest - running Broadway show 1970 -- 1979 </Td> <Td> Succeeded by Grease </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Fiddler on the Roof </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Characters </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Tevye </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Inspiration </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Sholem Aleichem 's Tevye and his Daughters </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Adaptations </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Fiddler on the Roof ( 1964 musical ) </Li> <Li> Fiddler on the Roof ( 1971 film ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Songs </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Act 1 </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Tradition </Li> <Li> Matchmaker , Matchmaker </Li> <Li> If I Were a Rich Man </Li> <Li> Sabbath Prayer </Li> <Li> To Life </Li> <Li> Miracle of Miracles </Li> <Li> Tevye 's Dream </Li> <Li> Sunrise , Sunset </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Act 2 </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Now I Have Everything </Li> <Li> Do You Love Me ? </Li> <Li> The Rumor / I Just Heard </Li> <Li> Far From the Home I Love </Li> <Li> Chavaleh ( Little Bird ) </Li> <Li> Anatevka </Li> <Li> Any Day Now </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Miscellaneous </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> List of awards and nominations for the musical Fiddler on the Roof </Li> <Li> A Shoggoth on the Roof ( parody musical ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Musicals by Jerry Bock and Sheldon Harnick </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> The Body Beautiful </Li> <Li> Fiorello ! </Li> <Li> Tenderloin </Li> <Li> To Broadway With Love </Li> <Li> She Loves Me </Li> <Li> Fiddler on the Roof </Li> <Li> The Apple Tree </Li> <Li> Baker Street </Li> <Li> The Rothschilds </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Works of Joseph Stein </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Lend an Ear </Li> <Li> Mrs. Gibbons ' Boys </Li> <Li> Alive and Kicking </Li> <Li> Plain and Fancy </Li> <Li> Mr. Wonderful </Li> <Li> The Body Beautiful </Li> <Li> Take Me Along </Li> <Li> Juno </Li> <Li> Enter Laughing </Li> <Li> Fiddler on the Roof </Li> <Li> Zorba </Li> <Li> Irene </Li> <Li> The Baker 's Wife </Li> <Li> King of Hearts </Li> <Li> Carmelina </Li> <Li> Rags </Li> <Li> All About Us </Li> <Li> Before the Dawn </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Tony Award for Best Musical </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1949 - 1975 </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Kiss Me , Kate ( 1949 ) </Li> <Li> South Pacific ( 1950 ) </Li> <Li> Guys and Dolls ( 1951 ) </Li> <Li> The King and I ( 1952 ) </Li> <Li> Wonderful Town ( 1953 ) </Li> <Li> Kismet ( 1954 ) </Li> <Li> The Pajama Game ( 1955 ) </Li> <Li> Damn Yankees ( 1956 ) </Li> <Li> My Fair Lady ( 1957 ) </Li> <Li> The Music Man ( 1958 ) </Li> <Li> Redhead ( 1959 ) </Li> <Li> The Sound of Music / Fiorello ! ( 1960 ) </Li> <Li> Bye Bye Birdie ( 1961 ) </Li> <Li> How to Succeed in Business Without Really Trying ( 1962 ) </Li> <Li> A Funny Thing Happened on the Way to the Forum ( 1963 ) </Li> <Li> Hello , Dolly ! ( 1964 ) </Li> <Li> Fiddler on the Roof ( 1965 ) </Li> <Li> Man of La Mancha ( 1966 ) </Li> <Li> Cabaret ( 1967 ) </Li> <Li> Hallelujah , Baby ! ( 1968 ) </Li> <Li> 1776 ( 1969 ) </Li> <Li> Applause ( 1970 ) </Li> <Li> Company ( 1971 ) </Li> <Li> Two Gentlemen of Verona ( 1972 ) </Li> <Li> A Little Night Music ( 1973 ) </Li> <Li> Raisin ( 1974 ) </Li> <Li> The Wiz ( 1975 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1976 - 2000 </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> A Chorus Line ( 1976 ) </Li> <Li> Annie ( 1977 ) </Li> <Li> Ai n't Misbehavin ' ( 1978 ) </Li> <Li> Sweeney Todd : The Demon Barber of Fleet Street ( 1979 ) </Li> <Li> Evita ( 1980 ) </Li> <Li> 42nd Street ( 1981 ) </Li> <Li> Nine ( 1982 ) </Li> <Li> Cats ( 1983 ) </Li> <Li> La Cage aux Folles ( 1984 ) </Li> <Li> Big River ( 1985 ) </Li> <Li> Drood ( 1986 ) </Li> <Li> Les Misérables ( 1987 ) </Li> <Li> The Phantom of the Opera ( 1988 ) </Li> <Li> Jerome Robbins ' Broadway ( 1989 ) </Li> <Li> City of Angels ( 1990 ) </Li> <Li> The Will Rogers Follies ( 1991 ) </Li> <Li> Crazy for You ( 1992 ) </Li> <Li> Kiss of the Spider Woman ( 1993 ) </Li> <Li> Passion ( 1994 ) </Li> <Li> Sunset Boulevard ( 1995 ) </Li> <Li> Rent ( 1996 ) </Li> <Li> Titanic ( 1997 ) </Li> <Li> The Lion King ( 1998 ) </Li> <Li> Fosse ( 1999 ) </Li> <Li> Contact ( 2000 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 2001 - present </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> The Producers ( 2001 ) </Li> <Li> Thoroughly Modern Millie ( 2002 ) </Li> <Li> Hairspray ( 2003 ) </Li> <Li> Avenue Q ( 2004 ) </Li> <Li> Monty Python 's Spamalot ( 2005 ) </Li> <Li> Jersey Boys ( 2006 ) </Li> <Li> Spring Awakening ( 2007 ) </Li> <Li> In the Heights ( 2008 ) </Li> <Li> Billy Elliot the Musical ( 2009 ) </Li> <Li> Memphis ( 2010 ) </Li> <Li> The Book of Mormon ( 2011 ) </Li> <Li> Once ( 2012 ) </Li> <Li> Kinky Boots ( 2013 ) </Li> <Li> A Gentleman 's Guide to Love and Murder ( 2014 ) </Li> <Li> Fun Home ( 2015 ) </Li> <Li> Hamilton ( 2016 ) </Li> <Li> Dear Evan Hansen ( 2017 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Tony Award for Best Revival </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1970s </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Porgy and Bess ( 1977 ) </Li> <Li> Dracula ( 1978 ) </Li> <Li> No Award ( 1979 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1980s </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Morning 's at Seven ( 1980 ) </Li> <Li> The Pirates of Penzance ( 1981 ) </Li> <Li> Othello ( 1982 ) </Li> <Li> On Your Toes ( 1983 ) </Li> <Li> Death of a Salesman ( 1984 ) </Li> <Li> Joe Egg ( 1985 ) </Li> <Li> Sweet Charity ( 1986 ) </Li> <Li> All My Sons ( 1987 ) </Li> <Li> Anything Goes ( 1988 ) </Li> <Li> Our Town ( 1989 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1990s </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Gypsy ( 1990 ) </Li> <Li> Fiddler on the Roof ( 1991 ) </Li> <Li> Guys and Dolls ( 1992 ) </Li> <Li> Anna Christie ( 1993 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Tony Award for Best Book of a Musical </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1950 -- 1975 </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> South Pacific by Oscar Hammerstein II and Joshua Logan ( 1950 ) </Li> <Li> Hello , Dolly ! by Michael Stewart ( 1964 ) </Li> <Li> Fiddler on the Roof by Joseph Stein ( 1965 ) </Li> <Li> Company by George Furth ( 1971 ) </Li> <Li> Two Gentlemen of Verona by John Guare and Mel Shapiro ( 1972 ) </Li> <Li> A Little Night Music by Hugh Wheeler ( 1973 ) </Li> <Li> Candide by Hugh Wheeler ( 1974 ) </Li> <Li> Shenandoah by James Lee Barrett , Peter Udell and Philip Rose ( 1975 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1976 -- 2000 </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> A Chorus Line by James Kirkwood Jr. and Nicholas Dante ( 1976 ) </Li> <Li> Annie by Thomas Meehan ( 1977 ) </Li> <Li> On the Twentieth Century by Betty Comden and Adolph Green ( 1978 ) </Li> <Li> Sweeney Todd by Hugh Wheeler ( 1979 ) </Li> <Li> Evita by Tim Rice ( 1980 ) </Li> <Li> Woman of the Year by Peter Stone ( 1981 ) </Li> <Li> Dreamgirls by Tom Eyen ( 1982 ) </Li> <Li> Cats by T.S. Eliot ( 1983 ) </Li> <Li> La Cage aux Folles by Harvey Fierstein ( 1984 ) </Li> <Li> Big River by William Hauptman ( 1985 ) </Li> <Li> Drood by Rupert Holmes ( 1986 ) </Li> <Li> Les Misérables by Alain Boublil and Claude - Michel Schönberg ( 1987 ) </Li> <Li> Into the Woods by James Lapine ( 1988 ) </Li> <Li> No Award ( 1989 ) </Li> <Li> City of Angels by Larry Gelbart ( 1990 ) </Li> <Li> The Secret Garden by Marsha Norman ( 1991 ) </Li> <Li> Falsettos by William Finn and James Lapine ( 1992 ) </Li> <Li> Kiss of the Spider Woman by Terrence McNally ( 1993 ) </Li> <Li> Passion by James Lapine ( 1994 ) </Li> <Li> Sunset Boulevard by Don Black and Christopher Hampton ( 1995 ) </Li> <Li> Rent by Jonathan Larson ( 1996 ) </Li> <Li> Titanic by Peter Stone ( 1997 ) </Li> <Li> Ragtime by Terrence McNally ( 1998 ) </Li> <Li> Parade by Alfred Uhry ( 1999 ) </Li> <Li> James Joyce 's The Dead by Richard Nelson ( 2000 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 2001 -- present </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> The Producers by Mel Brooks and Thomas Meehan ( 2001 ) </Li> <Li> Urinetown by Greg Kotis ( 2002 ) </Li> <Li> Hairspray by Thomas Meehan and Mark O'Donnell ( 2003 ) </Li> <Li> Avenue Q by Jeff Whitty ( 2004 ) </Li> <Li> The 25th Annual Putnam County Spelling Bee by Rachel Sheinkin ( 2005 ) </Li> <Li> The Drowsy Chaperone by Bob Martin and Don McKellar ( 2006 ) </Li> <Li> Spring Awakening by Steven Sater ( 2007 ) </Li> <Li> Passing Strange by Stew ( 2008 ) </Li> <Li> Billy Elliot the Musical by Lee Hall ( 2009 ) </Li> <Li> Memphis by Joe DiPietro ( 2010 ) </Li> <Li> The Book of Mormon by Trey Parker , Robert Lopez and Matt Stone ( 2011 ) </Li> <Li> Once by Enda Walsh ( 2012 ) </Li> <Li> Matilda the Musical by Dennis Kelly ( 2013 ) </Li> <Li> A Gentleman 's Guide to Love and Murder by Robert L. Freedman ( 2014 ) </Li> <Li> Fun Home by Lisa Kron ( 2015 ) </Li> <Li> Hamilton by Lin - Manuel Miranda ( 2016 ) </Li> <Li> Dear Evan Hansen by Steven Levenson ( 2017 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Tony Award for Best Original Score </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1947 - 1975 </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Street Scene by Kurt Weill ( 1947 ) </Li> <Li> Kiss Me , Kate by Cole Porter ( 1949 ) </Li> <Li> South Pacific by Richard Rodgers ( 1950 ) </Li> <Li> Call Me Madam by Irving Berlin ( 1951 ) </Li> <Li> No Strings by Richard Rodgers ( 1962 ) </Li> <Li> Oliver ! by Lionel Bart ( 1963 ) </Li> <Li> Hello , Dolly ! by Jerry Herman ( 1964 ) </Li> <Li> Fiddler on the Roof by Jerry Bock and Sheldon Harnick ( 1965 ) </Li> <Li> Man of La Mancha by Mitch Leigh and Joe Darion ( 1966 ) </Li> <Li> Cabaret by John Kander and Fred Ebb ( 1967 ) </Li> <Li> Hallelujah , Baby ! by Jule Styne , Betty Comden , and Adolph Green ( 1968 ) </Li> <Li> Company by Stephen Sondheim ( 1971 ) </Li> <Li> Follies by Stephen Sondheim ( 1972 ) </Li> <Li> A Little Night Music by Stephen Sondheim ( 1973 ) </Li> <Li> Gigi by Frederick Loewe and Alan Jay Lerner ( 1974 ) </Li> <Li> The Wiz by Charlie Smalls ( 1975 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1976 - 2000 </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> A Chorus Line by Marvin Hamlisch and Edward Kleban ( 1976 ) </Li> <Li> Annie by Charles Strouse and Martin Charnin ( 1977 ) </Li> <Li> On the Twentieth Century by Cy Coleman , Betty Comden , and Adolph Green ( 1978 ) </Li> <Li> Sweeney Todd by Stephen Sondheim ( 1979 ) </Li> <Li> Evita by Andrew Lloyd Webber and Tim Rice ( 1980 ) </Li> <Li> Woman of the Year by John Kander and Fred Ebb ( 1981 ) </Li> <Li> Nine by Maury Yeston ( 1982 ) </Li> <Li> Cats by Andrew Lloyd Webber and T.S. 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By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> | [
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MasterChef ( Us season 8 ) - wikipedia <H1> MasterChef ( Us season 8 ) </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> MasterChef ( U.S. Season 8 ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Country of origin </Th> <Td> United States </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> No. of episodes </Th> <Td> 21 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Release </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Original network </Th> <Td> Fox </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Original release </Th> <Td> May 31 ( 2017 - 05 - 31 ) -- September 20 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 20 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Season chronology </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> ← Previous Season 7 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Season 8 of the American competitive reality TV series MasterChef premiered on Fox on May 31 , 2017 . </P> <P> Gordon Ramsay and Christina Tosi returned as judges . Aarón Sanchez joined the cast this season as the third judge . </P> <P> This season was won by Dino Angelo Luciano with Eboni Henry and Jason Wang finishing as co-runners - up . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Top 20 </Li> <Li> 2 Elimination table <Ul> <Li> 2.1 Main guest appearances </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 Episodes </Li> <Li> 4 References </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Top 20 </H2> <P> Source for names , hometowns and occupations : Ages and nicknames as given on air . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Contestant </Th> <Th> Age </Th> <Th> Hometown </Th> <Th> Occupation </Th> <Th> Status </Th> <Th> Winnings </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Dino Angelo Luciano </Td> <Td> 28 </Td> <Td> Bensonhurst , New York </Td> <Td> Dancer </Td> <Td> Winner September 20 </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Eboni Henry </Td> <Td> 33 </Td> <Td> Chicago , Illinois </Td> <Td> Addiction Counselor </Td> <Td> Runners - Up September 20 </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Jason Wang </Td> <Td> 34 </Td> <Td> Newton , Massachusetts </Td> <Td> High School Music Teacher </Td> <Td> 9 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Caitlin `` Cate '' Meade </Td> <Td> 25 </Td> <Td> Chicago , Illinois </Td> <Td> Nutritionist </Td> <Td> Eliminated September 13 </Td> <Td> 11 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Jeff Philbin </Td> <Td> 29 </Td> <Td> Tampa , Florida </Td> <Td> Marketing Director </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Yachecia Holston </Td> <Td> 43 </Td> <Td> Detroit , Michigan </Td> <Td> Minister </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Gabriel Lewis </Td> <Td> 19 </Td> <Td> Oklahoma City , Oklahoma </Td> <Td> Fast Food Server </Td> <Td> Eliminated September 6 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Daniel Pontes - Macedo </Td> <Td> 31 </Td> <Td> Medford , Massachusetts </Td> <Td> Substitute Teacher </Td> <Td> Eliminated August 30 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Caitlin Jones </Td> <Td> 24 </Td> <Td> Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania </Td> <Td> Dancer </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Adam Wong </Td> <Td> 21 </Td> <Td> Cambridge , Massachusetts </Td> <Td> Harvard Student </Td> <Td> Eliminated August 23 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Jenny Cavellier </Td> <Td> 25 </Td> <Td> Cincinnati , Ohio </Td> <Td> Special Needs Therapist </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Mike `` Newton '' Newton </Td> <Td> 53 </Td> <Td> Lipan , Texas </Td> <Td> Ranch Owner </Td> <Td> Eliminated August 16 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Reba Billingsley </Td> <Td> 48 </Td> <Td> Carthage , Texas </Td> <Td> Stay - at - home Mom </Td> <Td> Eliminated August 9 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Brien O'Brien </Td> <Td> 32 </Td> <Td> Redding , California </Td> <Td> Magazine Ad Sales </Td> <Td> Eliminated August 2 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Necco Ceresani </Td> <Td> 26 </Td> <Td> Newberry , South Carolina </Td> <Td> Marketing Manager </Td> <Td> Eliminated July 26 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Jennifer Williams </Td> <Td> 25 </Td> <Td> Chalmette , Louisiana </Td> <Td> Debt Collector </Td> <Td> Eliminated July 19 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Sam Reiff - Pasarew </Td> <Td> 37 </Td> <Td> Washington , D.C. </Td> <Td> Creative Writing Teacher </Td> <Td> Eliminated July 12 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Heather Dombrosky </Td> <Td> 37 </Td> <Td> Miami , Florida </Td> <Td> Registered Nurse </Td> <Td> Eliminated June 28 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Paige Jimenez </Td> <Td> 18 </Td> <Td> Honolulu , Hawaii </Td> <Td> Swimsuit Model </Td> <Td> Eliminated June 21 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Mark Togni </Td> <Td> 43 </Td> <Td> Portland , Oregon </Td> <Td> Stay - at - home Dad </Td> <Td> Eliminated June 14 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> ^ Note 1 While Mike Newton 's elimination occurred from the events on Episode 11 ( August 16 ) , his elimination was not revealed until Episode 12 ( August 23 ) . </P> <H2> Elimination table </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Place </Th> <Th> Contestant </Th> <Th_colspan="32"> Episode </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th_colspan="3"> 5 </Th> <Th_colspan="2"> 6 </Th> <Th> 7 </Th> <Th_colspan="2"> 8 </Th> <Th> 9 </Th> <Th_colspan="2"> 10 </Th> <Th> 11 </Th> <Th_colspan="2"> 12 </Th> <Th_colspan="2"> 13 </Th> <Th_colspan="2"> 14 </Th> <Th> 15 </Th> <Th_colspan="2"> 16 </Th> <Th> 17 </Th> <Th_colspan="2"> 18 </Th> <Th_colspan="3"> 19 </Th> <Th_colspan="2"> 20 / 21 </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Th> Dino </Th> <Td> IN </Td> <Td> IMM </Td> <Td> PT </Td> <Td> IN </Td> <Td> LOW </Td> <Td> IN </Td> <Td> IN </Td> <Td> IMM </Td> <Td> NPT </Td> <Td> IN </Td> <Td> IMM </Td> <Td> PT </Td> <Td> IN </Td> <Td> WIN </Td> <Td> WIN </Td> <Td> IN </Td> <Td> IMM </Td> <Td> IN </Td> <Td> IMM </Td> <Td> IN </Td> <Td> WIN </Td> <Td> PT </Td> <Td> WIN </Td> <Td> IMM </Td> <Td> WIN </Td> <Td> IN </Td> <Td> IN </Td> <Td> IN </Td> <Td> IN </Td> <Td> WIN </Td> <Td> WINNER </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Th> Eboni </Th> <Td> IN </Td> <Td> IMM </Td> <Td> WIN </Td> <Td> IN </Td> <Td> IN </Td> <Td> IMM </Td> <Td> LOW </Td> <Td> IN </Td> <Td> WIN </Td> <Td> IN </Td> <Td> IN </Td> <Td> PT </Td> <Td> IN </Td> <Td> IN </Td> <Td> WIN </Td> <Td> LOW </Td> <Td> IN </Td> <Td> WIN </Td> <Td> IMM </Td> <Td> IN </Td> <Td> IN </Td> <Td> WIN </Td> <Td> IN </Td> <Td> WIN </Td> <Td> PT </Td> <Td> HIGH </Td> <Td> IN </Td> <Td> IN </Td> <Td> WIN </Td> <Td> IMM </Td> <Td> RUNNER - UP </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Jason </Th> <Td> IN </Td> <Td> IMM </Td> <Td> WIN </Td> <Td> WIN </Td> <Td> IMM </Td> <Td> IMM </Td> <Td> IN </Td> <Td> IMM </Td> <Td> NPT </Td> <Td> IN </Td> <Td> LOW </Td> <Td> WIN </Td> <Td> IN </Td> <Td> IN </Td> <Td> WIN </Td> <Td> IN </Td> <Td> IMM </Td> <Td> IN </Td> <Td> IMM </Td> <Td> WIN </Td> <Td> IMM </Td> <Td> WIN </Td> <Td> HIGH </Td> <Td> WIN </Td> <Td> WIN </Td> <Td> IN </Td> <Td> IN </Td> <Td> WIN </Td> <Td> IMM </Td> <Td> IMM </Td> <Td> RUNNER - UP </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Th> Cate </Th> <Td> IN </Td> <Td> IMM </Td> <Td> WIN </Td> <Td> IN </Td> <Td> IN </Td> <Td> IMM </Td> <Td> WIN </Td> <Td> IMM </Td> <Td> WIN </Td> <Td> IN </Td> <Td> WIN </Td> <Td> WIN </Td> <Td> WIN </Td> <Td> IMM </Td> <Td> WIN </Td> <Td> IN </Td> <Td> IMM </Td> <Td> WIN </Td> <Td> IMM </Td> <Td> HIGH </Td> <Td> WIN </Td> <Td> WIN </Td> <Td> IN </Td> <Td> IN </Td> <Td> PT </Td> <Td> WIN </Td> <Td> IMM </Td> <Td> IN </Td> <Td> IN </Td> <Td> ELIM </Td> <Td_colspan="16"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 5 </Th> <Th> Jeff </Th> <Td> IN </Td> <Td> IMM </Td> <Td> NPT </Td> <Td> HIGH </Td> <Td> LOW </Td> <Td> IN </Td> <Td> IN </Td> <Td> IMM </Td> <Td> NPT </Td> <Td> HIGH </Td> <Td> IN </Td> <Td> LOW </Td> <Td> IN </Td> <Td> LOW </Td> <Td> NPT </Td> <Td> LOW </Td> <Td> IN </Td> <Td> IN </Td> <Td> IMM </Td> <Td> IN </Td> <Td> LOW </Td> <Td> LOW </Td> <Td> HIGH </Td> <Td> IN </Td> <Td> PT </Td> <Td> IN </Td> <Td> ELIM </Td> <Td_colspan="16"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Yachecia </Th> <Td> HIGH </Td> <Td> IMM </Td> <Td> WIN </Td> <Td> IN </Td> <Td> LOW </Td> <Td> IN </Td> <Td> WIN </Td> <Td> IMM </Td> <Td> PT </Td> <Td> IN </Td> <Td> WIN </Td> <Td> NPT </Td> <Td> HIGH </Td> <Td> IN </Td> <Td> PT </Td> <Td> IN </Td> <Td> IMM </Td> <Td> LOW </Td> <Td> IMM </Td> <Td> IN </Td> <Td> IN </Td> <Td> LOW </Td> <Td> IN </Td> <Td> LOW </Td> <Td> WIN </Td> <Td> HIGH </Td> <Td> ELIM </Td> <Td_colspan="16"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 7 </Th> <Th> Gabriel </Th> <Td> IN </Td> <Td> IMM </Td> <Td> PT </Td> <Td> IN </Td> <Td> IN </Td> <Td> IMM </Td> <Td> IN </Td> <Td> IMM </Td> <Td> WIN </Td> <Td> IN </Td> <Td> LOW </Td> <Td> WIN </Td> <Td> IN </Td> <Td> IN </Td> <Td> NPT </Td> <Td> LOW </Td> <Td> IN </Td> <Td> LOW </Td> <Td> IMM </Td> <Td> HIGH </Td> <Td> IN </Td> <Td> WIN </Td> <Td> IN </Td> <Td> ELIM </Td> <Td_colspan="7"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 8 </Th> <Th> Daniel </Th> <Td> IN </Td> <Td> IMM </Td> <Td> NPT </Td> <Td> IN </Td> <Td> IN </Td> <Td> IMM </Td> <Td> IN </Td> <Td> IMM </Td> <Td> WIN </Td> <Td> IN </Td> <Td> IMM </Td> <Td> WIN </Td> <Td> IN </Td> <Td> WIN </Td> <Td> NPT </Td> <Td> IN </Td> <Td> IMM </Td> <Td> IN </Td> <Td> IMM </Td> <Td> IN </Td> <Td> IN </Td> <Td> ELIM </Td> <Td_colspan="15"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 9 </Th> <Th> Caitlin </Th> <Td> IN </Td> <Td> IMM </Td> <Td> PT </Td> <Td> IN </Td> <Td> LOW </Td> <Td> IN </Td> <Td> LOW </Td> <Td> IN </Td> <Td> NPT </Td> <Td> IN </Td> <Td> IMM </Td> <Td> WIN </Td> <Td> HIGH </Td> <Td> LOW </Td> <Td> NPT </Td> <Td> LOW </Td> <Td> IN </Td> <Td> LOW </Td> <Td> PT </Td> <Td> IN </Td> <Td> ELIM </Td> <Td_colspan="16"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 10 </Th> <Th> Adam </Th> <Td> IN </Td> <Td> IMM </Td> <Td> WIN </Td> <Td> IN </Td> <Td> IN </Td> <Td> IMM </Td> <Td> IN </Td> <Td> IMM </Td> <Td> WIN </Td> <Td> IN </Td> <Td> IMM </Td> <Td> LOW </Td> <Td> IN </Td> <Td> IN </Td> <Td> WIN </Td> <Td> LOW </Td> <Td> LOW </Td> <Td> LOW </Td> <Td> ELIM </Td> <Td_colspan="17"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 11 </Th> <Th> Jenny </Th> <Td> IN </Td> <Td> IMM </Td> <Td> PT </Td> <Td> IN </Td> <Td> IN </Td> <Td> IMM </Td> <Td> LOW </Td> <Td> IN </Td> <Td> NPT </Td> <Td> IN </Td> <Td> IMM </Td> <Td> WIN </Td> <Td> IN </Td> <Td> IN </Td> <Td> WIN </Td> <Td> LOW </Td> <Td> ELIM </Td> <Td_colspan="18"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 12 </Th> <Th> Newton </Th> <Td> IN </Td> <Td> IMM </Td> <Td> WIN </Td> <Td> IN </Td> <Td> IN </Td> <Td> IMM </Td> <Td> LOW </Td> <Td> LOW </Td> <Td> WIN </Td> <Td> WIN </Td> <Td> IMM </Td> <Td> PT </Td> <Td> IN </Td> <Td> LOW </Td> <Td> ELIM </Td> <Td_colspan="19"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 13 </Th> <Th> Reba </Th> <Td> IN </Td> <Td> IMM </Td> <Td> NPT </Td> <Td> IN </Td> <Td> IN </Td> <Td> IMM </Td> <Td> IN </Td> <Td> IMM </Td> <Td> NPT </Td> <Td> IN </Td> <Td> IMM </Td> <Td> WIN </Td> <Td> IN </Td> <Td> ELIM </Td> <Td_colspan="20"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 14 </Th> <Th> Brien </Th> <Td> WIN </Td> <Td> IMM </Td> <Td> WIN </Td> <Td> IN </Td> <Td> IN </Td> <Td> IMM </Td> <Td> IN </Td> <Td> IMM </Td> <Td> WIN </Td> <Td> HIGH </Td> <Td> IMM </Td> <Td> ELIM </Td> <Td_colspan="21"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 15 </Th> <Th> Necco </Th> <Td> IN </Td> <Td> IMM </Td> <Td> WIN </Td> <Td> HIGH </Td> <Td> IN </Td> <Td> IMM </Td> <Td> IN </Td> <Td> IMM </Td> <Td> WIN </Td> <Td> IN </Td> <Td> ELIM </Td> <Td_colspan="22"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 16 </Th> <Th> Jennifer </Th> <Td> HIGH </Td> <Td> IMM </Td> <Td> LOW </Td> <Td> IN </Td> <Td> IN </Td> <Td> IMM </Td> <Td> LOW </Td> <Td> IN </Td> <Td> ELIM </Td> <Td_colspan="23"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 17 </Th> <Th> Sam </Th> <Td> LOW </Td> <Td> IN </Td> <Td> WIN </Td> <Td> IN </Td> <Td> LOW </Td> <Td> LOW </Td> <Td> LOW </Td> <Td> ELIM </Td> <Td_colspan="24"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 18 </Th> <Th> Heather </Th> <Td> LOW </Td> <Td> IN </Td> <Td> WIN </Td> <Td> IN </Td> <Td> LOW </Td> <Td> ELIM </Td> <Td_colspan="25"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 19 </Th> <Th> Paige </Th> <Td> IN </Td> <Td> IMM </Td> <Td> ELIM </Td> <Td_colspan="28"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 20 </Th> <Th> Mark </Th> <Td> LOW </Td> <Td> ELIM </Td> <Td_colspan="29"> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Dl> <Dd> ( WINNER ) This cook won the competition . </Dd> <Dd> ( RUNNER - UP ) This cook finished as a runner - up in the finals . </Dd> <Dd> ( WIN ) The cook won the individual challenge ( Mystery Box Challenge / Skills Test or Elimination Test ) . </Dd> <Dd> ( WIN ) The cook was on the winning team in the Team Challenge and directly advanced to the next round . </Dd> <Dd> ( HIGH ) The cook was one of the top entries in the individual challenge but did n't win . </Dd> <Dd> ( IN ) The cook was n't selected as a top or bottom entry in an individual challenge . </Dd> <Dd> ( IN ) The cook was n't selected as a top or bottom entry in a team challenge . </Dd> <Dd> ( IMM ) The cook did n't have to compete in that round of the competition and was safe from elimination . </Dd> <Dd> ( IMM ) The cook was selected by Mystery Box Challenge winner and did n't have to compete in the Elimination Test . </Dd> <Dd> ( PT ) The cook was on the losing team in the Team Challenge , competed in the Pressure Test , and advanced . </Dd> <Dd> ( NPT ) The cook was on the losing team in the Team Challenge , did not compete in the Pressure Test , and advanced . </Dd> <Dd> ( LOW ) The cook was one of the bottom entries in an individual challenge , but was n't the last person to advance . </Dd> <Dd> ( LOW ) The cook was one of the bottom entries in an individual challenge , and was the last person to advance . </Dd> <Dd> ( LOW ) The cook was one of the bottom entries in the Team Challenge and they were the only person from their team to advance </Dd> <Dd> ( ELIM ) The cook was eliminated from MasterChef . </Dd> </Dl> <H3> Main guest appearances </H3> <P> Shaun O'Neale -- Episode 10 Joe Bastianich -- Episodes 20 & 21 </P> <H2> Episodes </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th> No. in season </Th> <Th> Title </Th> <Th> Original air date </Th> <Th> U.S. viewers ( millions ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> `` Battle for a White Apron , Part 1 '' </Td> <Td> May 31 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 31 ) </Td> <Td> 3.67 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="4"> <Ul> <Li> Auditions Round 1 : The amateur cooks will be competing for a white apron and to be a contestant in this year 's MasterChef , and the judges will be selecting their themes . Yachecia wins over Shawn in fried chicken , and Jason wins over Ty in a scallop battle . In a compilation video , Caitlin , Paige , Jenny , Sam , Necco , and Mark all receive white aprons . Julia , Adam , Gabriel , and David compete with tacos with Gabriel and Adam winning aprons . Paola and Reba compete with duck dishes and Reba wins . </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> `` Battle for a White Apron , Part 2 '' </Td> <Td> June 7 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 07 ) </Td> <Td> 3.19 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="4"> <Ul> <Li> Auditions Round 2 : The first battle in this episode is between Josh and Dino in veal parmigiana . Dino is the winner . The next battle features Taylor and Cate , who auditioned last season but lost to their respective opponents , in salmon . Cate is the winner . Michael , Brien , Daniel , and Aakash battle in steak . Brien and Daniel win aprons . In a montage , Jeff , Eboni , Heather , and Jennifer receive aprons . Newton and Tom battle in cupcakes . Newton wins , earning him the last white apron . </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> `` America 's Grocery Bag '' </Td> <Td> June 14 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 14 ) </Td> <Td> 3.73 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="4"> <Ul> <Li> Mystery Box Challenge 1 : The 20 contestants are given a brown grocery bag filled with 12 of the most common grocery items , and must create a dish based on them in one hour . Sam , Heather , and Mark are called out first but are told they are the bottom three . Yachecia , Jennifer , and Brien are called out as the top three , and Brien wins the challenge . </Li> <Li> Challenge Winner / Immune : Brien O'Brien </Li> <Li> Bottom three : Heather Dombrosky , Mark Togni , Sam Reiff - Pasarew </Li> <Li> Elimination Challenge 1 : The judges announce that all other contestants except the bottom three are immune from the next challenge . Heather , Mark , and Sam are given the exact same bag of ingredients and may either improve on their previous dish or attempt to make a new one in 45 minutes . </Li> <Li> Immune : Adam Wong , Caitlin Jones , Caitlin Meade , Daniel Pontes - Macedo , Dino Luciano , Eboni Henry , Gabriel Lewis , Jason Wang , Jeff Philbin , Jennifer Williams , Jenny Cavellier , Mike Newton , Necco Ceresani , Paige Jimenez , Reba Billingsley , Yachecia Holston </Li> <Li> Sam and Heather are both saved , sending Mark home . </Li> <Li> Eliminated : Mark Togni </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> `` Feeding the Lifeguards '' </Td> <Td> June 21 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 21 ) </Td> <Td> 3.34 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="4"> <Ul> <Li> Team Challenge 1 : The 19 contestants are brought to a beach to cook a fish lunch for 101 lifeguards . They split into two teams ; the Red Team ( Adam , team captain Brien , Cate , Eboni , Heather , Jason , Necco , Newton , Sam , and Yachecia ) ; and the Blue Team ( Caitlin , Daniel , Dino , Gabriel , Jeff , team captain Jennifer , Jenny , Paige , and Reba ) . The Red Team wins with the majority of the votes , sending the Blue Team to the Pressure Test . </Li> <Li> Team Challenge Winners / Immune : Adam Wong , Brien O'Brien , Cate Meade , Eboni Henry , Heather Dombrosky , Jason Wang , Necco Ceresani , Mike Newton , Sam Reiff - Parasew , Yachecia Holston </Li> <Li> Pressure Test 1 : The judges exempt Jeff , Daniel , and Reba from the Pressure Test . The other six Blue Team members must recreate Aarón Sanchez 's grilled pork chop dish in 45 minutes . Dino has the best dish . Gabriel , Caitlin , and Jenny also advance . </Li> <Li> Immune : Jeff Philbin , Daniel Pontes - Macedo , Reba Billingsley </Li> <Li> Bottom two : Jennifer Williams and Paige Jimenez </Li> <Li> Jennifer is saved , eliminating Paige . </Li> <Li> Eliminated : Paige Jimenez </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 5 </Th> <Td> `` Shell - Shocked & Scrambled '' </Td> <Td> June 28 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 28 ) </Td> <Td> 3.55 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="4"> <Ul> <Li> Mystery Box Challenge 2 : The contestants must cook a dish featuring various types of shellfish . Jeff , Necco , and Jason are called out as the top three . Jason is the winner and earns immunity . </Li> <Li> Challenge Winner / Immune : Jason Wang </Li> <Li> Elimination Challenge 2 : The remaining contestants must prepare a scrambled egg dish by Gordon and must prepare it using Gordon 's cooking style . Jeff , Sam , Heather , Yachecia , Dino , and Caitlin all fail to impress the judges while all other contestants are sent to safety . The six remaining contestants then get one last chance to repeat the dish . The judges send Yachecia and Dino to safety , then Caitlin and Jeff are safe . Sam and Heather are the last two remaining . </Li> <Li> Bottom two : Heather Dombrosky and Sam Reiff - Pasarew </Li> <Li> Sam is saved and Heather is sent home . </Li> <Li> Eliminated : Heather Dombrosky </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 6 </Th> <Td> `` Silenced by the Lambs '' </Td> <Td> July 12 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 12 ) </Td> <Td> 3.50 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="4"> <Ul> <Li> Skills Test 1 : The contestants were given a demonstration of how to French a rack of lamb properly in 20 minutes . Cate and Yachecia were the best performers and pronounced safe , while Caitlin , Eboni , Jennifer , Jenny , Newton and Sam all fail to impress the judges . The other contestants are all good enough to be sent to safety . </Li> <Li> Challenge Winners / Immune : Cate Meade and Yachecia Holston </Li> <Li> Immune : Adam Wong , Brien O'Brien , Daniel Pontes - Macedo , Dino Luciano , Gabriel Lewis , Jason Wang , Jeff Philbin , Necco Ceresani , and Reba Billingsley </Li> <Li> Elimination Challenge 3 : Caitlin , Eboni , Jennifer , Jenny , Newton and Sam must cook a dish as demonstrated by Gordon with their previously butchered lamb . The women were all safe , with Caitlin and Eboni being declared to have replicated Gordon 's dish the best , while both Sam and Newton were named the bottom two . </Li> <Li> Bottom two : Mike Newton and Sam Reiff - Pasarew </Li> <Li> The judges eliminate Sam . </Li> <Li> Eliminated : Sam Reiff - Pasarew </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 7 </Th> <Td> `` Breakfast , Lunch & Winner '' </Td> <Td> July 19 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 19 ) </Td> <Td> 3.45 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="4"> <Ul> <Li> Team Challenge 2 : Cate and Yachecia were assigned as captains to lead their teams to make five breakfast dishes in 60 minutes for customers at the Belvedere Restaurant of the Peninsula Hotel in Beverly Hills . The judges allowed the remaining contestants to choose their captain as part of the team . Cate 's Red Team were voted by the judges as the winners . </Li> <Li> Team Challenge Winners / Immune : Adam Wong , Brien O'Brien , Cate Meade , Daniel Pontes - Macedo , Eboni Henry , Gabriel Lewis , Mike Newton and Necco Ceresani </Li> <Li> Pressure Test 2 : As the captain , Yachecia was given the choice to save herself or six of the team members to avoid elimination . She chose to save her team members except for Jennifer . They will compete in a Pressure Test to recreate Gordon 's British fish and chips in 45 minutes . </Li> <Li> Immune : Caitlin Jones , Dino Luciano , Jason Wang , Jeff Philbin , Jenny Cavellier and Reba Billingsley </Li> <Li> Bottom two : Jennifer Williams and Yachecia Holston </Li> <Li> Yachecia 's dish beat Jennifer 's , eliminating her . </Li> <Li> Eliminated : Jennifer Williams </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 8 </Th> <Td> `` Whole - y Cow ! '' </Td> <Td> July 26 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 26 ) </Td> <Td> 3.47 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="4"> <Ul> <Li> Mystery Box Challenge 3 : The contestants must create a dish involving an ingredient that comes from a cow within 60 minutes . Newton , Jeff , and Brien are called out as the top three ; with Newton winning the challenge , earning immunity and the advantage . </Li> <Li> Challenge Winner / Immune : Mike Newton </Li> <Li> Elimination Challenge 4 : For winning the mystery box challenge , Newton was able to separate the contestants into two groups of seven -- one weak group and one strong group . After this , Newton was given the choice to send one group into the elimination challenge . He chose the strong team , which meant the weak team was immune from the elimination challenge . Cate and Yachecia cook the best dishes and are safe . Gabriel , Jason , and Necco were named the bottom three . </Li> <Li> Immune : Adam Wong , Brien O'Brien , Caitlin Jones , Daniel Pontes - Macedo , Dino Luciano , Jenny Cavellier and Reba Billingsley </Li> <Li> Challenge Winners Cate Meade and Yachecia Holston </Li> <Li> Bottom three : Gabriel Lewis , Jason Wang , and Necco Ceresani </Li> <Li> The judges eliminate Necco . </Li> <Li> Eliminated : Necco Ceresani </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 9 </Th> <Td> `` Holy Cannoli '' </Td> <Td> August 2 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 02 ) </Td> <Td> 3.75 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="4"> <Ul> <Li> Team Challenge 3 : The judges select Adam and Caitlin as team captains to lead their teams in creating a meal for food providers based on the ingredients they sent to the MasterChef kitchen . Caitlin picked Daniel , Cate , Jenny , Gabriel , Reba and Jason for her Blue Team while Adam picked Brien , Eboni , Newton , Yachecia , Dino and Jeff for his Red Team . The Blue Team won by a score of 19 - 11 . </Li> <Li> Team Challenge Winners / Immune : Caitlin Jones , Cate Meade , Daniel Pontes - Macedo , Gabriel Lewis , Jason Wang , Jenny Cavellier and Reba Billingsley </Li> <Li> Pressure Test 3 : The judges exempt Yachecia from this pressure test . The remaining chefs competed in a pressure test to make six cannoli with two different flavors . Dino and Eboni made the best cannoli of the six . Newton 's were also deemed good enough to make it to safety . </Li> <Li> Immune : Yachecia Holston </Li> <Li> Bottom three : Adam Wong , Brien O'Brien and Jeff Philbin </Li> <Li> Adam and Jeff are saved , eliminating Brien . </Li> <Li> Eliminated : Brien O'Brien </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 10 </Th> <Td> `` The MasterChef Returns '' </Td> <Td> August 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 09 ) </Td> <Td> 3.32 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="4"> <Ul> <Li> Mystery Box Challenge 4 : Season 7 champion Shaun O'Neale provides the mystery box of ingredients he has chosen , and he cooks alongside the contestants . Caitlin , Yachecia and Cate have the three best dishes , and Cate wins the challenge . </Li> <Li> Challenge Winner / Immune : Cate Meade </Li> <Li> Elimination Challenge 5 : The judges announce the theme of this challenge will be coconut , and Cate gets to choose for each contestant if they must cook a sweet or a savory dish . She assigns a sweet dish to Jeff , Yachecia , Adam , Dino , Jenny , and Jason . She assigns a savory dish to Newton , Caitlin , Daniel , Eboni , Reba , and Gabriel . Daniel and Dino have the two best dishes , while Caitlin , Jeff , Reba and Newton are all called out for the bottom . </Li> <Li> Challenge Winners : Daniel Pontes - Macedo and Dino Angelo Luciano </Li> <Li> Bottom four : Caitlin Jones , Jeff Philbin , Reba Billingsley , Mike `` Newton '' Newton </Li> <Li> Caitlin and Newton are saved first , then Reba is sent home . </Li> <Li> Eliminated : Reba Billingsley </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 11 </Th> <Td> `` Vegas Deluxe & Oyster Shucks '' </Td> <Td> August 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 16 ) </Td> <Td> 3.11 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="4"> <Ul> <Li> Team Challenge 4 : The contestants are flown to Caesar 's Palace in Las Vegas where they will be split into two teams to feed 50 VIP guests . Daniel and Dino are made the team captains since they won the last challenge , and Dino is given the choice of either selecting his team or selecting the protein and he elects to choose his team . Daniel chooses sea bass leaving Dino with rib cap . Dino 's Red Team is Jason , Eboni , Adam , Jenny and Cate , while Daniel 's Blue Team is Caitlin , Yachecia , Jeff , Gabriel and Newton . Each diner will taste both plates and choose a favorite dish , and the winning team will be safe . The Red Team wins with 68 % of the total vote . </Li> <Li> Challenge Winners / Immune : Adam Wong , Cate Meade , Dino Angelo Luciano , Eboni Henry , Jason Wang and Jenny Cavellier . </Li> <Li> Pressure Test 4 : The judges announce that the pressure test will be held then and there and that only two members will compete . Daniel gets to choose the two and he chooses Yachecia and Newton . They must replicate a dish of champagne poached oysters in 45 minutes . No winner is announced as the episode ends on a cliffhanger . </Li> <Li> Immune : Caitlin Jones , Daniel Pontes - Macedo , Gabriel Lewis and Jeff Philbin </Li> <Li> Bottom two : Mike Newton and Yachecia Holston </Li> <Li> Eliminated : None yet , will be announced next episode </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 12 </Th> <Td> `` In a Pinch '' </Td> <Td> August 23 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 23 ) </Td> <Td> 3.47 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="4"> <Ul> <Li> Yachecia returns from the last episode , meaning that Newton was eliminated . </Li> <Li> Eliminated : Mike Newton </Li> <Li> Skills Test 2 : The contestants have 20 minutes to clean the most crawfish perfectly . The five who do the best will be safe from the next challenge . Yachecia , Jason , Daniel , Cate , and Dino are the top five . </Li> <Li> Challenge Winners / Immune : Cate Meade , Daniel Pontes - Macedo , Dino Angelo Luciano , Jason Wang and Yachecia Holston . </Li> <Li> Pressure Test 5 : The remaining contestants must use the crawfish meat to replicate a crawfish dumpling dish as demonstrated by Gordon in 20 minutes . Eboni , Jeff , Caitlin and Gabriel are saved , leaving Adam and Jenny in the bottom . </Li> <Li> Bottom two : Adam Wong and Jenny Cavellier </Li> <Li> Jenny is eliminated . </Li> <Li> Eliminated : Jenny Cavellier </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 13 </Th> <Td> `` Gordon 's Game of Chicken '' </Td> <Td> August 23 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 23 ) </Td> <Td> 3.47 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="4"> <Ul> <Li> Team Challenge 5 : The judges allow the contestants to pair up with a partner of their choice . The teams are Eboni and Cate , Dino and Jeff , Jason and Daniel , Adam and Caitlin , and Gabriel and Yachecia . They must make a dish featuring chicken and potatoes in 60 minutes . The winning dish will be featured in Family Circle magazine and the team will be safe as well as win a five - year subscription to the magazine . Also , Aarón and Christina will team up and cook alongside the contestants but with 30 minutes to cook . Eboni and Cate are the winning team , while the teams of Dino and Jeff and Jason and Daniel are also safe . Gabriel and Yachecia are the last team saved . </Li> <Li> Challenge Winners / Immune : Cate Meade and Eboni Henry </Li> <Li> Immune : Daniel Pontes - Macedo , Dino Angelo Luciano , Gabriel Lewis , Jason Wang , Jeff Philbin and Yachecia Holston </Li> <Li> Bottom two : Adam Wong and Caitlin Jones </Li> <Li> Pressure Test 6 : Adam and Caitlin must replicate Gordon 's dish of chicken and potatoes in 45 minutes and they are allowed to taste it and ask a few questions first . Caitlin wins and Adam is eliminated . </Li> <Li> Eliminated : Adam Wong </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 14 </Th> <Td> `` A Mexican Tag Team Challenge '' </Td> <Td> August 30 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 30 ) </Td> <Td> 3.65 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="4"> <Ul> <Li> Mystery Box Challenge 5 : The contestants must make a breakfast dish featuring Nutella in one hour . Gabriel , Jason , and Cate are called out as the top three , and Jason wins the challenge . </Li> <Li> Challenge Winner / Immune : Jason Wang </Li> <Li> Team Challenge 6 : Jason gets to pair up the remaining contestants for the next challenge . He teams Cate with Dino , Yachecia with Eboni , Jeff with Caitlin , and Daniel with Gabriel . The teams must replicate a platter of Mexican food in one hour but must switch out cooks every ten minutes as this is a tag - team challenge . Cate and Dino are the winners , while the teams of Daniel and Gabriel and Yachecia and Eboni are also safe . </Li> <Li> Challenge Winners : Cate Meade and Dino Angelo Luciano </Li> <Li> Bottom two : Caitlin Jones and Jeff Philbin </Li> <Li> Caitlin is eliminated . </Li> <Li> Eliminated : Caitlin Jones </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 15 </Th> <Td> `` The Great Outdoors '' </Td> <Td> August 30 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 30 ) </Td> <Td> 3.65 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="4"> <Ul> <Li> Team Challenge 7 : The contestants travel to Big Bear Lake where they are split into teams . Cate captains the Red Team with Jason , Eboni , and Gabriel , while Dino captains the Blue Team with Daniel , Yachecia , and Jeff . Both teams must cook two separate rainbow trout dishes in a campground kitchen for the judges in one hour . Once they are finished , Gordon announces that the judges will only taste one of the dishes and that the teams must choose their best dish . The Red Team wins the challenge . </Li> <Li> Challenge Winners / Immune : Cate Meade , Eboni Henry , Gabriel Lewis and Jason Wang </Li> <Li> Pressure Test 7 : Back in the MasterChef kitchen , the Blue Team must now recreate a box of nine chocolate truffles with three different flavors in one hour . Dino is saved first . </Li> <Li> Bottom three : Daniel Pontes - Macedo , Jeff Philbin and Yachecia Holston </Li> <Li> Jeff and Yachecia are told to say goodbye to Daniel as he is eliminated . </Li> <Li> Eliminated : Daniel Pontes - Macedo </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 16 </Th> <Td> `` Chopsticks & Pasta '' </Td> <Td> September 6 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 06 ) </Td> <Td> 3.80 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="4"> <Ul> <Li> Mystery Box Challenge 6 : The mystery box contains chopsticks , as the contestants must make an Asian - inspired dish in 60 minutes . The top three dishes belong to Dino , Jason and Jeff , and Dino is the winner . </Li> <Li> Challenge Winner / Immune : Dino Angelo Luciano </Li> <Li> Pressure Test 8 : The remaining contestants must make a homemade pasta dish , and Dino gets to choose which contestant cooks which style of pasta . He assigns pappardelle to Jason , farfalle to Eboni , cannelloni to Gabriel , cavatelli to Cate , tortellini to Yachecia , and egg yolk ravioli to Jeff . Eboni wins the challenge while Jason is also a top dish . Yachecia and Gabriel are called out as the bottom two . </Li> <Li> Challenge Winner : Eboni Henry </Li> <Li> Bottom two : Gabriel Lewis and Yachecia Holston </Li> <Li> Gabriel is eliminated , but Gordon offers to send him to culinary school for training and Aarón offers him a job in New Orleans once his training is done . </Li> <Li> Eliminated : Gabriel Lewis </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 17 </Th> <Td> `` Pop - Up Restaurant '' </Td> <Td> September 6 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 06 ) </Td> <Td> 3.80 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="4"> <Ul> <Li> Team Challenge 8 : The contestants are taken to Triunfo Creek Vineyard where they are split into two teams . Eboni and Jason are the team captains for having the best dishes in the last challenge . Eboni 's Blue Team includes Cate and Jeff ; while Jason 's Red Team includes Dino and Yachecia . They will cook two appetizers and two entrées in a pop - up restaurant and the judges will determine the winning team based on guest feedback . The Red Team wins the challenge . </Li> <Li> Challenge Winners / Immune : Dino Angelo Luciano , Jason Wang and Yachecia Holston </Li> <Li> Pressure Test 9 : Back at the MasterChef kitchen , the Blue Team members must make a chocolate soufflé in 35 minutes . </Li> <Li> Bottom three : Cate Meade , Eboni Henry and Jeff Philbin </Li> <Li> The judges decide not to eliminate anyone , as all three contestants served perfect soufflés . </Li> <Li> Eliminated : None </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 18 </Th> <Td> `` Something Fishy '' </Td> <Td> September 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 13 ) </Td> <Td> 4.10 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="4"> <Ul> <Li> Mystery Box Challenge 7 : The six finalists faced a Mystery Box Challenge to cook a dish inspired by their family members . Eboni , Cate , and Yachecia delivered the top dishes with Cate winning . </Li> <Li> Challenge Winner / Immune : Cate Meade </Li> <Li> Elimination Challenge 6 : As the winner of the Mystery Box Challenge , Cate assigned different time limits to the other contestants to cook dishes with salmon to join her in the semifinals : Jason got 60 minutes , Eboni had 50 minutes , Yachecia had 40 minutes , Dino had 30 minutes and Jeff had 20 minutes . Yachecia and Jeff were called out as the bottom . </Li> <Li> Bottom two : Yachecia Holston and Jeff Philbin </Li> <Li> The judges eliminated both Yachecia and Jeff . </Li> <Li> Eliminated : Yachecia Holston and Jeff Philbin </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 19 </Th> <Td> `` The Semi-Finals '' </Td> <Td> September 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 13 ) </Td> <Td> 4.10 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="4"> <Ul> <Li> Semi-Finals Skills Test 1 : The contestants compete in a three - round Skills Test from each of the judges . The winner of each challenge will advance to the Finale . For the first round , Christina gave them a task to bake profiteroles in 45 minutes . Jason was the first contestant to advance in the Finals . </Li> <Li> Winner : Jason Wang </Li> <Li> Semi-Finals Skills Test 2 : Aarón challenged the remaining contestants in the 25 - minute second round to bake a Latin - inspired molten lava cake and it was Eboni who won . </Li> <Li> Winner : Eboni Henry </Li> <Li> Bottom two : Dino Angelo Luciano and Cate Meade </Li> <Li> Semi-Finals Skills Test 3 : The last round tasked Dino and Cate to bake a cheese soufflé by Gordon to secure the last place in the Finals . Dino won the round over Cate . </Li> <Li> Winner : Dino Angelo Luciano </Li> <Li> Eliminated : Cate Meade </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 20 </Th> <Td> `` The Finale , Pt. 1 '' </Td> <Td> September 20 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 20 ) </Td> <Td> 3.95 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="4"> <Ul> <Li> The judges are joined by former MasterChef judge Joe Bastianich for the judging of the finals . The three finalists will have one hour for each course to prepare four portions of their best appetizer , entrée , and dessert . </Li> <Li> Appetizer : Jason serves an uni custard with prawns , clams , and a miso vinaigrette . Eboni serves pan-seared scallops with charred romanesco , rainbow chard , and a pea purée . Dino serves squid ink capellini with calamari , clams , and cherry tomatoes . </Li> <Li> The entrées begin cooking as the first hour ends . </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 21 </Th> <Td> `` The Finale , Pt. 2 '' </Td> <Td> September 20 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 20 ) </Td> <Td> 3.95 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="4"> <Ul> <Li> Entrée : Jason serves a tofu - skin wrapped black cod with bay scallops , maitake mushrooms , and a cucumber - pea tendril sauce . Dino serves rack of lamb on a lamb belly and sunchoke caponata with a balsamic glaze . Eboni serves a honey - glazed duck breast with sweet potato mash , collard greens and crispy heirloom carrots . </Li> <Li> Dessert : Dino serves a roasted pistachio tiramisu with orange mascarpone cream , espresso caviar , and a pistachio tuile . Eboni serves a chocolate orbit cake with a macadamia crumble and a passion fruit coulis . Jason serves a black sesame japonaise with chocolate - yuzu mousse and berry - shiso coulis . </Li> <Li> Final Three : Dino Angelo Luciano , Eboni Henry and Jason Wang </Li> <Li> Winner Revealed : After reviewing all of the meals from the contestants , the judges name Dino the winner of this year 's MasterChef , winning him the $250,000 , the trophy , and the cookbook deal . </Li> <Li> MasterChef Winner : Dino Angelo Luciano </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> References </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ `` FOX Announces Summer Premiere Dates '' . The Futon Critic . March 22 , 2017 . Retrieved April 4 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Chef Aarón Sánchez Joins the MasterChef Judges ' Panel '' . Parade . February 17 , 2017 . Retrieved April 25 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Meet the Newest Batch of Home Cooks '' ( Press release ) . Fox Broadcasting . May 5 , 2017 . Archived from the original on August 7 , 2017 . Retrieved June 11 , 2017 . 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Retrieved August 3 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( August 10 , 2017 ) . `` ' Big Brother , ' ' Salvation , ' ' Story of Diana , ' ' Carmichael ' and ' AGT ' all adjust down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 10 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( August 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' Masterchef ' adjusts up , ' The F Word ' adjusts down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 17 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( August 24 , 2017 ) . `` ' Big Brother ' adjusts up , ' Marlon ' and ' Salvation ' adjust down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 24 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( August 31 , 2017 ) . `` ' America 's Got Talent ' and ' Marlon ' adjust down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 31 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( September 8 , 2017 ) . `` ' Big Brother ' adjusts up , ' Marlon ' adjusts down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 8 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( September 15 , 2017 ) . `` ' America 's Got Talent ' adjusts up , ' Midnight , Texas ' adjusts down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 15 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( September 21 , 2017 ) . `` America 's Got Talent , ' ' Big Brother , ' ' Masterchef ' ajdust up , ' The Good Place ' and ' Salvation ' adjust down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 21 , 2017 . </Li> </Ol> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> MasterChef ( U.S. ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> MasterChef </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Seasons </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> 5 </Li> <Li> 6 </Li> <Li> 7 </Li> <Li> 8 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Winners </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Whitney Miller </Li> <Li> Jennifer Behm </Li> <Li> Christine Hà </Li> <Li> Luca Manfè </Li> <Li> Courtney Lapresi </Li> <Li> Claudia Sandoval </Li> <Li> Shaun O'Neale </Li> <Li> Dino Angelo Luciano </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Other alumni </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Monti Carlo </Li> <Li> Eddie Jackson </Li> <Li> David Williams </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> MasterChef Junior </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Seasons </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> 5 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Winners </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Alexander Weiss </Li> <Li> Logan Guleff </Li> <Li> Nathan Odom </Li> <Li> Addison Osta Smith </Li> <Li> Jasmine Stewart </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Other alumni </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Troy Glass </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MasterChef_(U.S._season_8)&oldid=803043655 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> 2017 American television seasons </Li> <Li> MasterChef ( U.S. ) </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism </Li> <Li> Infobox television season articles that use the season name parameter </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> View source </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> 中文 </Li> </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 30 September 2017 , at 02 : 45 . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> | [
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Biomagnification - wikipedia <H1> Biomagnification </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This article includes a list of references , but its sources remain unclear because it has insufficient inline citations . Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations . ( February 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> In biomagnification the concentration of the persistent toxins ( crosses ) increases higher up the food chain . <P> Biomagnification , also known as bioamplification or biological magnification , is the increasing concentration of a substance , such as a toxic chemical , in the tissues of tolerant organisms at successively higher levels in a food chain . This increase can occur as a result of : </P> <Ul> <Li> Persistence -- where the substance can not be broken down by environmental processes </Li> <Li> Food chain energetics -- where the substance 's concentration increases progressively as it moves up a food chain </Li> <Li> Low or non-existent rate of internal degradation or excretion of the substance -- often due to water - insolubility </Li> </Ul> Biomagnification is the build up of toxins in a food chain . The DDT concentration is in parts per million . As the trophic level increases in a food chain , the amount of toxic build up increases . The x 's represent the amount of toxic build up accumulating as the trophic level increases . Toxins build up in organism 's fat and tissue . Predators accumulate higher toxins than prey . <P> Biological magnification often refers to the process whereby certain substances such as pesticides or heavy metals work their way into lakes , rivers and the ocean , and then move up the food chain in progressively greater concentrations as they are incorporated into the diet of aquatic organisms such as zooplankton , which in turn are eaten perhaps by fish , which then may be eaten by bigger fish , large birds , animals , or humans . The substances become increasingly concentrated in tissues or internal organs as they move up the chain . Bioaccumulants are substances that increase in concentration in living organisms as they take in contaminated air , water , or food because the substances are very slowly metabolized or excreted . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Processes </Li> <Li> 2 Current status </Li> <Li> 3 Substances that biomagnify <Ul> <Li> 3.1 Novel organic substances </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 See also </Li> <Li> 5 References </Li> <Li> 6 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Processes ( edit ) </H2> <P> Although sometimes used interchangeably with `` bioaccumulation '' , an important distinction is drawn between the two , and with bioconcentration . </P> <Ul> <Li> Bioaccumulation occurs within a trophic level , and is the increase in the concentration of a substance in certain tissues of organisms ' bodies due to absorption from food and the environment . </Li> <Li> Bioconcentration is defined as occurring when uptake from the water is greater than excretion . </Li> </Ul> <P> Thus , bioconcentration and bioaccumulation occur within an organism , and biomagnification occurs across trophic ( food chain ) levels . </P> <P> Biodilution is also a process that occurs to all trophic levels in an aquatic environment ; it is the opposite of biomagnification , thus a pollutant gets smaller in concentration as it progresses up a food web . </P> <P> Lipid , ( lipophilic ) or fat soluble substances can not be diluted , broken down , or excreted in urine , a water - based medium , and so accumulate in fatty tissues of an organism if the organism lacks enzymes to degrade them . When eaten by another organism , fats are absorbed in the gut , carrying the substance , which then accumulates in the fats of the predator . Since at each level of the food chain there is a lot of energy loss , a predator must consume many prey , including all of their lipophilic substances . </P> <P> For example , though mercury is only present in small amounts in seawater , it is absorbed by algae ( generally as methylmercury ) . It is efficiently absorbed , but only very slowly excreted by organisms . Bioaccumulation and bioconcentration result in buildup in the adipose tissue of successive trophic levels : zooplankton , small nekton , larger fish , etc . Anything which eats these fish also consumes the higher level of mercury the fish have accumulated . This process explains why predatory fish such as swordfish and sharks or birds like osprey and eagles have higher concentrations of mercury in their tissue than could be accounted for by direct exposure alone . For example , herring contains mercury at approximately 0.01 parts per million ( ppm ) and shark contains mercury at greater than 1 ppm . </P> <P> DDT is thought to biomagnify and biomagnification is one of the most significant reasons it was deemed harmful to the environment by the EPA and other organizations . DDT is stored in the fat of animals and takes many years to break down , and as the fat is consumed by predators , the amounts of DDT biomagnify . DDT is now a banned substance in many parts of the world . </P> <H2> Current status ( edit ) </H2> <P> In a review of a large number of studies , Suedel et al. concluded that although biomagnification is probably more limited in occurrence than previously thought , there is good evidence that DDT , DDE , PCBs , toxaphene , and the organic forms of mercury and arsenic do biomagnify in nature . For other contaminants , bioconcentration and bioaccumulation account for their high concentrations in organism tissues . More recently , Gray reached a similar substances remaining in the organisms and not being diluted to non-threatening concentrations . The success of top predatory - bird recovery ( bald eagles , peregrine falcons ) in North America following the ban on DDT use in agriculture is testament to the importance of biomagnification . </P> <H2> Substances that biomagnify ( edit ) </H2> <P> There are two main groups of substances that biomagnify . Both are lipophilic and not easily degraded . Novel organic substances are not easily degraded because organisms lack previous exposure and have thus not evolved specific detoxification and excretion mechanisms , as there has been no selection pressure from them . These substances are consequently known as `` persistent organic pollutants '' or POPs . </P> <P> Metals are not degradable because they are elements . Organisms , particularly those subject to naturally high levels of exposure to metals , have mechanisms to sequester and excrete metals . Problems arise when organisms are exposed to higher concentrations than usual , which they can not excrete rapidly enough to prevent damage . Some persistent heavy metals are especially dangerous and harmful to the organism 's reproductive system . </P> <H3> Novel organic substances ( edit ) </H3> Further information : Persistent organic pollutant <Ul> <Li> DDT ( dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane ) </Li> <Li> Hexachlorobenzene ( HCB ) </Li> <Li> PCBs ( polychlorinated biphenyls ) </Li> <Li> Toxaphene </Li> <Li> Monomethylmercury . </Li> </Ul> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Mercury in fish </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ Landrum , PF and SW Fisher , 1999 . Influence of lipids on the bioaccumulation and trophic transfer of organic contaminants in aquatic organisms . Chapter 9 in MT Arts and BC Wainman . Lipids in fresh water ecosystems . Springer Verlag , New York . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Croteau , M. , S.N. Luoma , and A. R Stewart . 2005 . Trophic transfer of metals along freshwater food webs : Evidence of cadmium biomagnification in nature . Limnol . Oceanogr. 50 ( 5 ) : 1511 - 1519 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ EPA ( U.S. Environmental Protection Agency ) . 1997 . Mercury Study Report to Congress . Vol. IV : An Assessment of Exposure to Mercury in the United States . EPA - 452 / R - 97 - 006 . U.S. Environmental Protection Agency , Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards and Office of Research and Development . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2014 - 08 - 12 . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 10 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Suedel , B.C. , Boraczek , J.A. , Peddicord , R.K. , Clifford , P.A. and Dillon , T.M. , 1994 . Trophic transfer and biomagnification potential of contaminants in aquatic ecosystems . Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 136 : 21 -- 89 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Gray , J.S. , 2002 . Biomagnification in marine systems : the perspective of an ecologist . Mar . Pollut . Bull . 45 : 46 -- 52 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Fisk AT , Hoekstra PF , Borga K , and DCG Muir , 2003 . Biomagnification . Mar . Pollut . Bull . 46 ( 4 ) : 522 - 524 </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Ecology : Modelling ecosystems : Trophic components </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> General </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Abiotic component </Li> <Li> Abiotic stress </Li> <Li> Behaviour </Li> <Li> Biogeochemical cycle </Li> <Li> Biomass </Li> <Li> Biotic component </Li> <Li> Biotic stress </Li> <Li> Carrying capacity </Li> <Li> Competition </Li> <Li> Ecosystem </Li> <Li> Ecosystem ecology </Li> <Li> Ecosystem model </Li> <Li> Keystone species </Li> <Li> List of feeding behaviours </Li> <Li> Metabolic theory of ecology </Li> <Li> Productivity </Li> <Li> Resource </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Producers </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Autotrophs </Li> <Li> Chemosynthesis </Li> <Li> Chemotrophs </Li> <Li> Foundation species </Li> <Li> Mixotrophs </Li> <Li> Myco - heterotrophy </Li> <Li> Mycotroph </Li> <Li> Organotrophs </Li> <Li> Photoheterotrophs </Li> <Li> Photosynthesis </Li> <Li> Photosynthetic efficiency </Li> <Li> Phototrophs </Li> <Li> Primary nutritional groups </Li> <Li> Primary production </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Consumers </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Apex predator </Li> <Li> Bacterivore </Li> <Li> Carnivores </Li> <Li> Chemoorganotroph </Li> <Li> Foraging </Li> <Li> Generalist and specialist species </Li> <Li> Intraguild predation </Li> <Li> Herbivores </Li> <Li> Heterotroph </Li> <Li> Heterotrophic nutrition </Li> <Li> Insectivore </Li> <Li> Mesopredators </Li> <Li> Mesopredator release hypothesis </Li> <Li> Omnivores </Li> <Li> Optimal foraging theory </Li> <Li> Predation </Li> <Li> Prey switching </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Decomposers </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Chemoorganoheterotrophy </Li> <Li> Decomposition </Li> <Li> Detritivores </Li> <Li> Detritus </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Microorganisms </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Archaea </Li> <Li> Bacteriophage </Li> <Li> Environmental microbiology </Li> <Li> Lithoautotroph </Li> <Li> Lithotrophy </Li> <Li> Microbial cooperation </Li> <Li> Microbial ecology </Li> <Li> Microbial food web </Li> <Li> Microbial intelligence </Li> <Li> Microbial loop </Li> <Li> Microbial mat </Li> <Li> Microbial metabolism </Li> <Li> Phage ecology </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Food webs </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Biomagnification </Li> <Li> Ecological efficiency </Li> <Li> Ecological pyramid </Li> <Li> Energy flow </Li> <Li> Food chain </Li> <Li> Trophic level </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Example webs </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Cold seeps </Li> <Li> Hydrothermal vents </Li> <Li> Intertidal </Li> <Li> Kelp forests </Li> <Li> Lakes </Li> <Li> North Pacific Subtropical Gyre </Li> <Li> Rivers </Li> <Li> San Francisco Estuary </Li> <Li> Soil </Li> <Li> Tide pool </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Processes </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Ascendency </Li> <Li> Bioaccumulation </Li> <Li> Cascade effect </Li> <Li> Climax community </Li> <Li> Competitive exclusion principle </Li> <Li> Consumer - resource systems </Li> <Li> Copiotrophs </Li> <Li> Dominance </Li> <Li> Ecological network </Li> <Li> Ecological succession </Li> <Li> Energy quality </Li> <Li> Energy Systems Language </Li> <Li> f - ratio </Li> <Li> Feed conversion ratio </Li> <Li> Feeding frenzy </Li> <Li> Mesotrophic soil </Li> <Li> Nutrient cycle </Li> <Li> Oligotroph </Li> <Li> Paradox of the plankton </Li> <Li> Trophic cascade </Li> <Li> Trophic mutualism </Li> <Li> Trophic state index </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Defense , counter </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Animal coloration </Li> <Li> Antipredator adaptations </Li> <Li> Camouflage </Li> <Li> Deimatic behaviour </Li> <Li> Herbivore adaptations to plant defense </Li> <Li> Mimicry </Li> <Li> Plant defense against herbivory </Li> <Li> Predator avoidance in schooling fish </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Ecology : Modelling ecosystems : Other components </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Population ecology </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Abundance </Li> <Li> Allee effect </Li> <Li> Depensation </Li> <Li> Ecological yield </Li> <Li> Effective population size </Li> <Li> Intraspecific competition </Li> <Li> Logistic function </Li> <Li> Malthusian growth model </Li> <Li> Maximum sustainable yield </Li> <Li> Overpopulation in wild animals </Li> <Li> Overexploitation </Li> <Li> Population cycle </Li> <Li> Population dynamics </Li> <Li> Population modeling </Li> <Li> Population size </Li> <Li> Predator -- prey ( Lotka -- Volterra ) equations </Li> <Li> Recruitment </Li> <Li> Resilience </Li> <Li> Small population size </Li> <Li> Stability </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Species </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Biodiversity </Li> <Li> Density - 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Judges of the International Court of Justice - wikipedia <H1> Judges of the International Court of Justice </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <P> The first and second lists are of all the permanent judges of the International Court of Justice , the main judicial organ of the United Nations , first chronologically and then by seat . The third list is a list of judges appointed ad hoc by a party to a proceeding before the Court pursuant to Article 31 of the Statute of the International Court of Justice . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Permanent judges </Li> <Li> 2 Succession of seats </Li> <Li> 3 Judges sitting ad hoc </Li> <Li> 4 See also </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Permanent judges ( edit ) </H2> <Table> Judges of the International Court of Justice , as of 22 July 2010 ( sortable ) <Tr> <Th> State </Th> <Th> Judge </Th> <Th> Terms start </Th> <Th> Term end </Th> <Th> President </Th> <Th> Vice-President </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> El Salvador El Salvador </Td> <Td> Guerrero , José Gustavo José Gustavo Guerrero </Td> <Td> 1946 </Td> <Td> 1958 </Td> <Td> 1946 -- 1949 </Td> <Td> 1949 -- 1955 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> France France </Td> <Td> Basdevant , Jules Jules Basdevant </Td> <Td> 1946 </Td> <Td> 1964 </Td> <Td> 1949 -- 1952 </Td> <Td> 1946 -- 1949 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Chile Chile </Td> <Td> Alvarez Alejandro Álvarez </Td> <Td> 1946 </Td> <Td> 1955 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Mexico Mexico </Td> <Td> Fabela , Isidro Isidro Fabela </Td> <Td> 1946 </Td> <Td> 1952 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> USA United States </Td> <Td> Hackworth , Green Green Hackworth </Td> <Td> 1946 </Td> <Td> 1961 </Td> <Td> 1955 -- 1958 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Poland Poland </Td> <Td> Winiarski , Bohdan Bohdan Winiarski </Td> <Td> 1946 </Td> <Td> 1967 </Td> <Td> 1961 -- 1964 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Yugoslavia Yugoslavia </Td> <Td> Zoricic Milovan Zoričić </Td> <Td> 1946 </Td> <Td> 1958 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Belgium Belgium </Td> <Td> de Visscher Charles De Visscher </Td> <Td> 1946 </Td> <Td> 1952 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> UK United Kingdom </Td> <Td> McNair , Arnold McNair , 1st Baron Arnold McNair , 1st Baron McNair </Td> <Td> 1946 </Td> <Td> 1955 </Td> <Td> 1952 -- 1955 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Norway Norway </Td> <Td> Klæstad , Helge Helge Klæstad </Td> <Td> 1946 </Td> <Td> 1961 </Td> <Td> 1958 -- 1961 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Egypt Egypt </Td> <Td> Badawi Abdul Badawi Pasha </Td> <Td> 1946 </Td> <Td> 1965 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1955 -- 1958 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> USSR Soviet Union </Td> <Td> Krylov Sergei Krylov </Td> <Td> 1946 </Td> <Td> 1952 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Canada Canada </Td> <Td> Read John Read </Td> <Td> 1946 </Td> <Td> 1958 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> China China </Td> <Td> Hsu Hsu Mo </Td> <Td> 1946 </Td> <Td> 1956 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Brazil Brazil </Td> <Td> Azevedo , Philadelpho Philadelpho Azevedo </Td> <Td> 1946 </Td> <Td> 1951 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Brazil Brazil </Td> <Td> Carneiro Levi Carneiro ( pt ) </Td> <Td> 1951 </Td> <Td> 1955 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> India India </Td> <Td> Rau , Sir Benegal Narsing Sir Benegal Narsing Rau </Td> <Td> 1952 </Td> <Td> 1953 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Uruguay Uruguay </Td> <Td> Armand - Ugon Enrique Armand - Ugón ( nl ) </Td> <Td> 1952 </Td> <Td> 1961 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> USSR Soviet Union </Td> <Td> Golunsky Sergei Golunsky ( ru ) </Td> <Td> 1952 </Td> <Td> 1953 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> USSR Soviet Union </Td> <Td> Kojevnikov Feodor I. Kozhevnikov </Td> <Td> 1953 </Td> <Td> 1961 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Pakistan Pakistan </Td> <Td> Zafarullah Khan , Muhammad Muhammad Zafarullah Khan </Td> <Td> 1954 1964 </Td> <Td> 1961 1973 </Td> <Td> 1970 -- 1973 </Td> <Td> 1958 -- 1961 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> UK United Kingdom </Td> <Td> Lauterpacht , Hersch Hersch Lauterpacht </Td> <Td> 1955 </Td> <Td> 1960 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Argentina Argentina </Td> <Td> Moreno Quintana Lucio Moreno Quintana ( nl ) </Td> <Td> 1955 </Td> <Td> 1964 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Mexico Mexico </Td> <Td> Cordova Roberto Córdova </Td> <Td> 1955 </Td> <Td> 1964 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> China China </Td> <Td> Koo , Wellington Wellington Koo </Td> <Td> 1957 </Td> <Td> 1967 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1964 -- 1967 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Greece Greece </Td> <Td> Spiropoulos , Jean Jean Spiropoulos </Td> <Td> 1958 </Td> <Td> 1967 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Australia Australia </Td> <Td> Spender Sir Percy Spender </Td> <Td> 1958 </Td> <Td> 1967 </Td> <Td> 1964 -- 1967 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Panama Panama </Td> <Td> Alfaro , Ricardo Ricardo Alfaro </Td> <Td> 1959 </Td> <Td> 1964 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1961 -- 1964 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> UK United Kingdom </Td> <Td> Fitzmaurice Sir Gerald Fitzmaurice </Td> <Td> 1960 </Td> <Td> 1973 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> USSR Soviet Union </Td> <Td> Koretsky Vladimir Koretsky ( ru ) </Td> <Td> 1961 </Td> <Td> 1970 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1967 -- 1970 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Japan Japan </Td> <Td> Tanaka Kōtarō Tanaka </Td> <Td> 1961 </Td> <Td> 1970 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Peru Peru </Td> <Td> Bustamante y Rivero , José José Bustamante y Rivero </Td> <Td> 1961 </Td> <Td> 1970 </Td> <Td> 1967 -- 1970 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> USA United States </Td> <Td> Jessup , Philip Philip Jessup </Td> <Td> 1961 </Td> <Td> 1970 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Italy Italy </Td> <Td> Morelli Gaetano Morelli ( it ) </Td> <Td> 1961 </Td> <Td> 1970 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Mexico Mexico </Td> <Td> Nervo , Luis Padilla Luis Padilla Nervo </Td> <Td> 1964 </Td> <Td> 1973 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Senegal Senegal </Td> <Td> Forster Isaac Forster ( nl ) </Td> <Td> 1964 </Td> <Td> 1982 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> France France </Td> <Td> Gros André Gros ( nl ) </Td> <Td> 1964 </Td> <Td> 1982 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Lebanon Lebanon </Td> <Td> Ammoun Fouad Ammoun ( de ) </Td> <Td> 1965 </Td> <Td> 1976 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1970 -- 1976 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Philippines Philippines </Td> <Td> Bengzon , César César Bengzon </Td> <Td> 1967 </Td> <Td> 1976 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Sweden Sweden </Td> <Td> Petrén Sture Petrén ( sv ) </Td> <Td> 1967 </Td> <Td> 1976 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Poland Poland </Td> <Td> Lachs , Manfred Manfred Lachs </Td> <Td> 1967 </Td> <Td> 1993 </Td> <Td> 1973 -- 1976 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Nigeria Nigeria </Td> <Td> Onyeama Charles Onyeama </Td> <Td> 1967 </Td> <Td> 1976 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> USA United States </Td> <Td> Dillard , Hardy Hardy Dillard </Td> <Td> 1970 </Td> <Td> 1979 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Dahomey Benin </Td> <Td> Ignacio - Pinto , Louis Louis Ignacio - Pinto </Td> <Td> 1970 </Td> <Td> 1979 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Spain Spain </Td> <Td> de Castro , Federico Federico de Castro </Td> <Td> 1970 </Td> <Td> 1979 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> USSR Soviet Union </Td> <Td> Morozov Platon Dmitriejevitsj Morozov ( nl ) </Td> <Td> 1970 </Td> <Td> 1985 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Uruguay Uruguay </Td> <Td> Jiménez de Aréchaga , Eduardo Eduardo Jiménez de Aréchaga </Td> <Td> 1970 </Td> <Td> 1979 </Td> <Td> 1976 -- 1979 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> UK United Kingdom </Td> <Td> Waldock Sir Humphrey Waldock </Td> <Td> 1973 </Td> <Td> 1981 </Td> <Td> 1979 -- 1981 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> India India </Td> <Td> Singh , Nagendra Nagendra Singh </Td> <Td> 1973 </Td> <Td> 1988 </Td> <Td> 1985 -- 1988 </Td> <Td> 1976 -- 1979 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Argentina Argentina </Td> <Td> Ruda , José José Ruda </Td> <Td> 1973 </Td> <Td> 1991 </Td> <Td> 1988 -- 1991 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> West Germany West Germany </Td> <Td> Mosler Hermann Mosler ( de ) </Td> <Td> 1976 </Td> <Td> 1985 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Nigeria Nigeria </Td> <Td> Elias , Taslim Taslim Elias </Td> <Td> 1976 </Td> <Td> 1991 </Td> <Td> 1982 -- 1985 </Td> <Td> 1979 -- 1982 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Syria Syria </Td> <Td> Tarazi Salah Tarazi ( nl ) </Td> <Td> 1976 </Td> <Td> 1980 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Japan Japan </Td> <Td> Oda , Shigeru Shigeru Oda </Td> <Td> 1976 </Td> <Td> 2003 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1991 -- 1994 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Italy Italy </Td> <Td> Ago , Roberto Roberto Ago </Td> <Td> 1979 </Td> <Td> 1995 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Egypt Egypt </Td> <Td> El - Erian , Abdullah Abdullah El - Erian </Td> <Td> 1979 </Td> <Td> 1981 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Brazil Brazil </Td> <Td> Sette - Camara José Sette Câmara Filho ( pt ) </Td> <Td> 1979 </Td> <Td> 1988 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1982 -- 1985 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> USA United States </Td> <Td> Baxter Richard Reeve Baxter </Td> <Td> 1979 </Td> <Td> 1980 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Syria Syria </Td> <Td> El - Khani Abdallah El - Khani ( nl ) </Td> <Td> 1981 </Td> <Td> 1985 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> USA United States </Td> <Td> Schwebel , Stephen Stephen Schwebel </Td> <Td> 1981 </Td> <Td> 2000 </Td> <Td> 1997 -- 2000 </Td> <Td> 1994 -- 1997 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> UK United Kingdom </Td> <Td> Jennings Sir Robert Jennings </Td> <Td> 1982 </Td> <Td> 1995 </Td> <Td> 1991 -- 1994 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> France France </Td> <Td> de Lacharrière Guy Ladreit de Lacharrière ( nl ) </Td> <Td> 1982 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1985 -- 1987 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Senegal Senegal </Td> <Td> Mbaye , Kéba Kéba Mbaye </Td> <Td> 1982 </Td> <Td> 1991 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1987 -- 1991 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Algeria Algeria </Td> <Td> Bedjaoui , Mohammed Mohammed Bedjaoui </Td> <Td> 1982 </Td> <Td> 2001 </Td> <Td> 1994 -- 1997 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> China China </Td> <Td> Ni Ni Zhengyu ( zh ) </Td> <Td> 1985 </Td> <Td> 1994 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Norway Norway </Td> <Td> Evensen , Jens Jens Evensen </Td> <Td> 1985 </Td> <Td> 1994 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> USSR / Russia Soviet Union / Russia </Td> <Td> Tarassov Nikolaj Konstantinovitsj Tarasov ( ru ) </Td> <Td> 1985 </Td> <Td> 1994 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> France France </Td> <Td> Guillaume Gilbert Guillaume ( fr ) </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 2005 </Td> <Td> 2000 -- 2003 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Guyana Guyana </Td> <Td> Shahabuddeen Mohamed Shahabuddeen </Td> <Td> 1988 </Td> <Td> 1997 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> India India </Td> <Td> Pathak , Raghunandan Swarup Raghunandan Swarup Pathak </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1991 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Venezuela Venezuela </Td> <Td> Aguilar Mawdsley Andrés Aguilar Mawdsley ( nl ) </Td> <Td> 1991 </Td> <Td> 1995 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Sri Lanka Sri Lanka </Td> <Td> Weeramantry , Christopher Christopher Weeramantry </Td> <Td> 1991 </Td> <Td> 2000 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1997 -- 2000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Madagascar Madagascar </Td> <Td> Ranjeva , Raymond Raymond Ranjeva </Td> <Td> 1991 </Td> <Td> 2009 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 2003 -- 2006 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Nigeria Nigeria </Td> <Td> Ajibola , Bola Bola Ajibola </Td> <Td> 1991 </Td> <Td> 1994 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Hungary Hungary </Td> <Td> Herczegh Géza Herczegh ( hu ) </Td> <Td> 1993 </Td> <Td> 2003 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> China China </Td> <Td> Shi Shi Jiuyong </Td> <Td> 1994 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 2003 -- 2006 </Td> <Td> 2000 -- 2003 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Germany Germany </Td> <Td> Fleischhauer , Carl - August Carl - August Fleischhauer </Td> <Td> 1994 </Td> <Td> 2003 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Sierra Leone Sierra Leone </Td> <Td> Koroma , Abdul G. Abdul G. Koroma </Td> <Td> 1994 </Td> <Td> 2012 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Russia Russia </Td> <Td> Vereschetin Vladlen Veresjtsjetin ( nl ) </Td> <Td> 1994 </Td> <Td> 2006 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Italy Italy </Td> <Td> Ferrari Bravo , Luigi Luigi Ferrari Bravo </Td> <Td> 1995 </Td> <Td> 1997 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> UK United Kingdom </Td> <Td> Higgins , Rosalyn Rosalyn Higgins </Td> <Td> 1995 </Td> <Td> 2009 </Td> <Td> 2006 -- 2009 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Venezuela Venezuela </Td> <Td> Parra Aranguren Gonzalo Parra - Aranguren </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 2009 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Netherlands Netherlands </Td> <Td> Kooijmans , Pieter Pieter Kooijmans </Td> <Td> 1997 </Td> <Td> 2006 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Brazil Brazil </Td> <Td> Rezek , Francisco Francisco Rezek </Td> <Td> 1997 </Td> <Td> 2006 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Jordan Jordan </Td> <Td> Al - Khasawneh Awn Al - Khasawneh </Td> <Td> 2000 </Td> <Td> 2011 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 2006 -- 2009 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> USA United States </Td> <Td> Buergenthal , Thomas Thomas Buergenthal </Td> <Td> 2000 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Egypt Egypt </Td> <Td> El Araby , Nabil Nabil El Araby </Td> <Td> 2001 </Td> <Td> 2006 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Japan Japan </Td> <Td> Owada , Hisashi Hisashi Owada </Td> <Td> 2003 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 2009 -- 2012 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Germany Germany </Td> <Td> Simma , Bruno Bruno Simma </Td> <Td> 2003 </Td> <Td> 2012 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Slovakia Slovakia </Td> <Td> Tomka , Peter Peter Tomka </Td> <Td> 2003 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 2012 -- 2015 </Td> <Td> 2009 -- 2012 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> France France </Td> <Td> Abraham , Ronny Ronny Abraham </Td> <Td> 2005 </Td> <Td> 2014 </Td> <Td> 2015 -- </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> New Zealand New Zealand </Td> <Td> Sir Kenneth Keith </Td> <Td> 2006 </Td> <Td> 2015 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Mexico Mexico </Td> <Td> Sepúlveda Amor , Bernardo Bernardo Sepúlveda Amor </Td> <Td> 2006 </Td> <Td> 2015 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 2012 -- 2015 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Morocco Morocco </Td> <Td> Bennouna , Mohamed Mohamed Bennouna </Td> <Td> 2006 </Td> <Td> 2024 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Russia Russia </Td> <Td> Skotnikov , Leonid Leonid Skotnikov </Td> <Td> 2006 </Td> <Td> 2015 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Brazil Brazil </Td> <Td> Trindade , Antônio Augusto Cançado Antônio Augusto Cançado Trindade </Td> <Td> 2009 </Td> <Td> 2018 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Somalia Somalia </Td> <Td> Yusuf , Abdulqawi Ahmed Abdulqawi Ahmed Yusuf </Td> <Td> 2009 </Td> <Td> 2018 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 2015 -- </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> UK United Kingdom </Td> <Td> Greenwood Sir Christopher Greenwood </Td> <Td> 2009 </Td> <Td> 2018 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> China China </Td> <Td> Xue Xue Hanqin </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 2012 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> USA United States </Td> <Td> Donoghue , Joan E. Joan E. Donoghue </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Italy Italy </Td> <Td> Gaja , Giorgio Giorgio Gaja </Td> <Td> 2012 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Uganda Uganda </Td> <Td> Sebutinde , Julia Julia Sebutinde </Td> <Td> 2012 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> India India </Td> <Td> Bhandari , Dalveer Dalveer Bhandari </Td> <Td> 2012 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Australia Australia </Td> <Td> Crawford James Crawford </Td> <Td> 2015 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Russia Russia </Td> <Td> Gevorgian , Kirill Kirill Gevorgian </Td> <Td> 2015 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Jamaica Jamaica </Td> <Td> Robinson , Patrick Lipton Patrick Lipton Robinson </Td> <Td> 2015 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Succession of seats ( edit ) </H2> <P> The Court comprises 15 seats . When the original fifteen judges were elected in 1946 , they drew lots to determine which five would have 3 - year initial terms , which five would have 6 - year initial terms , and which five would have 9 - year initial terms . From then onwards , all terms have been nine years , with five seats being up for election every three years . The seats are numbered according to the length of the initial term and then in order of seniority of the first judge to hold the seat . </P> <P> There are no formal rules for the allocation of seats , other than that no two may be nationals of the same state . In practice , the five permanent members of the United Nations Security Council have each had a permanent seat on the Court , except between 1967 and 1985 when there was no Chinese judge . The remaining seats have been informally allocated by regional groups in the same way as the fifteen seats on the Security Council . Since 1970 , the conventional allocation is three seats to Asia Pacific , three seats to Africa , two seats to Latin America and the Caribbean , two seats to Eastern Europe and five seats to Western Europe and Others . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="3"> Seat 1 ( Asia ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="3"> Initial term of nine years </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Guerrero , José Gustavo José Gustavo Guerrero </Td> <Td> El Salvador El Salvador </Td> <Td> 1946 -- 1958 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Alfaro , Ricardo Ricardo Alfaro </Td> <Td> Panama Panama </Td> <Td> 1959 - 1964 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Zafarullah Khan , Muhammad Muhammad Zafarullah Khan </Td> <Td> Pakistan Pakistan </Td> <Td> 1964 - 1973 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Singh , Nagendra Nagendra Singh </Td> <Td> India India </Td> <Td> 1973 - 1988 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Pathak , Raghunandan Raghunandan Pathak </Td> <Td> India India </Td> <Td> 1989 - 1991 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Weeramantry , Christopher Christopher Weeramantry </Td> <Td> Sri Lanka Sri Lanka </Td> <Td> 1991 - 2000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Al - Khasawneh Awn Al - Khasawneh </Td> <Td> Jordan Jordan </Td> <Td> 2000 - 2011 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Bhandari , Dalveer Dalveer Bhandari </Td> <Td> India India </Td> <Td> 2012 - </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="3"> Seat 2 ( WE&O ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="3"> Initial term of nine years </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Basdevant , Jules Jules Basdevant </Td> <Td> France France </Td> <Td> 1946 - 1964 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Gros André Gros ( nl ) </Td> <Td> France France </Td> <Td> 1964 - 1982 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> de Lacharrière Guy Ladreit de Lacharrière ( nl ) </Td> <Td> France France </Td> <Td> 1982 - 1987 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Guillaume Gilbert Guillaume ( fr ) </Td> <Td> France France </Td> <Td> 1987 - 2005 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Abraham , Ronny Ronny Abraham </Td> <Td> France France </Td> <Td> 2005 - </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="3"> Seat 3 ( Africa ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="3"> Initial term of nine years </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Alvarez Alejandro Álvarez </Td> <Td> Chile Chile </Td> <Td> 1946 - 1955 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Moreno Quintana Lucio Moreno Quintana ( nl ) </Td> <Td> Argentina Argentina </Td> <Td> 1955 - 1964 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Forster Isaac Forster ( nl ) </Td> <Td> Senegal Senegal </Td> <Td> 1964 - 1982 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Mbaye , Kéba Kéba Mbaye </Td> <Td> Senegal Senegal </Td> <Td> 1982 - 1991 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Ranjeva , Raymond Raymond Ranjeva </Td> <Td> Madagascar Madagascar </Td> <Td> 1991 - 2009 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Abdulqawi Ahmed Yusuf Abdulqawi Ahmed Yusuf </Td> <Td> Somalia Somalia </Td> <Td> 2009 - </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="3"> Seat 4 ( WE&O ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="3"> Initial term of nine years </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> McNair , Arnold McNair , 1st Baron Arnold McNair , 1st Baron McNair </Td> <Td> UK UK </Td> <Td> 1946 - 1955 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Lauterpacht , Hersch Hersch Lauterpacht </Td> <Td> UK UK </Td> <Td> 1955 - 1960 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Fitzmaurice Sir Gerald Fitzmaurice </Td> <Td> UK UK </Td> <Td> 1960 - 1973 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Waldock Sir Humphrey Waldock </Td> <Td> UK UK </Td> <Td> 1973 - 1981 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Jennings Sir Robert Jennings </Td> <Td> UK UK </Td> <Td> 1981 - 1995 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Higgins , Rosalyn Rosalyn Higgins </Td> <Td> UK UK </Td> <Td> 1995 - 2009 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Sir Christopher Greenwood Christopher Greenwood </Td> <Td> UK UK </Td> <Td> 2009 - </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="3"> Seat 5 ( LA&C ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="3"> Initial term of nine years </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Azevedo , Philadelpho Philadelpho Azevedo </Td> <Td> Brazil Brazil </Td> <Td> 1946 - 1951 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Carneiro Levi Carneiro ( pt ) </Td> <Td> Brazil Brazil </Td> <Td> 1951 - 1955 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Cordova Roberto Córdova </Td> <Td> Mexico Mexico </Td> <Td> 1955 - 1964 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Nervo , Luis Padilla Luis Padilla Nervo </Td> <Td> Mexico Mexico </Td> <Td> 1964 - 1973 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Ruda , José José Ruda </Td> <Td> Argentina Argentina </Td> <Td> 1973 - 1991 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Aguilar Mawdsley Andrés Aguilar Mawdsley ( nl ) </Td> <Td> Venezuela Venezuela </Td> <Td> 1991 - 1995 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Parra Aranguren Gonzalo Parra - Aranguren </Td> <Td> Venezuela Venezuela </Td> <Td> 1996 - 2009 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Antônio Augusto Cançado Trindade Antônio Augusto Cançado Trindade </Td> <Td> Brazil Brazil </Td> <Td> 2009 - </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="3"> Seat 6 ( LA&C ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="3"> Initial term of six years </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Fabela , Isidro Isidro Fabela </Td> <Td> Mexico Mexico </Td> <Td> 1946 - 1952 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Armand - Ugon Enrique Armand - Ugón ( nl ) </Td> <Td> Uruguay Uruguay </Td> <Td> 1952 - 1961 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Bustamante y Rivero , José José Bustamante y Rivero </Td> <Td> Peru Peru </Td> <Td> 1961 - 1970 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Jiménez de Aréchaga , Eduardo Eduardo Jiménez de Aréchaga </Td> <Td> Uruguay Uruguay </Td> <Td> 1970 - 1979 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Sette - Camara José Sette Câmara Filho ( pt ) </Td> <Td> Brazil Brazil </Td> <Td> 1979 - 1988 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Shahabuddeen Mohamed Shahabuddeen </Td> <Td> Guyana Guyana </Td> <Td> 1988 - 1997 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Rezek , Francisco Francisco Rezek </Td> <Td> Brazil Brazil </Td> <Td> 1997 - 2006 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Sepúlveda Amor , Bernardo Bernardo Sepúlveda Amor </Td> <Td> Mexico Mexico </Td> <Td> 2006 - 2015 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Robinson , Patrick Lipton Patrick Lipton Robinson </Td> <Td> Jamaica Jamaica </Td> <Td> 2015 - </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="3"> Seat 7 ( WE&O ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="3"> Initial term of six years </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Hackworth , Green Green Hackworth </Td> <Td> USA USA </Td> <Td> 1946 - 1961 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Jessup , Philip Philip Jessup </Td> <Td> USA USA </Td> <Td> 1961 - 1970 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Dillard , Hardy Hardy Dillard </Td> <Td> USA USA </Td> <Td> 1970 - 1979 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Baxter Richard Reeve Baxter </Td> <Td> USA USA </Td> <Td> 1979 - 1980 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Schwebel , Stephen Stephen Schwebel </Td> <Td> USA USA </Td> <Td> 1981 - 2000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Buergenthal , Thomas Thomas Buergenthal </Td> <Td> USA USA </Td> <Td> 2000 - 2010 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Joan E. Donoghue Joan E. Donoghue </Td> <Td> USA USA </Td> <Td> 2010 - </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="3"> Seat 8 ( Africa ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="3"> Initial term of six years </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> de Visscher Charles De Visscher </Td> <Td> Belgium Belgium </Td> <Td> 1946 - 1952 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Rau , Benegal Narsing Benegal Narsing Rau </Td> <Td> India India </Td> <Td> 1952 - 1953 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Zafarullah Khan , Muhammad Muhammad Zafarullah Khan </Td> <Td> Pakistan Pakistan </Td> <Td> 1954 - 1961 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Tanaka Kōtarō Tanaka </Td> <Td> Japan Japan </Td> <Td> 1961 - 1970 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Ignacio - Pinto , Louis Louis Ignacio - Pinto </Td> <Td> Dahomey Benin </Td> <Td> 1970 - 1979 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> El - Erian , Abdullah Abdullah El - Erian </Td> <Td> Egypt Egypt </Td> <Td> 1979 - 1981 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Bedjaoui , Mohammed Mohammed Bedjaoui </Td> <Td> Algeria Algeria </Td> <Td> 1982 - 2001 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> El Araby , Nabil Nabil El Araby </Td> <Td> Egypt Egypt </Td> <Td> 2001 - 2006 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Bennouna , Mohamed Mohamed Bennouna </Td> <Td> Morocco Morocco </Td> <Td> 2006 - </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="3"> Seat 9 ( WE&O ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="3"> Initial term of six years </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Klæstad , Helge Helge Klæstad </Td> <Td> Norway Norway </Td> <Td> 1946 - 1961 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Morelli Gaetano Morelli ( it ) </Td> <Td> Italy Italy </Td> <Td> 1961 - 1970 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> de Castro , Federico Federico de Castro </Td> <Td> Spain Spain </Td> <Td> 1970 - 1979 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Ago , Roberto Roberto Ago </Td> <Td> Italy Italy </Td> <Td> 1979 - 1995 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Ferrari Bravo , Luigi Luigi Ferrari Bravo </Td> <Td> Italy Italy </Td> <Td> 1995 - 1997 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Kooijmans , Pieter Pieter Kooijmans </Td> <Td> Netherlands Netherlands </Td> <Td> 1997 - 2006 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Keith Sir Kenneth Keith </Td> <Td> New Zealand New Zealand </Td> <Td> 2006 - 2015 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Crawford James Crawford </Td> <Td> Australia Australia </Td> <Td> 2015 - </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="3"> Seat 10 ( Eastern Europe ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="3"> Initial term of six years </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Krylov Sergei Krylov </Td> <Td> USSR USSR </Td> <Td> 1946 - 1952 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Golunsky Sergei Golunsky ( ru ) </Td> <Td> USSR USSR </Td> <Td> 1952 - 1953 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Kojevnikov Feodor I. Kozhevnikov </Td> <Td> USSR USSR </Td> <Td> 1953 - 1961 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Koretsky Vladimir Koretsky ( ru ) </Td> <Td> USSR USSR </Td> <Td> 1961 - 1970 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Morozov Platon Dmitriejevitsj Morozov ( nl ) </Td> <Td> USSR USSR </Td> <Td> 1970 - 1985 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Tarassov Nikolaj Konstantinovitsj Tarasov ( ru ) </Td> <Td> USSR / Russia USSR / Russia </Td> <Td> 1985 - 1994 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Vereschetin Vladlen Veresjtsjetin ( nl ) </Td> <Td> Russia Russia </Td> <Td> 1994 - 2006 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Skotnikov , Leonid Leonid Skotnikov </Td> <Td> Russia Russia </Td> <Td> 2006 - 2015 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Gevorgian , Kirill Kirill Gevorgian </Td> <Td> Russia Russia </Td> <Td> 2015 - </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="3"> Seat 11 ( Eastern Europe ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="3"> Initial term of three years </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Winiarski , Bohdan Bohdan Winiarski </Td> <Td> Poland Poland </Td> <Td> 1946 - 1967 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Lachs , Manfred Manfred Lachs </Td> <Td> Poland Poland </Td> <Td> 1967 - 1993 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Herczegh Géza Herczegh ( hu ) </Td> <Td> Hungary Hungary </Td> <Td> 1993 - 2003 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Tomka , Peter Peter Tomka </Td> <Td> Slovakia Slovakia </Td> <Td> 2003 - </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="3"> Seat 12 ( WE&O ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="3"> Initial term of three years </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Zoricic Milovan Zoričić </Td> <Td> Yugoslavia Yugoslavia </Td> <Td> 1946 - 1958 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Spiropoulos , Jean Jean Spiropoulos </Td> <Td> Greece Greece </Td> <Td> 1958 - 1967 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Petrén Sture Petrén ( sv ) </Td> <Td> Sweden Sweden </Td> <Td> 1967 - 1976 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Mosler Hermann Mosler ( de ) </Td> <Td> West Germany West Germany </Td> <Td> 1976 - 1985 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Evensen , Jens Jens Evensen </Td> <Td> Norway Norway </Td> <Td> 1985 - 1994 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Fleischhauer , Carl - August Carl - August Fleischhauer </Td> <Td> Germany Germany </Td> <Td> 1994 - 2003 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Simma , Bruno Bruno Simma </Td> <Td> Germany Germany </Td> <Td> 2003 - 2012 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Gaja , Giorgio Giorgio Gaja </Td> <Td> Italy Italy </Td> <Td> 2012 - </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="3"> Seat 13 ( Asia ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="3"> Initial term of three years </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Badawi Abdul Badawi Pasha </Td> <Td> Egypt Egypt </Td> <Td> 1946 - 1965 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Ammoun Fouad Ammoun ( de ) </Td> <Td> Lebanon Lebanon </Td> <Td> 1965 - 1976 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Tarazi Salah Tarazi ( nl ) </Td> <Td> Syria Syria </Td> <Td> 1976 - 1980 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> El - Khani Abdallah El - Khani ( nl ) </Td> <Td> Syria Syria </Td> <Td> 1981 - 1985 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Ni Ni Zhengyu ( zh ) </Td> <Td> China China </Td> <Td> 1985 - 1994 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Shi Shi Jiuyong </Td> <Td> China China </Td> <Td> 1994 - 2010 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Xue Hanqin Xue Hanqin </Td> <Td> China China </Td> <Td> 2010 - </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="3"> Seat 14 ( Africa ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="3"> Initial term of three years </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Read John Read </Td> <Td> Canada Canada </Td> <Td> 1946 - 1958 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Spender , Percy Percy Spender </Td> <Td> Australia Australia </Td> <Td> 1958 - 1967 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Onyeama Charles Onyeama </Td> <Td> Nigeria Nigeria </Td> <Td> 1967 - 1976 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Elias , Taslim Taslim Elias </Td> <Td> Nigeria Nigeria </Td> <Td> 1976 - 1991 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Ajibola , Bola Bola Ajibola </Td> <Td> Nigeria Nigeria </Td> <Td> 1991 - 1994 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Koroma , Abdul G. Abdul G. Koroma </Td> <Td> Sierra Leone Sierra Leone </Td> <Td> 1994 - 2012 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Sebutinde , Julia Julia Sebutinde </Td> <Td> Uganda Uganda </Td> <Td> 2012 - </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="3"> Seat 15 ( Asia ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="3"> Initial term of three years </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Hsu Hsu Mo </Td> <Td> China China </Td> <Td> 1946 - 1956 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Koo , Wellington Wellington Koo </Td> <Td> China China </Td> <Td> 1957 - 1967 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Bengzon , César César Bengzon </Td> <Td> Philippines Philippines </Td> <Td> 1967 - 1976 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Oda , Shigeru Shigeru Oda </Td> <Td> Japan Japan </Td> <Td> 1976 - 2003 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Owada , Hisashi Hisashi Owada </Td> <Td> Japan Japan </Td> <Td> 2003 - </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Judges sitting ad hoc ( edit ) </H2> <Table> Judges sitting ad hoc on the International Court of Justice , as of 22 July 2010 ( sortable ) <Tr> <Th> Judge </Th> <Th> Nationality </Th> <Th> Appointing State </Th> <Th> Case ( s ) including parties years and of initiation to deposition </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Georges Abi - Saab </Td> <Td> Egypt </Td> <Td> Mali </Td> <Td> Frontier Dispute ( Burkina Faso / Republic of Mali ) 1983 -- 1986 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Adetobunboh Ademola </Td> <Td> Nigeria </Td> <Td> Ethiopia </Td> <Td> South West Africa ( Ethiopia v. South Africa ) 1960 -- 1966 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Liberia </Td> <Td> South West Africa ( Liberia v. South Africa ) 1960 -- 1966 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Mohsen Aghahosseini </Td> <Td> Iran </Td> <Td> Iran </Td> <Td> Aerial Incident of 3 July 1988 ( Islamic Republic of Iran v. United States of America ) 1989 -- 1996 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Roberto Ago </Td> <Td> Italy </Td> <Td> Honduras </Td> <Td> Arbitral Award Made by the King of Spain on 23 December 1906 ( Honduras v. Nicaragua ) 1958 -- 1960 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Bola Ajibola </Td> <Td> Nigeria </Td> <Td> Nigeria </Td> <Td> Land and Maritime Boundary between Cameroon and Nigeria ( Cameroon v. Nigeria : Equatorial Guinea intervening ) 1996 -- 2002 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Nigeria </Td> <Td> Request for Interpretation of the Judgment of 11 June 1998 in the Case concerning the Land and Maritime Boundary between Cameroon and Nigeria ( Cameroon v. Nigeria ) , Preliminary Objections ( Nigeria v. Cameroon ) 1998 -- 1999 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Luis Alayza y Paz Soldán </Td> <Td> Peru </Td> <Td> Peru </Td> <Td> Asylum ( Colombia / Peru ) 1949 -- 1950 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Peru </Td> <Td> Request for Interpretation of the Judgment of 20 November 1950 in the Asylum Case ( Colombia v. Peru ) 1950 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Peru </Td> <Td> Haya de la Torre ( Colombia v. Peru ) 1950 -- 1951 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Awn Shawkat Al - Khasawneh </Td> <Td> Jordan </Td> <Td> Nicaragua </Td> <Td> Maritime Delimitation in the Caribbean Sea and the Pacific Ocean ( Costa Rica v. Nicaragua ) 2014 -- present </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Louise Arbour </Td> <Td> Canada </Td> <Td> Chile </Td> <Td> Obligation to Negotiate Access to the Pacific Ocean ( Bolivia v. Chile ) 2014 -- present </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Enrique Armand - Ugón </Td> <Td> Uruguay </Td> <Td> Spain </Td> <Td> Barcelona Traction , Light and Power Company , Limited ( Belgium v. Spain ) ( New Application : 1962 ) 1962 -- 1970 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Antonio de Arruda Ferrer - Correia </Td> <Td> Portugal </Td> <Td> Portugal </Td> <Td> East Timor ( Portugal v. Australia ) 1991 -- 1995 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Garfield Barwick </Td> <Td> Australia </Td> <Td> Australia </Td> <Td> Nuclear Tests ( Australia v. France ) 1973 -- 1974 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> New Zealand </Td> <Td> Nuclear Tests ( New Zealand v. France ) 1973 -- 1974 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Suzanne Bastid </Td> <Td> France </Td> <Td> Tunisia </Td> <Td> Application for Revision and Interpretation of the Judgment of 24 February 1982 in the Case concerning the Continental Shelf ( Tunisia / Libyan Arab Jamahiriya ) ( Tunisia v. Libyan Arab Jamahiriya ) 1984 -- 1985 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Philémon Beb à Don </Td> <Td> Cameroon </Td> <Td> Cameroon </Td> <Td> Northern Cameroons ( Cameroon v. United Kingdom ) 1961 -- 1963 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Mohammed Bedjaoui </Td> <Td> Algeria </Td> <Td> Guinea </Td> <Td> Ahmadou Sadio Diallo ( Republic of Guinea v. Democratic Republic of the Congo ) 1998 -- 2012 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Nicaragua </Td> <Td> Territorial and Maritime Dispute ( Nicaragua v. Colombia ) 2001 -- 2012 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Niger </Td> <Td> Frontier Dispute ( Benin / Niger ) 2002 -- 2005 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Marshall Islands </Td> <Td> Obligations concerning Negotiations relating to Cessation of the Nuclear Arms Race and to Nuclear Disarmament ( Marshall Islands v. India ) 2014 -- present </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Marshall Islands </Td> <Td> Obligations concerning Negotiations relating to Cessation of the Nuclear Arms Race and to Nuclear Disarmament ( Marshall Islands v. Pakistan ) 2014 -- present </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Marshall Islands </Td> <Td> Obligations concerning Negotiations relating to Cessation of the Nuclear Arms Race and to Nuclear Disarmament ( Marshall Islands v. United Kingdom ) 2014 -- present </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Mohamed Bennouna </Td> <Td> Morocco </Td> <Td> Benin </Td> <Td> Frontier Dispute ( Benin / Niger ) 2002 -- 2005 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Franklin Berman </Td> <Td> United Kingdom </Td> <Td> Liechtenstein </Td> <Td> Certain Property ( Liechtenstein v. Germany ) 2001 -- 2005 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Alphonse Boni </Td> <Td> Ivory Coast </Td> <Td> Morocco </Td> <Td> Western Sahara 1974 -- 1975 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Bengt Broms </Td> <Td> Finland </Td> <Td> Finland </Td> <Td> Passage through the Great Belt ( Finland v. Denmark ) 1991 -- 1992 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Charles Brower </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> Colombia </Td> <Td> Question of the Delimitation of the Continental Shelf between Nicaragua and Colombia beyond 200 nautical miles from the Nicaraguan Coast ( Nicaragua v. Colombia ) 2013 -- present </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Ian Brownlie </Td> <Td> United Kingdom </Td> <Td> Liechtenstein </Td> <Td> Certain Property ( Liechtenstein v. Germany ) 2001 -- 2005 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Andreas Bucher </Td> <Td> Switzerland </Td> <Td> Switzerland </Td> <Td> Jurisdiction and Enforcement of Judgments in Civil and Commercial Matters ( Belgium v. Switzerland ) 2009 -- 2011 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Sayeman Bula - Bula </Td> <Td> Democratic Republic of the Congo </Td> <Td> Democratic Republic of the Congo </Td> <Td> Arrest Warrant of 11 April 2000 ( Democratic Republic of the Congo v. Belgium ) 2000 -- 2002 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> José Joaquin Caicedo Castilla </Td> <Td> Colombia </Td> <Td> Colombia </Td> <Td> Asylum ( Colombia / Peru ) 1949 -- 1950 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Colombia </Td> <Td> Request for Interpretation of the Judgment of 20 November 1950 in the Asylum Case ( Colombia v. Peru ) 1950 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Colombia </Td> <Td> Haya de la Torre ( Colombia v. Peru ) 1950 -- 1951 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Ian Callinan </Td> <Td> Australia </Td> <Td> Australia </Td> <Td> Questions relating to the Seizure and Detention of Certain Documents and Data ( Timor - Leste v. Australia ) 2013 -- 2015 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Antônio Augusto Cançado Trindade </Td> <Td> Brazil </Td> <Td> Costa Rica </Td> <Td> Dispute regarding Navigational and Related Rights ( Costa Rica v. Nicaragua ) 2005 -- 2009 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Jean - Yves de Cara </Td> <Td> France </Td> <Td> Republic of the Congo </Td> <Td> Certain Criminal Proceedings in France ( Republic of the Congo v. France ) 2003 -- 2010 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Paul Carry </Td> <Td> Switzerland </Td> <Td> Switzerland </Td> <Td> Interhandel ( Switzerland v. United States of America ) 1957 -- 1959 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Jorge Castañeda </Td> <Td> Mexico </Td> <Td> Malta </Td> <Td> Continental Shelf ( Libyan Arab Jamahiriya / Malta ) 1982 -- 1985 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Federico de Castro </Td> <Td> Spain </Td> <Td> Spain </Td> <Td> Barcelona Traction , Light and Power Company , Limited ( Belgium v. Spain ) 1958 -- 1961 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Mohamed Ali Currim Chagla </Td> <Td> India </Td> <Td> India </Td> <Td> Right of Passage over Indian Territory ( Portugal v. India ) 1955 -- 1960 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Hilary Charlesworth </Td> <Td> Australia </Td> <Td> Australia </Td> <Td> Whaling in the Antarctic ( Australia v. Japan : New Zealand intervening ) 2010 -- 2014 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Joseph Chesson </Td> <Td> Liberia </Td> <Td> Ethiopia </Td> <Td> South West Africa ( Ethiopia v. South Africa ) 1960 -- 1966 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Liberia </Td> <Td> South West Africa ( Liberia v. South Africa ) 1960 -- 1966 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Maxwell Cohen </Td> <Td> Canada </Td> <Td> Canada </Td> <Td> Delimitation of the Maritime Boundary in the Gulf of Maine Area ( Canada / United States of America ) 1981 -- 1984 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Claude - Albert Colliard </Td> <Td> France </Td> <Td> Nicaragua </Td> <Td> Military and Paramilitary Activities in and against Nicaragua ( Nicaragua v. United States of America ) 1984 -- 1986 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Jean - Pierre Cot </Td> <Td> France </Td> <Td> Colombia </Td> <Td> Territorial and Maritime Dispute ( Nicaragua v. Colombia ) 2001 -- 2012 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Romania </Td> <Td> Maritime Delimitation in the Black Sea ( Romania v. Ukraine ) 2004 -- 2009 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Colombia </Td> <Td> Aerial Herbicide Spraying ( Ecuador v. Colombia ) 2008 -- 2013 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Thailand </Td> <Td> Request for Interpretation of the Judgment of 15 June 1962 in the Case concerning the Temple of Preah Vihear ( Cambodia v. Thailand ) ( Cambodia v. Thailand ) 2011 -- present </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Timor - Leste </Td> <Td> Questions relating to the Seizure and Detention of Certain Documents and Data ( Timor - Leste v. Australia ) 2013 -- 2015 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Yves Daudet </Td> <Td> France </Td> <Td> Burkina Faso </Td> <Td> Frontier Dispute ( Burkina Faso / Niger ) 2010 -- 2013 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Bolivia </Td> <Td> Obligation to Negotiate Access to the Pacific Ocean ( Bolivia v. Chile ) 2014 -- present </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Nicaragua </Td> <Td> Alleged Violations of Sovereign Rights and Maritime Spaces in the Caribbean Sea ( Nicaragua v. Colombia ) 2013 -- present </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Igor Daxner </Td> <Td> Czechoslovakia </Td> <Td> Albania </Td> <Td> Corfu Channel ( United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland v. Albania ) 1947 -- 1949 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Vojin Dimitrijević </Td> <Td> Yugoslavia </Td> <Td> Yugoslavia </Td> <Td> Application for Revision of the Judgment of 11 July 1996 in the Case concerning Application of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide ( Bosnia and Herzegovina v. Yugoslavia ) , Preliminary Objections ( Yugoslavia v. Bosnia and Herzegovina ) 2001 -- 2003 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Christopher Dugard </Td> <Td> South Africa </Td> <Td> Rwanda </Td> <Td> Armed Activities on the Territory of the Congo ( Democratic Republic of the Congo v. Rwanda ) 1999 -- 2001 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Rwanda </Td> <Td> Armed Activities on the Territory of the Congo ( New Application : 2002 ) ( Democratic Republic of the Congo v. Rwanda ) 2002 -- 2006 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Malaysia </Td> <Td> Sovereignty over Pedra Branca / Pulau Batu Puteh , Middle Rocks and South Ledge ( Malaysia / Singapore ) 2003 -- 2008 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Nicaragua </Td> <Td> Certain Activities carried out by Nicaragua in the Border Area ( Costa Rica v. Nicaragua ) 2010 -- present </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Nicaragua </Td> <Td> Construction of a Road in Costa Rica along the San Juan River ( Nicaragua v. Costa Rica ) 2011 -- present </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Patrick Ferdinand Duinslaeger </Td> <Td> Belgium </Td> <Td> Belgium </Td> <Td> Legality of Use of Force ( Serbia and Montenegro v. Belgium ) 1999 -- 2004 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Bohuslav Ečer </Td> <Td> Czechoslovakia </Td> <Td> Albania </Td> <Td> Corfu Channel ( United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland v. Albania ) 1947 -- 1949 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Ahmed Sadek El - Kosheri </Td> <Td> Egypt </Td> <Td> Libya </Td> <Td> Questions of Interpretation and Application of the 1971 Montreal Convention arising from the Aerial Incident at Lockerbie ( Libyan Arab Jamahiriya v. United States of America ) 1992 -- 2003 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Jens Evensen </Td> <Td> Norway </Td> <Td> Tunisia </Td> <Td> Continental Shelf ( Tunisia / Libyan Arab Jamahiriya ) 1978 -- 1982 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Manuel Fernandes </Td> <Td> Portugal </Td> <Td> Portugal </Td> <Td> Right of Passage over Indian Territory ( Portugal v. India ) 1955 -- 1960 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Paul - Henning Fischer </Td> <Td> Denmark </Td> <Td> Denmark </Td> <Td> Maritime Delimitation in the Area between Greenland and Jan Mayen ( Denmark v. Norway ) 1988 -- 1993 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Denmark </Td> <Td> Passage through the Great Belt ( Finland v. Denmark ) 1991 -- 1992 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Carl - August Fleischhauer </Td> <Td> Germany </Td> <Td> Germany </Td> <Td> Certain Property ( Liechtenstein v. Germany ) 2001 -- 2005 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Yves Fortier </Td> <Td> Canada </Td> <Td> Bahrain </Td> <Td> Maritime Delimitation and Territorial Questions between Qatar and Bahrain ( Qatar v. Bahrain ) 1991 -- 2001 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Thomas Franck </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> Indonesia </Td> <Td> Sovereignty over Pulau Ligitan and Pulau Sipadan ( Indonesia / Malaysia ) 1998 -- 2002 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Giorgio Gaja </Td> <Td> Italy </Td> <Td> Italy </Td> <Td> Legality of Use of Force ( Serbia and Montenegro v. Italy ) 1999 -- 2004 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Nicaragua </Td> <Td> Territorial and Maritime Dispute between Nicaragua and Honduras in the Caribbean Sea ( Nicaragua v. Honduras ) 1997 -- 2007 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Italy </Td> <Td> Jurisdictional Immunities of the State ( Germany v. Italy : Greece intervening ) 2008 -- 2012 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Walter Ganshof van der Meersch </Td> <Td> Belgium </Td> <Td> Belgium </Td> <Td> Barcelona Traction , Light and Power Company , Limited ( Belgium v. Spain ) 1958 -- 1961 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Belgium </Td> <Td> Barcelona Traction , Light and Power Company , Limited ( Belgium v. Spain ) ( New Application : 1962 ) 1962 -- 1970 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Carlos Garcia Bauer </Td> <Td> Guatemala </Td> <Td> Guatemala </Td> <Td> Nottebohm ( Liechtenstein v. Guatemala ) 1951 -- 1955 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> David Goitein </Td> <Td> Israel </Td> <Td> Israel </Td> <Td> Aerial Incident of 27 July 1955 ( Israel v. Bulgaria ) 1957 -- 1959 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Julio Diego Gonzáles Campos </Td> <Td> Spain </Td> <Td> Honduras </Td> <Td> Territorial and Maritime Dispute between Nicaragua and Honduras in the Caribbean Sea ( Nicaragua v. Honduras ) 1999 -- 2007 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Paul Guggenheim </Td> <Td> Switzerland </Td> <Td> Liechtenstein </Td> <Td> Nottebohm ( Liechtenstein v. Guatemala ) 1951 -- 1955 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Gilbert Guillaume </Td> <Td> France </Td> <Td> France </Td> <Td> Certain Criminal Proceedings in France ( Republic of the Congo v. France ) 2003 -- 2010 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Nicaragua </Td> <Td> Dispute regarding Navigational and Related Rights ( Costa Rica v. Nicaragua ) 2005 -- 2009 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> France </Td> <Td> Certain Questions of Mutual Assistance in Criminal Matters ( Djibouti v. France ) 2006 -- 2008 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Peru </Td> <Td> Maritime Dispute ( Peru v. Chile ) 2008 -- 2014 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Nicaragua </Td> <Td> Certain Activities carried out by Nicaragua in the Border Area ( Costa Rica v. Nicaragua ) 2010 -- present </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Cambodia </Td> <Td> Request for Interpretation of the Judgment of 15 June 1962 in the Case concerning the Temple of Preah Vihear ( Cambodia v. Thailand ) ( Cambodia v. Thailand ) 2011 -- present </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Nicaragua </Td> <Td> Construction of a Road in Costa Rica along the San Juan River ( Nicaragua v. Costa Rica ) 2011 -- present </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Sead Hodžić </Td> <Td> Bosnia and Herzegovina </Td> <Td> Bosnia and Herzegovina </Td> <Td> Application for Revision of the Judgment of 11 July 1996 in the Case concerning Application of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide ( Bosnia and Herzegovina v. Yugoslavia ) , Preliminary Objections ( Yugoslavia v. Bosnia and Herzegovina ) 2001 -- 2003 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Robert Yewdall Jennings </Td> <Td> United Kingdom </Td> <Td> United Kingdom </Td> <Td> Questions of Interpretation and Application of the 1971 Montreal Convention arising from the Aerial Incident at Lockerbie ( Libyan Arab Jamahiriya v. United Kingdom ) 1992 -- 2003 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Eduardo Jiménez de Aréchaga </Td> <Td> Uruguay </Td> <Td> Libya </Td> <Td> Continental Shelf ( Tunisia / Libyan Arab Jamahiriya ) 1978 -- 1982 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Libya </Td> <Td> Continental Shelf ( Libyan Arab Jamahiriya / Malta ) 1982 -- 1985 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Libya </Td> <Td> Application for Revision and Interpretation of the Judgment of 24 February 1982 in the Case concerning the Continental Shelf ( Tunisia / Libyan Arab Jamahiriya ) ( Tunisia v. Libyan Arab Jamahiriya ) 1984 -- 1985 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Philippe Kirsch </Td> <Td> Belgium </Td> <Td> Belgium </Td> <Td> Questions relating to the Obligation to Prosecute or Extradite ( Belgium v. Senegal ) 2009 -- 2012 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Milenko Kreća </Td> <Td> Serbia and Montenegro </Td> <Td> Serbia and Montenegro </Td> <Td> Legality of Use of Force ( Serbia and Montenegro v. Belgium ) 1999 -- 2004 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Serbia and Montenegro </Td> <Td> Legality of Use of Force ( Serbia and Montenegro v. Canada ) 1999 -- 2004 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Serbia and Montenegro </Td> <Td> Legality of Use of Force ( Serbia and Montenegro v. Italy ) 1999 -- 2004 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Serbia and Montenegro </Td> <Td> Legality of Use of Force ( Serbia and Montenegro v. France ) 1999 -- 2004 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Serbia and Montenegro </Td> <Td> Legality of Use of Force ( Serbia and Montenegro v. Germany ) 1999 -- 2004 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Serbia and Montenegro </Td> <Td> Legality of Use of Force ( Serbia and Montenegro v. Netherlands ) 1999 -- 2004 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Serbia and Montenegro </Td> <Td> Legality of Use of Force ( Serbia and Montenegro v. Portugal ) 1999 -- 2004 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> FR Yugoslavia </Td> <Td> Legality of Use of Force ( Yugoslavia v. Spain ) 1999 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Serbia and Montenegro </Td> <Td> Legality of Use of Force ( Serbia and Montenegro v. United Kingdom ) 1999 -- 2004 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> FR Yugoslavia </Td> <Td> Legality of Use of Force ( Yugoslavia v. United States of America ) 1999 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Serbia </Td> <Td> Application of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide ( Croatia v. Serbia ) 1999 -- 2015 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Marc Lalonde </Td> <Td> Canada </Td> <Td> Canada </Td> <Td> Fisheries Jurisdiction ( Spain v. Canada ) 1995 -- 1998 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Canada </Td> <Td> Legality of Use of Force ( Serbia and Montenegro v. Canada ) 1999 -- 2004 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Elihu Lauterpacht </Td> <Td> United Kingdom </Td> <Td> Bosnia and Herzegovina </Td> <Td> Application of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide ( Bosnia and Herzegovina v. Serbia and Montenegro ) 1993 -- 2007 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> François Luchaire </Td> <Td> France </Td> <Td> Burkina Faso </Td> <Td> Frontier Dispute ( Burkina Faso / Republic of Mali ) 1983 -- 1986 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Ahmed Mahiou </Td> <Td> Algeria </Td> <Td> Bosnia and Herzegovina </Td> <Td> Application of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide ( Bosnia and Herzegovina v. Serbia and Montenegro ) 1993 -- 2007 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Guinea </Td> <Td> Ahmadou Sadio Diallo ( Republic of Guinea v. Democratic Republic of the Congo ) 1998 -- 2012 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Bosnia and Herzegovina </Td> <Td> Application for Revision of the Judgment of 11 July 1996 in the Case concerning Application of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide ( Bosnia and Herzegovina v. Yugoslavia ) , Preliminary Objections ( Yugoslavia v. Bosnia and Herzegovina ) 2001 -- 2003 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Niger </Td> <Td> Frontier Dispute ( Burkina Faso / Niger ) 2010 -- 2013 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Auguste Mampuya Kanunka Tshiabo </Td> <Td> Democratic Republic of the Congo </Td> <Td> Democratic Republic of the Congo </Td> <Td> Ahmadou Sadio Diallo ( Republic of Guinea v. Democratic Republic of the Congo ) 1998 -- 2012 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Democratic Republic of the Congo </Td> <Td> Armed Activities on the Territory of the Congo ( New Application : 2002 ) ( Democratic Republic of the Congo v. Rwanda ) 2002 -- 2006 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Jean - Pierre Mavungu Mvubidi - Ngom </Td> <Td> Democratic Republic of the Congo </Td> <Td> Democratic Republic of the Congo </Td> <Td> Armed Activities on the Territory of the Congo ( Democratic Republic of the Congo v. Rwanda ) 1999 -- 2001 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Democratic Republic of the Congo </Td> <Td> Armed Activities on the Territory of the Congo ( New Application : 2002 ) ( Democratic Republic of the Congo v. Rwanda ) 2002 -- 2006 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Louis Mbanefo </Td> <Td> Nigeria </Td> <Td> Ethiopia </Td> <Td> South West Africa ( Ethiopia v. South Africa ) 1960 -- 1966 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Liberia </Td> <Td> South West Africa ( Liberia v. South Africa ) 1960 -- 1966 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Kéba Mbaye </Td> <Td> Senegal </Td> <Td> Senegal </Td> <Td> Arbitral Award of 31 July 1989 ( Guinea - Bissau v. Senegal ) 1989 -- 1991 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Cameroon </Td> <Td> Land and Maritime Boundary between Cameroon and Nigeria ( Cameroon v. Nigeria : Equatorial Guinea intervening ) 1996 -- 2002 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Cameroon </Td> <Td> Request for Interpretation of the Judgment of 11 June 1998 in the Case concerning the Land and Maritime Boundary between Cameroon and Nigeria ( Cameroon v. Nigeria ) , Preliminary Objections ( Nigeria v. Cameroon ) 1998 -- 1999 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Thomas Mensah </Td> <Td> Ghana </Td> <Td> Nicaragua </Td> <Td> Territorial and Maritime Dispute ( Nicaragua v. Colombia ) 2001 -- 2012 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Gaetano Morelli </Td> <Td> Italy </Td> <Td> Italy </Td> <Td> Monetary Gold Removed from Rome in 1943 ( Italy v. France , United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and United States of America ) 1953 -- 1954 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Hermann Mosler </Td> <Td> West Germany </Td> <Td> West Germany </Td> <Td> North Sea Continental Shelf ( Federal Republic of Germany / Netherlands ) 1967 -- 1969 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Nagendra Singh </Td> <Td> India </Td> <Td> India </Td> <Td> Appeal Relating to the Jurisdiction of the ICAO Council ( India v. Pakistan ) 1971 -- 1972 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Johannes Offerhaus </Td> <Td> Netherlands </Td> <Td> Netherlands </Td> <Td> Application of the Convention of 1902 Governing the Guardianship of Infants ( Netherlands v. Sweden ) 1957 -- 1958 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Francisco Orrego Vicuña </Td> <Td> Chile </Td> <Td> Chile </Td> <Td> Maritime Dispute ( Peru v. Chile ) 2008 -- 2014 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Bernard Oxman </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> Ukraine </Td> <Td> Maritime Delimitation in the Black Sea ( Romania v. Ukraine ) 2004 -- 2009 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Geoffrey Palmer </Td> <Td> New Zealand </Td> <Td> New Zealand </Td> <Td> Request for an Examination of the Situation in Accordance with Paragraph 63 of the Court 's Judgment of 20 December 1974 in the Nuclear Tests ( New Zealand v. France ) Case 1995 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Felipe Paolillo </Td> <Td> Uruguay </Td> <Td> El Salvador </Td> <Td> Application for Revision of the Judgment of 11 September 1992 in the Case concerning the Land , Island and Maritime Frontier Dispute ( El Salvador / Honduras : Nicaragua intervening ) ( El Salvador v. Honduras ) 2002 -- 2003 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Syed Sharif Uddin Pirzada </Td> <Td> Pakistan </Td> <Td> Pakistan </Td> <Td> Aerial Incident of 10 August 1999 ( Pakistan v. India ) 1999 -- 2000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Fausto Pocar </Td> <Td> Italy </Td> <Td> Belgium </Td> <Td> Jurisdiction and Enforcement of Judgments in Civil and Commercial Matters ( Belgium v. Switzerland ) 2009 -- 2011 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Pemmaraju Sreenivasa Rao </Td> <Td> India </Td> <Td> Singapore </Td> <Td> Sovereignty over Pedra Branca / Pulau Batu Puteh , Middle Rocks and South Ledge ( Malaysia / Singapore ) 2003 -- 2008 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> B.P. Jeevan Reddy </Td> <Td> India </Td> <Td> India </Td> <Td> Aerial Incident of 10 August 1999 ( Pakistan v. India ) 1999 -- 2000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> François Rigaux </Td> <Td> Belgium </Td> <Td> Iran </Td> <Td> Oil Platforms ( Islamic Republic of Iran v. United States of America ) 1992 -- 2003 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Willem Riphagen </Td> <Td> Netherlands </Td> <Td> Belgium </Td> <Td> Barcelona Traction , Light and Power Company , Limited ( Belgium v. Spain ) ( New Application : 1962 ) 1962 -- 1970 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Emmanuel Roucounas </Td> <Td> Greece </Td> <Td> Greece </Td> <Td> Application of the Interim Accord of 13 September 1995 ( the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia v. Greece ) 2008 -- 2011 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> José María Ruda </Td> <Td> Argentina </Td> <Td> Qatar </Td> <Td> Maritime Delimitation and Territorial Questions between Qatar and Bahrain ( Qatar v. Bahrain ) 1991 -- 2001 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Jean Salmon </Td> <Td> Belgium </Td> <Td> Burundi </Td> <Td> Armed Activities on the Territory of the Congo ( Democratic Republic of the Congo v. Burundi ) 1999 -- 2001 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Karim Sandjabi </Td> <Td> Iran </Td> <Td> Iran </Td> <Td> Anglo - Iranian Oil Co . ( United Kingdom v. Iran ) 1951 -- 1952 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Bernardo Sepúlveda Amor </Td> <Td> Mexico </Td> <Td> Mexico </Td> <Td> Avena and Other Mexican Nationals ( Mexico v. 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South Africa ) 1960 -- 1966 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Liberia </Td> <Td> South West Africa ( Liberia v. South Africa ) 1960 -- 1966 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Pakistan </Td> <Td> Trial of Pakistani Prisoners of War ( Pakistan v. India ) 1973 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Abdulqawi Yusuf </Td> <Td> Somalia </Td> <Td> Djibouti </Td> <Td> Certain Questions of Mutual Assistance in Criminal Matters ( Djibouti v. France ) 2006 -- 2008 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Sir Muhammad Zafarullah Khan </Td> <Td> Pakistan </Td> <Td> Ethiopia </Td> <Td> South West Africa ( Ethiopia v. South Africa ) 1960 -- 1966 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Liberia </Td> <Td> South West Africa ( Liberia v. South Africa ) 1960 -- 1966 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Pakistan </Td> <Td> Trial of Pakistani Prisoners of War ( Pakistan v. India ) 1973 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Jaroslav Žourek </Td> <Td> Czechoslovakia </Td> <Td> Bulgaria </Td> <Td> Aerial Incident of 27 July 1955 ( Israel v. Bulgaria ) 1957 -- 1959 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Bulgaria </Td> <Td> Aerial Incident of 27 July 1955 ( United States of America v. Bulgaria ) 1957 -- 1960 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> All Judges ad hoc : http://www.icj-cij.org/court/index.php?p1=1&p2=5&p3=2&lang=en </P> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wikimedia Commons has media related to Judges of the International Court of Justice . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ul> <Li> List of International Court of Justice cases </Li> <Li> Category : International Court of Justice judges </Li> </Ul> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Judges_of_the_International_Court_of_Justice&oldid=808088880 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> Lists of legal professionals </Li> <Li> International Court of Justice </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Articles with hCards </Li> <Li> Interlanguage link template link number </Li> <Li> Interlanguage link template existing link </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> Read </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> Deutsch </Li> <Li> Français </Li> <Li> हिन्दी </Li> <Li> Nederlands </Li> <Li> Polski </Li> <Li> 中文 </Li> </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 31 October 2017 , at 20 : 22 . </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> | [
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Stand by Me ( film ) - wikipedia <H1> Stand by Me ( film ) </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( May 2009 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Stand by Me </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> American theatrical release poster </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Directed by </Th> <Td> Rob Reiner </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Produced by </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Bruce A. Evans </Li> <Li> Andrew Scheinman </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Written by </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Bruce A. Evans </Li> <Li> Raynold Gideon </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Based on </Th> <Td> The Body by Stephen King </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Starring </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Wil Wheaton </Li> <Li> River Phoenix </Li> <Li> Corey Feldman </Li> <Li> Jerry O'Connell </Li> <Li> Kiefer Sutherland </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Music by </Th> <Td> Jack Nitzsche </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Cinematography </Th> <Td> Thomas Del Ruth </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Edited by </Th> <Td> Robert Leighton </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Production company </Th> <Td> Act III Productions </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Distributed by </Th> <Td> Columbia Pictures </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Release date </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> August 22 , 1986 ( 1986 - 08 - 22 ) </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Running time </Th> <Td> 89 minutes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Country </Th> <Td> United States </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Language </Th> <Td> English </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Budget </Th> <Td> $8 million </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Box office </Th> <Td> $52.3 million </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Stand by Me is a 1986 American coming - of - age comedy - drama film directed by Rob Reiner and starring Wil Wheaton , River Phoenix , Corey Feldman , and Jerry O'Connell . The film , whose plot is based on Stephen King 's novella The Body ( 1982 ) and title is derived from Ben E. King 's eponymous song , which plays over the ending credits , tells the story of four boys in a small town in Oregon who go on a hike to find the dead body of a missing child . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Plot </Li> <Li> 2 Cast </Li> <Li> 3 Production <Ul> <Li> 3.1 Casting </Li> <Li> 3.2 Locations </Li> <Li> 3.3 Title </Li> <Li> 3.4 Music </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 Reception <Ul> <Li> 4.1 Box office </Li> <Li> 4.2 Critical response </Li> <Li> 4.3 Accolades <Ul> <Li> 4.3. 1 Nominations </Li> <Li> 4.3. 2 Wins </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 5 Legacy <Ul> <Li> 5.1 Events and tourism </Li> <Li> 5.2 Production company </Li> <Li> 5.3 Movies </Li> <Li> 5.4 Music </Li> <Li> 5.5 Television </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 6 References </Li> <Li> 7 External links <Ul> <Li> 7.1 Reviews </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Plot ( edit ) </H2> <P> Author Gordie Lachance reads in the newspaper that his childhood friend Chris Chambers has been stabbed to death . Gordie narrates a flashback ( later revealed to be Gordie writing ) to a childhood incident when he and three buddies undertook a journey to find the body of a missing boy near the town of Castle Rock , Oregon , over Labor Day weekend in 1959 . </P> <P> Young Gordie is a quiet , bookish boy who likes to tell stories . His parents , grieving the recent death of Gordie 's older brother Denny , neglect their younger son . Gordie 's friends are Chris , who comes from a family of drunks and criminals ; Teddy Duchamp , a joker who was burned and physically scarred by his mentally ill father ; and Vern Tessio , who is overweight and timid . </P> <P> Vern overhears his older brother Billy and his friend Charlie Hogan discussing Ray Brower , a young boy who is missing and presumed dead . Gordie , Chris , Teddy , and Vern decide to find Ray 's body , hoping to become local heroes . Chris steals his father 's M1911 pistol , and the boys set out , stopping at the town 's junkyard to drink from its water pump . The boys hang out in the junkyard for a while , while Gordie leaves to buy food for the journey . When Gordie returns , he sees his friends jumping the fence to escape Milo Pressman , the junkman , and his dog Chopper . Gordie escapes as well . Pressman , infuriated , threatens to call the boys ' parents and calls Teddy 's father a `` loony '' ; an enraged Teddy attempts to attack Pressman , but the boys restrain him and they leave . </P> <P> At nighttime , Gordie tells the other boys a story of Davie `` Lard - Ass '' Hogan , an overweight boy who is constantly teased and bullied . Hogan enters a pie - eating contest , but his goal was not to win , but to exact revenge . Prior to the contest , Hogan consumed a full bottle of castor oil and a raw egg . After eating several pies and briefly dominating the contest , Hogan vomits , inducing the vomiting of the contestants and crowd members , humiliating and embarrassing his tormentors . </P> <P> After a series of misadventures and self - revelations , the boys locate the body . However , local hoodlum `` Ace '' Merrill and his gang , including Chris ' older brother `` Eyeball '' Chambers , arrive to claim the body and the credit for finding it . When Chris refuses to allow this , Ace draws a switchblade with intent to kill him , but Gordie intervenes with the pistol Chris had stolen . Ace and his gang leave and Ace vows revenge . </P> <P> The boys agree to report the body via an anonymous phone call to the authorities and hike back to Castle Rock and bid each other farewell until they see each other in a few days , in the local junior high school . </P> <P> The present - day Gordie writes that while he and Chris remained friends , they drifted apart from Teddy and Vern shortly after that day . Gordie notes how everyone 's life turned out : Vern married immediately after high school , has four children , and drives a forklift at a local lumberyard . Teddy tried enlisting in the Army but was turned down because of bad eyesight and an ear injury ; he later served time in prison and now does odd jobs around town . Chris went to college and became a lawyer ; when attempting to break up a fight in a fast - food restaurant , he was stabbed to death . </P> <P> After finishing the story , adult Gordie , a successful , published writer , walks outside and drives away with his son and his son 's friend to take them swimming . </P> <H2> Cast ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Wil Wheaton as Gordie Lachance ( aged 12 ) <Ul> <Li> Richard Dreyfuss as Gordie Lachance ( adult ; credited as `` The Writer '' ) </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> River Phoenix as Chris Chambers </Li> <Li> Corey Feldman as Teddy Duchamp </Li> <Li> Jerry O'Connell as Vern Tessio </Li> <Li> Kiefer Sutherland as John `` Ace '' Merrill , gang leader </Li> <Li> Casey Siemaszko as Billy Tessio , gang member </Li> <Li> John Cusack as Denny Lachance </Li> <Li> Marshall Bell as Mr. Lachance </Li> <Li> Frances Lee McCain as Mrs. Lachance </Li> <Li> Gary Riley as Charlie Hogan , gang member </Li> <Li> Bradley Gregg as Richard `` Eyeball '' Chambers , gang member </Li> <Li> Jason Oliver as Vince Desjardins , gang member </Li> <Li> Bruce Kirby as Mr. Quidacioluo , store owner </Li> <Li> William Bronder as Milo Pressman , junkyard owner </Li> <Li> Scott Beach as Mayor Grundy </Li> <Li> Andy Lindberg as Davie `` Lard - Ass '' Hogan </Li> </Ul> <H2> Production ( edit ) </H2> <P> Bruce A. Evans sent a copy of Stephen King 's novella The Body to Karen Gideon , the wife of his friend and writing partner Raynold Gideon on August 29 , 1983 as a gift for her birthday . Both Gideon and Evans quickly became fans of the novella and shortly thereafter contacted King 's agent , Kirby McCauley , seeking to negotiate film rights ; McCauley replied that King 's terms were $100,000 and 10 % of the gross profits . Although the money was not an issue , the share of gross profits was considered excessive , especially considering that no stars could be featured to help sell the movie . In response , Evans and Gideon pursued an established director , Adrian Lyne , to help sell the project . </P> <P> After reading the novella , Lyne teamed up with Evans and Gideon , but all the studios the trio approached turned the project down except for Martin Shafer at Embassy Pictures . Embassy spent four months negotiating the rights with McCauley , settling on $50,000 and a smaller share of the profits , and Evans and Gideon spent eight weeks writing the screenplay . Evans and Gideon asked to also produce the film , but Shafer suggested they team up with Andy Scheinman , a more experienced producer . Embassy was unwilling to meet Lyne 's salary for directing the film until Evans and Gideon agreed to give up half of their share of profits to meet Lyne 's asking price . </P> <P> Reiner later recalled that Lyne was going to direct the film , but had promised himself a vacation following the production of 91⁄2 Weeks , and would not be available to start production until the spring of 1986 . Reiner , better known at the time as the actor who had played ' Meathead ' Stivic in All in the Family , was sent the script by Scheinman , and his initial reaction was the script had promise but `` no focus '' . After Lyne withdrew from the project , Reiner signed on to direct in September 1984 . Reiner realized the story should focus on Gordie , as `` his father always paid more attention to his older brother '' and he identified with that , as he struggled with the shadow of fame cast by his comedian father , Carl Reiner . The writers incorporated Reiner 's suggestions , producing a new script by December 1984 for Embassy 's review and approval . </P> <P> Days before shooting started in the summer of 1985 , Embassy was sold to Columbia Pictures , who made plans to cancel the production . Norman Lear , one of the co-owners of Embassy , gave $7.5 million of his own money to complete the film , citing his faith in Reiner and the script . However , since Embassy also would have distributed the film , once the film was completed it had no distributor . The producers showed a print to Michael Ovitz , head of the powerful Creative Artists Agency , and Ovitz promised to help them find a distributor . Paramount , Universal Pictures , and Warner Bros. all passed on the film ; Columbia Pictures production head Guy McElwaine screened the film at his house because he was feeling ill , and the positive reaction of his daughters convinced him to distribute the film . </P> <H3> Casting ( edit ) </H3> <P> In a 2011 interview with NPR , Wil Wheaton attributed the film 's success to the director 's casting choices : </P> <P> Rob Reiner found four young boys who basically were the characters we played . I was awkward and nerdy and shy and uncomfortable in my own skin and really , really sensitive , and River was cool and really smart and passionate and even at that age kind of like a father figure to some of us , Jerry was one of the funniest people I had ever seen in my life , either before or since , and Corey was unbelievably angry and in an incredible amount of pain and had an absolutely terrible relationship with his parents . </P> <P> Feldman recalled how his home life translated into his onscreen character : `` ( Most kids are n't ) thinking they 're going to get hit by their parents because they 're not doing well enough in school , which will prevent them from getting a work permit , which will prevent them from being an actor . '' O'Connell agreed that he was cast based on how his personality fit the role , saying `` Rob really wanted us to understand our characters . He interviewed our characters . ( ... ) I tried to stay like Vern and say the stupid things Vern would . I think I was Vern that summer . '' Reiner and the producers interviewed more than 70 boys for the four main roles , out of more than 300 who auditioned ; Phoenix originally read for the part of Gordie Lachance . </P> <P> Rather than start shooting right away , Reiner put the four main actors together for two weeks to play games from Viola Spolin 's Improvisation for the Theater ( which Reiner called `` the bible '' of theater games ) and build camaraderie , which led to a real friendship between them and several one - shot takes , where the young actors hit their cues perfectly . Wheaton would recall `` When you saw the four of us being comrades , that was real life , not acting . '' </P> <P> Before settling on Richard Dreyfuss as the narrator ( and the role of the adult Gordie ) , Reiner considered David Dukes , Ted Bessell , and Michael McKean . </P> <H3> Locations ( edit ) </H3> Bridge on the road leading into Brownsville , Oregon , which was used for the penultimate scenes ( 2009 ) <P> Parts of the film were shot in Brownsville , Oregon , which stood in for the fictional town of Castle Rock . The town was selected for its small town , 1950s ambience . The town fondly remembers the making of the movie in June and July 1985 , in which approximately 100 local residents were employed as extras , and since 2007 has held an annual Stand By Me Day each July which has drawn international attendees . </P> <P> The blueberry pie eating contest was also filmed in Brownsville ; residents were employed as extras and a local bakery supplied the pies and extra filling , which was mixed with large - curd cottage cheese to simulate the vomit . The quantity of simulated vomit varied per person , from as much as 5 US gallons ( 19 l ) during the triggering event to little as ⁄ US gallon ( 0.24 l ) . </P> <P> Scenes that include the `` mailbox baseball '' game and the junkyard scenes were filmed in Veneta , Oregon . The junkyard is still in operation . The campout / standing guard scene was filmed in Eugene , Oregon , just a few miles from Veneta . The general store is in Franklin , Oregon , just north of Veneta . Scenes along the railroad tracks were shot near Cottage Grove , Oregon , along the Oregon , Pacific and Eastern Railway . The line was abandoned 1994 ; the roadbed was repurposed as the Row River National Recreation Trail . </P> McCloud River Railroad trestle across Lake Britton ( 2012 ) <P> The scene where the boys outrace a steam train engine across an 80 - foot tall trestle was filmed on the McCloud River Railroad , above Lake Britton Reservoir , near McArthur - Burney Falls Memorial State Park in California . The scene took a full week of shooting , making use of four small adult female stunt doubles with closely cropped hair , made up to look like the film 's protagonists . Plywood planks were laid across the trestles to provide a safer surface on which the stunt doubles could run . The locomotive used for the scene , M.C.R.R. 25 , is still in daily operation for excursion service on the Oregon Coast Scenic Railroad . Telephoto compression was used to make the train appear much closer than it actually was , and the actors did not feel a sense of danger until Reiner threatened them . `` You see those guys ? They do n't want to push that dolly down the track any more . And the reason they 're getting tired is because of you . I told them if they were n't worried that the train was going to kill them , then they should worry that I was going to . And that 's when they ran . '' </P> <H3> Title ( edit ) </H3> <P> In March 1986 , Columbia Pictures , concerned that the original title , The Body , was misleading , renamed the film Stand by Me . According to screenwriter Raynold Gideon , `` ... it sounded like either a sex film , a bodybuilding film or another Stephen King horror film . Rob came up with Stand by Me , and it ended up being the least unpopular option . '' </P> <H3> Music ( edit ) </H3> <P> Jack Nitzsche composed the film 's musical score . On August 8 , 1986 , a soundtrack album was released containing many of the 1950s and early 1960s oldies songs featured in the film : </P> <Ol> <Li> `` Everyday '' ( Buddy Holly ) -- 2 : 07 </Li> <Li> `` Let the Good Times Roll '' ( Shirley and Lee ) -- 2 : 22 </Li> <Li> `` Come Go with Me '' ( The Del - Vikings ) -- 2 : 40 </Li> <Li> `` Whispering Bells '' ( The Del - Vikings ) -- 2 : 25 </Li> <Li> `` Get a Job '' ( The Silhouettes ) -- 2 : 44 </Li> <Li> `` Lollipop '' ( The Chordettes ) -- 2 : 09 </Li> <Li> `` Yakety Yak '' ( The Coasters ) -- 1 : 52 </Li> <Li> `` Great Balls of Fire '' ( Jerry Lee Lewis ) -- 1 : 52 </Li> <Li> `` Mr. Lee '' ( The Bobbettes ) -- 2 : 14 </Li> <Li> `` Stand by Me '' ( Ben E. King ) -- 2 : 55 </Li> </Ol> <H2> Reception ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Box office ( edit ) </H3> <P> The film was a box office success in North America . It opened in a limited release on August 8 , 1986 in 16 theaters and grossed $242,795 , averaging $15,174 per theater . The film then had its wide opening in 745 theaters on August 22 and grossed $3,812,093 , averaging $5,116 per theater and ranking # 2 . The film 's widest release was 848 theaters , and it ended up earning $52,287,414 overall , well above its $8 million budget . </P> <H3> Critical response ( edit ) </H3> <P> Reviewing for The New York Times , Walter Goodman thought the direction was rather self - conscious , `` looking constantly at his audience '' ; Goodman called it a `` trite narrative '' and that `` Reiner 's direction hammers in every obvious element in an obvious script . '' Dave Kehr wrote `` there 's nothing natural in the way Reiner has overloaded his film with manufactured drama '' in his review for the Chicago Tribune . In contrast , Sheila Benson called it `` ( a treasure ) absolutely not to be missed '' in her review for the Los Angeles Times . Paul Attanasio , reviewing for The Washington Post , called the acting ensemble `` wonderful '' , and particularly praised the performances by Wheaton and Phoenix . </P> <P> Stephen King , whose novella this film was adapted from , was very impressed with the finished result and indicated , on the special features of the 25th anniversary Blu - ray set , that he considered the film to be the first successful translation to film of any of his works . According to a later interview with Gene Siskel , Reiner recalls that after a private early screening of the film , King excused himself for fifteen minutes to compose himself , returning to remark `` That 's the best film ever made out of anything I 've written , which is n't saying much . But you 've really captured my story . It is autobiographical . '' </P> <P> On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes , the film has an approval rating of 91 % based on 53 reviews , with a rating average of 8 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` Stand by Me is a wise , nostalgic movie with a weird streak that captures both Stephen King 's voice and the trials of growing up . '' At Metacritic , which assigns a weighted mean rating to reviews , the film has score of 75 based on 20 critics , indicated `` generally favorably reviews . '' </P> <H3> Accolades ( edit ) </H3> Nominations ( edit ) <Ul> <Li> Academy Award for Best Adapted Screenplay ( Raynold Gideon and Bruce A. Evans ) </Li> <Li> Directors Guild of America Award for Outstanding Directing -- Feature Film ( Rob Reiner ) </Li> <Li> Golden Globe Award for Best Motion Picture -- Drama </Li> <Li> Golden Globe Award for Best Director ( Rob Reiner ) </Li> <Li> Independent Spirit Award for Best Film ( Andrew Scheinman , Raynold Gideon , and Bruce A. Evans ) </Li> <Li> Independent Spirit Award for Best Director ( Rob Reiner ) </Li> <Li> Independent Spirit Award for Best Screenplay ( Raynold Gideon and Bruce A. Evans ) </Li> <Li> National Board of Review Awards 1986 Top Ten Films </Li> <Li> WGA Award for Best Screenplay Based on Material from Another Medium ( Raynold Gideon and Bruce A. Evans ) </Li> </Ul> Wins ( edit ) <Ul> <Li> 8th Youth in Film Awards The Jackie Coogan Award for Outstanding Contribution to Youth Through Motion Picture ( Wil Wheaton , River Phoenix , Corey Feldman , and Jerry O'Connell ) </Li> </Ul> <H2> Legacy ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Events and tourism ( edit ) </H3> <P> Brownsville has held an annual `` Stand By Me Day '' since 2007 , which has attracted international participants and includes a pie eating contest . On July 24 , 2010 , a 25th Anniversary Celebration of the filming of Stand by Me was held in Brownsville , Oregon . The event included a cast and crew Q&A session , an amateur blueberry pie eating contest , and an outdoor showing of the film . </P> <P> Stand By Me Day was officially fixed to July 23 by the Brownsville Chamber of Commerce in 2013 . To encourage tourism , the city has embedded a penny in the street at Main and Park , where Vern found one , and an advertising mural painted for the movie production has survived . </P> <H3> Production company ( edit ) </H3> <P> In 1987 , following the success of Stand by Me , Reiner co-founded a film and television production company and named it Castle Rock Entertainment , after the fictional setting of the story . </P> <H3> Movies ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Jonathan Bernstein states the pop culture discussions between characters in films by Quentin Tarantino originate in the similar semi-serious banter between the boys of Stand by Me . </Li> <Li> Reviewers have seen an influence from Stand by Me in the 2011 movie Attack the Block , directed by Joe Cornish . </Li> <Li> The movie Mud ( 2012 ) has a character ( Neckbone ) who has been called a `` perfect fusion of River Phoenix and Jerry O'Connell in ' Stand by Me . ' '' The writer and director , Jeff Nichols , said of the film `` Yeah , you know , I basically remade Stand by Me '' when defending the work - in - progress to studio executives . </Li> <Li> The Kings of Summer , a 2013 coming - of - age film by Jordan Vogt - Roberts , has been reviewed as being inspired by Stand by Me . </Li> </Ul> <H3> Music ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Dan Mangan 's song `` Rows of Houses '' ( 2011 ) is based on this movie and takes the perspective of Gordie Lachance . </Li> </Ul> <H3> Television ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Seinfeld , the first television show produced by Reiner 's Castle Rock production company , featured banter between Jerry Seinfeld and George Costanza that was reminiscent of the dialogue between the protagonists of Stand by Me . </Li> <Li> The plotline of `` The Blunder Years '' , a 2001 episode from the thirteenth season of The Simpsons , revolves around a repressed childhood trauma in which Homer Simpson , along with his friends Lenny and Carl , discover a body blocking an inlet for the Springfield Quarry . </Li> <Li> Actors auditioning for roles on the Netflix show Stranger Things were asked to read lines from Stand by Me and one episode was titled `` The Body '' in homage to the source novella . </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ `` STAND BY ME ( 15 ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . September 12 , 1986 . Retrieved August 15 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Stand by Me '' . The Numbers . Retrieved 2015 - 01 - 06 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Scott , Vernon ( 21 November 1986 ) . `` How ' Stand By Me ' Was Almost Left Standing At The Gate '' . Chicago Tribune . United Press International . Retrieved 24 April 2017 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Hannaford , Alex ( 13 June 2011 ) . `` 25 years of ' Stand by Me ' '' . The Telegraph . Retrieved 13 April 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ FoundationINTERVIEWS ( March 20 , 2008 ) . `` Rob Reiner - Archive Interview Part 6 of 8 '' . Retrieved October 8 , 2017 -- via YouTube . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Lang , Brent ( 28 July 2016 ) . `` ' Stand by Me ' Oral History : Rob Reiner and Cast on River Phoenix and How Coming - of - Age Classic Almost Did n't Happen '' . Variety . Retrieved 23 April 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Wheaton , Wil ( August 6 , 2011 ) . `` All Things Considered '' . National Public Radio ( Interview ) . Interview with David Greene . Meriden , Connecticut : WNPR . Retrieved August 6 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Harmetz , Aljean ( 16 September 1986 ) . `` How 4 boys in ' Stand by Me ' became a film team '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 24 April 2017 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Paul , Alex ( July 20 , 2016 ) . `` Linda McCormick Can Tell You All About the Film ' Stand by Me ' '' . Albany Democrat - Herald . Retrieved 21 April 2017 . ; special section , pg . S2 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Stand By Me Filming Locations '' . Fast Rewind. 2015 . Retrieved 13 April 2017 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : McGovern , Joe ( 12 May 2016 ) . `` ' Stand by Me ' turns 30 : The blueberry pie scene gets an oral history '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 2 May 2017 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Paul , Alex ( July 20 , 2016 ) . `` Bend Attorney Helped Drive ' Stand By Me ' Train '' . Albany Democrat - Herald . Retrieved 21 April 2017 . ; special section , pp. S3 , S8 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Stand By Me DVD Booklet . Columbia TriStar Home Video . 2000 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Stand by Me ( 1986 ) - Box Office Mojo '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Goodman , Walter ( 8 August 1986 ) . `` Movie Review : Rob Reiner 's ' Stand By Me ' '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 24 April 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kehr , Dave ( 22 August 1986 ) . `` Textbook Drama Trips Up ' Stand By Me ' '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved 24 April 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Benson , Sheila ( 8 August 1986 ) . `` From the Archives : ' Stand by Me ' is a summer standout '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 24 April 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Attanasio , Paul ( 22 August 1986 ) . `` Movies : ' Stand by Me ' '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved 24 April 2017 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Herman , Karen ( November 29 , 2004 ) . `` Interview with Rob Reiner '' . Archive of American Television . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Siskel , Gene ( 17 August 1986 ) . `` ' Meathead ' Rob Reiner Meets And Defeats His Longtime Demons '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved 24 April 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Stand by Me , retrieved 2018 - 04 - 01 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Stand by Me , retrieved 2018 - 04 - 01 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Paul , Alex ( July 10 , 2010 ) . `` ' Stand By Me ' festival slated '' . Albany Democrat - Herald . Retrieved December 7 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Moody , Jennifer ( 15 July 2013 ) . `` Brownsville gears up for Stand By Me Day '' . Albany Democrat - Herald . Retrieved 21 April 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Zawicki , Neil ( 23 July 2016 ) . `` 30 years on for Stand By Me '' . Albany Democrat - Herald . Retrieved 21 April 2017 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Bernstein , Jonathan ( February 1997 ) . `` 10 -- The Next Generation : Neurotics , Psychotics , Weirdos , Underachievers and Would - be Teen Idols '' . Pretty in Pink : The Golden Age of Teenage Movies . New York , New York : St. Martin 's Griffin . pp. 208 -- 210 . ISBN 0 - 312 - 15194 - 2 . Retrieved 2 May 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Melin , Eric ( 29 October 2011 ) . `` ' Dazed and Confused ' Blu - Ray Finally Out , and ' Attack the Block ' '' . Scene Stealers . Retrieved 1 May 2017 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Gallen , Sean ( 9 August 2016 ) . `` Stand By Me : 5 Times It Inspired Pop Culture '' . Movie Pilot . Retrieved 1 May 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Emerson , Jim ( 25 April 2013 ) . `` Mud ( review ) '' . RogerEbert.com . Retrieved 1 May 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Jeff Nichols ( 25 March 2016 ) . `` The Shot Caller Q + A : Midnight Special Director Jeff Nichols '' ( Interview ) . Interview with Zach Baron . GQ . Retrieved 1 May 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Pols , Mary ( 31 May 2013 ) . `` The Kings of Summer : Boys N the Woods '' . Time . Retrieved 1 May 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Lussier , Germain ( 24 January 2013 ) . `` ' The Kings of Summer ' Review : ' Superbad ' Meets ' Stand By Me ' ( Sundance 2013 ) '' . Slashfilm . Retrieved 1 May 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Dan Mangan ' Row of Houses ' : Video for the Canadian singer - songwriter 's new single ' Row of Houses ' '' . Rolling Stone . September 27 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Maxtone - Graham , Ian ( 9 December 2001 ) . `` The Blunder Years '' . Simpsons Archive . Retrieved 1 May 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Lai , Kristin ( 8 August 2016 ) . `` The True Story Behind Stephen King 's ' The Body ' And ' Stand By Me ' '' . Movie Pilot . Retrieved 1 May 2017 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wikiquote has quotations related to : Stand by Me ( film ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ul> <Li> Stand by Me on IMDb </Li> <Li> Stand by Me at the TCM Movie Database </Li> <Li> Stand by Me at Box Office Mojo </Li> <Li> Stand by Me at Rotten Tomatoes </Li> <Li> Brownsville , Oregon Stand by Me film locations from Brownsville Chamber of Commerce </Li> <Li> `` Stand By Me '' . Then & Now Movie Locations ( blog ) . October 2012 . Retrieved 13 April 2017 . </Li> </Ul> <H3> Reviews ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Denby , David ( 18 August 1986 ) . `` Roughing It '' . New York Magazine . pp. 58 -- 59 . Retrieved 1 May 2017 . </Li> <Li> Franco , James ( 1 August 2013 ) . `` Keep Standing by Me '' . Vice . Retrieved 1 May 2017 . </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Films directed by Rob Reiner </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> This Is Spinal Tap ( 1984 ) </Li> <Li> The Sure Thing ( 1985 ) </Li> <Li> Stand by Me ( 1986 ) </Li> <Li> The Princess Bride ( 1987 ) </Li> <Li> When Harry Met Sally ... ( 1989 ) </Li> <Li> Misery ( 1990 ) </Li> <Li> A Few Good Men ( 1992 ) </Li> <Li> North ( 1994 ) </Li> <Li> The American President ( 1995 ) </Li> <Li> Ghosts of Mississippi ( 1996 ) </Li> <Li> The Story of Us ( 1999 ) </Li> <Li> Alex & Emma ( 2003 ) </Li> <Li> Rumor Has It ( 2005 ) </Li> <Li> The Bucket List ( 2007 ) </Li> <Li> Flipped ( 2010 ) </Li> <Li> The Magic of Belle Isle ( 2012 ) </Li> <Li> And So It Goes ( 2014 ) </Li> <Li> Being Charlie ( 2015 ) </Li> <Li> LBJ ( 2016 ) </Li> <Li> Shock and Awe ( 2017 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Stephen King </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Bibliography </Li> <Li> Short fiction </Li> <Li> Unpublished and uncollected </Li> <Li> Awards and nominations </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Novels </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Carrie ( 1974 ) </Li> <Li> ' Salem 's Lot ( 1975 ) </Li> <Li> The Shining ( 1977 ) </Li> <Li> The Stand ( 1978 ) </Li> <Li> The Dead Zone ( 1979 ) </Li> <Li> Firestarter ( 1980 ) </Li> <Li> Cujo ( 1981 ) </Li> <Li> Christine ( 1983 ) </Li> <Li> Pet Sematary ( 1983 ) </Li> <Li> Cycle of the Werewolf ( 1983 ) </Li> <Li> The Talisman ( 1984 ) </Li> <Li> It ( 1986 ) </Li> <Li> The Eyes of the Dragon ( 1987 ) </Li> <Li> Misery ( 1987 ) </Li> <Li> The Tommyknockers ( 1987 ) </Li> <Li> The Dark Half ( 1989 ) </Li> <Li> Needful Things ( 1991 ) </Li> <Li> Gerald 's Game ( 1992 ) </Li> <Li> Dolores Claiborne ( 1992 ) </Li> <Li> Insomnia ( 1994 ) </Li> <Li> Rose Madder ( 1995 ) </Li> <Li> The Green Mile ( 1996 ) </Li> <Li> Desperation ( 1996 ) </Li> <Li> Bag of Bones ( 1998 ) </Li> <Li> The Girl Who Loved Tom Gordon ( 1999 ) </Li> <Li> The Plant ( 2000 ; unfinished ) </Li> <Li> Dreamcatcher ( 2001 ) </Li> <Li> Black House ( 2001 ) </Li> <Li> From a Buick 8 ( 2002 ) </Li> <Li> The Colorado Kid ( 2005 ) </Li> <Li> Cell ( 2006 ) </Li> <Li> Lisey 's Story ( 2006 ) </Li> <Li> Duma Key ( 2008 ) </Li> <Li> Under the Dome ( 2009 ) </Li> <Li> 11 / 22 / 63 ( 2011 ) </Li> <Li> Joyland ( 2013 ) </Li> <Li> Doctor Sleep ( 2013 ) </Li> <Li> Mr. Mercedes ( 2014 ) </Li> <Li> Revival ( 2014 ) </Li> <Li> Finders Keepers ( 2015 ) </Li> <Li> End of Watch ( 2016 ) </Li> <Li> Gwendy 's Button Box ( 2017 ) </Li> <Li> Sleeping Beauties ( 2017 ) </Li> <Li> The Outsider ( 2018 ) </Li> <Li> Elevation ( 2018 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> The Dark Tower series </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> The Gunslinger ( 1982 ) </Li> <Li> The Drawing of the Three ( 1987 ) </Li> <Li> The Waste Lands ( 1991 ) </Li> <Li> Wizard and Glass ( 1997 ) </Li> <Li> Wolves of the Calla ( 2003 ) </Li> <Li> Song of Susannah ( 2004 ) </Li> <Li> The Dark Tower ( 2004 ) </Li> <Li> The Wind Through the Keyhole ( 2012 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Richard Bachman novels </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Rage ( 1977 ) </Li> <Li> The Long Walk ( 1979 ) </Li> <Li> Roadwork ( 1981 ) </Li> <Li> The Running Man ( 1982 ) </Li> <Li> Thinner ( 1984 ) </Li> <Li> The Bachman Books ( 1985 ) </Li> <Li> The Regulators ( 1996 ) </Li> <Li> Blaze ( 2007 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Short fiction collections </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Night Shift ( 1978 ) </Li> <Li> Different Seasons ( 1982 ) </Li> <Li> Skeleton Crew ( 1985 ) </Li> <Li> Four past Midnight ( 1990 ) </Li> <Li> Nightmares & Dreamscapes ( 1993 ) </Li> <Li> Hearts in Atlantis ( 1999 ) </Li> <Li> Everything 's Eventual ( 2002 ) </Li> <Li> Just After Sunset ( 2008 ) </Li> <Li> Full Dark , No Stars ( 2010 ) </Li> <Li> The Bazaar of Bad Dreams ( 2015 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Non-fiction </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Danse Macabre ( 1981 ) </Li> <Li> Nightmares in the Sky ( 1988 ) </Li> <Li> On Writing ( 2000 ) </Li> <Li> Secret Windows ( 2000 ) </Li> <Li> Faithful ( 2004 ) </Li> <Li> `` Guns '' ( 2013 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Screenplays </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Creepshow ( 1982 ) </Li> <Li> Cat 's Eye ( 1985 ) </Li> <Li> Silver Bullet ( 1985 ) </Li> <Li> Maximum Overdrive ( 1986 ; also director ) </Li> <Li> Pet Sematary ( 1989 ) </Li> <Li> Sleepwalkers ( 1992 ) </Li> <Li> A Good Marriage ( 2014 ) </Li> <Li> Cell ( 2016 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Teleplays </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` Sorry , Right Number '' ( 1987 ) </Li> <Li> Golden Years ( 1991 ) </Li> <Li> The Stand ( 1994 ) </Li> <Li> The Shining ( 1997 ) </Li> <Li> `` Chinga '' ( 1998 ) </Li> <Li> Storm of the Century ( 1999 ) </Li> <Li> Rose Red ( 2002 ) </Li> <Li> Kingdom Hospital ( 2004 ) </Li> <Li> Desperation ( 2006 ) </Li> <Li> `` Heads Will Roll '' ( 2014 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Comics </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Heroes for Hope ( 1985 ) </Li> <Li> American Vampire ( 2010 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Musical collaborations </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Michael Jackson 's Ghosts ( 1997 ) </Li> <Li> Black Ribbons ( 2010 ) </Li> <Li> Ghost Brothers of Darkland County ( 2012 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Anthologies edited </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> The Best American Short Stories 2007 ( 2007 ) </Li> <Li> Six Scary Stories ( 2016 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Worlds and concepts </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Fictional locations of Maine <Ul> <Li> Jerusalem 's Lot </Li> <Li> Castle Rock </Li> <Li> Derry </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Fictional books </Li> <Li> Multiverse <Ul> <Li> All - World </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Dollar Baby </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Related articles </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> List of adaptations </Li> <Li> Books about Stephen King </Li> <Li> Rock Bottom Remainders </Li> <Li> Philtrum Press </Li> <Li> Six Stories </Li> <Li> Stephen King Goes to the Movies </Li> <Li> Charlie the Choo - Choo </Li> <Li> Hearts in Suspension </Li> <Li> Tabitha King </Li> <Li> Joe Hill </Li> <Li> Owen King </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Book </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Adaptations of works by Stephen King </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Films </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> The Shining ( 1980 ) </Li> <Li> Cujo ( 1983 ) </Li> <Li> The Dead Zone ( 1983 ) </Li> <Li> Christine ( 1983 ) </Li> <Li> Cat 's Eye ( 1985 ) </Li> <Li> Silver Bullet ( 1985 ) </Li> <Li> The Running Man ( 1987 ) </Li> <Li> Tales from the Darkside : The Movie ( 1990 ) </Li> <Li> Graveyard Shift ( 1990 ) </Li> <Li> Misery ( 1990 ) </Li> <Li> Sleepwalkers ( 1992 ) </Li> <Li> Needful Things ( 1993 ) </Li> <Li> The Dark Half ( 1993 ) </Li> <Li> Dolores Claiborne ( 1995 ) </Li> <Li> Thinner ( 1996 ) </Li> <Li> The Night Flier ( 1997 ) </Li> <Li> The Green Mile ( 1999 ) </Li> <Li> Hearts in Atlantis ( 2001 ) </Li> <Li> Dreamcatcher ( 2003 ) </Li> <Li> Secret Window ( 2004 ) </Li> <Li> Riding the Bullet ( 2004 ) </Li> <Li> 1408 ( 2007 ) </Li> <Li> The Mist ( 2007 ) </Li> <Li> Dolan 's Cadillac ( 2009 ) </Li> <Li> A Good Marriage ( 2014 ) </Li> <Li> Mercy ( 2014 ) </Li> <Li> Cell ( 2016 ) </Li> <Li> The Dark Tower ( 2017 ) </Li> <Li> Gerald 's Game ( 2017 ) </Li> <Li> 1922 ( 2017 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Carrie </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Carrie ( 1976 ) </Li> <Li> The Rage : Carrie 2 ( 1999 ) </Li> <Li> Carrie ( 2002 ) </Li> <Li> Carrie ( 2013 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Creepshow </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Creepshow ( 1982 ) </Li> <Li> Creepshow 2 ( 1987 ) </Li> <Li> Creepshow 3 ( 2007 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Children of the Corn </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Disciples of the Crow ( 1983 ) </Li> <Li> Children of the Corn ( 1984 ) </Li> <Li> The Final Sacrifice ( 1992 ) </Li> <Li> Urban Harvest ( 1995 ) </Li> <Li> The Gathering ( 1996 ) </Li> <Li> Fields of Terror ( 1998 ) </Li> <Li> Isaac 's Return ( 1999 ) </Li> <Li> Revelation ( 2001 ) </Li> <Li> Children of the Corn ( 2009 ) </Li> <Li> Genesis ( 2011 ) </Li> <Li> Runaway ( 2018 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Different Seasons </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Stand by Me ( 1986 ) </Li> <Li> The Shawshank Redemption ( 1994 ) </Li> <Li> Apt Pupil ( 1998 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Firestarter </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Firestarter ( 1984 ) </Li> <Li> Rekindled ( 2002 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Trucks </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Maximum Overdrive ( 1986 ) </Li> <Li> Trucks ( 1997 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Pet Sematary </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Pet Sematary ( 1989 ) </Li> <Li> Pet Sematary Two ( 1992 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> The Mangler </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> The Mangler ( 1995 ) </Li> <Li> The Mangler 2 ( 2002 ) </Li> <Li> The Mangler Reborn ( 2005 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> The Lawnmower Man </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> The Lawnmower Man ( 1992 ) </Li> <Li> Beyond Cyberspace ( 1996 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> It </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> It ( 2017 ) </Li> <Li> It : Chapter Two ( 2019 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> TV films , episodes , and miniseries </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> `` Gramma '' ( 1986 ) </Li> <Li> `` Sorry , Right Number '' ( 1987 ) </Li> <Li> It ( 1990 ) </Li> <Li> Golden Years ( 1991 ) </Li> <Li> The Tommyknockers ( 1993 ) </Li> <Li> The Stand ( 1994 ) </Li> <Li> The Langoliers ( 1995 ) </Li> <Li> The Shining ( 1997 ) </Li> <Li> Quicksilver Highway ( 1997 ) </Li> <Li> `` The Revelations of ' Becka Paulson '' ( 1997 ) </Li> <Li> Storm of the Century ( 1999 ) </Li> <Li> Stephen King 's Desperation ( 2006 ) </Li> <Li> Nightmares & Dreamscapes : From the Stories of Stephen King ( 2006 ) </Li> <Li> Bag of Bones ( 2011 ) </Li> <Li> Big Driver ( 2014 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Salem 's Lot </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Salem 's Lot ( 1979 ) </Li> <Li> A Return to Salem 's Lot ( 1987 ) </Li> <Li> Salem 's Lot ( 2004 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Sometimes They Come Back </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Sometimes They Come Back ( 1991 ) </Li> <Li> Sometimes They Come Back ... Again ( 1996 ) </Li> <Li> Sometimes They Come Back ... for More ( 1998 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Rose Red </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Rose Red ( 2002 ) </Li> <Li> The Diary of Ellen Rimbauer ( 2003 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> TV series </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> The Dead Zone ( 2002 -- 2007 ) </Li> <Li> Kingdom Hospital ( 2004 ) </Li> <Li> Haven ( 2010 -- 2015 ) </Li> <Li> Under the Dome ( 2013 -- 2015 ) </Li> <Li> 11.22. 63 ( 2016 ) </Li> <Li> The Mist ( 2017 ) </Li> <Li> Mr. Mercedes ( 2017 -- present ) </Li> <Li> Castle Rock ( TBA ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Operas </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Dolores Claiborne ( 2013 ) </Li> <Li> The Shining ( 2016 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Book </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stand_by_Me_(film)&oldid=834438054 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> 1986 films </Li> <Li> English - language films </Li> <Li> 1980s adventure films </Li> <Li> 1980s buddy films </Li> <Li> 1980s coming - of - age films </Li> <Li> 1980s teen drama films </Li> <Li> American films </Li> <Li> American comedy - drama films </Li> <Li> American buddy films </Li> <Li> American coming - of - age films </Li> <Li> Columbia Pictures films </Li> <Li> Films scored by Jack Nitzsche </Li> <Li> Films based on short fiction </Li> <Li> Films based on works by Stephen King </Li> <Li> Films directed by Rob Reiner </Li> <Li> Films set in 1959 </Li> <Li> Films set in Oregon </Li> <Li> Films shot in California </Li> <Li> Films shot in Oregon </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Articles needing additional references from May 2009 </Li> <Li> All articles needing additional references </Li> <Li> Use mdy dates from June 2013 </Li> <Li> Pages using div col without cols and colwidth parameters </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> Wikiquote </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> Български </Li> <Li> Català </Li> <Li> Cymraeg </Li> <Li> Deutsch </Li> <Li> Ελληνικά </Li> <Li> Español </Li> <Li> Euskara </Li> <Li> فارسی </Li> <Li> Français </Li> <Li> Galego </Li> <Li> 한국어 </Li> <Li> Bahasa Indonesia </Li> <Li> Italiano </Li> <Li> עברית </Li> <Li> Кыргызча </Li> <Li> Bahasa Melayu </Li> <Li> Nederlands </Li> <Li> 日本 語 </Li> <Li> Plattdüütsch </Li> <Li> Polski </Li> <Li> Português </Li> <Li> Română </Li> <Li> Русский </Li> <Li> Suomi </Li> <Li> Svenska </Li> <Li> ไทย </Li> <Li> Türkçe </Li> <Li> Українська </Li> <Li> 中文 </Li> 20 more </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 5 April 2018 , at 18 : 49 . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> | [
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Northern Ireland Open ( snooker ) - wikipedia <H1> Northern Ireland Open ( snooker ) </H1> Jump to : navigation , search Not to be confused with Irish Masters or Irish Professional Championship . For the previous tournament held in Belfast , see Northern Ireland Trophy . For the previous tournament held in Tallaght , see Irish Open ( snooker ) . <Table> Northern Ireland Open <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Tournament information </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Location </Th> <Td> Belfast </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Country </Th> <Td> Northern Ireland </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Established </Th> <Td> 2016 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Organisation ( s ) </Th> <Td> World Professional Billiards and Snooker Association </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Format </Th> <Td> Ranking event </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Total prize fund </Th> <Td> £ 366,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Current champion ( s ) </Th> <Td> Mark Williams </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The Northern Ireland Open is a professional ranking snooker tournament . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 History </Li> <Li> 2 Winners </Li> <Li> 3 See also </Li> <Li> 4 References </Li> <Li> 5 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> History ( edit ) </H2> <P> On April 29 , 2015 , World Snooker chairman Barry Hearn announced it would be added to the main tour in 2016 as the `` Northern Ireland Open '' at a Belfast venue , as part of a new Home Nations Series with the existing Welsh Open and new English Open and Scottish Open tournaments . </P> <H2> Winners ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Year </Th> <Th> Winner </Th> <Th> Runner - up </Th> <Th> Final score </Th> <Th> Sponsor </Th> <Th> Venue </Th> <Th> Season </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="7"> Northern Ireland Open ( ranking ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2016 </Td> <Td> Mark King </Td> <Td> Barry Hawkins </Td> <Td> 9 -- 8 </Td> <Td> Coral </Td> <Td> Belfast </Td> <Td> 2016 / 17 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2017 </Td> <Td> Mark Williams </Td> <Td> Yan Bingtao </Td> <Td> 9 -- 8 </Td> <Td> Dafabet </Td> <Td> 2017 / 18 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Malta Cup </Li> <Li> Irish Masters </Li> <Li> Irish Professional Championship </Li> <Li> Northern Ireland Trophy </Li> <Li> 2011 Alex Higgins International Trophy </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ http://www.worldsnooker.com/tournaments/irish-open-2016/ </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/snooker/32519199 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ http://www.worldsnooker.com/hearn-announces-new-five-year-plan/ </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Chris Turner 's Snooker Archive : Major European Tournaments </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Home Nations Series </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> English Open </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 2016 </Li> <Li> 2017 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Northern Ireland Open </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 2016 </Li> <Li> 2017 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Scottish Open </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 2016 </Li> <Li> 2017 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Welsh Open </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 2017 </Li> <Li> 2018 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Active professional snooker tournaments </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Ranking events </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Riga Masters </Li> <Li> China Championship </Li> <Li> Paul Hunter Classic </Li> <Li> Indian Open </Li> <Li> World Open </Li> <Li> European Masters </Li> <Li> English Open </Li> <Li> International Championship </Li> <Li> Shanghai Masters </Li> <Li> Northern Ireland Open </Li> <Li> UK Championship </Li> <Li> Scottish Open </Li> <Li> German Masters </Li> <Li> Snooker Shoot - Out </Li> <Li> World Grand Prix </Li> <Li> Welsh Open </Li> <Li> Gibraltar Open </Li> <Li> Players Championship </Li> <Li> China Open </Li> <Li> World Snooker Championship </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Non-ranking events </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> World Cup ( team event ) </Li> <Li> Hong Kong Masters </Li> <Li> World Games </Li> <Li> CVB Snooker Challenge ( team event ) </Li> <Li> Haining Open </Li> <Li> Champion of Champions </Li> <Li> The Masters </Li> <Li> Championship League </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> World Seniors Tour </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> UK Seniors Championship </Li> <Li> Seniors Irish Masters </Li> <Li> World Seniors Championship </Li> <Li> The Seniors Masters </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Variant events </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Six - red World Championship </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Pro-am events </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Vienna Snooker Open </Li> <Li> Belgium Snooker Open </Li> <Li> Pink Ribbon </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Related articles </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> World Snooker Tour </Li> <Li> Triple Crown </Li> <Li> Q School </Li> <Li> List of snooker ranking tournaments </Li> <Li> List of ranking title winners </Li> <Li> Withdrawn tournaments </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Current season </Li> <Li> Current world rankings <Ul> <Li> ranking points </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Northern_Ireland_Open_(snooker)&oldid=828579343 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> Northern Ireland Open ( snooker ) </Li> <Li> Home Nations Series </Li> <Li> 2016 establishments in Northern Ireland </Li> <Li> Snooker ranking tournaments </Li> <Li> Snooker competitions in Northern Ireland </Li> <Li> Recurring sporting events established in 2016 </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> Беларуская </Li> <Li> Български </Li> <Li> Deutsch </Li> <Li> Français </Li> <Li> Norsk </Li> <Li> Русский </Li> <Li> Svenska </Li> </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 3 March 2018 , at 13 : 10 . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> | [
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Pirates of the Caribbean ( film series ) - wikipedia <H1> Pirates of the Caribbean ( film series ) </H1> This is the latest accepted revision , reviewed on 17 June 2018 . <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Pirates of the Caribbean </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Directed by </Th> <Td> Gore Verbinski ( 1 -- 3 ) Rob Marshall ( 4 ) Joachim Rønning ( 5 -- 6 ) Espen Sandberg ( 5 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Produced by </Th> <Td> Jerry Bruckheimer </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Based on </Th> <Td> Pirates of the Caribbean by Walt Disney ( 1 -- 5 ) On Stranger Tides by Tim Powers ( 4 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Starring </Th> <Td> See below </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Production company </Th> <Td> Walt Disney Pictures Jerry Bruckheimer Films </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Distributed by </Th> <Td> Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Running time </Th> <Td> 726 minutes ( 1 -- 5 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Country </Th> <Td> United States </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Language </Th> <Td> English </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Budget </Th> <Td> Total ( 5 films ) : $1.274 billion </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Box office </Th> <Td> Total ( 5 films ) : $4,524,358,182 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Pirates of the Caribbean is a series of fantasy swashbuckler films produced by Jerry Bruckheimer and based on Walt Disney 's theme park ride of the same name . </P> <P> Directors of the series include Gore Verbinski ( 1 -- 3 ) , Rob Marshall ( 4 ) and Joachim Rønning and Espen Sandberg ( 5 ) . The series is primarily written by Ted Elliott and Terry Rossio ( 1 -- 4 ) ; other writers include Stuart Beattie ( 1 ) , Jay Wolpert ( 1 ) and Jeff Nathanson ( 5 ) . The stories follow the adventures of Captain Jack Sparrow ( Johnny Depp ) , Will Turner ( Orlando Bloom ) and Elizabeth Swann ( Keira Knightley ) . Characters such as Hector Barbossa ( Geoffrey Rush ) and Joshamee Gibbs ( Kevin McNally ) follow Jack , Will and Elizabeth in the course of the films . The fourth film features Blackbeard ( Ian McShane ) and Angelica ( Penélope Cruz ) , while the fifth film features Armando Salazar ( Javier Bardem ) , Henry Turner ( Brenton Thwaites ) and Carina Smyth ( Kaya Scodelario ) . The films take place in a fictional historical setting ; a world ruled by the British Empire , the East India Trading Company ( based on the real East India Company ) and the Spanish Empire , with pirates representing freedom from the ruling powers . </P> <P> The film series started in 2003 with Pirates of the Caribbean : The Curse of the Black Pearl , which received positive reviews from critics and grossed US $ 654 million worldwide . After the first film 's success , Walt Disney Pictures revealed that a trilogy was in the works . The franchise 's second film , subtitled Dead Man 's Chest , was released three years later in 2006 ; the sequel proved successful , breaking financial records worldwide the day of its premiere . Dead Man 's Chest ended up being the number one film of the year upon earning almost $1.1 billion at the worldwide box office . The third film in the series , subtitled At World 's End , followed in 2007 earning $960 million , and Disney released a fourth film , subtitled On Stranger Tides , in 2011 in conventional 2D , Digital 3 - D and IMAX 3D . On Stranger Tides succeeded in also grossing more than $1 billion , becoming the second film in the franchise and only the eighth film in history to achieve this . </P> <P> The franchise has grossed over $4.5 billion worldwide ; it is the tenth - highest - grossing film series of all time and it was the first franchise where more than one film grossed $1 billion worldwide . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Released films <Ul> <Li> 1.1 The Curse of the Black Pearl ( 2003 ) </Li> <Li> 1.2 Dead Man 's Chest ( 2006 ) </Li> <Li> 1.3 At World 's End ( 2007 ) </Li> <Li> 1.4 On Stranger Tides ( 2011 ) </Li> <Li> 1.5 Dead Men Tell No Tales ( 2017 ) </Li> <Li> 1.6 Upcoming <Ul> <Li> 1.6. 1 Pirates of the Caribbean 6 ( TBA ) </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2 Short film <Ul> <Li> 2.1 Tales of the Code : Wedlocked ( 2011 ) </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 Production <Ul> <Li> 3.1 First film </Li> <Li> 3.2 Second and third films </Li> <Li> 3.3 Fourth film </Li> <Li> 3.4 Fifth film </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 Recurring cast & characters </Li> <Li> 5 Music <Ul> <Li> 5.1 Film soundtracks </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 6 Additional film crew </Li> <Li> 7 Reception <Ul> <Li> 7.1 Box office performance </Li> <Li> 7.2 Critical and public response </Li> <Li> 7.3 Accolades <Ul> <Li> 7.3. 1 Academy Awards </Li> <Li> 7.3. 2 Golden Globe Awards </Li> <Li> 7.3. 3 Golden Raspberry Awards </Li> <Li> 7.3. 4 MTV Movie Awards </Li> <Li> 7.3. 5 Teen Choice Awards </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 8 Notes </Li> <Li> 9 References </Li> <Li> 10 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Released films ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Film </Th> <Th> U.S. release date </Th> <Th> Director ( s ) </Th> <Th> Screenwriter ( s ) </Th> <Th> Story by </Th> <Th> Producer ( s ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Pirates of the Caribbean : The Curse of the Black Pearl </Th> <Td> July 9 , 2003 ( 2003 - 07 - 09 ) </Td> <Td> Gore Verbinski </Td> <Td> Ted Elliott & Terry Rossio </Td> <Td> Ted Elliott , Terry Rossio , Stuart Beattie & Jay Wolpert </Td> <Td> Jerry Bruckheimer </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Man 's Chest </Th> <Td> July 7 , 2006 ( 2006 - 07 - 07 ) </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> Ted Elliott & Terry Rossio </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Pirates of the Caribbean : At World 's End </Th> <Td> May 25 , 2007 ( 2007 - 05 - 25 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Pirates of the Caribbean : On Stranger Tides </Th> <Td> May 20 , 2011 ( 2011 - 05 - 20 ) </Td> <Td> Rob Marshall </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Men Tell No Tales </Th> <Td> May 26 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 26 ) </Td> <Td> Joachim Rønning & Espen Sandberg </Td> <Td> Jeff Nathanson </Td> <Td> Jeff Nathanson & Terry Rossio </Td> </Tr> </Table> Top to bottom : Johnny Depp , Geoffrey Rush , Orlando Bloom and Keira Knightley , who portrayed the principal characters . Only Depp and Rush reprised their roles in every film . Bloom and Knightley did not return for the fourth film and had cameo appearances for the fifth film . <H3> The Curse of the Black Pearl ( 2003 ) ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Pirates of the Caribbean : The Curse of the Black Pearl <P> Blacksmith Will Turner teams up with eccentric pirate Captain Jack Sparrow to save Turner 's love , Elizabeth Swann , from cursed pirates led by Jack 's mutinous former first mate , Captain Barbossa . Jack wants revenge against Barbossa , who left him stranded on an island before stealing his ship , the Black Pearl , along with 882 pieces of cursed Aztec Gold . </P> <H3> Dead Man 's Chest ( 2006 ) ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Man 's Chest <P> Lord Cutler Beckett of the East India Trading Company arrests Will and Elizabeth for aiding Captain Jack Sparrow in the previous film . Beckett offers clemency if Will agrees to search for Jack 's compass in a bid to find the Dead Man 's Chest -- and inside , the heart of villainous Davy Jones -- which would give Beckett control of the seas . However , Jack wants the Chest to escape from an unpaid debt with Jones , who made Jack captain of the Black Pearl for 13 years in exchange for 100 years of service aboard Jones ' ship , the Flying Dutchman . </P> <H3> At World 's End ( 2007 ) ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Pirates of the Caribbean : At World 's End <P> Lord Beckett gains power over Davy Jones and , with the help of the Flying Dutchman , he is now executing his plans to extinguish piracy forever . To stand against the East India Trading Co. , Will , Elizabeth , Barbossa , and the crew of the Black Pearl set out to rescue Captain Jack Sparrow from Davy Jones ' Locker . As one of the Nine Pirate Lords , Jack is needed in order to release an ancient goddess with the power to defeat Beckett 's forces . </P> <H3> On Stranger Tides ( 2011 ) ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Pirates of the Caribbean : On Stranger Tides <P> Captain Jack Sparrow is on a quest to find the fabled Fountain of Youth and crosses paths with a former lover , Angelica . She forces Jack aboard the Queen Anne 's Revenge , a ship captained by the infamous pirate Blackbeard , Angelica 's father . Both are also in search of the Fountain ; Angelica to save her father 's soul , Blackbeard to escape a prophecy of his demise at the hands of a one - legged man . Joining the hunt is former pirate captain Barbossa , now a privateer in King George II 's Navy , who is in a race against the Spanish for the Fountain of Youth . </P> <H3> Dead Men Tell No Tales ( 2017 ) ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Men Tell No Tales <P> Ghost Spanish Royal Navy soldiers led by Jack Sparrow 's old nemesis , Captain Armando Salazar , escape from the Devil 's Triangle , with the goal of killing every pirate at sea , including him . To survive , Jack seeks out the legendary Trident of Poseidon , a powerful artifact whose owner can control the seas and break curses . </P> <H3> Upcoming ( edit ) </H3> Pirates of the Caribbean 6 ( tba ) ( edit ) <P> Shortly before the release of On Stranger Tides , it was reported that Disney was planning to shoot the fifth and the sixth films back - to - back , although it was later revealed that only the fifth film was in development . On March 4 , 2017 , director Joachim Rønning stated that Dead Men was only the beginning of the final adventure , implying that it would not be the last film of the franchise and that a sixth film could be released . </P> <P> In September 2017 , producer Jerry Bruckheimer indicated that another Pirates sequel is still possible if Dead Men Tell No Tales does well in its home release . In October 2017 , Kaya Scodelario said that she was contracted to return for a sixth film . Shortly after , it was announced that Joachim Rønning is being eyed to direct the film . </P> <H2> Short film ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Tales of the Code : wedlocked ( 2011 ) ( edit ) </H3> <P> Wenches Scarlett ( Lauren Maher ) and Giselle ( Vanessa Branch ) fix each other up for their wedding , in which they would each marry their groom . Upon realizing that both their grooms were the same man -- Jack Sparrow -- the two wenches find themselves in an auction led by the Auctioneer . The short film serves as a prequel to The Curse of the Black Pearl , explaining just why Jack Sparrow 's boat , the Jolly Mon , was seen sinking at the beginning of the whole story , and explaining why wenches Scarlett and Giselle were so upset with him , and it also implies how Cotton lost his tongue . The plot took inspiration from the `` Auction scene '' from the original ride . </P> <P> The short was directed by James Ward Byrkit , and was only included as a special feature in the US 15 - disc 3D Blu - ray / 2D Blu - ray / DVD + Digital Copy box set that includes films 1 -- 4 ; and in the similar UK five - disc set . </P> <P> Byrkit conceived the idea for the project while on sets Rick Heinrichs production designed for Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Man 's Chest ( 2006 ) and Pirates of the Caribbean : At World 's End ( 2007 ) . As the pirate cove sets from the feature films -- where the short film takes place -- were set to be demolished , the short project was prepped in a matter of days and shot over three days . Byrkit based the short film on the Pirate Code Book as it was a device that could tie into other stories later . </P> <H2> Production ( edit ) </H2> <H3> First film ( edit ) </H3> <P> In the early 1990s screenwriters Ted Elliott and Terry Rossio conceived a supernatural spin on the pirate genre after completing work on Aladdin , but there was no interest from any studio . Undeterred , the writing team refused to give up the dream , waiting for a studio to pick up their take on a pirate tale . Disney had Jay Wolpert write a script based on the Pirates of the Caribbean , which producer Jerry Bruckheimer rejected , feeling it was `` a straight pirate movie '' . Bruckheimer brought Stuart Beattie in to rewrite the script in March 2002 , due to his knowledge of piracy , and later that month Elliott and Rossio were brought in . Elliott and Rossio , inspired by the opening narration of the Pirates of the Caribbean ride , decided to give the film a supernatural edge . As the budget rose , Michael Eisner and Robert Iger threatened to cancel the film , though Bruckheimer changed their minds when he showed them concept art and animatics . </P> <P> In June 2002 Gore Verbinski signed on to direct The Curse of the Black Pearl , and Johnny Depp and Geoffrey Rush signed on the following month to star . Verbinski was attracted to the idea of using modern technology to resurrect a genre , one that had disappeared after the Golden Age of Hollywood , and recalled his childhood memories of the ride , feeling the film was an opportunity to pay tribute to the `` scary and funny '' tone of it . Depp was attracted to the story as he found it quirky : rather than trying to find treasure , the crew of the Black Pearl were trying to return it in order to lift their curse ; also , the traditional mutiny had already taken place . Verbinski approached Rush for the role of Barbossa , as he knew he would not play it with attempts at complexity , but with a simple villainy that would suit the story 's tone . Orlando Bloom read the script after Rush , with whom he was working on Ned Kelly , suggested it to him . Keira Knightley came as a surprise to Verbinski : he had not seen her performance in Bend It Like Beckham and was impressed by her audition . Tom Wilkinson was negotiated with to play Governor Swann , but the role went to Jonathan Pryce , whom Depp idolized . </P> <P> Shooting for The Curse of the Black Pearl began on October 9 , 2002 and wrapped by March 7 , 2003 . Before its release , many executives and journalists had expected the film to flop , as the pirate genre had not been successful for years , the film was based on a theme - park ride , and Depp rarely made a big film . However , The Curse of the Black Pearl became both a critical and commercial success . </P> <H3> Second and third films ( edit ) </H3> <P> After seeing how well the first film was made , the cast and crew signed for two sequels to be shot back - to - back , a practical decision on Disney 's part to allow more time with the same cast and crew . Writers Ted Elliott and Terry Rossio knew that with an ensemble cast , they were n't free to invent totally different situations and characters , as with the Indiana Jones and James Bond series , and so had to retroactively turn The Curse of the Black Pearl into the first of a trilogy . They wanted to explore the reality of what would happen after Will Turner and Elizabeth Swann 's embrace at the end of the first film , and initially considered the Fountain of Youth as the plot device . They settled on introducing Davy Jones , the Flying Dutchman and the Kraken , a mythology mentioned twice in the first film . They introduced the historical East India Trading Company ( also mentioned in the first film ) , which for them represented a counterpoint to the themes of personal freedom represented by pirates . </P> <P> Filming for the sequels began on February 28 , 2005 , with Dead Man 's Chest finishing on March 1 , 2006 , and At World 's End on January 10 , 2007 . The second film was also the first Disney theatrical feature film with the computer - generated Walt Disney Pictures logo . </P> <H3> Fourth film ( edit ) </H3> <P> Rossio and Elliot discovered the novel On Stranger Tides during production of Dead Man 's Chest and At World 's End and decided to use it as the basis for a fourth film . As Gore Verbinski was unavailable , Bruckheimer invited Rob Marshall to direct the film . Elliott and Rossio decided to do a stand - alone film , with a story that would support new characters , and incorporate elements from the novel , such as Blackbeard , the Fountain of Youth and mermaids -- the latter two having been already alluded to in the previous films . Depp , Rush , Greg Ellis and Kevin McNally returned to their roles , and the cast saw the additions of Ian McShane as Blackbeard and Penélope Cruz as Angelica , Blackbeard 's daughter and Jack Sparrow 's love interest . A further addition was Richard Griffiths as King George II of Great Britain . After the costly production of two simultaneous films , Disney tried to scale down the fourth installment , giving a lower budget , which led to cheaper locations and fewer scenes with special effects . It was also filmed in 3D , with cameras similar to the ones used in Avatar . </P> <P> Filming for On Stranger Tides began June 14 , 2010 and ended on November 19 , 2010 . It was released in the United States on May 20 , 2011 . With a budget of $378.5 million , On Stranger Tides holds the record for most expensive film ever made . </P> <H3> Fifth film ( edit ) </H3> <P> On January 14 , 2011 , it was confirmed that Terry Rossio would write the screenplay for the fifth installment , without his co-writer Ted Elliott . On January 11 , 2013 , Jeff Nathanson signed on to write the script for the film . On May 29 , 2013 , it was announced that Norwegian directors Joachim Rønning and Espen Sandberg were selected to direct . On August 22 , 2013 , the two revealed that the title of the fifth film would be Dead Men Tell No Tales , alluding to the line well - known from the Pirates of the Caribbean theme park attractions . Although , the film was given an alternative title , Salazar 's Revenge , in selected European , South American and Asian countries for marketing purposes . They also confirmed that they were working on the film , speaking highly of Jeff Nathanson 's `` funny and touching '' script and that they are inspired by the first film , The Curse of the Black Pearl . On September 10 , 2013 , Disney pushed back the film 's initial 2015 release , with sources indicating that a Summer 2016 release is likely . Producer Jerry Bruckheimer revealed that script issues were behind the delay , and that Jeff Nathanson was at work on a second attempt based on a well - received outline . While Disney originally announced a release on July 7 , 2017 , Dead Men Tell No Tales was released on May 26 , 2017 . </P> <P> A spokesman for the Australian Arts Minister confirmed that the fifth installment was set to shoot in Australia after the government agreed to repurpose $20 million of tax incentives originally intended for the remake of 20,000 Leagues Under the Sea . According to Australian film industry sources , pre-production started in late September 2014 with filming expected to commence in February 2015 . This was officially confirmed by Disney and Ian Walker the Queensland Arts Minister on October 2 , 2014 , stating that filming will take place exclusively in Australia , being the largest production to ever shoot in the country . Village Roadshow Studios and Port Douglas were officially confirmed as filming locations . Production began in Australia on February 17 , 2015 and wrapped on July 9 , 2015 . </P> <H2> Recurring cast & characters ( edit ) </H2> Main article : List of Pirates of the Caribbean characters List indicator ( s ) <Ul> <Li> This table shows the recurring characters and the actors who have portrayed them throughout the franchise . </Li> <Li> A dark grey cell indicates the character was not in the film , or that the character 's presence in the film has not yet been announced . </Li> <Li> A indicates a cameo appearance . </Li> <Li> A indicates an appearance wherein an actor 's facial features were digitally imprinted upon another actor 's face . </Li> <Li> A indicates an appearance as a younger version of a pre-existing character . </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Character </Th> <Th_colspan="5"> Films </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> The Curse of the Black Pearl </Th> <Th> Dead Man 's Chest </Th> <Th> At World 's End </Th> <Th> On Stranger Tides </Th> <Th> Dead Men Tell No Tales </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 2003 </Th> <Th> 2006 </Th> <Th> 2007 </Th> <Th> 2011 </Th> <Th> 2017 </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Jack Sparrow </Th> <Td_colspan="4"> Johnny Depp </Td> <Td> Johnny Depp Anthony De La Torre </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Hector Barbossa </Th> <Td_colspan="5"> Geoffrey Rush </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Joshamee Gibbs </Th> <Td_colspan="5"> Kevin McNally </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> William `` Will '' Turner , Jr . </Th> <Td> Orlando Bloom Dylan Smith </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> Orlando Bloom </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Orlando Bloom </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Elizabeth Swann Pirate King </Th> <Td> Keira Knightley Lucinda Dryzek </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> Keira Knightley </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Keira Knightley </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Marty </Th> <Td_colspan="3"> Martin Klebba </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Martin Klebba </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> James Norrington </Th> <Td_colspan="3"> Jack Davenport </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Weatherby Swann </Th> <Td_colspan="3"> Jonathan Pryce </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Pintel </Th> <Td_colspan="3"> Lee Arenberg </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Ragetti </Th> <Td_colspan="3"> Mackenzie Crook </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Cotton </Th> <Td_colspan="3"> David Bailie </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Mullroy </Th> <Td> Angus Barnett </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Angus Barnett </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Angus Barnett </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Murtogg </Th> <Td> Giles New </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Giles New </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Giles New </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Theodore Groves </Th> <Td> Greg Ellis </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> Greg Ellis </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Gillette </Th> <Td> Damian O'Hare </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td> Damian O'Hare </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Anamaria </Th> <Td> Zoe Saldana </Td> <Td_colspan="4"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Davy Jones </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> Bill Nighy </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Silhouette only </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> William `` Bootstrap Bill '' Turner , Sr . </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> Stellan Skarsgård </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Cutler Beckett </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> Tom Hollander </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Tia Dalma Calypso </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> Naomie Harris </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Sao Feng </Th> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td> Chow Yun - fat </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Edward Teague </Th> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> Keith Richards </Td> <Td> Alexander Scheer Keith Richards </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Henry Turner </Th> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td> Dominic Scott Kay </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Brenton Thwaites Lewis McGowan </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Scrum </Th> <Td_colspan="3"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> Stephen Graham </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Edward `` Blackbeard '' Teach </Th> <Td_colspan="3"> </Td> <Td> Ian McShane </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Angelica </Th> <Td_colspan="3"> </Td> <Td> Penélope Cruz </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Philip Swift </Th> <Td_colspan="3"> </Td> <Td> Sam Claflin </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Syrena </Th> <Td_colspan="3"> </Td> <Td> Àstrid Bergès - Frisbey </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Armando Salazar </Th> <Td_colspan="4"> </Td> <Td> Javier Bardem </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Carina Smyth / Barbossa </Th> <Td_colspan="4"> </Td> <Td> Kaya Scodelario </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Uncle Jack </Th> <Td_colspan="4"> </Td> <Td> Paul McCartney </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Music ( edit ) </H2> Main article : List of songs featured in the Pirates of the Caribbean film series <H3> Film soundtracks ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Title </Th> <Th> U.S. release date </Th> <Th> Length </Th> <Th> Label </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Pirates of the Caribbean : The Curse of the Black Pearl ( Original Soundtrack ) </Td> <Td> July 22 , 2003 ( 2003 - 07 - 22 ) </Td> <Td> 43 : 50 </Td> <Td> Walt Disney Records </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Man 's Chest ( Soundtrack from the Motion Picture ) </Td> <Td> July 4 , 2006 ( 2006 - 07 - 04 ) </Td> <Td> 58 : 32 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Pirates of the Caribbean : At World 's End ( Soundtrack from the Motion Picture ) </Td> <Td> May 22 , 2007 ( 2007 - 05 - 22 ) </Td> <Td> 55 : 50 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Pirates of the Caribbean : On Stranger Tides ( Soundtrack from the Motion Picture ) </Td> <Td> May 17 , 2011 ( 2011 - 05 - 17 ) </Td> <Td> 77 : 11 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Men Tell No Tales ( Soundtrack from the Motion Picture ) </Td> <Td> May 25 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 25 ) </Td> <Td> 75 : 20 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Additional film crew ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Crew / detail </Th> <Th_colspan="5""> Film </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Pirates of the Caribbean : The Curse of the Black Pearl </Th> <Th> Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Man 's Chest </Th> <Th> Pirates of the Caribbean : At World 's End </Th> <Th> Pirates of the Caribbean : On Stranger Tides </Th> <Th> Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Men Tell No Tales </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Composer </Th> <Td> Klaus Badelt </Td> <Td_colspan="3"> Hans Zimmer </Td> <Td> Geoff Zanelli </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Editor </Th> <Td> Craig Wood , Stephen Rivkin & Arthur Schmidt </Td> <Td> Craig Wood & Stephen Rivkin </Td> <Td> Craig Wood </Td> <Td> David Brenner & Wyatt Smith </Td> <Td> Roger Barton & Leigh Folsom Boyd </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Cinematographer </Th> <Td_colspan="4"> Dariusz Wolski </Td> <Td> Paul Cameron </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Production companies </Th> <Td_colspan="5"> Walt Disney Pictures Jerry Bruckheimer Films </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Distributor </Th> <Td> Buena Vista Pictures Distribution </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> Buena Vista Pictures </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Running time </Th> <Td> 142 minutes </Td> <Td> 150 minutes </Td> <Td> 168 minutes </Td> <Td> 137 minutes </Td> <Td> 129 minutes </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Reception ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Box Office performance ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Film </Th> <Th> U.S. release date </Th> <Th_colspan="3"> Box office gross </Th> <Th_colspan="2"> All - time Ranking </Th> <Th> Budget </Th> <Th> Ref ( s ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> North America </Th> <Th> Other territories </Th> <Th> Worldwide </Th> <Th> North America </Th> <Th> Worldwide </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> The Curse of the Black Pearl </Td> <Td> 000000002003 - 07 - 09 - 0000 July 9 , 2003 </Td> <Td> $305,413,918 </Td> <Td> $348,850,097 </Td> <Td> $654,264,015 </Td> <Td> 64 </Td> <Td> 108 </Td> <Td> $140 million </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Dead Man 's Chest </Td> <Td> 000000002006 - 07 - 07 - 0000 July 7 , 2006 </Td> <Td> $423,315,812 </Td> <Td> $642,863,913 </Td> <Td> $1,066,179,725 </Td> <Td> 17 </Td> <Td> 21 </Td> <Td> $225 million </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> At World 's End </Td> <Td> 000000002007 - 05 - 25 - 0000 May 25 , 2007 </Td> <Td> $309,420,425 </Td> <Td> $654,000,000 </Td> <Td> $963,420,425 </Td> <Td> 61 </Td> <Td> 35 </Td> <Td> $300 million </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> On Stranger Tides </Td> <Td> 000000002011 - 05 - 20 - 0000 May 20 , 2011 </Td> <Td> $241,071,802 </Td> <Td> $804,642,000 </Td> <Td> $1,045,713,802 </Td> <Td> 119 </Td> <Td> 23 </Td> <Td> $378.5 million </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Dead Men Tell No Tales </Td> <Td> 000000002017 - 05 - 26 - 0000 May 26 , 2017 </Td> <Td> $172,558,876 </Td> <Td> $622,221,339 </Td> <Td> $794,780,215 </Td> <Td> 254 </Td> <Td> 69 </Td> <Td> $230 million </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Total </Th> <Th> $ 7009145178083300000 ♠ 1,451,780,833 </Th> <Th> $ 7009307257734900000 ♠ 3,072,577,349 </Th> <Th> $ 7009452435818200000 ♠ 4,524,358,182 </Th> <Th> 14 </Th> <Th> 10 </Th> <Th> $1.452 billion </Th> <Th> </Th> </Tr> </Table> <P> The Pirates of the Caribbean film series was successful at the box office , with each film grossing over $650 million , and all but Dead Men Tell No Tales at some point ranking among the fifty highest - grossing films of all time . It also became the first ever series to have multiple films passing the billion dollar mark in box office revenues with Dead Man 's Chest and On Stranger Tides , since followed by other film franchises . </P> <P> The Curse of the Black Pearl was the third - highest - grossing 2003 film in North America ( behind The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King and Finding Nemo ) and fourth worldwide ( behind The Return of the King , Finding Nemo and The Matrix Reloaded ) . Dead Man 's Chest was the most successful film of 2006 worldwide , and At World 's End led the worldwide grosses in 2007 , though being only fourth in North America ( behind Spider - Man 3 , Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix and Shrek the Third ) . On Stranger Tides was the third - highest - grossing film of 2011 worldwide ( behind Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 and Transformers : Dark of the Moon ) and the fifth in North America . The first three sequels broke box office records upon release , of which the most notable are the opening - weekend record in North America ( Dead Man 's Chest ) , the Memorial - Day weekend record in North America ( At World 's End ) and the opening - weekend record outside North America ( On Stranger Tides ) . </P> <H3> Critical and public response ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Film </Th> <Th> Rotten Tomatoes </Th> <Th> Metacritic </Th> <Th> CinemaScore </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> The Curse of the Black Pearl </Td> <Td> 79 % ( 210 reviews ) </Td> <Td> 63 ( 40 reviews ) </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Dead Man 's Chest </Td> <Td> 54 % ( 220 reviews ) </Td> <Td> 53 ( 37 reviews ) </Td> <Td> A − </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> At World 's End </Td> <Td> 45 % ( 220 reviews ) </Td> <Td> 50 ( 36 reviews ) </Td> <Td> A − </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> On Stranger Tides </Td> <Td> 32 % ( 262 reviews ) </Td> <Td> 45 ( 39 reviews ) </Td> <Td> B+ </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Dead Men Tell No Tales </Td> <Td> 30 % ( 230 reviews ) </Td> <Td> 39 ( 45 reviews ) </Td> <Td> A − </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The series is noted for its high quality of acting talent , and is one of the aspects of the films that is always praised . The visual and practical effects are considered some of the best ever done on film , so much so that audiences believed certain CGI elements of the films were real and done practically . However , the plots of the four sequels have received mixed reviews , with the general consensus that they are too bloated and convoluted to follow . Pirates of the Caribbean is noted for reinvigorating the pirate genre of film after decades of either no pirate films or failed pirate films . The success of the series saw Disney and Jerry Bruckheimer try to replicate the franchise 's success by launching films such as Prince of Persia : The Sands of Time and The Lone Ranger , the latter of which directed by Gore Verbinski . Both movies failed critically and commercially . </P> <H3> Accolades ( edit ) </H3> Main article : List of accolades received by the Pirates of the Caribbean franchise Academy Awards ( edit ) <P> Together , all the first three films were nominated for a total of 11 Academy Awards , of which a single award was won . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Award </Th> <Th_colspan="5"> Film </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> The Curse of the Black Pearl </Th> <Th> Dead Man 's Chest </Th> <Th> At World 's End </Th> <Th> On Stranger Tides </Th> <Th> Dead Men Tell No Tales </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Actor in a Leading Role </Td> <Td> Nominated ( Johnny Depp ) </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Art Direction </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Makeup </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Sound Editing </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Sound Mixing </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Visual Effects </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> <Td> Won </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Golden Globe Awards ( edit ) <P> Together , all the four films were nominated for a total of 2 Golden Globe Awards , of which neither were won . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Award </Th> <Th_colspan="5"> Film </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> The Curse of the Black Pearl </Th> <Th> Dead Man 's Chest </Th> <Th> At World 's End </Th> <Th> On Stranger Tides </Th> <Th> Dead Men Tell No Tales </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Best Actor in a Motion Picture -- Comedy or Musical </Td> <Td> Nominated ( Johnny Depp ) </Td> <Td> Nominated ( Johnny Depp ) </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Golden Raspberry Awards ( edit ) <Table> <Tr> <Th> Award </Th> <Th_colspan="5"> Film </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> The Curse of the Black Pearl </Th> <Th> Dead Man 's Chest </Th> <Th> At World 's End </Th> <Th> On Stranger Tides </Th> <Th> Dead Men Tell No Tales </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Worst Actor </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Nominated ( Johnny Depp ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Worst Supporting Actor </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Nominated ( Javier Bardem ) as Captain Armando Salazar </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Worst Screen Combo </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Nominated ( Johnny Depp & his worn - out drunk routine ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> MTV Movie Awards ( edit ) <P> Together , all the first three films were nominated for a total of 13 MTV Movie Awards , of which 4 were won . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Award </Th> <Th_colspan="5"> Film </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> The Curse of the Black Pearl </Th> <Th> Dead Man 's Chest </Th> <Th> At World 's End </Th> <Th> On Stranger Tides </Th> <Th> Dead Men Tell No Tales </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Best Movie </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> <Td> Won </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Best Male Performance </Td> <Td> Won ( Johnny Depp ) </Td> <Td> Won ( Johnny Depp ) </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Best Female Performance </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Nominated ( Keira Knightley ) </Td> <Td> Nominated ( Keira Knightley ) </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Best Breakthrough Female Performance </Td> <Td> Nominated ( Keira Knightley ) </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Best On - Screen Team </Td> <Td> Nominated ( Johnny Depp & Orlando Bloom ) </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Best Villain </Td> <Td> Nominated ( Geoffrey Rush ) </Td> <Td> Nominated ( Bill Nighy ) </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Best Comedic Performance </Td> <Td> Nominated ( Johnny Depp ) </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Won ( Johnny Depp ) </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Teen Choice Awards ( edit ) <P> Together , the first four films were nominated for a total of 32 Teen Choice Awards , of which 17 were won . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Award </Th> <Th_colspan="5"> Film </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> The Curse of the Black Pearl </Th> <Th> Dead Man 's Chest </Th> <Th> At World 's End </Th> <Th> On Stranger Tides </Th> <Th> Dead Men Tell No Tales </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Choice Movie : Chemistry </Td> <Td> Won ( Orlando Bloom & Keira Knightley ) </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Choice Movie : Fight / Action Sequence </Td> <Td> Won ( Johnny Depp vs Geoffrey Rush ) </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Choice Movie : Liar </Td> <Td> Won ( Johnny Depp ) </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Choice Movie : Liplock </Td> <Td> Won ( Orlando Bloom & Keira Knightley ) </Td> <Td> Won ( Orlando Bloom & Keira Knightley ) </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Nominated ( Orlando Bloom & Keira Knightley ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Choice Movie : Female Breakout Star </Td> <Td> Nominated ( Keira Knightley ) </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Choice Movie Actor </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Won ( Johnny Depp ) </Td> <Td> Won ( Johnny Depp ) </Td> <Td> Nominated ( Johnny Depp ) </Td> <Td> Nominated ( Johnny Depp ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Nominated ( Orlando Bloom ) </Td> <Td> Nominated ( Orlando Bloom ) </Td> <Td> Nominated ( Brenton Thwaites ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Choice Summer Movie </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Won </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Choice Movie : Scream </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Won ( Keira Knightley ) </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Choice Movie </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Won </Td> <Td> Won </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Choice Movie : Rumble </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Won ( Orlando Bloom & Jack Davenport ) </Td> <Td> Won ( Orlando Bloom ) </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Choice Movie : Hissy Fit </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Won ( Keira Knightley ) </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Choice Male Hottie </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Nominated ( Orlando Bloom ) </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Choice Movie Actress </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Nominated ( Keira Knightley ) </Td> <Td> Won ( Keira Knightley ) </Td> <Td> Nominated ( Penélope Cruz ) </Td> <Td> Nominated ( Kaya Scodelario ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Choice Movie : Villain </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Won ( Bill Nighy ) </Td> <Td> Won ( Bill Nighy ) </Td> <Td> Nominated ( Ian McShane ) </Td> <Td> Nominated ( Javier Bardem ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Notes ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Referred to as Pirates of the Caribbean XIII : Dead Careers Tell No Tales on the official nomination list . </Li> </Ol> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Johnny Depp Movies List by Box Office Sales '' . JohnnyDeppMoviesList.org . Retrieved 2015 - 01 - 22 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Rebecca Ford ( 2015 - 02 - 17 ) . `` ' Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Men Tell No Tales ' Plot , Casting Announced as Production Begins '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on 2015 - 02 - 20 . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 18 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` EXCLUSIVE : Disney will set sail for ' Pirates of the Caribbean ' 5 & 6 back - to - back '' . 3 December 2010 . Archived from the original on March 7 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Pirates 5 May Not Be Captain Jack 's Final Adventure '' . March 4 , 2017 . Archived from the original on March 7 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ http://screenrant.com/pirates-caribbean-5-dead-men-blu-ray-sales/ </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ http://screenrant.com/pirates-caribbean-6-kaya-scodelario-return/ </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ https://twitter.com/ComicFade/status/915333922883432448 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Jim Byrkit . `` Wedlocked on Jim Byrkit 's portfolio '' . 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Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 28 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Pirates of the Caribbean : On Stranger Tides ( 2011 ) : Reviews '' . Metacritic . Archived from the original on 2012 - 11 - 14 . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 20 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Men Tell No Tales ( 2017 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Archived from the original on 2017 - 06 - 05 . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 28 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Men Tell No Tales reviews '' . Metacritic . Archived from the original on 2017 - 06 - 03 . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 02 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Morrison , Alan ( August 8 , 2003 ) . `` Empire 's Pirates Of The Caribbean : The Curse Of The Black Pearl Movie Review '' . Empire . Archived from the original on November 16 , 2012 . Retrieved August 9 , 2003 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Ebert , Roger ( July 9 , 2003 ) . `` Pirates of the Caribbean : The Curse of the Black Pearl '' . rogerebert.com . 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Archived from the original on May 24 , 2007 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Review : Pirates of the Caribbean : At World 's End '' . ReelViews . May 23 , 2007 . Archived from the original on June 8 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Graham , Adam ( May 25 , 2017 ) . `` Review : ' Dead Men Tell No Tales ' sinks Depp , ' Pirates ' '' . The Detroit News . Archived from the original on June 8 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kermode , Mark ( May 20 , 2011 ) . `` BBC News -- Mark Kermode savages new Pirates Of The Caribbean film '' . BBC News . Archived from the original on August 21 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Goodykoontz , Bill ( May 18 , 2011 ) . `` ' Pirates of the Caribbean : On Stranger Tides , ' 2 stars '' . azcentral.com . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Hamilton , John ( January 10 , 2007 ) . `` Pirates in the Media '' . ABDO Publishing Company . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` ' Prince of Persia ' weaker than hoped for in foreign debut '' . Los Angeles Times . May 24 , 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Prince of Persia : The Sands of Times reviews at Rotten Tomatoes '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 09 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Lone Ranger ( 2013 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved 28 July 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Shaw , Lucas ( August 6 , 2013 ) . `` ' The Lone Ranger ' to Cost Disney $160 - $190 M in Q4 '' . The Wrap . Retrieved 7 August 2013 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` 76th Academy Award Winners '' . Blackflix.com . Archived from the original on September 28 , 2011 . Retrieved June 18 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Nominees & Winners for the 79th Academy Awards '' . Academy Awards . Archived from the original on August 6 , 2011 . Retrieved June 18 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` The 80th Academy Awards ( 2008 ) Nominees and Winners '' . Academy Awards . Archived from the original on November 23 , 2011 . 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Eiffel tower - wikipedia <H1> Eiffel tower </H1> Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Eiffel Tower ( disambiguation ) . <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Eiffel Tower </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Tour Eiffel </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> The Eiffel Tower seen from the Champ de Mars </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Location within Paris </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Record height </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Tallest in the world from 1889 to 1930 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> General information </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Type </Th> <Td> Observation tower Broadcasting tower </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Location </Th> <Td> 7th arrondissement , Paris , France </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Coordinates </Th> <Td> 48 ° 51 ′ 29.6 '' N 2 ° 17 ′ 40.2 '' E / 48.858222 ° N 2.294500 ° E / 48.858222 ; 2.294500 Coordinates : 48 ° 51 ′ 29.6 '' N 2 ° 17 ′ 40.2 '' E / 48.858222 ° N 2.294500 ° E / 48.858222 ; 2.294500 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Construction started </Th> <Td> 28 January 1887 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Completed </Th> <Td> 15 March 1889 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Opening </Th> <Td> 31 March 1889 ( 128 years ago ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Owner </Th> <Td> City of Paris , France </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Management </Th> <Td> Société d'Exploitation de la Tour Eiffel ( SETE ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Height </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Architectural </Th> <Td> 300 m ( 984 ft ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Tip </Th> <Td> 324 m ( 1,063 ft ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Top floor </Th> <Td> 276 m ( 906 ft ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Technical details </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Floor count </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Lifts / elevators </Th> <Td> 8 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Design and construction </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Architect </Th> <Td> Stephen Sauvestre </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Structural engineer </Th> <Td> Maurice Koechlin Émile Nouguier </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Main contractor </Th> <Td> Compagnie des Etablissements Eiffel </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Website </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> toureiffel. paris </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> References </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> I. ^ Eiffel Tower at Emporis </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The Eiffel Tower ( / ˈaɪfəl ˈtaʊ. ər / EYE - fəl TOW - ər ; French : tour Eiffel , pronounced ( tuʁ ‿ ɛfɛl ) listen ) is a wrought iron lattice tower on the Champ de Mars in Paris , France . It is named after the engineer Gustave Eiffel , whose company designed and built the tower . </P> <P> Constructed from 1887 -- 89 as the entrance to the 1889 World 's Fair , it was initially criticized by some of France 's leading artists and intellectuals for its design , but it has become a global cultural icon of France and one of the most recognisable structures in the world . The Eiffel Tower is the most - visited paid monument in the world ; 6.91 million people ascended it in 2015 . </P> <P> The tower is 324 metres ( 1,063 ft ) tall , about the same height as an 81 - storey building , and the tallest structure in Paris . Its base is square , measuring 125 metres ( 410 ft ) on each side . During its construction , the Eiffel Tower surpassed the Washington Monument to become the tallest man - made structure in the world , a title it held for 41 years until the Chrysler Building in New York City was finished in 1930 . Due to the addition of a broadcasting aerial at the top of the tower in 1957 , it is now taller than the Chrysler Building by 5.2 metres ( 17 ft ) . Excluding transmitters , the Eiffel Tower is the second - tallest structure in France after the Millau Viaduct . </P> <P> The tower has three levels for visitors , with restaurants on the first and second levels . The top level 's upper platform is 276 m ( 906 ft ) above the ground -- the highest observation deck accessible to the public in the European Union . Tickets can be purchased to ascend by stairs or lift ( elevator ) to the first and second levels . The climb from ground level to the first level is over 300 steps , as is the climb from the first level to the second . Although there is a staircase to the top level , it is usually accessible only by lift . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 History <Ul> <Li> 1.1 Origin </Li> <Li> 1.2 Artists ' protest </Li> <Li> 1.3 Construction <Ul> <Li> 1.3. 1 Lifts </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 1.4 Inauguration and the 1889 exposition </Li> <Li> 1.5 Subsequent events </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2 Design <Ul> <Li> 2.1 Material </Li> <Li> 2.2 Wind considerations </Li> <Li> 2.3 Accommodation </Li> <Li> 2.4 Passenger lifts </Li> <Li> 2.5 Engraved names </Li> <Li> 2.6 Aesthetics </Li> <Li> 2.7 Maintenance </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 Tourism <Ul> <Li> 3.1 Transport </Li> <Li> 3.2 Popularity </Li> <Li> 3.3 Restaurants </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 Replicas </Li> <Li> 5 Communications <Ul> <Li> 5.1 FM radio </Li> <Li> 5.2 Digital television </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 6 Illumination copyright </Li> <Li> 7 Taller structures <Ul> <Li> 7.1 Lattice towers taller than the Eiffel Tower </Li> <Li> 7.2 Structures in France taller than the Eiffel Tower </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 8 See also </Li> <Li> 9 References </Li> <Li> 10 Bibliography </Li> <Li> 11 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> History </H2> <H3> Origin </H3> <P> The design of the Eiffel Tower was the product of Maurice Koechlin and Émile Nouguier , two senior engineers working for the Compagnie des Établissements Eiffel , after discussion about a suitable centrepiece for the proposed 1889 Exposition Universelle , a world 's fair to celebrate the centennial of the French Revolution . Eiffel openly acknowledged that inspiration for a tower came from the Latting Observatory built in New York City in 1853 . In May 1884 , working at home , Koechlin made a sketch of their idea , described by him as `` a great pylon , consisting of four lattice girders standing apart at the base and coming together at the top , joined together by metal trusses at regular intervals '' . Eiffel initially showed little enthusiasm , but he did approve further study , and the two engineers then asked Stephen Sauvestre , the head of company 's architectural department , to contribute to the design . Sauvestre added decorative arches to the base of the tower , a glass pavilion to the first level , and other embellishments . </P> First drawing of the Eiffel Tower by Maurice Koechlin including size comparison with other Parisian landmarks such as Notre Dame de Paris , the Statue of Liberty and the Vendôme Column <P> The new version gained Eiffel 's support : he bought the rights to the patent on the design which Koechlin , Nougier , and Sauvestre had taken out , and the design was exhibited at the Exhibition of Decorative Arts in the autumn of 1884 under the company name . On 30 March 1885 , Eiffel presented his plans to the Société des Ingénieurs Civils ; after discussing the technical problems and emphasising the practical uses of the tower , he finished his talk by saying the tower would symbolise , </P> <P> Not only the art of the modern engineer , but also the century of Industry and Science in which we are living , and for which the way was prepared by the great scientific movement of the eighteenth century and by the Revolution of 1789 , to which this monument will be built as an expression of France 's gratitude . </P> <P> Little progress was made until 1886 , when Jules Grévy was re-elected as president of France and Édouard Lockroy was appointed as minister for trade . A budget for the exposition was passed and , on 1 May , Lockroy announced an alteration to the terms of the open competition being held for a centrepiece to the exposition , which effectively made the selection of Eiffel 's design a foregone conclusion , as entries had to include a study for a 300 m ( 980 ft ) four - sided metal tower on the Champ de Mars . ( A 300 - meter tower was then considered a herculean engineering effort ) . On 12 May , a commission was set up to examine Eiffel 's scheme and its rivals , which , a month later , decided that all the proposals except Eiffel 's were either impractical or lacking in details . </P> <P> After some debate about the exact location of the tower , a contract was signed on 8 January 1887 . This was signed by Eiffel acting in his own capacity rather than as the representative of his company , and granted him 1.5 million francs toward the construction costs : less than a quarter of the estimated 6.5 million francs . Eiffel was to receive all income from the commercial exploitation of the tower during the exhibition and for the next 20 years . He later established a separate company to manage the tower , putting up half the necessary capital himself . </P> <H3> Artists ' protest </H3> Caricature of Gustave Eiffel comparing the Eiffel tower to the Pyramids <P> The proposed tower had been a subject of controversy , drawing criticism from those who did not believe it was feasible and those who objected on artistic grounds . These objections were an expression of a long - standing debate in France about the relationship between architecture and engineering . It came to a head as work began at the Champ de Mars : a `` Committee of Three Hundred '' ( one member for each metre of the tower 's height ) was formed , led by the prominent architect Charles Garnier and including some of the most important figures of the arts , such as Adolphe Bouguereau , Guy de Maupassant , Charles Gounod and Jules Massenet . A petition called `` Artists against the Eiffel Tower '' was sent to the Minister of Works and Commissioner for the Exposition , Charles Alphand , and it was published by Le Temps on 14 February 1887 : </P> <P> We , writers , painters , sculptors , architects and passionate devotees of the hitherto untouched beauty of Paris , protest with all our strength , with all our indignation in the name of slighted French taste , against the erection ... of this useless and monstrous Eiffel Tower ... To bring our arguments home , imagine for a moment a giddy , ridiculous tower dominating Paris like a gigantic black smokestack , crushing under its barbaric bulk Notre Dame , the Tour Saint - Jacques , the Louvre , the Dome of les Invalides , the Arc de Triomphe , all of our humiliated monuments will disappear in this ghastly dream . And for twenty years ... we shall see stretching like a blot of ink the hateful shadow of the hateful column of bolted sheet metal . </P> A calligram by Guillaume Apollinaire <P> Gustave Eiffel responded to these criticisms by comparing his tower to the Egyptian pyramids : `` My tower will be the tallest edifice ever erected by man . Will it not also be grandiose in its way ? And why would something admirable in Egypt become hideous and ridiculous in Paris ? '' These criticisms were also dealt with by Édouard Lockroy in a letter of support written to Alphand , ironically saying , `` Judging by the stately swell of the rhythms , the beauty of the metaphors , the elegance of its delicate and precise style , one can tell this protest is the result of collaboration of the most famous writers and poets of our time '' , and he explained that the protest was irrelevant since the project had been decided upon months before , and construction on the tower was already under way . </P> <P> Indeed , Garnier was a member of the Tower Commission that had examined the various proposals , and had raised no objection . Eiffel was similarly unworried , pointing out to a journalist that it was premature to judge the effect of the tower solely on the basis of the drawings , that the Champ de Mars was distant enough from the monuments mentioned in the protest for there to be little risk of the tower overwhelming them , and putting the aesthetic argument for the tower : `` Do not the laws of natural forces always conform to the secret laws of harmony ? '' </P> <P> Some of the protesters changed their minds when the tower was built ; others remained unconvinced . Guy de Maupassant supposedly ate lunch in the tower 's restaurant every day because it was the one place in Paris where the tower was not visible . </P> <P> By 1918 , it had become a symbol of Paris and of France after Guillaume Apollinaire wrote a nationalist poem in the shape of the tower ( a calligram ) to express his feelings about the war against Germany . Today , it is widely considered to be a remarkable piece of structural art , and is often featured in films and literature . </P> <H3> Construction </H3> Foundations of the Eiffel Tower <P> Work on the foundations started on 28 January 1887 . Those for the east and south legs were straightforward , with each leg resting on four 2 m ( 6.6 ft ) concrete slabs , one for each of the principal girders of each leg . The west and north legs , being closer to the river Seine , were more complicated : each slab needed two piles installed by using compressed - air caissons 15 m ( 49 ft ) long and 6 m ( 20 ft ) in diameter driven to a depth of 22 m ( 72 ft ) to support the concrete slabs , which were 6 m ( 20 ft ) thick . Each of these slabs supported a block of limestone with an inclined top to bear a supporting shoe for the ironwork . </P> <P> Each shoe was anchored to the stonework by a pair of bolts 10 cm ( 4 in ) in diameter and 7.5 m ( 25 ft ) long . The foundations were completed on 30 June , and the erection of the ironwork began . The visible work on - site was complemented by the enormous amount of exacting preparatory work that took place behind the scenes : the drawing office produced 1,700 general drawings and 3,629 detailed drawings of the 18,038 different parts needed . The task of drawing the components was complicated by the complex angles involved in the design and the degree of precision required : the position of rivet holes was specified to within 0.1 mm ( 0.0039 in ) and angles worked out to one second of arc . The finished components , some already riveted together into sub-assemblies , arrived on horse - drawn carts from a factory in the nearby Parisian suburb of Levallois - Perret and were first bolted together , with the bolts being replaced with rivets as construction progressed . No drilling or shaping was done on site : if any part did not fit , it was sent back to the factory for alteration . In all , 18,038 pieces were joined together using 2.5 million rivets . </P> <P> At first the legs were constructed as cantilevers , but about halfway to the first level , construction was paused in order to create a substantial timber scaffold . This renewed concerns about the structural integrity of the tower , and sensational headlines such as `` Eiffel Suicide ! '' and `` Gustave Eiffel Has Gone Mad : He Has Been Confined in an Asylum '' appeared in the tabloid press . At this stage , a small `` creeper '' crane designed to move up the tower was installed in each leg . They made use of the guides for the lifts which were to be fitted in the four legs . The critical stage of joining the legs at the first level was completed by the end of March 1888 . Although the metalwork had been prepared with the utmost attention to detail , provision had been made to carry out small adjustments in order to precisely align the legs ; hydraulic jacks were fitted to the shoes at the base of each leg , capable of exerting a force of 800 tonnes , and the legs were intentionally constructed at a slightly steeper angle than necessary , being supported by sandboxes on the scaffold . Although construction involved 300 on - site employees , only one person died thanks to Eiffel 's stringent safety precautions and the use of movable gangways , guardrails and screens . </P> <Ul> <Li> <P> The start of the erection of the metalwork . </P> </Li> <Li> <P> 7 December 1887 : Construction of the legs with scaffolding . </P> </Li> <Li> <P> 20 March 1888 : Completion of the first level . </P> </Li> <Li> <P> 15 May 1888 : Start of construction on the second stage . </P> </Li> <Li> <P> 21 August 1888 : Completion of the second level . </P> </Li> <Li> <P> 26 December 1888 : Construction of the upper stage . </P> </Li> <Li> <P> 15 March 1889 : Construction of the cupola . </P> </Li> </Ul> Lifts The Roux , Combaluzier & Lepape lifts during construction . Note the drive sprockets and chain in the foreground <P> Equipping the tower with adequate and safe passenger lifts was a major concern of the government commission overseeing the Exposition . Although some visitors could be expected to climb to the first level , or even the second , lifts clearly had to be the main means of ascent . </P> <P> Constructing lifts to reach the first level was relatively straightforward : the legs were wide enough at the bottom and so nearly straight that they could contain a straight track , and a contract was given to the French company Roux , Combaluzier & Lepape for two lifts to be fitted in the east and west legs . Roux , Combaluzier & Lepape used a pair of endless chains with rigid , articulated links to which the car was attached . Lead weights on some links of the upper or return sections of the chains counterbalanced most of the car 's weight . The car was pushed up from below , not pulled up from above : to prevent the chain buckling , it was enclosed in a conduit . At the bottom of the run , the chains passed around 3.9 m ( 12 ft 10 in ) diameter sprockets . Smaller sprockets at the top guided the chains . </P> The Otis lifts originally fitted in the north and south legs <P> Installing lifts to the second level was more of a challenge because a straight track was impossible . No French company wanted to undertake the work . The European branch of Otis Brothers & Company submitted a proposal but this was rejected : the fair 's charter ruled out the use of any foreign material in the construction of the tower . The deadline for bids was extended but still no French companies put themselves forward , and eventually the contract was given to Otis in July 1887 . Otis were confident they would eventually be given the contract and had already started creating designs . </P> <P> The car was divided into two superimposed compartments , each holding 25 passengers , with the lift operator occupying an exterior platform on the first level . Motive power was provided by an inclined hydraulic ram 12.67 m ( 41 ft 7 in ) long and 96.5 cm ( 38.0 in ) in diameter in the tower leg with a stroke of 10.83 m ( 35 ft 6 in ) : this moved a carriage carrying six sheaves . Five fixed sheaves were mounted higher up the leg , producing an arrangement similar to a block and tackle but acting in reverse , multiplying the stroke of the piston rather than the force generated . The hydraulic pressure in the driving cylinder was produced by a large open reservoir on the second level . After being exhausted from the cylinder , the water was pumped back up to the reservoir by two pumps in the machinery room at the base of the south leg . This reservoir also provided power to the lifts to the first level . </P> <P> The original lifts for the journey between the second and third levels were supplied by Léon Edoux . A pair of 81 m ( 266 ft ) hydraulic rams were mounted on the second level , reaching nearly halfway up to the third level . One lift car was mounted on top of these rams : cables ran from the top of this car up to sheaves on the third level and back down to a second car . Each car only travelled half the distance between the second and third levels and passengers were required to change lifts halfway by means of a short gangway . The 10 - ton cars each held 65 passengers . </P> <H3> Inauguration and the 1889 exposition </H3> General view of the Exposition Universelle <P> The main structural work was completed at the end of March 1889 and , on 31 March , Eiffel celebrated by leading a group of government officials , accompanied by representatives of the press , to the top of the tower . Because the lifts were not yet in operation , the ascent was made by foot , and took over an hour , with Eiffel stopping frequently to explain various features . Most of the party chose to stop at the lower levels , but a few , including the structural engineer , Émile Nouguier , the head of construction , Jean Compagnon , the President of the City Council , and reporters from Le Figaro and Le Monde Illustré , completed the ascent . At 2 : 35 pm , Eiffel hoisted a large Tricolour to the accompaniment of a 25 - gun salute fired at the first level . </P> <P> There was still work to be done , particularly on the lifts and facilities , and the tower was not opened to the public until nine days after the opening of the exposition on 6 May ; even then , the lifts had not been completed . The tower was an instant success with the public , and nearly 30,000 visitors made the 1,710 - step climb to the top before the lifts entered service on 26 May . Tickets cost 2 francs for the first level , 3 for the second , and 5 for the top , with half - price admission on Sundays , and by the end of the exhibition there had been 1,896,987 visitors . </P> <P> After dark , the tower was lit by hundreds of gas lamps , and a beacon sent out three beams of red , white and blue light . Two searchlights mounted on a circular rail were used to illuminate various buildings of the exposition . The daily opening and closing of the exposition were announced by a cannon at the top . </P> Illumination of the tower at night during the exposition <P> On the second level , the French newspaper Le Figaro had an office and a printing press , where a special souvenir edition , Le Figaro de la Tour , was made . There was also a pâtisserie . </P> <P> At the top , there was a post office where visitors could send letters and postcards as a memento of their visit . Graffitists were also catered for : sheets of paper were mounted on the walls each day for visitors to record their impressions of the tower . Gustave Eiffel described some of the responses as vraiment curieuse ( `` truly curious '' ) . </P> <P> Famous visitors to the tower included the Prince of Wales , Sarah Bernhardt , `` Buffalo Bill '' Cody ( his Wild West show was an attraction at the exposition ) and Thomas Edison . Eiffel invited Edison to his private apartment at the top of the tower , where Edison presented him with one of his phonographs , a new invention and one of the many highlights of the exposition . Edison signed the guestbook with this message : </P> <P> To M Eiffel the Engineer the brave builder of so gigantic and original specimen of modern Engineering from one who has the greatest respect and admiration for all Engineers including the Great Engineer the Bon Dieu , Thomas Edison . </P> <P> Eiffel had a permit for the tower to stand for 20 years . It was to be dismantled in 1909 , when its ownership would revert to the City of Paris . The City had planned to tear it down ( part of the original contest rules for designing a tower was that it should be easy to dismantle ) but as the tower proved to be valuable for communication purposes , it was allowed to remain after the expiry of the permit . </P> <P> Eiffel made use of his apartment at the top of the tower to carry out meteorological observations , and also used the tower to perform experiments on the action of air resistance on falling bodies . </P> <H3> Subsequent events </H3> Play media Panoramic view during ascent of the Eiffel Tower by the Lumière brothers , 1898 Play media Franz Reichelt 's preparations and jump from the Eiffel Tower <P> For the 1900 Exposition Universelle , the lifts in the east and west legs were replaced by lifts running as far as the second level constructed by the French firm Fives - Lille . These had a compensating mechanism to keep the floor level as the angle of ascent changed at the first level , and were driven by a similar hydraulic mechanism to the Otis lifts , although this was situated at the base of the tower . Hydraulic pressure was provided by pressurised accumulators located near this mechanism . At the same time the lift in the north pillar was removed and replaced by a staircase to the first level . The layout of both first and second levels was modified , with the space available for visitors on the second level . The original lift in the south pillar was removed 13 years later . </P> <P> On 19 October 1901 , Alberto Santos - Dumont , flying his No. 6 airship , won a 100,000 - franc prize offered by Henri Deutsch de la Meurthe for the first person to make a flight from St. Cloud to the Eiffel Tower and back in less than half an hour . </P> <P> Many innovations took place at the Eiffel Tower in the early 20th century . In 1910 , Father Theodor Wulf measured radiant energy at the top and bottom of the tower . He found more at the top than expected , incidentally discovering what are known today as cosmic rays . Just two years later , on 4 February 1912 , Austrian tailor Franz Reichelt died after jumping from the first level of the tower ( a height of 57 metres ) to demonstrate his parachute design . In 1914 , at the outbreak of World War I , a radio transmitter located in the tower jammed German radio communications , seriously hindering their advance on Paris and contributing to the Allied victory at the First Battle of the Marne . From 1925 to 1934 , illuminated signs for Citroën adorned three of the tower 's sides , making it the tallest advertising space in the world at the time . In April 1935 , the tower was used to make experimental low - resolution television transmissions , using a shortwave transmitter of 200 watts power . On 17 November , an improved 180 - line transmitter was installed . </P> <P> On two separate but related occasions in 1925 , the con artist Victor Lustig `` sold '' the tower for scrap metal . A year later , in February 1926 , pilot Leon Collet was killed trying to fly under the tower . His aircraft became entangled in an aerial belonging to a wireless station . A bust of Gustave Eiffel by Antoine Bourdelle was unveiled at the base of the north leg on 2 May 1929 . In 1930 , the tower lost the title of the world 's tallest structure when the Chrysler Building in New York City was completed . In 1938 , the decorative arcade around the first level was removed . </P> American soldiers watch the French flag flying on the Eiffel Tower , c. 25 August 1944 <P> Upon the German occupation of Paris in 1940 , the lift cables were cut by the French . The tower was closed to the public during the occupation and the lifts were not repaired until 1946 . In 1940 , German soldiers had to climb the tower to hoist a swastika - centered Reichskriegsflagge , but the flag was so large it blew away just a few hours later , and was replaced by a smaller one . When visiting Paris , Hitler chose to stay on the ground . When the Allies were nearing Paris in August 1944 , Hitler ordered General Dietrich von Choltitz , the military governor of Paris , to demolish the tower along with the rest of the city . Von Choltitz disobeyed the order . On 25 June , before the Germans had been driven out of Paris , the German flag was replaced with a Tricolour by two men from the French Naval Museum , who narrowly beat three men led by Lucien Sarniguet , who had lowered the Tricolour on 13 June 1940 when Paris fell to the Germans . </P> <P> A fire started in the television transmitter on 3 January 1956 , damaging the top of the tower . Repairs took a year , and in 1957 , the present radio aerial was added to the top . In 1964 , the Eiffel Tower was officially declared to be a historical monument by the Minister of Cultural Affairs , André Malraux . A year later , an additional lift system was installed in the north pillar . </P> <P> According to interviews , in 1967 , Montreal Mayor Jean Drapeau negotiated a secret agreement with Charles de Gaulle for the tower to be dismantled and temporarily relocated to Montreal to serve as a landmark and tourist attraction during Expo 67 . The plan was allegedly vetoed by the company operating the tower out of fear that the French government could refuse permission for the tower to be restored in its original location . </P> Base of the Eiffel Tower <P> In 1982 , the original lifts between the second and third levels were replaced after 97 years in service . These had been closed to the public between November and March because the water in the hydraulic drive tended to freeze . The new cars operate in pairs , with one counterbalancing the other , and perform the journey in one stage , reducing the journey time from eight minutes to less than two minutes . At the same time , two new emergency staircases were installed , replacing the original spiral staircases . In 1983 , the south pillar was fitted with an electrically driven Otis lift to serve the Jules Verne restaurant . The Fives - Lille lifts in the east and west legs , fitted in 1899 , were extensively refurbished in 1986 . The cars were replaced , and a computer system was installed to completely automate the lifts . The motive power was moved from the water hydraulic system to a new electrically driven oil - filled hydraulic system , and the original water hydraulics were retained solely as a counterbalance system . A service lift was added to the south pillar for moving small loads and maintenance personnel three years later . </P> <P> Robert Moriarty flew a Beechcraft Bonanza under the tower on 31 March 1984 . In 1987 , A.J. Hackett made one of his first bungee jumps from the top of the Eiffel Tower , using a special cord he had helped develop . Hackett was arrested by the police . On 27 October 1991 , Thierry Devaux , along with mountain guide Hervé Calvayrac , performed a series of acrobatic figures while bungee jumping from the second floor of the tower . Facing the Champ de Mars , Devaux used an electric winch between figures to go back up to the second floor . When firemen arrived , he stopped after the sixth jump . </P> The tower is the focal point of New Year 's Eve and Bastille Day ( 14 July ) celebrations in Paris . <P> For its `` Countdown to the Year 2000 '' celebration on 31 December 1999 , flashing lights and high - powered searchlights were installed on the tower . Fireworks were set off all over it . An exhibition above a cafeteria on the first floor commemorates this event . The searchlights on top of the tower made it a beacon in Paris 's night sky , and 20,000 flashing bulbs gave the tower a sparkly appearance for five minutes every hour on the hour . </P> <P> The lights sparkled blue for several nights to herald the new millennium On 31 December 2000 . The sparkly lighting continued for 18 months until July 2001 . The sparkling lights were turned on again on 21 June 2003 , and the display was planned to last for 10 years before they needed replacing . </P> <P> The tower received its 200,000,000 th guest on 28 November 2002 . The tower has operated at its maximum capacity of about 7 million visitors since 2003 . In 2004 , the Eiffel Tower began hosting a seasonal ice rink on the first level . A glass floor was installed on the first level during the 2014 refurbishment . </P> <H2> Design </H2> <H3> Material </H3> The Eiffel Tower from below <P> The puddled iron ( wrought iron ) of the Eiffel Tower weighs 7,300 tons , and the addition of lifts , shops and antennae have brought the total weight to approximately 10,100 tons . As a demonstration of the economy of design , if the 7,300 tons of metal in the structure were melted down , it would fill the square base , 125 metres ( 410 ft ) on each side , to a depth of only 6.25 cm ( 2.46 in ) assuming the density of the metal to be 7.8 tons per cubic metre . Additionally , a cubic box surrounding the tower ( 324 mx 125 mx 125 m ) would contain 6,200 tons of air , weighing almost as much as the iron itself . Depending on the ambient temperature , the top of the tower may shift away from the sun by up to 18 cm ( 7 in ) due to thermal expansion of the metal on the side facing the sun . </P> <H3> Wind considerations </H3> <P> When it was built , many were shocked by the tower 's daring form . Eiffel was accused of trying to create something artistic with no regard to the principles of engineering . However , Eiffel and his team -- experienced bridge builders -- understood the importance of wind forces , and knew that if they were going to build the tallest structure in the world , they had to be sure it could withstand them . In an interview with the newspaper Le Temps published on 14 February 1887 , Eiffel said : </P> <P> Is it not true that the very conditions which give strength also conform to the hidden rules of harmony ? ... Now to what phenomenon did I have to give primary concern in designing the Tower ? It was wind resistance . Well then ! I hold that the curvature of the monument 's four outer edges , which is as mathematical calculation dictated it should be ... will give a great impression of strength and beauty , for it will reveal to the eyes of the observer the boldness of the design as a whole . </P> <P> He used graphical methods to determine the strength of the tower and empirical evidence to account for the effects of wind , rather than a mathematical formula . Close examination of the tower reveals a basically exponential shape . All parts of the tower were over-designed to ensure maximum resistance to wind forces . The top half was even assumed to have no gaps in the latticework . In the years since it was completed , engineers have put forward various mathematical hypotheses in an attempt to explain the success of the design . The most recent , devised in 2004 after letters sent by Eiffel to the French Society of Civil Engineers in 1885 were translated into English , is described as a non-linear integral equation based on counteracting the wind pressure on any point of the tower with the tension between the construction elements at that point . </P> <P> The Eiffel Tower sways by up to 9 centimetres ( 3.5 in ) in the wind . </P> <H3> Accommodation </H3> Gustave Eiffel 's apartment <P> When originally built , the first level contained three restaurants -- one French , one Russian and one Flemish -- and an `` Anglo - American Bar '' . After the exposition closed , the Flemish restaurant was converted to a 250 - seat theatre . A promenade 2.6 - metre ( 8 ft 6 in ) wide ran around the outside of the first level . At the top , there were laboratories for various experiments , and a small apartment reserved for Gustave Eiffel to entertain guests , which is now open to the public , complete with period decorations and lifelike mannequins of Eiffel and some of his notable guests . </P> <P> In May 2016 , an apartment was created on the first level to accommodate four competition winners during the UEFA Euro 2016 football tournament in Paris in June . The apartment has a kitchen , two bedrooms , a lounge , and views of Paris landmarks including the Seine , the Sacre Coeur , and the Arc de Triomphe . </P> <H3> Passenger lifts </H3> <P> The arrangement of the lifts has been changed several times during the tower 's history . Given the elasticity of the cables and the time taken to align the cars with the landings , each lift , in normal service , takes an average of 8 minutes and 50 seconds to do the round trip , spending an average of 1 minute and 15 seconds at each level . The average journey time between levels is 1 minute . The original hydraulic mechanism is on public display in a small museum at the base of the east and west legs . Because the mechanism requires frequent lubrication and maintenance , public access is often restricted . The rope mechanism of the north tower can be seen as visitors exit the lift . </P> <H3> Engraved names </H3> Main article : List of the 72 names on the Eiffel Tower Names engraved on the tower <P> Gustave Eiffel engraved on the tower the names of 72 French scientists , engineers and mathematicians in recognition of their contributions to the building of the tower . Eiffel chose this `` invocation of science '' because of his concern over the artists ' protest . At the beginning of the 20th century , the engravings were painted over , but they were restored in 1986 -- 87 by the Société Nouvelle d'exploitation de la Tour Eiffel , a company operating the tower . </P> <H3> Aesthetics </H3> <P> The tower is painted in three shades : lighter at the top , getting progressively darker towards the bottom to perfectly complement the Parisian sky . It was originally reddish brown ; this changed in 1968 to a bronze colour known as `` Eiffel Tower Brown '' . </P> <P> The only non-structural elements are the four decorative grill - work arches , added in Sauvestre 's sketches , which served to make the tower look more substantial and to make a more impressive entrance to the exposition . </P> <P> One of the great Hollywood movie clichés is that the view from a Parisian window always includes the tower . In reality , since zoning restrictions limit the height of most buildings in Paris to seven storeys , only a small number of tall buildings have a clear view of the tower . </P> <H3> Maintenance </H3> <P> Maintenance of the tower includes applying 60 tons of paint every seven years to prevent it from rusting . The tower has been completely repainted at least 19 times since it was built . Lead paint was still being used as recently as 2001 when the practice was stopped out of concern for the environment . </P> Panorama of Paris and its suburbs from the top of the Eiffel Tower <H2> Tourism </H2> <H3> Transport </H3> <P> The nearest Paris Métro station is Bir - Hakeim and the nearest RER station is Champ de Mars - Tour Eiffel . The tower itself is located at the intersection of the quai Branly and the Pont d'Iéna . </P> <H3> Popularity </H3> Number of visitors per year between 1889 and 2004 <P> More than 250 million people have visited the tower since it was completed in 1889 . In 2015 , there were 6.91 million visitors . The tower is the most - visited paid monument in the world . An average of 25,000 people ascend the tower every day which can result in long queues . Tickets can be purchased online to avoid the long queues . </P> <H3> Restaurants </H3> <P> The tower has two restaurants : Le 58 Tour Eiffel on the first level , and Le Jules Verne , a gourmet restaurant with its own lift on the second level . This restaurant has one star in the Michelin Red Guide . It is run by the multi-Michelin star chef Alain Ducasse and owes its name to the famous science - fiction writer Jules Verne . Additionally , there is a champagne bar at the top of the Eiffel Tower . </P> <H2> Replicas </H2> Replica at the Paris Las Vegas Hotel , Nevada , United States Main article : List of Eiffel Tower replicas <P> As one of the most iconic landmarks in the world , the Eiffel Tower has been the inspiration for the creation of many replicas and similar towers . An early example is Blackpool Tower in England . The mayor of Blackpool , Sir John Bickerstaffe , was so impressed on seeing the Eiffel Tower at the 1889 exposition that he commissioned a similar tower to be built in his town . It opened in 1894 and is 158.1 metres ( 518 ft ) tall . Tokyo Tower in Japan , built as a communications tower in 1958 , was also inspired by the Eiffel Tower . </P> <P> There are various scale models of the tower in the United States , including a half - scale version at the Paris Las Vegas , Nevada , one in Paris , Texas built in 1993 , and two 1 : 3 scale models at Kings Island , Ohio , and Kings Dominion , Virginia , amusement parks opened in 1972 and 1975 respectively . Two 1 : 3 scale models can be found in China , one in Durango , Mexico that was donated by the local French community , and several across Europe . </P> <P> In 2011 , the TV show Pricing the Priceless on the National Geographic Channel speculated that a full - size replica of the tower would cost approximately US $480 million to build . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Communications </H2> Top of the Eiffel Tower <P> The tower has been used for making radio transmissions since the beginning of the 20th century . Until the 1950s , sets of aerial wires ran from the cupola to anchors on the Avenue de Suffren and Champ de Mars . These were connected to longwave transmitters in small bunkers . In 1909 , a permanent underground radio centre was built near the south pillar , which still exists today . On 20 November 1913 , the Paris Observatory , using the Eiffel Tower as an aerial , exchanged wireless signals with the United States Naval Observatory , which used an aerial in Arlington , Virginia . The object of the transmissions was to measure the difference in longitude between Paris and Washington , D.C. Today , radio and digital television signals are transmitted from the Eiffel Tower . </P> <H3> FM radio </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Frequency </Th> <Th> kW </Th> <Th> Service </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 87.8 MHz </Td> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> France Inter </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 89.0 MHz </Td> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> RFI Paris </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 89.9 MHz </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> TSF Jazz </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 90.4 MHz </Td> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> Nostalgie </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 90.9 MHz </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Chante France </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Digital television </H3> <P> A television antenna was first installed on the tower in 1957 , increasing its height by 18.7 m ( 61.4 ft ) . Work carried out in 2000 added a further 5.3 m ( 17.4 ft ) , giving the current height of 324 m ( 1,063 ft ) . Analogue television signals from the Eiffel Tower ceased on 8 March 2011 . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Frequency </Th> <Th> VHF </Th> <Th> UHF </Th> <Th> kW </Th> <Th> Service </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 182.25 MHz </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 100 </Td> <Td> Canal+ </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 479.25 MHz </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 22 </Td> <Td> 500 </Td> <Td> France 2 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 503.25 MHz </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 25 </Td> <Td> 500 </Td> <Td> TF1 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 527.25 MHz </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 28 </Td> <Td> 500 </Td> <Td> France 3 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 543.25 MHz </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 30 </Td> <Td> 100 </Td> <Td> France 5 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 567.25 MHz </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 33 </Td> <Td> 100 </Td> <Td> M6 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Illumination copyright </H2> The Eiffel Tower illuminated in 2015 <P> The tower and its image have long been in the public domain . In June 1990 a French court ruled that a special lighting display on the tower in 1989 to mark the tower 's 100th anniversary was an `` original visual creation '' protected by copyright . The Court of Cassation , France 's judicial court of last resort , upheld the ruling in March 1992 . The Société d'Exploitation de la Tour Eiffel ( SETE ) now considers any illumination of the tower to be a separate work of art that falls under copyright . As a result , the SNTE alleges that it is illegal to publish contemporary photographs of the lit tower at night without permission in France and some other countries for commercial use . </P> <P> The imposition of copyright has been controversial . The Director of Documentation for what was then called the Société Nouvelle d'exploitation de la Tour Eiffel ( SNTE ) , Stéphane Dieu , commented in 2005 : `` It is really just a way to manage commercial use of the image , so that it is n't used in ways ( of which ) we do n't approve '' . SNTE made over € 1 million from copyright fees in 2002 . However , it could also be used to restrict the publication of tourist photographs of the tower at night , as well as hindering non-profit and semi-commercial publication of images of the illuminated tower . </P> <P> French doctrine and jurisprudence allows pictures incorporating a copyrighted work as long as their presence is incidental or accessory to the subject being represented , a reasoning akin to the de minimis rule . Therefore , SETE may be unable to claim copyright on photographs of Paris which happen to include the lit tower . </P> <H2> Taller structures </H2> <P> The Eiffel Tower was the world 's tallest structure when completed in 1889 , a distinction it retained until 1929 when the Chrysler Building in New York City was topped out . The tower has lost its standing both as the world 's tallest structure and the world 's tallest lattice tower but retains its status as the tallest freestanding ( non-guyed ) structure in France . </P> <H3> Lattice towers taller than the Eiffel Tower </H3> Further information : List of tallest towers in the world and Observation deck <Table> <Tr> <Th> Name </Th> <Th> Pinnacle height </Th> <Th> Year </Th> <Th> Country </Th> <Th> Town </Th> <Th> Remarks </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Tokyo Skytree </Td> <Td> 634 m ( 2,080 ft ) </Td> <Td> 2011 </Td> <Td> Japan </Td> <Td> Tokyo </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Kiev TV Tower </Td> <Td> 385 m ( 1,263 ft ) </Td> <Td> 1973 </Td> <Td> Ukraine </Td> <Td> Kiev </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Dragon Tower </Td> <Td> 336 m ( 1,102 ft ) </Td> <Td> 2000 </Td> <Td> China </Td> <Td> Harbin </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Tokyo Tower </Td> <Td> 333 m ( 1,093 ft ) </Td> <Td> 1958 </Td> <Td> Japan </Td> <Td> Tokyo </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Structures in France taller than the Eiffel Tower </H3> Further information : List of tallest structures in France <Table> <Tr> <Th> Name </Th> <Th> Pinnacle height </Th> <Th> Year </Th> <Th> Structure type </Th> <Th> Town </Th> <Th> Remarks </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Longwave transmitter Allouis </Td> <Td> 350 m ( 1,150 ft ) </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Guyed mast </Td> <Td> Allouis </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> HWU transmitter </Td> <Td> 350 m ( 1,150 ft ) </Td> <Td> ? </Td> <Td> Guyed mast </Td> <Td> Rosnay </Td> <Td> Military VLF transmitter ; multiple masts </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Viaduc de Millau </Td> <Td> 343 m ( 1,125 ft ) </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Bridge pillar </Td> <Td> Millau </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> TV Mast Niort - Maisonnay </Td> <Td> 330 m ( 1,080 ft ) </Td> <Td> 1978 </Td> <Td> Guyed mast </Td> <Td> Niort </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Transmitter Le Mans - Mayet </Td> <Td> 342 m ( 1,122 ft ) </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Guyed mast </Td> <Td> Mayet </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> La Regine transmitter </Td> <Td> 330 m ( 1,080 ft ) </Td> <Td> 1973 </Td> <Td> Guyed mast </Td> <Td> Saissac </Td> <Td> Military VLF transmitter </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Transmitter Roumoules </Td> <Td> 330 m ( 1,080 ft ) </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Guyed mast </Td> <Td> Roumoules </Td> <Td> Spare transmission mast for longwave ; insulated against ground </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> See also </H2> <Ul> <Li> Eiffel Tower in popular culture </Li> <Li> List of tallest buildings and structures in the Paris region </Li> <Li> List of tallest buildings and structures in the world </Li> <Li> List of tallest freestanding structures in the world </Li> <Li> List of tallest towers in the world </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Paris portal </Li> </Ul> <H2> References </H2> <Ol> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Eiffel Tower '' . CTBUH Skyscraper Database . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Eiffel Tower at Emporis </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : SETE . `` The Eiffel Tower at a glance '' . Official Eiffel Tower website . Archived from the original on 14 April 2016 . Retrieved 15 April 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Engineering News and American Railway Journal . 22 . G.H. Frost. 1889 . p. 482 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Harvie , p. 78 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Loyrette , p. 116 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Loyrette , p. 121 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Loyrette , p. 174 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Paul Souriau ; Manon Souriau ( 1983 ) . The Aesthetics of Movement . University of Massachusetts Press . p. 100 . ISBN 0 - 87023 - 412 - 9 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Harvie , p. 99 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Loyrette , p. 176 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` The Eiffel Tower '' . News . The Times ( 32661 ) . London . 1 April 1889 . col B , p. 5 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Jill Jonnes ( 2009 ) . Eiffel 's Tower : And the World 's Fair where Buffalo Bill Beguiled Paris , the Artists Quarreled , and Thomas Edison Became a Count . Viking . pp. 163 -- 64 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 670 - 02060 - 7 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Guillaume Apollinaire ( 1980 ) . Anne Hyde Greet , ed . Calligrammes : Poems of Peace and War ( 1913 -- 1916 ) . University of California Press . pp. 411 -- 414 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 520 - 01968 - 3 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : SETE . `` Origins and construction of the Eiffel Tower '' . Official Eiffel Tower website . Archived from the original on 31 July 2015 . Retrieved 1 January 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Loyrette , p. 123 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Loyrette , p. 148 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Harvie , p. 110 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Vogel , pp. 20 -- 21 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Vogel , p. 28 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Vogel , pp. 23 -- 24 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Eiffel , Gustave ( 1900 ) . La Tour de Trois Cents Mètres ( in French ) . 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Contains results of the four - day - long observation done by Theodor Wulf at the top of the Eiffel Tower in 1910 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` L'inventeur d'un parachute se lance de le tour Eiffel et s'écrase sur le sol '' . Le Petit Parisien ( in French ) . 5 February 1912 . p. 1 . Retrieved 26 November 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Barbara Wertheim Tuchman ( 1994 ) . August 1914 . Papermac . p. 236 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 333 - 30516 - 4 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Stephen Herbert ( 2004 ) . A History of Early Television . 2 . Taylor & Francis . p. 40 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 32667 - 4 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Piers Letcher ( 2003 ) . Eccentric France : The Bradt Guide to Mad , Magical and Marvellous France . Bradt Travel Guides . p. 105 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84162 - 068 - 8 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` An air tragedy '' . The Sunday Times . Perth , WA. 28 February 1926 . Retrieved 2 January 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Harriss , p. 178 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Claudia Roth Pierpont ( 18 November 2002 ) . `` The Silver Spire : How two men 's dreams changed the skyline of New York '' . The New Yorker . Archived from the original on 27 February 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Harriss , p. 195 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Harriss , pp. 180 -- 84 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ http://www.criticalpast.com/video/65675021843_Battle-of-France_unfurl-Nazi-flag_Palace-of-Versailles_Eiffel-Tower_Place-de-la-Concorde </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ http://www.telegraph.co.uk/travel/destinations/europe/france/paris/articles/Eiffel-Tower-facts/ </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Carlo D'Este ( 2003 ) . Eisenhower : A Soldier 's Life . Henry Holt and Company . p. 574 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8050 - 5687 - 7 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ SETE . `` The major events '' . Official Eiffel Tower website . Retrieved 13 March 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Harriss , p. 215 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : SETE . `` The Eiffel Tower 's lifts '' . Official Eiffel Tower website . Archived from the original on 7 April 2016 . Retrieved 15 April 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Nick Auf der Maur ( 15 September 1980 ) . `` How this city nearly got the Eiffel Tower '' . The Montreal Gazette . Retrieved 29 May 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Robert J. Moriarty . `` A Bonanza in Paris '' . Air & Space Magazine . Retrieved 4 April 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Jano Gibson ( 27 February 2007 ) . `` Extreme bid to stretch bungy record '' . Sydney Morning Herald . Retrieved 24 May 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Thierry Devaux . `` Eiffel Tower 1991 '' . Retrieved 16 April 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ SETE . `` The Eiffel Tower 's illuminations '' . Official Eiffel Tower website . Archived from the original on 22 August 2015 . Retrieved 31 May 2014 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : SETE . `` All you need to know about the Eiffel Tower '' ( PDF ) . Official Eiffel Tower website . Retrieved 15 April 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Eiffel Tower '' . France.com. 23 October 2003 . Retrieved 16 April 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Denis Cosnard ( 21 April 2014 ) . `` Eiffel Tower renovation work aims to take profits to new heights '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 14 April 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Darwin Porter ; Danforth Prince ; G. McDonald ; H. Mastrini ; S. Marker ; A. Princz ; C. Bánfalvy ; A. Kutor ; N. Lakos ; S. Rowan Kelleher ( 2006 ) . Frommer 's Europe ( 9th ed . ) . Wiley . p. 318 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 471 - 92265 - 0 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Eiffel Tower gets glass floor in refurbishment project '' . BBC News . 6 October 2014 . Retrieved 6 October 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ David A. Hanser ( 2006 ) . Architecture of France . Greenwood Publishing Group . p. 66 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 31902 - 0 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ DK Eyewitness Travel Guide : Europe . Dorling Kindersley. 2012 . p. 163 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4093 - 8577 - 6 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Harriss , p. 60 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Harriss , p. 231 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ SETE . `` Debate and controversy surrounding the Eiffel Tower '' . Official Eiffel Tower website . Archived from the original on 8 September 2015 . Retrieved 2 January 2013 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Elegant shape of Eiffel Tower solved mathematically by University of Colorado professor '' . Science Daily . 7 January 2005 . Retrieved 24 May 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Watson , p. 807 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ SETE . `` FAQ : History / Technical '' . Official Eiffel Tower website . Archived from the original on 8 April 2016 . Retrieved 16 April 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Caitlin Morton ( 31 May 2015 ) . `` There is a secret apartment at the top of the Eiffel Tower '' . Architectural Digest . Conde Nast . Retrieved 30 June 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Mary Papenfuss ( 20 May 2016 ) . `` Tourists have the chance to get an Eiffel of the view by staying in the Tower for a night '' . International Business Times . Retrieved 21 May 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ SETE ( 2010 ) . `` The Eiffel Tower Laboratory '' . Official Eiffel Tower website . Retrieved 25 January 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ SETE . `` The Eiffel Tower gets beautified '' ( PDF ) . Official Eiffel Tower website . Retrieved 8 November 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ SETE . `` Painting the Eiffel Tower '' . Official Eiffel Tower website . Archived from the original on 26 October 2016 . Retrieved 25 January 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` History : Development of clear span buildings -- Exhibition buildings '' . Architectural Teaching Resource . Tata Steel Europe , Ltd . Archived from the original on 5 October 2013 . Retrieved 4 January 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ SETE . `` Getting to the Eiffel Tower '' . Official Eiffel Tower website . Archived from the original on 14 April 2016 . Retrieved 16 April 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Number of Eiffel Tower visitors falls in wake of Paris attacks '' . France 24 . 20 January 2016 . Retrieved 15 April 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Jean - Michel Normand ( 23 July 2007 ) . `` Tour Eiffel et souvenirs de Paris '' . Le Monde . France . Retrieved 24 May 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Eiffel Tower reopens to tourists after rare closure for 2 - day strike '' . Associated Press . Fox News . 27 June 2013 . Retrieved 16 April 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Dali Wiederhoft . `` Eiffel Tower : Sightseeing , restaurants , links , transit '' . Bonjour Paris . Archived from the original on 6 January 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Blackpool Tower '' . History Extra . Retrieved 6 March 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The red and white Eiffel Tower of Tokyo '' . KLM . Retrieved 16 April 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Todd van Luling ( 19 August 2013 ) . `` The most legit Eiffel Tower replicas you did n't know existed '' . Huffpost Travel . Retrieved 16 April 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Eiffel Tower '' . Pricing the Priceless . Season 1 . Episode 3 . 9 May 2011 . National Geographic Channel ( Australia ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Paris time by wireless '' . The New York Times . 22 November 1913 . p. 1 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Steve Schlackman ( 16 November 2014 ) . `` Do night photos of the Eiffel Tower violate copyright ? '' . Art Law Journal . Retrieved 15 April 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Cour de cassation 3 mars 1992 , Jus Luminum n ° J523975 '' ( in French ) . Jus Luminum . Archived from the original on 16 November 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Jimmy Wales ( 3 July 2015 ) . `` If you want to keep sharing photos for free , read this '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 15 April 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Eiffel Tower image rights '' . Société d'Exploitation de la Tour Eiffel . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Hugh Morris ( 24 June 2015 ) . `` Freedom of panorama : EU proposal could mean holiday snaps breach copyright '' . The Telegraph . Retrieved 15 April 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Eiffel Tower : Repossessed '' . Fast Company . 2 February 2005 . Retrieved 15 April 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ James Arnold ( 16 May 2003 ) . `` Are things looking up for the Eiffel Tower ? '' . BBC News . Retrieved 16 April 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Notions Fondamentales Du Droit D'auteur ( in French ) . World Intellectual Property Organization . 2002 . p. 277 . ISBN 978 - 92 - 805 - 1013 - 3 . La représentation d'une œuvre située dans un lieu public n'est licite que lorsqu'elle est accessoire par rapport au sujet principal représenté ou traité </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Chrysler Building - Piercing the Sky '' . CBS Forum . Retrieved May 21 , 2017 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> Bibliography </H2> <Ul> <Li> Chanson , Hubert ( 2009 ) . `` Hydraulic engineering legends Listed on the Eiffel Tower '' . In Jerry R. Rogers . Great Rivers History : Proceedings and Invited Papers for the EWRI Congress and Great Rivers History Symposium . American Society of Civil Engineers . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7844 - 1032 - 5 . </Li> <Li> Frémy , Dominique ( 1989 ) . Quid de la tour Eiffel . R. Laffont . ISBN 978 - 2 - 221 - 06488 - 7 . </Li> <Li> The Engineer : The Paris Exhibition . XLVII . London : Office for Advertisements and Publication. 3 May 1889 . </Li> <Li> Harriss , Joseph ( 1975 ) . The Eiffel Tower : Symbol of an Age . London : Paul Elek . ISBN 0236400363 . </Li> <Li> Harvie , David I. ( 2006 ) . Eiffel : The Genius Who Reinvented Himself . Stroud , Gloucestershire : Sutton . ISBN 0 - 7509 - 3309 - 7 . </Li> <Li> Jonnes , Jill ( 2009 ) . Eiffel 's Tower : The Thrilling Story Behind Paris 's Beloved Monument ... . Penguin . ISBN 978 - 1 - 101 - 05251 - 8 . </Li> <Li> Loyrette , Henri ( 1985 ) . Eiffel , un Ingenieur et Son Oeuvre . Rizzoli . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8478 - 0631 - 7 . </Li> <Li> Musée d'Orsay ( 1989 ) . 1889 : la Tour Eiffel et l'Exposition Universelle . Editions de la Réunion des Musées Nationaux , Ministère de la Culture , de la Communication , des Grands Travaux et du Bicentenaire . ISBN 978 - 2 - 7118 - 2244 - 7 . </Li> <Li> Vogel , Robert M. ( 1961 ) . `` Elevator Systems of the Eiffel Tower , 1889 '' . United States National Museum Bulletin . Washington , D.C. : Smithsonian Institution . 228 : 20 -- 21 . </Li> <Li> Watson , William ( 1892 ) . Paris Universal Exposition : Civil Engineering , Public Works , and Architecture . Washington , D.C. : Government Publishing Office . </Li> </Ul> <H2> External links </H2> Find more aboutEiffel Towerat Wikipedia 's sister projects <Ul> <Li> Definitions from Wiktionary </Li> <Li> Media from Commons </Li> <Li> Texts from Wikisource </Li> <Li> Travel guide from Wikivoyage </Li> <Li> Data from Wikidata </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Official website </Li> <Li> Eiffel Tower at Structurae </Li> <Li> Sketches and plans of the tower 's construction at MailOnline </Li> <Li> Images of the 2014 refurbishment at ArchDaily </Li> <Li> History of transmitters at the Eiffel Tower by Pierre Dessapt ( in French ) </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="3"> Records </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Preceded by Washington Monument </Td> <Td> World 's tallest structure 1889 -- 1931 300.24 m </Td> <Td> Succeeded by Chrysler Building </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> 7th arrondissement of Paris </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Neighbourhoods </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Faubourg Saint - 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7 </Li> <Li> SUDOC : 027348857 </Li> <Li> BNF : cb11941003z ( data ) </Li> <Li> NDL : 01193444 </Li> <Li> BNE : XX4850635 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eiffel_Tower&oldid=805055507 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> Eiffel Tower </Li> <Li> Buildings and structures in the 7th arrondissement of Paris </Li> <Li> Former world 's tallest buildings </Li> <Li> Historic Civil Engineering Landmarks </Li> <Li> Landmarks in France </Li> <Li> Michelin Guide starred restaurants in France </Li> <Li> Observation towers in France </Li> <Li> Skyscrapers in Paris </Li> <Li> Towers completed in 1889 </Li> <Li> Tourist attractions in Paris </Li> <Li> Restaurant towers </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Skyscraper Center ID same as Wikidata </Li> <Li> Pages containing links to subscription - only content </Li> <Li> CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) </Li> <Li> Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages </Li> <Li> Wikipedia indefinitely move - 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Calvin Coolidge - wikipedia <H1> Calvin Coolidge </H1> Jump to : navigation , search For his grandfather , see Calvin Galusha Coolidge . <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Calvin Coolidge </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> 30th President of the United States </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> In office August 2 , 1923 -- March 4 , 1929 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Vice President </Th> <Td> None ( 1923 -- 1925 ) Charles G. Dawes ( 1925 -- 1929 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Preceded by </Th> <Td> Warren G. Harding </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Succeeded by </Th> <Td> Herbert Hoover </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> 29th Vice President of the United States </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> In office March 4 , 1921 -- August 2 , 1923 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> President </Th> <Td> Warren G. Harding </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Preceded by </Th> <Td> Thomas R. Marshall </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Succeeded by </Th> <Td> Charles G. Dawes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> 48th Governor of Massachusetts </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> In office January 2 , 1919 -- January 6 , 1921 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Lieutenant </Th> <Td> Channing H. Cox </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Preceded by </Th> <Td> Samuel W. McCall </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Succeeded by </Th> <Td> Channing H. Cox </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> 46th Lieutenant Governor of Massachusetts </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> In office January 6 , 1916 -- January 2 , 1919 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Governor </Th> <Td> Samuel W. McCall </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Preceded by </Th> <Td> Grafton D. Cushing </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Succeeded by </Th> <Td> Channing H. Cox </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> President of the Massachusetts Senate </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> In office 1914 -- 1915 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Preceded by </Th> <Td> Levi H. Greenwood </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Succeeded by </Th> <Td> Henry Gordon Wells </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Member of the Massachusetts Senate </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> In office 1912 -- 1915 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Mayor of Northampton , Massachusetts </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> In office 1910 -- 1911 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Preceded by </Th> <Td> James W. O'Brien </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Succeeded by </Th> <Td> William Feiker </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Member of the Massachusetts House of Representatives </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> In office 1907 -- 1908 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Personal details </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> John Calvin Coolidge Jr . ( 1872 - 07 - 04 ) July 4 , 1872 Plymouth Notch , Vermont , U.S. </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> January 5 , 1933 ( 1933 - 01 - 05 ) ( aged 60 ) Northampton , Massachusetts , U.S. </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Cause of death </Th> <Td> Coronary thrombosis </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Resting place </Th> <Td> Plymouth Notch Cemetery </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Political party </Th> <Td> Republican </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Spouse ( s ) </Th> <Td> Grace Goodhue ( m . 1905 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Children </Th> <Td> 2 , including John Coolidge </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Parents </Th> <Td> John Calvin Coolidge Sr . Victoria Josephine Moor </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Alma mater </Th> <Td> Amherst College </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Profession </Th> <Td> Lawyer </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Signature </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> John Calvin Coolidge Jr. ( / ˈkuːlɪdʒ / ; July 4 , 1872 -- January 5 , 1933 ) was the 30th President of the United States ( 1923 -- 1929 ) . A Republican lawyer from Vermont , Coolidge worked his way up the ladder of Massachusetts state politics , eventually becoming governor of that state . His response to the Boston Police Strike of 1919 thrust him into the national spotlight and gave him a reputation as a man of decisive action . Soon after , he was elected as the 29th vice president in 1920 and succeeded to the presidency upon the sudden death of Warren G. Harding in 1923 . Elected in his own right in 1924 , he gained a reputation as a small government conservative and also as a man who said very little , although having a rather dry sense of humor . </P> <P> Coolidge restored public confidence in the White House after the scandals of his predecessor 's administration and left office with considerable popularity . As a Coolidge biographer wrote : `` He embodied the spirit and hopes of the middle class , could interpret their longings and express their opinions . That he did represent the genius of the average is the most convincing proof of his strength '' . Coolidge 's retirement was relatively short as he died at the age of 60 in January 1933 , less than two months before his immediate successor , Herbert Hoover , left office . </P> <P> Although his reputation underwent a renaissance during the Reagan administration , modern assessments of Coolidge 's presidency are divided . He is adulated among advocates of smaller government and laissez - faire while supporters of an active central government generally view him less favorably , though both sides praise his stalwart support of racial equality . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Birth and family history </Li> <Li> 2 Early career and marriage <Ul> <Li> 2.1 Education and law practice </Li> <Li> 2.2 Marriage and family </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 Local political office <Ul> <Li> 3.1 City offices </Li> <Li> 3.2 State legislator and mayor </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 Lieutenant Governor and Governor of Massachusetts <Ul> <Li> 4.1 1918 election </Li> <Li> 4.2 Boston Police Strike </Li> <Li> 4.3 1919 election </Li> <Li> 4.4 Legislation and vetoes as governor </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 5 Vice presidency <Ul> <Li> 5.1 1920 election </Li> <Li> 5.2 `` Silent Cal '' </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 6 Presidency <Ul> <Li> 6.1 1924 election </Li> <Li> 6.2 Industry and trade </Li> <Li> 6.3 Taxation and government spending </Li> <Li> 6.4 Opposition to farm subsidies </Li> <Li> 6.5 Flood control </Li> <Li> 6.6 Civil rights </Li> <Li> 6.7 Foreign policy </Li> <Li> 6.8 1928 election </Li> <Li> 6.9 Cabinet </Li> <Li> 6.10 Judicial appointments </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 7 Retirement and death </Li> <Li> 8 Radio , film , and commemorations </Li> <Li> 9 See also </Li> <Li> 10 Notes </Li> <Li> 11 References </Li> <Li> 12 Works cited </Li> <Li> 13 Further reading </Li> <Li> 14 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Birth and family History ( edit ) </H2> Coolidge as an Amherst College undergraduate <P> John Calvin Coolidge Jr. was born in Plymouth Notch , Windsor County , Vermont , on July 4 , 1872 , the only U.S. president to be born on Independence Day . He was the elder of the two children of John Calvin Coolidge Sr. ( 1845 -- 1926 ) and Victoria Josephine Moor ( 1846 -- 85 ) . Coolidge Senior engaged in many occupations , and developed a statewide reputation as a prosperous farmer , storekeeper and public servant . He held various local offices , including justice of the peace and tax collector and served in the Vermont House of Representatives as well as the Vermont Senate . Coolidge 's mother was the daughter of a Plymouth Notch farmer . She was chronically ill and died , perhaps from tuberculosis , when Coolidge was twelve years old . His younger sister , Abigail Grace Coolidge ( 1875 -- 1890 ) , died at the age of fifteen , probably of appendicitis , when Coolidge was eighteen . Coolidge 's father married a Plymouth schoolteacher in 1891 , and lived to the age of eighty . </P> <P> Coolidge 's family had deep roots in New England ; his earliest American ancestor , John Coolidge , emigrated from Cottenham , Cambridgeshire , England , around 1630 and settled in Watertown , Massachusetts . Another ancestor , Edmund Rice , arrived at Watertown in 1638 . Coolidge 's great - great - grandfather , also named John Coolidge , was an American military officer in the Revolutionary War and one of the first selectmen of the town of Plymouth Notch . His grandfather Calvin Galusha Coolidge served in the Vermont House of Representatives . Coolidge was also a descendant of Samuel Appleton , who settled in Ipswich and led the Colony during King Philip 's War . Many of Coolidge 's ancestors were farmers , and numerous distant cousins were prominent in politics . </P> <H2> Early career and marriage ( edit ) </H2> Professor Charles Edward Garman <H3> Education and law practice ( edit ) </H3> <P> Coolidge attended Black River Academy and then St. Johnsbury Academy , before enrolling at Amherst College , where he distinguished himself in the debating class , as a senior joined the fraternity Phi Gamma Delta and graduated cum laude . While there , Coolidge was profoundly influenced by philosophy professor Charles Edward Garman , a Congregational mystic , with a neo-Hegelian philosophy . </P> <P> Coolidge explained Garman 's ethics forty years later : </P> <P> ( T ) here is a standard of righteousness that might does not make right , that the end does not justify the means , and that expediency as a working principle is bound to fail . The only hope of perfecting human relationships is in accordance with the law of service under which men are not so solicitous about what they shall get as they are about what they shall give . Yet people are entitled to the rewards of their industry . What they earn is theirs , no matter how small or how great . But the possession of property carries the obligation to use it in a larger service ... </P> <P> At his father 's urging after graduation , Coolidge moved to Northampton , Massachusetts to become a lawyer . To avoid the cost of law school , Coolidge followed the common practice of apprenticing with a local law firm , Hammond & Field , and reading law with them . John C. Hammond and Henry P. Field , both Amherst graduates , introduced Coolidge to law practice in the county seat of Hampshire County . In 1897 , Coolidge was admitted to the Massachusetts bar , becoming a country lawyer . With his savings and a small inheritance from his grandfather , Coolidge opened his own law office in Northampton in 1898 . He practiced commercial law , believing that he served his clients best by staying out of court . As his reputation as a hard - working and diligent attorney grew , local banks and other businesses began to retain his services . </P> <H3> Marriage and family ( edit ) </H3> Grace Coolidge <P> In 1903 , Coolidge met Grace Anna Goodhue , a University of Vermont graduate and teacher at Northampton 's Clarke School for the Deaf . They married on October 4 , 1905 at 2 : 30 p.m. in a small ceremony which took place in the parlor of Grace 's family 's house , following a vain effort at postponement by Grace 's mother ; she was never enamored with Coolidge , nor he with her . The newlyweds went on a honeymoon trip to Montreal , originally planned for two weeks but cut short by a week at Coolidge 's request . After 25 years he wrote of Grace , `` for almost a quarter of a century she has borne with my infirmities and I have rejoiced in her graces '' . </P> <P> The Coolidges had two sons : John ( September 7 , 1906 -- May 31 , 2000 ) and Calvin Jr. ( April 13 , 1908 -- July 7 , 1924 ) . Calvin 's death at age 16 from blood poisoning brought on by an infected blister `` hurt him terribly , '' according to son John . John became a railroad executive , helped to start the Coolidge Foundation , and was instrumental in creating the President Calvin Coolidge State Historic Site . </P> <P> Coolidge was frugal , and when it came to securing a home , he insisted upon renting . Henry Field had a pew in Edwards Congregational Church , and Grace was a member , but Coolidge never formally joined the congregation . </P> <H2> Local political office ( edit ) </H2> <H3> City offices ( edit ) </H3> <P> The Republican Party was dominant in New England in Coolidge 's time , and he followed Hammond 's and Field 's example by becoming active in local politics . In 1896 , Coolidge campaigned for Republican presidential candidate William McKinley , and the next year he was selected to be a member of the Republican City Committee . In 1898 , he won election to the City Council of Northampton , placing second in a ward where the top three candidates were elected . The position offered no salary , but provided Coolidge invaluable political experience . In 1899 , he declined renomination , running instead for City Solicitor , a position elected by the City Council . He was elected for a one - year term in 1900 , and reelected in 1901 . This position gave Coolidge more experience as a lawyer and paid a salary of $600 . In 1902 , the city council selected a Democrat for city solicitor , and Coolidge returned to private practice . Soon thereafter , however , the clerk of courts for the county died , and Coolidge was chosen to replace him . The position paid well , but it barred him from practicing law , so he remained at the job for only one year . In 1904 , Coolidge suffered his sole defeat at the ballot box , losing an election to the Northampton school board . When told that some of his neighbors voted against him because he had no children in the schools he would govern , Coolidge replied , `` Might give me time ! '' </P> <H3> State legislator and mayor ( edit ) </H3> <P> In 1906 , the local Republican committee nominated Coolidge for election to the state House of Representatives . He won a close victory over the incumbent Democrat , and reported to Boston for the 1907 session of the Massachusetts General Court . In his freshman term , Coolidge served on minor committees and , although he usually voted with the party , was known as a Progressive Republican , voting in favor of such measures as women 's suffrage and the direct election of Senators . While in Boston , Coolidge became an ally , and then a liegeman , of then U.S. Senator Winthrop Murray Crane who controlled the western faction of the Massachusetts Republican Party ; Crane 's party rival in the east of the commonwealth was U.S. Senator Henry Cabot Lodge . Another key strategic alliance which Coolidge forged was with Guy Currier , who had served in both state houses and had the social distinction , wealth , personal charm and broad circle of friends which Coolidge lacked , and which would have a lasting impact on his political career . In 1907 , he was elected to a second term , and in the 1908 session , Coolidge was more outspoken , though not in a leadership position . </P> <P> Instead of vying for another term in the State House , Coolidge returned home to his growing family and ran for mayor of Northampton when the incumbent Democrat retired . He was well liked in the town , and defeated his challenger by a vote of 1,597 to 1,409 . During his first term ( 1910 to 1911 ) , he increased teachers ' salaries and retired some of the city 's debt while still managing to effect a slight tax decrease . He was renominated in 1911 , and defeated the same opponent by a slightly larger margin . </P> <P> In 1911 , the State Senator for the Hampshire County area retired and successfully encouraged Coolidge to run for his seat for the 1912 session ; Coolidge defeated his Democratic opponent by a large margin . At the start of that term , he became chairman of a committee to arbitrate the `` Bread and Roses '' strike by the workers of the American Woolen Company in Lawrence , Massachusetts . After two tense months , the company agreed to the workers ' demands , in a settlement proposed by the committee . A major issue affecting Massachusetts Republicans that year was the party split between the progressive wing , which favored Theodore Roosevelt , and the conservative wing , which favored William Howard Taft . Although he favored some progressive measures , Coolidge refused to leave the Republican party . When the new Progressive Party declined to run a candidate in his state senate district , Coolidge won reelection against his Democratic opponent by an increased margin . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Td> Do the day 's work . If it be to protect the rights of the weak , whoever objects , do it . If it be to help a powerful corporation better to serve the people , whatever the opposition , do that . Expect to be called a stand - patter , but do n't be a stand - patter . Expect to be called a demagogue , but do n't be a demagogue . Do n't hesitate to be as revolutionary as science . Do n't hesitate to be as reactionary as the multiplication table . Do n't expect to build up the weak by pulling down the strong . Do n't hurry to legislate . Give administration a chance to catch up with legislation . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Have Faith in Massachusetts as delivered by Calvin Coolidge to the Massachusetts State Senate , 1914 . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> In the 1913 session , Coolidge enjoyed renowned success in arduously navigating to passage the Western Trolley Act which connected Northampton with a dozen similar industrial communities in western Massachusetts . Coolidge intended to retire after his second term as was the custom , but when the President of the State Senate , Levi H. Greenwood , considered running for Lieutenant Governor , Coolidge decided to run again for the Senate in the hopes of being elected as its presiding officer . Although Greenwood later decided to run for reelection to the Senate , he was defeated primarily due to his opposition to women 's suffrage ; Coolidge was in favor of the women 's vote , won his own re-election and with Crane 's help , assumed the presidency of a closely divided Senate . After his election in January 1914 , Coolidge delivered a published and frequently quoted speech entitled Have Faith in Massachusetts , which summarized his philosophy of government . </P> <P> Coolidge 's speech was well received , and he attracted some admirers on its account ; towards the end of the term , many of them were proposing his name for nomination to lieutenant governor . After winning reelection to the Senate by an increased margin in the 1914 elections , Coolidge was reelected unanimously to be President of the Senate . Coolidge 's supporters , led by fellow Amherst alumnus Frank Stearns , encouraged him again to run for lieutenant governor . Stearns , an executive with the Boston department store R.H. Stearns , became another key ally , and began a publicity campaign on Coolidge 's behalf before he announced his candidacy at the end of the 1915 legislative session . </P> <H2> Lieutenant governor and governor of Massachusetts ( edit ) </H2> Calvin and Grace Coolidge , about 1918 <P> Coolidge entered the primary election for lieutenant governor and was nominated to run alongside gubernatorial candidate Samuel W. McCall . Coolidge was the leading vote - getter in the Republican primary , and balanced the Republican ticket by adding a western presence to McCall 's eastern base of support . McCall and Coolidge won the 1915 election to their respective one - year terms , with Coolidge defeating his opponent by more than 50,000 votes . </P> <P> In Massachusetts , the lieutenant governor does not preside over the state Senate , as is the case in many other states ; nevertheless , as lieutenant governor , Coolidge was a deputy governor functioning as administrative inspector and was a member of the governor 's council . He was also chairman of the finance committee and the pardons committee . As a full - time elected official , Coolidge discontinued his law practice in 1916 , though his family continued to live in Northampton . McCall and Coolidge were both reelected in 1916 and again in 1917 . When McCall decided that he would not stand for a fourth term , Coolidge announced his intention to run for governor . </P> <H3> 1918 election ( edit ) </H3> <P> Coolidge was unopposed for the Republican nomination for Governor of Massachusetts in 1918 . He and his running mate , Channing Cox , a Boston lawyer and Speaker of the Massachusetts House of Representatives , ran on the previous administration 's record : fiscal conservatism , a vague opposition to Prohibition , support for women 's suffrage , and support for American involvement in World War I . The issue of the war proved divisive , especially among Irish and German Americans . Coolidge was elected by a margin of 16,773 votes over his opponent , Richard H. Long , in the smallest margin of victory of any of his statewide campaigns . </P> <H3> Boston Police strike ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Boston Police Strike <P> In 1919 , in reaction to a plan of the policemen of the Boston Police Department to register with a union , Police Commissioner Edwin U. Curtis announced that such an act would not be tolerated . In August of that year , the American Federation of Labor issued a charter to the Boston Police Union . Curtis declared the union 's leaders were guilty of insubordination and would be relieved of duty , but indicated he would cancel their suspension if the union was dissolved by September 4 . The mayor of Boston , Andrew Peters , convinced Curtis to delay his action for a few days , but with no results , and Curtis suspended the union leaders on September 8 . The following day , about three - quarters of the policemen in Boston went on strike . Coolidge , tacitly but fully in support of Curtis ' position , closely monitored the situation but initially deferred to the local authorities . He anticipated that only a resulting measure of lawlessness could sufficiently prompt the public to understand and appreciate the controlling principle -- that a policeman does not strike . That night and the next , there was sporadic violence and rioting in the unruly city . Peters , concerned about sympathy strikes by the firemen and others , called up some units of the Massachusetts National Guard stationed in the Boston area pursuant to an old and obscure legal authority , and relieved Curtis of duty . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Td> `` Your assertion that the Commissioner was wrong can not justify the wrong of leaving the city unguarded . That furnished the opportunity ; the criminal element furnished the action . There is no right to strike against the public safety by anyone , anywhere , any time ... I am equally determined to defend the sovereignty of Massachusetts and to maintain the authority and jurisdiction over her public officers where it has been placed by the Constitution and laws of her people . '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Telegram from Governor Calvin Coolidge to Samuel Gompers September 14 , 1919 . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Coolidge , sensing the severity of circumstances were then in need of his intervention , conferred with Crane 's operative , William Butler , and then acted . He called up more units of the National Guard , restored Curtis to office , and took personal control of the police force . Curtis proclaimed that all of the strikers were fired from their jobs , and Coolidge called for a new police force to be recruited . That night Coolidge received a telegram from AFL leader Samuel Gompers . `` Whatever disorder has occurred '' , Gompers wrote , `` is due to Curtis 's order in which the right of the policemen has been denied ... '' Coolidge publicly answered Gompers 's telegram , denying any justification whatsoever for the strike -- and his response launched him into the national consciousness ( quoted , above left ) . Newspapers across the nation picked up on Coolidge 's statement and he became the newest hero to opponents of the strike . In the midst of the First Red Scare , many Americans were terrified of the spread of communist revolution , like those that had taken place in Russia , Hungary , and Germany . While Coolidge had lost some friends among organized labor , conservatives across the nation had seen a rising star . Although he usually acted with deliberation , the Boston police strike gave him a national reputation as a decisive leader , and as a strict enforcer of law and order . </P> <H3> 1919 election ( edit ) </H3> Coolidge inspects militia in Boston police strike <P> Coolidge and Cox were renominated for their respective offices in 1919 . By this time Coolidge 's supporters ( especially Stearns ) had publicized his actions in the Police Strike around the state and the nation and some of Coolidge 's speeches were published in book form . He faced the same opponent as in 1918 , Richard Long , but this time Coolidge defeated him by 125,101 votes , more than seven times his margin of victory from a year earlier . His actions in the police strike , combined with the massive electoral victory , led to suggestions that Coolidge run for president in 1920 . </P> <H3> Legislation and vetoes as governor ( edit ) </H3> <P> By the time Coolidge was inaugurated on January 2 , 1919 , the First World War had ended , and Coolidge pushed the legislature to give a $100 bonus to Massachusetts veterans . He also signed a bill reducing the work week for women and children from fifty - four hours to forty - eight , saying , `` We must humanize the industry , or the system will break down . '' He signed into law a budget that kept the tax rates the same , while trimming $4 million from expenditures , thus allowing the state to retire some of its debt . </P> <P> Coolidge also wielded the veto pen as governor . His most publicized veto prevented an increase in legislators ' pay by 50 % . Although Coolidge was personally opposed to Prohibition , he vetoed a bill in May 1920 that would have allowed the sale of beer or wine of 2.75 % alcohol or less , in Massachusetts in violation of the Eighteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution . `` Opinions and instructions do not outmatch the Constitution , '' he said in his veto message . `` Against it , they are void . '' </P> <H2> Vice presidency ( edit ) </H2> <H3> 1920 election ( edit ) </H3> Main article : United States presidential election , 1920 <P> At the 1920 Republican National Convention , most of the delegates were selected by state party conventions , not primaries . As such , the field was divided among many local favorites . Coolidge was one such candidate , and while he placed as high as sixth in the voting , the powerful party bosses running the convention , primarily the party 's U.S. Senators , never considered him seriously . After ten ballots , the bosses and then the delegates settled on Senator Warren G. Harding of Ohio as their nominee for president . When the time came to select a vice presidential nominee , the bosses also made and announced their decision on whom they wanted -- Sen. Irvine Lenroot of Wisconsin -- and then prematurely departed after his name was put forth , relying on the rank and file to confirm their decision . A delegate from Oregon , Wallace McCamant , having read Have Faith in Massachusetts , proposed Coolidge for vice president instead . The suggestion caught on quickly with the masses starving for an act of independence from the absent bosses , and Coolidge was unexpectedly nominated . </P> <P> The Democrats nominated another Ohioan , James M. Cox , for president and the Assistant Secretary of the Navy , Franklin D. Roosevelt , for vice president . The question of the United States joining the League of Nations was a major issue in the campaign , as was the unfinished legacy of Progressivism . Harding ran a `` front - porch '' campaign from his home in Marion , Ohio , but Coolidge took to the campaign trail in the Upper South , New York , and New England -- his audiences carefully limited to those familiar with Coolidge and those placing a premium upon concise and short speeches . On November 2 , 1920 , Harding and Coolidge were victorious in a landslide , winning more than 60 percent of the popular vote , including every state outside the South . They also won in Tennessee , the first time a Republican ticket had won a Southern state since Reconstruction . </P> <H3> `` Silent Cal '' ( edit ) </H3> President Harding and Vice President Coolidge and their wives <P> The U.S. vice presidency did not carry many official duties , but Coolidge was invited by President Harding to attend cabinet meetings , making him the first vice president to do so . He gave a number of unremarkable speeches around the country . </P> <P> As the U.S. vice president , Coolidge and his vivacious wife Grace were invited to quite a few parties , where the legend of `` Silent Cal '' was born . It is from this time that most of the jokes and anecdotes involving Coolidge originate . Although Coolidge was known to be a skilled and effective public speaker , in private he was a man of few words and was commonly referred to as `` Silent Cal '' . A possibly apocryphal story has it that a matron , seated next to him at a dinner , said to him , `` I made a bet today that I could get more than two words out of you . '' He replied , `` You lose . '' Dorothy Parker , upon learning that Coolidge had died , reportedly remarked , `` How can they tell ? '' Coolidge often seemed uncomfortable among fashionable Washington society ; when asked why he continued to attend so many of their dinner parties , he replied , `` Got to eat somewhere . '' Alice Roosevelt Longworth , a leading Republican wit , underscored Coolidge 's silence and his dour personality : `` When he wished he were elsewhere , he pursed his lips , folded his arms , and said nothing . He looked then precisely as though he had been weaned on a pickle . '' </P> <P> As president , Coolidge 's reputation as a quiet man continued . `` The words of a President have an enormous weight , '' he would later write , `` and ought not to be used indiscriminately . '' Coolidge was aware of his stiff reputation ; indeed , he cultivated it . `` I think the American people want a solemn ass as a President , '' he once told Ethel Barrymore , `` and I think I will go along with them . '' Some historians would later suggest that Coolidge 's image was created deliberately as a campaign tactic , while others believe his withdrawn and quiet behavior to be natural , deepening after the death of his son in 1924 . </P> <H2> Presidency ( edit ) </H2> Main article : Presidency of Calvin Coolidge <P> On August 2 , 1923 , President Harding died unexpectedly in San Francisco while on a speaking tour of the western United States . Vice President Coolidge was in Vermont visiting his family home , which had neither electricity nor a telephone , when he received word by messenger of Harding 's death . He dressed , said a prayer , and came downstairs to greet the reporters who had assembled . His father , a notary public and justice of the peace , administered the oath of office in the family 's parlor by the light of a kerosene lamp at 2 : 47 a.m. on August 3 , 1923 ; President Coolidge then went back to bed . </P> <P> Coolidge returned to Washington the next day , and was sworn in again by Justice Adolph A. Hoehling Jr. of the Supreme Court of the District of Columbia , to forestall any questions about the authority of a state official to administer a federal oath . This second oath taking remained a secret until it was revealed by Harry M. Daugherty in 1932 , and confirmed by Hoehling . When Hoehling confirmed Daugherty 's story , he indicated that Daugherty , then serving as United States Attorney General , asked him to administer the oath without fanfare at the Willard Hotel . According to Hoehling , he did not question Daugherty 's reason for requesting a second oath taking , but assumed it was to resolve any doubt about whether the first swearing in was valid . </P> President Coolidge signing appropriation bills for the Veterans Bureau on the South Lawn during the garden party for wounded veterans , June 5 , 1924 . General John J. Pershing is at left . The man at right , looking on , appears to be Veterans Bureau Director Frank T. Hines . <P> The nation initially did not know what to make of Coolidge , who had maintained a low profile in the Harding administration ; many had even expected him to be replaced on the ballot in 1924 . Coolidge believed that those of Harding 's men under suspicion were entitled to every presumption of innocence , taking a methodical approach to the scandals , principally the Teapot Dome scandal , while others clamored for rapid punishment of those they presumed guilty . Coolidge thought the Senate investigations of the scandals would suffice ; this was affirmed by the resulting resignations of those involved . He personally intervened in demanding the resignation of Attorney General Harry M. Daugherty after he refused to cooperate with the congressional probe . He then set about to confirm that no loose ends remained in the administration , arranging for a full briefing on the wrongdoing . Harry A. Slattery reviewed the facts with him , Harlan F. Stone analyzed the legal aspects for him and Senator William E. Borah assessed and presented the political factors . </P> <P> Coolidge addressed Congress when it reconvened on December 6 , 1923 , giving a speech that supported many of Harding 's policies , including Harding 's formal budgeting process , the enforcement of immigration restrictions and arbitration of coal strikes ongoing in Pennsylvania . Coolidge 's speech was the first presidential speech to be broadcast over the radio . The Washington Naval Treaty was proclaimed just one month into Coolidge 's term , and was generally well received in the country . In May 1924 , the World War I veterans ' World War Adjusted Compensation Act or `` Bonus Bill '' was passed over his veto . Coolidge signed the Immigration Act later that year , which was aimed at restricting southern and eastern European immigration , but appended a signing statement expressing his unhappiness with the bill 's specific exclusion of Japanese immigrants . Just before the Republican Convention began , Coolidge signed into law the Revenue Act of 1924 , which reduced the top marginal tax rate from 58 % to 46 % , as well as personal income tax rates across the board , increased the estate tax and bolstered it with a new gift tax . </P> <P> On June 2 , 1924 , Coolidge signed the act granting citizenship to all Native Americans born in the United States . By that time , two - thirds of the people were already citizens , having gained it through marriage , military service ( veterans of World War I were granted citizenship in 1919 ) , or the land allotments that had earlier taken place . </P> <H3> 1924 election ( edit ) </H3> Main article : United States presidential election , 1924 1924 electoral vote results <P> The Republican Convention was held on June 10 -- 12 , 1924 , in Cleveland , Ohio ; Coolidge was nominated on the first ballot . The convention nominated Frank Lowden of Illinois for vice president on the second ballot , but he declined ; former Brigadier General Charles G. Dawes was nominated on the third ballot and accepted . </P> <P> The Democrats held their convention the next month in New York City . The convention soon deadlocked , and after 103 ballots , the delegates finally agreed on a compromise candidate , John W. Davis , with Charles W. Bryan nominated for vice president . The Democrats ' hopes were buoyed when Robert M. La Follette Sr. , a Republican senator from Wisconsin , split from the GOP to form a new Progressive Party . Many believed that the split in the Republican party , like the one in 1912 , would allow a Democrat to win the presidency . </P> <P> After the conventions and the death of his younger son Calvin , Coolidge became withdrawn ; he later said that `` when he ( the son ) died , the power and glory of the Presidency went with him . '' Even as he mourned , Coolidge ran his standard campaign , not mentioning his opponents by name or maligning them , and delivering speeches on his theory of government , including several that were broadcast over radio . It was the most subdued campaign since 1896 , partly because of Coolidge 's grief , but also because of his naturally non-confrontational style . The other candidates campaigned in a more modern fashion , but despite the split in the Republican party , the results were similar to those of 1920 . Coolidge and Dawes won every state outside the South except Wisconsin , La Follette 's home state . Coolidge won the election with 382 electoral votes and the popular vote by 2.5 million over his opponents ' combined total . </P> <H3> Industry and Trade ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Td> it is probable that a press which maintains an intimate touch with the business currents of the nation is likely to be more reliable than it would be if it were a stranger to these influences . After all , the chief business of the American people is business . They are profoundly concerned with buying , selling , investing and prospering in the world . ( emphasis added ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> President Calvin Coolidge 's address to the American Society of Newspaper Editors , Washington D.C. , January 25 , 1925 . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> During Coolidge 's presidency , the United States experienced a period of rapid economic growth known as the `` Roaring Twenties . '' He left the administration 's industrial policy in the hands of his activist Secretary of Commerce , Herbert Hoover , who energetically used government auspices to promote business efficiency and develop airlines and radio . Coolidge disdained regulation , and demonstrated this by appointing commissioners to the Federal Trade Commission and the Interstate Commerce Commission who did little to restrict the activities of businesses under their jurisdiction . The regulatory state under Coolidge was , as one biographer described it , `` thin to the point of invisibility . '' </P> <P> Coolidge 's economic policy has often been misquoted as `` generally speaking , the business of the American people is business '' ( full quotation at right ) . Some have criticized Coolidge as an adherent of the laissez - faire ideology , which they claim led to the Great Depression . On the other hand , historian Robert Sobel offers some context based on Coolidge 's sense of federalism : `` As Governor of Massachusetts , Coolidge supported wages and hours legislation , opposed child labor , imposed economic controls during World War I , favored safety measures in factories , and even worker representation on corporate boards . Did he support these measures while president ? No , because in the 1920s , such matters were considered the responsibilities of state and local governments . '' </P> <H3> Taxation and government spending ( edit ) </H3> <P> Coolidge adopted the taxation policies of his Secretary of the Treasury , Andrew Mellon , who advocated `` scientific taxation '' -- the notion that lowering taxes will increase , rather than decrease , government receipts . Congress agreed , and tax rates were reduced in Coolidge 's term . In addition to federal tax cuts , Coolidge proposed reductions in federal expenditures and retiring of the federal debt . Coolidge 's ideas were shared by the Republicans in Congress , and in 1924 , Congress passed the Revenue Act of 1924 , which reduced income tax rates and eliminated all income taxation for some two million people . They reduced taxes again by passing the Revenue Acts of 1926 and 1928 , all the while continuing to keep spending down so as to reduce the overall federal debt . By 1927 , only the wealthiest 2 % of taxpayers paid any federal income tax . Federal spending remained flat during Coolidge 's administration , allowing one - fourth of the federal debt to be retired in total . State and local governments saw considerable growth , however , surpassing the federal budget in 1927 . </P> <H3> Opposition to farm subsidies ( edit ) </H3> Coolidge with his vice president , Charles G. Dawes <P> Perhaps the most contentious issue of Coolidge 's presidency was relief for farmers . Some in Congress proposed a bill designed to fight falling agricultural prices by allowing the federal government to purchase crops to sell abroad at lower prices . Agriculture Secretary Henry C. Wallace and other administration officials favored the bill when it was introduced in 1924 , but rising prices convinced many in Congress that the bill was unnecessary , and it was defeated just before the elections that year . In 1926 , with farm prices falling once more , Senator Charles L. McNary and Representative Gilbert N. Haugen -- both Republicans -- proposed the McNary -- Haugen Farm Relief Bill . The bill proposed a federal farm board that would purchase surplus production in high - yield years and hold it ( when feasible ) for later sale or sell it abroad . Coolidge opposed McNary - Haugen , declaring that agriculture must stand `` on an independent business basis , '' and said that `` government control can not be divorced from political control . '' Instead of manipulating prices , he favored instead Herbert Hoover 's proposal to create profits by modernizing agriculture . Secretary Mellon wrote a letter denouncing the McNary - Haugen measure as unsound and likely to cause inflation , and it was defeated . </P> <P> After McNary - Haugen 's defeat , Coolidge supported a less radical measure , the Curtis - Crisp Act , which would have created a federal board to lend money to farm co-operatives in times of surplus ; the bill did not pass . In February 1927 , Congress took up the McNary - Haugen bill again , this time narrowly passing it , and Coolidge vetoed it . In his veto message , he expressed the belief that the bill would do nothing to help farmers , benefiting only exporters and expanding the federal bureaucracy . Congress did not override the veto , but it passed the bill again in May 1928 by an increased majority ; again , Coolidge vetoed it . `` Farmers never have made much money , '' said Coolidge , the Vermont farmer 's son . `` I do not believe we can do much about it . '' </P> <H3> Flood control ( edit ) </H3> <P> Coolidge has often been criticized for his actions during the Great Mississippi Flood of 1927 , the worst natural disaster to hit the Gulf Coast until Hurricane Katrina in 2005 . Although he did eventually name Secretary Hoover to a commission in charge of flood relief , scholars argue that Coolidge overall showed a lack of interest in federal flood control . Coolidge did not believe that personally visiting the region after the floods would accomplish anything , and that it would be seen as mere political grandstanding . He also did not want to incur the federal spending that flood control would require ; he believed property owners should bear much of the cost . On the other hand , Congress wanted a bill that would place the federal government completely in charge of flood mitigation . When Congress passed a compromise measure in 1928 , Coolidge declined to take credit for it and signed the bill in private on May 15 . </P> <H3> Civil rights ( edit ) </H3> Osage men with Coolidge after he signed the bill granting Native Americans U.S. citizenship . <P> According to one biographer , Coolidge was `` devoid of racial prejudice , '' but rarely took the lead on civil rights . Coolidge disliked the Ku Klux Klan and no Klansman is known to have received an appointment from him . In the 1924 presidential election his opponents ( Robert La Follette and John Davis ) , and his running mate Charles Dawes , often attacked the Klan but Coolidge avoided the subject , just as he avoided most controversial topics . </P> <P> Coolidge spoke in favor of the civil rights of African - Americans , saying in his first State of the Union address that their rights were `` just as sacred as those of any other citizen '' under the U.S. Constitution and that it was a `` public and a private duty to protect those rights . '' </P> <P> Coolidge repeatedly called for laws to make lynching a federal crime ( it was already a state crime ) . Congress refused to pass any such legislation . On June 2 , 1924 , Coolidge signed the Indian Citizenship Act , which granted U.S. citizenship to all American Indians living on reservations ( Indians off reservations had long been citizens ) . On June 6 , 1924 , Coolidge delivered a commencement address at historically black , non-segregated Howard University , in which he thanked and commended African - Americans for their rapid advances in education and their contributions to U.S. society over the years , as well as their eagerness to render their services as soldiers in the World War , all while being faced with discrimination and prejudices at home . </P> <P> In a speech in October 1924 , Coolidge stressed tolerance of differences as an American value and thanked immigrants for their contributions to U.S. society , saying that they have `` contributed much to making our country what it is . '' He stated that although the diversity of peoples was a detrimental source of conflict and tension in Europe , it was peculiar for the United States that it was a `` harmonious '' benefit for the country . Coolidge further stated the United States should assist and help immigrants who come to the country , and urged immigrants to reject `` race hatreds '' and `` prejudices '' . </P> <H3> Foreign policy ( edit ) </H3> Official portrait of Calvin Coolidge <P> Although not an isolationist , Coolidge was reluctant to enter into foreign alliances . He considered the 1920 Republican victory as a rejection of the Wilsonian position that the United States should join the League of Nations . While not completely opposed to the idea , Coolidge believed the League , as then constituted , did not serve American interests , and he did not advocate membership . He spoke in favor of the United States joining the Permanent Court of International Justice ( World Court ) , provided that the nation would not be bound by advisory decisions . In 1926 , the Senate eventually approved joining the Court ( with reservations ) . The League of Nations accepted the reservations , but it suggested some modifications of its own . The Senate failed to act ; the United States never joined the World Court . </P> <P> Coolidge 's primary initiative was the Kellogg -- Briand Pact of 1928 , named for Coolidge 's Secretary of State , Frank B. Kellogg , and French foreign minister Aristide Briand . The treaty , ratified in 1929 , committed signatories -- the United States , the United Kingdom , France , Germany , Italy , and Japan -- to `` renounce war , as an instrument of national policy in their relations with one another . '' The treaty did not achieve its intended result -- the outlawry of war -- but it did provide the founding principle for international law after World War II . </P> <P> Coolidge continued the previous administration 's policy of withholding recognition of the Soviet Union . He also continued the United States ' support for the elected government of Mexico against the rebels there , lifting the arms embargo on that country . He sent Dwight Morrow to Mexico as the American ambassador . </P> <P> The United States ' occupation of Nicaragua and Haiti continued under his administration , but Coolidge withdrew American troops from the Dominican Republic in 1924 . Coolidge led the U.S. delegation to the Sixth International Conference of American States , January 15 -- 17 , 1928 , in Havana , Cuba . This was the only international trip Coolidge made during his presidency . There , he extended an olive branch to Latin American leaders embittered over America 's interventionist policies in Central America and the Caribbean . For 88 years he was the only sitting president to have visited Cuba , until Barack Obama did so in 2016 . </P> <H3> 1928 election ( edit ) </H3> Main article : United States presidential election , 1928 Play media Collection of video clips of President Coolidge <P> In the summer of 1927 , Coolidge vacationed in the Black Hills of South Dakota , where he engaged in horseback riding and fly fishing and attended rodeos . He made Custer State Park his `` summer White House . '' While on vacation , Coolidge surprisingly issued a terse statement that he would not seek a second full term as president : `` I do not choose to run for President in 1928 . '' After allowing the reporters to take that in , Coolidge elaborated . `` If I take another term , I will be in the White House till 1933 ... Ten years in Washington is longer than any other man has had it -- too long ! '' In his memoirs , Coolidge explained his decision not to run : `` The Presidential office takes a heavy toll of those who occupy it and those who are dear to them . While we should not refuse to spend and be spent in the service of our country , it is hazardous to attempt what we feel is beyond our strength to accomplish . '' After leaving office , he and Grace returned to Northampton , where he wrote his memoirs . The Republicans retained the White House in 1928 in the person of Coolidge 's Secretary of Commerce , Herbert Hoover . Coolidge had been reluctant to endorse Hoover as his successor ; on one occasion he remarked that `` for six years that man has given me unsolicited advice -- all of it bad . '' Even so , Coolidge had no desire to split the party by publicly opposing the nomination of the popular commerce secretary . </P> <H3> Cabinet ( edit ) </H3> Coolidge 's cabinet in 1924 , outside the White House Front row , left to right : Harry Stewart New , John W. Weeks , Charles Evans Hughes , Coolidge , Andrew Mellon , Harlan F. Stone , Curtis D. Wilbur Back row , left to right , James J. Davis , Henry C. Wallace , Herbert Hoover , Hubert Work <P> Although a few of Harding 's cabinet appointees were scandal - tarred , Coolidge initially retained all of them , out of an ardent conviction that as successor to a deceased elected president he was obligated to retain Harding 's counselors and policies until the next election . He kept Harding 's able speechwriter Judson T. Welliver ; Stuart Crawford replaced Welliver in November 1925 . Coolidge appointed C. Bascom Slemp , a Virginia Congressman and experienced federal politician , to work jointly with Edward T. Clark , a Massachusetts Republican organizer whom he retained from his vice-presidential staff , as Secretaries to the President ( a position equivalent to the modern White House Chief of Staff ) . </P> <P> Perhaps the most powerful person in Coolidge 's Cabinet was Secretary of the Treasury Andrew Mellon , who controlled the administration 's financial policies and was regarded by many , including House Minority Leader John Nance Garner , as more powerful than Coolidge himself . Secretary of Commerce Herbert Hoover also held a prominent place in Coolidge 's Cabinet , in part because Coolidge found value in Hoover 's ability to win positive publicity with his pro-business proposals . Secretary of State Charles Evans Hughes directed Coolidge 's foreign policy until he resigned in 1925 following Coolidge 's re-election . He was replaced by Frank B. Kellogg , who had previously served as a Senator and as the ambassador to Great Britain . Coolidge made two other appointments following his re-election , with William M. Jardine taking the position of Secretary of Agriculture and John G. Sargent becoming Attorney General . Coolidge did not have a vice president during his first term , but Charles Dawes became vice president during Coolidge 's second term , and Dawes and Coolidge clashed over farm policy and other issues . </P> <H3> Judicial appointments ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Calvin Coolidge judicial appointments Coolidge appointed Harlan Fiske Stone Attorney General and then Supreme Court Justice <P> Coolidge appointed one justice to the Supreme Court of the United States , Harlan Fiske Stone in 1925 . Stone was Coolidge 's fellow Amherst alumnus , a Wall Street lawyer and conservative Republican . Stone was serving as dean of Columbia Law School when Coolidge appointed him to be attorney general in 1924 to restore the reputation tarnished by Harding 's Attorney General , Harry M. Daugherty . It does not appear that Coolidge considered appointing anyone other than Stone , although Stone himself had urged Coolidge to appoint Benjamin N. Cardozo . Stone proved to be a firm believer in judicial restraint and was regarded as one of the court 's three liberal justices who would often vote to uphold New Deal legislation . President Franklin D. Roosevelt later appointed Stone to be chief justice . </P> <P> Coolidge nominated 17 judges to the United States Courts of Appeals , and 61 judges to the United States district courts . He appointed judges to various specialty courts as well , including Genevieve R. Cline , who became the first woman named to the federal judiciary when Coolidge placed her on the United States Customs Court in 1928 . Coolidge also signed the Judiciary Act of 1925 into law , allowing the Supreme Court more discretion over its workload . </P> <H2> Retirement and death ( edit ) </H2> Coolidge addressing a crowd at Arlington National Cemetery 's Roman style Memorial Amphitheater in 1924 . <P> After his presidency , Coolidge retired to the modest rented house on residential Massasoit Street in Northampton before moving to a more spacious home , `` The Beeches . '' He kept a Hacker runabout boat on the Connecticut River and was often observed on the water by local boating enthusiasts . During this period , he also served as chairman of the Non-Partisan Railroad Commission , an entity created by several banks and corporations to survey the country 's long - term transportation needs and make recommendations for improvements . He was the honorary president of the American Foundation for the Blind , a director of New York Life Insurance Company , president of the American Antiquarian Society , and a trustee of Amherst College . </P> <P> Coolidge published his autobiography in 1929 and wrote a syndicated newspaper column , `` Calvin Coolidge Says , '' from 1930 to 1931 . Faced with looming defeat in the 1932 presidential election , some Republicans spoke of rejecting Herbert Hoover as their party 's nominee , and instead drafting Coolidge to run , but the former president made it clear that he was not interested in running again , and that he would publicly repudiate any effort to draft him , should it come about . Hoover was renominated , and Coolidge made several radio addresses in support of him . Hoover then lost the general election to Coolidge 's 1920 vice presidential Democratic opponent Franklin D. Roosevelt in a landslide . </P> <P> Coolidge died suddenly from coronary thrombosis at `` The Beeches , '' at 12 : 45 p.m. , January 5 , 1933 . Shortly before his death , Coolidge confided to an old friend : `` I feel I no longer fit in with these times . '' Coolidge is buried in Plymouth Notch Cemetery , Plymouth Notch , Vermont . The nearby family home is maintained as one of the original buildings on the Calvin Coolidge Homestead District site . The State of Vermont dedicated a new visitors ' center nearby to mark Coolidge 's 100th birthday on July 4 , 1972 . </P> <H2> Radio , film , and commemorations ( edit ) </H2> Coolidge , reporters , and cameramen <P> Despite his reputation as a quiet and even reclusive politician , Coolidge made use of the new medium of radio and made radio history several times while president . He made himself available to reporters , giving 520 press conferences , meeting with reporters more regularly than any president before or since . Coolidge 's second inauguration was the first presidential inauguration broadcast on radio . On December 6 , 1923 , he was the first president whose address to Congress was broadcast on radio . Coolidge signed the Radio Act of 1927 , which assigned regulation of radio to the newly created Federal Radio Commission . On August 11 , 1924 , Theodore W. Case , using the Phonofilm sound - on - film process he developed for Lee DeForest , filmed Coolidge on the White House lawn , making Coolidge the first president to appear in a sound film . The title of the DeForest film was President Coolidge , Taken on the White House Grounds . When Charles Lindbergh arrived in Washington on a U.S. Navy ship after his celebrated 1927 trans - Atlantic flight , President Coolidge welcomed him back to the U.S. and a sound - on - film record of the event exists . </P> <Ul> <Li> <P> Coolidge was the only president to have his portrait on a coin during his lifetime , the Sesquicentennial of American Independence Half Dollar , minted in 1926 . </P> </Li> <Li> <P> Coolidge on a 1938 postage stamp </P> </Li> </Ul> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> SS President Coolidge </Li> <Li> Coolidge , Arizona </Li> <Li> Coolidge Dam </Li> <Li> Coolidge effect </Li> <Li> List of Presidents of the United States </Li> <Li> List of Presidents of the United States , sortable by previous experience </Li> </Ul> <H2> Notes ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ See also the main article , Lawrence textile strike , for a full description . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ The exact total was 1,117 out of 1,544 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ The tally was Coolidge 317,774 , Long 192,673 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ McCoy 1967 , pp. 420 -- 21 ; Greenberg 2006 , pp. 49 -- 53 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Fuess 1940 , p. 500 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Sobel 1998 , pp. 12 -- 13 ; Greenberg 2006 , pp. 1 -- 7 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Sobel 1998 , p. 22 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Fuess 1940 , p. 17 ; McCoy 1967 , p. 5 ; White 1938 , p. 11 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Fuess 1940 , p. 12 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Fuess 1940 , p. 7 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Sobel 1998 , p. 24 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Roberts , Gary Boyd . Ancestors of American Presidents . New England Historic Genealogical Society , 1995 , p. 199 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ White 1938 , pp. 43 -- 44 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Shlaes 2013 , pp. 66 -- 68 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Fuess 1940 , pp. 74 -- 81 ; McCoy 1967 , pp. 22 -- 26 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bryson 2013 , p. 187 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ White 1938 , p. 61 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Martin , Douglas ( June 4 , 2000 ) . `` John Coolidge , Guardian of President 's Legacy . Dies at 93 '' . The New York Times . Retrieved June 25 , 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Shlaes 2013 , p. 91 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Sobel 1998 , pp. 49 -- 51 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ White 1938 , pp. 51 -- 53 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Fuess 1940 , p. 83 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Fuess 1940 , pp. 84 -- 85 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : McCoy 1967 , p. 29 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Sobel 1998 , p. 61 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Sobel 1998 , p. 62 ; Fuess 1940 , p. 99 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Sobel 1998 , pp. 63 -- 66 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ White 1938 , pp. 99 -- 102 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Sobel 1998 , pp. 68 -- 69 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Sobel 1998 , p. 72 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Fuess 1940 , pp. 106 -- 07 ; Sobel 1998 , p. 74 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Fuess 1940 , p. 108 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Sobel 1998 , p. 76 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Fuess 1940 , pp. 110 -- 11 ; McCoy 1967 , pp. 45 -- 46 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Sobel 1998 , pp. 79 -- 80 ; Fuess 1940 , p. 111 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Coolidge 1919 , pp. 2 -- 9 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ White 1938 , p. 105 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Fuess 1940 , pp. 114 -- 15 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ White 1938 , p. 111 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Sobel 1998 , pp. 90 -- 92 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Sobel 1998 , p. 90 ; Fuess 1940 , p. 124 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Sobel 1998 , pp. 92 -- 98 ; Fuess 1940 , pp. 133 -- 36 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ White 1938 , p. 117 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Fuess 1940 , pp. 139 -- 42 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Fuess 1940 , p. 145 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ White 1938 , p. 125 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Fuess 1940 , pp. 151 -- 52 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Sobel 1998 , pp. 107 -- 10 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Sobel 1998 , p. 111 ; McCoy 1967 , pp. 75 -- 76 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Sobel 1998 , p. 112 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Sobel 1998 , p. 115 ; McCoy 1967 , p. 76 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Russell 1975 , pp. 77 -- 79 ; Sobel 1998 , p. 129 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Russell 1975 , pp. 86 -- 87 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Russell 1975 , pp. 111 -- 13 ; Sobel 1998 , pp. 133 -- 36 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Russell 1975 , p. 113 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ White 1938 , pp. 162 -- 64 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Russell 1975 , p. 120 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Coolidge 1919 , pp. 222 -- 24 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ White 1938 , pp. 164 -- 65 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Sobel 1998 , p. 142 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Russell 1975 , pp. 182 -- 83 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Sobel 1998 , p. 143 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Shlaes 2013 , pp. 174 -- 79 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Fuess 1940 , p. 238 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Fuess 1940 , pp. 239 -- 43 ; McCoy 1967 , pp. 102 -- 13 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Sobel 1998 , p. 117 ; Fuess 1940 , p. 195 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Fuess 1940 , p. 186 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Fuess 1940 , p. 187 ; McCoy 1967 , p. 81 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Fuess 1940 , pp. 187 -- 88 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Sobel 1998 , pp. 152 -- 53 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ White 1938 , pp. 198 -- 99 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Fuess 1940 , pp. 259 -- 60 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ White 1938 , pp. 211 -- 13 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Sobel 1998 , pp. 204 -- 12 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ White 1938 , pp. 217 -- 219 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Sobel 1998 , pp. 210 -- 11 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Sobel 1998 , p. 219 ; McCoy 1967 , p. 136 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Hannaford , p. 169 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Greenberg 2006 , p. 9 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Sobel 1998 , p. 217 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Cordery 2008 , p. 302 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Sobel 1998 , p. 243 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Greenberg 2006 , p. 60 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Buckley , pp. 593 -- 626 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Gilbert , pp. 87 -- 109 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Fuess 1940 , pp. 308 -- 09 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Fuess 1940 , pp. 310 -- 15 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Confirms Daugherty 's Story of Coolidge 's Second Oath '' . St. Louis Post-Dispatch . St. Louis , MO . Associated Press . February 2 , 1932 . p. 1C . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Confirms Daugherty 's Story of Coolidge 's Second Oath '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Sobel 1998 , pp. 226 -- 28 ; Fuess 1940 , pp. 303 -- 05 ; Ferrell 1998 , pp. 43 -- 51 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ White 1938 , p. 265 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ White 1938 , pp. 272 -- 77 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Fuess 1940 , pp. 328 -- 29 ; Sobel 1998 , pp. 248 -- 49 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Shlaes 2013 , p. 271 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Fuess 1940 , pp. 320 -- 22 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Fuess 1940 , p. 341 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Fuess 1940 , p. 342 ; Sobel 1998 , p. 269 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Sobel 1998 , pp. 278 -- 79 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Madsen , Deborah L. , ed. ( 2015 ) . The Routledge Companion to Native American Literature . Routledge . p. 168 . ISBN 1317693191 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Charles Kappler ( 1929 ) . `` Indian affairs : laws and treaties Vol. IV , Treaties '' . Government Printing Office . Archived from the original on October 11 , 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 14 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Alysa Landry , `` Calvin Coolidge : First Sitting Prez Adopted by Tribe Starts Desecration of Mount Rushmore '' , Indian Country Today , 26 July 2016 ; accessed same day </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Fuess 1940 , pp. 345 -- 46 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Sobel 1998 , p. 300 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Coolidge 1929 , p. 190 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Sobel 1998 , pp. 300 -- 01 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Sobel 1998 , pp. 302 -- 03 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Fuess 1940 , p. 354 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Shlaes 2013 , p. 324 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Ferrell 1998 , pp. 64 -- 65 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Ferrell 1998 , pp. 66 -- 72 ; Sobel 1998 , p. 318 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Ferrell 1998 , p. 72 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Ferrell 1998 , p. 207 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Sobel , Robert . `` Coolidge and American Business '' . John F. Kennedy Library and Museum . Archived from the original on March 8 , 2006 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Greenberg 2006 , p. 47 ; Ferrell 1998 , p. 62 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Sobel 1998 , pp. 310 -- 11 ; Greenberg 2006 , pp. 127 -- 29 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Sobel 1998 , pp. 310 -- 11 ; Fuess 1940 , pp. 382 -- 83 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Ferrell 1998 , p. 170 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Ferrell 1998 , p. 174 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Ferrell 1998 , p. 84 ; McCoy 1967 , pp. 234 -- 35 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ McCoy 1967 , p. 235 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Fuess 1940 , pp. 383 -- 84 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Sobel 1998 , p. 327 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Fuess 1940 , p. 388 ; Ferrell 1998 , p. 93 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Sobel 1998 , p. 331 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Ferrell 1998 , p. 86 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Sobel 1998 , p. 315 ; Barry 1997 , pp. 286 -- 87 ; Greenberg 2006 , pp. 132 -- 35 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ McCoy 1967 , pp. 330 -- 31 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Barry 1997 , pp. 372 -- 74 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Greenberg 2006 , p. 135 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Roberts 2014 , p. 209 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Sobel 1998 , p. 250 ; McCoy 1967 , pp. 328 -- 29 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ s : Calvin Coolidge 's First State of the Union Address </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Deloria 1992 , p. 91 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Coolidge 1926 , pp. 31 -- 36 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Coolidge 1926 , pp. 159 -- 56 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Sobel 1998 , p. 342 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : McCoy 1967 , pp. 184 -- 85 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ McCoy 1967 , p. 360 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ McCoy 1967 , p. 363 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Greenberg 2006 , pp. 114 -- 16 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Fuess 1940 , pp. 421 -- 23 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ McCoy 1967 , pp. 380 -- 81 ; Greenberg 2006 , pp. 123 -- 24 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ McCoy 1967 , p. 181 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ McCoy 1967 , pp. 178 -- 79 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Sobel 1998 , p. 349 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Fuess 1940 , pp. 414 -- 17 ; Ferrell 1998 , pp. 122 -- 23 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Travels of President Calvin Coolidge '' . U.S. Department of State Office of the Historian . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Calvin Coolidge : Foreign Affairs '' . millercenter.org . Miller Center of Public Affairs , University of Virginia . Archived from the original on February 20 , 2016 . Retrieved February 24 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kim , Susanna ( December 18 , 2014 ) . `` Here 's What Happened the Last Time a US President Visited Cuba '' . ABC News . Retrieved March 1 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Sobel 1998 , p. 370 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ White 1938 , p. 361 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Coolidge 1929 , p. 239 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Ferrell 1998 , p. 195 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ McCoy 1967 , pp. 390 -- 91 ; Wilson 1975 , pp. 122 -- 23 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Greenberg 2006 , pp. 48 -- 49 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Rusnak 1983 , pp. 270 -- 71 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Polsky & Tkacheva 2002 , pp. 224 -- 27 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Greenberg 2006 , pp. 111 -- 12 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Charles G. Dawes , 30th Vice President ( 1925 -- 1929 ) '' . US Senate . Archived from the original on November 6 , 2014 . Retrieved 2 February 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Fuess 1940 , p. 364 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Milton C. Handler , `` Clerking for Justice Harlan Fiske Stone '' , Journal of Supreme Court History ( December 1995 ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Galston , passim . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Freeman 2002 , p. 216 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Sobel 1998 , p. 407 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Fuess 1940 , pp. 450 -- 55 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Sobel 1998 , p. 403 ; Ferrell 1998 , pp. 201 -- 02 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Fuess 1940 , pp. 457 -- 59 ; Greenberg 2006 , p. 153 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Fuess 1940 , p. 460 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Greenberg 2006 , pp. 154 -- 55 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Sobel 1998 , p. 410 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Greenberg 2006 , p. 7 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Sobel 1998 , p. 252 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` President Coolidge , Taken on the White House Ground ( 1924 ) '' . Retrieved February 4 , 2007 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> Works cited ( edit ) </H2> <P> Scholarly sources </P> <Ul> <Li> Barry , John M. ( 1997 ) . Rising Tide : The Great Mississippi Flood of 1927 and How It Changed America . Simon & Schuster . ISBN 978 - 0 - 684 - 84002 - 4 . </Li> <Li> Bryson , Bill ( 2013 ) , One Summer : America , 1927 , New York : Doubleday , ISBN 978 - 0 - 7679 - 1940 - 1 </Li> <Li> Cordery , Stacy A. ( 2008 ) . Alice : Alice Roosevelt Longworth , from White House Princess to Washington Power Broker . Penguin Books . ISBN 0 - 14 - 311427 - 1 . </Li> <Li> Deloria , Vincent ( 1992 ) . American Indian Policy in the Twentieth Century . University of Oklahoma Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8061 - 2424 - 7 . </Li> <Li> Ferrell , Robert H. ( 1998 ) . The Presidency of Calvin Coolidge . University Press of Kansas . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7006 - 0892 - 8 . </Li> <Li> Freeman , Jo ( 2002 ) . A Room at a Time : How Women Entered Party Politics . Rowman and Littlefield . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8476 - 9805 - 9 . </Li> <Li> Fuess , Claude M. ( 1940 ) . Calvin Coolidge : The Man from Vermont . Little , Brown . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4067 - 5673 - 9 . </Li> <Li> Greenberg , David ( 2006 ) . Calvin Coolidge . The American Presidents Series . Times Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8050 - 6957 - 0 . </Li> <Li> McCoy , Donald R. ( 1967 ) . Calvin Coolidge : The Quiet President . Macmillan . ISBN 1468017772 . </Li> <Li> Russell , Francis ( 1975 ) . A City in Terror : Calvin Coolidge and the 1919 Boston Police Strike . Beacon Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8070 - 5033 - 0 . </Li> <Li> Shlaes , Amity ( 2013 ) . Coolidge . New York : HarperCollins . ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 196755 - 9 . </Li> <Li> Sobel , Robert ( 1998 ) . Coolidge : An American Enigma . Regnery Publishing . ISBN 978 - 0 - 89526 - 410 - 7 . </Li> <Li> White , William Allen ( 1938 ) . A Puritan in Babylon : The Story of Calvin Coolidge . Macmillan . </Li> <Li> Wilson , Joan Hoff ( 1975 ) . Herbert Hoover , Forgotten Progressive . Little , Brown . ISBN 978 - 0 - 316 - 94416 - 8 . </Li> </Ul> <P> Articles and book chapters </P> <Ul> <Li> Buckley , Kerry W. ( December 2003 ) . `` ' A President for the `` Great Silent Majority ' : Bruce Barton 's Construction of Calvin Coolidge '' . The New England Quarterly . 76 ( 4 ) : 593 -- 626 . doi : 10.2307 / 1559844 . JSTOR 1559844 . </Li> <Li> Galston , Miriam ( November 1995 ) . `` Activism and Restraint : The Evolution of Harlan Fiske Stone 's Judicial Philosophy '' . Tulane Law Revue. 70 : 137 . </Li> <Li> Gilbert , Robert E. ( 2005 ) . `` Calvin Coolidge 's Tragic Presidency : the Political Effects of Bereavement and Depression '' . Journal of American Studies . 39 ( 1 ) : 87 -- 109 . doi : 10.1017 / S0021875805009266 . JSTOR 27557598 . </Li> <Li> Polsky , Andrew J. ; Tkacheva , Olesya ( Winter 2002 ) . `` Legacies versus Politics : Herbert Hoover , Partisan Conflict , and the Symbolic Appeal of Associationalism in the 1920s '' . International Journal of Politics , Culture , and Society . 16 ( 2 ) : 207 -- 235 . JSTOR 20020160 . </Li> <Li> Roberts , Jason ( 2014 ) . `` The Biographical Legacy of Calvin Coolidge and the 1924 Presidential Election '' . In Katherine A.S. Sibley . A Companion to Warren G. Harding , Calvin Coolidge , and Herbert Hoover . Wiley Blackwell . ISBN 978 - 1 - 118 - 83447 - 3 . </Li> <Li> Rusnak , Robert J. ( Spring 1983 ) . `` Andrew W. Mellon : Reluctant Kingmaker '' . Presidential Studies Quarterly . 13 ( 2 ) : 269 -- 78 . JSTOR 27547924 . </Li> </Ul> <P> Primary sources </P> <Ul> <Li> Coolidge , Calvin ( 1919 ) . Have Faith in Massachusetts : A Collection of Speeches and Messages ( 2nd ed . ) . Houghton Mifflin . </Li> <Li> Coolidge , Calvin ( 2004 ) ( 1926 ) . Foundations of the Republic : Speeches and Addresses . University Press of the Pacific . ISBN 1 - 4102 - 1598 - 9 . </Li> <Li> Coolidge , Calvin ( 1929 ) . The Autobiography of Calvin Coolidge . Cosmopolitan Book Corp . ISBN 0 - 944951 - 03 - 1 . </Li> <Li> Coolidge , Calvin ( 2001 ) . Peter Hannaford , ed . The Quotable Calvin Coolidge : Sensible Words for a New Century . Images From The Past , Incorporated . ISBN 978 - 1 - 884592 - 33 - 1 . </Li> </Ul> <H2> Further reading ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Coolidge , Calvin ( 1964 ) . Howard H. Quint and Robert H. Ferrell , ed . The Talkative President : The Off - the Record Press Conferences of Calvin Coolidge . University of Massachusetts Press . </Li> <Li> Felzenberg , Alvin S. ( Fall 1998 ) . `` Calvin Coolidge and Race : His Record in Dealing with the Racial Tensions of the 1920s '' . New England Journal of History . 55 ( 1 ) : 83 -- 96 . </Li> <Li> Hatfield , Mark O. ( 1997 ) . `` Calvin Coolidge ( 1921 -- 1923 ) '' . Vice Presidents of the United States , 1789 -- 1993 . U.S. Government Printing Office . pp. 347 -- 54 . </Li> </Ul> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> Find more aboutCalvin Coolidgeat Wikipedia 's sister projects <Ul> <Li> Definitions from Wiktionary </Li> <Li> Media from Wikimedia Commons </Li> <Li> Quotations from Wikiquote </Li> <Li> Texts from Wikisource </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Td> Library resources about Calvin Coolidge </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Online books </Li> <Li> Resources in your library </Li> <Li> Resources in other libraries </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> By Calvin Coolidge </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Online books </Li> <Li> Resources in your library </Li> <Li> Resources in other libraries </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ul> <Li> White House biography </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> United States Congress . `` Calvin Coolidge ( id : C000738 ) '' . Biographical Directory of the United States Congress . </Li> <Li> Calvin Coolidge Presidential Library & Museum </Li> <Li> Calvin Coolidge Presidential Foundation </Li> <Li> Text of a number of Coolidge speeches , Miller Center of Public Affairs </Li> <Li> `` Calvin Coolidge collected news and commentary '' . The New York Times . </Li> <Li> Calvin Coolidge : A Resource Guide , Library of Congress </Li> <Li> Works by or about Calvin Coolidge at Internet Archive </Li> <Li> President Coolidge , Taken on the White House Ground , the first presidential film with sound recording </Li> <Li> Calvin Coolidge at Curlie ( based on DMOZ ) </Li> <Li> `` Life Portrait of Calvin Coolidge '' , from C - SPAN 's American Presidents : Life Portraits , September 27 , 1999 </Li> <Li> Calvin Coolidge Personal Manuscripts </Li> <Li> Appearances on C - SPAN </Li> <Li> Calvin Coolidge on IMDb </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Calvin Coolidge </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> 30th President of the United States ( 1923 -- 1929 ) </Li> <Li> 29th Vice President of the United States ( 1921 -- 1923 ) </Li> <Li> 48th Governor of Massachusetts ( 1919 -- 1921 ) </Li> <Li> 46th Lieutenant Governor of Massachusetts ( 1916 -- 1919 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Life </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Birth and family history </Li> <Li> Boyhood home and first inauguration site <Ul> <Li> gravesite </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Calvin Coolidge House </Li> <Li> Early career and marriage </Li> <Li> Lieutenant Governor and Governor of Massachusetts </Li> <Li> Boston Police Strike ( 1919 ) </Li> <Li> Vice Presidency </Li> <Li> Retirement and death </Li> <Li> Presidential Library and Museum </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Presidency </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> First inauguration </Li> <Li> Second inauguration </Li> <Li> Industry and trade </Li> <Li> Taxation ( Revenue Act of 1924 , Revenue Act of 1926 , Revenue Act of 1928 ) </Li> <Li> Allegheny National Forest </Li> <Li> Civil rights ( Indian Citizenship Act of 1924 ) </Li> <Li> Immigration Act of 1924 </Li> <Li> World War Adjusted Compensation Act ( 1924 ) </Li> <Li> Farm subsidies ( McNary -- Haugen Farm Relief Bill ) </Li> <Li> Judiciary Act of 1925 </Li> <Li> Flood control ( Great Mississippi Flood of 1927 , Flood Control Act of 1928 ) </Li> <Li> State of the Union Addresses ( 1926 </Li> <Li> 1927 ) </Li> <Li> `` I do not choose to run '' ( 1927 ) </Li> <Li> Brave Little State of Vermont speech ( 1928 ) </Li> <Li> Foreign policy ( Banana Wars , United States occupation of Nicaragua ( 1912 -- 1933 ) , United States occupation of Haiti ( 1915 -- 1934 ) , United States occupation of the Dominican Republic ( 1916 -- 1924 ) , Washington Naval Treaty ( 1922 ) , Kellogg -- Briand Pact ( 1928 ) </Li> <Li> Cabinet </Li> <Li> Judicial appointments </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Elections </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 1920 Republican National Convention </Li> <Li> United States presidential election , 1920 </Li> <Li> 1924 Republican National Convention </Li> <Li> United States presidential election , 1924 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Books </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> The Autobiography of Calvin Coolidge ( 1929 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Public image </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Sesquicentennial half dollar </Li> <Li> U.S. postage stamps </Li> <Li> Coolidge effect </Li> <Li> SS President Coolidge </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Family </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Grace Coolidge ( wife ) </Li> <Li> John Coolidge ( son ) </Li> <Li> John Calvin Coolidge , Sr. ( father ) </Li> <Li> Calvin Galusha Coolidge ( grandfather ) </Li> <Li> Arthur Brown , Olympia Brown , Charles A. Coolidge ( cousins ) </Li> <Li> Marcus A. Coolidge , Arthur W. Coolidge , Martha Coolidge ( distant relations ) </Li> <Li> Edmund Rice ( ancestor ) </Li> <Li> Rob Roy ( family dog ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> ← Warren G. Harding </Li> <Li> Herbert Hoover → </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Category </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Offices and distinctions </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="3"> Political offices </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Preceded by Grafton D. Cushing </Td> <Td> Lieutenant Governor of Massachusetts 1916 -- 1919 </Td> <Td> Succeeded by Channing H. Cox </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Preceded by Samuel W. McCall </Td> <Td> Governor of Massachusetts 1919 -- 1921 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Preceded by Thomas R. Marshall </Td> <Td> Vice President of the United States 1921 -- 1923 </Td> <Td> Succeeded by Charles G. Dawes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Preceded by Warren G. Harding </Td> <Td> President of the United States 1923 -- 1929 </Td> <Td> Succeeded by Herbert Hoover </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="3"> Party political offices </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Preceded by Charles W. Fairbanks </Td> <Td> Republican nominee for Vice President of the United States 1920 </Td> <Td> Succeeded by Charles G. Dawes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Preceded by Warren G. 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Bush ( 1981 -- 1989 ) </Li> <Li> Dan Quayle ( 1989 -- 1993 ) </Li> <Li> Al Gore ( 1993 -- 2001 ) </Li> <Li> Dick Cheney ( 2001 -- 2009 ) </Li> <Li> Joe Biden ( 2009 -- 2017 ) </Li> <Li> Mike Pence ( 2017 -- present ) </Li> </Ol> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="3"> <Ul> <Li> Category </Li> <Li> Commons </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> ( 1916 ← ) United States presidential election , 1920 ( → 1924 ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Democratic Party Convention </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Nominee </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> James M. Cox </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> VP nominee </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Franklin D. Roosevelt </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Candidates </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> William Gibbs McAdoo </Li> <Li> A. Mitchell Palmer </Li> <Li> Al Smith </Li> <Li> John W. Davis </Li> <Li> Edward I. Edwards </Li> <Li> Woodrow Wilson </Li> <Li> Robert Latham Owen </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Republican Party Convention </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Nominee </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Warren G. Harding </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> VP nominee </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Calvin Coolidge </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Candidates </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Leonard Wood </Li> <Li> Frank Orren Lowden </Li> <Li> Hiram Johnson </Li> <Li> William Cameron Sproul </Li> <Li> Nicholas Murray Butler </Li> <Li> Calvin Coolidge </Li> <Li> Robert M. La Follette , Sr . </Li> <Li> Jeter Connelly Pritchard </Li> <Li> Miles Poindexter </Li> <Li> Howard Sutherland </Li> <Li> Herbert Hoover </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Third party and independent candidates </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Socialist Party of America </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Nominee </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Eugene V. Debs </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> VP nominee </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Seymour Stedman </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Farmer -- Labor Party </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Nominee </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Parley P. Christensen </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> VP nominee </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Max S. Hayes </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Prohibition Party </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Nominee </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Aaron S. Watkins </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> VP nominee </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> D. Leigh Colvin </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> American Party </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Nominee </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> James E. Ferguson </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> VP nominee </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> William J. Hough </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Socialist Labor Party </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Nominee </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> William Wesley Cox </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> VP nominee </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> August Gillhaus </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Single Tax </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Nominee </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Robert Colvin Macauley </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> VP nominee </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Richard C. Barnum </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Other 1920 elections : House </Li> <Li> Senate </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> ( 1920 ← ) United States presidential election , 1924 ( → 1928 ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Democratic Party Convention Primaries </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Nominee </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> John W. Davis </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> VP nominee </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Charles W. Bryan </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Candidates </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> William Gibbs McAdoo </Li> <Li> Al Smith </Li> <Li> Oscar Underwood </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Republican Party Convention </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Nominee </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Calvin Coolidge </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> VP nominee </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Charles G. Dawes </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Candidates </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Hiram Johnson </Li> <Li> Robert M. La Follette , Sr . </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Progressive Party </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Nominee </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Robert M. La Follette , Sr . </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> VP nominee </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Burton K. Wheeler </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Third party and independent candidates </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Communist Party </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Nominee </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> William Z . Foster </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> VP nominee </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Benjamin Gitlow </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Prohibition Party </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Nominee </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Herman P. Faris </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> VP nominee </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Marie C. Brehm </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> American Party </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Nominee </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Gilbert Nations </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> VP nominee </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Charles Hiram Randall </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Other 1924 elections : House </Li> <Li> Senate </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> ( 1928 ← ) United States presidential election , 1932 ( → 1936 ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Democratic Party Convention </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Nominee </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Franklin D. 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The Boy in the Striped Pyjamas - wikipedia <H1> The Boy in the Striped Pyjamas </H1> Jump to : navigation , search For the film , see The Boy in the Striped Pyjamas ( film ) . <Table> The Boy in the Striped Pyjamas <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Author </Th> <Td> John Boyne </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Country </Th> <Td> Ireland </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Language </Th> <Td> English </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Genre </Th> <Td> Historical / post modern </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Publisher </Th> <Td> David Fickling Books </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Publication date </Th> <Td> 5 January 2006 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Media type </Th> <Td> Print ( hard cover & paper back ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Pages </Th> <Td> 216 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> ISBN </Th> <Td> 0 - 385 - 60940 - X </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> OCLC </Th> <Td> 62132588 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Dewey Decimal </Th> <Td> 823.914 22 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> LC Class </Th> <Td> CS 2006 / 45764 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The Boy in the Striped Pyjamas is a 2006 Holocaust novel by Irish novelist John Boyne . Unlike the months of planning Boyne devoted to his other books , he said that he wrote the entire first draft of The Boy in the Striped Pyjamas in two and a half days , barely sleeping until he got to the end . As of March 2010 , the novel had sold more than five million copies around the world . In both 2007 and 2008 , it was the best selling book of the year in Spain , and it has also reached number one on the New York Times bestseller list , as well as in the UK , Ireland , and Australia . The book was adapted in 2008 as a film of the same name . </P> <H2> Plot </H2> <P> Bruno is a 9 - year - old boy growing up during World War II in Berlin . He lives with his parents , his 12 - year - old sister Gretel and maids , one of whom is called Maria . After a visit by Adolf Hitler , Bruno 's father is promoted to Commandant , and the family has to move to ' Out - With ' because of the orders of `` The Fury '' ( Bruno 's naïve interpretation of the word ' Führer ' ) . Bruno is initially upset about moving to Out - With ( never identified , but cf . Auschwitz ) and leaving his friends , Daniel , Karl , and Martin . From the house at Out - With , Bruno sees a camp . One day , Bruno decides to explore the strange wire fence . As he walks along the fence , he meets a Jewish boy named Shmuel , who he learns shares his birthday . Shmuel says that his father , grandfather , and brother are with him on this side of the fence , but he is separated from his mother . Bruno and Shmuel talk and become very good friends , although Bruno still does not understand very much about Shmuel and his side of the fence . Nearly every day , unless it 's raining Bruno goes to see Shmuel and sneaks him food . As the meetings go on , and Shmuel gets more and more skinny , Bruno 's naïveté means he never realizes he is living beside a death camp . </P> <P> When lice eggs are discovered in Bruno 's hair he is forced to get all of his hair shaved off . Bruno comments that he looks like Shmuel , and Shmuel agrees , except that Bruno is fatter . Bruno 's mother eventually persuades his father to take them back to Berlin and stay at Out - With without them . </P> <P> The next day Bruno concocts a plan with Shmuel to sneak into the camp to look for Shmuel 's father . Shmuel brings a set of prison clothes ( which look to Bruno like striped pyjamas ) , and Bruno leaves his own clothes outside the fence . As they search the camp , both children are rounded up along with a group of prisoners on a `` march '' . In the gas chamber , Bruno apologizes to Shmuel for not finding his father and tells Shmuel that he is Bruno 's best friend for life . Shmuel does not answer , as at that moment the door of the gas chamber is closed , it becomes dark , and all is chaos . </P> <P> Bruno 's mother and sister return to Berlin , where they hope to find Bruno sitting on the doorstep , but do not . His father stays at Out - With , where he finally works out what had happened . When soldiers come to take him away from Out - With , he is happy to be leaving . </P> <H2> Critics ' reviews </H2> <P> Some critics have called the premise of the book and subsequent film -- that there would be a child of Shmuel 's age in the camp -- erroneous . Reviewing the original book , Rabbi Benjamin Blech wrote : `` Note to the reader : There were no 9 - year - old Jewish boys in Auschwitz -- the Nazis immediately gassed those not old enough to work . '' Rabbi Blech affirmed the opinion of a Holocaust survivor friend that the book is `` not just a lie and not just a fairytale , but a profanation '' . Blech acknowledges the objection that a `` fable '' need not be factually accurate ; he counters that the book trivializes the conditions in and around the death camps and perpetuates the `` myth that those ( ... ) not directly involved can claim innocence '' , and thus undermines its moral authority . Students who read it , he warns , may believe the camps `` were n't that bad '' if a boy could conduct a clandestine friendship with a Jewish captive of the same age , unaware of `` the constant presence of death '' . </P> <P> Kathryn Hughes , whilst agreeing about the implausibility of the plot , argues that `` Bruno 's innocence comes to stand for the willful refusal of all adult Germans to see what was going on under their noses '' . </P> <H2> References </H2> <Ol> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Interview with Children 's Author John Boyne ( 2006 ) '' . Archived from the original on 2011 - 07 - 21 . Retrieved 2007 - 02 - 23 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` BBC World Service - World Book Club - Downloads '' . Bbc.co.uk . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 15 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Biography '' . John Boyne . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 15 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Hughes , Kathryn ( 20 January 2006 ) . `` Educating Bruno '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 5 March 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Blech , Benjamin ( October 23 , 2008 ) . `` The Boy in the Striped Pajamas '' . Aish.com . Archived from the original on August 30 , 2009 . Retrieved August 30 , 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Rabbi Benjamin Blech ( October 23 , 2008 ) . `` The Boy in the Striped Pajamas '' . aish.com . Retrieved February 11 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Hughes , Kathryn ( 21 January 2006 ) . `` Educating Bruno '' . The Guardian . Archived from the original on 8 February 2012 . Retrieved 8 February 2012 . </Li> </Ol> <Table> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> VIAF : 182554061 </Li> <Li> LCCN : no2009181923 </Li> <Li> GND : 7719172 - 9 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Boy_in_the_Striped_Pyjamas&oldid=803363541 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> 2006 novels </Li> <Li> Historical novels </Li> <Li> Irish novels </Li> <Li> Irish novels adapted into films </Li> <Li> Novels set in Germany </Li> <Li> Novels set in Poland </Li> <Li> Novels about the Holocaust </Li> <Li> 21st - century Irish novels </Li> <Li> Works about the Holocaust </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Wikipedia semi-protected pages </Li> <Li> Pages to import images to Wikidata </Li> <Li> All articles with unsourced statements </Li> <Li> Articles with unsourced statements from February 2013 </Li> <Li> Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers </Li> <Li> Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers </Li> <Li> Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> View source </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Català </Li> <Li> Čeština </Li> <Li> Cymraeg </Li> <Li> Dansk </Li> <Li> Deutsch </Li> <Li> Español </Li> <Li> Esperanto </Li> <Li> Euskara </Li> <Li> فارسی </Li> <Li> Gaeilge </Li> <Li> Galego </Li> <Li> 한국어 </Li> <Li> Հայերեն </Li> <Li> Italiano </Li> <Li> Nederlands </Li> <Li> 日本 語 </Li> <Li> Norsk </Li> <Li> Português </Li> <Li> Русский </Li> <Li> Simple English </Li> <Li> Slovenščina </Li> <Li> Suomi </Li> <Li> ไทย </Li> <Li> Українська </Li> <Li> Tiếng Việt </Li> </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 2 October 2017 , at 01 : 56 . </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> | [
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Spanish Inquisition - wikipedia <H1> Spanish Inquisition </H1> Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Spanish Inquisition ( disambiguation ) . <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Tribunal of the Holy Office of the Inquisition in Spain Tribunal del Santo Oficio de la Inquisición Spanish Inquisition </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Seal for the Tribunal in Spain </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Type </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Type </Th> <Td> Tribunal under the election of the Spanish monarchy , for upholding religious orthodoxy in their realm </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> History </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Established </Th> <Td> 1 November 1478 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Disbanded </Th> <Td> 15 July 1834 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Seats </Th> <Td> Consisted of a Grand Inquisitor , who headed the Council of the Supreme and General Inquisition , made up of six members . Under it were up to 21 tribunals in the empire . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Elections </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Voting system </Th> <Td> Grand Inquisitor and Suprema designated by the crown </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Meeting place </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Spanish Empire </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Footnotes </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> See also : Medieval Inquisition Portuguese Inquisition Mexican Inquisition </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The Tribunal of the Holy Office of the Inquisition ( Spanish : Tribunal del Santo Oficio de la Inquisición ) , commonly known as the Spanish Inquisition ( Inquisición española ) , was established in 1478 by Catholic Monarchs Ferdinand II of Aragon and Isabella I of Castile . It was intended to maintain Catholic orthodoxy in their kingdoms and to replace the Medieval Inquisition , which was under Papal control . It became the most substantive of the three different manifestations of the wider Catholic Inquisition along with the Roman Inquisition and Portuguese Inquisition . The `` Spanish Inquisition '' may be defined broadly , operating `` in Spain and in all Spanish colonies and territories , which included the Canary Islands , the Spanish Netherlands , the Kingdom of Naples , and all Spanish possessions in North , Central , and South America . '' </P> <P> The Inquisition was originally intended primarily to identify heretics among those who converted from Judaism and Islam to Catholicism . The regulation of the faith of newly converted Catholics was intensified after the royal decrees issued in 1492 and 1502 ordering Jews and Muslims to convert to Catholicism or leave Spain . The Inquisition was not definitively abolished until 1834 , during the reign of Isabella II , after a period of declining influence in the preceding century . </P> <P> The Spanish Inquisition is often cited in popular literature and history as an example of Catholic intolerance and repression . Modern historian Henry Kamen questions earlier accounts and notes the scope and brutality of the Spanish Inquisition was probably exaggerated during the waves of anti-Catholicism in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Previous inquisitions </Li> <Li> 2 Activity of the Inquisition <Ul> <Li> 2.1 Start of the Inquisition </Li> <Li> 2.2 Expulsion of Jews and repression of conversos </Li> <Li> 2.3 Repression of Moriscos </Li> <Li> 2.4 Control of Protestants </Li> <Li> 2.5 Censorship </Li> <Li> 2.6 Suppression of other heresies <Ul> <Li> 2.6. 1 Witchcraft </Li> <Li> 2.6. 2 Blasphemy </Li> <Li> 2.6. 3 Bigamy </Li> <Li> 2.6. 4 Sodomy </Li> <Li> 2.6. 5 Freemasonry </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2.7 Women 's role </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 Organization </Li> <Li> 4 Composition of the tribunals <Ul> <Li> 4.1 Accusation </Li> <Li> 4.2 Detention </Li> <Li> 4.3 Trial </Li> <Li> 4.4 Torture </Li> <Li> 4.5 Sentencing </Li> <Li> 4.6 Auto - da - fé </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 5 End of the Inquisition </Li> <Li> 6 Outcomes <Ul> <Li> 6.1 Confiscations </Li> <Li> 6.2 Death tolls <Ul> <Li> 6.2. 1 Henningsen - Contreras statistics for the period 1540 -- 1700 </Li> <Li> 6.2. 2 Autos da fe between 1701 and 1746 </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 6.3 Abuse of power </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 7 Historiography <Ul> <Li> 7.1 19th to early 20th century scholarship </Li> <Li> 7.2 Revision after 1960 </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 8 In popular culture <Ul> <Li> 8.1 Literature </Li> <Li> 8.2 Film </Li> <Li> 8.3 Theatre , music , television , and video games </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 9 See also </Li> <Li> 10 References <Ul> <Li> 10.1 Notes </Li> <Li> 10.2 Bibliography </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 11 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Previous inquisitions ( edit ) </H2> <P> The Inquisition was created through papal bull , Ad Abolendam , issued at the end of the twelfth century by Pope Lucius III as a way to combat the Albigensian heresy in southern France . There were a huge number of tribunals of the Papal Inquisition in various European kingdoms during the Middle Ages . In the Kingdom of Aragon , a tribunal of the Papal Inquisition was established by the statute of Excommunicamus of Pope Gregory IX , in 1232 , during the era of the Albigensian heresy . Although not an inquisitor , as canon lawyer and an advisor to James I of Aragon , Raymond of Penyafort was often consulted regarding questions of law regarding the practices of the Inquisition in the king 's domains . `` ... ( T ) he lawyer 's deep sense of justice and equity , combined with the worthy Dominican 's sense of compassion , allowed him to steer clear of the excesses that were found elsewhere in the formative years of the inquisitions into heresy . '' With time , its importance was diluted , and , by the middle of the fifteenth century , it was almost forgotten although still there according to the law . </P> <P> There was never a tribunal of the Papal Inquisition in Castile . Members of the episcopate were charged with surveillance of the faithful and punishment of transgressors . During the Middle Ages , in Castile , little attention was paid to heresy by the Catholic ruling class . Jews and Muslims were tolerated and generally allowed to follow their traditional laws and customs in domestic matters . However , by law , they were considered inferior to Catholics and were subject to discriminatory legislation . </P> <P> The Spanish Inquisition ( Inquisición Española ) can be seen as an answer to the multi-religious nature of Spanish society following the reconquest of the Iberian Peninsula from the Muslim Moors . After invading in 711 , large areas of the Iberian Peninsula were ruled by Muslims until 1250 , when they were restricted to Granada , which fell in 1492 . However , the Reconquista did not result in the total expulsion of Muslims from Spain , since they , along with Jews , were tolerated by the ruling Christian elite . Large cities , especially Seville , Valladolid and Barcelona , had significant Jewish populations centered in Juderia , but in the coming years the Muslims were increasingly subjugated by alienation and torture . </P> <P> Post-reconquest medieval Spain has been characterized by Americo Castro and some other Iberianists as a society of `` convivencia '' , that is relatively peaceful co-existence , albeit punctuated by occasional conflict among the ruling Catholics and the Jews and Muslims . However , as Henry Kamen notes , `` so - called convivencia was always a relationship between unequals . '' Despite their legal inequality , there was a long tradition of Jewish service to the crown of Aragon and Jews occupied many important posts , both religious and political . Castile itself had an unofficial rabbi . Ferdinand 's father John II named the Jewish Abiathar Crescas to be Court Astronomer . </P> <P> Antisemitic attitudes increased all over Europe during the late 13th century and throughout the 14th century . England and France expelled their Jewish populations in 1290 and 1306 respectively . At the same time , during the Reconquista , Spain 's anti-Jewish sentiment steadily increased . This prejudice climaxed in the summer of 1391 when violent anti-Jewish riots broke out in Spanish cities like Barcelona To linguistically distinguish them from non-converted or long - established Catholic families , new converts were called conversos , or New Catholics . </P> <P> According to Don Hasdai Crescas , persecution against Jews began in earnest in Seville in 1391 , on the 1st day of the lunar month Tammuz ( June ) . From there the violence spread to Córdoba , and by the 17th day of the same lunar month , it had reached Toledo ( called then by Jews after its Arabic name `` Ṭulayṭulah '' ) in the region of Castile . From there , the violence had spread to Majorca and by the 1st day of the lunar month Elul it had also reached the Jews of Barcelona in Catalonia , where the slain were estimated at two - hundred and fifty . So , too , many Jews who resided in the neighboring provinces of Lérida and Gironda and in the kingdom of València had been affected , as were also the Jews of Al - Andalus ( Andalucía ) , whereas many died a martyr 's death , while others converted in order to save themselves . </P> <P> Encouraged by the preaching of Ferrand Martinez , Archdeacon of Ecija , the general unrest affected nearly all of the Jews in Spain , during which time an estimated 200,000 Jews changed their religion or else concealed their religion , becoming known in Hebrew as `` Anūsim '' , meaning , `` those who are compelled ( to hide their religion ) . '' Only a handful of the more principal persons of the Jewish community managed to escape , who had found refuge among the viceroys in the outlying towns and districts . </P> <P> Forced baptism was contrary to the law of the Catholic Church , and theoretically anybody who had been forcibly baptized could legally return to Judaism . Legal definitions of the time theoretically acknowledged that a forced baptism was not a valid sacrament , but confined this to cases where it was literally administered by physical force : a person who had consented to baptism under threat of death or serious injury was still regarded as a voluntary convert , and accordingly forbidden to revert to Judaism . After the public violence , many of the converted `` felt it safer to remain in their new religion . '' Thus , after 1391 , a new social group appeared and were referred to as conversos or New Christians . Many conversos , now freed from the anti-Semitic restrictions imposed on Jewish employment , attained important positions in fifteenth century Spain , including positions in the government and in the Church . Among many others , physicians Andrés Laguna and Francisco Lopez Villalobos ( Ferdinand 's court physician ) , writers Juan del Enzina , Juan de Mena , Diego de Valera and Alonso de Palencia , and bankers Luis de Santangel and Gabriel Sanchez ( who financed the voyage of Christopher Columbus ) were all conversos . Conversos -- not without opposition -- managed to attain high positions in the ecclesiastical hierarchy , at times becoming severe detractors of Judaism . Some even received titles of nobility , and as a result , during the following century some works attempted to demonstrate that virtually all of the nobles of Spain were descended from Israelites . </P> <H2> Activity of the Inquisition ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Start of the Inquisition ( edit ) </H3> <P> Fray Alonso de Ojeda , a Dominican friar from Seville , convinced Queen Isabella of the existence of Crypto - Judaism among Andalusian conversos during her stay in Seville between 1477 and 1478 . A report , produced by Pedro González de Mendoza , Archbishop of Seville , and by the Segovian Dominican Tomás de Torquemada , corroborated this assertion . </P> <P> Spanish monarchs Ferdinand and Isabella requested a papal bull establishing an inquisition in Spain in 1478 in response to the conversos returning to the practice of Judaism . Pope Sixtus IV granted a bull permitting the monarchs to select and appoint two or three priests over forty years of age to act as inquisitors . In 1483 , Ferdinand and Isabella established a state council to administer the inquisition with the Dominican Friar Tomás de Torquemada acting as its president , even though Sixtus IV protested the activities of the inquisition in Aragon and its treatment of the conversos . Torquemada eventually assumed the title of Inquisitor - General . </P> <P> Thomas F. Madden describes the world that formed medieval politics : `` The Inquisition was not born out of desire to crush diversity or oppress people ; it was rather an attempt to stop unjust executions . Yes , you read that correctly . Heresy was a crime against the state . Roman law in the Code of Justinian made it a capital offense . Rulers , whose authority was believed to come from God , had no patience for heretics '' . The monarchs decided to introduce the Inquisition to Castile to discover and punish crypto - Jews , and requested the pope 's assent . Ferdinand II of Aragon pressured Pope Sixtus IV to agree to an Inquisition controlled by the monarchy by threatening to withdraw military support at a time when the Turks were a threat to Rome . The pope issued a bull to stop the Inquisition but was pressured into withdrawing it . On 1 November 1478 , Pope Sixtus IV published the Papal bull , Exigit Sinceras Devotionis Affectus , through which he gave the monarchs exclusive authority to name the inquisitors in their kingdoms . The first two inquisitors , Miguel de Morillo and Juan de San Martín , were not named , however , until two years later , on 27 September 1480 in Medina del Campo . </P> <P> The first auto - da - fé was held in Seville on 6 February 1481 : six people were burned alive . From there , the Inquisition grew rapidly in the Kingdom of Castile . By 1492 , tribunals existed in eight Castilian cities : Ávila , Córdoba , Jaén , Medina del Campo , Segovia , Sigüenza , Toledo , and Valladolid . Sixtus IV promulgated a new bull categorically prohibiting the Inquisition 's extension to Aragón , affirming that : </P> <P> many true and faithful Christians , because of the testimony of enemies , rivals , slaves and other low people -- and still less appropriate -- without tests of any kind , have been locked up in secular prisons , tortured and condemned like relapsed heretics , deprived of their goods and properties , and given over to the secular arm to be executed , at great danger to their souls , giving a pernicious example and causing scandal to many . </P> <P> `` In 1482 the pope was still trying to maintain control over the Inquisition and to gain acceptance for his own attitude towards the New Christians , which was generally more moderate than that of the Inquisition and the local rulers . '' </P> <P> In 1483 , Jews were expelled from all of Andalusia . Though the pope wanted to crack down on abuses , Ferdinand pressured him to promulgate a new bull , threatening that he would otherwise separate the Inquisition from Church authority . Sixtus did so on 17 October 1483 , naming Tomás de Torquemada Inquisidor General of Aragón , Valencia , and Catalonia . </P> <P> Torquemada quickly established procedures for the Inquisition . A new court would be announced with a thirty - day grace period for confessions and the gathering of accusations by neighbors . Evidence that was used to identify a crypto - Jew included the absence of chimney smoke on Saturdays ( a sign the family might secretly be honoring the Sabbath ) or the buying of many vegetables before Passover or the purchase of meat from a converted butcher . The court employed physical torture to extract confessions . Crypto - Jews were allowed to confess and do penance , although those who relapsed were burned at the stake . </P> <P> In 1484 , Pope Innocent VIII attempted to allow appeals to Rome against the Inquisition , but Ferdinand in December 1484 and again in 1509 decreed death and confiscation for anyone trying to make use of such procedures without royal permission . With this , the Inquisition became the only institution that held authority across all the realms of the Spanish monarchy and , in all of them , a useful mechanism at the service of the crown . However , the cities of Aragón continued resisting , and even saw revolt , as in Teruel from 1484 to 1485 . However , the murder of Inquisidor Pedro Arbués in Zaragoza on September 15 , 1485 , caused public opinion to turn against the conversos and in favour of the Inquisition . In Aragón , the Inquisitorial courts were focused specifically on members of the powerful converso minority , ending their influence in the Aragonese administration . </P> <P> The Inquisition was extremely active between 1480 and 1530 . Different sources give different estimates of the number of trials and executions in this period ; Henry Kamen estimates about 2,000 executed , based on the documentation of the autos - da - fé , the great majority being conversos of Jewish origin . He offers striking statistics : 91.6 % of those judged in Valencia between 1484 and 1530 and 99.3 % of those judged in Barcelona between 1484 and 1505 were of Jewish origin . </P> <H3> Expulsion of Jews and repression of conversos ( edit ) </H3> Jews who refused to convert or leave Spain were called heretics and could be burned to death on a stake <P> The Spanish Inquisition had been established in part to prevent conversos from engaging in Jewish practices , which , as Christians , they were supposed to have given up . However this remedy for securing the orthodoxy of conversos was eventually deemed inadequate since the main justification the monarchy gave for formally expelling all Jews from Spain was the `` great harm suffered by Christians ( i.e. , conversos ) from the contact , intercourse and communication which they have with the Jews , who always attempt in various ways to seduce faithful Christians from our Holy Catholic Faith '' . The Alhambra Decree , issued in January 1492 , ordered the expulsion . Historic accounts of the numbers of Jews who left Spain have been vastly exaggerated by early accounts and historians : Juan de Mariana speaks of 800,000 people , and Don Isaac Abravanel of 300,000 . Modern estimates , based on careful examination of official documents and population estimates of communities , are much lower : Henry Kamen estimates that , of a population of approximately 80,000 Jews and 200,000 conversos , about 40,000 chose emigration . The Jews of the kingdom of Castile emigrated mainly to Portugal ( whence they were expelled in 1497 ) and to North Africa . However , according to Kamen , the Jews of the kingdom of Aragon went `` to adjacent Christian lands , mainly to Italy '' , rather than to Muslim lands as is often assumed . Although the vast majority of conversos simply assimilated into the Catholic dominant culture , a minority continued to practice Judaism in secret , gradually migrated throughout Europe , North Africa , and the Ottoman Empire , mainly to areas where Sephardic communities were already present as a result of the Alhambra Decree . </P> <P> Tens of thousands of Jews were baptised in the three months before the deadline for expulsion , some 40,000 if one accepts the totals given by Kamen , most of these undoubtedly to avoid expulsion , rather than as a sincere change of faith . These conversos were the principal concern of the Inquisition ; being suspected of continuing to practice Judaism put them at risk of denunciation and trial . </P> <P> The most intense period of persecution of conversos lasted until 1530 . From 1531 to 1560 , however , the percentage of conversos among the Inquisition trials dropped to 3 % of the total . There was a rebound of persecutions when a group of crypto - Jews was discovered in Quintanar de la Orden in 1588 ; and there was a rise in denunciations of conversos in the last decade of the sixteenth century . At the beginning of the seventeenth century , some conversos who had fled to Portugal began to return to Spain , fleeing the persecution of the Portuguese Inquisition , founded in 1536 . This led to a rapid increase in the trials of crypto - Jews , among them a number of important financiers . In 1691 , during a number of autos - da - fé in Majorca , 37 chuetas , or conversos of Majorca , were burned . </P> <P> During the eighteenth century the number of conversos accused by the Inquisition decreased significantly . Manuel Santiago Vivar , tried in Córdoba in 1818 , was the last person tried for being a crypto - Jew . </P> <H3> Repression of Moriscos ( edit ) </H3> <P> The Inquisition searched for false converts from Judaism among the conversos , but also searched for false or relapsed converts among the Moriscos , forced converts from Islam . In spite of myth , Kamen asserts that very few Protestants were involved . Beginning with a decree on February 14 , 1502 , Muslims in Granada faced forcible conversion to Christianity or expulsion . Muslims in the Crown of Aragon were obliged to convert by decree of Charles I in 1526 , as most had been forcibly baptized during the Revolt of the Brotherhoods ( 1519 -- 1523 ) and these baptisms were declared to be valid . The War of the Alpujarras ( 1568 -- 71 ) , a general Muslim / Morisco uprising in Granada , ended in a forced dispersal of about half of the region 's Moriscos throughout Castile and Andalusia as well as increased suspicions by Spanish authorities against this community . </P> <P> Many Moriscos were suspected of practising Islam in secret , and the jealousy with which they guarded the privacy of their domestic life prevented the verification of this suspicion . Initially they were not severely persecuted by the Inquisition , experiencing instead a policy of evangelization without torture , a policy not followed with those conversos who were suspected of being crypto - Jews . There were various reasons for this . Most importantly , in the kingdoms of Valencia and Aragon a large number of the Moriscos were under the jurisdiction of the nobility , and persecution would have been viewed as a frontal assault on the economic interests of this powerful social class . Still , fears ran high among the population that the Moriscos were traitorous , especially in Granada . The coast was regularly raided by Barbary pirates backed by Spain 's enemy the Ottoman Empire , and the Moriscos were suspected of aiding them . </P> <P> In the second half of the century , late in the reign of Philip II , conditions worsened between Old Christians and Moriscos . The Morisco Revolt in Granada in 1568 -- 1570 was harshly suppressed , and the Inquisition intensified its attention on the Moriscos . From 1570 Morisco cases became predominant in the tribunals of Zaragoza , Valencia and Granada ; in the tribunal of Granada , between 1560 and 1571 , 82 % of those accused were Moriscos , who were a vast majority of the Kingdom 's population at the time . Still , according to Kamen , the Moriscos did not experience the same harshness as judaizing conversos and Protestants , and the number of capital punishments was proportionally less . </P> <P> In 1609 , King Philip III , upon the advice of his financial adviser the Duke of Lerma and Archbishop of Valencia Juan de Ribera , decreed the Expulsion of the Moriscos . Hundreds of thousands of Moriscos were expelled , some of them probably sincere Christians . This was further fueled by the religious intolerance of Archbishop Ribera who quoted the Old Testament texts ordering the enemies of God to be slain without mercy and setting forth the duties of kings to extirpate them . The edict required : ' The Moriscos to depart , under the pain of death and confiscation , without trial or sentence ... to take with them no money , bullion , jewels or bills of exchange ... just what they could carry . ' Although initial estimates of the number expelled such as those of Henri Lapeyre reach 300,000 Moriscos ( or 4 % of the total Spanish population ) , the extent and severity of the expulsion in much of Spain has been increasingly challenged by modern historians such as Trevor J. Dadson . Nevertheless , the eastern region of Valencia , where ethnic tensions were high , was particularly affected by the expulsion , suffering economic collapse and depopulation of much of its territory . </P> <P> Of those permanently expelled , the majority finally settled in the Maghreb or the Barbary coast . Those who avoided expulsion or who managed to return were gradually absorbed by the dominant culture . </P> <P> The Inquisition pursued some trials against Moriscos who remained or returned after expulsion : according to Kamen , between 1615 and 1700 , cases against Moriscos constituted only 9 percent of those judged by the Inquisition . Upon the coronation of Philip IV in 1621 , the new king gave the order to desist from attempting to impose measures on remaining Moriscos and returnees . In September 1628 the Council of the Supreme Inquisition ordered inquisitors in Seville not to prosecute expelled Moriscos `` unless they cause significant commotion . '' The last mass prosecution against Moriscos for crypto - Islamic practices occurred in Granada in 1727 , with most of those convicted receiving relatively light sentences . By the end of the 18th century , the indigenous practice of Islam is considered to have been effectively extinguished in Spain . </P> <H3> Control of Protestants ( edit ) </H3> The burning of a 16th - century Dutch Anabaptist , Anneken Hendriks , who was charged with heresy <P> Despite much popular myth about the Spanish Inquisition relating to Protestants , it dealt with very few cases involving actual Protestants , as there were so few in Spain . It should be noted that the Inquisition of the Netherlands , is here not considered part of the Spanish Inquisition . Lutheran was a portmanteau accusation used by the inquisition to act against all those who acted in a way that was offensive to the church . The first of the trials against those labeled by the Inquisition as `` Lutheran '' were those against the sect of mystics known as the `` Alumbrados '' of Guadalajara and Valladolid . The trials were long and ended with prison sentences of differing lengths , though none of the sect were executed . Nevertheless , the subject of the `` Alumbrados '' put the Inquisition on the trail of many intellectuals and clerics who , interested in Erasmian ideas , had strayed from orthodoxy . This is striking because both Charles I and Philip II were confessed admirers of Erasmus . Such was the case with the humanist Juan de Valdés , who was forced to flee to Italy to escape the process that had been begun against him , and the preacher , Juan de Ávila , who spent close to a year in prison . </P> <P> The first trials against Lutheran groups , as such , took place between 1558 and 1562 , at the beginning of the reign of Philip II , against two communities of Protestants from the cities of Valladolid and Seville , numbering about 120 . The trials signaled a notable intensification of the Inquisition 's activities . A number of autos - da - fé were held , some of them presided over by members of the royal family , and around 100 executions took place . The autos - da - fé of the mid-century virtually put an end to Spanish Protestantism , which was , throughout , a small phenomenon to begin with . </P> <P> After 1562 , though the trials continued , the repression was much reduced . According to Kamen , about 200 Spaniards were accused of being Protestants in the last decades of the 16th century . </P> <P> Most of them were in no sense Protestants ... Irreligious sentiments , drunken mockery , anticlerical expressions , were all captiously classified by the inquisitors ( or by those who denounced the cases ) as `` Lutheran . '' Disrespect to church images , and eating meat on forbidden days , were taken as signs of heresy ... </P> <P> It is estimated that a dozen Spaniards were burned alive . </P> <H3> Censorship ( edit ) </H3> A 1508 woodcut of the Inquisition <P> As one manifestation of the Counter-Reformation , the Spanish Inquisition worked actively to impede the diffusion of heretical ideas in Spain by producing `` Indexes '' of prohibited books . Such lists of prohibited books were common in Europe a decade before the Inquisition published its first . The first Index published in Spain in 1551 was , in reality , a reprinting of the Index published by the University of Leuven in 1550 , with an appendix dedicated to Spanish texts . Subsequent Indexes were published in 1559 , 1583 , 1612 , 1632 , and 1640 . The Indexes included an enormous number of books of all types , though special attention was dedicated to religious works , and , particularly , vernacular translations of the Bible . </P> <P> Included in the Indices , at one point , were many of the great works of Spanish literature . Also , a number of religious writers who are today considered saints by the Catholic Church saw their works appear in the Indexes . At first , this might seem counter-intuitive or even nonsensical -- how were these Spanish authors published in the first place if their texts were then prohibited by the Inquisition and placed in the Index ? The answer lies in the process of publication and censorship in Early Modern Spain . Books in Early Modern Spain faced prepublication licensing and approval ( which could include modification ) by both secular and religious authorities . However , once approved and published , the circulating text also faced the possibility of post-hoc censorship by being denounced to the Inquisition -- sometimes decades later . Likewise , as Catholic theology evolved , once - prohibited texts might be removed from the Index . </P> <P> At first , inclusion in the Index meant total prohibition of a text ; however , this proved not only impractical and unworkable , but also contrary to the goals of having a literate and well - educated clergy . Works with one line of suspect dogma would be prohibited in their entirety , despite the orthodoxy of the remainder of the text . In time , a compromise solution was adopted in which trusted Inquisition officials blotted out words , lines or whole passages of otherwise acceptable texts , thus allowing these expurgated editions to circulate . Although in theory the Indexes imposed enormous restrictions on the diffusion of culture in Spain , some historians , such as Henry Kamen , argue that such strict control was impossible in practice and that there was much more liberty in this respect than is often believed . And Irving Leonard has conclusively demonstrated that , despite repeated royal prohibitions , romances of chivalry , such as Amadis of Gaul , found their way to the New World with the blessing of the Inquisition . Moreover , with the coming of the Age of Enlightenment in the 18th century , increasing numbers of licenses to possess and read prohibited texts were granted . </P> Inquisition Scene by Francisco Goya . The Spanish Inquisition was still in force in the late eighteenth century , but much reduced in power . <P> Despite repeated publication of the Indexes and a large bureaucracy of censors , the activities of the Inquisition did not impede the development of Spanish literature 's `` Siglo de Oro '' , although almost all of its major authors crossed paths with the Holy Office at one point or another . Among the Spanish authors included in the Index are : Bartolomé Torres Naharro , Juan del Enzina , Jorge de Montemayor , Juan de Valdés and Lope de Vega , as well as the anonymous Lazarillo de Tormes and the Cancionero General by Hernando del Castillo . La Celestina , which was not included in the Indexes of the 16th century , was expurgated in 1632 and prohibited in its entirety in 1790 . Among the non-Spanish authors prohibited were Ovid , Dante , Rabelais , Ariosto , Machiavelli , Erasmus , Jean Bodin , Valentine Naibod and Thomas More ( known in Spain as Tomás Moro ) . One of the most outstanding and best - known cases in which the Inquisition directly confronted literary activity is that of Fray Luis de León , noted humanist and religious writer of converso origin , who was imprisoned for four years ( from 1572 to 1576 ) for having translated the Song of Songs directly from Hebrew . </P> <P> Some scholars state that one of the main effects of the inquisition was to end free thought and scientific thought in Spain . As one contemporary Spaniard in exile put it : `` Our country is a land of ... barbarism ; down there one can not produce any culture without being suspected of heresy , error and Judaism . Thus silence was imposed on the learned . '' For the next few centuries , while the rest of Europe was slowly awakened by the influence of the Enlightenment , Spain stagnated . However , this conclusion is contested . </P> <P> The censorship of books was actually very ineffective , and prohibited books circulated in Spain without significant problems . The Spanish Inquisition never persecuted scientists , and relatively few scientific books were placed on the Index . On the other hand , Spain was a state with more political freedom than in other absolute monarchies in the 16th to 18th centuries . The backwardness of Spain in economy and science may not be attributable to the Inquisition . </P> <H3> Suppression of other heresies ( edit ) </H3> Witchcraft ( edit ) <P> The category `` superstitions '' includes trials related to witchcraft . The witch - hunt in Spain had much less intensity than in other European countries ( particularly France , Scotland , and Germany ) . One remarkable case was that of Logroño , in which the witches of Zugarramurdi in Navarre were persecuted . During the auto - da - fé that took place in Logroño on November 7 and November 8 , 1610 , six people were burned and another five burned in effigy . The role of the inquisition in cases of witchcraft was much more restricted than is commonly believed . Well after the foundation of the inquisition , jurisdiction over sorcery and witchcraft remained in secular hands . In general the Inquisition maintained a skeptical attitude towards cases of witchcraft , considering it as a mere superstition without any basis . Alonso de Salazar Frías , who took the Edict of Faith to various parts of Navarre after the trials of Logroño , noted in his report to the Suprema that , `` There were neither witches nor bewitched in a village until they were talked and written about '' . </P> Blasphemy ( edit ) <P> Included under the rubric of heretical propositions were verbal offences , from outright blasphemy to questionable statements regarding religious beliefs , from issues of sexual morality to misbehaviour of the clergy . Many were brought to trial for affirming that simple fornication ( sex between unmarried persons ) was not a sin or for putting in doubt different aspects of Christian faith such as Transubstantiation or the virginity of Mary . Also , members of the clergy itself were occasionally accused of heretical propositions . These offences rarely led to severe penalties . </P> Bigamy ( edit ) <P> The Inquisition also pursued offences against morals , at times in open conflict with the jurisdictions of civil tribunals . In particular , there were trials for bigamy , a relatively frequent offence in a society that only permitted divorce under the most extreme circumstances . In the case of men , the penalty was five years service as an oarsman in a royal galley ( possibly a death sentence ) . </P> Sodomy ( edit ) <P> The first sodomite was burned by the Inquisition in Valencia in 1572 , and those accused included 19 % clergy , 6 % nobles , 37 % workers , 19 % servants , and 18 % soldiers and sailors . </P> <P> Nearly all of almost 500 cases of sodomy between persons concerned the relationship between an older man and an adolescent , often by coercion , with only a few cases where the couple were consenting homosexual adults . About 100 of the total involved allegations of child abuse . Adolescents were generally punished more leniently than adults , but only when they were very young ( under ca . 12 years ) or when the case clearly concerned rape did they have a chance to avoid punishment altogether . As a rule , the Inquisition condemned to death only those sodomites over the age of 25 years . As about half of those tried were under this age , it explains the relatively small percentage of death sentences . </P> Freemasonry ( edit ) Further information : Papal ban of Freemasonry and In eminenti apostolatus <P> The Roman Catholic Church has regarded Freemasonry as heretical since about 1738 ; the suspicion of Freemasonry was potentially a capital offense . Spanish Inquisition records reveal two prosecutions in Spain and only a few more throughout the Spanish Empire . In 1815 , Francisco Javier de Mier y Campillo , the Inquisitor General of the Spanish Inquisition and the Bishop of Almería , suppressed Freemasonry and denounced the lodges as `` societies which lead to atheism , to sedition and to all errors and crimes . '' He then instituted a purge during which Spaniards could be arrested on the charge of being `` suspected of Freemasonry '' . </P> <H3> Women 's role ( edit ) </H3> <P> During the Spanish Inquisition , Spanish women ( as well as Native American and African American women in the Spanish colonies ) were expected to behave in a manner that would promote the Spanish culture and uphold the standards of Catholicism . Women were typically limited to the following roles : nun , wife / housewife , and mother . Any other role was looked down upon as it defied the Crown and Spanish culture . In fact , Spanish women were expected to teach the Indigenous and African women how to raise their children and take care of their family . Because familial endeavors were highly emphasized by the monarchs , Ferdinand II of Aragon and Isabella I of Castile , women were encouraged to have children , raise a family , and secure Spanish ideals and Catholic customs . </P> <H2> Organization ( edit ) </H2> <P> Beyond its role in religious affairs , the Inquisition was also an institution at the service of the monarchy . The Inquisitor General , in charge of the Holy Office , was designated by the crown . The Inquisitor General was the only public office whose authority stretched to all the kingdoms of Spain ( including the American viceroyalties ) , except for a brief period ( 1507 -- 1518 ) during which there were two Inquisitors General , one in the kingdom of Castile , and the other in Aragon . </P> Auto - da - fé , Plaza Mayor in Lima , Viceroyalty of Peru , 17th century <P> The Inquisitor General presided over the Council of the Supreme and General Inquisition ( generally abbreviated as `` Council of the Suprema '' ) , created in 1483 , which was made up of six members named directly by the crown ( the number of members of the Suprema varied over the course of the Inquisition 's history , but it was never more than 10 ) . Over time , the authority of the Suprema grew at the expense of the power of the Inquisitor General . </P> <P> The Suprema met every morning , except for holidays , and for two hours in the afternoon on Tuesdays , Thursdays and Saturdays . The morning sessions were devoted to questions of faith , while the afternoons were reserved for `` minor heresies '' cases of perceived unacceptable sexual behavior , bigamy , witchcraft , etc . </P> <P> Below the Suprema were the various tribunals of the Inquisition , which were originally itinerant , installing themselves where they were necessary to combat heresy , but later being established in fixed locations . During the first phase numerous tribunals were established , but the period after 1495 saw a marked tendency towards centralization . </P> <P> In the kingdom of Castile , the following permanent tribunals of the Inquisition were established : </P> <Ul> <Li> 1482 In Seville and in Córdoba . </Li> <Li> 1485 In Toledo and in Llerena . </Li> <Li> 1488 In Valladolid and in Murcia . </Li> <Li> 1489 In Cuenca . </Li> <Li> 1505 In Las Palmas ( Canary Islands ) . </Li> <Li> 1512 In Logroño . </Li> <Li> 1526 In Granada . </Li> <Li> 1574 In Santiago de Compostela . </Li> </Ul> <P> There were only four tribunals in the kingdom of Aragon : Zaragoza and Valencia ( 1482 ) , Barcelona ( 1484 ) , and Majorca ( 1488 ) . Ferdinand the Catholic also established the Spanish Inquisition in Sicily ( 1513 ) , housed in Palermo , and Sardinia , in the town of Sassari . In the Americas , tribunals were established in Lima and in Mexico City ( 1569 ) and , in 1610 , in Cartagena de Indias ( present day Colombia ) . </P> <H2> Composition of the tribunals ( edit ) </H2> Structure of the Spanish Inquisition <P> Initially , each of the tribunals included two inquisitors , a calificador ( qualifiers ) , an alguacil ( bailiff ) , and a fiscal ( prosecutor ) ; new positions were added as the institution matured . The inquisitors were preferably jurists more than theologians ; in 1608 Philip III even stipulated that all the inquisitors must have a background in law . The inquisitors did not typically remain in the position for a long time : for the Court of Valencia , for example , the average tenure in the position was about two years . Most of the inquisitors belonged to the secular clergy ( priests who were not members of religious orders ) and had a university education . </P> <P> The fiscal was in charge of presenting the accusation , investigating the denunciations and interrogating the witnesses by the use of physical and mental torture . The calificadores were generally theologians ; it fell to them to determine if the defendant 's conduct added up to a crime against the faith . Consultants were expert jurists who advised the court in questions of procedure . The court had , in addition , three secretaries : the notario de secuestros ( Notary of Property ) , who registered the goods of the accused at the moment of his detention ; the notario del secreto ( Notary of the Secret ) , who recorded the testimony of the defendant and the witnesses ; and the escribano general ( General Notary ) , secretary of the court . The alguacil was the executive arm of the court , responsible for detaining , jailing , and physically torturing the defendant . Other civil employees were the nuncio , ordered to spread official notices of the court , and the alcaide , jailer in charge of feeding the prisoners . </P> <P> In addition to the members of the court , two auxiliary figures existed that collaborated with the Holy Office : the familiares and the comissarios ( commissioners ) . Familiares were lay collaborators of the Inquisition , who had to be permanently at the service of the Holy Office . To become a familiar was considered an honour , since it was a public recognition of limpieza de sangre -- Old Christian status -- and brought with it certain additional privileges . Although many nobles held the position , most of the familiares came from the ranks of commoners . The commissioners , on the other hand , were members of the religious orders who collaborated occasionally with the Holy Office . </P> <P> One of the most striking aspects of the organization of the Inquisition was its form of financing : devoid of its own budget , the Inquisition depended exclusively on the confiscation of the goods of the denounced . It is not surprising , therefore , that many of those prosecuted were rich men . That the situation was open to abuse is evident , as stands out in the memorial that a converso from Toledo directed to Charles I : </P> <P> Your Majesty must provide , before all else , that the expenses of the Holy Office do not come from the properties of the condemned , because if that is the case , if they do not burn they do not eat . </P> <H3> Accusation ( edit ) </H3> <P> When the Inquisition arrived in a city , the first step was the Edict of Grace . Following the Sunday mass , the Inquisitor would proceed to read the edict ; it explained possible heresies and encouraged all the congregation to come to the tribunals of the Inquisition to `` relieve their consciences '' . They were called Edicts of Grace because all of the self - incriminated who presented themselves within a period of grace ( usually ranging from thirty to forty days ) were offered the possibility of reconciliation with the Church without severe punishment . The promise of benevolence was effective , and many voluntarily presented themselves to the Inquisition and were often encouraged to denounce others who had also committed offenses , informants being the Inquisition 's primary source of information . After about 1500 , the Edicts of Grace were replaced by the Edicts of Faith , which left out the grace period and instead encouraged the denunciation of those guilty . </P> <P> The denunciations were anonymous , and the defendants had no way of knowing the identities of their accusers . This was one of the points most criticized by those who opposed the Inquisition ( for example , the Cortes of Castile , in 1518 ) . In practice , false denunciations were frequent . Denunciations were made for a variety of reasons , from genuine concern , to rivalries and personal jealousies . </P> <H3> Detention ( edit ) </H3> Diego Mateo López Zapata in his cell before his trial by the Inquisition Court of Cuenca <P> After a denunciation , the case was examined by the calificadores , who had to determine if there was heresy involved , followed by detention of the accused . In practice , however , many were detained in preventive custody , and many cases of lengthy incarcerations occurred , lasting up to two years , before the calificadores examined the case . </P> <P> Detention of the accused entailed the preventive sequestration of their property by the Inquisition . The property of the prisoner was used to pay for procedural expenses and the accused 's own maintenance and costs . Often the relatives of the defendant found themselves in outright misery . This situation was remedied only following instructions written in 1561 . </P> <P> The entire process was undertaken with the utmost secrecy , as much for the public as for the accused , who were not informed about the accusations that were levied against them . Months or even years could pass without the accused being informed about why they were imprisoned . The prisoners remained isolated , and , during this time , the prisoners were not allowed to attend Mass nor receive the sacraments . The jails of the Inquisition were no worse than those of secular authorities , and there are even certain testimonies that occasionally they were much better . </P> <H3> Trial ( edit ) </H3> <P> The inquisitorial process consisted of a series of hearings , in which both the denouncers and the defendant gave testimony . A defense counsel was assigned to the defendant , a member of the tribunal itself , whose role was simply to advise the defendant and to encourage them to speak the truth . The prosecution was directed by the fiscal . Interrogation of the defendant was done in the presence of the Notary of the Secreto , who meticulously wrote down the words of the accused . The archives of the Inquisition , in comparison to those of other judicial systems of the era , are striking in the completeness of their documentation . In order to defend themselves , the accused had two possibilities : abonos ( to find favourable witnesses , akin to `` substantive '' evidence / testimony in Anglo - American law ) or tachas ( to demonstrate that the witnesses of accusers were not trustworthy , akin to Anglo - American `` impeachment '' evidence / testimony ) . </P> <P> In order to interrogate the accused , the Inquisition made use of torture , but not in a systematic way . It was applied mainly against those suspected of Judaism and Protestantism , beginning in the 16th century . For example , Lea estimates that between 1575 and 1610 the court of Toledo tortured approximately a third of those processed for heresy . In other periods , the proportions varied remarkably . Torture was always a means to obtain the confession of the accused , not a punishment itself . Torture was also applied without distinction of sex or age , including children and the aged . </P> <H3> Torture ( edit ) </H3> Inquisition torture chamber . Mémoires Historiques ( 1716 ) <P> As with all European tribunals of the time , torture was employed . The Spanish inquisition , however , engaged in it far less often and with greater care than other courts . Historian Henry Kamen contends that some `` popular '' accounts of the inquisition ( those that describe scenes of uncontrolled sadistic torture ) are not based in truth . Kamen argues that torture was only ever used to elicit information or a confession , not for punitive reasons . </P> The inside of a jail of the Spanish Inquisition , with a priest supervising his scribe while men and women are suspended from pulleys , tortured on the rack or burnt with torches . Etching . <P> Although the Inquisition was technically forbidden from permanently harming or drawing blood , this still allowed several methods of torture . The methods most used , and common in other secular and ecclesiastical tribunals , were garrucha , toca and the potro . The application of the garrucha , also known as the strappado , consisted of suspending the victim from the ceiling by the wrists , which are tied behind the back . Sometimes weights were tied to the ankles , with a series of lifts and drops , during which the arms and legs suffered violent pulls and were sometimes dislocated . The toca , also called interrogatorio mejorado del agua , consisted of introducing a cloth into the mouth of the victim , and forcing them to ingest water spilled from a jar so that they had the impression of drowning . The potro , the rack , was the instrument of torture used most frequently . </P> <P> The assertion that confessionem esse veram , non factam vi tormentorum ( literally : ' ( a person 's ) confession is truth , not made by way of torture ' ) sometimes follows a description of how , after torture had ended , the subject freely confessed to the offenses . Thus confessions following torture were deemed to be made of the confessor 's free will , and hence valid . </P> <P> Once the process concluded , the inquisidores met with a representative of the bishop and with the consultores , experts in theology or Canon Law , which was called the consulta de fe . The case was voted and sentence pronounced , which had to be unanimous . In case of discrepancies , the Suprema had to be informed . </P> <P> According to authorities within the Eastern Orthodox Church , there was at least one casualty tortured by those `` Jesuits '' ( though most likely , Franciscans ) who administered the Spanish Inquisition in North America : St. Peter the Aleut . </P> <H3> Sentencing ( edit ) </H3> <P> The results of the trial could be the following : </P> <Ol> <Li> Although quite rare in actual practice , the defendant could be acquitted . Inquisitors did not wish to terminate the proceedings . If they did , and new evidence turned up later , they would be forced into reopening and re-presenting the old evidence . </Li> <Li> The trial could be suspended , in which case the defendant , although under suspicion , went free ( with the threat that the process could be continued at any time ) or was held in long - term imprisonment until a trial commenced . When set free after a suspended trial it was considered a form of acquittal without specifying that the accusation had been erroneous . </Li> <Li> The defendant could be penanced . Since they were considered guilty , they had to publicly abjure their crimes ( de levi if it was a misdemeanor , and de vehementi if the crime were serious ) , and accept a public punishment . Among these were sanbenito , exile , fines or even sentencing to service as oarsmen in royal galleys . </Li> <Li> The defendant could be reconciled . In addition to the public ceremony in which the condemned was reconciled with the Catholic Church , more severe punishments were used , among them long sentences to jail or the galleys , plus the confiscation of all property . Physical punishments , such as whipping , were also used . </Li> <Li> The most serious punishment was relaxation to the secular arm for burning at the stake . This penalty was frequently applied to impenitent heretics and those who had relapsed . Execution was public . If the condemned repented , they were shown mercy by being garroted before burning ; if not , they were burned alive . </Li> </Ol> <P> Frequently , cases were judged in absentia , and when the accused died before the trial finished , the condemned were burned in effigy . </P> <P> The distribution of the punishments varied considerably over time . It is believed that sentences of death were enforced in the first stages within the long history of the Inquisition . According to García Cárcel , the court of Valencia employed the death penalty in 40 % of the processings before 1530 , but later that percentage dropped to 3 % . </P> <H3> Auto - da - fé ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Auto - da - fé Auto - da - fé , Plaza Mayor in Madrid , 1683 <P> If the sentence was condemnatory , this implied that the condemned had to participate in the ceremony of an auto de fe ( more commonly known in English as an auto - da - fé ) that solemnized their return to the Church ( in most cases ) , or punishment as an impenitent heretic . The autos - da - fé could be private ( auto particular ) or public ( auto publico or auto general ) . </P> <P> Although initially the public autos did not have any special solemnity nor sought a large attendance of spectators , with time they became solemn ceremonies , celebrated with large public crowds , amidst a festive atmosphere . The auto - da - fé eventually became a baroque spectacle , with staging meticulously calculated to cause the greatest effect among the spectators . The autos were conducted in a large public space ( frequently in the largest plaza of the city ) , generally on holidays . The rituals related to the auto began the previous night ( the `` procession of the Green Cross '' ) and sometimes lasted the whole day . The auto - da - fé frequently was taken to the canvas by painters : one of the better - known examples is the painting by Francesco Rizzi held by the Prado Museum in Madrid that represents the auto celebrated in the Plaza Mayor of Madrid on 30 June 1680 . The last public auto - da - fé took place in 1691 . </P> <P> The auto - da - fé involved a Catholic Mass , prayer , a public procession of those found guilty , and a reading of their sentences . They took place in public squares or esplanades and lasted several hours ; ecclesiastical and civil authorities attended . Artistic representations of the auto - da - fé usually depict torture and the burning at the stake . However , this type of activity never took place during an auto - da - fé , which was in essence a religious act . Torture was not administered after a trial concluded , and executions were always held after and separate from the auto - da - fé , though in the minds and experiences of observers and those undergoing the confession and execution , the separation of the two might be experienced as merely a technicality . </P> Execution of Mariana de Carabajal ( converted Jew ) , Mexico City , 1601 <P> The first recorded auto - da - fé was held in Paris in 1242 , during the reign of Louis IX . The first Spanish auto - da - fé did not take place until 1481 in Seville ; six of the men and women subjected to this first religious ritual were later executed . The Inquisition had limited power in Portugal , having been established in 1536 and officially lasting until 1821 , although its influence was much weakened with the government of the Marquis of Pombal in the second half of the 18th century . Autos - da - fé also took place in Mexico , Brazil and Peru : contemporary historians of the Conquistadors such as Bernal Díaz del Castillo record them . They also took place in the Portuguese colony of Goa , India , following the establishment of Inquisition there in 1562 -- 1563 . </P> <P> The arrival of the Enlightenment in Spain slowed inquisitorial activity . In the first half of the 18th century , 111 were condemned to be burned in person , and 117 in effigy , most of them for judaizing . In the reign of Philip V , there were 125 autos - da - fé , while in the reigns of Charles III and Charles IV only 44 . </P> <P> During the 18th century , the Inquisition changed : Enlightenment ideas were the closest threat that had to be fought . The main figures of the Spanish Enlightenment were in favour of the abolition of the Inquisition , and many were processed by the Holy Office , among them Olavide , in 1776 ; Iriarte , in 1779 ; and Jovellanos , in 1796 ; Jovellanos sent a report to Charles IV in which he indicated the inefficiency of the Inquisition 's courts and the ignorance of those who operated them : `` friars who take ( the position ) only to obtain gossip and exemption from choir ; who are ignorant of foreign languages , who only know a little scholastic theology '' . </P> <P> In its new role , the Inquisition tried to accentuate its function of censoring publications but found that Charles III had secularized censorship procedures , and , on many occasions , the authorization of the Council of Castile hit the more intransigent position of the Inquisition . Since the Inquisition itself was an arm of the state , being within the Council of Castile , civil rather than ecclesiastical censorship usually prevailed . This loss of influence can also be explained because the foreign Enlightenment texts entered the peninsula through prominent members of the nobility or government , influential people with whom it was very difficult to interfere . Thus , for example , Diderot 's Encyclopedia entered Spain thanks to special licenses granted by the king . </P> <P> After the French Revolution , however , the Council of Castile , fearing that revolutionary ideas would penetrate Spain 's borders , decided to reactivate the Holy Office that was directly charged with the persecution of French works . An Inquisition edict of December 1789 , that received the full approval of Charles IV and Floridablanca , stated that : </P> <P> having news that several books have been scattered and promoted in these kingdoms ... that , without being contented with the simple narration events of a seditious nature ... seem to form a theoretical and practical code of independence from the legitimate powers ... destroying in this way the political and social order ... the reading of thirty and nine French works is prohibited , under fine ... </P> <P> However , inquisitorial activity was impossible in the face of the information avalanche that crossed the border ; in 1792 , `` the multitude of seditious papers ... does not allow formalizing the files against those who introduce them '' . </P> <P> The fight from within against the Inquisition was almost always clandestine . The first texts that questioned the Inquisition and praised the ideas of Voltaire or Montesquieu appeared in 1759 . After the suspension of pre-publication censorship on the part of the Council of Castile in 1785 , the newspaper El Censor began the publication of protests against the activities of the Holy Office by means of a rationalist critique . Valentin de Foronda published Espíritu de los Mejores Diarios , a plea in favour of freedom of expression that was avidly read in the salons . Also , in the same vein , Manuel de Aguirre wrote On Toleration in El Censor , El Correo de los Ciegos and El Diario de Madrid . </P> <H2> End of the Inquisition ( edit ) </H2> The Peruvian Inquisition , based in Lima , ended in 1820 . <P> During the reign of Charles IV of Spain ( 1788 -- 1808 ) , in spite of the fears that the French Revolution provoked , several events took place that accelerated the decline of the Inquisition . In the first place , the state stopped being a mere social organizer and began to worry about the well - being of the public . As a result , they considered the land - holding power of the Church , in the señoríos and , more generally , in the accumulated wealth that had prevented social progress . On the other hand , the perennial struggle between the power of the throne and the power of the Church , inclined more and more to the former , under which , Enlightenment thinkers found better protection for their ideas . Manuel Godoy and Antonio Alcalá Galiano were openly hostile to an institution whose only role had been reduced to censorship and was the very embodiment of the Spanish Black Legend , internationally , and was not suitable to the political interests of the moment : </P> <P> The Inquisition ? Its old power no longer exists : the horrible authority that this bloodthirsty court had exerted in other times was reduced ... the Holy Office had come to be a species of commission for book censorship , nothing more ... </P> <P> The Inquisition was first abolished during the domination of Napoleon and the reign of Joseph Bonaparte ( 1808 -- 1812 ) . In 1813 , the liberal deputies of the Cortes of Cádiz also obtained its abolition , largely as a result of the Holy Office 's condemnation of the popular revolt against French invasion . But the Inquisition was reconstituted when Ferdinand VII recovered the throne on 1 July 1814 . Juan Antonio Llorente , who had been the Inquisition 's general secretary in 1789 , became a Bonapartist and published a critical history in 1817 from his French exile , based on his privileged access to its archives . </P> <P> Possibly as a result of Llorente 's criticisms , the Inquisition was once again temporarily abolished during the three - year Liberal interlude known as the Trienio liberal , but still the old system had not yet had its last gasp . Later , during the period known as the Ominous Decade , the Inquisition was not formally re-established , although , de facto , it returned under the so - called Congregation of the Meetings of Faith , tolerated in the dioceses by King Ferdinand . On 26 July 1826 the `` Meetings of Faith '' Congregation condemned and executed the school teacher Cayetano Ripoll , who thus became the last person known to be executed by the Inquisition . </P> <P> On that day , Ripoll was hanged in Valencia , for having taught deist principles . This execution occurred against the backdrop of a European - wide scandal concerning the despotic attitudes still prevailing in Spain . Finally , on 15 July 1834 , the Spanish Inquisition was definitively abolished by a Royal Decree signed by regent Maria Christina of the Two Sicilies , Ferdinand VII 's liberal widow , during the minority of Isabella II and with the approval of the President of the Cabinet Francisco Martínez de la Rosa . ( It is possible that something similar to the Inquisition acted during the 1833 -- 1839 First Carlist War , in the zones dominated by the Carlists , since one of the government measures praised by Conde de Molina Carlos Maria Isidro de Borbon was the re-implementation of the Inquisition to protect the Church ) . During the Carlist Wars it was the conservatives who fought the liberals who wanted to reduce the Church 's power , amongst other reforms to liberalize the economy . It can be added that Franco during the Spanish Civil War is alleged to have stated that he would attempt to reintroduce it , possibly as a sop to Vatican approval of his coup . </P> <P> The Alhambra Decree that had expelled the Jews was formally rescinded on 16 December 1968 . </P> <H2> Outcomes ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Confiscations ( edit ) </H3> <P> It is unknown exactly how much wealth was confiscated from converted Jews and others tried by the Inquisition . Wealth confiscated in one year of persecution in the small town of Guadaloupe paid the costs of building a royal residence . There are numerous records of the opinion of ordinary Spaniards of the time that `` the Inquisition was devised simply to rob people '' . `` They were burnt only for the money they had '' , a resident of Cuenca averred . `` They burn only the well - off '' , said another . In 1504 an accused stated , `` only the rich were burnt '' . In 1484 Catalina de Zamora was accused of asserting that `` this Inquisition that the fathers are carrying out is as much for taking property from the conversos as for defending the faith . It is the goods that are the heretics . '' This saying passed into common usage in Spain . In 1524 a treasurer informed Charles V that his predecessor had received ten million ducats from the conversos , but the figure is unverified . In 1592 an inquisitor admitted that most of the fifty women he arrested were rich . In 1676 , the Suprema claimed it had confiscated over 700,000 ducats for the royal treasury ( which was paid money only after the Inquisition 's own budget , amounting in one known case to only 5 % ) . The property on Mallorca alone in 1678 was worth `` well over 2,500,000 ducats '' . </P> <H3> Death tolls ( edit ) </H3> Contemporary illustration of the auto - da - fé of Valladolid , in which fourteen Protestants were burned at the stake for their faith , on May 21 , 1559 <P> García Cárcel estimates that the total number processed by the Inquisition throughout its history was approximately 150,000 ; applying the percentages of executions that appeared in the trials of 1560 -- 1700 -- about 2 % -- the approximate total would be about 3,000 put to death . Nevertheless , it is likely that the toll was higher , keeping in mind the data provided by Dedieu and García Cárcel for the tribunals of Toledo and Valencia , respectively . It is likely that between 3,000 and 5,000 were executed . </P> <P> Modern historians have begun to study the documentary records of the Inquisition . The archives of the Suprema , today held by the National Historical Archive of Spain ( Archivo Histórico Nacional ) , conserves the annual relations of all processes between 1540 and 1700 . This material provides information for approximately 44,674 judgments , the latter studied by Gustav Henningsen and Jaime Contreras . These 44,674 cases include 826 executions in persona and 778 in effigie ( i.e. an effigy was burned ) . This material , however , is far from being complete -- for example , the tribunal of Cuenca is entirely omitted , because no relaciones de causas from this tribunal have been found , and significant gaps concern some other tribunals ( e.g. , Valladolid ) . Many more cases not reported to the Suprema are known from the other sources ( i.e. , no relaciones de causas from Cuenca have been found , but its original records have been preserved ) , but were not included in Contreras - Henningsen 's statistics for the methodological reasons . William Monter estimates 1000 executions between 1530 and 1630 and 250 between 1630 and 1730 . </P> <P> The archives of the Suprema only provide information about the processes which took place prior to 1560 . To study the processes themselves , it is necessary to examine the archives of the local tribunals ; however , the majority have been lost to the devastation of war , the ravages of time or other events . Jean - Pierre Dedieu has studied those of Toledo , where 12,000 were judged for offences related to heresy . Ricardo García Cárcel has analyzed those of the tribunal of Valencia . These authors ' investigations find that the Inquisition was most active in the period between 1480 and 1530 , and that during this period the percentage condemned to death was much more significant than in the years studied by Henningsen and Contreras . Henry Kamen gives the number of about 2,000 executions in persona in the whole of Spain up to 1530 . </P> Henningsen - Contreras statistics for the period 1540 -- 1700 ( edit ) <P> The statistics of Henningsen and Contreras , based entirely on relaciones de causas , are the following : </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Tribunal </Th> <Th> Number of years with preserved relaciones de causas from the period 1540 -- 1700 </Th> <Th> Number of cases reported in the preserved relaciones de causas </Th> <Th> Executions in persona reported in the preserved relaciones de causas </Th> <Th> Executions in effigie reported in the preserved relaciones de causas </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Barcelona </Td> <Td> 94 </Td> <Td> 3047 </Td> <Td> 37 </Td> <Td> 27 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Navarre </Td> <Td> 130 </Td> <Td> 4296 </Td> <Td> 85 </Td> <Td> 59 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Majorca </Td> <Td> 96 </Td> <Td> 1260 </Td> <Td> 37 </Td> <Td> 25 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Sardinia </Td> <Td> 49 </Td> <Td> 767 </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Zaragoza </Td> <Td> 126 </Td> <Td> 5967 </Td> <Td> 200 </Td> <Td> 19 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Sicily </Td> <Td> 101 </Td> <Td> 3188 </Td> <Td> 25 </Td> <Td> 25 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Valencia </Td> <Td> 128 </Td> <Td> 4540 </Td> <Td> 78 </Td> <Td> 75 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Cartagena ( established 1610 ) </Td> <Td> 62 </Td> <Td> 699 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Lima ( established 1570 ) </Td> <Td> 92 </Td> <Td> 1176 </Td> <Td> 30 </Td> <Td> 16 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Mexico ( established 1570 ) </Td> <Td> 52 </Td> <Td> 950 </Td> <Td> 17 </Td> <Td> 42 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Aragonese Secretariat ( total ) </Td> <Td> 930 </Td> <Td> 25890 </Td> <Td> 520 </Td> <Td> 291 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Canaries </Td> <Td> 66 </Td> <Td> 695 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 78 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Córdoba </Td> <Td> 28 </Td> <Td> 883 </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> 26 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Cuenca </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Galicia ( established 1560 ) </Td> <Td> 83 </Td> <Td> 2203 </Td> <Td> 19 </Td> <Td> 44 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Granada </Td> <Td> 79 </Td> <Td> 4157 </Td> <Td> 33 </Td> <Td> 102 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Llerena </Td> <Td> 84 </Td> <Td> 2851 </Td> <Td> 47 </Td> <Td> 89 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Murcia </Td> <Td> 66 </Td> <Td> 1735 </Td> <Td> 56 </Td> <Td> 20 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Seville </Td> <Td> 58 </Td> <Td> 1962 </Td> <Td> 96 </Td> <Td> 67 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Toledo ( incl . Madrid ) </Td> <Td> 108 </Td> <Td> 3740 </Td> <Td> 40 </Td> <Td> 53 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Valladolid </Td> <Td> 29 </Td> <Td> 558 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Castilian Secretariat ( total ) </Td> <Td> 601 </Td> <Td> 18784 </Td> <Td> 306 </Td> <Td> 487 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Total </Td> <Td> 1531 </Td> <Td> 44674 </Td> <Td> 826 </Td> <Td> 778 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The actual numbers , as far as they can be reconstructed from the available sources , are following : </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Tribunal </Th> <Th> Estimated number of all trials in the period 1540 -- 1700 </Th> <Th> The number of executions in persona in the period 1540 -- 1700 </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Barcelona </Td> <Td> ~ 5000 </Td> <Td> 53 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Navarre </Td> <Td> ~ 5200 </Td> <Td> 90 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Majorca </Td> <Td> ~ 2100 </Td> <Td> 38 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Sardinia </Td> <Td> ~ 2700 </Td> <Td> At least 8 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Zaragoza </Td> <Td> ~ 7600 </Td> <Td> 250 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Sicily </Td> <Td> ~ 6400 </Td> <Td> 52 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Valencia </Td> <Td> ~ 5700 </Td> <Td> At least 93 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Cartagena ( established 1610 ) </Td> <Td> ~ 1100 </Td> <Td> At least 3 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Lima ( established 1570 ) </Td> <Td> ~ 2200 </Td> <Td> 31 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Mexico ( established 1570 ) </Td> <Td> ~ 2400 </Td> <Td> 47 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Aragonese Secretariat ( total ) </Td> <Td> ~ 40000 </Td> <Td> At least 665 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Canaries </Td> <Td> ~ 1500 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Córdoba </Td> <Td> ~ 5000 </Td> <Td> At least 27 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Cuenca </Td> <Td> 5202 </Td> <Td> At least 34 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Galicia ( established 1560 ) </Td> <Td> ~ 2700 </Td> <Td> 17 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Granada </Td> <Td> ~ 8100 </Td> <Td> At least 72 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Llerena </Td> <Td> ~ 5200 </Td> <Td> At least 47 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Murcia </Td> <Td> ~ 4300 </Td> <Td> At least 190 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Seville </Td> <Td> ~ 6700 </Td> <Td> At least 128 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Toledo ( incl . Madrid ) </Td> <Td> ~ 5500 </Td> <Td> At least 66 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Valladolid </Td> <Td> ~ 3000 </Td> <Td> At least 54 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Castilian Secretariat ( total ) </Td> <Td> ~ 47000 </Td> <Td> At least 638 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Total </Td> <Td> ~ 87000 </Td> <Td> At least 1303 </Td> </Tr> </Table> Autos da fe between 1701 and 1746 ( edit ) <P> Table of sentences pronounced in the public autos da fe in Spain ( excluding tribunals in Sicily , Sardinia and Latin America ) between 1701 and 1746 : </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Tribunal </Th> <Th> Number of autos da fe </Th> <Th> Executions in persona </Th> <Th> Executions in effigie </Th> <Th> Penanced </Th> <Th> Total </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Barcelona </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 15 </Td> <Td> 17 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Logroño </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 ? </Td> <Td> 1 ? </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Palma de Mallorca </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 11 </Td> <Td> 11 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Saragossa </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Valencia </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 49 </Td> <Td> 51 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Las Palmas </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Córdoba </Td> <Td> 13 </Td> <Td> 17 </Td> <Td> 19 </Td> <Td> 125 </Td> <Td> 161 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Cuenca </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> 35 </Td> <Td> 52 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Santiago de Compostela </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 13 </Td> <Td> 13 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Granada </Td> <Td> 15 </Td> <Td> 36 </Td> <Td> 47 </Td> <Td> 369 </Td> <Td> 452 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Llerena </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 45 </Td> <Td> 46 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Madrid </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 11 </Td> <Td> 13 </Td> <Td> 46 </Td> <Td> 70 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Murcia </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 106 </Td> <Td> 111 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Seville </Td> <Td> 15 </Td> <Td> 16 </Td> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> 220 </Td> <Td> 246 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Toledo </Td> <Td> 33 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 14 </Td> <Td> 128 </Td> <Td> 148 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Valladolid </Td> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 70 </Td> <Td> 81 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Total </Td> <Td> 125 </Td> <Td> 111 </Td> <Td> 117 </Td> <Td> 1235 </Td> <Td> 1463 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Abuse of power ( edit ) </H3> <P> Author Toby Green notes that the great unchecked power given to inquisitors meant that they were `` widely seen as above the law '' and sometimes had motives for imprisoning and sometimes executing alleged offenders other than for the purpose of punishing religious nonconformity . Among the `` litany of complaints '' against Juan de Mañozca -- who was one of the first inquisitors of Cartagena , Colombia in 1609 and made chief inquisitor of Mexico in 1643 -- was that he `` made a habit of hauling market traders before ( him and a colleague ) and seizing whatever took their fancy , throwing them into the inquisitorial jail if they did not comply . '' When a butcher in a house next door to Mañozca 's disturbed him by killing a pig , Mañozca had the butcher 's butler and servants arrested and interned in the inquisitorial jail . </P> <P> Green quotes a complaint by historian Manuel Barrios about one Inquisitor , Diego Rodriguez Lucero , who in Cordoba in 1506 burned to death the husbands of two different women he then kept as mistresses . According to Barrios , </P> <P> the daughter of Diego Celemin was exceptionally beautiful , her parents and her husband did not want to give her to ( Lucero ) , and so Lucero had the three of them burnt and now has a child by her , and he has kept for a long time in the alcazar as a mistress . </P> <H2> Historiography ( edit ) </H2> <P> How historians and commentators have viewed the Spanish Inquisition has changed over time , and continues to be a source of controversy . Before and during the 19th century historical interest focused on who was being persecuted . In the early and mid 20th century historians examined the specifics of what happened and how it influenced Spanish history . In the later 20th and 21st century , historians have re-examined how severe the Inquisition really was , calling into question some of the conclusions made earlier in the 20th century . The `` Black Legend '' , a term associated with scholar Julian Juderias , developed significantly , in his view , from the approach of considering the Inquisition 's persecutions . </P> <H3> 19th to early 20th century scholarship ( edit ) </H3> <P> Before the rise of professional historians in the 19th century , the Spanish Inquisition had largely been studied and portrayed by Protestant scholars who saw it as the archetypal symbol of Catholic intolerance and ecclesiastical power . The Spanish Inquisition for them was largely associated with the persecution of Protestants . The 19th - century professional historians , including the Spanish scholar Amador de los Rios , were the first to challenge this perception and look seriously at the role of Jews and Muslims . </P> <P> At the start of the 20th century Henry Charles Lea published the groundbreaking History of the Inquisition in Spain . This influential work describes the Spanish Inquisition as `` an engine of immense power , constantly applied for the furtherance of obscurantism , the repression of thought , the exclusion of foreign ideas and the obstruction of progress . '' Lea documented the Inquisition 's methods and modes of operation in no uncertain terms , calling it `` theocratic absolutism '' at its worst . In the context of the polarization between Protestants and Catholics during the second half of the 19th century , some of Lea 's contemporaries , as well as most modern scholars thought Lea 's work had an anti-Catholic bias . William H. Prescott , the Boston historian , likened the Inquisition to an `` eye that never slumbered '' . </P> <P> Starting in the 1920s , Jewish scholars picked up where Lea 's work left off . They published Yitzhak Baer 's History of the Jews in Christian Spain , Cecil Roth 's History of the Marranos and , after World War II , the work of Haim Beinart , who for the first time published trial transcripts of cases involving conversos . </P> <H3> Revision after 1960 ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Historical revision of the Inquisition <P> One of the first books to challenge the classical view was The Spanish Inquisition ( 1965 ) by Henry Kamen . Kamen argued that the Inquisition was not nearly as cruel or as powerful as commonly believed . The book was very influential and largely responsible for subsequent studies in the 1970s to try to quantify ( from archival records ) the Inquisition 's activities from 1480 to 1834 . Those studies showed there was an initial burst of activity against conversos suspected of relapsing into Judaism , and a mid-16th century pursuit of Protestants , but the Inquisition served principally as a forum Spaniards occasionally used to humiliate and punish people they did not like : blasphemers , bigamists , foreigners and , in Aragon , homosexuals and horse smugglers . Kamen went on to publish two more books in 1985 and 2006 that incorporated new findings , further supporting the view that the Inquisition was not as bad as once described by Lea and others . Along similar lines is Edward Peters 's Inquisition ( 1988 ) . </P> <P> One of the most important works in challenging traditional views of the Inquisition as it related to the Jewish conversos or New Christians is The Origins of the Inquisition in Fifteenth Century Spain ( 1995 / 2002 ) by Benzion Netanyahu . It challenges the view that most conversos were actually practicing Judaism in secret and were persecuted for their crypto - Judaism . Rather , according to Netanyahu , the persecution was fundamentally racial , and was a matter of envy of their success in Spanish society . </P> <P> Challenging some of the claims of revisionist historians is Toby Green in Inquisition , the Reign of Fear , who calls the claim by revisionists that torture was only rarely applied by inquisitors , a `` worrying error of fact '' . </P> <P> Historian Thomas F. Madden has written about popular myths of the Inquisition . </P> <H2> In popular culture ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Literature ( edit ) </H3> The Inquisition Tribunal as illustrated by Francisco de Goya <P> The literature of the 18th century approaches the theme of the Inquisition from a critical point of view . In Candide by Voltaire , the Inquisition appears as the epitome of intolerance and arbitrary justice in Europe . </P> <P> During the Romantic Period , the Gothic novel , which was primarily a genre developed in Protestant countries , frequently associated Catholicism with terror and repression . This vision of the Spanish Inquisition appears in , among other works , The Monk ( 1796 ) by Matthew Gregory Lewis ( set in Madrid during the Inquisition , but can be seen as commenting on the French Revolution and the Terror ) ; Melmoth the Wanderer ( 1820 ) by Charles Robert Maturin and The Manuscript Found in Saragossa by Polish author Jan Potocki . </P> <P> Literature of the 19th century tends to focus on the element of torture employed by the Inquisition . In France , in the early 19th century , the epistolary novel Cornelia Bororquia , or the Victim of the Inquisition , which has been attributed to Spaniard Luiz Gutiérrez , and is based on the case of María de Bohórquez , ferociously criticizes the Inquisition and its representatives . The Inquisition also appears in one of the chapters of the novel The Brothers Karamazov ( 1880 ) by Fyodor Dostoyevsky , which imagines an encounter between Jesus and the Inquisitor General . One of the best known stories of Edgar Allan Poe , `` The Pit and the Pendulum '' , explores along the same lines the use of torture by the Inquisition . </P> There was no remedy , from Los Caprichos , 1797 -- 98 , by Francisco de Goya . <P> The Inquisition also appears in 20th - century literature . La Gesta del Marrano , by the Argentine author Marcos Aguinis , portrays the length of the Inquisition 's arm to reach people in Argentina during the 16th and 17th centuries . The Marvel Comics series Marvel 1602 shows the Inquisition targeting Mutants for `` blasphemy '' . The character Magneto also appears as the Grand Inquisitor . The Captain Alatriste novels by the Spanish writer Arturo Pérez - Reverte are set in the early 17th century . The second novel , Purity of Blood , has the narrator being tortured by the Inquisition and describes an auto - da - fé . Carme Riera 's novella , published in 1994 , Dins el Darrer Blau ( In the Last Blue ) is set during the repression of the chuetas ( conversos from Majorca ) at the end of the 17th century . In 1998 , the Spanish writer Miguel Delibes published the historical novel The Heretic , about the Protestants of Valladolid and their repression by the Inquisition . Samuel Shellabarger 's Captain from Castile deals directly with the Spanish Inquisition during the first part of the novel . </P> <P> In the novel La Catedral del Mar by Ildefonso Falcones , published in 2006 and taken place in 14th century , there are scenes of inquisition investigations in small towns and a great scene in Barcelona . </P> <H3> Film ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> The 1947 epic Captain from Castile by Darryl F. Zanuck , starring Tyrone Power , uses the Inquisition as the major plot point of the film . It tells how powerful families used its evils to ruin their rivals . The first part of the film shows this and the reach of the Inquisition reoccurs throughout this movie following Pedro De Vargas ( played by Power ) even to the ' New World ' . </Li> <Li> In both the stage ( 1965 ) and film ( 1972 ) versions of the musical play Man of La Mancha , Miguel de Cervantes is arrested by the Spanish Inquisition and thrown into a dungeon , in which he and the other prisoners perform the story of Don Quixote . At the end of the musical , he and his manservant are escorted by the Inquisition to their trial . </Li> <Li> The Spanish Inquisition segment of the 1981 Mel Brooks movie The History of the World Part 1 is a comedic musical performance based on the activities of the first Inquisitor General of Spain , Tomás de Torquemada . </Li> <Li> The film The Fountain ( 2006 ) , by Darren Aronofsky , features the Spanish Inquisition as part of a plot in 1500 when the Grand Inquisitor threatens Queen Isabella 's life . </Li> <Li> Goya 's Ghosts ( 2006 ) by Miloš Forman is set in Spain between 1792 and 1809 and focuses realistically on the role of the Inquisition and its end under Napoleon 's rule . </Li> <Li> The film Assassin 's Creed ( 2016 ) by Justin Kurzel , starring Michael Fassbender , is set in both modern times and Spain during the Inquisition . The film follows Callum Lynch ( played by Fassbender ) as he is forced to relive the memories of his ancestor , Aguilar de Nehra ( also played by Fassbender ) , an Assassin during the Spanish Inquisition . </Li> </Ul> <H3> Theatre , music , television , and video games ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> The Grand Inquisitor of Spain plays a part in Don Carlos ( 1867 ) , a play by Friedrich Schiller ( which was the basis for the opera in five acts by Giuseppe Verdi , in which the Inquisitor is also featured , and the third act is dedicated to an auto - da - fé ) . </Li> <Li> In the Monty Python comedy team 's Spanish Inquisition sketches , an inept Inquisitor group repeatedly bursts into scenes after someone utters the words `` I did n't expect a kind of Spanish Inquisition '' , screaming `` Nobody expects the Spanish Inquisition ! '' The Inquisition then uses ineffectual forms of torture , including a dish - drying rack , soft cushions and a comfy chair . </Li> <Li> The Spanish Inquisition features as a main plot line element of the 2009 video game Assassin 's Creed II : Discovery . </Li> </Ul> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Cardinal Ximenes </Li> <Li> Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith </Li> <Li> Goa Inquisition in Portuguese Goa </Li> <Li> History of the Jews in Spain </Li> <Li> Holy Child of La Guardia </Li> <Li> Mexican Inquisition in New Spain </Li> <Li> Inquisition of the Netherlands in the Spanish Netherlands </Li> <Li> Persecution of Christians </Li> <Li> Persecution of Muslims </Li> <Li> Peruvian Inquisition in the Viceroyalty of Peru </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Notes ( edit ) </H3> <Ol> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Hans - Jürgen Prien ( 21 November 2012 ) . Christianity in Latin America : Revised and Expanded Edition . BRILL . p. 11 . ISBN 90 - 04 - 22262 - 6 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Henry Kamen : The Spanish Inquisition : A Historical Revision. 1999 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Smith , Damian J. , Crusade , Heresy and Inquisition in the Lands of the Crown of Aragon , Brill , 2010 ISBN 9789004182899 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kamen ( 1998 ) , p. 4 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Peters 1988 , p. 79 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Peters 1988 , p. 82 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Letter of Hasdai Crescas , Shevaṭ Yehudah by Solomon ibn Verga ( ed . Dr. M. Wiener ) , Hannover 1855 , pp. 128 -- 130 , or pp. 138 - 140 in PDF ; Fritz Kobler , Letters of the Jews through the Ages , London 1952 , pp. 272 -- 75 ; Mitre Fernández , Emilio ( 1994 ) . Secretariado de Publicaciones e Intercambio Editorial , ed . Los judíos de Castilla en tiempo de Enrique III : el pogrom de 1391 ( The Castilian Jews at the time of Henry III : the 1391 pogrom ) ( in Spanish ) . Valladolid University . ISBN 84 - 7762 - 449 - 6 . ; Solomon ibn Verga , Shevaṭ Yehudah ( The Sceptre of Judah ) , Lvov 1846 , p. 76 in PDF . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Letter from Hasdai Crescas to the congregations of Avignon , published as an appendix to Wiener 's edition of Shevaṭ Yehudah of Solomon ibn Verga , in which he names the Jewish communities affected by the persecution of 1391 . See pages 138 -- 140 in PDF ( Hebrew ) ; Fritz Kobler , Letters of the Jews through the Ages , London 1952 , pp. 272 -- 75 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Solomon ibn Verga , Shevaṭ Yehudah ( The Sceptre of Judah ) , Lvov 1846 , pp. 41 ( end ) -- 42 in PDF ) ; Kamen ( 1998 ) , p. 17 . Kamen cites approximate numbers for Valencia ( 250 ) and Barcelona ( 400 ) , but no solid data about Córdoba . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ According to Gedaliah Ibn Yechia , these disturbances were caused by a malicious report spread about the Jews . See : Gedaliah Ibn Yechia , Shalshelet Ha - Kabbalah Jerusalem 1962 , p. רסח , in PDF p. 277 ( top ) ( Hebrew ) ; Solomon ibn Verga , Shevat Yehudah , Lvov 1846 ( p. 76 in PDF ) ( Hebrew ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Abraham Zacuto , Sefer Yuchasin , Cracow 1580 ( q.v. Sefer Yuchasin , p. 266 in PDF ) ( Hebrew ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Raymond of Peñafort , Summa , lib. 1 p. 33 , citing D. 45 c. 5 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kamen ( 1998 ) , p. 10 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Notably Bishop Pablo de Santa Maria , author of Scrutinium Scripturarum , Jeronimo de Santa Fe ( Hebraomastix ) and Pedro de la Caballeria ( Zelus Christi contra Judaeos ) . All three were conversos . ( Kamen ( 1998 ) , p. 39 ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Notably the Libro verde de Aragon and Tizón de la nobleza de España ( cited in Kamen ( 1998 ) , p. 38 ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ The terms converso and crypto - Jew are somewhat vexed , and occasionally historians are not clear on how , precisely , they are intended to be understood . For the purpose of clarity , in this article converso will be taken to mean one who has sincerely renounced Judaism or Islam and embraced Catholicism . Crypto - Jew will be taken to mean one who accepts Christian baptism , yet continues to practice Judaism . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Peters 1988 , p. 85 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Peters 1988 , p. 89 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Thomas Madden : The Real Inquisition . National Review 2004 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Cited in Kamen ( 1998 ) , p. 49 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Ben - Sasson , H.H. , editor . 1976 . p. 588 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kamen ( 1998 ) , pp. 49 -- 50 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Archbishop Arnold H. Mathew , The Life and Times of Rodrigo Borgia , p. 52 - 53 . Quote : `` Isabella 's Confessor , Torquemada , had imbued her with the idea that the suppression of all heresy within her realms was a sacred duty . She had , therefore , in November 1478 , obtained a bull from the Pope , Sixtus IV. , for the establishment of the Inquisition in Castile . Many modern writers have sought to reduce her share in the introduction of this terrible institution , but it must be remembered that Isabella herself probably considered it a meritorious action to punish with inhuman barbarity those whom she looked upon as the enemies of the Almighty . In 1480 , two Dominicans were appointed by her , as Inquisitors , to set up their tribunal at Seville . Before the end of the year 1481 , 2,000 victims were burned alive in Andalusia alone . The Pope himself became alarmed and threatened to withdraw the bull , but Ferdinand intimated that he would make the Inquisition altogether an independent tribunal . This it became later for all practical purposes , and its iniquitous proceedings continued unchecked . '' </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Ben - Sasson , H.H. , editor . A History of the Jewish People . Harvard University Press , 1976 , pp. 588 - 590 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kamen ( 1998 ) , p. 157 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kamen ( 1998 ) , p. 60 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ quoted in Kamen ( 1998 ) , p. 20 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kamen ( 1998 ) , pp. 29 -- 31 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kamen ( 1998 ) , p. 24 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Murphy , Cullen ( 2012 ) . God 's jury : the Inquisition and the making of the modern world . Boston : Houghton Mifflin Harcourt . p. 75 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 618 - 09156 - 0 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kamen ( 2014 ) , p. 369 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kamen ( 2014 ) , p. 370 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Henry Kamen. 2014 p 100 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ S.P. Scott : History , Vol II , p. 259 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Simplified : Many Moors were `` converted '' rudely , baptized by force with a wet broom , without religious instruction or record keeping . Absent records , the Inquisition decreed that all Moors were to be regarded as baptized and thus were Moriscos subject to the Inquisition . Secular authorities then decreed ( in 1526 ) that 40 years of religious instruction would precede any prosecution . Fifty Moriscos were burnt at the stake before the Crown clarified its position . Neither the Church nor the Moriscos utilized the years well . The Moriscos can be stereotyped as poor , rural , uneducated agricultural workers who spoke Arabic . The Church had limited willingness or ability to educate this now - hostile group. Green ( 2007 ) , pp. 124 - 127 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kamen ( 1998 ) , p. 222 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kamen ( 1998 ) , p. 217 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kamen ( 1998 ) , p. 225 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Lea ( 1901 ) , p. 308 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Lea ( 1901 ) , p. 345 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Trevor J. Dadson : The Assimilation of Spain 's Moriscos : Fiction or Reality ? . Journal of Levantine Studies , vol. 1 , no . 2 , Winter 2011 , pp. 11 - 30 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Boase , Roger ( 4 April 2002 ) . `` The Muslim Expulsion from Spain '' . History Today . 52 ( 4 ) . The majority of those permanently expelled settling in the Maghreb or Barbary Coast , especially in Oran , Tunis , Tlemcen , Tetuán , Rabat and Salé . Many travelled overland to France , but after the assassination of Henry of Navarre by Ravaillac in May 1610 , they were forced to emigrate to Italy , Sicily or Constantinople . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Adams , Susan M. ; Bosch , Elena ; Balaresque , Patricia L. ; Ballereau , Stéphane J. ; Lee , Andrew C. ; Arroyo , Eduardo ; López - Parra , Ana M. ; Aler , Mercedes ; Grifo , Marina S. Gisbert ; Brion , Maria ; Carracedo , Angel ; Lavinha , João ; Martínez - Jarreta , Begoña ; Quintana - Murci , Lluis ; Picornell , Antònia ; Ramon , Misericordia ; Skorecki , Karl ; Behar , Doron M. ; Calafell , Francesc ; Jobling , Mark A. ( December 2008 ) . `` The Genetic Legacy of Religious Diversity and Intolerance : Paternal Lineages of Christians , Jews , and Muslims in the Iberian Peninsula '' . The American Journal of Human Genetics . 83 ( 6 ) : 725 -- 736 . doi : 10.1016 / j. ajhg. 2008.11. 007 . PMC 2668061 . PMID 19061982 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Michel Boeglin : La expulsión de los moriscos de Andalucía y sus límites . El caso de Sevilla ( 1610 - 1613 ) ( In Spanish ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Vínculos Historia : The Moriscos who remained . The permanence of Islamic origin population in Early Modern Spain : Kingdom of Granada , XVII - XVIII centuries ( In Spanish ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kamen ( 2014 ) , p. 100 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kamen ( 2014 ) , p. 94 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kamen ( 2014 ) , p. 126 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kamen ( 2014 ) , p. 98 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kamen ( 2014 ) , p. 97 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ These trials , specifically those of Valladolid , form the basis of the plot of The Heretic : A novel of the Inquisition by Miguel Delibes ( Overlook : 2006 ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kamen ( 1998 ) , p. 99 gives the figure of about 100 executions for heresy of any kind between 1559 and 1566 . He compares these figures with those condemned to death in other European countries during the same period , concluding that in similar periods England , under Mary Tudor , executed about twice as many for heresy : in France , three times the number , and ten times as many in the Low Countries . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kamen ( 2014 ) , pp. 102 - 108 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kamen ( 1998 ) , p. 98 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kamen ( 1998 ) , pp. 99 -- 100 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Johnson , Paul , A History of Christianity , Penguin , London 1976 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kamen ( 2005 ) , pp. 126 -- 130 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ These trials are the theme of the film Akelarre , by the Spanish director Pedro Olea . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Henry Kamen : The Spanish Inquisition A Historical Revision. 1999 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Cited in Henningsen , Gustav , ed . The Salazar Documents : Inquisitor Alonso de Salazar Frías and Others on the Basque Witch Persecution . Vol 21 , Cultures , Beliefs , and Traditions : Medieval and Early Modern Peoples . Boston : Koninklijke Brill , 2004 . Second Report of Salazar to the Inquisitor General ( Logroño , 24 March 1612 ) : An account of the whole visitation and publication of the Edict with special reference to the witches ' sect , 352 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Green ( 2007 ) , pp. 223 - 224 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Green ( 2007 ) , p. 296 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Green ( 2007 ) , p. 298 Five to seven years in Portugal . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Statistics are not available for Spanish oarsmen , but the general state of Mediterranean oared galleys circa 1570 was grim . `` ... galley slaves led lives bitter and short . '' `` One way or another the oared galley consumed men like fuel . Each dying wretch dumped overboard had to be replaced - and there were never enough . '' Crowley , Roger ( 2009 ) . Empires of the sea : the siege of Malta , the battle of Lepanto , and the contest for the center of the world . New York : Random House Trade Paperbacks . pp. 77 -- 78 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8129 - 77646 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kamen ( 1998 ) , p. 259 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Monter , Frontiers of Heresy , pp. 276 - 299 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Green ( 2007 ) , p. 320 </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : William R. Denslow , Harry S. Truman : 10,000 Famous Freemasons , ISBN 1 - 4179 - 7579 - 2 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ McEwan , Bonnie G . `` The Archaeology of Women in the Spanish New World . '' Historical Archaeology 25 , no . 4 ( 1991 ) : 34 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ McEwan , Bonnie G . `` The Archaeology of Women in the Spanish New World . '' Historical Archaeology 25 , no . 4 ( 1991 ) : 34 . The Crown believed that one of the most efficient ways of maintaining power , especially in the colonies , was by emphasizing the importance of family and holding women responsible for the education of future generations . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Henningsen , Gustav : The Spanish Inquisition and the Inquisitorial Mind , p. 220 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ García Cárcel ( 1976 ) , p. 21 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kamen ( 1998 ) , p. 141 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ In Sicily , the Inquisition functioned until 30 March 1782 , when it was abolished by King Ferdinand IV of Naples . It is estimated that 200 people were executed during this period . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ García Cárcel ( 1976 ) , p. 24 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Cited in Kamen ( 1998 ) , p. 151 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kamen ( 1998 ) , p. 57 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kamen ( 1998 ) , p. 174 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Though over the course of the trial , their identities likely became apparent . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` In the tribunal of Valladolid , in 1699 , various suspects ( including a girl of 9 and a boy of 14 ) were jailed for up to two years with having had the least evaluation of the accusations presented against them '' ( Kamen ( 1998 ) , p. 180 ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Walsh , Thomas William , Characters of the Inquisition , P.J. Kennedy & Sons , 1940 , p. 163 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ H.C. Lea , III , p. 33 , Cited in Kamen ( 1998 ) , p. 185 . García Cárcel ( 1976 ) , p. 43 finds the same statistics . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Haliczer , Stephen , Inquisition and society in the kingdom of Valencia , 1478 - 1834 , p. 79 , University of California Press , 1990 </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Kamen ( 1998 ) , p. 190 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ by Peters , Edward , Inquisition , Dissent , Heterodoxy and the Medieval Inquisitional Office , pp. 92 - 93 , University of California Press ( 1989 ) , ISBN 0 - 520 - 06630 - 8 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kamen ( 1998 ) , p. 189 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Sabatini , Rafael , Torquemada and the Spanish Inquisition : A History , p. 190 , Kessinger Publishing ( 2003 ) , ISBN 0 - 7661 - 3161 - 0 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Scott , George Ryley , The History of Torture Throughout the Ages , p. 172 , Columbia University Press ( 2003 ) ISBN 0 - 7103 - 0837 - X . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Carrol . James , Constantine 's Sword : The Church and the Jews : A History , p. 356 , Houghton Mifflin Books ( 2002 ) , ISBN 0 - 618 - 21908 - 0 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Peters , Edward , Inquisition , Dissent , Heterodoxy and the Medieval Inquisitional Office , p. 65 , University of California Press ( 1989 ) , ISBN 0 - 520 - 06630 - 8 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ García Cárcel ( 1976 ) , p. 39 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Peters 1988 : 93 - 94 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kamen ( 1998 ) , pp. 192 -- 213 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Stavans 2005 : xxxiv . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Cited in Elorza , La Inquisición y el pensamiento ilustrado . Historia 16 . Especial 10o Aniversario La Inquisición ; p. 81 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Members of the government and the Council of Castile , as well as other members close to the court , obtained special authorization for books purchased in France , the Low Countries or Germany to cross the border without inspection by members of the Holy Office . This practice grew beginning with the reign of Charles III . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Elorza , La Inquisición y el pensamiento ilustrado . p. 84 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ The argument presented in the periodicals and other works circulating in Spain were virtually exact copies of the reflections of Montesquieu or Rousseau , translated into Spanish . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Church properties , in general , and those of the Holy Office in particular , occupied large tracts of today 's Castile and León , Extremadura and Andalucia . The properties were given under feudal terms to farmers or to localities who used them as community property with many restrictions , owing a part of the rent , generally in cash , to the church . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Elorza , La Inquisición y el Pensamiento Ilustrado . Historia 16 . Especial 10o Aniversario La Inquisición ; pg. 88 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ See Antonio Puigblanch , La Inquisición sin máscara , Cádiz , 1811 -- 1813 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kamen ( 2014 ) , p. 382 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Historians have different interpretations . One argument is that during the Ominous Decade , the Inquisition was re-established - because of a statement made by King Alphonso upon a visit to the Vatican that he would reintroduce it if the occasion arose , but the Royal Decree that would have abolished the order of the Trienio Liberal was never approved , or at least , never published . The formal abolition under the regency of Maria Cristina was thus nothing more than a ratification of the abolition of 1820 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kamen ( 2014 ) , pp. 372 - 373 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ 1492 Ban on Jews Is Voided by Spain -- The New York Times , 17 December 1968 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Anderson , James Maxwell . Daily Life during the Spanish Inquisition . Greenwood Press , 2002 . ISBN 0 - 313 - 31667 - 8 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kamen ( 1998 ) , p. 150 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ this is roughly comparable with the number of people executed for witchcraft in Europe during about the same time span as the Inquisition ( estimated at c. 40,000 -- 60,000 , i.e. roughly ten times higher in a territory with a population roughly ten times higher ) . Data for executions for witchcraft : Levack , Brian P. ( 1995 ) . The Witch Hunt in Early Modern Europe ( Second Edition ) . London and New York : Longman , and see Witch trials in Early Modern Europe for more detail . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ For full account see : Gustav Henningsen , The Database of the Spanish Inquisition . The relaciones de causas project revisited , in : Heinz Mohnhaupt , Dieter Simon , Vorträge zur Justizforschung , Vittorio Klostermann , 1992 , pp. 43 - 85 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ W. Monter , Frontiers of Heresy : The Spanish Inquisition from the Basque Lands to Sicily , Cambridge 2003 , p. 53 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Jean - Pierre Dedieu , Los Cuatro Tiempos , in Bartolomé Benassar , Inquisición Española : poder político y control social , pp. 15 - 39 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ García Cárcel ( 1976 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kamen ( 2005 ) , p. 15 / ref > Rudolph J. Rummel estimates the death toll from the Spanish Inquisition at 350,000. ref > Pinker , Steven ( 2012 ) . The Better Angels of Our Nature : Why Violence Has Declined . Penguin Books . p. 141 . ISBN 9780143122012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Henningsen , The Database of the Spanish Inquisition , p. 84 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Henningsen , The Database of the Spanish Inquisition , p. 58 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Henningsen , The Database of the Spanish Inquisition , p. 84 . Numbers in the table are given in approximation . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Data for the Aragonese Secretariat are probably complete , some small lacunae may concern only Valencia and possibly Sardinia and Cartagena , but the numbers for Castilian Secretariat - except Canaries and Galicia - should be considered as minimal due to gaps in the documentation . In some cases it is remarked that the number does not concern the whole period 1540 -- 1700 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : W. Monter , Frontiers of heresy , p. 327 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ W. Monter , pp. 309 i 329 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Museo de la Inquisición y del Congreso . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ See H. Ch . Lea , The Inquisition in the Spanish Dependencies , London 1922 , p. 204 ff. and The Catholic Encyclopedia : Mexico . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Francisco Fajardo Spínola , La actividad procesal del Santo Oficio . Algunas consideraciones sobre su estudio , Manuscrits 17 , 1999 , p. 114 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ One burned in 1567 ( E. Schäffer , Beiträge zur Geschichte des Spanischen Protestantismus , Bd. 2 , Gütersloh 1902 , p. 41 - 42 ) , 13 in the period 1570 -- 1625 ( W. Monter , Frontiers of heresy , p. 48 ) , 5 burned in 1627 , another 5 burned in 1655 ( Kamen ( 2005 ) , p. 266 ) and 3 burned alive in 1665 ( Miriam Bodian , Dying in the law of Moses : crypto - Jewish martyrdom in the Iberian world , Indiana University Press 2007 , p. 219 ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ cf . Henningsen , p. 68 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Four burned between 1553 and 1558 ( W. Monter , Frontiers of heresy , p. 37 - 38 n . 22 ) , one in 1561 ( W. Monter , Frontiers of heresy , p. 233 ) , 19 others in the period 1570 -- 1625 ( W. Monter , Frontiers of heresy , p. 48 ) and 10 burned in 1654 ( Heinrich Graetz , History of the Jews , Vol . V , 2009 , p. 91 ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Two persons condemned to death in 1678 were burned in the auto da fe celebrated in Madrid in 1680 ( H. Ch . Lea , History of the Inquisition of Spain , New York 1907 , vol . III , p. 300 ) . Therefore , they are included in the number of executions for Toledo / Madrid . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ This number includes 7 persons burned ca . 1545 ( H. Ch . Lea , History of the Inquisition of Spain , New York 1907 , vol . III , p. 189 ) , 9 persons burned in 1550 - 52 ( Flora García Ivars , La represión en el tribunal inquisitorial de Granada , 1550 -- 1819 , ed . Akal , 1991 , p. 194 ) , 14 persons burned in 1560s . ( W. Monter , p. 44 i 233 ) , 24 burned between 1570 and 1625 ( W. Monter , p. 48 ) , 12 burned in 1654 ( Heinrich Graetz , History of the Jews , Vol . V , 2009 , p. 92 ) and 6 burned in 1672 ( A.J. Saraiva , H.P. Salomon , I.S.D. Sassoon : The Marrano Factory : The Portuguese Inquisition and Its New Christians 1536 -- 1765 . Leiden -- Boston -- Cologne : BRILL , 2001 , p. 217 n . 62 ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ 154 burned between 1557 and 1568 ( J.L. Morales y Marin : El Alcazar de la Inquisicion en Murcia , s . 40 ) , 11 executed in the period 1570 -- 1625 ( W. Monter , p. 48 ) and 25 between 1686 and 1699 ( Consuelo Maqueda Abreu , El auto de fe , Madryt 1992 , p. 97 ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ This number includes 2 executions in the auto - da - fé in 1545 ( W. Monter , Frontiers of heresy , p. 38 ) , 114 executions in the autos da fe between 1559 and 1660 ( Victoria González de Caldas , Judíos o cristianos ? , Universidad de Sevilla , 2000 , p. 528 ) and 12 executions in the autos da fe between 1666 -- 1695 ( Consuelo Maqueda Abreu , El auto de fe , Madrid 1992 , pp. 99 - 100 ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ 13 burned in the autos da fe between 1555 and 1569 ( E. Schäffer , Beiträge zur Geschichte des Spanischen Protestantismus , Bd. 2 , Gütersloh 1902 , p. 79 - 91 . ) , 25 burned between 1570 and 1625 ( W. Monter , p. 48 ) , 2 burned between 1648 and 1699 ( H. Ch . Lea , A History of the Inquisition of Spain , vol. IV , New York 1907 , p. 524 ; cf . Joaquín Pérez Villanueva & Bartolomé Escandell Bonet ( ed . ) , Historia de la Inquisición en España y América , vol. 1 , Madrid 1984 , p. 1395 ) , and 26 burned in two autos da fe in Madrid w 1632 and 1680 ( H. Ch . Lea , A History of the Inquisition of Spain , vol . III , New York 1907 , p. 228 ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ This number includes 6 executions given by Henningsen and Contreras for the period 1620 -- 1670 ( Henningsen , The Database of the Spanish Inquisition , pp. 58 and 65 ) , 26 burned in two famous autos - da - fé in 1559 ( W. Monter , Frontiers of heresy , pp. 41 i 44 ) , 2 burned in 1561 ( W. Monter , pp. 41 , 44 i 233 ) , 15 burned between 1562 and 1567 ( E. Schäffer , Beiträge zur Geschichte des Spanischen Protestantismus , Bd. 3 , Gütersloh 1902 , p. 131 ) and 5 burned in 1691 ( H. Ch . Lea , History of the Inquisition of Spain , New York 1907 , vol . III , p. 197 ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Source : Teofanes Egido , Las modificaciones de la tipologia : nueva estructura delictiva , in : Joaquín Pérez Villanueva & Bartolomé Escandell Bonet , Historia de la Inquisición en España y América , vol. 1 , Madrid 1984 , p. 1395 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Green , Toby ( 2007 ) . Inquisition : the Reign of Fear . New York : Thomas Dunne Books . pp. 4 -- 5 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 312 - 53724 - 1 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Archivo General de las Indias , Seville , Santa Fe 228 , Expediente 63 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Archivo General de las Indias , Seville , Santa Fe 228 , Expediente 81A , n. 33 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Green , Toby ( 2007 ) . Inquisition : the Reign of Fear . New York : Thomas Dunne Books . p. 65 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 312 - 53724 - 1 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Barrios , Manuel ( 1991 ) . El Tribunal de la Inquisicion en Andalucia : Seleccion de Textos y Documentos . Seville : J. Rodriguez Castillejo S.A. p. 58 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Juderías , Julián ( 2003 ; first edition 1914 ) : La Leyenda Negra </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` A Kinder , Gentler Inquisition '' , by Richard Kagan in the New York Times , 19 April 1998 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Henry Charles Lea Papers - Biographical Sketch '' . Univ. of Penn. - Penn Special Collections . January 11 , 2003 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 18 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Van Hove , Brian ( 12 November 1996 ) . `` A New Industry : The Inquisition '' . Catholic.net . Archived from the original on 2007 - 04 - 05 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 18 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ See for example Jean - Pierre Dedieu , Los Cuatro Tiempos , in Bartolomé Benassar , Inquisición Española : poder político y control social , pp. 15 - 39 and García Cárcel ( 1976 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Benzion Netanyahu 's History </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Green , Toby ( 2007 ) . Inquisition : the Reign of Fear . New York : Thomas Dunne Books . p. 10 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 312 - 53724 - 1 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ The Real Inquisition : investigating the popular myth by Thomas F. Madden ( National Review , 18 June 2004 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ ' Spanish Inquisition ' Compilation - Monty Python 's Flying Circus </Li> </Ol> <H3> Bibliography ( edit ) </H3> <Dl> <Dt> Revisionist books </Dt> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> Carroll , Warren H. , Isabel : the Catholic Queen , Christendom Press ( 1991 ) </Li> <Li> García Cárcel , Ricardo ( 1976 ) . Orígenes de la Inquisición Española . El Tribunal de Valencia , 1478 -- 1530 . Barcelona . </Li> <Li> Graizbord , David L. Souls in Dispute : Converso Identities in Iberia and the Jewish Diaspora , 1580 - 1700 . Philadelphia : University of Pennsylvania Press 2004 . </Li> <Li> Homza , Lu Ann , The Spanish Inquisition , 1478 -- 1614 , An Anthology of Sources , Hackett Publishing ( 2006 ) </Li> <Li> Kamen , Henry ( 1998 ) . The Spanish Inquisition : a Historical Revision . Yale University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 300 - 07522 - 9 . </Li> <Li> Kamen , Henry ( 2005 ) . Inkwizycja Hiszpańska ( The Spanish Inquisition ) ( in Polish ) . Warsaw : Państwowy Instytut Wydawniczy . ISBN 978 - 83 - 06 - 02963 - 5 . </Li> <Li> Kamen , Henry ( 2014 ) . The Spanish Inquisition : A Historical Revision . New Haven : Yale University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 300 - 18051 - 0 . Kamen has published 4 editions under 3 titles : `` First edition published 1965 ... as The Spanish Inquisition . Second edition published 1985 ... as Inquisition and Society in Spain . Third edition published 1998 ... as The Spanish Inquisition : A Historical Revision . Fourth edition 2014 . '' </Li> <Li> Monter , William , Frontiers of Heresy : The Spanish Inquisition from the Basque Lands to Sicily , Cambridge University Press ( 1990 ) </Li> <Li> Parker , Geoffrey ( 1982 ) . `` Some recent work on the Inquisition in Spain and Italy '' . Journal of Modern History . 54 ( 3 ) : 519 -- 532 . JSTOR 1906231 . </Li> <Li> Peters , Edward ( 1988 ) . Inquisition . New York London : Free Press Collier Macmillan . ISBN 9780029249802 . </Li> <Li> Rawlings , Helen , The Spanish Inquisition , Blackwell Publishing ( 2006 ) </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dt> Seminal classical works </Dt> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> Henry Charles Lea , A History of the Inquisition of Spain ( 4 volumes ) , ( New York and London , 1906 -- 1907 ) . </Li> <Li> Lea , Henry Charles ( 1901 ) . The Moriscos of Spain : Their Conversion and Expulsion . Philadelphia , PA : Lea Brothers and Co . </Li> <Li> Juan Antonio Llorente , `` Historia crítica de la Inquisición de España '' </Li> <Li> Ludwig von Pastor , History of the Popes from the Close of the Middle Ages ; Drawn from the Secret Archives of the Vatican and other original sources , 40 vols . St. Louis , B. Herder 1898 </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dt> Old scholarship </Dt> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> Antonio Puigblanch , La Inquisición sin máscara ( Cádiz , 1811 -- 1813 ) . ( The Inquisition Unmasked ( London , 1816 ) ) </Li> <Li> William Thomas Walsh , Isabella of Spain ( 1930 ) and Characters of the Inquisition ( 1940 ) . Both reprinted by TAN Books ( 1987 ) . </Li> <Li> Rafael Sabatini , Torquemada and the Spanish Inquisition ( 1913 ) </Li> <Li> C. Roth , The Spanish Inquisition ( 1937 ) </Li> <Li> C. Roth , History of the Marranos ( 1932 ) </Li> <Li> A.S. Turberville , Medieval History and the Inquisition ( 1920 ) </Li> <Li> A.S. Turberville , The Spanish Inquisition ( 1932 ) . </Li> <Li> Genaro García , La Inquisición de México ( 1906 ) . </Li> <Li> Genaro Garcia , Autos de fe de la Inquisición de Mexico ( 1910 ) </Li> <Li> F. Garau , La Fee Triunfante ( 1691 - reprinted 1931 ) </Li> <Li> J.T. Medina , Historia de la Inquisicion de Lima ; de Chile ; le la Plata ; de Cartagena de las Indias ; en las islas Filipinas ( 6 volumes ) , ( 1887 -- 1899 ) </Li> <Li> V. Vignau , Catálogo ... de la Inquisición de Toledo ( 1903 ) </Li> <Li> J. Baker , History of the Inquisition ( 1736 ) </Li> <Li> History of the Inquisition from its origin under Pope Innocent III till the present time . Also the private practices of the Inquisitors , the form of trial and modes of torture ( 1814 ) </Li> <Li> J. Marchant , A Review of the Bloody Tribunal ( 1770 ) </Li> <Li> E.N Adler , Autos de fe and the Jew ( 1908 ) </Li> <Li> González de Montes , Discovery and Playne Declaration of Sundry Subtile Practices of the Holy Inquisition of Spayne </Li> <Li> Ludovico a Paramo , De Origine et Progressu Sanctae Inquisitionis ( 1598 ) </Li> <Li> J.M. Marín , Procedimientos de la Inquisición ( 2 volumes ) , ( 1886 ) </Li> <Li> I. de las Cagigas , Libro Verde de Aragon ( 1929 ) </Li> <Li> R. Cappa , La Inquisicion Espanola ( 1888 ) </Li> <Li> A. Paz y Mellia , Catálogo Abreviado de Papeles de Inquisición ( 1914 ) </Li> <Li> A.F.G. Bell , Luis de Leon ( 1925 ) </Li> <Li> M. Jouve , Torquemada ( 1935 ) </Li> <Li> Sir Alexander G. Cardew , A Short History of the Inquisition ( 1933 ) </Li> <Li> G.G. Coulton , The Inquisition ( 1929 ) </Li> <Li> Memoires Instructifs pour un Voyageur dans les Divers États de l'Europe ( 1738 ) </Li> <Li> Ramon de Vilana Perlas , La verdadera práctica apostólica de el S. Tribunal de la Inquisición ( 1735 ) </Li> <Li> H.B. Piazza , A Short and True Account of the Inquisition and its Proceeding ( 1722 ) </Li> <Li> A.L. Maycock , The Inquisition ( 1926 ) </Li> <Li> H. Nickerson , The Inquisition ( 1932 ) </Li> <Li> Conde de Castellano , Un Complot Terrorista en el Siglo XV ; los Comienzos de la Inquisicion Aragonesa , ( 1927 ) </Li> <Li> Bernard Gui , Manuel de l'Inquisiteur , ( 1927 ) </Li> <Li> L. Tanon , Histoire des Tribunaux de l'Inquisition ( 1893 ) </Li> <Li> A.J. Texeira , Antonio Homem ea Inquisicao ( 1902 ) </Li> <Li> A. Baiao , A Inquisiçao em Portugal e no Brasil ( 1921 ) </Li> <Li> A. Herculano , Historia da Origem e Estabelecimento da Inquisiçao em Portugal ( English translation , 1926 ) </Li> <Li> Joseph de Maistre , Letters on the Spanish Inquisition ( 1822 , composed 1815 ) : -- late defence of the Inquisition </Li> <Li> Cornelius August Wilkens : Spanish Protestants in the Sixteenth Century ( 1897 ) , 218p . read online at archive.org `` Title Catalog '' . The Library of Iberian Resources . Retrieved 2006 - 05 - 17 . </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> Other </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> Green , Toby ( 2007 ) . Inquisition : the reign of fear . New York : Thomas Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 312 - 53724 - 1 . </Li> <Li> Miranda Twiss , The Most Evil Men And Women In History ( Michael O'Mara Books Ltd. , 2002 ) . </Li> <Li> Simon Whitechapel , Flesh Inferno : Atrocities of Torquemada and the Spanish Inquisition ( Creation Books , 2003 ) . </Li> </Ul> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wikimedia Commons has media related to Inquisition . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="3"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> History of Christianity </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="3"> <Ul> <Li> Centuries : 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th 11th 12th 13th 14th 15th 16th 17th 18th 19th 20th 21st </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Ministry of Jesus and Apostolic Age </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Jesus <Ul> <Li> Ministry </Li> <Li> Crucifixion </Li> <Li> Resurrection </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Holy Spirit </Li> <Li> Leadership <Ul> <Li> Apostles </Li> <Li> Seventy disciples </Li> <Li> Paul the Apostle </Li> <Li> Council of Jerusalem </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Great Commission </Li> <Li> New Testament <Ul> <Li> Background </Li> <Li> Gospels </Li> <Li> Acts </Li> <Li> Pauline epistles </Li> <Li> General epistles </Li> <Li> Revelation </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Ante - 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Christmas stocking - wikipedia <H1> Christmas stocking </H1> Jump to : navigation , search Stockings on a fireplace mantel . A Christmas stocking hung on a bedpost . Socks Clinton ( the White House cat of the Clinton family ) lays with his stocking <P> A Christmas stocking is an empty sock or sock - shaped bag that is hung on Christmas Eve so that Santa Claus ( or Father Christmas ) can fill it with small toys , candy , fruit , coins or other small gifts when he arrives . These small items are often referred to as stocking stuffers or stocking fillers . In some Christmas stories , the contents of the Christmas stocking are the only toys the child receives at Christmas from Santa Claus ; in other stories ( and in tradition ) , some presents are also wrapped up in wrapping paper and placed under the Christmas tree . Tradition in Western culture threatens that a child who behaves badly during the year will receive only a piece or pile of coal . However , coal is rarely if ever left in a stocking , as it is considered cruel . Some people even put their Christmas stocking by their bedposts so Santa Claus can fill it by the bed while they sleep . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 History </Li> <Li> 2 The World 's Biggest Christmas Stocking </Li> <Li> 3 See also </Li> <Li> 4 References </Li> <Li> 5 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> History ( edit ) </H2> <P> While there are no written records of the origin of the Christmas Stocking , there are popular legends that attempt to tell the history of this Christmas tradition . One such legend has several variations , but the following is a good example : </P> <Dl> <Dd> Very long ago , there lived a poor man and his three very beautiful daughters . He had no money to get his daughters married , and he was worried what would happen to them after his death . Saint Nicholas was passing through when he heard the villagers talking about the girls . St. Nicholas wanted to help , but knew that the old man would n't accept charity . He decided to help in secret . After dark he threw three bags of gold through an open window , one landed in a stocking . When the girls and their father woke up the next morning they found the bags of gold and were , of course , overjoyed . The girls were able to get married and live happily ever after . Other versions of the story say that Saint Nicholas threw the three bags of gold directly into the stockings which were hung by the fireplace to dry . </Dd> </Dl> <P> This led to the custom of children hanging stockings or putting out shoes , eagerly awaiting gifts from Saint Nicholas . Sometimes the story is told with gold balls instead of bags of gold . That is why three gold balls , sometimes represented as oranges , are one of the symbols for St. Nicholas . And so , St. Nicholas is a gift - giver . This is also the origin of three gold balls being used as a symbol for pawnbrokers . </P> <P> A tradition that began in a European country originally , children simply used one of their everyday socks , but eventually special Christmas stockings were created for this purpose . The Christmas stocking custom is derived from the Germanic / Scandinavian figure Odin . According to Phyllis Siefker , children would place their boots , filled with carrots , straw , or sugar , near the chimney for Odin 's flying horse , Sleipnir , to eat . Odin would reward those children for their kindness by replacing Sleipnir 's food with gifts or candy . This practice , she claims , survived in Germany , Belgium and the Netherlands after the adoption of Christianity and became associated with Saint Nicholas as a result of the process of Christianization . Today , stores carry a large variety of styles and sizes of Christmas stockings , and Christmas stockings are also a popular homemade craft . This claim is disputed though as there are no records of stocking filling practices related to Odin until there is a merging of St. Nicholas with Odin . St. Nicholas had an earlier merging with the Grandmother cult in Bari , Italy where the grandmother would put gifts in stockings . This merged St. Nicholas would later travel north and merge with the Odin cults . </P> <P> Many families create their own Christmas stockings with each family member 's name applied to the stocking so that Santa will know which stocking belongs to which family member . </P> <H2> The World 's Biggest Christmas stocking ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This section may lend undue weight to certain ideas , incidents , or controversies . Please help to create a more balanced presentation . Discuss and resolve this issue before removing this message . ( October 2014 ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> According to the Guinness World Records , the largest recorded Christmas stocking measured 51 m 35 cm ( 168 ft 5.65 in ) in length and 21 m 63 cm ( 70 ft 11.57 in ) in width ( heel to toe ) and was produced by a volunteer emergency services organisation in Carrara , Tuscany , Italy , on 5 January 2011 . To fulfill the Guinness guideline that the stocking contain presents , volunteers filled it with balloons containing sweets . </P> <P> Prior to this the record had been broken in London on 14 December 2007 by volunteers of The Children 's Society , whose stocking measured 32.56 m long and 14.97 m wide . </P> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Christmas shopping </Li> <Li> Christmas decoration </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Armah , Daniel A. ( 1 November 2011 ) . `` Lessons of Christmas '' . Xulon Press . p. 228 . Retrieved 25 December 2017 -- via Google Books . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Morris , Desmond ( 1992 ) . Christmas Watching . Jonathan Cape . pp. 14 -- 15 . ISBN 0 - 224 - 03598 - 3 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Bowler , Gerry ( 2000 ) . The World Encyclopedia of Christmas . Toronto : McClelland & Stewart . p. 156 . ISBN 0 - 7710 - 1531 - 3 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Three Impoverished Maidens '' . St. Nicholas Center . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 17 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Siefker , Phyllis . Santa Claus , Last of the Wild Men : The Origins and Evolution of Saint Nicholas , Spanning 50,000 Years ( chap. 9 , esp. 171 - 173 ) ( 2006 ) ISBN 0 - 7864 - 2958 - 5 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Origin of Christmas The history of Christmas and how it began '' . Simpletoremember.com. 1941 - 12 - 25 . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 27 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Largest Christmas Stocking '' . Guinness World Records . Retrieved 14 May 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The World 's Biggest Christmas Stocking '' . Childrenssociety.org.uk. 2007 - 12 - 18 . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 27 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wikimedia Commons has media related to Christmas stocking . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ul> <Li> New York Times - The Christmas Stocking </Li> <Li> Guinness Book of World Records - Largest Christmas Stocking </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Christmas </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Christmas Eve </Li> <Li> Children 's Day </Li> <Li> Boxing Day </Li> <Li> Nochebuena </Li> <Li> Saint Nicholas Day </Li> <Li> St. Stephen 's Day </Li> <Li> Sol Invictus </Li> <Li> Yule </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> In Christianity </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Biblical Magi <Ul> <Li> Adoration of the Magi </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Adoration of the Shepherds </Li> <Li> Advent </Li> <Li> Angel Gabriel </Li> <Li> Annunciation </Li> <Li> Annunciation to the shepherds </Li> <Li> Baptism of the Lord </Li> <Li> Bethlehem </Li> <Li> Christingle </Li> <Li> Christmastide </Li> <Li> Epiphany </Li> <Li> Herod the Great </Li> <Li> Jesus </Li> <Li> Joseph </Li> <Li> Mary </Li> <Li> Massacre of the Innocents <Ul> <Li> flight into Egypt </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Nativity Fast </Li> <Li> Nativity of Jesus <Ul> <Li> in art </Li> <Li> in later culture </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Nativity scene </Li> <Li> Saint Nicholas </Li> <Li> Star of Bethlehem </Li> <Li> Twelfth Night </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> In folklore </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Badalisc </Li> <Li> La Befana </Li> <Li> Belsnickel </Li> <Li> Caganer </Li> <Li> Christkind </Li> <Li> Ded Moroz </Li> <Li> Elves </Li> <Li> Father Christmas </Li> <Li> Grýla </Li> <Li> Jack Frost </Li> <Li> Joulupukki </Li> <Li> Knecht Ruprecht </Li> <Li> Korvatunturi </Li> <Li> Krampus </Li> <Li> Mikulás </Li> <Li> Miner 's figure </Li> <Li> Mrs. Claus </Li> <Li> Nisse / Tomte </Li> <Li> North Pole </Li> <Li> Old Man Winter </Li> <Li> Olentzero </Li> <Li> Père Fouettard </Li> <Li> Père Noël </Li> <Li> Rudolph the Red - 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Fort Myers , Florida - wikipedia <H1> Fort Myers , Florida </H1> Jump to : navigation , search City in Florida , United States <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Fort Myers , Florida </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> City </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Sidney and Berne Davis Art Museum in downtown Fort Myers </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Nickname ( s ) : `` City of Palms '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Location in Lee County , Florida </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> U.S. Census Bureau map showing city limits </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Coordinates : 26 ° 37 ′ N 81 ° 50 ′ W / 26.617 ° N 81.833 ° W / 26.617 ; - 81.833 Coordinates : 26 ° 37 ′ N 81 ° 50 ′ W / 26.617 ° N 81.833 ° W / 26.617 ; - 81.833 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Country </Th> <Td> United States </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> State </Th> <Td> Florida </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> County </Th> <Td> Lee </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Founded </Th> <Td> March 24 , 1886 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Government </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Type </Th> <Td> Council -- manager </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Mayor </Th> <Td> Randy Henderson , Jr . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Area </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Total </Th> <Td> 48.97 sq mi ( 126.84 km ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Land </Th> <Td> 39.78 sq mi ( 103.02 km ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Water </Th> <Td> 9.20 sq mi ( 23.82 km ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Elevation </Th> <Td> 10 ft ( 3 m ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Population ( 2010 ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Total </Th> <Td> 62,298 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Estimate ( 2016 ) </Th> <Td> 77,146 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Density </Th> <Td> 1,939.46 / sq mi ( 748.84 / km ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Time zone </Th> <Td> Eastern ( EST ) ( UTC - 5 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Summer ( DST ) </Th> <Td> EDT ( UTC - 4 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> ZIP code ( s ) </Th> <Td> 33900 - 33999 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Area code ( s ) </Th> <Td> 239 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> FIPS code </Th> <Td> 12 - 24125 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> GNIS feature ID </Th> <Td> 0282700 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Website </Th> <Td> cityftmyers.com </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Fort Myers or Ft . Myers , is the county seat and commercial center of Lee County , Florida , United States . It has grown rapidly in recent years . As of the 2010 census , the city population was 62,298 and in 2016 was estimated at 77,146 . </P> <P> Fort Myers is a gateway to the Southwest Florida region and a major tourist destination within Florida . The winter estates of Thomas Edison ( `` Seminole Lodge '' ) and Henry Ford ( `` The Mangoes '' ) are major attractions . The city is named after Colonel Abraham Myers . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 History <Ul> <Li> 1.1 Settlement and founding </Li> <Li> 1.2 20th century </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2 Geography and climate </Li> <Li> 3 Demographics </Li> <Li> 4 Government </Li> <Li> 5 Education <Ul> <Li> 5.1 Secondary schools </Li> <Li> 5.2 Higher education </Li> <Li> 5.3 Libraries </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 6 Sports </Li> <Li> 7 Points of interest </Li> <Li> 8 Public Transportation <Ul> <Li> 8.1 Airports </Li> <Li> 8.2 Ground Transport </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 9 Fort Myers in popular culture <Ul> <Li> 9.1 In film </Li> <Li> 9.2 In print </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 10 Notable people <Ul> <Li> 10.1 Present </Li> <Li> 10.2 Past </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 11 Sister cities </Li> <Li> 12 References </Li> <Li> 13 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> History ( edit ) </H2> <P> Spain originally had colonial influence in Florida , succeeded by Great Britain and , lastly , the United States . During the American Indian Wars of the 1830s , the United States built Fort Myers as one of the first forts along the Caloosahatchee River ; it was used as a base of operations against the Seminole . During the Seminole Wars and Indian Removal period , Fort Myers was a strategic location , with access to Atlantic waterways . While many Seminole were forced to remove to Indian Territory west of the Mississippi River , others used their knowledge of the Everglades and Florida wilderness to resist the Americans . They were never defeated and two federally recognized Seminole tribes still control some of their historic territory . </P> <P> During the American Civil War , Confederate blockade runners and cattle ranchers were based in Fort Myers . These settlers prospered through trading with the Seminole and Union soldiers . </P> <H3> Settlement and founding ( edit ) </H3> <P> The Fort Myers community was founded after the American Civil War by Captain Manuel A. Gonzalez on February 21 , 1866 . Captain Gonzalez was familiar with the area as a result of his years of service delivering mail and supplies to the Union Army at the Fort during the Seminole Indian Wars and Civil War . When the U.S. Government abandoned the fort following the Civil War , Gonzalez sailed from Key West , Florida to found the community . Three weeks later , Joseph Vivas and his wife , Christianna Stirrup Vivas , arrived with Gonzalez 's wife , Evalina , and daughter Mary . </P> <P> Gonzalez settled his family near the abandoned Fort Myers , where he began the area 's first trading post . Gonzalez traded tobacco , beads , and gunpowder , and sold otter , bobcat , and gator hide , to the neighboring Seminole . A small community began to form around the trading post . </P> <P> In the late 19th century , northerners began to travel to Florida in the winter . Some saw development opportunities . In 1881 , the wealthy industrialist Hamilton Disston of Philadelphia , Pennsylvania came to the Caloosahatchee Valley . He planned to dredge and drain the Everglades for development . Diston connected Lake Okeechobee with the Caloosahatchee River ; this allowed steamboats to run from the Gulf of Mexico to Lake Okeechobee and up the Kissimmee River . </P> <P> On August 12 , 1885 , the small town of Fort Myers -- all 349 residents -- was incorporated . By that time , it was the second - largest town on Florida 's Gulf Coast south of Cedar Key . </P> <P> In 1885 , inventor Thomas Alva Edison was cruising Florida 's west coast and stopped to visit Fort Myers . He soon bought 13 acres along the Caloosahatchee River in town . There he built his home `` Seminole Lodge '' , as a winter retreat . It included a laboratory for his continuing work . After the Lodge was completed in 1886 , Edison and his wife , Mina , spent many winters in Fort Myers . Edison also enjoyed local recreational fishing , for which Fort Myers had gained a national reputation . </P> <P> In 1898 , the Royal Palm Hotel was constructed . This luxury hotel attracted many tourists and established Fort Myers nationally as a winter resort destination . </P> <H3> 20th century ( edit ) </H3> <P> On May 10 , 1904 , access to the Fort Myers area was greatly improved with the opening of the Atlantic Coast Line Railroad , connecting Punta Gorda to Fort Myers . This route provided Lee County both passenger and freight railroad service . </P> <P> In 1908 , the Arcade Theater was constructed in downtown Fort Myers . It served originally as a vaudeville house . Thomas Edison viewed films here for the first time with friends Henry Ford and Harvey Firestone . With the growth of the film industry , the Arcade Theatre was converted into a full movie house . A wall divided the stage in order to form two screening rooms . Changes in moviegoing habits since the late 20th century have led to the renovation of the theater for use again in live performance . It is now host to the Florida Repertory Theatre , a performing arts hall . </P> <P> During the period of 1914 - 1918 ( World War I ) , Edison became concerned about America 's reliance on foreign supplies of rubber . He partnered with tire producer Harvey Firestone , of the Firestone Tire and Rubber Company , and Henry Ford , of the Ford Motor Company , to try to find a rubber tree or plant that could grow quickly in the United States . He sought one that would contain enough latex to support his research endeavor . In 1927 , the three men contributed $25,000 each , and created the Edison Botanic Research Corporation in an attempt to find a solution to this problem . </P> <P> In 1928 , the Edison Botanic Research Corporation laboratory was constructed . It was in Fort Myers that Edison conducted the majority of his research and planted exotic plants and trees . He sent results and sample rubber residues to West Orange , New Jersey , for further work at his large Thomas A. Edison `` Invention Factory '' ( now preserved in the Thomas Edison National Historical Park ) . Through Edison 's efforts , the royal palms lining Riverside Avenue ( now McGregor Boulevard ) were imported and planted . They inspired Fort Myers ' nickname as `` City of Palms '' . </P> <P> After testing 17,000 plant samples , Edison eventually discovered a source in the plant Goldenrod ( Solidago leavenworthii ) . Thomas Edison died in 1931 . The rubber project was transferred to the United States Department of Agriculture five years later . </P> The Mangoes : Henry Ford 's Winter home <P> In 1916 , automobile magnate Henry Ford purchased the home next door to Edison 's from Robert Smith of New York . Ford named his estate `` the Mangoes '' . Ford 's craftsman - style `` bungalow '' was built in 1911 by Smith . Ford , Harvey Firestone and Edison , were the three top leaders in American industry . They were part of an exclusive group titled `` the Millionaires ' Club '' . The three men have been memorialized in statues in downtown Fort Myers ' Centennial Park . </P> <P> In 1924 , with the beginning of construction of the Edison Bridge , named for Thomas Edison , the city 's population steadily grew . The bridge was opened on February 11 , 1931 , the 84th birthday of its namesake . Edison dedicated the bridge , and was the first to drive across it . </P> Architecture of Downtown Fort Myers . <P> In the decade following the bridge 's construction , the city had a real estate boom . Several new residential subdivisions were built beyond Downtown , including Dean Park , Edison Park , and Seminole Park Edison Park , located across McGregor Boulevard from the Edison and Ford properties , includes a number of Fort Myers ' most stately homes . The historic development showcases a variety of architectural styles . In the 21st century , it is known for its community activities and strong neighborhood ties . </P> <P> In 1947 , Mina Edison deeded Seminole Lodge to the City of Fort Myers , in memory of her late husband and for the enjoyment of the public . By 1988 , the adjacent Henry Ford winter estate was purchased by the city and opened for public tours in 1990 . The combined properties today are known as the Edison and Ford Winter Estates . </P> <H2> Geography and climate ( edit ) </H2> <P> According to the United States Census Bureau , the city has a total area of 40.4 square miles ( 105 km ) , of which 31.8 square miles ( 82 km ) is land and 8.6 square miles ( 22 km ) ( 21.25 % ) is water . </P> <P> Fort Myers experiences a tropical savanna climate ( Köppen Aw ) , with short , warm winters , and long , hot , humid summers , with most of the year 's rain falling from June to September , from showers and thunderstorms . </P> <P> The temperature rarely rises to 100 ° F ( 38 ° C ) or lowers to the freezing mark . Fort Myers has 89 days annually in which a thunderstorm is close enough for thunder to be heard , the most in the nation . </P> <P> The monthly daily average temperature ranges from 64.2 ° F ( 17.9 ° C ) in January to 83.4 ° F ( 28.6 ° C ) in August , with the annual mean being 75.1 ° F ( 23.9 ° C ) . </P> <P> Records range from 24 ° F ( − 4 ° C ) on December 29 , 1894 up to 103 ° F ( 39 ° C ) on June 16 -- 17 , 1981 . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="14"> ( hide ) Climate data for Fort Myers , Florida ( Page Field ) , 1981 -- 2010 normals </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Month </Th> <Th> Jan </Th> <Th> Feb </Th> <Th> Mar </Th> <Th> Apr </Th> <Th> May </Th> <Th> Jun </Th> <Th> Jul </Th> <Th> Aug </Th> <Th> Sep </Th> <Th> Oct </Th> <Th> Nov </Th> <Th> Dec </Th> <Th> Year </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Record high ° F ( ° C ) </Th> <Td> 90 ( 32 ) </Td> <Td> 92 ( 33 ) </Td> <Td> 93 ( 34 ) </Td> <Td> 96 ( 36 ) </Td> <Td> 99 ( 37 ) </Td> <Td> 103 ( 39 ) </Td> <Td> 101 ( 38 ) </Td> <Td> 100 ( 38 ) </Td> <Td> 98 ( 37 ) </Td> <Td> 95 ( 35 ) </Td> <Td> 95 ( 35 ) </Td> <Td> 90 ( 32 ) </Td> <Td> 103 ( 39 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Average high ° F ( ° C ) </Th> <Td> 75 ( 24 ) </Td> <Td> 77 ( 25 ) </Td> <Td> 80 ( 27 ) </Td> <Td> 85 ( 29 ) </Td> <Td> 89 ( 32 ) </Td> <Td> 92 ( 33 ) </Td> <Td> 92 ( 33 ) </Td> <Td> 92 ( 33 ) </Td> <Td> 92 ( 33 ) </Td> <Td> 87 ( 31 ) </Td> <Td> 81 ( 27 ) </Td> <Td> 77 ( 25 ) </Td> <Td> 84.7 ( 29.3 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Daily mean ° F ( ° C ) </Th> <Td> 64.2 ( 17.9 ) </Td> <Td> 66.6 ( 19.2 ) </Td> <Td> 69.9 ( 21.1 ) </Td> <Td> 73.9 ( 23.3 ) </Td> <Td> 79.0 ( 26.1 ) </Td> <Td> 82.5 ( 28.1 ) </Td> <Td> 83.2 ( 28.4 ) </Td> <Td> 83.4 ( 28.6 ) </Td> <Td> 82.4 ( 28 ) </Td> <Td> 77.9 ( 25.5 ) </Td> <Td> 71.7 ( 22.1 ) </Td> <Td> 66.5 ( 19.2 ) </Td> <Td> 75.1 ( 23.9 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Average low ° F ( ° C ) </Th> <Td> 54 ( 12 ) </Td> <Td> 56 ( 13 ) </Td> <Td> 59 ( 15 ) </Td> <Td> 63 ( 17 ) </Td> <Td> 69 ( 21 ) </Td> <Td> 74 ( 23 ) </Td> <Td> 75 ( 24 ) </Td> <Td> 75 ( 24 ) </Td> <Td> 74 ( 23 ) </Td> <Td> 69 ( 21 ) </Td> <Td> 62 ( 17 ) </Td> <Td> 56 ( 13 ) </Td> <Td> 65.5 ( 18.6 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Record low ° F ( ° C ) </Th> <Td> 27 ( − 3 ) </Td> <Td> 27 ( − 3 ) </Td> <Td> 33 ( 1 ) </Td> <Td> 39 ( 4 ) </Td> <Td> 50 ( 10 ) </Td> <Td> 58 ( 14 ) </Td> <Td> 66 ( 19 ) </Td> <Td> 65 ( 18 ) </Td> <Td> 63 ( 17 ) </Td> <Td> 45 ( 7 ) </Td> <Td> 34 ( 1 ) </Td> <Td> 24 ( − 4 ) </Td> <Td> 24 ( − 4 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Average rainfall inches ( mm ) </Th> <Td> 1.89 ( 48 ) </Td> <Td> 2.13 ( 54.1 ) </Td> <Td> 2.84 ( 72.1 ) </Td> <Td> 2.02 ( 51.3 ) </Td> <Td> 2.72 ( 69.1 ) </Td> <Td> 10.28 ( 261.1 ) </Td> <Td> 9.14 ( 232.2 ) </Td> <Td> 10.21 ( 259.3 ) </Td> <Td> 8.55 ( 217.2 ) </Td> <Td> 2.67 ( 67.8 ) </Td> <Td> 1.92 ( 48.8 ) </Td> <Td> 1.69 ( 42.9 ) </Td> <Td> 56.06 ( 1,423.9 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Average rainy days ( ≥ 0.01 in ) </Th> <Td> 5.5 </Td> <Td> 5.2 </Td> <Td> 6.2 </Td> <Td> 4.2 </Td> <Td> 6.8 </Td> <Td> 16.0 </Td> <Td> 17.6 </Td> <Td> 17.9 </Td> <Td> 15.4 </Td> <Td> 6.8 </Td> <Td> 4.4 </Td> <Td> 4.5 </Td> <Td> 110.5 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="14"> Source : NOAA ( extremes 1892 -- present ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Demographics ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="4"> Historical population </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Census </Th> <Th> Pop . </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th> % ± </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1890 </Td> <Td> 575 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> -- </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1900 </Td> <Td> 943 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 64.0 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1910 </Td> <Td> 2,463 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 161.2 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1920 </Td> <Td> 3,678 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 49.3 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1930 </Td> <Td> 9,082 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 146.9 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1940 </Td> <Td> 10,604 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 16.8 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1950 </Td> <Td> 13,195 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 24.4 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1960 </Td> <Td> 22,523 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 70.7 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1970 </Td> <Td> 27,351 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 21.4 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1980 </Td> <Td> 36,638 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 34.0 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 45,206 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 23.4 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2000 </Td> <Td> 48,208 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 6.6 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 62,298 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 29.2 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Est. 2016 </Td> <Td> 77,146 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 23.8 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="4"> source : </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="3"> Fort Myers Demographics </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2010 Census </Td> <Td> Fort Myers </Td> <Td> Lee County </Td> <Td> Florida </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Total population </Td> <Td> 62,298 </Td> <Td> 618,754 </Td> <Td> 18,801,310 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Population , percent change , 2000 to 2010 </Td> <Td> + 29.2 % </Td> <Td> + 40.3 % </Td> <Td> + 17.6 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Population density </Td> <Td> 1,559.1 / sq mi </Td> <Td> 788.7 / sq mi </Td> <Td> 350.6 / sq mi </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> ( Non-Hispanic White or Caucasian ) </Td> <Td> 54.6 % </Td> <Td> 53.9 % </Td> <Td> 57.9 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Black or African - American </Td> <Td> 32.3 % </Td> <Td> 18.3 % </Td> <Td> 16.0 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Hispanic or Latino ( of any race ) </Td> <Td> 20.0 % </Td> <Td> 20.4 % </Td> <Td> 22.5 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Asian </Td> <Td> 1.6 % </Td> <Td> 1.4 % </Td> <Td> 2.4 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Native American or Native Alaskan </Td> <Td> 0.6 % </Td> <Td> 0.4 % </Td> <Td> 0.4 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Pacific Islander or Native Hawaiian </Td> <Td> 0.1 % </Td> <Td> 0.1 % </Td> <Td> 0.1 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Two or more races ( Multiracial ) </Td> <Td> 2.8 % </Td> <Td> 2.1 % </Td> <Td> 2.5 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Other races </Td> <Td> 8.0 % </Td> <Td> 4.7 % </Td> <Td> 3.6 % </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The population of Fort Myers was 62,298 during the 2010 census . Between the 2000 census and 2010 census , the city 's population increased at a rate of 29.2 percent . </P> <P> Fort Myers is one of two cities that make up the Cape Coral - Fort Myers Metropolitan Statistical Area . The 2010 population for the metropolitan area was 618,754 . </P> <P> The population of Lee County , Florida and the Cape Coral - Fort Myers Metropolitan Statistical Area has grown 40.3 percent since the census in 2000 , much faster than the average growth rate of 17.6 percent experienced throughout the State of Florida . </P> <H2> Government ( edit ) </H2> <P> Fort Myers is governed by a six - member city council where each member is elected from a single member ward . The city practices a council -- manager form of government where the city council is responsible for the legislative functions of the municipality . The city council is responsible for establishing policy , passing local ordinances , voting appropriations , and developing an overall vision for the city . </P> <P> The mayor is elected in a citywide vote . The current mayor of Fort Myers is Randy Henderson , Jr . </P> <P> Policing of Fort Myers is performed by the Fort Myers Police Department . </P> <H2> Education ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Secondary schools ( edit ) </H3> Bishop Verot Catholic High School <P> See : Lee County School District for other public schools in the area . </P> <Dl> <Dd> Secondary schools in the city include : </Dd> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> Dunbar High School whose Science Olympiad teams won 15th place overall in the 2007 Florida State Science Olympiad , including a win in the remote sensing category . </Li> <Li> Fort Myers Senior High School , an International Baccalaureate school , is ranked as one of the best public schools in the nation by Newsweek magazine . </Li> <Li> Bishop Verot High School , a private , Roman Catholic high school in Ft . Myers , operated by the Diocese of Venice , Florida . </Li> </Ul> <H3> Higher education ( edit ) </H3> <P> Institutions of higher learning in the city include : </P> <Ul> <Li> Hodges University </Li> <Li> Keiser University </Li> <Li> Nova Southeastern University </Li> <Li> Rasmussen College </Li> <Li> Southern Technical College </Li> <Li> Fort Myers Technical College </Li> </Ul> <H3> Libraries ( edit ) </H3> <P> See : Lee County Library System for other libraries in the county . Library Services include : </P> <Ul> <Li> Fort Myers Regional Library : The Fort Myers Regional Library is the hub for the Lee County Library System , holding the main collections of legal , business , news , and financial information . The Library is located in Downtown Fort Myers at 2450 Main Street and is home to Cornog Plaza . </Li> <Li> Dunbar - Jupiter Hammon Public Library : The library officially opened on October 7 , 1974 . The founders named the library Jupiter Hammon Public Library in honor of the first African poet to have his work published . Dunbar , the community 's name , was added at the request of its residents . The library was moved in 1996 to its current location at 3095 Blount Street . It is home to the largest African - American book collection in Southwest Florida . </Li> </Ul> <H2> Sports ( edit ) </H2> <P> The City of Palms Classic is an annual high school basketball tournament held in Fort Myers , Florida , since 1973 . Several of its alumni have made it to the NBA . </P> <H2> Points of interest ( edit ) </H2> Murphy - Burroughs House <Ul> <Li> The Calusa Nature Center and Planetarium is a private , not - for - profit , environmental education organization . Set on a 105 - acre ( 0.42 km ) site , it has a museum , three nature trails , a planetarium , butterfly and bird aviaries , a gift shop and meeting and picnic areas . </Li> <Li> City of Palms Park , former home of the Boston Red Sox spring training program , close to downtown Fort Myers . </Li> <Li> Edison and Ford Winter Estates </Li> <Li> Edison Mall </Li> <Li> Historic Downtown , waterfront entertainment district </Li> <Li> Murphy - Burroughs House </Li> <Li> Imaginarium Science Center </Li> <Li> Southwest Florida Museum of History </Li> </Ul> <H2> Public transportation ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Airports ( edit ) </H3> Fort Myers has experienced rapid population growth . <P> The Fort Myers Metropolitan Area is served by two separate airports in and around the city limits . </P> <Ul> <Li> The area is primarily served by Southwest Florida International Airport ( RSW ) , located southeast of the city . The airport , which sits on 13,555 acres of land is the 45th busiest airport ( by annual passengers ) . In 2017 the airport served 8,842,549 people . It has been ranked as one of the top ten under ten million in the United States . </Li> <Li> The Fort Myers area is secondarily served by Page Field , which is a small airport whose primary traffic consist of smaller aircraft . </Li> </Ul> <H3> Ground transport ( edit ) </H3> <P> Buses run by LeeTran provide local service in Fort Myers . </P> <H2> Fort Myers in popular culture ( edit ) </H2> <H3> In film ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> The abandoned city scene with the Edison Theatre , from the movie Day of the Dead ( 1985 ) was filmed in downtown Fort Myers . </Li> <Li> Some courthouse and other `` city '' scenes in Just Cause ( 1995 ) were filmed in downtown Ft . Myers . </Li> <Li> Part of the independent film Trans ( 1999 ) was filmed in Fort Myers , Florida . </Li> </Ul> <H3> In print ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Fort Myers is part of the setting of Red Grass River : A Legend ( 1998 ) , an award - winning novel by James Carlos Blake </Li> </Ul> <H2> Notable people ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Present ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Nate Allen - safety for Miami Dolphins </Li> <Li> Haley Bennett - actress </Li> <Li> Jason Bartlett - Tampa Bay Rays shortstop </Li> <Li> Bob Beamon - track and field athlete , gold medalist in 1968 Summer Olympics long jump , world record holder 1968 to 1991 </Li> <Li> Bert Blyleven -- Hall of Fame pitcher for Minnesota Twins , Texas Rangers , Pittsburgh Pirates , Cleveland Indians and California Angels </Li> <Li> James Carlos Blake - author and former faculty member of Edison Community College </Li> <Li> Phillip Buchanon -- cornerback for the Washington Redskins , Tampa Bay Buccaneers , Houston Texans , Oakland Raiders </Li> <Li> Stacy Carter -- former WWE wrestler </Li> <Li> Terrence Cody -- nose tackle for Baltimore Ravens </Li> <Li> Casey Coleman - former pitcher for Chicago Cubs </Li> <Li> Bill Davey -- professional bodybuilder </Li> <Li> Noel Devine -- running back for CFL 's Montreal Alouettes </Li> <Li> Richard Fain - former NFL player </Li> <Li> Earnest Graham -- NFL running back , Tampa Bay Buccaneers </Li> <Li> Mike Greenwell -- former Boston Red Sox left fielder and NASCAR driver </Li> <Li> Mario Henderson -- offensive tackle , Oakland Raiders </Li> <Li> Nolan Henke -- professional golfer </Li> <Li> Anthony Henry -- cornerback , Detroit Lions , Dallas Cowboys , Cleveland Browns </Li> <Li> Adam Johnson - former pitcher for Minnesota Twins </Li> <Li> Tarah Kayne - figure skater , 2016 national champion </Li> <Li> Jevon Kearse -- defensive end , Philadelphia Eagles , Tennessee Titans </Li> <Li> Terri Kimball -- Playboy Playmate of the Month for May 1964 </Li> <Li> Derek Lamely - professional golfer </Li> <Li> Craig Leon -- music and visual producer of the Ramones , Blondie , Luciano Pavarotti , Joshua Bell </Li> <Li> George McNeill - professional golfer </Li> <Li> Peter Mellor - English - born American footballer and coach </Li> <Li> Terry - Jo Myers - professional golfer , winner of three LPGA Tour tournaments </Li> <Li> Seth Petruzelli -- professional MMA fighter </Li> <Li> Plies ( Algernod Lanier Washington ) -- rapper </Li> <Li> Lennie Rosenbluth ( born 1933 ) - college and NBA basketball player </Li> <Li> Deion Sanders -- Hall of Fame NFL cornerback for six teams , inducted to Pro Football Hall of Fame as a Dallas Cowboy , and Major League Baseball outfielder for five teams </Li> <Li> Peggy Schoolcraft -- professional bodybuilder , 1997 NPC Team Universe Champion </Li> <Li> Chad Senior - two - time Olympian ( Sydney Australia , 2000 - Athens Greece , 2004 ) , competed in pentathlon </Li> <Li> Vonzell Solomon -- American Idol third - place finisher </Li> <Li> Greg Spires - former NFL player </Li> <Li> Elissa Steamer -- professional skateboarder </Li> <Li> Sammy Watkins - wide receiver for Buffalo Bills , Los Angeles Rams </Li> <Li> Tommy Watkins -- former Minnesota Twins baseball player </Li> <Li> Jeremy Ware - cornerback for Oakland Raiders </Li> <Li> Walt Wesley -- professional basketball player ( 1966 -- 1976 ) for Cincinnati Royals and six other NBA teams </Li> <Li> Cliff Williams -- bass player for AC / DC </Li> <Li> Julio Zuleta -- former first baseman for Chicago Cubs </Li> </Ul> <H3> Past ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Verna Aardema - children 's book author </Li> <Li> G. Harold Alexander - Florida Republican Party state chairman , c. 1952 - 1964 </Li> <Li> Patty Berg -- Hall of Fame golfer , one of LPGA 's founders </Li> <Li> Gerard Damiano -- adult film director </Li> <Li> Thomas Edison -- improved and perfected the incandescent light bulb and audio recording methods , had a winter estate next to Henry Ford 's </Li> <Li> Harvey Firestone -- founded Firestone Tire Company , had a winter estate near Edison and Ford 's homes </Li> <Li> Henry Ford -- founded the Ford Motor Company , and father of the assembly line , had a winter estate next to Thomas Edison 's </Li> <Li> Charles Ghigna -- poet and children 's author known as `` Father Goose ; '' boyhood home 1950 - 1973 </Li> <Li> Sara Hildebrand -- United States Olympic diver ( 2000 , 2004 ) </Li> <Li> Jerry Lawler -- WWE wrestler and announcer </Li> <Li> Denise Masino -- professional bodybuilder </Li> <Li> Mindy McCready -- country music artist </Li> <Li> Diamond Dallas Page -- former WCW and WWE wrestler , actor </Li> <Li> Kimberly Page -- former member of the WCW Nitro Girls and Playboy model </Li> <Li> Marius Russo - professional baseball player </Li> <Li> Walt Wesley - professional basketball player </Li> </Ul> <H2> Sister cities ( edit ) </H2> <P> Fort Myers has twinning agreements with the following sister cities : </P> <Ul> <Li> Santiago de los Caballeros ( Dominican Republic ) </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ `` US Gazetteer files : 2010 , 2000 , and 1990 '' . 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Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 29 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Peek into inner circle shows Noel Devine 's no deviant Archived 2007 - 10 - 02 at the Wayback Machine. , August 28 , 2006 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Mark Aumann , NASCAR.COM ( 2006 - 05 - 17 ) . `` Ex-ballplayer Greenwell to make Truck debut - May 17 , 2006 '' . Nascar.Com . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 29 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Mario Henderson '' . Nfl.com. 1984 - 10 - 29 . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 29 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Nolan Henke - Golf - CBSSports.com PGA '' . Cbssports.com . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 29 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Adam Johnson Stats - Baseball-Reference.com '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved 17 November 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Terri Kimball - Terri Kimball Nude - Terri Kimball Pics '' . Playboy.com. 2009 - 01 - 27 . Archived from the original on 2010 - 01 - 17 . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 29 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Derek Lamely '' . PGA Tour . Archived from the original on October 19 , 2012 . Retrieved November 26 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ LPGA Tour profile for Terry - Jo Myers Archived June 29 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Wetzel , Dan . `` Final curtain for the Kimbo show - UFC - Yahoo ! Sports '' . Sports.yahoo.com . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 29 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Warner Music Canada - Plies '' . Warnermusic.ca . Archived from the original on 2011 - 06 - 07 . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 29 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` ESPN.com : Where Sanders goes , teams win '' . Espn.go.com. 1967 - 08 - 09 . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 29 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Peggy Schoolcraft IFBB Pro Bodybuilder '' . Bodybuilding.com . October 9 , 2002 . Retrieved 8 September 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 2001 Ms. International results '' . Getbig.com . March 2 , 2001 . Retrieved 8 September 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Vonzell Solomon '' . American Idol . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 29 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` In - Spires '' . Naplesnews.com . Retrieved 17 November 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Lisa Winston / MLB.com ( 2010 - 02 - 15 ) . `` Article MiLB.com News The Official Site of Minor League Baseball '' . Web.minorleaguebaseball.com . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 29 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Jeremy Ware Stats - Pro-Football-Reference.com '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 17 November 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Walt Wesley NBA & ABA Statistics '' . Basketball-Reference.com . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 29 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Florida : Edison Pageant of Light ( Local Legacies : Celebrating Community Roots - Library of Congress ) '' . Lcweb2.loc.gov . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 29 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Lee '' . Sao.cjis20.org . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 29 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Hildebrand Hired as First Diving Coach at Florida Gulf Coast '' . Swimming World . August 31 , 2006 . 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Hermaphroditus - wikipedia <H1> Hermaphroditus </H1> Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Hermaphrodite ( disambiguation ) . <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Hermaphroditus </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Minor deity of unions , androgyny , marriage , sexuality and fertility </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Herculaneum fresco 1 - 50 AD , National Archaeological Museum , Naples . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Abode </Th> <Td> Mount Ida </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Symbol </Th> <Td> Thyrsus , Kantharos </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Personal Information </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Consort </Th> <Td> Silenus , Maenad , Satyrs </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Parents </Th> <Td> Hermes and Aphrodite </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Siblings </Th> <Td> Eros / Cupid , Harmonia / Concordia , Phobos , Deimos , Pan , Priapus , Tyche </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> In Greek mythology , Hermaphroditus or Hermaphroditos / hərˌmæf. rəˈdaɪ. təs / ( listen ) ( Ancient Greek : Ἑρμαφρόδιτος ) was the son of Aphrodite and Hermes . According to Ovid , he was born a remarkably handsome boy with whom the water nymph Salmacis fell in love and prayed to be united forever . A god , in answer to her prayer , merged their two forms into one and transformed them into an androgynous form . His name is compounded of his parents ' names , Hermes and Aphrodite . He was one of the Erotes . </P> <P> Because he was a son of Hermes , and consequently a great - grandson of Atlas , sometimes he is called Atlantiades ( Greek : Ατλαντιάδης ) . Hermaphroditus ' father , Hermes , was also called Atlantiades because his mother , Maia was the daughter of Atlas . </P> <P> His name is the basis for the word hermaphrodite . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Symbolism </Li> <Li> 2 Mythology </Li> <Li> 3 Cult and worship </Li> <Li> 4 Literature </Li> <Li> 5 In art <Ul> <Li> 5.1 Paintings and engravings </Li> <Li> 5.2 Sculpture </Li> <Li> 5.3 Music </Li> <Li> 5.4 Film </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 6 See also </Li> <Li> 7 Notes </Li> <Li> 8 References </Li> <Li> 9 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Symbolism ( edit ) </H2> Hermaphroditos , holding a torch and a kantharos , between Silenus ( right ) and maenad ( left ) ; Roman fresco from the triclinium of the procurator in the Casa del Centenario ( IX 8 , 3 - 6 ) in Pompeii . <P> Hermaphroditus , the two - sexed child of Aphrodite and Hermes ( Venus and Mercury ) had long been a symbol of androgyny or effeminacy , and was portrayed in Greco - Roman art as a female figure with male genitals . </P> <P> Theophrastus 's account also suggests a link between Hermaphroditus and the institution of marriage . The reference to the fourth day of the month is telling : this is the luckiest day to have a wedding . Hermaphroditus 's association with marriage seems to have been that , by embodying both masculine and feminine qualities , he symbolized the coming together of men and women in sacred union . Another factor linking Hermaphroditus to weddings was his parents ' role in protecting and blessing brides . </P> <P> Hermaphroditus 's name is derived from those of his parents Hermes and Aphrodite . All three of these gods figure largely among erotic and fertility figures , and all possess distinctly sexual overtones . Sometimes , Hermaphroditus is referred to as Aphroditus . The phallic god Priapus was the son of Hermes by some accounts and the youthful god of desire Eros of Ares and Aphrodite . </P> <H2> Mythology ( edit ) </H2> Further information : Salmacis and Salmacis ( fountain ) <P> Ovid 's account relates that Hermaphroditus was nursed by naiads in the caves of Mount Ida , a sacred mountain in Phrygia ( present day Turkey ) . At the age of fifteen , he grew bored with his surroundings and traveled to the cities of Lycia and Caria . It was in the woods of Caria , near Halicarnassus ( modern Bodrum , Turkey ) that he encountered the nymph , Salmacis , in her pool . She was overcome by lust for the boy , who was very handsome but still young , and tried to seduce him , but was rejected . When he thought her to be gone , Hermaphroditus undressed and entered the waters of the empty pool . Salmacis sprang out from behind a tree and jumped into the pool . She wrapped herself around the boy , forcibly kissing him and touching his breast . While he struggled , she called out to the gods that they should never part . Her wish was granted , and their bodies blended into one form , `` a creature of both sexes '' . Hermaphroditus prayed to Hermes and Aphrodite that anyone else who bathed in the pool would be similarly transformed , and his wish was granted . `` In this form the story was certainly not ancient , '' Karl Kerenyi noted . He compared the myth of the beautiful ephebe with Narcissus and Hyacinthus , who had an archaic hero - cult , and Hymenaios . </P> <P> Diodorus Siculus in his work Library of History mention , that some say that Hermaphroditus is a god and appears at certain times among men , but there are some who declare that such creatures of two sexes are monstrosities , and coming rarely into the world as they do have the quality of presaging the future , sometimes for evil and sometimes for good . </P> <H2> Cult and worship ( edit ) </H2> Main article : Aphroditus <P> The oldest traces of the cult in Greek countries are found in Cyprus . Here , according to Macrobius ( Saturnalia , iii. 8 ) , there was a bearded statue of a male Aphrodite , called Aphroditos by Aristophanes . Philochorus in his Atthis ( ap . Macrobius loc . cit . ) further identified this divinity , at whose sacrifices men and women exchanged garments , with the Moon . A terracotta plaque from the 7th century BC depicting Aphroditos was found in Perachora , which suggests it was an archaic cult . </P> <P> The deification and the origins of the cult of hermaphrodite beings stem from Eastern religions , where the hermaphrodite nature expressed the idea of a primitive being that united both genders . This double sex also attributed to Dionysus and Priapus - the union in one being of the two principles of generation and conception - denotes extensive fertilizing and productive powers . </P> <P> This Cyprian Aphrodite is the same as the later Hermaphroditos , which simply means Aphroditos in the form of a herm ( see Hermae ) , and first occurs in the Characters ( 16 ) of Theophrastus . After its introduction at Athens ( probably in the 5th century BC ) , the importance of this deity seems to have declined . It appears no longer as the object of a special cult , but limited to the homage of certain sects , expressed by superstitious rites of obscure significance . </P> <P> We find in Alciphron that there was at Athens a temple of Hermaphroditus . The passage proposes that he might be considered as the deity who presided over married people ; the strict union between husband and wife being aptly represented by a deity , who was male and female inseparably blended together . </P> <H2> Literature ( edit ) </H2> <P> The earliest mention of Hermaphroditus in Greek literature is by the philosopher Theophrastus ( 3rd century BC ) , in his book The Characters , XVI The Superstitious Man , in which he portrays various types of eccentric people . </P> <P> The first mention of Hermes and Aphrodite as Hermaphroditus 's parents was by the Greek historian , Diodorus Siculus ( 1st century BC ) , in his book Bibliotheca historica , book IV , 4.6. 5 . </P> <P> Hermaphroditus , as he has been called , who was born of Hermes and Aphrodite and received a name which is a combination of those of both his parents . Some say that this Hermaphroditus is a god and appears at certain times among men , and that he is born with a physical body which is a combination of that of a man and that of a woman , in that he has a body which is beautiful and delicate like that of a woman , but has the masculine quality and vigour of a man . But there are some who declare that such creatures of two sexes are monstrosities , and coming rarely into the world as they do they have the quality of presaging the future , sometimes for evil and sometimes for good . </P> <P> The only full narration of his myth is that of Ovid 's Metamorphoses , IV. 274 - 388 ( 8 AD ) , where the emphasis is on the feminine snares of the lascivious water - nymph Salmacis and her compromising of Hermaphroditus ' erstwhile budding manly strength , detailing his bashfulness and the engrafting of their bodies . </P> <P> A rendering of the story into an epyllion , published anonymously in 1602 , was later ( 1640 ) attributed by some to Francis Beaumont . </P> <P> In the Palatine Anthology , IX. 783 ( 980 AD ) , there is a reference to a sculpture of Hermaphroditus which was placed in a bath for both sexes . The passage IX. 317 is in dialogue form , based on the dialogue between Hermaphroditus and Silenus . The latter claims that he has had sexual intercourse with Hermaphroditus three times . Hermaphroditus complains and objects to the fact by invoking Hermes in an oath , while Silenus invokes Pan for the reliability of his allegations . </P> <P> Algernon Charles Swinburne 's poem `` Hermaphroditus '' in Poems and Ballads is subscribed Au Musée du Louvre , Mars 1863 , leaving no doubt that it was the Borghese Hermaphroditus that had inspired his ode . </P> <H2> In art ( edit ) </H2> Drawing of a relief depicting Hermaphroditus and Eros crowning a herm by Antonio Maria Zanetti ( circa 1721 ) Borghese Hermaphroditus , Roman copy of the 2nd century AD ( Louvre ) . Hermaphroditus statue from Pergamum , Hellenistic , 3rd century BC ( Istanbul ) . <H3> Paintings and engravings ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> In Greek vase painting Hermaphroditus was depicted as a winged youth ( erotes ) with male and female attributes . </Li> <Li> Roman frescos found at Pompeii and Herculaneum show Hermaphroditus in various styles , alone and interacting with satyrs , Pan and Silenus . </Li> <Li> The Nymph Salmacis and Hermaphroditus by Francois - Joseph Navez , Museum of Fine Arts , Ghent </Li> <Li> Salmacis and Hermaphroditus by Bartholomeus Spranger , Kunsthistorisches Museum , Wien </Li> <Li> Salmacis and Hermaphroditus by Scarsellino , Galleria Borghese , Rome </Li> <Li> Salmacis and Hermaphroditus by Jean François de Troy </Li> <Li> Salmacis and Hermaphroditus by Ludovico Carracci </Li> <Li> Salmacis and Hermaphroditus by Francesco Albani </Li> <Li> Salmacis and Hermaphroditus by Giovanni Antonio Pellegrini </Li> <Li> Salmacis and Hermaphroditus by Roberto Ferri </Li> <Li> Salmacis and Hermaphroditus by Jean - Auguste - Dominique Ingres </Li> <Li> Salmacis and Hermaphroditus by Bernard Picart </Li> <Li> Salmacis and Hermaphroditus by Johannes Glauber </Li> <Li> Salmacis and Hermaphroditus by Johann Wilhelm Baur </Li> <Li> Salmacis and Hermaphroditus by Virgil Solis </Li> <Li> Hermaphroditus and Salmacis by Louis Finson </Li> <Li> The Nymph of Salmacis by Rupert Bunny </Li> <Li> Hermaphrodite Among Roses by Aubrey Beardsley </Li> <Li> Hermaphrodite Figure by Jacopo Pontormo </Li> <Li> The metamorphosis of Hermaphrodite and Salmacis by Jan Gossaert ( Jan Mabuse ) </Li> <Li> Salmacis et Hermaphrodite by Jean Daullé </Li> </Ul> <H3> Sculpture ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> The most famous sculpture of this figure is the Borghese Hermaphroditus . </Li> <Li> Hermaphroditus , Palais des Beaux - Arts de Lille </Li> <Li> A life size sculpture of Hermaphroditus from Pergamon is one of the largest found standing 186.5 cm tall at the Istanbul Archaeological Museums . </Li> <Li> A statue by John Henry Foley was shown at the 1851 Great Exhibition and later donated to the Bancroft Gardens , Stratford - upon - Avon where it now stands . </Li> <Li> A marble statue of Hermaphroditus was found near the south end of the Garden . II. 2.2 . Room 13 , House of Loreius Tiburtinus </Li> </Ul> <H3> Music ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> The myth was the basis for the early Genesis song , `` The Fountain of Salmacis , '' the final track from the Nursery Cryme album ( 1971 ) . </Li> <Li> `` Hermaphroditos '' is a song by Frank Black and the Catholics which appears on the album Dog in the Sand ( 2001 ) . </Li> <Li> Zwitter ( Hermaphrodite ) , is a song on the Mutter album , released by Rammstein in 2001 . </Li> </Ul> <H3> Film ( edit ) </H3> <P> A persona named ' Hermaphroditus ' appears in the film Fellini Satyricon as a childlike , physically weak god who is able to heal human supplicants afflicted by various ailments but apparently unable to heal him / herself . Hermaphroditus is not mentioned in the original Petronius novel Satyricon , on which Fellini 's film is loosely based . According to one source , the film episode `` may be based on a Pseudo-Petronian poem sometimes printed along with the Satyricon '' . </P> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Intersex in history </Li> <Li> Ardhanarishvara , an androgynous Hindu deity </Li> <Li> Arjuna , a protagonist of the ancient Indian epic Mahabharata </Li> <Li> Agdistis , a Phrygian hermaphrodite goddess </Li> <Li> Futanari , the Japanese idea of hermaphrodites </Li> <Li> Galli , eunuch priests of the goddess Cybele </Li> </Ul> <H2> Notes ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ The seer Tiresias had experienced life as a man and as a woman , but not the two at the same time : Hermaphroditus is unique in Greek myth . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Diodorus Siculus , Library of History 4 . 6 . 5 `` ... Hermaphroditus , as he has been called , who was born of Hermes and Aphrodite and received a name which is a combination of those of both his parents . '' </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Ovid , Metamorphoses 4 . 28 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Antonio Beccadelli ( Eugene Michael O'Connor , tr. , ed . ) Hermaphroditus : Introduction . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Smith , William , ed. ( 1890 ) . `` Hermaphroditus '' . Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities ( 3rd ed . ) . London : John Murray . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ C. Scott Littleton ( 2005 ) . Gods , Goddesses , and Mythology , Volume 1 . Marshall Cavendish Corporation . ISBN 0 - 7614 - 7559 - 1 . pp. 666 -- 669 , 674 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Ovid Alcithoë tells the story of Salmacis in Metamorphoses Book IV , lines 274 - 316 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Ovid Salmacis and Hermaphroditus merge in Metamorphoses Book IV , lines 346 - 388 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kerenyi , p. 172 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Diodorus Siculus , Library of History 4 . 6 . 5 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Three books of occult philosophy by Heinrich Cornelius Agrippa von Nettesheim ( 1993 ) p. 495 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Yulia Ustinova , The Supreme Gods of the Bosporan Kingdom : Celestial Aphrodite and the Most High God , Religions in the Graeco - Roman World , BRILL , 1998 , p 106 googlebooks preview ( accessed 25 November 2017 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Encyclopaedia of the Hellenistic World , Asia Minor : Hermaphroditus - Cult </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Encyclopaedia of the Hellenistic World , Asia Minor : Hermaphroditus - Literary sources </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Encyclopædia Britannica , 1911 : Hermaphroditus Archived 2011 - 11 - 28 at the Wayback Machine . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Alciphron ( 1896 ) . Alciphron : literally and completely translated from the Greek , with introduction and notes . Athens : Privately printed for the Athenian Society . p. 142 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ an eudæmonist : The Characters of Theophrastus </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Diodorus Siculus , Library of History Book IV 4.6. 5 ( translated by Charles Henry Oldfather ) at Theoi.com </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Garth , Sir Samuel Translation of Metamorphoses IV at Wikisource </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Salmacis and Hermaphroditus 1602 text , accessed in Renascence Editions at University of Oregon </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ The Greek Anthology IX. 783 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ The Greek Anthology IX. 317 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Swinburne AC Hermaphroditus Library Electronic Text Resource Service ( LETRS ) / Digital Library Program , Indiana University </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Cicero , De Natura Deorum 3 . 21 - 23 ( trans . Rackham ) ( Roman rhetorician C1st B.C. ) : `` Engendered from the sea - foam , we are told she ( Aphrodite ) became the mother by Mercurius ( Hermes ) of the second Cupidus ( literally Eros , but Cicero is probably referring to Hermaphroditos ) '' </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Greek and Hellenistic Lovemaking , Embodying Male and Female Sexuality : Hermaphroditus p. 54 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Alpay Pasinli ( 1989 ) . Istanbul Archaeological Museums . A Turizm Yayinlari . p. 66 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ At Waymark UK Image Gallery An explanatory plaque is also accessible here . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ A video clip from the film Fellini Satyricon when protagonists gather at the temple seeking a cure </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Fellini - Satyricon by Federico Fellini ( 1968 ) -- Why are classicists like directors ? Archived 2006 - 09 - 22 at the Wayback Machine . Francesca D'Alessandro Behr , Department of Modern and Classical Languages , University of Houston </Li> </Ol> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Clarke , John R. ( 1998 ) . Looking at Lovemaking : Constructions of Sexuality in Roman Art , 100 B.C. - A.D. 250 . University of California Press . pp. 49 -- 54 . ISBN 0520200241 . </Li> <Li> Grimal , Pierre ( 1996 ) . The Dictionary of Classical Mythology . Wiley - Blackwell . p. 209 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 631 - 20102 - 1 . </Li> <Li> Kerenyi , Karl ( 1951 ) . The Gods of the Greeks . London : Thames & Hudson . </Li> <Li> Seyffert , Oskar ( 1894 ) . Dictionary of Classical Antiquities . London : S. Sonnenschein and Co. ; New York : Macmillan and Co . </Li> <Li> Schmitz , Leonhard ( 1870 ) . `` Hermaphroditus '' . In Smith , William . Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology. 2 . pp. 408 -- 409 . </Li> <Li> Siculus , Diodorus ( 1814 ) . The Historical Library of Diodorus the Sicilian : In Fifteen Books . W. McDowall . p. 223 . </Li> </Ul> <P> Attribution : </P> <Ul> <Li> This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain : Chisholm , Hugh , ed. ( 1911 ) . `` Hermaphroditus '' . Encyclopædia Britannica. 13 ( 11th ed . ) . Cambridge University Press . p. 367 . </Li> </Ul> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wikimedia Commons has media related to Hermaphroditus . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The dictionary definition of Hermaphroditus at Wiktionary </P> <Ul> <Li> Hermaphroditos at Theoi Project </Li> <Li> Hermaphroditus at Greek Mythology Link </Li> <Li> Hermaphroditus at Encyclopædia Britannica Online </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> GND : 1036792072 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Intersex topics </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Human rights and legal issues </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Compulsory sterilization </Li> <Li> Discrimination </Li> <Li> Human rights <Ul> <Li> reports </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Legal recognition </Li> <Li> Malta declaration </Li> <Li> Medical interventions </Li> <Li> Sex assignment </Li> <Li> Sex characteristics ( legal term ) </Li> <Li> Yogyakarta Principles </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Medicine and biology </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Disorders of sex development </Li> <Li> Genetic diagnosis </Li> <Li> Hermaphrodite </Li> <Li> Medical interventions <Ul> <Li> history </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Orchidometer </Li> <Li> Phall - 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The Magisterium series - wikipedia <H1> The Magisterium series </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> The Iron Trial <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> The cover of the first book in the series </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Author </Th> <Td> Holly Black , Cassandra Clare </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Cover artist </Th> <Td> Scott Fischer </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Country </Th> <Td> USA </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Language </Th> <Td> English </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Series </Th> <Td> Magisterium </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Genre </Th> <Td> Fantasy / adventure </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Publisher </Th> <Td> Scholastic Corporation </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Publication date </Th> <Td> September 2014 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The Magisterium Series is intended to be a 5 - book series for young adults . It is a fantasy series co-authored by Holly Black and Cassandra Clare . It is their first collaboration . The series was acquired by Scholastic in April 2012 . The first book , The Iron Trial , was published in September 2014 , and hit third on the New York Times Middle Grade Bestseller List . The series is set in an underground school where mages train apprentices to control the elements . The books are illustrated by Scott Fischer . The main characters are Callum Hunt , Tamara Rajavi , Aaron Stewart , Master Rufus , and Havoc , Call 's pet . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 The Iron Trial </Li> <Li> 2 The Copper Gauntlet </Li> <Li> 3 The Bronze Key </Li> <Li> 4 Books </Li> <Li> 5 Reception </Li> <Li> 6 References </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> The Iron Trial ( edit ) </H2> Main article : The Iron Trial <P> The protagonist of the series is twelve - year - old Callum Hunt , or Call , who was raised by his father and former mages - Alastair Hunt . Alastair rejected the world of magic after the death of his wife Sarah at the Cold Massacre during the Second Mage War . ' The Enemy of Death ' , Constantine Madden , was responsible for her death . </P> <P> In the first book ' The Iron Trial ' , Call participates in a series of tests to see whether he has sufficient magic to attend training at the Magisterium . At the Magisterium apprentices are trained to be mages using the four elements of fire , air , water , and earth . Alastair instructs Call to fail the tests by whatever means necessary . Call , without effort , fails the tests , scoring even lower than those who do not even possess magical ability . But Master Rufus , a master at the Magisterium , sees that Call has power , but lacks control . Master Rufus decides to take him on as an apprentice . He also selects Tamara Rajavi and Aaron Stewart - the topped ranked students . </P> <P> During the book after doing countless seemingly pointless and boring exercises the three apprentices become friends after a frigid start and Call starts to decide to stay on at the Magisterium after his Iron year to receive more tutelage and go against his father 's wishes . After an exercise in the caverns Call , Tamara and Aaron are confronted by a fire elemental who tells them their fates . ' One will die , one will fail , another is already dead . ' Call at dinner mentions this to the other students , one of whom , Drew , says the prophecy is complete babble . When Call walks out of the Cafeteria Drew asks for a moment to talk to him and says that it was n't a good idea to tell everyone about the prophecy , but Call gets confused about what Drew means . At this Drew realizes something important and that night runs away leaving a note behind . When his note is found Call and the other apprentices and Masters go to look for him . After finding him Call , Aaron , Tamara , a bronze year student Alex Strike , and Drew are confronted by a pack of chaos - ridden wolves . Chaos is the fifth element and only Makars can wield it . When confronted Aaron ends up saving their lives by sending the wolves to the void using chaos magic and in doing so reveals himself to be a makar , astonishing everyone . On the way back to the Magisterium , Jasper DeWinter , someone whom Call dislikes and vice versa , tells everyone the story of Constantine Madden the chaos mage , and why he started the third mage war . While Jasper is telling this story Call finds a chaos - ridden wolf pup in the snow and decides to take the wolf , later named Havoc , into the Magisterium with him without telling anyone . Later after , an incident where Call foolishly decides to participate in an activity that he could not accomplish because of his bad leg that was smashed when he was a baby , Aaron is kidnapped by the Enemy 's minions when taking Havoc for a walk . As neither Tamara nor Call wanted to leave Aaron then decided to save him without telling anyone . Walking in the forest outside the mission gate and the magisterium they come to a bowling alley where they find Aaron tied up and being dangled on top of a chaos elemental by their classmate Drew who works for the Enemy . Tamara releases Aaron and Call tries too leave too but Drew stops him by releasing the chaos elemental , which kills Drew after he calls the elemental a coward . Chased into another room Call is confronted by the Enemy of Death who , while being briefly angry about his son Drew 's death , takes off his mask and tells Call that Call is Constantine Madden , The Enemy of Death and that he is Master Joseph who taught Constantine / Call . Callum and Master Joseph have a conversation where Joseph explains that , during the Cold Massacre Constantine had been mortally wounded and was dying , so he placed his soul into the body of a baby . That baby was Callum . Call also finds out that his father suspects he is The Enemy of Death as during the massacre after Constantine 's soul had entered Call 's body , Call 's mother had written the words , ' Kill the Child ' on the ice where she lay almost dead . Alastair had also sent a letter to Master Rufus earlier that year asking him to bind Callum 's magic , sending Master Rufus a wristband that later turned out to be Constantine 's . Then , Tamara and Aaron accidentally broke the roof with the bowling alley sign . Master Joseph disappeared and Call was rescued . Later Call was back at the Infirmary after passing out . There he has a conversation with Master Rufus about what happened in the bowling alley . Call does n't tell him though , about Master Joseph and their conversation . After that , Master Rufus gives him permission to contact his father . When Call is out of the Infirmary , he and his friends pass through the First Gate </P> <H2> The copper gauntlet ( edit ) </H2> <P> In the second book ' The Copper Gauntlet ' , Call finds that his father may be trying to destroy both him and Havoc , and runs away from home to go back to the magical world . When he leaves his house he notices a design of what appears to be a copper gauntlet . He meets up with his friends Aaron and Tamara at Tamara 's house . There , he meets Alex Strike , the boyfriend of Tamara 's sister , Kimiya . He finds out from Tamara 's parents that his dad used to be an exceptional metal mage . They go back to the Magisterium , when they find out that an attack was made on a dangerous weapon called the Alkahest . The research the Alkahest , and discover that it 's the copper gauntlet that Call 's dad , Alastair was researching . The Alkahest is a weapon that can only harm a Makar , and can be used to rip out the Makar 's soul . Call predicts that his dad faked an attack on the Alkahest , so that they 'd move the Alkahest to a more secure vault made of metal . He concludes that Alastair wants to use the Alkahest on Call to destroy Constantine 's soul and potentially kill Call . He tells Tamara about his dad potentially trying to steal the Alkahest . Tamara misunderstands Call 's concerns and thinks that Alastair wants to use the Alkahest to kill Aaron . She tells Master Rufus this and later , it is confirmed that the Alkahest is missing . Alex Strike tells Call that the mages will not hesitate to kill his dad to protect the Makar , Aaron , so Call decides to set out to find and warn his dad . Tamara and Aaron agree to go with him , and because Jasper catches them , they force Jasper to come along with them . They stop at a junkyard where they think Calls father may have been and they find letters from Master Joseph , to his father that describe his location using coordinate points . That night , they wake up to find a metal elemental named , Automontes . Automontes was controlled by the school , and after defeating it they decide that they can not return to the Magisterium . They are found by the Masters on the highway , and the Masters use air elementals to take control of their car and carry them away . Call and the others escape the car and hide out and rest in a cave , made by Aaron . The next day they are surrounded by Chaos - ridden . Instead of killing them , the Chaos - ridden kneel in front of Call and Call is forced to explain his identity to everyone there . They are escorted by the army to the coordinate points which turns out to be a tomb . In the tomb it is revealed that Constantine 's body is still intact , and that Joseph plans to transfer the soul from Call 's body to Constantine 's body . His plans are quickly foiled though , as Alastair quickly steals the Alkahest and destroys Constantine Madden 's body , therefore foiling the plan to transfer the souls . Because of Constantine 's death , Call receives the chaos magic in Constantine 's body , and becomes a Makar . They quickly escape , and bring along Constantine 's head as proof they killed the `` Enemy '' , but his soul was still living inside Call . When they get back , they are praised as heroes , but a shocking fact is revealed . Nobody from the Assembly sent the elementals , so it must have been a spy . And he is out to kill Call . </P> <H2> The bronze key ( edit ) </H2> <P> In the third book ' The Bronze Key ' , the action starts shortly after the ending of the second as Call , Aaron and Tamara are beginning their third or bronze year at the Magisterium . The book picks up the story with a death among the students and a spy on the loose threatening Call . The group is invited to a party in their honor , where two tragic incidents occur . First , Call is almost killed by a falling chandelier when he is invited to a room by Celia with a note , but it is not as it seems . A few minutes later , he sees Jennifer , the person who delivered the note , dead in the water . This throws the party into chaos , and everybody starts to evacuate . Call 's dad takes the children to the Magisterium , where he believes they will be safe . Tamara and Aaron both believe that the spy , who they think tried to kill Call , is from the Magisterium , so they both keep an eye on Call 24 / 7 . But that night , when Call comes to bed he is attacked by an elemental and almost killed if Aaron did n't step in and send the elemental to the void using his Makar or chaos powers . They started to investigate themselves , and wanted to go down to the prison where they held the elementals . But to do that , they would have to break into Anastasia Tarquin 's room , Alex 's stepmother . Upon entering Anastasia 's room , they discover that the key they look for is hidden inside a voice - activated safe . After multiple faulty attempts , Call comes to a realization and enunciates the word that opens the safe : Jericho . Jericho is the mame of Constantine 's twin brother , killed in an accident while they were students . Constantine was driven to find a method of `` curing death '' because of the loss of his brother . After retrieving the key , the trio enter it in the elemental gate , and as the gates disappear , they rush inside with a purpose . No information is retrieved from the elementals . Master Rufus surprises them by announcing that Alma , the leader of the Order of Disorder , will be teaching Aaron and Call . Aaron and Call make a deal with Alma to help her free the Chaos - ridden animals if she helps them communicate with the first victim , Jennifer . Later , Callum and Aaron help free the Chaos - ridden , assisted by Anastasia Tarquin and Alex Strike . Call passes out afteto a truck . When he wakes up , Aaron goes with him to visit Alma . Alma teaches them how to communicate with the dead . Callum interrogates Jennifer and finds out that she was killed by a `` boy she liked '' and Jennifer starts screaming for Kimiya to stay away . While trying to figure out more information , Callum accidentally raises her from the dead and Alma becomes suspicious of him . Call runs back to the hospital to find out that Tamara has left . They head back to their rooms when Alex rushes through the gates and alerts them that Tamara was kidnapped by the spy , and Havoc ran off into the woods surrounding the Magisterium . After running with Alex for a while , Call asks Alex to take off his hoodie . Upon seeing two black stripes up his sleeve , ( which Call recognises from a photograph of Constantane and Master Joseph ) Call realizes that Alex is indeed the spy in the Magisterium , working for the Enemy of Death . Alex drags the pair to his hideout in the woods , and extracts the Chaos from Aaron 's body using the Alkahest , killing him in the process . After subduing Call and Tamara , Alex escapes with wounds inflicted by Havoc . The masters arrive , and in Call 's desperation rant about how he did n't do it , he mentions that he is the Enemy of Death , and the Masters `` clap him in chains '' He is taken to the Panopticon , the prison , and as the book ends , Anastasia Tarquin is at Call 's cell door , telling him she shall free him , and that he is her `` son '' as she was Constantine 's mother . </P> <H2> Books ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> The Iron Trial ( September 9 , 2014 ) </Li> <Li> The Copper Gauntlet ( September 1 , 2015 ) </Li> <Li> The Bronze Key ( August 30 , 2016 ) </Li> <Li> The Silver Mask ( October 26 , 2017 ) </Li> <Li> The Golden Tower ( September 7 , 2018 ) </Li> </Ol> <P> The last book is not out yet </P> <H2> Reception ( edit ) </H2> <P> The first book in the series , The Iron Trial , was well received . Kirkus Reviews praised the setting and `` refreshingly nuanced '' characters , and a Publishers Weekly starred review predicted that the `` string of ominous revelations '' would leave readers wanting more . Though Kirkus noted that the similarities to Harry Potter can be distracting , a reviewer at The Daily Telegraph wrote that the book `` moves deftly into the gap '' left by the JK Rowling series . </P> <P> In 2012 , Constantin Film acquired the rights to the book series . Black and Clare will adapt the script itself , and serve as executive producers . Constantin is one of the production companies behind another adaptation of Clare 's , The Mortal Instruments : City of Bones . </P> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Children and Young Adult Literature portal </Li> </Ul> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ Yin , Maryann . `` Cassandra Clare & Holly Black Ink Deal for 5 - Book Series '' . GalleyCat . Retrieved 20 June 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Children 's Middle Grade Bestsellers '' . The New York Times . 21 September 2014 . Retrieved 7 December 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Cassandra Clare has teen fiction down like clockwork '' . USA Today . March 13 , 2013 . Retrieved March 13 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Iron Trial '' . Kirkus. 9 September 2014 . Retrieved 7 December 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Iron Trial '' . Publishers Weekly . September 2014 . Retrieved 7 December 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Chilton , Martin ( 8 September 2014 ) . `` Magisterium : The Iron Trial , by Holly Black and Cassandra Clare : review '' . The Telegraph . Retrieved 7 December 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Constantin Nabs Rights To Cassandra Clare & Holly Black Fantasy Books '' . Deadline . Retrieved 20 June 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Constantin boards Clare , Black project : ' The Iron Trial ' centers on boy magician '' . Chicago Tribune . 20 April 2012 . Retrieved 13 March 2013 . </Li> </Ol> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Magisterium_Series&oldid=802276536 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> Series of children 's books </Li> <Li> Fantasy novel series </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Pages to import images to Wikidata </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> Nederlands </Li> <Li> Svenska </Li> </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 25 September 2017 , at 03 : 18 . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> | [
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2018 Winter Olympics opening ceremony - wikipedia <H1> 2018 Winter Olympics opening ceremony </H1> Jump to : navigation , search `` The template below ( Incomplete ) is being considered for deletion . See templates for discussion to help reach a consensus . '' <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This article is incomplete . Please help to improve it , or discuss the issue on the talk page . ( February 2018 ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> 2018 Winter Olympics opening ceremony <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Yuna Kim , South Korean Olympic figure skating champion , lights the Olympic cauldron </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Date </Th> <Td> 9 February 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 09 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Time </Th> <Td> 20 : 00 -- 22 : 20 KST ( UTC + 9 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Location </Th> <Td> Pyeongchang , South Korea </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Coordinates </Th> <Td> 37 ° 40 ′ 03 '' N 128 ° 42 ′ 20 '' E / 37.66750 ° N 128.70556 ° E / 37.66750 ; 128.70556 Coordinates : 37 ° 40 ′ 03 '' N 128 ° 42 ′ 20 '' E / 37.66750 ° N 128.70556 ° E / 37.66750 ; 128.70556 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Also known as </Th> <Td> Peace in Motion </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Filmed by </Th> <Td> SBS and OBS </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Part of a series on the </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 2018 Winter Olympics </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Bid process ( bid details ) </Li> <Li> Venues </Li> <Li> Torch relay </Li> <Li> Mascots </Li> <Li> Broadcasters </Li> <Li> Opening ceremony ( flag bearers ) </Li> <Li> Chronological summary </Li> <Li> Medal table ( medalists ) </Li> <Li> World and Olympic records </Li> <Li> Controversies ( ban on Russian athletes ) </Li> <Li> Closing ceremony ( flag bearers ) </Li> <Li> Paralympics </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> IOC </Li> <Li> KOC </Li> <Li> POCOG </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The opening ceremony of the 2018 Winter Olympics was held at the Pyeongchang Olympic Stadium in Pyeongchang , South Korea on 9 February 2018 . It began at 20 : 00 KST and finished at approximately 22 : 20 KST . The Games were officially opened by President of the Republic of Korea Moon Jae - in . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Preparations </Li> <Li> 2 Ceremony </Li> <Li> 3 Programme <Ul> <Li> 3.1 Parade of Nations </Li> <Li> 3.2 Torch lighting </Li> <Li> 3.3 Wish Fire </Li> <Li> 3.4 Intel ® Drone Light Show </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 Controversies <Ul> <Li> 4.1 Mike Pence </Li> <Li> 4.2 Russian hacking </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 5 Dignitaries in attendance </Li> <Li> 6 Anthems </Li> <Li> 7 Ceremony key team </Li> <Li> 8 References </Li> <Li> 9 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Preparations ( edit ) </H2> <P> The site of the opening ceremony , Pyeongchang Olympic Stadium , was built specifically for the Games . The pentagonal stadium seats 35,000 . The organizers for the event said the shape was chosen because it is a combination of different shapes , a circle , a square , and a triangle , which represent heaven , earth , and mankind . No Olympic or Paralympic events will be held at the stadium , which will only be used for the opening and closing ceremonies . The venue will be torn down afterwards . </P> <P> The broadcast of the Opening Ceremony of the 2018 Winter Olympic Games was available in more than 200 countries around the world . </P> <Ul> <Li> Ha Hyun - woo of the band Guckkasten , Ahn Ji - young of the musical duo Bolbbalgan4 , Lee Eun - mi and Jeon In - kwon with his band Deulgukhwa performed and sang John Lennon 's `` Imagine '' at the opening ceremony . </Li> <Li> The Rainbow Children 's Choir performed an arrangement , with Korean traditional musical instruments , of the national anthem , `` Aegukga '' . The song was written to educate the public about various ethnicities . </Li> <Li> Insooni sang the theme song for the PyeongChang 2018 Olympic Torch Relay , `` Let Everyone Shine '' . </Li> </Ul> <H2> Ceremony ( edit ) </H2> <P> The ceremony 's message centered on peace , passion , harmony , and convergence . </P> <P> Five children from rural Gangwon province led the ceremony , which included animals , nature and a cast of 2,000 . Five children were used to symbolize the five Olympic rings , and the five names were chosen to represent fire , water , wood , metal , and earth , the five elements that are believed to make up the Earth . </P> <P> Augmented reality and 5G technology were also incorporated in the event . The largest drone show in history , featuring 1,218 Shooting Star drones , was planned for the ceremony but cancelled at the last minute ; television audiences were shown a version that had been recorded the previous December . </P> <P> During the opening ceremony the organizing committee was a victim of a cyber attack , but without major consequences . </P> <H2> Programme ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Parade of Nations ( edit ) </H3> Main article : 2018 Winter Olympics Parade of Nations <P> The Parade of Nations was led , according to custom due to hosting the original ancient Olympics , by the Greek team , followed by other competing countries in alphabetical order based on their names in the Korean language , with the host country , South Korea , concluding the march . </P> <P> The delegations from both the host nation South Korea and North Korea ( Korea at the 2018 Winter Olympics ) marched under the Korean unification flag . South Korean Won Yun - jong and North Korean Hwang Chung - gum both held the flagpole . </P> <P> Even though the temperature in the stadium during the ceremony was very cold , Bermuda 's delegation wore shorts and Tongan Pita Taufatofua repeated his shirtless and oiled up Summer Olympic appearance . </P> <P> Background music for the parade began with an instrumental version of `` Hand in Hand '' by Koreana and included modern dance remixes of songs such as `` 단발 머리 '' by Cho Yong - pil and of traditional Korean music , as well as the following K - pop hits : `` Gangnam Style '' by Psy , `` Likey '' by Twice , `` Fantastic Baby '' by Big Bang , `` DNA '' by BTS , and `` Red Flavor '' by Red Velvet . `` Red Flavor '' was cut off just as the unified Korean team was introduced . </P> <H3> Torch lighting ( edit ) </H3> See also : 2018 Winter Olympics torch relay Cauldron <P> The Olympic flame was on a 101 - day relay across South Korea . The start of the ceremony takes place in Olympia of Greece . Apostles Angelis , 24 years old cross-country skier , is selected to be the first torchbearer . He said `` It is a great honour for me to be chosen as the first torchbearer for the Olympic Winter Games of 2018 . It is truly a unique moment that I am looking forward to . I feel very proud and with a unique sense of happiness . '' Park Ji - Sung , football player in Republic of Korea , was the second person to hold the torch . After the flame touring around Greece for a week , it reached the Acropolis on 30th of October . There were 36 ceremonies held in different cities over a week , then the flame arrived to the PyeongChang Panathenaic Stadium . More than 500 torchbearers participated to follow the rituals of Olympic cycle , and carried the message of peace . In the stadium , Opera soloist Sumi Hwang sang the Olympic anthem during the torch lighting ceremony . The final person to hold the torch was Inbee Park , the golfer from Republic of Korea . Chung Su - hyon from North Korea and Park Jong - ah from South Korea carried the torch and headed up stairs toward the cauldron . As the torch neared the cauldron , an ice skating rink with South Korean figure skater Yuna Kim was revealed . Yuna Kim is the well - known figure skater who won gold medal in 2010 and silver metal in 2014 . The cauldron was designed to represent a full moon when it is not lit . Kim received the torch and lit the cauldron . </P> <H3> Wish fire ( edit ) </H3> <P> The final segment entitled `` Wish Fire '' featured Korean dance group Just Jerk ( who became known internationally for their participation in the twelfth season of America 's Got Talent ) entered the stage dressed as Dokkaebi , and performers with sparklers on roller blades . This segment in total featured 2,000 fireworks within and out of the stadium , some reaching as high as 1,300 metres ( 4,300 ft ) . </P> <H3> Intel ® drone light Show ( edit ) </H3> <P> More than 1,200 Intel Unmanned Aerial Vehicles ( UAVs ) or drones flying above Pyeong Chang to celebrate the opening of 2018 Winter Olympic Games . Intel ® drone team now holds the Guinness World Record of flying largest number of drones . The drones flew together to form custom animations illustrating snow boarding , skiing , other different sports , as well as the iconic Olympic rings . The Shooting Star drones carried on the symbol of unity and progress from lighting of the torch . </P> <H2> Controversies ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Mike Pence ( edit ) </H3> <P> While there is no protocol requiring guests to stand for the host country 's arrival , United States Vice President Mike Pence was criticized for not standing , as North and South Korean athletes entered during the Parade of Athletes . Pence was accused of hypocrisy , with critics drawing parallels to national anthem protests by NFL athletes . </P> <H3> Russian hacking ( edit ) </H3> <P> On 24 February , the Washington Post reported that U.S. intelligence uncovered Russian spies hacked computers during the Opening Ceremony , an act that was previously speculated to be the work of North Korea . Analysts believed the Russians instigated the February 9 attack as a way to retaliate for the International Olympic Committee 's decision to ban Russia from the 2018 Winter Olympics as punishment for doping violations . </P> <H2> Dignitaries in attendance ( edit ) </H2> Mike Pence , Vice President of the United States <Ul> <Li> Co-Prince of Andorra and President of France Emmanuel Macron </Li> <Li> Governor General Julie Payette </Li> <Li> Politburo standing member Han Zheng </Li> <Li> Vice President Óscar Naranjo </Li> <Li> President Kersti Kaljulaid </Li> <Li> Minister of Europe and Foreign Affairs Jean - Yves Le Drian and Minister of Sports Laura Flessel </Li> <Li> President Frank - Walter Steinmeier </Li> <Li> Sports Minister Luca Lotti </Li> <Li> Prime Minister Shinzo Abe </Li> <Li> President of Korea Moon Jae - In </Li> <Li> President Dalia Grybauskaitė </Li> <Li> President Hashim Thaçi </Li> <Li> Grand Duke Henri </Li> <Li> Prince Albert II </Li> <Li> King Willem Alexander , Queen Máxima and Prime Minister Mark Rutte </Li> <Li> President of the Presidium of the Supreme People 's Assembly Kim Yong - nam and Director of the Propaganda and Agitation Department of the Workers ' Party of Korea Kim Yo - jong </Li> <Li> President Andrzej Duda </Li> <Li> Minister of Youth and Sports Vanja Udovičić </Li> <Li> President Andrej Kiska </Li> <Li> President Alain Berset </Li> <Li> Princess Anne </Li> <Li> Vice President Mike Pence and Second Lady Karen Pence </Li> <Li> Secretary - General António Guterres </Li> </Ul> Kim Yo - jong attending the ceremony <P> On 9 February 2018 , Kim Yo - jong -- sister of Kim Jong - un -- attended the ceremony in Pyeongchang , South Korea . This was a first time that a member of the ruling Kim dynasty had visited South Korea since the Korean War . Kim Yo - jong shook hands with South Korean president Moon Jae - in before sitting down to watch the ceremony together . </P> <H2> Anthems ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Rainbow Children 's Choir -- South Korean National Anthem </Li> <Li> Sumi Hwang -- Olympic Hymn </Li> </Ul> <H2> Ceremony key team ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Artistic Director : Yang Jung - woong </Li> <Li> Executive Director , creative : Song Seung - whan </Li> <Li> Executive Director , cinematography : Lim Tae - hong , Andrew </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Chappell , Bill ( February 9 , 2018 ) . `` Winter Olympics Opening Ceremony : Pyeongchang Welcomes The World '' . NPR . Retrieved February 11 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Eaton , Joe ( February 9 , 2018 ) . `` It 's Time for the Pop - Up Olympics '' . CITYLAB . Retrieved February 11 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Pyeongchang 2018 Opening Ceremony LIVE on 9 February 2018 '' . 18 January 2018 . Retrieved 8 February 2018 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Hong , C. ( 30 January 2018 ) . `` Ha Hyun Woo , Bolbbalgan4 's Ahn Ji Young , And More To Perform At Olympics Opening Ceremony '' . Soompi . Viki , Inc . Retrieved 1 February 2018 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Garcia , Maira ( 10 February 2018 ) . `` Who Were the Singers at the Opening Ceremony of the Winter Olympics ? '' . nytimes.com . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 11 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Garcia , Maira ( 10 Feb 2018 ) . `` Who Were the Singers at the Opening Ceremony of the Winter Olympics ? '' . PyeongChang 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ PyeongChang 2018 ( 21 September 2017 ) . `` ( ENG ) Theme song for the PyeongChang 2018 Olympic Torch Relay ( ENG sub ) '' . Retrieved 8 February 2018 -- via YouTube . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Inside the Olympics Opening Ceremony World - Record Drone Show '' . WIRED . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 09 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Winter Olympics 2018 opening ceremony -- live ! '' . Guardian . 9 February 2018 . Retrieved 9 February 2018 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Winter Olympics 2018 opening ceremony review : Pyeongchang unites the world in a blizzard of emotion and effects '' . The Telegraph . Retrieved February 11 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kaufman , Gil ( 6 December 2017 ) . `` 2018 Winter Olympics Kick Off With Korean Stars PSY & BTS During Opening Ceremonies '' . Billboard . Retrieved 9 February 2018 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Olympia Awaits Flame Lighting Ceremony for PyeongChang 2018 '' . Olympic Games . 19 October 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Information to the Media - PyeongChang 2018 Olympic Flame - Lighting Ceremony '' . Olympic Games . 23 October 2017 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Keh , Andrew ( 9 Feb 2018 ) . `` Winter Olympics 2018 Opening Ceremony : Highlights and Analysis '' . PyeongChang 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Behind the Scenes of the PyeongChang 2018 Opening Ceremony </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Intel ® Drones at The Olympic Games '' . intel ® . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` A Record - Breaking Show at PyeongChang 2018 '' . intel ® . 2018 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Radnofsky , Louise ; Cheng , Jonathan ( 10 February 2018 ) . `` Pence Sat During Opening Ceremony . Some Koreans Took Offense '' . The Wall Street Journal . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Banks , Paul M. ( 9 February 2018 ) . `` Winter Olympics Verify Mike Pence Hypocrisy on NFL National Anthem Protests '' . ChicagoNow . Retrieved 13 February 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Zilber , Ariel ( 10 February 2018 ) . `` Mike Pence accused of hypocrisy for refusing to stand for Unified Korea during Winter Olympics opening ceremony -- months after walking out of an NFL game because of kneeling players '' . Daily Mail . Retrieved 13 February 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Meeks , David ( 12 February 2018 ) . `` By not standing for Korea at the 2018 Winter Olympics , VP Mike Pence embarrassed America '' . USA Today . Retrieved 13 February 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Report : Russian spies behind Winter Olympics cyber attack . US Today . Retrieved 26 February 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Russian spies reportedly hacked Winter Olympics . CNET . Retrieved 26 February 2018 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Winter Olympics opening ceremony : Koreans enter under unified flag -- as it happened '' . The Guardian . Retrieved February 11 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Gov. Gen. Julie Payette to attend opening of winter Olympics '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` SOUTH KOREA - CHINA - HAN ZHENG - WINTER OLYMPICS - OPENING CEREMONY '' . February 9 , 2018 . Retrieved February 10 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Korea - Estonia summit to help launch peace through Olympics '' . Korea.net. 7 February 2018 . Retrieved 10 February 2018 . President Moon Jae - in held a meeting with President Kersti Kaljulaid of Estonia who is on a visit to Korea to attend the PyeongChang 2018 Olympic and Paralympic Winter Games . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 평창 오는 외국 정상 벌써 15 명 ... ' 올림픽 외교 ' 꽃 피운다 '' . 26 December 2017 . Retrieved 8 February 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Presidente de Alemania apoya diálogo entre Coreas '' ( in Spanish ) . Deutsche Welle . Retrieved 10 February 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Daniela Cotto ( 9 February 2018 ) . `` Il ministro Lotti a Casa Italia , l'incontro con Lindsey Vonn '' ( in Italian ) . La Stampa . Retrieved 10 February 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Mandatarios de Japón y Corea del Sur acuerdan continuar ejerciendo presión sobre Corea del Norte '' ( in Spanish ) . NHK World . Retrieved 10 February 2018 . Abe y Moon sostuvieron una reunión de aproximadamente una hora en un hotel cerca del Estadio Olímpico de Pyeongchang antes de asistir el viernes a la ceremonia de apertura de los Juegos Olímpicos de Invierno . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Lío de protocolo ante la inauguración de los juegos de invierno de Pyeongchang '' ( in Spanish ) . La Vanguardia . Retrieved 10 February 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The President attends the opening ceremony of Winter Olympics '' . President of the Republic of Lithuania. 9 February 2018 . Retrieved 10 February 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Alan Crosby ( 10 February 2018 ) . `` Winter Olympics Debut A 10th - Anniversary Gift For Kosovo '' . Radio Free Europe / Radio Liberty . Retrieved 10 February 2018 . Hashim Thaci , president of Kosovo , said on February 5 during a ceremony presenting the official Kosovar flag to Tahiri . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Grand Duke Henri to Attend Winter Olympics '' . Chronicle.lu . Retrieved 10 February 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Prince Albert II of Monaco ( C ) reacts as he visits the House of Switzerland during the PyeongChang 2018 Olympic Games , South Korea '' . european pressphoto agency . Retrieved 10 February 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Koningspaar en premier Rutte bij openingsceremonie Pyeongchang '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Talmadge , Eric ( 9 February 2018 ) . `` At Olympic Games , Kim Jong Un 's sister takes VIP seat '' . ABC News . AP . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 09 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Szczerski o rozmowie Dudy z wiceprezydentem USA : od razu wiadomo , że się odbędzie '' . Retrieved 8 February 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Зимске олимпијске игре свечано отворене у Пјончангу -- СПОРТСКИ ЖУРНАЛ '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 33 개국 정상급 45 명 참석 밝혀 ... 靑 경호 처가 근접 보호 '' . Retrieved 8 February 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` JO 2018 : Alain Berset à Pyeongchang pour affirmer la présence de la Suisse '' ( in French ) . La Côte. 10 February 2018 . Retrieved 10 February 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Guterres se reunió con el líder norcoreano Kim Yong - nam '' ( in Spanish ) . Deutsche Welle. 10 February 2018 . Retrieved 10 February 2018 . El secretario general de la ONU , Antonio Guterres , se encontró con el presidente nominal de Corea del Norte , Kim Yong - nam , en el marco de la inauguración de los Juegos Olímpicos de invierno en Pyeongchang . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 美 펜스 , 올림픽 대표단 끌고 평창 行 ... 이방 카 참석 은 ' 미정 ' '' . 10 January 2018 . Retrieved 8 February 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 9 February 2018 , Buckingham Palace '' . Court Circular. 9 February 2018 . Retrieved 21 February 2018 . The Princess Royal , Member , International Olympic Committee , and President , British Olympic Association , this evening attended the Opening Reception and Ceremony of the XXIII Winter Olympic Games . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Haas , Benjamin ( 9 February 2018 ) . `` US vice-president skips Olympics dinner in snub to North Korea officials '' . the Guardian . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 09 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Olympics - Pyeongchang picks ' Nanta ' producer for 2018 ceremonies '' . Seoul , South Korea . Reuters. 2 July 2015 . Retrieved 1 February 2018 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Media related to 2018 Winter Olympics opening ceremony at Wikimedia Commons </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Olympic Games ceremonies </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Opening ceremonies </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Summer </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 1896 </Li> <Li> 1900 </Li> <Li> 1904 </Li> <Li> 1908 </Li> <Li> 1912 </Li> <Li> 1920 </Li> <Li> 1924 </Li> <Li> 1928 </Li> <Li> 1932 </Li> <Li> 1936 </Li> <Li> 1948 </Li> <Li> 1952 </Li> <Li> 1956 </Li> <Li> 1960 </Li> <Li> 1964 </Li> <Li> 1968 </Li> <Li> 1972 </Li> <Li> 1976 </Li> <Li> 1980 </Li> <Li> 1984 </Li> <Li> 1988 </Li> <Li> 1992 </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> 2000 </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> 2008 </Li> <Li> 2012 </Li> <Li> 2016 </Li> <Li> 2020 </Li> <Li> 2024 </Li> <Li> 2028 </Li> <Li> 2032 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Winter </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 1924 </Li> <Li> 1928 </Li> <Li> 1932 </Li> <Li> 1936 </Li> <Li> 1948 </Li> <Li> 1952 </Li> <Li> 1956 </Li> <Li> 1960 </Li> <Li> 1964 </Li> <Li> 1968 </Li> <Li> 1972 </Li> <Li> 1976 </Li> <Li> 1980 </Li> <Li> 1984 </Li> <Li> 1988 </Li> <Li> 1992 </Li> <Li> 1994 </Li> <Li> 1998 </Li> <Li> 2002 </Li> <Li> 2006 </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> 2014 </Li> <Li> 2018 </Li> <Li> 2022 </Li> <Li> 2026 </Li> <Li> 2030 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Closing ceremonies </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Summer </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 1896 </Li> <Li> 1900 </Li> <Li> 1904 </Li> <Li> 1908 </Li> <Li> 1912 </Li> <Li> 1920 </Li> <Li> 1924 </Li> <Li> 1928 </Li> <Li> 1932 </Li> <Li> 1936 </Li> <Li> 1948 </Li> <Li> 1952 </Li> <Li> 1956 </Li> <Li> 1960 </Li> <Li> 1964 </Li> <Li> 1968 </Li> <Li> 1972 </Li> <Li> 1976 </Li> <Li> 1980 </Li> <Li> 1984 </Li> <Li> 1988 </Li> <Li> 1992 </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> 2000 </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> 2008 </Li> <Li> 2012 </Li> <Li> 2016 </Li> <Li> 2020 </Li> <Li> 2024 </Li> <Li> 2028 </Li> <Li> 2032 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Winter </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 1924 </Li> <Li> 1928 </Li> <Li> 1932 </Li> <Li> 1936 </Li> <Li> 1948 </Li> <Li> 1952 </Li> <Li> 1956 </Li> <Li> 1960 </Li> <Li> 1964 </Li> <Li> 1968 </Li> <Li> 1972 </Li> <Li> 1976 </Li> <Li> 1980 </Li> <Li> 1984 </Li> <Li> 1988 </Li> <Li> 1992 </Li> <Li> 1994 </Li> <Li> 1998 </Li> <Li> 2002 </Li> <Li> 2006 </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> 2014 </Li> <Li> 2018 </Li> <Li> 2022 </Li> <Li> 2026 </Li> <Li> 2030 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ul> <Li> Olympics portal </Li> <Li> South Korea portal </Li> </Ul> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2018_Winter_Olympics_opening_ceremony&oldid=835559840 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> 2018 Winter Olympics </Li> <Li> Ceremonies in South Korea </Li> <Li> Olympics opening ceremonies </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) </Li> <Li> CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) </Li> <Li> CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) </Li> <Li> Articles to be expanded from February 2018 </Li> <Li> Use dmy dates from February 2018 </Li> <Li> Use British English from February 2018 </Li> <Li> Coordinates on Wikidata </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> Asturianu </Li> <Li> Español </Li> <Li> Français </Li> <Li> 한국어 </Li> <Li> 日本 語 </Li> <Li> ไทย </Li> <Li> Українська </Li> <Li> 中文 </Li> </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 9 April 2018 , at 12 : 48 . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> | [
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Dead bolt - wikipedia <H1> Dead bolt </H1> For other uses , see Deadbolt ( disambiguation ) . Door with two locks , one in the doorknob and a separate deadbolt . <P> A dead bolt , deadbolt or dead lock is a locking mechanism distinct from a spring bolt lock because a deadbolt can not be moved to the open position except by rotating the key . The more common spring bolt lock uses a spring to hold the bolt in place , allowing retraction by applying force to the bolt itself . A deadbolt can therefore make a door more resistant to entry without the correct key . </P> <P> A deadbolt is often used to complement a spring - bolt lock on an entry door to a building . </P> <H2> Contents </H2> <Ul> <Li> 1 Common types </Li> <Li> 2 Safety </Li> <Li> 3 See also </Li> <Li> 4 References </Li> </Ul> <H2> Common types ( edit ) </H2> <P> A deadlock , if it is cylinder operated , may be either single cylinder or double cylinder . A single cylinder deadlock will accept a key on one side of the lock , but is operated by a twist knob on the other side . Double cylinder locks will accept a key on both sides and therefore do not require ( and often do not have ) any twist knob . This prevents unwanted unlocking of the door by forced access to the interior twist knob ( via a nearby window , for example ) . Double cylinder locks are sometimes banned from areas because they can be difficult to open from the inside and violate fire safety regulations . Some lock manufacturers also have a `` lockable '' knob : a key is always needed on one side ( usually external ) , and a twist knob can be used on the other ( internal ) , unless a button has been pressed , in which case a key is also needed on the internal side . </P> <P> A variant of the standard deadbolt is the vertical deadbolt , invented by Samuel Segal . 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Some fire departments suggest putting the key on a small nail or screw near the door at floor level , since the cleanest air is at floor level and you may be crawling to get to the exit , thus placing the key where it is easiest to find . </P> <P> Note that single cylinder dead locks ( with an unlocked twist mechanism on the inside of the door ) do not have this problem , and therefore are most commonly used on fire exits . Some areas have fire safety codes that do not allow a locked exit . </P> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Door security </Li> <Li> Lock bumping </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ https://www.homesecuritysystems.tips/types-of-systems/what-is-deadbolt-lock-and-its-benefits . Missing or empty title = ( help ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Abloy . `` Lockable Thumbturn H2X Deadbolts '' . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 22 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Abloy . `` Lockable Thumbturn H2X Deadbolts '' . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 22 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kennedy , Les ( 2004 - 06 - 08 ) . `` Deadlocked doors seen as fatal in house fire '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 16 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Hardware requirements for access and egress '' ( PDF ) . Canada government . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 27 March 2014 . Retrieved 12 June 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Building Codes ( p. 127 ) '' ( PDF ) . New York City . 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Do n't You ( Forget About Me ) - wikipedia <H1> Do n't You ( Forget About Me ) </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> `` Do n't You ( Forget About Me ) '' </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Standard international artwork </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Single by Simple Minds </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> from the album The Breakfast Club ( Original Motion Picture Soundtrack ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> B - side </Th> <Td> `` A Brass Band in African Chimes '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Released </Th> <Td> 20 February 1985 ( US ) 8 April 1985 ( UK ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Format </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 12 '' </Li> <Li> 7 '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Recorded </Th> <Td> 10 July 1984 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Genre </Th> <Td> New wave , synthpop , pop rock </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Length </Th> <Td> 4 : 20 6 : 32 ( extended version ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Label </Th> <Td> Virgin A&M ( US ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Songwriter ( s ) </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Keith Forsey </Li> <Li> Steve Schiff </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Simple Minds singles chronology </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Td> `` Up on the Catwalk '' ( 1984 ) </Td> <Td> `` Do n't You ( Forget About Me ) '' ( 1985 ) </Td> <Td> `` Alive and Kicking '' ( 1985 ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Td> `` Up on the Catwalk '' ( 1984 ) </Td> <Td> `` Do n't You ( Forget About Me ) '' ( 1985 ) </Td> <Td> `` Alive and Kicking '' ( 1985 ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Audio sample </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> file </Li> <Li> help </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Music video </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> `` Do n't You ( Forget About Me ) '' on YouTube </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> `` Do n't You ( Forget About Me ) '' is a 1985 pop song performed by Scottish rock band Simple Minds . The song is best known for being played during the opening and closing credits of the John Hughes film The Breakfast Club . It was written and composed by producer Keith Forsey and Steve Schiff , the latter of whom was a guitarist and songwriter from the Nina Hagen band . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Recording history </Li> <Li> 2 Music video </Li> <Li> 3 Charts and certifications <Ul> <Li> 3.1 Weekly charts </Li> <Li> 3.2 Year - end charts </Li> <Li> 3.3 Certifications </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 Notable Appearances in Other Media </Li> <Li> 5 See also </Li> <Li> 6 References </Li> <Li> 7 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Recording history ( edit ) </H2> <P> Forsey asked Cy Curnin from The Fixx , Bryan Ferry and Billy Idol to record the song , but all three declined ; Idol did later perform a cover of it on his 2001 compilation album Greatest Hits . Schiff then suggested Forsey ask Simple Minds who , after refusing as well , agreed under the encouragement of their label , A&M . According to frontman Jim Kerr , the band was reluctant to record the song as they felt they should only record their own material , relenting after persuasion from Kerr 's wife at the time , Chrissie Hynde of The Pretenders , and a phone call from Forsey in which he expressed his admiration for the band . According to one account , the band `` rearranged and recorded ' Do n't You ( Forget About Me ) ' in three hours in a north London studio and promptly forgot about it . '' </P> <P> Continuing the rock direction recently taken on Sparkle in the Rain but also glancing back at their melodic synthpop past , it caught the band at their commercial peak and , propelled by the success of The Breakfast Club , became a # 1 hit in the U.S. and around the world . It is also the band 's only # 1 hit on the U.S. Top Rock Tracks chart , staying atop for three weeks . While only reaching # 7 in the UK , it stayed on the charts from 1985 to 1987 , one of the longest time spans for any single in the history of the chart . </P> <P> The song did not appear on the band 's subsequent album Once Upon a Time , but it did appear on the 1992 best - of Glittering Prize 81 / 92 . It soon became a fixture of the band 's live sets - with an extended audience participation section during its inclusion on the 2015 tour to promote the band 's Big Music album . </P> <P> Two versions were created for release . A short version , 4 : 23 in duration , appeared on the single and the original motion picture soundtrack album of The Breakfast Club . A longer version , 6 : 32 in duration , was released as a 12 '' single . This version contains longer breakdowns and drum fills , a second appearance of the bridge and a longer ending . </P> <P> John Leland from Spin wrote that `` ' Do n't You Forget About Me , ' a romantic and melancholy dance track , therefore cuts ice both in the living room and on the dance floor . '' </P> <H2> Music video ( edit ) </H2> <P> The music video , directed by Daniel Kleinman , takes place on a dancing floor in a dark room with a chandelier , a rocking horse , and television sets displaying scenes from The Breakfast Club . The video on YouTube had been viewed over 75 million times as of July 26 , 2017 . </P> <H2> Charts and certifications ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> <H3> Weekly charts ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Chart ( 1985 ) </Th> <Th> Peak Position </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Australia ( Kent Music Report ) </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Belgium ( VRT Top 30 Flanders ) </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Canada Top Singles ( RPM ) </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Canada ( CHUM ) </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> France ( SNEP ) </Td> <Td> 24 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Germany ( Official German Charts ) </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Ireland ( IRMA ) </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Italy ( FIMI ) </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> South Africa ( Springbok Radio ) </Td> <Td> 10 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) </Td> <Td> 13 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> US Billboard Hot 100 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> US Dance Club Songs ( Billboard ) </Td> <Td> 9 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> US Mainstream Rock ( Billboard ) </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> US Cash Box Top 100 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Chart ( 1988 ) </Th> <Th> Peak Position </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) </Td> <Td> 100 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Chart ( 2004 ) </Th> <Th> Peak Position </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Italy ( FIMI ) </Td> <Td> 16 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Chart ( 2012 ) </Th> <Th> Peak Position </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> US Rock Digital Songs ( Billboard ) </Td> <Td> 41 </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> <Td> <H3> Year - end charts ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Chart ( 1985 ) </Th> <Th> Position </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Australia ( Kent Music Report ) </Td> <Td> 47 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) </Td> <Td> 28 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Canada Top Singles ( RPM ) </Td> <Td> 21 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Germany ( Official German Charts ) </Td> <Td> 23 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Italy ( FIMI ) </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) </Td> <Td> 11 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) </Td> <Td> 26 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) </Td> <Td> 26 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> US Billboard Hot 100 </Td> <Td> 16 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> US Dance Club Songs ( Billboard ) </Td> <Td> 33 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> US Mainstream Rock ( Billboard ) </Td> <Td> 10 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> US Cash Box Top 100 </Td> <Td> 12 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Certifications ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Region </Th> <Th> Certification </Th> <Th> Certified units / Sales </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Canada ( Music Canada ) </Th> <Td> Gold </Td> <Td> 5,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Canada ( Music Canada ) </Th> <Td> Platinum </Td> <Td> 10,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> United Kingdom ( BPI ) </Th> <Td> Silver </Td> <Td> 250,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="3"> <P> shipments figures based on certification alone </P> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Chart successions </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Td> Preceded by `` Forever Man '' by Eric Clapton </Td> <Td> US Billboard Mainstream Rock number - one single 20 April 1985 -- 4 May 1985 ( 3 weeks ) </Td> <Td> Succeeded by `` Trapped '' by Bruce Springsteen & the E Street Band </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Preceded by `` Crazy for You '' by Madonna </Td> <Td> US Billboard Hot 100 number - one single 18 May 1985 ( 1 week ) </Td> <Td> Succeeded by `` Everything She Wants '' by Wham ! </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Preceded by `` We Are the World '' by USA for Africa </Td> <Td> Dutch Top 40 number - one single 1 June 1985 -- 15 June 1985 ( 3 weeks ) </Td> <Td> Succeeded by `` Dancing in the Dark '' by Bruce Springsteen </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Preceded by `` Crazy for You '' by Madonna </Td> <Td> Canadian `` RPM '' Singles Chart number - one single 1 June 1985 ( 1 week ) </Td> <Td> Succeeded by `` Everybody Wants to Rule the World '' by Tears for Fears </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Notable appearances in other media ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> This song played on the British television soap EastEnders on 30th May 1985 , on 4th July 1985 , on 8th August 1985 , and on 9th August 2013 . </Li> <Li> This song played in the episode of the American animated comedy series Futurama on 11th March 2001 . </Li> <Li> This song played in the episode of the American medical comedy series Scrubs on 10th April 2003 . </Li> <Li> This song played in an episode of the American comedy series 30 Rock on 4th December 2008 . </Li> <Li> This song played in an episode of the British television soap Hollyoaks on 22nd May 2009 . </Li> <Li> This song played in an episode of the British chat show Loose Women on 15th July 2009 . </Li> <Li> This song played in an episiode of the American teen drama series Friday Night Lights on 16th December 2009 . </Li> <Li> This song played in the American comedy film Easy A in 2010 . </Li> <Li> This song played in an episode of the American crime drama series Cold Case on 2nd May 2010 . </Li> <Li> This song played in an episode of the American television series The Handmaid 's Tale on 26th April 2017 . </Li> </Ul> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> List of number - one singles of 1985 ( Canada ) </Li> <Li> List of Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles of the 1980s </Li> <Li> List of Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles of 1985 </Li> <Li> List of Billboard Mainstream Rock number - one songs of the 1980s </Li> <Li> List of Dutch Top 40 number - one singles of 1985 </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ Simpson , Dave ( 15 November 2016 ) . `` Simple Minds : how we made Do n't You ( Forget About Me ) '' . theguardian.com . Retrieved 15 November 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` A History of Simple Minds '' . The Official Glasgow Barrowland & Barras Market Site . Retrieved 15 September 2011 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Simple Minds -- Chart history '' Billboard Hot 100 for Simple Minds . Retrieved 27 November 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Simpson , Dave ( April 2015 ) . `` The Guardian '' . The Guardian ( 2 ) . Retrieved 11 April 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Leland , John ( June 1985 ) . `` Singles '' . Spin. 1 ( 2 ) : 37 . Retrieved 15 September 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ SimpleMindsVEVO ( 2010 - 12 - 03 ) , Simple Minds - Do n't You ( Forget About Me ) , retrieved 2017 - 03 - 08 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ bulion . `` Forum - ARIA Charts : Special Occasion Charts - CHART POSITIONS PRE 1989 '' . ARIA . Australian-charts.com . Archived from the original on 20 October 2013 . Retrieved 27 November 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Simple Minds -- Do n't You ( Forget About Me ) '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Retrieved 27 November 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Simple Minds -- Do n't You ( Forget About Me ) '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved 27 November 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Radio 2 Top 30 '' ( in Dutch ) . Top 30 . Archived from the original on 31 March 2016 . Retrieved 27 November 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Top RPM Singles : Issue 0530 . '' RPM . Library and Archives Canada . Retrieved 27 November 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` CHART NUMBER 1485 -- Saturday , June 08 , 1985 '' . Archived from the original on 7 November 2006 . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 08 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) . CHUM . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Lescharts.com -- Simple Minds -- Do n't You ( Forget About Me ) '' ( in French ) . Les classement single . Retrieved 27 November 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Offiziellecharts.de -- Simple Minds -- Do n't You ( Forget About Me ) '' . GfK Entertainment Charts . Retrieved 27 November 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Irish Charts -- Search Results -- Do n't You ( Forget About Me ) '' . Irish Singles Chart . Retrieved 27 November 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Hit Parade Italia '' . HitParadeItalia ( in Italian ) . Retrieved 27 November 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Nederlandse Top 40 -- week 22 , 1985 '' ( in Dutch ) . Dutch Top 40 Retrieved 27 November 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Simple Minds -- Do n't You ( Forget About Me ) '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Retrieved 27 November 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Charts.org.nz -- Simple Minds -- Do n't You ( Forget About Me ) '' . Top 40 Singles . Retrieved 27 November 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` South African Rock Lists Website SA Charts 1965 -- 1989 Acts S '' . The South African Rock Encyclopedia . Retrieved 27 November 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- Simple Minds -- Do n't You ( Forget About Me ) '' . Singles Top 100 . Retrieved 27 November 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Simple Minds -- Do n't You ( Forget About Me ) '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Retrieved 27 November 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 27 November 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Simple Minds -- Chart history '' Billboard Hot Dance Club Songs for Simple Minds . Retrieved 27 November 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Simple Minds -- Chart history '' Billboard Mainstream Rock Songs for Simple Minds . Retrieved 27 November 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` CASH BOX Top 100 Singles -- Week ending MAY 18 , 1985 '' . Archived from the original on 1 October 2012 . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 08 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) . Cash Box magazine . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 27 November 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Italiancharts.com -- Simple Minds -- Do n't You ( Forget About Me ) '' . Top Digital Download . Retrieved 27 November 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Simple Minds - Chart History '' . Rock Digital Songs . for Simple Minds . Retrieved 27 November 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Forum -- ARIA Charts : Special Occasion Charts -- Top 100 End of Year AMR Charts - 1980s '' . Australian-charts.com . Hung Medien . Archived from the original on 28 August 2014 . Retrieved 27 November 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Jahreshitparade Singles 1985 '' . Ö3 Austria Top 40 ( in German ) . Retrieved 27 November 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Ultratop Jaaroverzichten 1985 '' . Ultratop 50 ( in Dutch ) . Archived from the original on 10 June 2014 . Retrieved 27 November 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Top RPM Singles : Issue 0619 . '' RPM . Library and Archives Canada . Retrieved 27 November 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Single - Jahrescharts 1985 '' . GfK Entertainment Charts ( in German ) . Retrieved 27 November 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Hit Parade Italia - I singoli più venduti del 1985 '' . FIMI ( in Italian ) . Retrieved 27 November 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Top 100 - Jaaroverzicht van 1985 '' . Dutch Top 40 ( in Dutch ) . Retrieved 27 November 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Dutch Charts Jaaroverzichten Single 1985 '' . Single Top 100 ( in Dutch ) . Retrieved 27 November 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Official NZ Music Charts - End of Year Charts 1985 '' . Recorded Music NZ . Retrieved 27 November 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` SWISS YEAR - END CHARTS 1985 '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Retrieved 27 November 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Top Pop Singles '' ( PDF ) . Billboard . Vol. 97 no . 52 . New York , NY , USA . 28 December 1985 . p . T - 21 . Retrieved 27 November 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Top Dance Sales Singles '' ( PDF ) . Billboard . Vol. 97 no . 52 . New York , NY , USA . 28 December 1985 . p . T - 23 . Retrieved 27 November 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Top Rock Tracks '' ( PDF ) . Billboard . Vol. 97 no . 52 . New York , NY , USA . 28 December 1985 . p . T - 30 . Retrieved 27 November 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The CASH BOX Year - End Charts : 1985 '' . Archived from the original on 30 September 2012 . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 07 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) . Cash Box magazine . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Canadian single certifications -- Simple Minds -- Do n't You Forget About Me '' . Music Canada . Retrieved 27 November 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` British single certifications -- Simple Minds -- Do n't You Forget About Me '' . British Phonographic Industry . Retrieved 27 November 2016 . Enter Do n't You Forget About Me in the search field and then press Enter . </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> AllMusic : Keith Forsey </Li> <Li> Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Td> Preceded by `` Leave Right Now '' by Will Young </Td> <Td> American Idol Farewell Song Season 10 ( 2011 ) </Td> <Td> Succeeded by `` Please Remember Me '' by Scotty McCreery </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Simple Minds </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Jim Kerr </Li> <Li> Charlie Burchill </Li> <Li> Mel Gaynor </Li> <Li> Andy Gillespie </Li> <Li> Ged Grimes </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Brian McGee </Li> <Li> Tony Donald </Li> <Li> Duncan Barnwell </Li> <Li> Mick MacNeil </Li> <Li> Derek Forbes </Li> <Li> Kenny Hyslop </Li> <Li> Mike Ogletree </Li> <Li> John Giblin </Li> <Li> Eddy Duffy </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Albums </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Life in a Day </Li> <Li> Real to Real Cacophony </Li> <Li> Empires and Dance </Li> <Li> Sons and Fascination / Sister Feelings Call </Li> <Li> New Gold Dream ( 81 -- 82 -- 83 -- 84 ) </Li> <Li> Sparkle in the Rain </Li> <Li> Once Upon a Time </Li> <Li> Street Fighting Years </Li> <Li> Real Life </Li> <Li> Good News from the Next World </Li> <Li> Néapolis </Li> <Li> Our Secrets Are the Same </Li> <Li> Neon Lights </Li> <Li> Cry </Li> <Li> Black & White 050505 </Li> <Li> Graffiti Soul </Li> <Li> Big Music </Li> <Li> Acoustic </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Live albums </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Live in the City of Light </Li> <Li> Real Live 91 </Li> <Li> Sunday Express -- Live ( Volumes 1 & 2 ) </Li> <Li> 5X5 Live </Li> <Li> Live -- Big Music Tour 2015 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Compilations </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Themes for Great Cities 79 / 81 </Li> <Li> Celebration </Li> <Li> Glittering Prize 81 / 92 </Li> <Li> The Promised </Li> <Li> The Best of Simple Minds </Li> <Li> Early Gold </Li> <Li> Silver Box </Li> <Li> Celebrate : The Greatest Hits </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Singles </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` Love Song '' </Li> <Li> `` Promised You a Miracle '' </Li> <Li> `` Glittering Prize '' </Li> <Li> `` Someone Somewhere ( In Summertime ) '' </Li> <Li> `` Waterfront '' </Li> <Li> `` Speed Your Love to Me '' </Li> <Li> `` Up on the Catwalk '' </Li> <Li> `` Do n't You ( Forget About Me ) '' </Li> <Li> `` Alive and Kicking '' </Li> <Li> `` Sanctify Yourself '' </Li> <Li> `` All the Things She Said '' </Li> <Li> `` Ghost Dancing '' </Li> <Li> `` Belfast Child '' </Li> <Li> `` This Is Your Land '' </Li> <Li> `` Kick It In '' </Li> <Li> `` Let There Be Love '' </Li> <Li> `` Stand By Love '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Promo singles </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` Mandela Day '' ( US ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Themes series </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Themes -- Volume 1 : March 79 -- April 82 </Li> <Li> Themes -- Volume 2 : August 82 -- April 85 </Li> <Li> Themes -- Volume 3 : September 85 -- June 87 </Li> <Li> Themes -- Volume 4 : February 89 -- May 90 </Li> <Li> Themes -- Volume 5 : March 91 -- September 92 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Related articles </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Discography </Li> <Li> Lostboy ! AKA Jim Kerr </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Concert tours </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Simple Minds concert tours </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> David Cook </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Discography </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Studio albums </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Analog Heart </Li> <Li> David Cook </Li> <Li> This Loud Morning </Li> <Li> Digital Vein </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Extended plays </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> This Quiet Night </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Singles </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` The Time of My Life '' </Li> <Li> `` Light On '' </Li> <Li> `` Come Back to Me / Bar - ba - sol '' </Li> <Li> `` Permanent '' </Li> <Li> `` The Last Goodbye '' </Li> <Li> `` Fade into Me '' </Li> <Li> `` The Last Song I 'll Write for You '' </Li> <Li> `` Laying Me Low '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Tours </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> American Idols LIVE ! Tour 2008 </Li> <Li> The Declaration Tour -- 2009 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Other songs </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` Do n't You ( Forget About Me ) '' </Li> <Li> `` Dream Big '' </Li> <Li> `` Jumpin ' Jack Flash '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Related articles </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> American Idol ( season 7 ) </Li> <Li> Axium </Li> <Li> `` Kiss You Tonight '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Don%27t_You_(Forget_About_Me)&oldid=807402542 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> 1985 singles </Li> <Li> 1985 songs </Li> <Li> Simple Minds songs </Li> <Li> Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles </Li> <Li> Billboard Mainstream Rock number - one singles </Li> <Li> Dutch Top 40 number - one singles </Li> <Li> RPM Top Singles number - one singles </Li> <Li> Songs written by Keith Forsey </Li> <Li> Songs written for films </Li> <Li> Virgin Records singles </Li> <Li> A&M Records singles </Li> <Li> Billy Idol songs </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> CS1 Dutch - language sources ( nl ) </Li> <Li> CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown </Li> <Li> CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) </Li> <Li> CS1 German - language sources ( de ) </Li> <Li> Use British English from January 2014 </Li> <Li> Use dmy dates from January 2014 </Li> <Li> Articles with hAudio microformats </Li> <Li> Singlechart usages for Austria </Li> <Li> Singlechart usages for Flanders </Li> <Li> Singlechart usages for Canadatopsingles </Li> <Li> Singlechart called without artist </Li> <Li> Singlechart called without song </Li> <Li> Singlechart making named ref </Li> <Li> Singlechart usages for France </Li> <Li> Singlechart usages for Germany2 </Li> <Li> Singlechart usages for Ireland2 </Li> <Li> Singlechart usages for Dutch40 </Li> <Li> Singlechart usages for Dutch100 </Li> <Li> Singlechart usages for New Zealand </Li> <Li> Singlechart usages for Sweden </Li> <Li> Singlechart usages for Switzerland </Li> <Li> Singlechart usages for UK </Li> <Li> Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 </Li> <Li> Singlechart usages for Billboarddanceclubplay </Li> <Li> Singlechart usages for Billboardmainstreamrock </Li> <Li> Singlechart usages for Italy </Li> <Li> Certification Table Entry usages for Canada </Li> <Li> Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> Deutsch </Li> <Li> Español </Li> <Li> Français </Li> <Li> Italiano </Li> <Li> Nederlands </Li> <Li> Português </Li> <Li> Svenska </Li> </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 27 October 2017 , at 18 : 34 . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> | [
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Standard deviation - wikipedia <H1> Standard deviation </H1> Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Standard deviation ( disambiguation ) . A plot of normal distribution ( or bell - shaped curve ) where each band has a width of 1 standard deviation -- See also : 68 -- 95 -- 99.7 rule Cumulative probability of a normal distribution with expected value 0 and standard deviation 1 . <P> In statistics , the standard deviation ( SD , also represented by the Greek letter sigma σ or the Latin letter s ) is a measure that is used to quantify the amount of variation or dispersion of a set of data values . A low standard deviation indicates that the data points tend to be close to the mean ( also called the expected value ) of the set , while a high standard deviation indicates that the data points are spread out over a wider range of values . </P> <P> The standard deviation of a random variable , statistical population , data set , or probability distribution is the square root of its variance . It is algebraically simpler , though in practice less robust , than the average absolute deviation . A useful property of the standard deviation is that , unlike the variance , it is expressed in the same units as the data . There are also other measures of deviation from the norm , including average absolute deviation , which provide different mathematical properties from standard deviation . </P> <P> In addition to expressing the variability of a population , the standard deviation is commonly used to measure confidence in statistical conclusions . For example , the margin of error in polling data is determined by calculating the expected standard deviation in the results if the same poll were to be conducted multiple times . This derivation of a standard deviation is often called the `` standard error '' of the estimate or `` standard error of the mean '' when referring to a mean . It is computed as the standard deviation of all the means that would be computed from that population if an infinite number of samples were drawn and a mean for each sample were computed . It is very important to note that the standard deviation of a population and the standard error of a statistic derived from that population ( such as the mean ) are quite different but related ( related by the inverse of the square root of the number of observations ) . The reported margin of error of a poll is computed from the standard error of the mean ( or alternatively from the product of the standard deviation of the population and the inverse of the square root of the sample size , which is the same thing ) and is typically about twice the standard deviation -- the half - width of a 95 percent confidence interval . In science , researchers commonly report the standard deviation of experimental data , and only effects that fall much farther than two standard deviations away from what would have been expected are considered statistically significant -- normal random error or variation in the measurements is in this way distinguished from likely genuine effects or associations . The standard deviation is also important in finance , where the standard deviation on the rate of return on an investment is a measure of the volatility of the investment . </P> <P> When only a sample of data from a population is available , the term standard deviation of the sample or sample standard deviation can refer to either the above - mentioned quantity as applied to those data or to a modified quantity that is an unbiased estimate of the population standard deviation ( the standard deviation of the entire population ) . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Basic examples <Ul> <Li> 1.1 Sample standard deviation of metabolic rate of Northern Fulmars </Li> <Li> 1.2 Population standard deviation of grades of eight students </Li> <Li> 1.3 Standard deviation of average height for adult men </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2 Definition of population values <Ul> <Li> 2.1 Discrete random variable </Li> <Li> 2.2 Continuous random variable </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 Estimation <Ul> <Li> 3.1 Uncorrected sample standard deviation </Li> <Li> 3.2 Corrected sample standard deviation </Li> <Li> 3.3 Unbiased sample standard deviation </Li> <Li> 3.4 Confidence interval of a sampled standard deviation </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 Identities and mathematical properties </Li> <Li> 5 Interpretation and application <Ul> <Li> 5.1 Application examples <Ul> <Li> 5.1. 1 Experiment , industrial and hypothesis testing </Li> <Li> 5.1. 2 Weather </Li> <Li> 5.1. 3 Finance </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 5.2 Geometric interpretation </Li> <Li> 5.3 Chebyshev 's inequality </Li> <Li> 5.4 Rules for normally distributed data </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 6 Relationship between standard deviation and mean <Ul> <Li> 6.1 Standard deviation of the mean </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 7 Rapid calculation methods <Ul> <Li> 7.1 Weighted calculation </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 8 History </Li> <Li> 9 See also </Li> <Li> 10 References </Li> <Li> 11 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Basic examples ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Sample standard deviation of metabolic rate of Northern fulmars ( edit ) </H3> <P> Logan gives the following example . Furness and Bryant measured the resting metabolic rate for 8 male and 6 female breeding Northern fulmars . The table shows the furness data set . </P> <P> </P> <P> The graph shows the metabolic rate for males and females . By visual inspection , it appears that the variability of the metabolic rate is greater for males than for females . </P> <P> </P> <P> The sample standard deviation of the metabolic rate for the female fulmars is calculated as follows . The formula for the sample standard deviation is </P> <Dl> <Dd> s = ∑ i = 1 N ( x i − x _̄ ) 2 N − 1 . ( \ displaystyle s = ( \ sqrt ( \ frac ( \ sum _ ( i = 1 ) ^ ( N ) ( x_ ( i ) - ( \ overline ( x ) ) ) ^ ( 2 ) ) ( N - 1 ) ) ) . ) </Dd> </Dl> <P> where ( x 1 , x 2 , ... , x N ) ( \ displaystyle \ scriptstyle \ ( x_ ( 1 ) , \ , x_ ( 2 ) , \ , \ ldots , \ , x_ ( N ) \ ) ) are the observed values of the sample items , x _̄ ( \ displaystyle \ scriptstyle ( \ overline ( x ) ) ) is the mean value of these observations , and N is the number of observations in the sample . </P> <P> In the sample standard deviation formula , for this example , the numerator is the sum of the squared deviation of each individual animal 's metabolic rate from the mean metabolic rate . The table below shows the calculation of this sum of squared deviations for the female fulmars . For females , the sum of squared deviations is 886047.09 , as shown in the table . </P> <P> </P> <P> The denominator in the sample standard deviation formula is N -- 1 , where N is the number of animals . In this example , there are N = 6 females , so the denominator is 6 -- 1 = 5 . The sample standard deviation for the female fulmars is therefore </P> <Dl> <Dd> s = ∑ i = 1 N ( x i − x _̄ ) 2 N − 1 = 886047.09 5 = 420.96 . ( \ displaystyle s = ( \ sqrt ( \ frac ( \ sum _ ( i = 1 ) ^ ( N ) ( x_ ( i ) - ( \ overline ( x ) ) ) ^ ( 2 ) ) ( N - 1 ) ) ) = ( \ sqrt ( \ frac ( 886047.09 ) ( 5 ) ) ) = 420.96 . ) </Dd> </Dl> <P> For the male fulmars , a similar calculation gives a sample standard deviation of 894.37 , approximately twice as large as the standard deviation for the females . The graph shows the metabolic rate data , the means ( red dots ) , and the standard deviations ( red lines ) for females and males . </P> <P> </P> <P> Use of the sample standard deviation implies that these 14 fulmars are a sample from a larger population of fulmars . If these 14 fulmars comprised the entire population ( perhaps the last 14 surviving fulmars ) , then instead of the sample standard deviation , the calculation would use the population standard deviation . In the population standard deviation formula , the denominator is N instead of N - 1 . It is rare that measurements can be taken for an entire population , so , by default , statistical software packages calculate the sample standard deviation . Similarly , journal articles report the sample standard deviation unless otherwise specified . </P> <H3> Population standard deviation of grades of eight students ( edit ) </H3> <P> Suppose that the entire population of interest was eight students in a particular class . For a finite set of numbers , the population standard deviation is found by taking the square root of the average of the squared deviations of the values from their average value . The marks of a class of eight students ( that is , a statistical population ) are the following eight values : </P> <Dl> <Dd> 2 , 4 , 4 , 4 , 5 , 5 , 7 , 9 . ( \ displaystyle 2 , \ 4 , \ 4 , \ 4 , \ 5 , \ 5 , \ 7 , \ 9 . ) </Dd> </Dl> <P> These eight data points have the mean ( average ) of 5 : </P> <Dl> <Dd> 2 + 4 + 4 + 4 + 5 + 5 + 7 + 9 8 = 5 . ( \ displaystyle ( \ frac ( 2 + 4 + 4 + 4 + 5 + 5 + 7 + 9 ) ( 8 ) ) = 5 . ) </Dd> </Dl> <P> First , calculate the deviations of each data point from the mean , and square the result of each : </P> <Dl> <Dd> ( 2 − 5 ) 2 = ( − 3 ) 2 = 9 ( 5 − 5 ) 2 = 0 2 = 0 ( 4 − 5 ) 2 = ( − 1 ) 2 = 1 ( 5 − 5 ) 2 = 0 2 = 0 ( 4 − 5 ) 2 = ( − 1 ) 2 = 1 ( 7 − 5 ) 2 = 2 2 = 4 ( 4 − 5 ) 2 = ( − 1 ) 2 = 1 ( 9 − 5 ) 2 = 4 2 = 16 . ( \ displaystyle ( \ begin ( array ) ( lll ) ( 2 - 5 ) ^ ( 2 ) = ( - 3 ) ^ ( 2 ) = 9&& ( 5 - 5 ) ^ ( 2 ) = 0 ^ ( 2 ) = 0 \ \ ( 4 - 5 ) ^ ( 2 ) = ( - 1 ) ^ ( 2 ) = 1&& ( 5 - 5 ) ^ ( 2 ) = 0 ^ ( 2 ) = 0 \ \ ( 4 - 5 ) ^ ( 2 ) = ( - 1 ) ^ ( 2 ) = 1&& ( 7 - 5 ) ^ ( 2 ) = 2 ^ ( 2 ) = 4 \ \ ( 4 - 5 ) ^ ( 2 ) = ( - 1 ) ^ ( 2 ) = 1&& ( 9 - 5 ) ^ ( 2 ) = 4 ^ ( 2 ) = 16. \ \ \ end ( array ) ) ) </Dd> </Dl> <P> The variance is the mean of these values : </P> <Dl> <Dd> 9 + 1 + 1 + 1 + 0 + 0 + 4 + 16 8 = 4 . ( \ displaystyle ( \ frac ( 9 + 1 + 1 + 1 + 0 + 0 + 4 + 16 ) ( 8 ) ) = 4 . ) </Dd> </Dl> <P> and the population standard deviation is equal to the square root of the variance : </P> <Dl> <Dd> 4 = 2 . ( \ displaystyle ( \ sqrt ( 4 ) ) = 2 . ) </Dd> </Dl> <P> This formula is valid only if the eight values with which we began form the complete population . If the values instead were a random sample drawn from some large parent population ( for example , they were 8 marks randomly and independently chosen from a class of 2 million ) , then one often divides by 7 ( which is n − 1 ) instead of 8 ( which is n ) in the denominator of the last formula . In that case the result of the original formula would be called the sample standard deviation . Dividing by n − 1 rather than by n gives an unbiased estimate of the variance of the larger parent population . This is known as Bessel 's correction . </P> <H3> Standard deviation of average height for adult men ( edit ) </H3> <P> If the population of interest is approximately normally distributed , the standard deviation provides information on the proportion of observations above or below certain values . For example , the average height for adult men in the United States is about 70 inches ( 177.8 cm ) , with a standard deviation of around 3 inches ( 7.62 cm ) . This means that most men ( about 68 % , assuming a normal distribution ) have a height within 3 inches ( 7.62 cm ) of the mean ( 67 -- 73 inches ( 170.18 -- 185.42 cm ) ) -- one standard deviation -- and almost all men ( about 95 % ) have a height within 6 inches ( 15.24 cm ) of the mean ( 64 -- 76 inches ( 162.56 -- 193.04 cm ) ) -- two standard deviations . If the standard deviation were zero , then all men would be exactly 70 inches ( 177.8 cm ) tall . If the standard deviation were 20 inches ( 50.8 cm ) , then men would have much more variable heights , with a typical range of about 50 -- 90 inches ( 127 -- 228.6 cm ) . Three standard deviations account for 99.7 % of the sample population being studied , assuming the distribution is normal ( bell - shaped ) . ( See the 68 - 95 - 99.7 rule , or the empirical rule , for more information . ) </P> <H2> Definition of population values ( edit ) </H2> <P> Let X be a random variable with mean value μ : </P> <Dl> <Dd> E ( X ) = μ . ( \ displaystyle \ operatorname ( E ) ( X ) = \ mu . \ , \ ! ) </Dd> </Dl> <P> Here the operator E denotes the average or expected value of X . Then the standard deviation of X is the quantity </P> <Dl> <Dd> σ = E ( ( X − μ ) 2 ) = E ( X 2 ) + E ( − 2 μ X ) + E ( μ 2 ) = E ( X 2 ) − 2 μ E ( X ) + μ 2 = E ( X 2 ) − 2 μ 2 + μ 2 = E ( X 2 ) − μ 2 = E ( X 2 ) − ( E ( X ) ) 2 ( \ displaystyle ( \ begin ( aligned ) \ sigma & = ( \ sqrt ( \ operatorname ( E ) ( ( X - \ mu ) ^ ( 2 ) ) ) ) \ \ & = ( \ sqrt ( \ operatorname ( E ) ( X ^ ( 2 ) ) + \ operatorname ( E ) ( - 2 \ mu X ) + \ operatorname ( E ) ( \ mu ^ ( 2 ) ) ) ) \ \ & = ( \ sqrt ( \ operatorname ( E ) ( X ^ ( 2 ) ) - 2 \ mu \ operatorname ( E ) ( X ) + \ mu ^ ( 2 ) ) ) \ \ & = ( \ sqrt ( \ operatorname ( E ) ( X ^ ( 2 ) ) - 2 \ mu ^ ( 2 ) + \ mu ^ ( 2 ) ) ) \ \ & = ( \ sqrt ( \ operatorname ( E ) ( X ^ ( 2 ) ) - \ mu ^ ( 2 ) ) ) \ \ & = ( \ sqrt ( \ operatorname ( E ) ( X ^ ( 2 ) ) - ( \ operatorname ( E ) ( X ) ) ^ ( 2 ) ) ) \ end ( aligned ) ) ) </Dd> </Dl> <P> ( derived using the properties of expected value ) . </P> <P> In other words , the standard deviation σ ( sigma ) is the square root of the variance of X ; i.e. , it is the square root of the average value of ( X − μ ) . </P> <P> The standard deviation of a ( univariate ) probability distribution is the same as that of a random variable having that distribution . Not all random variables have a standard deviation , since these expected values need not exist . For example , the standard deviation of a random variable that follows a Cauchy distribution is undefined because its expected value μ is undefined . </P> <H3> Discrete random variable ( edit ) </H3> <P> In the case where X takes random values from a finite data set x , x , ... , x , with each value having the same probability , the standard deviation is </P> <Dl> <Dd> σ = 1 N ( ( x 1 − μ ) 2 + ( x 2 − μ ) 2 + ⋯ + ( x N − μ ) 2 ) , w h e r e μ = 1 N ( x 1 + ⋯ + x N ) , ( \ displaystyle \ sigma = ( \ sqrt ( ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( N ) ) \ left ( ( x_ ( 1 ) - \ mu ) ^ ( 2 ) + ( x_ ( 2 ) - \ mu ) ^ ( 2 ) + \ cdots + ( x_ ( N ) - \ mu ) ^ ( 2 ) \ right ) ) ) , ( \ rm ( \ \ where \ \ ) ) \ mu = ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( N ) ) ( x_ ( 1 ) + \ cdots + x_ ( N ) ) , ) </Dd> </Dl> <P> or , using summation notation , </P> <Dl> <Dd> σ = 1 N ∑ i = 1 N ( x i − μ ) 2 , w h e r e μ = 1 N ∑ i = 1 N x i . ( \ displaystyle \ sigma = ( \ sqrt ( ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( N ) ) \ sum _ ( i = 1 ) ^ ( N ) ( x_ ( i ) - \ mu ) ^ ( 2 ) ) ) , ( \ rm ( \ \ where \ \ ) ) \ mu = ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( N ) ) \ sum _ ( i = 1 ) ^ ( N ) x_ ( i ) . ) </Dd> </Dl> <P> If , instead of having equal probabilities , the values have different probabilities , let x have probability p , x have probability p , ... , x have probability p . In this case , the standard deviation will be </P> <Dl> <Dd> σ = ∑ i = 1 N p i ( x i − μ ) 2 , w h e r e μ = ∑ i = 1 N p i x i . ( \ displaystyle \ sigma = ( \ sqrt ( \ sum _ ( i = 1 ) ^ ( N ) p_ ( i ) ( x_ ( i ) - \ mu ) ^ ( 2 ) ) ) , ( \ rm ( \ \ where \ \ ) ) \ mu = \ sum _ ( i = 1 ) ^ ( N ) p_ ( i ) x_ ( i ) . ) </Dd> </Dl> <H3> Continuous random variable ( edit ) </H3> <P> The standard deviation of a continuous real - valued random variable X with probability density function p ( x ) is </P> <Dl> <Dd> σ = ∫ X ( x − μ ) 2 p ( x ) d x , w h e r e μ = ∫ X x p ( x ) d x , ( \ displaystyle \ sigma = ( \ sqrt ( \ int _ ( \ mathbf ( X ) ) ( x - \ mu ) ^ ( 2 ) \ , p ( x ) \ , ( \ rm ( d ) ) x ) ) , ( \ rm ( \ \ where \ \ ) ) \ mu = \ int _ ( \ mathbf ( X ) ) x \ , p ( x ) \ , ( \ rm ( d ) ) x , ) </Dd> </Dl> <P> and where the integrals are definite integrals taken for x ranging over the set of possible values of the random variable X . </P> <P> In the case of a parametric family of distributions , the standard deviation can be expressed in terms of the parameters . For example , in the case of the log - normal distribution with parameters μ and σ , the standard deviation is ( ( exp ( σ ) − 1 ) exp ( 2μ + σ ) ) . </P> <H2> Estimation ( edit ) </H2> <P> </P> See also : Sample variance Main article : Unbiased estimation of standard deviation <P> One can find the standard deviation of an entire population in cases ( such as standardized testing ) where every member of a population is sampled . In cases where that can not be done , the standard deviation σ is estimated by examining a random sample taken from the population and computing a statistic of the sample , which is used as an estimate of the population standard deviation . Such a statistic is called an estimator , and the estimator ( or the value of the estimator , namely the estimate ) is called a sample standard deviation , and is denoted by s ( possibly with modifiers ) . However , unlike in the case of estimating the population mean , for which the sample mean is a simple estimator with many desirable properties ( unbiased , efficient , maximum likelihood ) , there is no single estimator for the standard deviation with all these properties , and unbiased estimation of standard deviation is a very technically involved problem . Most often , the standard deviation is estimated using the corrected sample standard deviation ( using N − 1 ) , defined below , and this is often referred to as the `` sample standard deviation '' , without qualifiers . However , other estimators are better in other respects : the uncorrected estimator ( using N ) yields lower mean squared error , while using N − 1.5 ( for the normal distribution ) almost completely eliminates bias . </P> <H3> Uncorrected sample standard deviation ( edit ) </H3> <P> The formula for the population standard deviation ( of a finite population ) can be applied to the sample , using the size of the sample as the size of the population ( though the actual population size from which the sample is drawn may be much larger ) . This estimator , denoted by s , is known as the uncorrected sample standard deviation , or sometimes the standard deviation of the sample ( considered as the entire population ) , and is defined as follows : </P> <Dl> <Dd> s N = 1 N ∑ i = 1 N ( x i − x _̄ ) 2 , ( \ displaystyle s_ ( N ) = ( \ sqrt ( ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( N ) ) \ sum _ ( i = 1 ) ^ ( N ) ( x_ ( i ) - ( \ overline ( x ) ) ) ^ ( 2 ) ) ) , ) </Dd> </Dl> <P> where ( x 1 , x 2 , ... , x N ) ( \ displaystyle \ scriptstyle \ ( x_ ( 1 ) , \ , x_ ( 2 ) , \ , \ ldots , \ , x_ ( N ) \ ) ) are the observed values of the sample items and x _̄ ( \ displaystyle \ scriptstyle ( \ overline ( x ) ) ) is the mean value of these observations , while the denominator N stands for the size of the sample : this is the square root of the sample variance , which is the average of the squared deviations about the sample mean . </P> <P> This is a consistent estimator ( it converges in probability to the population value as the number of samples goes to infinity ) , and is the maximum - likelihood estimate when the population is normally distributed . However , this is a biased estimator , as the estimates are generally too low . The bias decreases as sample size grows , dropping off as 1 / N , and thus is most significant for small or moderate sample sizes ; for N > 75 ( \ displaystyle N > 75 ) the bias is below 1 % . Thus for very large sample sizes , the uncorrected sample standard deviation is generally acceptable . This estimator also has a uniformly smaller mean squared error than the corrected sample standard deviation . </P> <H3> Corrected sample standard deviation ( edit ) </H3> <P> If the biased sample variance ( the second central moment of the sample , which is a downward - biased estimate of the population variance ) is used to compute an estimate of the population 's standard deviation , the result is </P> <Dl> <Dd> s N = 1 N ∑ i = 1 N ( x i − x _̄ ) 2 . ( \ displaystyle s_ ( N ) = ( \ sqrt ( ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( N ) ) \ sum _ ( i = 1 ) ^ ( N ) ( x_ ( i ) - ( \ overline ( x ) ) ) ^ ( 2 ) ) ) . ) </Dd> </Dl> <P> Here taking the square root introduces further downward bias , by Jensen 's inequality , due to the square root being a concave function . The bias in the variance is easily corrected , but the bias from the square root is more difficult to correct , and depends on the distribution in question . </P> <P> An unbiased estimator for the variance is given by applying Bessel 's correction , using N − 1 instead of N to yield the unbiased sample variance , denoted s : </P> <Dl> <Dd> s 2 = 1 N − 1 ∑ i = 1 N ( x i − x _̄ ) 2 . ( \ displaystyle s ^ ( 2 ) = ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( N - 1 ) ) \ sum _ ( i = 1 ) ^ ( N ) ( x_ ( i ) - ( \ overline ( x ) ) ) ^ ( 2 ) . ) </Dd> </Dl> <P> This estimator is unbiased if the variance exists and the sample values are drawn independently with replacement . N − 1 corresponds to the number of degrees of freedom in the vector of deviations from the mean , ( x 1 − x _̄ , ... , x n − x _̄ ) . ( \ displaystyle \ scriptstyle ( x_ ( 1 ) - ( \ overline ( x ) ) , \ ; \ dots , \ ; x_ ( n ) - ( \ overline ( x ) ) ) . ) </P> <P> Taking square roots reintroduces bias ( because the square root is a nonlinear function , which does not commute with the expectation ) , yielding the corrected sample standard deviation , denoted by s : </P> <Dl> <Dd> s = 1 N − 1 ∑ i = 1 N ( x i − x _̄ ) 2 . ( \ displaystyle s = ( \ sqrt ( ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( N - 1 ) ) \ sum _ ( i = 1 ) ^ ( N ) ( x_ ( i ) - ( \ overline ( x ) ) ) ^ ( 2 ) ) ) . ) </Dd> </Dl> <P> As explained above , while s is an unbiased estimator for the population variance , s is still a biased estimator for the population standard deviation , though markedly less biased than the uncorrected sample standard deviation . The bias is still significant for small samples ( N less than 10 ) , and also drops off as 1 / N as sample size increases . This estimator is commonly used and generally known simply as the `` sample standard deviation '' . </P> <H3> Unbiased sample standard deviation ( edit ) </H3> <P> For unbiased estimation of standard deviation , there is no formula that works across all distributions , unlike for mean and variance . Instead , s is used as a basis , and is scaled by a correction factor to produce an unbiased estimate . For the normal distribution , an unbiased estimator is given by s / c , where the correction factor ( which depends on N ) is given in terms of the Gamma function , and equals : </P> <Dl> <Dd> c 4 ( N ) = 2 N − 1 Γ ( N 2 ) Γ ( N − 1 2 ) . ( \ displaystyle c_ ( 4 ) ( N ) \ , = \ , ( \ sqrt ( \ frac ( 2 ) ( N - 1 ) ) ) \ , \ , \ , ( \ frac ( \ Gamma \ left ( ( \ frac ( N ) ( 2 ) ) \ right ) ) ( \ Gamma \ left ( ( \ frac ( N - 1 ) ( 2 ) ) \ right ) ) ) . ) </Dd> </Dl> <P> This arises because the sampling distribution of the sample standard deviation follows a ( scaled ) chi distribution , and the correction factor is the mean of the chi distribution . </P> <P> An approximation can be given by replacing N − 1 with N − 1.5 , yielding : </P> <Dl> <Dd> σ ^ = 1 N − 1.5 ∑ i = 1 N ( x i − x _̄ ) 2 , ( \ displaystyle ( \ hat ( \ sigma ) ) = ( \ sqrt ( ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( N - 1.5 ) ) \ sum _ ( i = 1 ) ^ ( N ) ( x_ ( i ) - ( \ bar ( x ) ) ) ^ ( 2 ) ) ) , ) </Dd> </Dl> <P> The error in this approximation decays quadratically ( as 1 / N ) , and it is suited for all but the smallest samples or highest precision : for n = 3 the bias is equal to 1.3 % , and for n = 9 the bias is already less than 0.1 % . </P> <P> For other distributions , the correct formula depends on the distribution , but a rule of thumb is to use the further refinement of the approximation : </P> <Dl> <Dd> σ ^ = 1 N − 1.5 − 1 4 γ 2 ∑ i = 1 N ( x i − x _̄ ) 2 , ( \ displaystyle ( \ hat ( \ sigma ) ) = ( \ sqrt ( ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( N - 1.5 - ( \ tfrac ( 1 ) ( 4 ) ) \ gamma _ ( 2 ) ) ) \ sum _ ( i = 1 ) ^ ( N ) ( x_ ( i ) - ( \ bar ( x ) ) ) ^ ( 2 ) ) ) , ) </Dd> </Dl> <P> where γ denotes the population excess kurtosis . The excess kurtosis may be either known beforehand for certain distributions , or estimated from the data . </P> <H3> Confidence interval of a sampled standard deviation ( edit ) </H3> See also : Margin of error , Variance § Distribution of the sample variance , and Student's_t - distribution § Robust_parametric_modeling <P> The standard deviation we obtain by sampling a distribution is itself not absolutely accurate , both for mathematical reasons ( explained here by the confidence interval ) and for practical reasons of measurement ( measurement error ) . The mathematical effect can be described by the confidence interval or CI . To show how a larger sample will make the confidence interval narrower , consider the following examples : A small population of N = 2 has only 1 degree of freedom for estimating the standard deviation . The result is that a 95 % CI of the SD runs from 0.45 × SD to 31.9 × SD ; the factors here are as follows : </P> <Dl> <Dd> Pr ( q α / 2 < k s 2 σ 2 < q 1 − α / 2 ) = 1 − α , ( \ displaystyle \ Pr \ left ( q_ ( \ alpha / 2 ) < k ( \ frac ( s ^ ( 2 ) ) ( \ sigma ^ ( 2 ) ) ) < q_ ( 1 - \ alpha / 2 ) \ right ) = 1 - \ alpha , ) </Dd> </Dl> <P> where q p ( \ displaystyle q_ ( p ) ) is the p - th quantile of the chi - square distribution with k degrees of freedom , and 1 − α ( \ displaystyle 1 - \ alpha ) is the confidence level . This is equivalent to the following : </P> <Dl> <Dd> Pr ( k s 2 q 1 − α / 2 < σ 2 < k s 2 q α / 2 ) = 1 − α . ( \ displaystyle \ Pr \ left ( k ( \ frac ( s ^ ( 2 ) ) ( q_ ( 1 - \ alpha / 2 ) ) ) < \ sigma ^ ( 2 ) < k ( \ frac ( s ^ ( 2 ) ) ( q_ ( \ alpha / 2 ) ) ) \ right ) = 1 - \ alpha . ) </Dd> </Dl> <P> With k = 1 , q 0.025 = 0.000982 ( \ displaystyle q_ ( 0.025 ) = 0.000982 ) and q 0.975 = 5.024 ( \ displaystyle q_ ( 0.975 ) = 5.024 ) . The reciprocals of the square roots of these two numbers give us the factors 0.45 and 31.9 given above . </P> <P> A larger population of N = 10 has 9 degrees of freedom for estimating the standard deviation . The same computations as above give us in this case a 95 % CI running from 0.69 * SD to 1.83 * SD . So even with a sample population of 10 , the actual SD can still be almost a factor 2 higher than the sampled SD . For a sample population N = 100 , this is down to 0.88 * SD to 1.16 * SD . To be more certain that the sampled SD is close to the actual SD we need to sample a large number of points . </P> <P> These same formulae can be used to obtain confidence intervals on the variance of residuals from a least squares fit under standard normal theory , where k is now the number of degrees of freedom for error . </P> <H2> Identities and mathematical properties ( edit ) </H2> <P> The standard deviation is invariant under changes in location , and scales directly with the scale of the random variable . Thus , for a constant c and random variables X and Y : </P> <Dl> <Dd> σ ( c ) = 0 ( \ displaystyle \ sigma ( c ) = 0 \ , ) </Dd> </Dl> <Dl> <Dd> σ ( X + c ) = σ ( X ) , ( \ displaystyle \ sigma ( X + c ) = \ sigma ( X ) , \ , ) </Dd> </Dl> <Dl> <Dd> σ ( c X ) = c σ ( X ) . ( \ displaystyle \ sigma ( cX ) = c \ sigma ( X ). \ , ) </Dd> </Dl> <P> The standard deviation of the sum of two random variables can be related to their individual standard deviations and the covariance between them : </P> <Dl> <Dd> σ ( X + Y ) = var ( X ) + var ( Y ) + 2 cov ( X , Y ) . ( \ displaystyle \ sigma ( X + Y ) = ( \ sqrt ( \ operatorname ( var ) ( X ) + \ operatorname ( var ) ( Y ) + 2 \ , \ operatorname ( cov ) ( X , Y ) ) ). \ , ) </Dd> </Dl> <P> where var = σ 2 ( \ displaystyle \ scriptstyle \ operatorname ( var ) \ , = \ , \ sigma ^ ( 2 ) ) and cov ( \ displaystyle \ scriptstyle \ operatorname ( cov ) ) stand for variance and covariance , respectively . </P> <P> The calculation of the sum of squared deviations can be related to moments calculated directly from the data . In the following formula , the letter E is interpreted to mean expected value , i.e. , mean . </P> <Dl> <Dd> σ ( X ) = E ( ( X − E ( X ) ) 2 ) = E ( X 2 ) − ( E ( X ) ) 2 . ( \ displaystyle \ sigma ( X ) = ( \ sqrt ( E ( ( X-E ( X ) ) ^ ( 2 ) ) ) ) = ( \ sqrt ( E ( X ^ ( 2 ) ) - ( E ( X ) ) ^ ( 2 ) ) ) . ) </Dd> </Dl> <P> The sample standard deviation can be computed as : </P> <Dl> <Dd> s ( X ) = N N − 1 E ( ( X − E ( X ) ) 2 ) . ( \ displaystyle s ( X ) = ( \ sqrt ( \ frac ( N ) ( N - 1 ) ) ) ( \ sqrt ( E ( ( X-E ( X ) ) ^ ( 2 ) ) ) ) . ) </Dd> </Dl> <P> For a finite population with equal probabilities at all points , we have </P> <Dl> <Dd> 1 N ∑ i = 1 N ( x i − x _̄ ) 2 = 1 N ( ∑ i = 1 N x i 2 ) − x _̄ 2 = ( 1 N ∑ i = 1 N x i 2 ) − ( 1 N ∑ i = 1 N x i ) 2 . ( \ displaystyle ( \ sqrt ( ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( N ) ) \ sum _ ( i = 1 ) ^ ( N ) ( x_ ( i ) - ( \ overline ( x ) ) ) ^ ( 2 ) ) ) = ( \ sqrt ( ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( N ) ) \ left ( \ sum _ ( i = 1 ) ^ ( N ) x_ ( i ) ^ ( 2 ) \ right ) - ( \ overline ( x ) ) ^ ( 2 ) ) ) = ( \ sqrt ( \ left ( ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( N ) ) \ sum _ ( i = 1 ) ^ ( N ) x_ ( i ) ^ ( 2 ) \ right ) - \ left ( ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( N ) ) \ sum _ ( i = 1 ) ^ ( N ) x_ ( i ) \ right ) ^ ( 2 ) ) ) . ) </Dd> </Dl> <P> This means that the standard deviation is equal to the square root of the difference between the average of the squares of the values and the square of the average value . See computational formula for the variance for proof , and for an analogous result for the sample standard deviation . </P> <H2> Interpretation and application ( edit ) </H2> Further information : Prediction interval and Confidence interval Example of samples from two populations with the same mean but different standard deviations . Red population has mean 100 and SD 10 ; blue population has mean 100 and SD 50 . <P> A large standard deviation indicates that the data points can spread far from the mean and a small standard deviation indicates that they are clustered closely around the mean . </P> <P> For example , each of the three populations ( 0 , 0 , 14 , 14 ) , ( 0 , 6 , 8 , 14 ) and ( 6 , 6 , 8 , 8 ) has a mean of 7 . Their standard deviations are 7 , 5 , and 1 , respectively . The third population has a much smaller standard deviation than the other two because its values are all close to 7 . It will have the same units as the data points themselves . If , for instance , the data set ( 0 , 6 , 8 , 14 ) represents the ages of a population of four siblings in years , the standard deviation is 5 years . As another example , the population ( 1000 , 1006 , 1008 , 1014 ) may represent the distances traveled by four athletes , measured in meters . It has a mean of 1007 meters , and a standard deviation of 5 meters . </P> <P> Standard deviation may serve as a measure of uncertainty . In physical science , for example , the reported standard deviation of a group of repeated measurements gives the precision of those measurements . When deciding whether measurements agree with a theoretical prediction , the standard deviation of those measurements is of crucial importance : if the mean of the measurements is too far away from the prediction ( with the distance measured in standard deviations ) , then the theory being tested probably needs to be revised . This makes sense since they fall outside the range of values that could reasonably be expected to occur , if the prediction were correct and the standard deviation appropriately quantified . See prediction interval . </P> <P> While the standard deviation does measure how far typical values tend to be from the mean , other measures are available . An example is the mean absolute deviation , which might be considered a more direct measure of average distance , compared to the root mean square distance inherent in the standard deviation . </P> <H3> Application examples ( edit ) </H3> <P> The practical value of understanding the standard deviation of a set of values is in appreciating how much variation there is from the average ( mean ) . </P> Experiment , industrial and hypothesis testing ( edit ) <P> Standard deviation is often used to compare real - world data against a model to test the model . For example , in industrial applications the weight of products coming off a production line may need to comply with a legally required value . By weighing some fraction of the products an average weight can be found , which will always be slightly different to the long - term average . By using standard deviations , a minimum and maximum value can be calculated that the averaged weight will be within some very high percentage of the time ( 99.9 % or more ) . If it falls outside the range then the production process may need to be corrected . Statistical tests such as these are particularly important when the testing is relatively expensive . For example , if the product needs to be opened and drained and weighed , or if the product was otherwise used up by the test . </P> <P> In experimental science , a theoretical model of reality is used . Particle physics conventionally uses a standard of `` 5 sigma '' for the declaration of a discovery . A five - sigma level translates to one chance in 3.5 million that a random fluctuation would yield the result . This level of certainty was required in order to assert that a particle consistent with the Higgs boson had been discovered in two independent experiments at CERN , and this was also the significance level leading to the declaration of the first detection of gravitational waves . </P> Weather ( edit ) <P> As a simple example , consider the average daily maximum temperatures for two cities , one inland and one on the coast . It is helpful to understand that the range of daily maximum temperatures for cities near the coast is smaller than for cities inland . Thus , while these two cities may each have the same average maximum temperature , the standard deviation of the daily maximum temperature for the coastal city will be less than that of the inland city as , on any particular day , the actual maximum temperature is more likely to be farther from the average maximum temperature for the inland city than for the coastal one . </P> Finance ( edit ) <P> In finance , standard deviation is often used as a measure of the risk associated with price - fluctuations of a given asset ( stocks , bonds , property , etc . ) , or the risk of a portfolio of assets ( actively managed mutual funds , index mutual funds , or ETFs ) . Risk is an important factor in determining how to efficiently manage a portfolio of investments because it determines the variation in returns on the asset and / or portfolio and gives investors a mathematical basis for investment decisions ( known as mean - variance optimization ) . The fundamental concept of risk is that as it increases , the expected return on an investment should increase as well , an increase known as the risk premium . In other words , investors should expect a higher return on an investment when that investment carries a higher level of risk or uncertainty . When evaluating investments , investors should estimate both the expected return and the uncertainty of future returns . Standard deviation provides a quantified estimate of the uncertainty of future returns . </P> <P> For example , assume an investor had to choose between two stocks . Stock A over the past 20 years had an average return of 10 percent , with a standard deviation of 20 percentage points ( pp ) and Stock B , over the same period , had average returns of 12 percent but a higher standard deviation of 30 pp. On the basis of risk and return , an investor may decide that Stock A is the safer choice , because Stock B 's additional two percentage points of return is not worth the additional 10 pp standard deviation ( greater risk or uncertainty of the expected return ) . Stock B is likely to fall short of the initial investment ( but also to exceed the initial investment ) more often than Stock A under the same circumstances , and is estimated to return only two percent more on average . In this example , Stock A is expected to earn about 10 percent , plus or minus 20 pp ( a range of 30 percent to − 10 percent ) , about two - thirds of the future year returns . When considering more extreme possible returns or outcomes in future , an investor should expect results of as much as 10 percent plus or minus 60 pp , or a range from 70 percent to − 50 percent , which includes outcomes for three standard deviations from the average return ( about 99.7 percent of probable returns ) . </P> <P> Calculating the average ( or arithmetic mean ) of the return of a security over a given period will generate the expected return of the asset . For each period , subtracting the expected return from the actual return results in the difference from the mean . Squaring the difference in each period and taking the average gives the overall variance of the return of the asset . The larger the variance , the greater risk the security carries . Finding the square root of this variance will give the standard deviation of the investment tool in question . </P> <P> Population standard deviation is used to set the width of Bollinger Bands , a widely adopted technical analysis tool . For example , the upper Bollinger Band is given as x + nσ . The most commonly used value for n is 2 ; there is about a five percent chance of going outside , assuming a normal distribution of returns . </P> <P> Financial time series are known to be non-stationary series , whereas the statistical calculations above , such as standard deviation , apply only to stationary series . To apply the above statistical tools to non-stationary series , the series first must be transformed to a stationary series , enabling use of statistical tools that now have a valid basis from which to work . </P> <H3> Geometric interpretation ( edit ) </H3> <P> To gain some geometric insights and clarification , we will start with a population of three values , x , x , x . This defines a point P = ( x , x , x ) in R. Consider the line L = ( ( r , r , r ) : r ∈ R ) . This is the `` main diagonal '' going through the origin . If our three given values were all equal , then the standard deviation would be zero and P would lie on L. So it is not unreasonable to assume that the standard deviation is related to the distance of P to L. That is indeed the case . To move orthogonally from L to the point P , one begins at the point : </P> <Dl> <Dd> M = ( x _̄ , x _̄ , x _̄ ) ( \ displaystyle M = ( ( \ overline ( x ) ) , ( \ overline ( x ) ) , ( \ overline ( x ) ) ) ) </Dd> </Dl> <P> whose coordinates are the mean of the values we started out with . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> ( show ) Derivation of M = ( x _̄ , x _̄ , x _̄ ) ( \ displaystyle M = ( ( \ overline ( x ) ) , ( \ overline ( x ) ) , ( \ overline ( x ) ) ) ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <P> M ( \ displaystyle M ) is on L ( \ displaystyle L ) therefore M = ( l , l , l ) ( \ displaystyle M = ( l , l , l ) ) with l ∈ R ( \ displaystyle l \ in ( \ textbf ( R ) ) ) </P> <P> The line L ( \ displaystyle L ) is to be orthogonal to the vector from M ( \ displaystyle M ) to P ( \ displaystyle P ) . Therefore : </P> <P> L ⋅ ( P − M ) = 0 ( r , r , r ) ⋅ ( x 1 − l , x 2 − l , x 3 − l ) = 0 r ∗ ( x 1 − l + x 2 − l + x 3 − l ) = 0 r ∗ ( ∑ i x i − 3 l ) = 0 ∑ i x i − 3 l = 0 1 3 ∑ i x i = l x _̄ = l ( \ displaystyle ( \ begin ( aligned ) L \ cdot ( P-M ) & = 0 \ \ ( r , r , r ) \ cdot ( x_ ( 1 ) - l , x_ ( 2 ) - l , x_ ( 3 ) - l ) & = 0 \ \ r * ( x_ ( 1 ) - l + x_ ( 2 ) - l + x_ ( 3 ) - l ) & = 0 \ \ r * ( \ sum \ limits _ ( i ) x_ ( i ) - 3l ) & = 0 \ \ \ sum \ limits _ ( i ) x_ ( i ) - 3l& = 0 \ \ ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 3 ) ) \ sum \ limits _ ( i ) x_ ( i ) & = l \ \ ( \ overline ( x ) ) & = l \ end ( aligned ) ) ) </P> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> A little algebra shows that the distance between P and M ( which is the same as the orthogonal distance between P and the line L ) ∑ i ( x i − x _̄ ) 2 ( \ displaystyle ( \ sqrt ( \ sum \ limits _ ( i ) ( x_ ( i ) - ( \ overline ( x ) ) ) ^ ( 2 ) ) ) ) is equal to the standard deviation of the vector x , x , x , multiplied by the square root of the number of dimensions of the vector ( 3 in this case . ) </P> <H3> Chebyshev 's inequality ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Chebyshev 's inequality <P> An observation is rarely more than a few standard deviations away from the mean . Chebyshev 's inequality ensures that , for all distributions for which the standard deviation is defined , the amount of data within a number of standard deviations of the mean is at least as much as given in the following table . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Distance from mean </Th> <Th> Minimum population </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2 σ ( \ displaystyle ( \ sqrt ( 2 ) ) \ , \ sigma ) </Td> <Td> 50 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2σ </Td> <Td> 75 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 3σ </Td> <Td> 89 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 4σ </Td> <Td> 94 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 5σ </Td> <Td> 96 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 6σ </Td> <Td> 97 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> k σ ( \ displaystyle k \ sigma ) </Td> <Td> 1 − 1 k 2 ( \ displaystyle 1 - ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( k ^ ( 2 ) ) ) ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1 1 − l σ ( \ displaystyle ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( \ sqrt ( 1 - \ ell ) ) ) \ , \ sigma ) </Td> <Td> l ( \ displaystyle \ ell ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Rules for normally distributed data ( edit ) </H3> Dark blue is one standard deviation on either side of the mean . For the normal distribution , this accounts for 68.27 percent of the set ; while two standard deviations from the mean ( medium and dark blue ) account for 95.45 percent ; three standard deviations ( light , medium , and dark blue ) account for 99.73 percent ; and four standard deviations account for 99.994 percent . The two points of the curve that are one standard deviation from the mean are also the inflection points . <P> The central limit theorem says that the distribution of an average of many independent , identically distributed random variables tends toward the famous bell - shaped normal distribution with a probability density function of </P> <Dl> <Dd> f ( x ; μ , σ 2 ) = 1 σ 2 π e − 1 2 ( x − μ σ ) 2 ( \ displaystyle f ( x ; \ mu , \ sigma ^ ( 2 ) ) = ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( \ sigma ( \ sqrt ( 2 \ pi ) ) ) ) e ^ ( - ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 2 ) ) \ left ( ( \ frac ( x - \ mu ) ( \ sigma ) ) \ right ) ^ ( 2 ) ) ) </Dd> </Dl> <P> where μ is the expected value of the random variables , σ equals their distribution 's standard deviation divided by n , and n is the number of random variables . The standard deviation therefore is simply a scaling variable that adjusts how broad the curve will be , though it also appears in the normalizing constant . </P> <P> If a data distribution is approximately normal , then the proportion of data values within z standard deviations of the mean is defined by : </P> <Dl> <Dd> Proportion = erf ( z 2 ) ( \ displaystyle ( \ text ( Proportion ) ) = \ operatorname ( erf ) \ left ( ( \ frac ( z ) ( \ sqrt ( 2 ) ) ) \ right ) ) </Dd> </Dl> <P> where erf ( \ displaystyle \ scriptstyle \ operatorname ( erf ) ) is the error function . The proportion that is less than or equal to a number , x , is given by the cumulative distribution function : </P> <Dl> <Dd> Proportion ≤ x = 1 2 ( 1 + erf ( x − μ σ 2 ) ) = 1 2 ( 1 + erf ( z 2 ) ) ( \ displaystyle ( \ text ( Proportion ) ) \ leq x = ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 2 ) ) \ left ( 1 + \ operatorname ( erf ) \ left ( ( \ frac ( x - \ mu ) ( \ sigma ( \ sqrt ( 2 ) ) ) ) \ right ) \ right ) = ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 2 ) ) \ left ( 1 + \ operatorname ( erf ) \ left ( ( \ frac ( z ) ( \ sqrt ( 2 ) ) ) \ right ) \ right ) ) . </Dd> </Dl> <P> If a data distribution is approximately normal then about 68 percent of the data values are within one standard deviation of the mean ( mathematically , μ ± σ , where μ is the arithmetic mean ) , about 95 percent are within two standard deviations ( μ ± 2σ ) , and about 99.7 percent lie within three standard deviations ( μ ± 3σ ) . This is known as the 68 - 95 - 99.7 rule , or the empirical rule . </P> <P> For various values of z , the percentage of values expected to lie in and outside the symmetric interval , CI = ( − zσ , zσ ) , are as follows : </P> Percentage within ( z ) z ( Percentage within ) <P> </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Confidence interval </Th> <Th> Proportion within </Th> <Th_colspan="2"> Proportion without </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Percentage </Th> <Th> Percentage </Th> <Th> Fraction </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 6999674490000000000 ♠ 0.674 490 σ </Td> <Td> 7001500000000000000 ♠ 50 % </Td> <Td> 7001500000000000000 ♠ 50 % </Td> <Td> 1 / 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 6999994458000000000 ♠ 0.994 458 σ </Td> <Td> 68 % </Td> <Td> 32 % </Td> <Td> 1 / 3.125 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1σ </Td> <Td> 7001682689492000000 ♠ 68.268 9492 % </Td> <Td> 7001317310508000000 ♠ 31.731 0508 % </Td> <Td> 1 / 7000315148720000000 ♠ 3.151 4872 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 7000128155200000000 ♠ 1.281 552 σ </Td> <Td> 80 % </Td> <Td> 20 % </Td> <Td> 1 / 5 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 7000164485400000000 ♠ 1.644 854 σ </Td> <Td> 90 % </Td> <Td> 10 % </Td> <Td> 1 / 10 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 7000195996400000000 ♠ 1.959 964 σ </Td> <Td> 95 % </Td> <Td> 5 % </Td> <Td> 1 / 20 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2σ </Td> <Td> 7001954499736000000 ♠ 95.449 9736 % </Td> <Td> 7000455002640000000 ♠ 4.550 0264 % </Td> <Td> 1 / 7001219778950000000 ♠ 21.977 895 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 7000257582900000000 ♠ 2.575 829 σ </Td> <Td> 99 % </Td> <Td> 1 % </Td> <Td> 1 / 100 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 3σ </Td> <Td> 7001997300204000000 ♠ 99.730 0204 % </Td> <Td> 6999269979600000000 ♠ 0.269 9796 % </Td> <Td> 1 / 370.398 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 7000329052700000000 ♠ 3.290 527 σ </Td> <Td> 99.9 % </Td> <Td> 0.1 % </Td> <Td> 1 / 7003100000000000000 ♠ 1000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 7000389059200000000 ♠ 3.890 592 σ </Td> <Td> 99.99 % </Td> <Td> 0.01 % </Td> <Td> 1 / 7004100000000000000 ♠ 10 000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 4σ </Td> <Td> 7001999936660000000 ♠ 99.993 666 % </Td> <Td> 6997633400000000000 ♠ 0.006 334 % </Td> <Td> 1 / 7004157870000000000 ♠ 15 787 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 7000441717300000000 ♠ 4.417 173 σ </Td> <Td> 99.999 % </Td> <Td> 0.001 % </Td> <Td> 1 / 7005100000000000000 ♠ 100 000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 7000450000000000000 ♠ 4.5 σ </Td> <Td> 99.999 320 465 3751 % </Td> <Td> 0.000 679 534 6249 % </Td> <Td> 3.4 / 7006100000000000000 ♠ 1000000 ( on each side of mean ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 7000489163800000000 ♠ 4.891 638 σ </Td> <Td> 7001999999000000000 ♠ 99.9999 % </Td> <Td> 6996100000000000000 ♠ 0.0001 % </Td> <Td> 1 / 7006100000000000000 ♠ 1000000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 5σ </Td> <Td> 7001999999426697000 ♠ 99.999 942 6697 % </Td> <Td> 6995573303000000000 ♠ 0.000 057 3303 % </Td> <Td> 1 / 7006174427800000000 ♠ 1744278 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 7000532672399999999 ♠ 5.326 724 σ </Td> <Td> 7001999999900000000 ♠ 99.999 99 % </Td> <Td> 6995100000000000000 ♠ 0.000 01 % </Td> <Td> 1 / 7007100000000000000 ♠ 10 000 000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 7000573072900000000 ♠ 5.730 729 σ </Td> <Td> 7001999999990000000 ♠ 99.999 999 % </Td> <Td> 6994100000000000000 ♠ 0.000 001 % </Td> <Td> 1 / 7008100000000000000 ♠ 100 000 000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 6σ </Td> <Td> 7001999999998027000 ♠ 99.999 999 8027 % </Td> <Td> 6993197300000000000 ♠ 0.000 000 1973 % </Td> <Td> 1 / 7008506797346000000 ♠ 506 797 346 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 7000610941000000000 ♠ 6.109 410 σ </Td> <Td> 7001999999999000000 ♠ 99.999 9999 % </Td> <Td> 6993100000000000000 ♠ 0.000 0001 % </Td> <Td> 1 / 7009100000000000000 ♠ 1000000000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 7000646695100000000 ♠ 6.466 951 σ </Td> <Td> 7001999999999900000 ♠ 99.999 999 99 % </Td> <Td> 6992100000000000000 ♠ 0.000 000 01 % </Td> <Td> 1 / 7010100000000000000 ♠ 10 000 000 000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 7000680650200000000 ♠ 6.806 502 σ </Td> <Td> 7001999999999990000 ♠ 99.999 999 999 % </Td> <Td> 6991100000000000000 ♠ 0.000 000 001 % </Td> <Td> 1 / 7011100000000000000 ♠ 100 000 000 000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 7σ </Td> <Td> 99.999 999 999 7440 % </Td> <Td> 6990256000000000000 ♠ 0.000 000 000 256 % </Td> <Td> 1 / 7011390682215445000 ♠ 390 682 215 445 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Relationship between standard deviation and mean ( edit ) </H2> <P> The mean and the standard deviation of a set of data are descriptive statistics usually reported together . In a certain sense , the standard deviation is a `` natural '' measure of statistical dispersion if the center of the data is measured about the mean . This is because the standard deviation from the mean is smaller than from any other point . The precise statement is the following : suppose x , ... , x are real numbers and define the function : </P> <Dl> <Dd> σ ( r ) = 1 N − 1 ∑ i = 1 N ( x i − r ) 2 . ( \ displaystyle \ sigma ( r ) = ( \ sqrt ( ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( N - 1 ) ) \ sum _ ( i = 1 ) ^ ( N ) ( x_ ( i ) - r ) ^ ( 2 ) ) ) . ) </Dd> </Dl> <P> Using calculus or by completing the square , it is possible to show that σ ( r ) has a unique minimum at the mean : </P> <Dl> <Dd> r = x _̄ . ( \ displaystyle r = ( \ overline ( x ) ). \ , ) </Dd> </Dl> <P> Variability can also be measured by the coefficient of variation , which is the ratio of the standard deviation to the mean . It is a dimensionless number . </P> <H3> Standard deviation of the mean ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Standard error of the mean <P> Often , we want some information about the precision of the mean we obtained . We can obtain this by determining the standard deviation of the sampled mean . Assuming statistical independence of the values in the sample , the standard deviation of the mean is related to the standard deviation of the distribution by : </P> <Dl> <Dd> σ mean = 1 N σ ( \ displaystyle \ sigma _ ( \ text ( mean ) ) = ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( \ sqrt ( N ) ) ) \ sigma ) </Dd> </Dl> <P> where N is the number of observations in the sample used to estimate the mean . This can easily be proven with ( see basic properties of the variance ) : </P> <Dl> <Dd> var ( X ) ≡ σ X 2 var ( X 1 + X 2 ) ≡ var ( X 1 ) + var ( X 2 ) ( \ displaystyle ( \ begin ( aligned ) \ operatorname ( var ) ( X ) & \ equiv \ sigma _ ( X ) ^ ( 2 ) \ \ \ operatorname ( var ) ( X_ ( 1 ) + X_ ( 2 ) ) & \ equiv \ operatorname ( var ) ( X_ ( 1 ) ) + \ operatorname ( var ) ( X_ ( 2 ) ) \ \ \ end ( aligned ) ) ) </Dd> </Dl> <P> ( Statistical Independence is assumed . ) </P> <Dl> <Dd> var ( c X 1 ) ≡ c 2 var ( X 1 ) ( \ displaystyle ( \ begin ( aligned ) \ operatorname ( var ) ( cX_ ( 1 ) ) & \ equiv c ^ ( 2 ) \ , \ operatorname ( var ) ( X_ ( 1 ) ) \ end ( aligned ) ) ) </Dd> </Dl> <P> hence </P> <Dl> <Dd> var ( mean ) = var ( 1 N ∑ i = 1 N X i ) = 1 N 2 var ( ∑ i = 1 N X i ) = 1 N 2 ∑ i = 1 N var ( X i ) = N N 2 var ( X ) = 1 N var ( X ) . ( \ displaystyle ( \ begin ( aligned ) \ operatorname ( var ) ( ( \ text ( mean ) ) ) & = \ operatorname ( var ) \ left ( ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( N ) ) \ sum _ ( i = 1 ) ^ ( N ) X_ ( i ) \ right ) = ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( N ^ ( 2 ) ) ) \ operatorname ( var ) \ left ( \ sum _ ( i = 1 ) ^ ( N ) X_ ( i ) \ right ) \ \ & = ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( N ^ ( 2 ) ) ) \ sum _ ( i = 1 ) ^ ( N ) \ operatorname ( var ) ( X_ ( i ) ) = ( \ frac ( N ) ( N ^ ( 2 ) ) ) \ operatorname ( var ) ( X ) = ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( N ) ) \ operatorname ( var ) ( X ). \ end ( aligned ) ) ) </Dd> </Dl> <P> Resulting in : </P> <Dl> <Dd> σ mean = σ N . ( \ displaystyle \ sigma _ ( \ text ( mean ) ) = ( \ frac ( \ sigma ) ( \ sqrt ( N ) ) ) . ) </Dd> </Dl> <P> It should be emphasized that in order to estimate the standard deviation of the mean σ mean ( \ displaystyle \ sigma _ ( \ text ( mean ) ) ) it is necessary to know the standard deviation of the entire population σ ( \ displaystyle \ sigma ) beforehand . However , in most applications this parameter is unknown . For example , if a series of 10 measurements of a previously unknown quantity is performed in a laboratory , it is possible to calculate the resulting sample mean and sample standard deviation , but it is impossible to calculate the standard deviation of the mean . </P> <H2> Rapid calculation methods ( edit ) </H2> See also : Algorithms for calculating variance <P> The following two formulas can represent a running ( repeatedly updated ) standard deviation . A set of two power sums s and s are computed over a set of N values of x , denoted as x , ... , x : </P> <Dl> <Dd> s j = ∑ k = 1 N x k j . ( \ displaystyle \ s_ ( j ) = \ sum _ ( k = 1 ) ^ ( N ) ( x_ ( k ) ^ ( j ) ) . ) </Dd> </Dl> <P> Given the results of these running summations , the values N , s , s can be used at any time to compute the current value of the running standard deviation : </P> <Dl> <Dd> σ = N s 2 − s 1 2 N ( \ displaystyle \ sigma = ( \ frac ( \ sqrt ( Ns_ ( 2 ) - s_ ( 1 ) ^ ( 2 ) ) ) ( N ) ) ) </Dd> </Dl> <P> Where N , as mentioned above , is the size of the set of values ( or can also be regarded as s ) . </P> <P> Similarly for sample standard deviation , </P> <Dl> <Dd> s = N s 2 − s 1 2 N ( N − 1 ) . ( \ displaystyle s = ( \ sqrt ( \ frac ( Ns_ ( 2 ) - s_ ( 1 ) ^ ( 2 ) ) ( N ( N - 1 ) ) ) ) . ) </Dd> </Dl> <P> In a computer implementation , as the three s sums become large , we need to consider round - off error , arithmetic overflow , and arithmetic underflow . The method below calculates the running sums method with reduced rounding errors . This is a `` one pass '' algorithm for calculating variance of n samples without the need to store prior data during the calculation . Applying this method to a time series will result in successive values of standard deviation corresponding to n data points as n grows larger with each new sample , rather than a constant - width sliding window calculation . </P> <P> For k = 1 , ... , n : </P> <Dl> <Dd> A 0 = 0 A k = A k − 1 + x k − A k − 1 k ( \ displaystyle ( \ begin ( aligned ) A_ ( 0 ) & = 0 \ \ A_ ( k ) & = A_ ( k - 1 ) + ( \ frac ( x_ ( k ) - A_ ( k - 1 ) ) ( k ) ) \ end ( aligned ) ) ) </Dd> </Dl> <P> where A is the mean value . </P> <Dl> <Dd> Q 0 = 0 Q k = Q k − 1 + k − 1 k ( x k − A k − 1 ) 2 = Q k − 1 + ( x k − A k − 1 ) ( x k − A k ) ( \ displaystyle ( \ begin ( aligned ) Q_ ( 0 ) & = 0 \ \ Q_ ( k ) & = Q_ ( k - 1 ) + ( \ frac ( k - 1 ) ( k ) ) ( x_ ( k ) - A_ ( k - 1 ) ) ^ ( 2 ) = Q_ ( k - 1 ) + ( x_ ( k ) - A_ ( k - 1 ) ) ( x_ ( k ) - A_ ( k ) ) \ \ \ end ( aligned ) ) ) </Dd> </Dl> <P> Note : Q 1 = 0 ( \ displaystyle Q_ ( 1 ) = 0 ) since k − 1 = 0 ( \ displaystyle k - 1 = 0 ) or x 1 = A 1 ( \ displaystyle x_ ( 1 ) = A_ ( 1 ) ) </P> <P> Sample variance : </P> <Dl> <Dd> s n 2 = Q n n − 1 ( \ displaystyle s_ ( n ) ^ ( 2 ) = ( \ frac ( Q_ ( n ) ) ( n - 1 ) ) ) </Dd> </Dl> <P> Population variance : </P> <Dl> <Dd> σ n 2 = Q n n ( \ displaystyle \ sigma _ ( n ) ^ ( 2 ) = ( \ frac ( Q_ ( n ) ) ( n ) ) ) </Dd> </Dl> <H3> Weighted calculation ( edit ) </H3> <P> When the values x are weighted with unequal weights w , the power sums s , s , s are each computed as : </P> <Dl> <Dd> s j = ∑ k = 1 N w k x k j . ( \ displaystyle \ s_ ( j ) = \ sum _ ( k = 1 ) ^ ( N ) ( w_ ( k ) x_ ( k ) ^ ( j ) ). \ , ) </Dd> </Dl> <P> And the standard deviation equations remain unchanged . Note that s is now the sum of the weights and not the number of samples N . </P> <P> The incremental method with reduced rounding errors can also be applied , with some additional complexity . </P> <P> A running sum of weights must be computed for each k from 1 to n : </P> <Dl> <Dd> W 0 = 0 W k = W k − 1 + w k ( \ displaystyle ( \ begin ( aligned ) W_ ( 0 ) & = 0 \ \ W_ ( k ) & = W_ ( k - 1 ) + w_ ( k ) \ end ( aligned ) ) ) </Dd> </Dl> <P> and places where 1 / n is used above must be replaced by w / W : </P> <Dl> <Dd> A 0 = 0 A k = A k − 1 + w k W k ( x k − A k − 1 ) Q 0 = 0 Q k = Q k − 1 + w k W k − 1 W k ( x k − A k − 1 ) 2 = Q k − 1 + w k ( x k − A k − 1 ) ( x k − A k ) ( \ displaystyle ( \ begin ( aligned ) A_ ( 0 ) & = 0 \ \ A_ ( k ) & = A_ ( k - 1 ) + ( \ frac ( w_ ( k ) ) ( W_ ( k ) ) ) ( x_ ( k ) - A_ ( k - 1 ) ) \ \ Q_ ( 0 ) & = 0 \ \ Q_ ( k ) & = Q_ ( k - 1 ) + ( \ frac ( w_ ( k ) W_ ( k - 1 ) ) ( W_ ( k ) ) ) ( x_ ( k ) - A_ ( k - 1 ) ) ^ ( 2 ) = Q_ ( k - 1 ) + w_ ( k ) ( x_ ( k ) - A_ ( k - 1 ) ) ( x_ ( k ) - A_ ( k ) ) \ end ( aligned ) ) ) </Dd> </Dl> <P> In the final division , </P> <Dl> <Dd> σ n 2 = Q n W n ( \ displaystyle \ sigma _ ( n ) ^ ( 2 ) = ( \ frac ( Q_ ( n ) ) ( W_ ( n ) ) ) \ , ) </Dd> </Dl> <P> and </P> <Dl> <Dd> s n 2 = Q n W n − 1 , ( \ displaystyle s_ ( n ) ^ ( 2 ) = ( \ frac ( Q_ ( n ) ) ( W_ ( n ) - 1 ) ) , ) </Dd> </Dl> <P> or </P> <Dl> <Dd> s n 2 = n ′ n ′ − 1 σ n 2 , ( \ displaystyle s_ ( n ) ^ ( 2 ) = ( \ frac ( n ' ) ( n ' - 1 ) ) \ sigma _ ( n ) ^ ( 2 ) , ) </Dd> </Dl> <P> where n is the total number of elements , and n ' is the number of elements with non-zero weights . The above formulas become equal to the simpler formulas given above if weights are taken as equal to one . </P> <H2> History ( edit ) </H2> <P> The term standard deviation was first used in writing by Karl Pearson in 1894 , following his use of it in lectures . This was as a replacement for earlier alternative names for the same idea : for example , Gauss used mean error . </P> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Statistics portal </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> 68 -- 95 -- 99.7 rule </Li> <Li> Accuracy and precision </Li> <Li> Chebyshev 's inequality An inequality on location and scale parameters </Li> <Li> Cumulant </Li> <Li> Deviation ( statistics ) </Li> <Li> Distance correlation Distance standard deviation </Li> <Li> Error bar </Li> <Li> Geometric standard deviation </Li> <Li> Mahalanobis distance generalizing number of standard deviations to the mean </Li> <Li> Mean absolute error </Li> <Li> Pooled standard deviation </Li> <Li> Percentile </Li> <Li> Raw score </Li> <Li> Relative standard deviation </Li> <Li> Robust standard deviation </Li> <Li> Root mean square </Li> <Li> Sample size </Li> <Li> Samuelson 's inequality </Li> <Li> Six Sigma </Li> <Li> Standard error </Li> <Li> Standard score </Li> <Li> Volatility ( finance ) </Li> <Li> Yamartino method for calculating standard deviation of wind direction </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ Bland , J.M. ; Altman , D.G. ( 1996 ) . `` Statistics notes : measurement error '' . BMJ. 312 ( 7047 ) : 1654 . PMC 2351401 . PMID 8664723 . doi : 10.1136 / bmj. 312.7047. 1654 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Gauss , Carl Friedrich ( 1816 ) . `` Bestimmung der Genauigkeit der Beobachtungen '' . Zeitschrift für Astronomie und verwandte Wissenschaften. 1 : 187 -- 197 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Walker , Helen ( 1931 ) . Studies in the History of the Statistical Method . Baltimore , MD : Williams & Wilkins Co. pp. 24 -- 25 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Gorard , Stephen . Revisiting a 90 - year - old debate : the advantages of the mean deviation . Department of Educational Studies , University of York </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Logan , Murray ( 2010 ) , Biostatistical Design and Analysis Using R ( First ed . ) , Wiley - Blackwell </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Furness , R.W. ; Bryant , D.M. ( 1996 ) . `` Effect of wind on field metabolic rates of breeding Northern fulmars '' . Ecology. 77 : 1181 -- 1188 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Weisstein , Eric W. `` Bessel 's Correction '' . MathWorld . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` CERN Accelerating science '' . Public.web.cern.ch . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 10 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` CERN experiments observe particle consistent with long - sought Higgs boson CERN press office '' . Press.web.cern.ch. 2012 - 07 - 04 . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 30 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ LIGO Scientific Collaboration , Virgo Collaboration ( 2016 ) , `` Observation of Gravitational Waves from a Binary Black Hole Merger '' , Physical Review Letters , 116 ( 6 ) : 061102 , PMID 26918975 , arXiv : 1602.03837 , doi : 10.1103 / PhysRevLett. 116.061102 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` What is Standard Deviation '' . Pristine . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 29 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Ghahramani , Saeed ( 2000 ) . Fundamentals of Probability ( 2nd Edition ) . Prentice Hall : New Jersey . p. 438 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Eric W. Weisstein . `` Distribution Function '' . MathWorld -- A Wolfram Web Resource . Retrieved 2014 - 09 - 30 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Welford , BP ( August 1962 ) . `` Note on a Method for Calculating Corrected Sums of Squares and Products '' ( PDF ) . Technometrics. 4 ( 3 ) : 419 -- 420 . doi : 10.1080 / 00401706.1962. 10490022 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Dodge , Yadolah ( 2003 ) . The Oxford Dictionary of Statistical Terms . Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 920613 - 9 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Pearson , Karl ( 1894 ) . `` On the dissection of asymmetrical frequency curves '' . Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A. 185 : 71 -- 110 . doi : 10.1098 / rsta. 1894.0003 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Miller , Jeff . `` Earliest Known Uses of Some of the Words of Mathematics '' . </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Hazewinkel , Michiel , ed. ( 2001 ) ( 1994 ) , `` Quadratic deviation '' , Encyclopedia of Mathematics , Springer Science + Business Media B.V. / Kluwer Academic Publishers , ISBN 978 - 1 - 55608 - 010 - 4 </Li> <Li> A simple way to understand Standard Deviation </Li> <Li> Standard Deviation -- an explanation without maths </Li> <Li> The concept of Standard Deviation is shown in this 8 - foot - tall ( 2.4 m ) Probability Machine ( named Sir Francis ) comparing stock market returns to the randomness of the beans dropping through the quincunx pattern . on YouTube from Index Funds Advisors IFA.com </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Statistics </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Outline </Li> <Li> Index </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) Descriptive statistics </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Continuous data </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Center </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Mean <Ul> <Li> arithmetic </Li> <Li> geometric </Li> <Li> harmonic </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Median </Li> <Li> Mode </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Dispersion </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Variance </Li> <Li> Standard deviation </Li> <Li> Coefficient of variation </Li> <Li> Percentile </Li> <Li> Range </Li> <Li> Interquartile range </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Shape </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Moments <Ul> <Li> Skewness </Li> <Li> Kurtosis </Li> <Li> L - 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U.S. state Temperature Extremes - wikipedia <H1> U.S. state Temperature Extremes </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <P> The following table lists the highest and lowest temperatures recorded in each state in the United States , in both Fahrenheit and Celsius during the past two centuries . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> State </Th> <Th> Record high temperature </Th> <Th> Date </Th> <Th> Place ( s ) </Th> <Th> Record low temperature </Th> <Th> Date </Th> <Th> Place ( s ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Alabama </Td> <Td> 110 ° F / 44 ° C </Td> <Td> 000000001925 - 09 - 05 - 0000 September 5 , 1925 </Td> <Td> Centreville </Td> <Td> − 27 ° F / − 33 ° C </Td> <Td> 000000001966 - 01 - 30 - 0000 January 30 , 1966 </Td> <Td> New Market </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Alaska </Td> <Td> 100 ° F / 38 ° C </Td> <Td> 000000001915 - 06 - 27 - 0000 June 27 , 1915 </Td> <Td> Fort Yukon </Td> <Td> − 80 ° F / − 62 ° C </Td> <Td> 000000001971 - 01 - 23 - 0000 January 23 , 1971 </Td> <Td> Prospect Creek </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Arizona </Td> <Td> 128 ° F / 53 ° C </Td> <Td> 000000001994 - 06 - 29 - 0000 June 29 , 1994 </Td> <Td> Lake Havasu City </Td> <Td> − 40 ° F / − 40 ° C </Td> <Td> 000000001971 - 01 - 07 - 0000 January 7 , 1971 </Td> <Td> McNary </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Arkansas </Td> <Td> 120 ° F / 49 ° C </Td> <Td> 000000001936 - 08 - 10 - 0000 August 10 , 1936 </Td> <Td> Ozark </Td> <Td> − 29 ° F / − 34 ° C </Td> <Td> 000000001905 - 02 - 13 - 0000 February 13 , 1905 </Td> <Td> Gravette </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> California </Td> <Td> 134 ° F / 57 ° C </Td> <Td> 000000001913 - 07 - 10 - 0000 July 10 , 1913 </Td> <Td> Furnace Creek </Td> <Td> − 45 ° F / − 43 ° C </Td> <Td> 000000001937 - 01 - 20 - 0000 January 20 , 1937 </Td> <Td> Boca </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Colorado </Td> <Td> 114 ° F / 46 ° C </Td> <Td> 000000001954 - 07 - 11 - 0000 July 11 , 1954 </Td> <Td> Sedgwick </Td> <Td> − 61 ° F / − 52 ° C </Td> <Td> 000000001985 - 02 - 01 - 0000 February 1 , 1985 </Td> <Td> Maybell </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Connecticut </Td> <Td> 106 ° F / 41 ° C </Td> <Td> 000000001995 - 07 - 15 - 0000 July 15 , 1995 </Td> <Td> Danbury </Td> <Td> − 37 ° F / − 38 ° C </Td> <Td> 000000001943 - 02 - 16 - 0000 February 16 , 1943 </Td> <Td> Norfolk </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Delaware </Td> <Td> 110 ° F / 43 ° C </Td> <Td> 000000001930 - 07 - 21 - 0000 July 21 , 1930 </Td> <Td> Millsboro </Td> <Td> − 17 ° F / − 27 ° C </Td> <Td> 000000001893 - 01 - 17 - 0000 January 17 , 1893 </Td> <Td> Millsboro </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> District of Columbia </Td> <Td> 106 ° F / 41 ° C </Td> <Td> 000000001930 - 07 - 20 - 0000 July 20 , 1930 </Td> <Td> Washington </Td> <Td> − 15 ° F / − 26 ° C </Td> <Td> 000000001899 - 02 - 11 - 0000 February 11 , 1899 </Td> <Td> Washington </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Florida </Td> <Td> 109 ° F / 43 ° C </Td> <Td> 000000001931 - 06 - 29 - 0000 June 29 , 1931 </Td> <Td> Monticello </Td> <Td> − 2 ° F / − 19 ° C </Td> <Td> 000000001899 - 02 - 13 - 0000 February 13 , 1899 </Td> <Td> Tallahassee </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Georgia </Td> <Td> 112 ° F / 44 ° C </Td> <Td> 000000001983 - 08 - 20 - 0000 August 20 , 1983 * </Td> <Td> Greenville </Td> <Td> − 17 ° F / − 27 ° C </Td> <Td> 000000001940 - 01 - 27 - 0000 January 27 , 1940 </Td> <Td> Chatsworth </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Hawaii </Td> <Td> 98 ° F / 37 ° C </Td> <Td> 000000001957 - 07 - 14 - 0000 July 14 , 1957 </Td> <Td> Puunene * </Td> <Td> 15 ° F / - 9 ° C </Td> <Td> 000000001975 - 01 - 05 - 0000 January 5 , 1975 </Td> <Td> Mauna Kea Observatories </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Idaho </Td> <Td> 118 ° F / 48 ° C </Td> <Td> 000000001934 - 07 - 28 - 0000 July 28 , 1934 </Td> <Td> Orofino </Td> <Td> − 60 ° F / − 51 ° C </Td> <Td> 000000001943 - 01 - 18 - 0000 January 18 , 1943 </Td> <Td> Island Park </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Illinois </Td> <Td> 117 ° F / 47 ° C </Td> <Td> 000000001954 - 07 - 14 - 0000 July 14 , 1954 </Td> <Td> East Saint Louis </Td> <Td> − 36 ° F / − 38 ° C </Td> <Td> 000000001999 - 01 - 05 - 0000 January 5 , 1999 </Td> <Td> Congerville </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Indiana </Td> <Td> 116 ° F / 47 ° C </Td> <Td> 000000001936 - 07 - 14 - 0000 July 14 , 1936 </Td> <Td> Collegeville </Td> <Td> − 36 ° F / − 38 ° C </Td> <Td> 000000001994 - 01 - 19 - 0000 January 19 , 1994 </Td> <Td> New Whiteland </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Iowa </Td> <Td> 118 ° F / 48 ° C </Td> <Td> 000000001934 - 07 - 20 - 0000 July 20 , 1934 </Td> <Td> Keokuk </Td> <Td> − 47 ° F / − 44 ° C </Td> <Td> 000000001996 - 02 - 03 - 0000 February 3 , 1996 * </Td> <Td> Elkader </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Kansas </Td> <Td> 121 ° F / 49 ° C </Td> <Td> 000000001936 - 07 - 24 - 0000 July 24 , 1936 * </Td> <Td> Alton </Td> <Td> − 40 ° F / − 40 ° C </Td> <Td> 000000001905 - 02 - 13 - 0000 February 13 , 1905 </Td> <Td> Lebanon </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Kentucky </Td> <Td> 114 ° F / 46 ° C </Td> <Td> 000000001930 - 07 - 28 - 0000 July 28 , 1930 </Td> <Td> Greensburg </Td> <Td> − 37 ° F / − 38 ° C </Td> <Td> 000000001994 - 01 - 19 - 0000 January 19 , 1994 </Td> <Td> Shelbyville </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Louisiana </Td> <Td> 114 ° F / 46 ° C </Td> <Td> 000000001936 - 08 - 10 - 0000 August 10 , 1936 </Td> <Td> Plain Dealing </Td> <Td> − 16 ° F / − 27 ° C </Td> <Td> 000000001899 - 02 - 13 - 0000 February 13 , 1899 </Td> <Td> Minden </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Maine </Td> <Td> 105 ° F / 41 ° C </Td> <Td> 000000001911 - 07 - 10 - 0000 July 10 , 1911 * </Td> <Td> North Bridgton </Td> <Td> − 50 ° F / − 46 ° C </Td> <Td> 000000002009 - 01 - 16 - 0000 January 16 , 2009 </Td> <Td> Clayton Lake </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Maryland </Td> <Td> 109 ° F / 43 ° C </Td> <Td> 000000001936 - 07 - 10 - 0000 July 10 , 1936 * </Td> <Td> Cumberland </Td> <Td> − 40 ° F / − 40 ° C </Td> <Td> 000000001912 - 01 - 13 - 0000 January 13 , 1912 </Td> <Td> Oakland </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Massachusetts </Td> <Td> 107 ° F / 42 ° C </Td> <Td> 000000001975 - 08 - 02 - 0000 August 2 , 1975 </Td> <Td> New Bedford </Td> <Td> − 40 ° F / − 40 ° C </Td> <Td> 000000001984 - 01 - 22 - 0000 January 22 , 1984 </Td> <Td> Chester </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Michigan </Td> <Td> 112 ° F / 44 ° C </Td> <Td> 000000001936 - 07 - 13 - 0000 July 13 , 1936 </Td> <Td> Mio </Td> <Td> − 51 ° F / − 46 ° C </Td> <Td> 000000001934 - 02 - 09 - 0000 February 9 , 1934 </Td> <Td> Vanderbilt </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Minnesota </Td> <Td> 115 ° F / 46 ° C </Td> <Td> 000000001917 - 07 - 29 - 0000 July 29 , 1917 </Td> <Td> Beardsley </Td> <Td> − 60 ° F / − 51 ° C </Td> <Td> 000000001996 - 02 - 02 - 0000 February 2 , 1996 </Td> <Td> Tower </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Mississippi </Td> <Td> 115 ° F / 46 ° C </Td> <Td> 000000001930 - 07 - 29 - 0000 July 29 , 1930 </Td> <Td> Holly Springs </Td> <Td> − 19 ° F / − 28 ° C </Td> <Td> 000000001966 - 01 - 30 - 0000 January 30 , 1966 </Td> <Td> Corinth </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Missouri </Td> <Td> 118 ° F / 48 ° C </Td> <Td> 000000001954 - 07 - 14 - 0000 July 14 , 1954 * </Td> <Td> Warsaw </Td> <Td> − 40 ° F / − 40 ° C </Td> <Td> 000000001905 - 02 - 13 - 0000 February 13 , 1905 </Td> <Td> Warsaw </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Montana </Td> <Td> 117 ° F / 47 ° C </Td> <Td> 000000001937 - 07 - 05 - 0000 July 5 , 1937 </Td> <Td> Medicine Lake </Td> <Td> − 70 ° F / − 57 ° C </Td> <Td> 000000001954 - 01 - 20 - 0000 January 20 , 1954 </Td> <Td> Lincoln ( Rogers Pass ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Nebraska </Td> <Td> 118 ° F / 48 ° C </Td> <Td> 000000001936 - 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10 - 0000 July 10 , 1936 * </Td> <Td> Martinsburg </Td> <Td> − 37 ° F / − 38 ° C </Td> <Td> 000000001917 - 12 - 30 - 0000 December 30 , 1917 </Td> <Td> Lewisburg </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Wisconsin </Td> <Td> 114 ° F / 46 ° C </Td> <Td> 000000001936 - 07 - 13 - 0000 July 13 , 1936 </Td> <Td> Wisconsin Dells </Td> <Td> − 55 ° F / − 48 ° C </Td> <Td> 000000001996 - 02 - 04 - 0000 February 4 , 1996 </Td> <Td> Couderay </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Wyoming </Td> <Td> 115 ° F / 46 ° C </Td> <Td> 000000001983 - 08 - 08 - 0000 August 8 , 1983 </Td> <Td> Basin </Td> <Td> − 63 ° F / − 53 ° C </Td> <Td> 000000001933 - 02 - 09 - 0000 February 9 , 1933 </Td> <Td> Moran </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> * Also on earlier date or dates in that state </P> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ National Climatic Data Center . `` State Climate Extremes Committee ( SCsEC ) '' . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 14 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : : Christopher C. Burt . `` Some Errors in the NCDC U.S.A. State Weather Extreme Records Data : Part 2 '' . wunderground.com . Archived from the original on 2015 - 10 - 12 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : : Christopher C. Burt . `` Some Errors in the NCDC U.S.A. State Weather Extreme Records Data : Part 1 '' . wunderground.com . Archived from the original on 2015 - 10 - 12 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Peter Sinks Temperature Monitoring '' . Utah Climate Center . Retrieved February 20 , 2018 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> NOAA Satellite and Information Service , National Climatic Data Center </Li> <Li> NOAA Website - Weather Extremes </Li> <Li> NOAA Website - Record Highest Temperatures by State </Li> <Li> NOAA Website - Record Lowest Temperatures by State </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Extreme temperatures around the world </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Afghanistan </Li> <Li> Albania </Li> <Li> Algeria </Li> <Li> Andorra </Li> <Li> Angola </Li> <Li> Antigua and Barbuda </Li> <Li> Argentina </Li> <Li> Armenia </Li> <Li> Australia </Li> <Li> Austria </Li> <Li> Azerbaijan </Li> <Li> Bahamas </Li> <Li> Bahrain </Li> <Li> Bangladesh </Li> <Li> Barbados </Li> <Li> Belarus </Li> <Li> Belgium </Li> <Li> Belize </Li> <Li> Benin </Li> <Li> Bhutan </Li> <Li> Bolivia </Li> <Li> Bosnia and Herzegovina </Li> <Li> Botswana </Li> <Li> Brazil </Li> <Li> Brunei </Li> <Li> Bulgaria </Li> <Li> Burkina Faso </Li> <Li> Burundi </Li> <Li> Cambodia </Li> <Li> Cameroon </Li> <Li> Canada </Li> <Li> Cape Verde </Li> <Li> Central African Republic </Li> <Li> Chad </Li> <Li> Chile </Li> <Li> China </Li> <Li> Colombia </Li> <Li> Comoros </Li> <Li> Costa Rica </Li> <Li> Croatia </Li> <Li> Cuba </Li> <Li> Cyprus </Li> <Li> Czech Republic </Li> <Li> Democratic Republic of the Congo </Li> <Li> Denmark </Li> <Li> Djibouti </Li> <Li> Dominica </Li> <Li> Dominican Republic </Li> <Li> East Timor </Li> <Li> Ecuador </Li> <Li> Egypt </Li> <Li> El Salvador </Li> <Li> Equatorial Guinea </Li> <Li> Eritrea </Li> <Li> Estonia </Li> <Li> Ethiopia </Li> <Li> Federated States of Micronesia </Li> <Li> Fiji </Li> <Li> Finland </Li> <Li> France </Li> <Li> Gabon </Li> <Li> Gambia </Li> <Li> Georgia </Li> <Li> Germany </Li> <Li> Ghana </Li> <Li> Greece </Li> <Li> Grenada </Li> <Li> Guatemala </Li> <Li> Guinea </Li> <Li> Guinea - Bissau </Li> <Li> Guyana </Li> <Li> Haiti </Li> <Li> Honduras </Li> <Li> Hungary </Li> <Li> Iceland </Li> <Li> India </Li> <Li> Indonesia </Li> <Li> Iran </Li> <Li> Iraq </Li> <Li> Ireland </Li> <Li> Israel </Li> <Li> Italy </Li> <Li> Ivory Coast </Li> <Li> Jamaica </Li> <Li> Japan </Li> <Li> Jordan </Li> <Li> Kazakhstan </Li> <Li> Kenya </Li> <Li> Kiribati </Li> <Li> Kosovo </Li> <Li> Kuwait </Li> <Li> Kyrgyzstan </Li> <Li> Laos </Li> <Li> Latvia </Li> <Li> Lebanon </Li> <Li> Lesotho </Li> <Li> Liberia </Li> <Li> Libya </Li> <Li> Liechtenstein </Li> <Li> Lithuania </Li> <Li> Luxembourg </Li> <Li> Madagascar </Li> <Li> Malawi </Li> <Li> Malaysia </Li> <Li> Maldives </Li> <Li> Mali </Li> <Li> Malta </Li> <Li> Marshall Islands </Li> <Li> Mauritania </Li> <Li> Mauritius </Li> <Li> Mexico </Li> <Li> Moldova </Li> <Li> Monaco </Li> <Li> Mongolia </Li> <Li> Montenegro </Li> <Li> Morocco </Li> <Li> Mozambique </Li> <Li> Myanmar </Li> <Li> Namibia </Li> <Li> Nauru </Li> <Li> Nepal </Li> <Li> Netherlands </Li> <Li> New Zealand </Li> <Li> Nicaragua </Li> <Li> Niger </Li> <Li> Nigeria </Li> <Li> North Korea </Li> <Li> Norway </Li> <Li> Oman </Li> <Li> Pakistan </Li> <Li> Palau </Li> <Li> Palestine </Li> <Li> Panama </Li> <Li> Papua New Guinea </Li> <Li> Paraguay </Li> <Li> Peru </Li> <Li> Philippines </Li> <Li> Poland </Li> <Li> Portugal </Li> <Li> Qatar </Li> <Li> Republic of Macedonia </Li> <Li> Republic of the Congo </Li> <Li> Romania </Li> <Li> Russia </Li> <Li> Rwanda </Li> <Li> Saint Kitts and Nevis </Li> <Li> Saint Lucia </Li> <Li> Saint Vincent and the Grenadines </Li> <Li> Samoa </Li> <Li> San Marino </Li> <Li> Saudi Arabia </Li> <Li> Senegal </Li> <Li> Serbia </Li> <Li> Seychelles </Li> <Li> Sierra Leone </Li> <Li> Singapore </Li> <Li> Slovakia </Li> <Li> Slovenia </Li> <Li> Solomon Islands </Li> <Li> Somalia </Li> <Li> South Africa </Li> <Li> South Korea </Li> <Li> South Sudan </Li> <Li> Spain </Li> <Li> Sri Lanka </Li> <Li> Sudan </Li> <Li> Suriname </Li> <Li> Swaziland </Li> <Li> Sweden </Li> <Li> Switzerland </Li> <Li> Syria </Li> <Li> São Tomé and Príncipe </Li> <Li> Taiwan </Li> <Li> Tajikistan </Li> <Li> Tanzania </Li> <Li> Thailand </Li> <Li> Togo </Li> <Li> Tonga </Li> <Li> Trinidad and Tobago </Li> <Li> Tunisia </Li> <Li> Turkey </Li> <Li> Turkmenistan </Li> <Li> Tuvalu </Li> <Li> Uganda </Li> <Li> Ukraine </Li> <Li> United Arab Emirates </Li> <Li> United Kingdom </Li> <Li> United States </Li> <Li> Uruguay </Li> <Li> Uzbekistan </Li> <Li> Vanuatu </Li> <Li> Vatican City </Li> <Li> Venezuela </Li> <Li> Vietnam </Li> <Li> Western Sahara </Li> <Li> Yemen </Li> <Li> Zambia </Li> <Li> Zimbabwe </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ul> <Li> Weather portal </Li> </Ul> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=U.S._state_temperature_extremes&oldid=826696733 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> Climatology </Li> <Li> Lists of states of the United States </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> Add links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 20 February 2018 , at 15 : 02 . </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> | [
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Sarah Walker ( Chuck ) - wikipedia <H1> Sarah Walker ( Chuck ) </H1> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Sarah Bartowski </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Chuck character </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Yvonne Strahovski as Sarah Bartowski </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> First appearance </Th> <Td> `` Chuck Versus the Intersect '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Last appearance </Th> <Td> `` Chuck Versus the Goodbye '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Portrayed by </Th> <Td> Yvonne Strahovski Stefanie Scott ( young Sam ) Alexa Blair ( young Sam ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Information </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Aliases </Th> <Td> Sam Lisa ( real name ; surname unknown ) Sarah Walker Jenny Burton </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Gender </Th> <Td> Female </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Occupation </Th> <Td> Former CIA Agent Co-Owner of Burbank Buy More </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Title </Th> <Td> Agent </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Family </Th> <Td> Dr. Ellie Bartowski - Woodcomb ( sister - in - law ) Clara Woodcomb ( niece ) Jack Burton ( father 's alias ) Emma ( mother ) Molly ( adopted sister ) Stephen J. Bartowski ( father - in - law , deceased ) Mary Elizabeth Bartowski ( mother - in - law ) Unnamed grandmother </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Spouse ( s ) </Th> <Td> Charles Irving `` Chuck '' Bartowski </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> May 1982 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Affiliation </Th> <Td> Central Intelligence Agency Operation Bartowski Carmichael Industries </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Partners </Th> <Td> Chuck Bartowski ( partner ) John Casey ( partner - employee ) Morgan Grimes ( partner - employee ) Brigadier General Diane Beckman ( former commanding officer ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Expertise </Th> <Td> Trained in espionage , hand - to - hand combat , and firearms . Exceptional con artist ( trained by her father prior to being enlisted in CIA ) . Highly skilled with throwing knives and various bladed weapons . Trained pilot . Downloads the intersect late in the series which makes her even more superhuman despite her already expert skillset . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Sarah Lisa Bartowski ( f / k / a Walker ) is the alias of one of the main characters of the television show Chuck on NBC . She is portrayed by Yvonne Strahovski and is one of two agents assigned by the NSA and CIA to protect Chuck Bartowski after he unwittingly downloads the secret government computer known as the Intersect into his brain . Throughout the series , she is Chuck 's primary love interest and initially poses as Chuck 's girlfriend to conceal their identities as spies from the public . In the Season 4 finale , `` Chuck Versus the Cliffhanger '' , Chuck and Sarah were married , dismissed from government service , and given ownership of Volkoff Industries , with which they bought the Burbank Buy More and the secret Castle base thereunder . During the final three episodes of season 5 , Sarah gets her memories suppressed due to a faulty Intersect upload , the signs of recovery from which are exhibited throughout the final episode . </P> <H2> Contents </H2> <Ul> <Li> 1 Biography </Li> <Li> 2 Series <Ul> <Li> 2.1 Season 1 </Li> <Li> 2.2 Season 2 </Li> <Li> 2.3 Season 3 </Li> <Li> 2.4 Season 4 </Li> <Li> 2.5 Season 5 </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 Development <Ul> <Li> 3.1 Personality </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 Reception </Li> <Li> 5 References </Li> </Ul> <H2> Biography ( edit ) </H2> <P> Very little information about Sarah 's past has been revealed throughout the series . The only people outside of her family confirmed to know her real name , revealed to be `` Sam '' , are Director Graham ( now dead ) , Daniel Shaw , and Chuck . It is otherwise only known that she has confessed her middle name is Lisa . Chuck stated she was 28 years old before he met her father for the first time , and later Gertrude Verbanski had a dossier on her stating she was born in May 1982 . Her father was a con artist she introduced to Chuck as `` Jack Burton , '' and much of her youth was spent moving from city to city under a series of aliases as part of his ongoing schemes . She attended at least her senior year of high school -- and graduated in 1998 -- under the alias of Jenny Burton . </P> <P> As a child , Sarah was not only aware of her father 's activities , but actively participated in them . One of their scams was the `` Lichtenstein , '' in which her father would masquerade as a struggling German inventor or businessman attempting to unload an invention or other valuable commodity that never actually existed . Christmases were spent scamming the Salvation Army . `` Chuck Versus the Wedding Planner '' reveals that Sarah spent at least some of the ten years between 1988 and 1998 in the care of her grandmother , who did not think much of her father . </P> <P> Sometime in 1998 before her high school graduation , Sarah 's father was arrested for his own protection after a scam went wrong and put his life in danger . He left her a hidden cache of money for just such an emergency , and it was while recovering this cache that she was first approached by CIA Director Graham . He took her in as a protege after remarking on her many aliases and gave her the cover name of Sarah Walker . Although apparently `` recruited '' at this point , flashbacks make it clear that she continued in high school ; several of the popular children cruelly mocked her as the `` jailbird 's daughter '' because of her father 's imprisonment . </P> <P> It has been revealed that the relationship between her parents began to fall apart after her father 's disastrous proposal attempt . Additionally , `` Chuck Versus the Wedding Planner '' shows that Sarah and her father were largely on their own at least as early as 1988 . </P> <P> Sarah has an adopted 5 - year - old sister ( circa 2011 ) named Molly , whom Sarah saved as a baby in Hungary . At first , her job was to deliver the child to her handler , Kieran Ryker , but Sarah discovered he was corrupt and left the baby with her mother , whom no one at the CIA knew existed . Upon dropping Molly off , Sarah tells her mother that they can never see or speak to each other again in order to protect them and to make sure the baby grows up having the normal life Sarah never got . However , when Ryker resurfaces and finds out that Sarah 's mother has the child , Sarah saves them from him and is reunited with her mother and Molly for the first time in 5 years where she is introduced to Molly as her sister . </P> <P> According to NBC. com 's Spy Dossiers she was ( officially ) recruited out of Harvard University . She also spent a year with the Secret Service . </P> <P> Sarah 's earliest known assignment after being recruited was with the C.A.T. ( Clandestine Attack Team ) Squad , a team of female spies that also included Sarah 's DEA friend , Carina Miller . The team eventually broke up in 2003 , when Sarah discovered a bug indicating one of the members , Zondra , was a traitor . Although Zondra was cleared by a government inquiry , their relationship was strained . </P> <P> Later , Sarah 's CIA `` red test , '' or first kill , was Evelyn Shaw in 2005 . Sarah was given no background information about her target , and could n't check on the kill because she had to flee from the scene before police arrived . </P> <P> Also beginning in 2005 Sarah was partnered with Chuck 's former friend and college roommate Bryce Larkin . Their professional relationship eventually evolved into an intimate one . After Bryce went rogue , Sarah was assigned to Budapest under the handleship of Kieran Ryker . Ryker requested Sarah because her file indicated that she was a loner and knew she would keep secrets . After leaving the baby with her mother , Director Graham sent her to Burbank to investigate why Larkin sent an email to Chuck Bartowski . </P> <H2> Series ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Season 1 ( edit ) </H3> <P> When Bryce apparently goes rogue to steal the Intersect computer , Sarah -- not realizing that he did so to protect it from a cabal of rogue spies called Fulcrum -- feels both personally and professionally betrayed . Sarah is subsequently assigned by Graham to attempt to recover the Intersect . The only lead is the e-mail Bryce sent to Chuck , and she tracks Chuck down to the Buy More where , posing as a customer with a broken phone , she first makes contact . </P> <P> Sarah soon becomes one of Chuck Bartowski 's two government handlers . She is partnered with NSA agent John Casey and assigned the task of protecting Chuck . This extends to acting on information Chuck `` flashes '' on . </P> <P> As part of her cover , Sarah pretends to be Chuck 's girlfriend . One of the complications and the main focus on the development of her character throughout the series is that although initially she insists this is only part of her cover , a genuine romantic interest grows between them . While Sarah herself is initially slow to recognize or acknowledge her feelings , other characters have readily picked up on her attraction to Chuck . Sarah 's DEA friend Carina is one of the first to recognize that Sarah 's feelings for Chuck are more than merely professional . Casey also recognizes that she is falling for him , something he teases her and Chuck about frequently . </P> <P> The development of a relationship between Sarah and Chuck meets with two major sets of obstacles throughout the series . First , professionally Sarah is supposed to avoid romantic entanglements , and her affection for Chuck sometimes does put him in danger . Second , both characters become jealous of competing romantic interests , including instances where one of them has to seduce someone for a mission . </P> <P> There are two particularly notable cases of these love triangles in the first season . Chuck 's interest in finding a real relationship leads Chuck to `` break up '' his cover relationship with Sarah and pursue Lou the sandwich girl , which causes Sarah to become jealous and protective . Just after the `` break up '' Sarah passionately kisses Chuck seconds before a bomb is meant to explode . Soon afterwards , Bryce Larkin returns and competes for Sarah 's affections . Sarah is torn , but ultimately decides to stick with her mission protecting Chuck rather than follow Bryce . </P> <P> By the end of the season , Sarah displays a willingness to go to great lengths for Chuck , and is even prepared to go rogue and draw her gun on another CIA agent attempting to take him into government custody . </P> <H3> Season 2 ( edit ) </H3> <P> In the second season , Chuck and Sarah haltingly move towards establishing a real relationship . Sarah agrees to go on a first `` real '' date with Chuck as it appears he is being released back to civilian life . However , the rebuilt Intersect is sabotaged , pulling Chuck back into his spy life and re-establishing Sarah 's professional barrier . </P> <P> Then , as Chuck attempts to pursue Sarah anyway , Larkin returns a second time . This time Sarah 's feelings are clearly for Chuck , but when her affection for Chuck places both her life and Chuck 's at risk , Bryce convinces Chuck to `` break up '' with her . </P> <P> Shortly thereafter , Chuck runs into his ex-girlfriend Jill Roberts , creating another love triangle that makes Sarah jealous and protective of Chuck . But this time she shows more restraint , trying not to interfere , at least until she discovers Jill is a member of Fulcrum . Yet another love triangle arises later in the season with the arrival of Cole Barker , who ( like Bryce ) is a suave and formidable spy , but that only goes as far as a kiss . </P> <P> Chuck provides Sarah with emotional support when a mission forces her to revisit part of her childhood , and later when Sarah 's father returns . Chuck makes some strong suggestions that he loves Sarah , including notably in the mid-season finale when he gives Sarah his mother 's charm bracelet , a gift Sarah says is something he should save for a `` real girlfriend . '' </P> <P> Sarah 's personal feelings for Chuck lead to her temporary replacement as Chuck 's handler in `` Chuck Versus the Broken Heart '' , as Beckman is concerned those feelings jeopardized the mission . However , the replacement agent , Forrest ( Tricia Helfer ) , failed to effectively protect Chuck and he refused to work with her because of her methods . Sarah 's feelings also gave her a close insight that warned her something was wrong when Forrest could n't . Beckman reluctantly acknowledged Sarah and Chuck 's feelings for each other were actually a benefit to their working relationship rather than a danger , and allowed Sarah to resume her role as his handler . </P> <P> In the meantime , while Sarah 's professional obligations to Chuck are suspended , she becomes more personally involved . Sarah makes an unauthorized and illegal search of the CIA database at Langley to locate Chuck 's father after his own efforts fail , and ultimately she takes Chuck to meet his father . </P> <P> In `` Chuck Versus the First Kill '' General Beckman orders Sarah to lure Chuck to Castle so he can be taken into custody and brought back to Washington . Sarah objects , but is about to carry out her orders when at the last minute she warns Chuck that it is a setup and takes him on the run . </P> <P> While on the run , Chuck and Sarah spend the night in a motel , and share a bed . While not under surveillance , they kiss and are close to having sex but are interrupted by a lack of a condom , followed by the appearance of Agent Casey . After Chuck successfully removes the Intersect from his head , Sarah is reassigned to work on the new Intersect project with Bryce , but soon decides not to go and instead stay with Chuck . But even after learning that she turned down the assignment , Chuck consciously re-establishes the professional barrier by uploading the new Intersect . </P> <H3> Season 3 ( edit ) </H3> <P> By the beginning of `` Chuck Versus the Pink Slip '' Sarah 's relationship with Chuck is shattered . Flashbacks throughout the episode reveal that shortly after uploading the new Intersect , Sarah asked Chuck to go AWOL and run away with her so they could be together . Chuck was initially enthusiastic , but by the time they met with each other he refused so he could pursue his spy training . Sarah was heartbroken and subsequently cut him off . She was forced to reconnect again when Chuck interfered with an operation against the Ring . Ultimately , Chuck was reinstated on the team and Sarah was ordered by Beckman to help train Chuck . Their relationship issues again came to a head during an assignment with Carina . Because of Chuck 's remaining feelings for her she requested a transfer from Beckman on grounds she was a liability but was denied . They managed to partially resolve their situation , and Carina showed Sarah security footage of Chuck trying to explain to her that he chose to take his spy training because of Sarah 's own encouragement , and his realization that he could help people and a desire to protect those he loved - including her . </P> <P> Team Bartowski 's new leader , Daniel Shaw , began romantically approaching Sarah in `` Chuck Versus the Mask . '' Although initially Sarah very vocally rejected his advances , when she and Shaw were exposed to cyclosarin gas Sarah admitted that she overreacted and somewhat enjoyed Shaw 's attention . Sarah and Chuck agreed that they were free to pursue relationships with other people , and Sarah began allowing Shaw to get closer . In `` Chuck Versus the Fake Name '' , Sarah tells Shaw that this job is making her slowly forget who she was before and says that for the last three years , she has never once told anybody her real name . When Shaw asks her what it is , Sarah reveals that her real name is Sam ( most likely from Samantha ) . Chuck also finds out her real name after he overhears this conversation while posing as an assassin the Ring hired to kill Shaw . She is still initially reluctant to allow herself to become involved with him , but by the end of the episode relents . </P> <P> Sarah administered Chuck 's `` final exam '' as a spy alongside Shaw in `` Chuck Versus the Final Exam . '' During the mission Chuck tried to talk about what happened in Prague , but the mission interrupted them . Although pleased with Chuck 's successful handling of the assignment , Sarah was greatly disturbed when Shaw instructed her to order him to kill a rogue CIA agent . She attempted to resist , fearing what it would make Chuck into , but eventually gave Chuck his instructions . When Chuck finally cornered his target he hesitated and Casey completed the hit from the shadows , however from Sarah 's perspective it looked like Chuck pulled the trigger . After the mission she refused to answer when he attempted to call , and expressed to Shaw her distaste over what she had turned Chuck into . When Shaw pressed if she was still in love with Chuck , she replied she no longer was . </P> <P> In `` Chuck Versus the American Hero '' Chuck presses her on how he feels , and asks for a second chance at Prague . Sarah is in the process of packing to meet him when Casey arrives . Although she insists what he has to tell her wo n't change her decision , Casey admits he killed the mole instead , to Sarah 's visible relief thus removing any reservations that Sarah had against Chuck . However , before she can leave , Shaw arrives and tells her they have a new mission and there is no time contact Chuck . In Shaw 's car Sarah is distressed that there is no signal to call Chuck and asks where they are headed . Shaw tells her only they are going to `` settle an old score . '' </P> <P> `` Chuck Versus the Other Guy '' revealed that Sarah was taken by Shaw to a Ring facility where , masquerading that they were still on a mission , he revealed to Sarah that she was set up to kill Evelyn . Despite the revelation , Sarah continued to trust Shaw over Chuck 's misgivings . She and Chuck did reconcile their feelings for each other , as she admits she fell for him before the climax of the Season 1 pilot . As they were preparing to begin a relationship , Shaw lured her to Paris and took her to the street where Evelyn was killed , revealing that he had turned to the Ring and intended to kill Sarah in retaliation for his wife 's death . Chuck correctly guessed Shaw 's intent and destination and arrived in time to save Sarah 's life by shooting Shaw when he refused to back down . Unlike the death of Perry , Chuck 's killing of Shaw to save her life ( and his handling of the situation as a whole ) put Sarah 's mind at ease , realizing that although Chuck is capable of killing someone , he wo n't resort to that until every other option has been exhausted . The two chose to spend a few days together in Paris before returning to Burbank . </P> <P> She and Chuck did attempt to run away from the spy life together in `` Chuck Versus the Honeymooners '' , until an encounter with a defecting Basque terrorist helped them realize that they `` wanted it all , '' and were determined to build their relationship without giving up on their careers . Although Beckman was not pleased when she learned of the couple , even she noted `` it 's about damn time . '' </P> <P> In `` Chuck Versus the Role Models '' , Chuck asks her to move in but she initially declines , telling him that they are n't a `` normal couple '' so they should n't pretend to have a `` normal life . '' General Beckman assigns them to observe an experienced spy couple , the Turners . After seeing the Turners ' rocky relationship , Chuck and Sarah find that their relationship could be more of a challenge than they thought . However , Sarah agrees to move in with Chuck at the end of the episode , so that they can have something `` to fall back on after ( their ) spy life is over . '' </P> <P> In `` Chuck Versus the Tooth '' even though they are living together , Sarah still has difficulty expressing her emotions to Chuck . When Chuck starts to show signs of a mental breakdown and is locked down in a CIA mental hospital , Sarah believes in and supports his claims that a Zamibian scientist has connections to the Ring . Although her investigation indicates that Chuck is wrong , she goes to his doctor and tells him that she loves Chuck and wants to help him work through whatever problems he is facing . At the end of the episode , she candidly tells Chuck that she loves him . </P> <P> Sarah struggles with Chuck lying to her in `` Chuck Versus the Living Dead '' about his dream that Shaw is alive . After she obtains the truth from Morgan , she confronts Chuck and along with Casey , go through her relationship with Shaw to find any clues as to his whereabouts or plans . She breaks into Shaw 's penthouse with Chuck and recovers Shaw 's Intelligence Safe after a confrontation with a Ring agent . When Chuck 's father leaves , she provides Chuck with his address and takes him to Stephen 's cabin , where she saves Chuck from a trap by Ring agents . At the end of the episode , Sarah gives her spy will to Chuck , saying that he 's the only one she wants to have it in case something happens to her . </P> <P> In `` Chuck Versus the Subway '' , Sarah , along with Casey and Chuck , is arrested by Shaw under charges of treason after Shaw puts in motion his plan to take over the CIA . While supposedly transporting them to a detention facility , Shaw stops the truck and tells them to uncuff themselves , planning on killing them and making it look as if they were trying to escape , at which point Morgan and Devon use Casey 's highly modified Crown Victoria to blow up the truck , rescuing Team Bartowski . </P> <P> In `` Chuck Versus the Ring : Part II '' , Sarah and Team Bartowski carry out a plan to expose Shaw at a security convention . The plan succeeds and they 're able to identify and detain the Ring Elders , but Shaw manages to escape just as Sarah walks into his office to find Chuck heavily debilitated by his latest attempt at flashing without the Governor . Sarah takes a barely conscious Chuck back to Castle when Shaw enters the Buy More and plants several bombs , threatening to blow up the store unless Chuck meets him . Sarah leaves Chuck in Castle and meets Shaw alone just as Jeff , Lester and Big Mike pull the fire alarm , emptying out the store , although Shaw is able to prevent Sarah from escaping . Chuck sees through the monitors in Castle that Shaw is holding Sarah hostage at the Buy More and manages to get up and meet him . After their confrontation , Chuck decides not to kill Shaw and Sarah knocks him unconscious , taking the Governor from him and returning it to Chuck . She later accepts Chuck 's decision to follow through on his promise to Ellie and quit the CIA . </P> <H3> Season 4 ( edit ) </H3> <P> At the beginning of the fourth season Sarah continues working for the CIA partnered with Casey , while Chuck is retired . `` Chuck Versus the Anniversary '' reveals that the two have been assigned to investigate Volkoff Industries , run by a notorious black market arms dealer . Their mission dovetails with Chuck 's own search for his mother , which she and Casey agree to aid . Most of Sarah 's actions for the remainder of the season revolve around this combined mission and around the personal challenges from her past that she confronts as she and Chuck decide to commit to marriage . </P> <P> Sarah confronts her old high school enemy Heather Chandler again in `` Chuck Versus the Cubic Z . '' Heather admits that she tried the route that Sarah is currently travelling ( with Chuck being her personal moral beacon ) , but her nature overwhelmed any inclination at a normal life ; she further doubts that Sarah will be any different . Under fire , Sarah denies being anything like Heather ; the two come to an understanding and as a peace offering , Heather surrenders what she knows about Project Beacon and Frost ( Chuck 's mother ) . </P> <P> In Chuck Versus Phase Three , after Chuck is captured , Sarah goes on a rogue mission to find him , during the course of which Casey describes her actions as those of Langston Graham 's `` wild card enforcer , '' a side of her he did n't like . Sarah ultimately agrees with Casey 's statement and says `` I 'm different without Chuck , and I do n't like it . '' When she finally finds him , Sarah resolves her expressed fear of marriage in multiple previous episodes by telling an unconscious Chuck that she loves him and wants to spend the rest of her life with him , with or without the Intersect . </P> <P> Sarah tells Beckman in `` Chuck Versus the Balcony '' that if there is anything she can do to bring back Chuck 's mother to let her do so . Just as Chuck is about to propose to her , she is pulled away to establish her cover as a rogue CIA agent and goes undercover in Volkoff Industries to help Mary bring it down . After Alexei Volkoff is defeated , Chuck finally proposes to Sarah while waiting for the arrival of Clara Woodcomb . </P> <P> The pending wedding with Chuck presents Sarah with a number of personal hurdles owing to her childhood . In `` Chuck Versus the Seduction Impossible '' Chuck 's family starts prying the couple with questions about their wedding plans causing Sarah to panic . She suggests eloping , as she would have no one to invite to the large family wedding Chuck desired . To help her reconnect with her friends , Chuck reunites Sarah with her old team , in `` Chuck Versus the Cat Squad '' , prompting the return of their nemesis Augusto Gaez and some internal grudges . Sarah had long suspected her teammate Zondra of being a traitor working with Gaez , having found a transmitter in her boot . When it was discovered that Amy was in fact the traitor , Sarah mended her friendship with Zondra , inviting her and Carina to be her bridesmaids . Sarah also deepens friendship with Ellie , agreeing to discuss her family issues , and inviting her to be maid of honor . </P> <P> In `` Chuck Versus the First Bank of Evil '' , Sarah is at first not truly excited about making wedding plans but Ellie explains that a portion will cause her make the situation more real , alluding to her own factor in her and Devon 's wedding : their wedding rings . Sarah is doubtful , but when she tries to find the right dress , Ellie 's prediction is justified . At the end of the episode , Sarah has become a Bride - zilla , horrifying both Ellie and Chuck . </P> <P> Sarah reconnects with her father , `` Jack Burton , '' in `` Chuck Versus the Wedding Planner '' when the wedding planner she hires with Chuck steals their savings . She fails to conceal her upcoming wedding from him , and ultimately Jack and Sarah have a father / daughter dance at the reception . Jack laments it might be the only one they have . Chuck invites Jack to stick around but he says he wo n't make promises to Sarah he ca n't keep . Instead Jack leaves Sarah her old piggy bank to which he has only added cash , never taken , to cover the costs of their wedding . </P> <P> In `` Chuck Versus the Last Details '' , Vivian discovers that Chuck 's mother and father were responsible for the undoing of her own father , Alexi Volkoff / Hartley Winterbottom . She takes her revenge by targeting Sarah with the Norseman device . Sarah is barely clinging to life throughout most of `` Chuck Versus the Cliffhanger '' , but is saved when Chuck and Hartley retrieve the antidote for the Norseman from Vivian . She and Chuck are then finally married . When they return from their honeymoon two weeks later she and Chuck reveal to Casey and Morgan that Hartley turned over all the wealth of Volkoff Industries to them . She and Chuck used this money to purchase the Buy More and Castle , and announce they intend to go into business for themselves as independent spies . </P> <H3> Season 5 ( edit ) </H3> <P> Sarah 's devotion to the spy life wanes , subtly at first , but much more pronounced in later episodes . Her decisions become more geared towards using her emotions and believing in her friends rather than relying on distrust , suspicion and self - sufficiency . The start of this mind set began most notably in `` Chuck Versus the Frosted Tips '' , when she believed ( correctly ) that Morgan 's drastic change in attitude was due more to a malfunctioning Intersect than a power trip , even when Chuck believed that Morgan was simply acting like an overconfident ass . </P> <P> She further displays a dislike for her spy life when she asks Chuck not to get reintegrated with the CIA . This dislike proceeds further as she suggests that Carmichael Industries become an Electronic Security Company , focusing on Chuck 's primary strength with computers , and minimizing the amount of gunplay they would be subjected to in `` Chuck Versus Bo '' . However , Nicholas Quinn 's emergence and the reintroduction of the Intersect glasses leads to the team having a `` last mission '' , which was successful , though Quinn kidnaps Chuck in exchange for the glasses . Sarah and Casey go to save him , but are ambushed by Quinn 's men and heavily outnumbered . Sarah , after running out of ammunition , puts on the glasses and uploads the Intersect into her head , which allows her to save both her and Casey after she flashes on how to neutralize Quinn 's men and go to rescue Chuck , but Sarah begins to suffer uncontrollable flashes shortly after . </P> <P> She 's kidnapped by Quinn after he realizes that she has the Intersect and forces her to flash on Intersect images , wiping her memories , including those of her relationship with Chuck . He then manipulates Sarah into believing that he 's her CIA handler and that she has orders to bring him the Intersect glasses and kill Chuck . Sarah is able to get the glasses , but Chuck had managed to switch them . Sarah then takes Ellie hostage as leverage against Chuck and Chuck agrees to give her to the glasses and Sarah threatens to kill Ellie if she senses that it 's a trap . As they drive to where Chuck hid the glasses , Ellie notices that Sarah is n't wearing her seatbelt and tells her that if she had her memories back , she would want her to do whatever needed to protect Chuck and then crashes her car , which knocks Sarah out . Chuck then tells Ellie that he knows where to take Sarah to help her get her memories back . Sarah awakens in the house she and Chuck had planned to buy and Chuck tells her that he brought her there hoping that she 'd remember the house , if not him . Sarah tells him that their relationship was nothing more than a cover and he was just an assignment . Chuck tells her that he was an assignment , but then that she fell in love with him . With tears in his eyes , he tells her about their first real , non-cover kiss was when they thought they were going to die from a bomb and how he closed his eyes and felt her grab him and then kiss him and how they tried to pretend it never happened and how one day he was so sure that she could never love a nerd like him , she came over and he asked if she loved him and that she said yes . Chuck then tells her that when he proposed , they knew they would be together for the rest of their lives , living in this house and raising a family . </P> <P> Chuck then tells Sarah that he 's going to give her a choice : they can start over or she can take the glasses and never see him again . Sarah then asks if Chuck really loves her to which he replies `` With all of my heart . '' Sarah then tells Chuck she 's sorry for doing her job too well and that she 's going to finish the mission . As she tries to grab the glasses , Chuck grabs them away for her and they get into a scuffle , with Chuck refusing to fight back . She then kicks him down the steps and takes the glasses and then points her gun at his head . Chuck tells her that she can kill him , but that he 'll never hurt her . Sarah then notices the carving of their names and remembers writing it . At that moment , Quinn arrives and takes the glasses and tells Sarah that Chuck was right about him and pulls out a gun to shoot her with . Chuck then jumps in front of the bullet and is shot in the back . Sarah tries to shoot Quinn , but he escapes . She then kneels down next to Chuck to see if he 's okay and he tells her that he 's wearing a vest . Hearing the sirens , Chuck tells her that the CIA is coming for her and tells her to run and she flees . </P> <P> Back at her place , Sarah is quickly packing her things when Casey walks through the door . She pulls a knife , but Casey tells her that he 's not there to fight . He asks what she remembers about him to which Sarah replies his reputation : how he 's unfriendly , unforgiving , and unquestioning about orders . Casey chuckles and says that people said the same thing about her when they first met and says that it was probably the reason they never got along . Sarah asks if they did n't along , why he was here now and Casey pulls out an envelope out of his jacket and sets it down for her , saying that Chuck ended up making them both soft . He tells her that in the past five years , the two of them changed and they became friends . Casey tells Sarah to take care of herself and then leaves . Sarah then opens the envelope he left and pulls out a disc of mission logs . She watches them and it 's of her telling how she 's started to fall in love with Chuck and even one confirming the kiss Chuck had told her about . </P> <P> Sarah then shows up at Chuck 's apartment just as he 's about to go inside . Sarah tells him that she believes everything he said about them , but that she does n't feel it . Chuck asks her why she 's there right now and Sarah tells him that she wanted to say she was sorry for everything that happened and that she wanted to say goodbye . She tells Chuck that she 's going to go look for Quinn . The two of them say goodbye and then Sarah leaves . </P> <P> Sarah then started pursuing Quinn , learning that he 's trying to reassemble The Key , a device that can modify the Intersect 's original function . When she fails to stop him on a plane , she returns to Chuck to ask for his help . They track Quinn to Berlin , where by coincidence , she started re-enacting the events from the pilot . However , she made the mistake of assuming that Chuck would kill Quinn , who not only allowed Quinn to escape , but accidentally shot down Casey 's helicopter in the process . Locked back in Castle , Sarah was convinced to work with the team as they tried to stop Quinn . Sarah is forced to shoot Quinn when he reaches for his gun , ruining their chances of deactivating the bomb Beckman is sitting on . Chuck then decides that he must upload the Intersect back into his head in order to figure out how to defuse the bomb , thus eliminating the only chance of Sarah getting her memories back . He gets the Intersect , but can not figure out to disarm the bomb once he 's on the computer for it . Sarah suggests searching for `` Irene Demova '' ( a porn virus ) on the Internet which Chuck does and is surprised that she knows about , pointing out it was from five years ago and the bomb is disarmed after the virus crashes it </P> <P> Afterwards , Sarah felt unsure of herself because her memories have still not fully returned and tells Chuck that she needs time alone to figure out who she is . Chuck later finds her on the beach , pointing out that it was the same beach they were at after their first `` date '' when Sarah told him to trust her and that he 's doing the same thing now , asking her to trust him . He tells Sarah that no matter where she goes , he 'll always be there for her . Sarah asks Chuck to tell her about their story , to which he does . When he has finished , Chuck suggests that they try Morgan 's theory and have a `` magical kiss '' to see if her memories will return . Sarah tells Chuck to kiss her . They share a kiss , thus ending the series . Whether it means that Sarah 's memories will come back or she will have to fall in love with Chuck all over again remains unknown . </P> <H2> Development ( edit ) </H2> <P> On February 12 , 2007 Australian actress Yvonne Strahovski was announced for what was then the role of `` Sarah Kent , '' joining Zachary Levi ( Chuck ) and Adam Baldwin ( Maj . John Casey ) . Prior to beginning of filming the character 's name was changed to Sarah Walker . Strahovski was unable to come to the US for audition so the producers allowed her to make her audition via the internet . The character is a reversal of typical action film gender roles , with Sarah Walker portraying the protector and fighter while Chuck is the more emotional `` brain . '' </P> <P> Strahovski herself is highly active and performs all her own fight scenes . She considers this one of her favorite parts of the role , especially the fight scene in `` Chuck Versus the First Date '' against Michael Clarke Duncan 's towering Mr. Colt . She also speaks fluent Polish , which she worked into the role in the Season One episode `` Chuck Versus the Wookiee . '' </P> <P> Very little of Sarah 's background is revealed in Season 1 other than her relationship with Bryce Larkin and middle name . However real attention was paid to her past in the first half of Season Two . In June 2008 Nicole Richie was announced to be appearing in a role as a former classmate of Sarah from high school , and in September Gary Cole was revealed to be playing Sarah 's father in an upcoming episode . It has not been announced if the name Graham hints at on her birth certificate is actually her real name , or if it will ever be revealed . </P> <P> At the 2009 San Diego Comic - Con , Josh Schwartz and Chris Fedak revealed that Sarah 's mission would shift somewhat in Season 3 . According to dialogue quoted during interviews , Sarah 's role would begin to change from protecting Chuck from the world , to protecting the world from Chuck due to the unpredictability of Intersect 2.0 . Sarah would also have a significant effect on Chuck 's development during the third season , due to the profound impact she has on his emotional state . As described by Fedak , with the Intersect being affected by Chuck 's emotions , Sarah has the potential to be both his `` kryptonite '' and his `` spinach . '' Other interviews and panels have indicated Sarah 's role with Chuck would also change from more of an asset / handler relationship , to becoming Chuck 's `` sensei . '' </P> <H3> Personality ( edit ) </H3> <P> At the beginning of the series , Sarah 's complicated upbringing and government training have made her deadly , determined and guarded . </P> <Ul> <Li> Her childhood experience in conning and concealing secrets has been sharpened by spy training ; she is highly capable at combat , especially with throwing knives ( she typically wears several in a sheath strapped to her leg when her wardrobe allows , ) and to a lesser extent her favored side arm throughout the series , the Smith & Wesson Model 5906 ; she is able to speak in several foreign languages ( Polish , Russian , Spanish and German , and can understand at least some Swedish ) and accents . </Li> <Li> Before she meets Chuck she is apparently , in Casey 's words , `` Langston Graham 's wild - card enforcer , '' and in her own words in `` Chuck Versus the Tooth '' , does not envision a future for herself beyond her next mission . She is determined to personally resolve Bryce 's perceived personal and professional betrayal . </Li> <Li> And finally , her professional need to keep her past and emotions a closely guarded secret also suits her temperamentally . She does not readily discuss her personal history or reveal her real name , and repeatedly states the conventional wisdom of the spy community that emotion and love create vulnerabilities . It is later revealed that a key event in her becoming cold and distant was the day of her `` red test , '' or first kill , which she considers to be the worst day of her life and the details of which she never forgot ; and one of her greatest stated fears is Chuck becoming like her when he is ordered to undergo his own red test . </Li> </Ul> <P> Still , she is immediately receptive to Chuck 's good nature and humor , and she much later admits to Chuck that she fell for him during the first episode `` after you fixed my phone and before you started defusing bombs with computer viruses . '' While Sarah lacks Chuck 's openly trusting nature , she quickly recognizes that Chuck is just a regular guy and not a threat , and chooses to protect him from the NSA team led by John Casey . A series - long character arc involves her gradually overcoming both professional barriers and deep - rooted relationship baggage from her past to let her guard down and develop a relationship with Chuck . </P> <P> The first two seasons show her to be much more empathetic and sympathetic to Chuck 's plight than Casey , and is highly protective of Chuck , to an extent beyond the requirements of her mission to safeguard the Intersect . Where Casey for a long time only seems concerned with physical threats to Chuck 's safety ( things that might cost the government the use of the Intersect information in Chuck 's head ) , Sarah is more concerned for him as an individual : </P> <Ul> <Li> Sarah is quick to reassure Chuck of his own abilities beyond the Intersect , and tells him on several occasions that he has made an excellent spy . </Li> <Li> Sarah openly warned both Lou and Jill -- with whom Chuck carried on brief relationships -- not to hurt him . </Li> <Li> By the end of the first season , she is prepared to pull a gun on a fellow CIA agent rather than allow Chuck to be detained for the rest of his life . Later , in `` Chuck Versus Santa Claus '' , she executes an unarmed Fulcrum agent , since his special status makes him confident that Fulcrum will find him and that he would then reveal to them that Chuck is the Intersect , and thereafter Chuck 's life would be over . </Li> <Li> Early on , she objects to orders that put Chuck and those close to him in danger ; she also increasingly objects to lying or concealing information from Chuck and using him without his knowledge . Chuck and Sarah have always had a saying ' Do n't freak out ' . </Li> </Ul> <P> Though she kisses Chuck when they think they 're about to die , and they go on a real date when they think Chuck is about to regain his freedom , Sarah keeps Chuck uncertain about her feelings for him with mixed messages : obvious concern for Chuck , the ambiguous nature of their `` cover relationship , '' noting professional barriers to any real relationship but also occasionally holding out the possibility of eventually having a normal life with her , and her aptitude for taking on different roles / covers and using her appearance on missions , at times flirting with the team 's targets when needed . Further complicating things on both sides are the occasional love triangles . </P> <P> Despite her attempts to mask her feelings , many characters in the first two seasons , including Chuck 's sister Ellie , Bryce Larkin , Casey , Carina , Roan Montgomery , and her father , all detect that she is romantically interested in or in love with Chuck . Though she denies any such interest , she openly acknowledges a desire to remain friendly with Chuck on a personal level , until the end of the second season , when she and Chuck share several intimate moments . </P> <P> At this time , as Chuck becomes more capable in combat and embraces becoming a spy , she becomes more concerned about how this will change his character , and that if he has to kill he will lose the trusting and good nature she originally came to love about him , just as she thinks her own `` red test '' changed her . </P> <P> In `` Chuck Versus the Ring : Part II '' , Shaw remarks on how Sarah 's personality has transformed from a person who masked her emotions to being just as open , caring and loving as Chuck . She does express relief when Chuck does not kill Shaw after defeating him and shows mercy . While Shaw said that it made him weak , Sarah tells Chuck , `` No , that is what makes you great ! '' </P> <P> Several episodes imply that Sarah misses or envies the `` normal '' life Chuck desires to return to . Sarah herself expressed a desire to have a normal life with Chuck in `` Chuck Versus the Pink Slip , '' and has asked Carina and Casey if they ever wondered what a normal , real life would be like . In `` Chuck Versus the Role Models '' , Sarah moved in with Chuck and expressed that she looked forward to living a `` normal life '' with him after their spy lives are over . </P> <P> But in keeping with her temperament , Sarah is often unnerved in situations of a more domestic nature . She is visibly flustered as Ellie 's maid of honor , and in a deleted scene from `` Chuck Versus the Ring , '' is panicking , stating that she handled covert operations and none of it was as terrifying as Ellie on her wedding day . When Devon suggests that Chuck and Sarah would be next in line for the family life , Sarah becomes scared ; she later channels her frustration and fear by pummelling Casey in a sparring match , and becomes instantly relieved when a romantic mission is cancelled . After Clara 's birth and Chuck 's proposal when Chuck 's family begin to plan Chuck and Sarah 's wedding , Chuck , Casey and Sarah become visibly scared at the family 's intensity ; Sarah remarks that she 's `` sweating . The last time ( she ) sweat , gunfire was involved . '' </P> <P> Throughout the rest of Season 4 , Sarah becomes more accepting of the concept of marriage and normalcy and ultimately Chuck and Sarah are married by the end of Season 4 . </P> <P> Season 5 has Sarah become more interested in having a normal life , to the point of admitting she was excited about the possibility of having a baby , which prompts her to start questioning the constant risks she and Chuck put themselves through in their line of work . Her change from a cold - blooded spy to a warm and loving person culminates with her reconnecting with her mother , to Chuck 's excitement . </P> <H2> Reception ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( June 2012 ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> She was included in TV Guide 's list of `` TV 's Sexiest Crime Fighters '' . </P> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Chuck Versus the Family Volkoff '' </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Chuck Versus the Cougars '' </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Patrick , Andy ( 26 September 2011 ) . `` Scoop : Chuck Introducing Sarah 's ( Spoiler ) ! '' . tvline.com . Archived from the original on 19 March 2012 . Retrieved 24 April 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Character portrayed by Pamela Roylance in `` Chuck Versus the Wedding Planner '' </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Chuck Versus the Bearded Bandit </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Use of her real middle name , Lisa , with her Sarah Walker alias was revealed on the prenuptial agreement shown in `` Chuck Versus the Family Volkoff '' </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Chuck Versus the Wookiee '' </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Chuck Versus the DeLorean '' </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Chuck Versus Santa Claus '' </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Chuck Versus the Balcony '' </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ NBC.com : Spy Dossiers Archived 2009 - 04 - 23 at the Wayback Machine . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Chuck Versus the Angel de la Muerte '' </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Chuck Versus the Final Exam '' </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Chuck Versus the Intersect '' </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Chuck Versus the Imported Hard Salami '' </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Chuck Versus the Break - Up '' </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Chuck Versus the Truth '' </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Chuck Versus the Nemesis '' </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Chuck Versus the Marlin '' </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Chuck Versus the First Date '' </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Chuck Versus the Seduction '' </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Chuck Versus the Ex '' </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Chuck Versus the Colonel '' </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Development Update : Monday , February 12 , The Futon Critic </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Interview : January 23 , 2008 , YvonneStrahovski.net Archived 2011 - 04 - 29 at the Wayback Machine . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Interview : October 8 , 2007 , BuddyTV.com Archived 2008 - 12 - 02 at the Wayback Machine . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Cast Update : June 26 , 2008 , TV Decoder </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Cast Update : September 10 , 2008 , IGN.com Archived 2008 - 09 - 14 at the Wayback Machine . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Chicago Tribune : July 26 , 2009 : Chuck vs. Season 3 : What 's coming next on the spy dramedy Archived 2009 - 07 - 28 at the Wayback Machine . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Blast : Comic - Con 09 : Chris Fedak , co-creator of Chuck Archived 2009 - 07 - 31 at the Wayback Machine . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Chuck Versus the Three Words '' </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Chuck Versus the Honeymooners '' </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Chuck Versus the Undercover Lover '' </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Chuck Versus the Sandworm '' </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Chuck Versus the Other Guy '' </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Chuck Versus the Crown Vic '' </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Chuck Versus the Fat Lady '' </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Chuck Versus the Third Dimension '' </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Chuck Versus the Tango '' </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` TV 's Sexiest Crime Fighters '' . TV Guide . Archived from the original on June 27 , 2012 . Retrieved June 26 , 2012 . </Li> </Ol> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Chuck </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Characters </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Primary </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Chuck Bartowski </Li> <Li> Sarah Walker </Li> <Li> John Casey </Li> <Li> Morgan Grimes </Li> <Li> Devon Woodcomb </Li> <Li> Ellie Woodcomb </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Spies </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Mary Elizabeth Bartowski </Li> <Li> Stephen J. Bartowski </Li> <Li> Diane Beckman </Li> <Li> Langston Graham </Li> <Li> Bryce Larkin </Li> <Li> Jill Roberts </Li> <Li> Daniel Shaw </Li> <Li> Alexei Volkoff </Li> <Li> Other characters </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Organizations </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Fulcrum </Li> <Li> The Ring </Li> <Li> Volkoff Industries </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Miscellaneous </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Episodes <Ul> <Li> Season 1 </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> 5 </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Cast list </Li> <Li> Theme song </Li> <Li> Jeffster ! </Li> <Li> The Intersect </Li> <Li> Buy More </Li> <Li> Gadgets </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sarah_Walker_(Chuck)&oldid=850540426 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> Chuck ( TV series ) characters </Li> <Li> Fictional Central Intelligence Agency personnel </Li> <Li> Fictional assassins </Li> <Li> Fictional businesspeople </Li> <Li> Fictional linguists </Li> <Li> Fictional women soldiers and warriors </Li> <Li> Fictional knife - fighters </Li> <Li> Fictional con artists </Li> <Li> Fictional Harvard University people </Li> <Li> Fictional characters introduced in 2007 </Li> <Li> Fictional secret agents and spies </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Webarchive template wayback links </Li> <Li> Pages using deprecated image syntax </Li> <Li> Articles using Infobox character with multiple unlabeled fields </Li> <Li> Articles to be expanded from June 2012 </Li> <Li> All articles to be expanded </Li> <Li> Articles using small message boxes </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> Español </Li> <Li> Français </Li> <Li> Italiano </Li> <Li> Português </Li> <Li> Türkçe </Li> </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 16 July 2018 , at 14 : 31 ( UTC ) . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> | [
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American Competitiveness and Workforce Improvement Act - wikipedia <H1> American Competitiveness and Workforce Improvement Act </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <P> The American Competitiveness and Workforce Improvement Act ( ACWIA ) was an act passed by the government of the United States on October 21 , 1998 ( while Bill Clinton was President of the United States ) , pertaining to high - skilled immigration to the United States , particularly immigration through the H - 1B visa , and helping improving the capabilities of the domestic workforce in the United States to reduce the need for foreign labor . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 History </Li> <Li> 2 Provisions <Ul> <Li> 2.1 Section 411 : Temporary increase in H - 1B cap </Li> <Li> 2.2 Section 412 : Protection Against Displacement of United States Workers In Case of H - 1B Dependent Employers </Li> <Li> 2.3 Section 413 ( a ) : Changes to Enforcement and Penalties </Li> <Li> 2.4 Section 413 ( b ) : Arbitration for Disputes Involving the Qualification of U.S. Workers </Li> <Li> 2.5 Other parts of Section 413 </Li> <Li> 2.6 Section 414 : New fees for scholarships and training </Li> <Li> 2.7 Section 415 : Hathaway Prevailing Wage Fix , Athletic Prevailing Wages </Li> <Li> 2.8 Other sections </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 Reception </Li> <Li> 4 References </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> History ( edit ) </H2> <P> According to a history of the law by Jung Hahm for Cornell Law Review , the proximal impetus for the ACWIA was that , for the first time , the H - 1B quota was oversubscribed in 1997 . Whereas some interests aligned with employers in industries using H - 1B workers wanted to increase or even eliminate the caps on number of visas , others , specifically a vocal minority in Congress , as well as labor unions and the White House , were opposed to such expansion due to concerns about the effect on native wages and employment opportunities . ACWIA was a compromise bill hashed out in the Fall of 1998 between these competing interest groups . </P> <P> One of the ideas considered and rejected during the process was that of imposing a requirement for all H - 1Bs to show that efforts had been made to recruit a native worker with the same qualifications . Senator Spencer Abraham critiqued this requirement by noting that the huge amount of time taken for labor certification ( the corresponding recruitment requirement for permanent immigrants ) did not make sense for temporary work . </P> <P> ACWIA was followed by the American Competitiveness in the 21st Century Act ( AC21 ) passed in 2000 , that significantly restructured the H - 1B to allow for a lot more temporary workers without any official changes to the caps , while also giving a few more years ' grace period before the cap would become binding again . </P> <H2> Provisions ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Section 411 : temporary increase in H - 1B cap ( edit ) </H3> <P> The annual cap for H - 1B visas is 65,000 . Section 411 increased this annual cap to 115,000 for Fiscal Year 1999 ; 115,000 in Fiscal Year 2000 ; and 107,500 in Fiscal Year 2001 . The cap would return to 65,000 starting with Fiscal Year 2002 . </P> <H3> Section 412 : protection against displacement of United States workers in case of H - 1B dependent employers ( edit ) </H3> Further information : H - 1B - dependent employer <P> This section introduced the concept of H - 1B - dependent employers , defined as employers who crossed a particular threshold in terms of both the absolute number and proportion of their workforce on H - 1Bs . Both H - 1B - dependent employers and employers who had been found to commit a willful misrepresentation of material fact in a recent application were required to submit additional attestations in their Labor Condition Applications . These attestations continue to be required as of 2015 . </P> <H3> Section 413 ( a ) : changes to enforcement and penalties ( edit ) </H3> <P> Historically , one of the criticisms of the H - 1B regime had been that , even though applicants were required to make particular attestations in their Labor Condition Applications , there were very few penalties for those who lied or misrepresented facts in their attestations . ACWIA sought to correct their perceived problem by laying out explicit penalties , in addition to the extra attestations required by Section 412 . </P> <P> Below are the various provisions of this section : </P> <Ul> <Li> Basic Penalties : $1,000 fine and not less than 1 year debarment for failure to meet the no strike or lockout or layoff attestations . </Li> <Li> Willful Penalties : $5,000 fine and not less than 2 year debarment for any willful failure to meet any attestation condition , or willful misrepresentation of a material fact , or violation of the whistleblower clause . </Li> <Li> Heightened Penalties for Severe Violations : $35,000 fine and no less than 3 year debarment for willful failure or willful misrepresentation of a material fact in the course of which an employer displaced a U.S. worker within the 90 days before and 90 days after the filing of a visa petition based on the application . </Li> <Li> Whistleblower protection : Protection for employees who may expose or report employers for violations of H - 1B rules in their companies . </Li> <Li> New penalty for `` unconscionable contract provisions '' : Employer may be fined $1000 per violation for requiring an H - 1B nonimmigrant to pay a penalty for leaving the employer 's employ prior to a date agreed to by the nonimmigrant and the employer . </Li> <Li> No `` benching '' rule : Employers must pay H - 1B nonimmigrants the required wage for the full hours specified on the H - 1B visa petition even if the beneficiary is in nonproductive status due to a decision by the employer , or based on the nonimmigrant 's lack of a permit of license , i.e. , full - time employees must be paid full - time wages , and part - time employees must be paid for the minimum hours stated on the petition . Further , employers must pay H - 1B nonimmigrants the required wage beginning no later than 30 days after the date the nonimmigrant is admitted to the United States pursuant to the petition , or 60 days after the nonimmigrant becomes eligible to work for the employer . However , this provision does not apply for nonproductive time due to non-work - related factors , such as voluntary absence ( at the request of the nonimmigrant ) or circumstances rendering the individual unable to work . Schools or other educational institutions may apply established salary practices to H - 1B nonimmigrants , including payment for less than 12 months , as long as such payment schedule is agreed to by the H - 1B nonimmigrant . Violation of this provision is considered a violation of the wage requirement and subject to the same penalties . </Li> <Li> New Benefits Requirement : Employers must offer H - 1B nonimmigrants benefits and eligibility for benefits ( including participation in health , life , disability , and other insurance plans , retirement and savings plans , bonuses and stock options ) on the same basis , and in accordance with the same criteria as are offered to U.S. workers . Violations of this provision are treated as violations of the wage requirement and subject to the same penalties . </Li> </Ul> <H3> Section 413 ( B ) : arbitration for disputes involving the qualification of U.S. workers ( edit ) </H3> <P> Guidelines were set up for the receipt and review of complaints regarding an employer 's failure to offer a job opportunity to a qualified U.S. worker ( if required to so attest ) or misrepresentation of material facts with regard to such condition . Note that not all employers were required to make such attestations . Rather , only those who were deemed to be H - 1B - dependent or had committed willful violations of the law were required to attest to good - faith efforts to recruit American workers . </P> <H3> Other parts of section 413 ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Section 413 ( c ) said that an employer who placed a worker with another employer was liable for any displacement of US workers at the other employer 's worksite . Therefore , if required to make additional attestations due to being H - 1B - dependent or having committed a past willful misrepresentation of material fact , it was the employer 's responsibility to make sure that the other employer was not firing a US worker between 90 days before and after the placement . </Li> <Li> Section 413 ( d ) gave the United States Department of Labor the authority to commit ( random , on - site ) spot investigations into employers who had committed a willful violation in the last five years . </Li> <Li> Section 413 ( e ) gave the United States Department of Labor `` new investigative authority '' to investigate an employer for H - 1B compliance if it receives `` specific , credible information '' from a source likely to have knowledge of the employer 's practices , employment conditions or compliance . Such information must provide `` reasonable cause '' to believe that a violation of the LCA requirements ( excepting the posting requirement ) has been committed . DOL may conduct a 30 - day investigation upon obtaining the personal signature of the Secretary of Labor ( or the Acting Secretary ) . </Li> </Ul> <H3> Section 414 : new fees for scholarships and training ( edit ) </H3> <P> This section specified an additional $500 fee ( over and above filing fees ) for H - 1B applicants , that would be used to fund scholarship and training programs , and to fund United States Department of Labor administration and enforcement activities for the program . The fee would be collected by the Attorney General at the time of filing an initial petition to grant a foreign national H - 1B status , upon the first petition to extend the stay of an H - 1B nonimmigrant , and upon a petition by a different employer for concurrent or new employment . It is not required when filing for extensions of stay after the initial extension by the same employer , nor for amended petitions that do not request extension of stay . The employer was not allowed to recoup the fee from the alien worker through any means ( such as a salary or benefit cut ) . </P> <P> Colleges , universities and non-profit research institutions would be exempt from this fee . </P> <H3> Section 415 : hathaway prevailing wage fix , athletic prevailing wages ( edit ) </H3> <P> For institutions of higher education , related or affiliated nonprofit entities or nonprofit or governmental research organizations , the prevailing wage ( for both LCAs and Permanent Labor Certifications ) shall only take into account employees at such institutions and organizations in the area of employment . The prevailing wage for professional athletes in professional sports leagues is that set forth in the league regulations . Both changes are effective as of the date of enactment . </P> <H3> Other sections ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Section 416 : The Immigration and Naturalization Service ( the predecessor to what is now the United States Citizenship and Immigration Service ) was required to maintain accurate numbers of H - 1B and H - 2B nonimmigrants who are issued visas or otherwise provided status , including revising petition forms , and shall make quarterly reports to Congress on the numbers . Some more reporting requirements were also instituted . </Li> <Li> Section 417 : Report on Age Discrimination in the Information Technology Field : The joint report by the National Science Foundation and National Academy of Sciences is due October 1 , 2000 . </Li> <Li> Section 418 : Report on H - 1B usage : <Ul> <Li> A study by the National Science Foundation on the labor market needs for workers with high technology skills during the next 10 years is due to the House and Senate Judiciary Committees on October 1 , 2000 . </Li> <Li> Any member of the Cabinet , the Chairman of the Federal Reserve , the Director of the Office of Management and Budget , or the Chair of the Council of Economic Advisors is required to promptly report to Congress the results of any reliable study that suggests that the increase in H - 1B visas has affected any national economic indicator ( such as inflation or unemployment ) that warrants action by Congress . </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Section 421 : Special Immigrant Status for Certain NATO Civilian Employees </Li> <Li> Section 431 : Academic Honoraria for people on short term B visa trips to academic institutions . </Li> </Ul> <H2> Reception ( edit ) </H2> <P> A paper by Jung Hahm in Cornell Law Review in 2000 reviewed the ACWIA as an attempt at balancing economic and labor interests , and proposed doing away with the caps entirely , instead moving all enforcement functions to the United States Department of Labor . </P> <P> A paper by Lindsay Lowell at the Center for Comparative Immigration Studies in May 2000 attempted to estimate the population of H - 1B temporary workers and how it was likely to change with the passage of ACWIA . </P> <P> A paper by Carl Lin in 2011 reviewed the effect of immigration policy changes for high - skilled immigration on employers and shareholders in the United States . The paper considered the Immigration Act of 1990 , ACWIA , and the American Competitiveness in the 21st Century Act ( of 2000 ) . Lin 's work was cited in Bloomberg by Charles Kenny . </P> <P> A paper by the Brookings Institution in 2013 proposed changes to the ACWIA to better align H - 1 visa fee revenues to local workforce needs . </P> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ `` American Competitiveness and Workforce Improvement Act of 1998 '' . Office of Administrative Law Judges , United States Department of Labor . October 21 , 1998 . Retrieved March 15 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Hahm , Jung ( September 1 , 2000 ) . `` American Competitiveness and Workforce Improvement Act : Balancing Economic and Labor Interest under the New H - 1B Visa Program '' . Cornell Law Review . 85 ( 6 ) . Retrieved March 15 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Bier , David ( July 22 , 2016 ) . `` Why Congress Rejected an H - 1B Recruitment Requirement '' . Cato Institute . Retrieved February 5 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Congressional Record Vol. 144 - Part 7 : Proceedings and Debates of the 105th United States Congress '' . Retrieved February 5 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Lowell , Lindsay ( May 2000 ) . `` H - 1B Temporary Workers : Estimating the Population '' . Retrieved March 15 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Lin , Carl . `` Give Me Your Wired and Your Highly Skilled : Measuring the Impact of Immigration Policy on Employers and Shareholders '' . SSRN 1863076 . Missing or empty url = ( help ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Why More Immigration , Not Less , Is Key to U.S. Economic Growth '' . Bloomberg . October 28 , 2012 . Retrieved March 15 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Ruiz , Neil ; Wilson , Jill ( March 13 , 2013 ) . `` Better Align H - 1B Visa Fee Revenues to Local Workforce Needs '' ( PDF ) . Brookings Institution . Retrieved March 15 , 2015 . </Li> </Ol> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Immigration to the United States and related topics </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Relevant colonial era , United States and international laws </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Colonial era </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Nationality law in the American Colonies </Li> <Li> Plantation Act 1740 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 18th century </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Naturalization Act 1790 / 1795 / 1798 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 19th century </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Naturalization Law 1802 </Li> <Li> Civil Rights Act of 1866 </Li> <Li> 14th Amendment ( 1868 ) </Li> <Li> Naturalization Act 1870 </Li> <Li> Page Act ( 1875 ) </Li> <Li> Immigration Act of 1882 </Li> <Li> Chinese Exclusion ( 1882 ) </Li> <Li> Scott Act ( 1888 ) </Li> <Li> Immigration Act of 1891 </Li> <Li> Geary Act ( 1892 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1900 -- 1949 </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Naturalization Act 1906 </Li> <Li> Gentlemen 's Agreement ( 1907 ) </Li> <Li> Immigration Act of 1907 </Li> <Li> Immigration Act 1917 ( Asian Barred Zone ) </Li> <Li> Emergency Quota Act ( 1921 ) </Li> <Li> Cable Act ( 1922 ) </Li> <Li> Immigration Act 1924 </Li> <Li> Tydings -- McDuffie Act ( 1934 ) </Li> <Li> Filipino Repatriation Act ( 1935 ) </Li> <Li> Nationality Act of 1940 </Li> <Li> Bracero Program ( 1942 -- 1964 ) </Li> <Li> Magnuson Act ( 1943 ) </Li> <Li> War Brides Act ( 1945 ) </Li> <Li> Luce -- Celler Act ( 1946 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1950 -- 1999 </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> UN Refugee Convention ( 1951 ) </Li> <Li> Immigration and Nationality Act 1952 / 1965 </Li> <Li> Refugee Act ( 1980 ) </Li> <Li> Immigration Reform and Control Act ( 1986 ) </Li> <Li> American Homecoming Act ( 1989 ) </Li> <Li> Immigration Act 1990 </Li> <Li> Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act ( IIRIRA ) ( 1996 ) </Li> <Li> Nicaraguan Adjustment and Central American Relief Act ( NACARA ) ( 1997 ) </Li> <Li> American Competitiveness and Workforce Improvement Act ( ACWIA ) ( 1998 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 21st century </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> American Competitiveness in the 21st Century Act ( AC21 ) ( 2000 ) </Li> <Li> Legal Immigration Family Equity Act ( LIFE Act ) ( 2000 ) </Li> <Li> H - 1B Visa Reform Act ( 2004 ) </Li> <Li> REAL ID Act ( 2005 ) </Li> <Li> Secure Fence Act ( 2006 ) </Li> <Li> DACA ( 2012 ) </Li> <Li> Executive Order 13769 ( 2017 ) </Li> <Li> Executive Order 13780 ( 2017 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Visas and policies </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Visa policy <Ul> <Li> Permanent residence </Li> <Li> Visa Waiver Program </Li> <Li> Temporary protected status </Li> <Li> Asylum </Li> <Li> Green Card Lottery </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> US - VISIT </Li> <Li> Security Advisory Opinion </Li> <Li> E-Verify </Li> <Li> Section 287 ( g ) </Li> <Li> National Origins Formula </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Government organizations </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Department of Homeland Security </Li> <Li> Immigration and Customs Enforcement </Li> <Li> U.S. Border Patrol </Li> <Li> U.S. Customs and Border Protection </Li> <Li> Immigration and Naturalization Service ( INS ) </Li> <Li> Board of Immigration Appeals </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Supreme Court cases </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> United States v. Wong Kim Ark ( 1898 ) </Li> <Li> United States v. Bhagat Singh Thind ( 1923 ) </Li> <Li> United States v. Brignoni - Ponce ( 1975 ) </Li> <Li> Chamber of Commerce v. Whiting ( 2011 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Related issues and events </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Economic impact </Li> <Li> Eugenics in the United States </Li> <Li> Guest worker program </Li> <Li> Human trafficking </Li> <Li> Human smuggling <Ul> <Li> Coyotaje </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Immigration reform </Li> <Li> Immigration reduction </Li> <Li> Mexico -- United States barrier </Li> <Li> Labor shortage </Li> <Li> March for America </Li> <Li> Illegal immigrant population </Li> <Li> Reverse immigration </Li> <Li> 2006 protests </Li> <Li> Unaccompanied minors from Central America </Li> <Li> List of people deported from the United States </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Geography </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Mexico -- United States border </Li> <Li> Canada -- United States border </Li> <Li> United States Border Patrol interior checkpoints </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Proposed legislation </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> DREAM Act ( 2001 -- 2010 ) </Li> <Li> H.R. 4437 ( 2005 ) </Li> <Li> McCain -- Kennedy ( 2005 ) </Li> <Li> SKIL ( 2006 ) </Li> <Li> Comprehensive Immigration Reform Act 2006 </Li> <Li> STRIVE Act ( 2007 ) </Li> <Li> Comprehensive Immigration Reform Act 2007 </Li> <Li> Uniting American Families Act ( 2000 -- 2013 ) </Li> <Li> Border Security , Economic Opportunity , and Immigration Modernization Act of 2013 </Li> <Li> SAFE Act ( 2015 ) </Li> <Li> RAISE Act ( 2017 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Immigration stations and points of entry </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Angel Island </Li> <Li> Castle Garden </Li> <Li> East Boston </Li> <Li> Ellis Island </Li> <Li> Sullivan 's Island </Li> <Li> Washington Avenue </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Operations </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` Wetback '' ( 1954 ) </Li> <Li> `` Peter Pan '' ( 1960 -- 1962 ) </Li> <Li> `` Babylift '' ( 1975 ) </Li> <Li> `` Gatekeeper '' ( 1994 ) </Li> <Li> `` Endgame '' ( 2003 -- 2012 ) </Li> <Li> `` Front Line '' ( 2004 -- 2005 ) </Li> <Li> `` Streamline '' ( 2005 -- present ) </Li> <Li> `` Return to Sender '' ( 2006 -- 2007 ) </Li> <Li> `` Jump Start '' ( 2006 -- 2008 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> State legislation </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> California DREAM Act ( 2006 -- 2010 ) </Li> <Li> Arizona SB 1070 ( 2010 ) </Li> <Li> Alabama HB 56 ( 2011 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Non-governmental organizations </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Arizona Border Recon </Li> <Li> Coalition for Humane Immigrant Rights of Los Angeles </Li> <Li> Coalition for Comprehensive Immigration Reform </Li> <Li> National Immigration Forum </Li> <Li> Center for Community Change </Li> <Li> We Are America Alliance </Li> <Li> CASA of Maryland </Li> <Li> Mexica Movement </Li> <Li> Mexicans Without Borders </Li> <Li> Federation for American Immigration Reform </Li> <Li> Minuteman Project </Li> <Li> Minuteman Civil Defense Corps </Li> <Li> California Coalition for Immigration Reform </Li> <Li> Save Our State </Li> <Li> Center for Immigration Studies </Li> <Li> National Korean American Service & Education Consortium ( NAKASEC ) </Li> <Li> NumbersUSA </Li> <Li> Negative Population Growth </Li> <Li> Migration Policy Institute </Li> <Li> Utah Compact </Li> <Li> Center for Migration Studies of New York </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=American_Competitiveness_and_Workforce_Improvement_Act&oldid=771020892 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> 1998 in law </Li> <Li> 105th United States Congress </Li> <Li> United States federal immigration and nationality legislation </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Pages using web citations with no URL </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> Add links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 19 March 2017 , at 01 : 27 . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . 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1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens - wikipedia <H1> 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens </H1> <P> </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> 1980 eruption of Mt . St. Helens </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Photograph of the eruption column , May 18 , 1980 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Volcano </Th> <Td> Mount St. Helens </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Date </Th> <Td> May 18 , 1980 ; 38 years ago ( 1980 - 05 - 18 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Time </Th> <Td> 8 : 32 am PDT </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Type </Th> <Td> Plinian , Peléan </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Location </Th> <Td> Skamania County , Washington , U.S. 46 ° 12 ′ 1 '' N 122 ° 11 ′ 12 '' W / 46.20028 ° N 122.18667 ° W / 46.20028 ; - 122.18667 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> VEI </Th> <Td> 5 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Impact </Th> <Td> Approximately 57 deaths , about $1.1 billion in property damage ; caused a partial collapse of the volcano 's flank , deposited ash in 11 U.S. states and five Canadian provinces </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Map of eruption deposits </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> On May 18 , 1980 , a major volcanic eruption occurred at Mount St. Helens , a volcano located in Skamania County , in the State of Washington . The eruption ( a VEI 5 event ) was the most significant volcanic eruption to occur in the contiguous 48 U.S. states since the much smaller 1915 eruption of Lassen Peak in California . It has often been declared as the most disastrous volcanic eruption in U.S. history . The eruption was preceded by a two - month series of earthquakes and steam - venting episodes , caused by an injection of magma at shallow depth below the volcano that created a large bulge and a fracture system on the mountain 's north slope . </P> <P> An earthquake at 8 : 32 : 17 a.m. PDT ( UTC − 7 ) on Sunday , May 18 , 1980 , caused the entire weakened north face to slide away , creating the largest landslide ever recorded . This allowed the partly molten , high - pressure gas - and steam - rich rock in the volcano to suddenly explode northwards toward Spirit Lake in a hot mix of lava and pulverized older rock , overtaking the avalanching face . </P> <P> An eruption column rose 80,000 feet ( 24 km ; 15 mi ) into the atmosphere and deposited ash in 11 U.S. states . At the same time , snow , ice and several entire glaciers on the volcano melted , forming a series of large lahars ( volcanic mudslides ) that reached as far as the Columbia River , nearly 50 miles ( 80 km ) to the southwest . Less severe outbursts continued into the next day , only to be followed by other large , but not as destructive , eruptions later that year . Thermal energy released during the eruption was equal to 26 megatons . </P> <P> Approximately 57 people were killed directly , including innkeeper Harry R. Truman , photographers Reid Blackburn and Robert Landsburg , and geologist David A. Johnston . Hundreds of square miles were reduced to wasteland , causing over $1 billion in damage ( equivalent to over $3 billion as of 2018 ) , thousands of animals were killed , and Mount St. Helens was left with a crater on its north side . At the time of the eruption , the summit of the volcano was owned by the Burlington Northern Railroad , but afterward the land passed to the United States Forest Service . The area was later preserved , as it was , in the Mount St. Helens National Volcanic Monument . </P> Mount St. Helens from Monitor Ridge showing the cone of devastation , the huge crater open to the north , the post-eruption lava dome inside and Crater Glacier surrounding the lava dome . The small photo on the left was taken from Spirit Lake before the eruption and the small photo on the right was taken after the eruption from approximately the same place . Spirit Lake can also be seen in the larger image , as well as two other Cascade volcanoes . <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Build - up to the eruption </Li> <Li> 2 Landslide and eruption </Li> <Li> 3 Pyroclastic flows <Ul> <Li> 3.1 Initial lateral blast </Li> <Li> 3.2 Lateral blast result </Li> <Li> 3.3 Later flows </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 Ash column </Li> <Li> 5 Ash properties <Ul> <Li> 5.1 Chemical composition </Li> <Li> 5.2 Index of refraction </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 6 Mudslides flow downstream </Li> <Li> 7 Aftermath <Ul> <Li> 7.1 Direct results <Ul> <Li> 7.1. 1 Disputed death toll </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 7.2 Ash damage and removal </Li> <Li> 7.3 Cost </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 8 Later eruptions <Ul> <Li> 8.1 1980 -- 1991 </Li> <Li> 8.2 2004 -- 2008 </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 9 Summary table </Li> <Li> 10 See also </Li> <Li> 11 Notes </Li> <Li> 12 References </Li> <Li> 13 Further reading </Li> <Li> 14 External links </Li> </Ul> <H2> Build - up to the eruption ( edit ) </H2> <P> Mount St. Helens remained dormant from its last period of activity in the 1840s and 1850s until March 1980 . Several small earthquakes , apparently beginning on March 15 , indicated that magma may have begun moving below the volcano . On March 20 , at 3 : 45 p.m. Pacific Standard Time ( all times will be in PST or PDT ) , a shallow magnitude 4.2 earthquake centered below the volcano 's north flank , signaled the volcano 's violent return from 123 years of hibernation . A gradually building earthquake swarm saturated area seismographs and started to climax at about noon on March 25 , reaching peak levels in the next two days , including an earthquake registering 5.1 on the Richter scale . A total of 174 shocks of magnitude 2.6 or greater were recorded during those two days . </P> USGS photo showing a pre-avalanche eruption on April 10 <P> Shocks of magnitude 3.2 or greater occurred at a slightly increasing rate during April and May with five earthquakes of magnitude 4 or above per day in early April , and eight per day the week before May 18 . Initially there was no direct sign of eruption , but small earthquake - induced avalanches of snow and ice were reported from aerial observations . </P> <P> At 12 : 36 p.m. on March 27 , phreatic eruptions ( explosions of steam caused by magma suddenly heating groundwater ) ejected and smashed rock from within the old summit crater , excavating a new crater 250 feet ( 75 m ) wide and sending an ash column about 7,000 feet ( 2.1 km ) into the air . By this date a 16,000 - foot - long ( 3.0 mi ; 4.9 km ) eastward - trending fracture system had also developed across the summit area . This was followed by more earthquake swarms and a series of steam explosions that sent ash 10,000 to 11,000 feet ( 3,000 to 3,400 m ) above their vent . Most of this ash fell between 3 and 12 miles ( 5 and 19 km ) from its vent , but some was carried 150 miles ( 240 km ) south to Bend , Oregon , or 285 miles ( 460 km ) east to Spokane , Washington . </P> Photo showing the cryptodome on April 27 <P> A second , new crater and a blue flame were observed on March 29 . The flame was visibly emitted from both craters and was probably created by burning gases . Static electricity generated from ash clouds rolling down the volcano sent out lightning bolts that were up to 2 miles ( 3 km ) long . Ninety - three separate outbursts were reported on March 30 , and increasingly strong harmonic tremors were first detected on April 1 , alarming geologists and prompting Governor Dixy Lee Ray to declare a state of emergency on April 3 . Governor Ray issued an executive order on April 30 creating a `` red zone '' around the volcano ; anyone caught in this zone without a pass faced a $500 fine or six months in jail . This precluded many cabin owners from visiting their property . </P> <P> By April 7 , the combined crater was 1,700 by 1,200 feet ( 520 by 370 m ) and 500 feet ( 150 m ) deep . A USGS team determined in the last week of April that a 1.5 - mile - diameter ( 2.4 km ) section of St. Helens ' north face was displaced outward by at least 270 feet ( 82 m ) . For the rest of April and early May this bulge grew by 5 to 6 feet ( 1.5 to 1.8 m ) per day , and by mid-May it extended more than 400 feet ( 120 m ) north . As the bulge moved northward , the summit area behind it progressively sank , forming a complex , down - dropped block called a graben . Geologists announced on April 30 that sliding of the bulge area was the greatest immediate danger and that such a landslide might spark an eruption . These changes in the volcano 's shape were related to the overall deformation that increased the volume of the volcano by 0.03 cubic miles ( 0.13 km ) by mid-May . This volume increase presumably corresponded to the volume of magma that pushed into the volcano and deformed its surface . Because the intruded magma remained below ground and was not directly visible , it was called a cryptodome , in contrast to a true lava dome exposed at the surface . </P> <P> On May 7 , eruptions similar to those in March and April resumed , and over the next days the bulge approached its maximum size . All activity had been confined to the 350 - year - old summit dome and did not involve any new magma . A total of about 10,000 earthquakes were recorded prior to the May 18 event , with most concentrated in a small zone less than 1.6 miles ( 2.6 km ) directly below the bulge . Visible eruptions ceased on May 16 , reducing public interest and consequently the number of spectators in the area . Mounting public pressure then forced officials to allow 50 carloads of property owners to enter the danger zone on Saturday , May 17 , to gather whatever property they could carry . Another trip was scheduled for 10 a.m. the next day , and because that was Sunday , more than 300 loggers were not working in the area . By the time of the climactic eruption , dacite magma intruding into the volcano had forced the north flank outward nearly 500 feet ( 150 m ) and heated the volcano 's groundwater system , causing many steam - driven explosions ( phreatic eruptions ) . </P> <H2> Landslide and eruption ( edit ) </H2> Sequence of events on May 18 . Lakes nearest to Mount St. Helens have been partly covered with felled trees for more than thirty years . This photograph was taken in 2012 . North Fork Toutle River valley filled with landslide deposits <P> As May 18 dawned , Mount St. Helens ' activity did not show any change from the pattern of the preceding month . The rate of bulge movement , sulfur dioxide emission , and ground temperature readings did not reveal any changes indicating a catastrophic eruption . USGS volcanologist David A. Johnston was on duty at an observation post approximately 6 miles ( 10 km ) north of the volcano : as of 6 a.m. , Johnston 's measurements did not indicate any unusual activity . </P> <P> Suddenly , at 8 : 32 a.m. , a magnitude 5.1 earthquake centered directly below the north slope triggered that part of the volcano to slide , approximately 7 -- 20 seconds after the shock . The landslide , the largest in recorded history , travelled at 110 to 155 miles per hour ( 177 to 249 km / h ) and moved across Spirit Lake 's west arm . Part of it hit a 1,150 - foot - high ( 350 m ) ridge about 6 miles ( 10 km ) north . Some of the slide spilled over the ridge , but most of it moved 13 miles ( 21 km ) down the North Fork Toutle River , filling its valley up to 600 feet ( 180 m ) deep with avalanche debris . An area of about 24 square miles ( 62 km ) was covered , and the total volume of the deposit was about 0.7 cubic miles ( 2.9 km ) . </P> <P> Scientists were able to reconstruct the motion of the landslide from a series of rapid photographs by Gary Rosenquist , who was camping 11 miles ( 18 km ) away from the blast . Rosenquist , his party and his photographs survived because the blast was deflected by local topography 1 mile ( 1.6 km ) short of his location . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Sound of the eruption of Mount St. Helens , as heard from 140 miles away Amateur recording of a series of booms produced by the eruption , as heard from the town of Newport , Oregon ( audio filtered and amplified ) . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Problems playing this file ? See media help . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Most of St. Helens ' former north side became a rubble deposit 17 miles ( 27 km ) long , averaging 150 feet ( 46 m ) thick ; the slide was thickest at 1 mile ( 1.6 km ) below Spirit Lake and thinnest at its western margin . The landslide temporarily displaced the waters of Spirit lake to the ridge north of the lake , in a giant wave approximately 600 feet ( 180 m ) high . This in turn created a 295 feet ( 90 m ) avalanche of debris consisting of the returning waters and thousands of uprooted trees and stumps . Some of these remained intact with roots , but most had been sheared off at the stump seconds earlier by the blast of super-heated volcanic gas and ash that had immediately followed and overtook the initial landslide . The debris was transported along with the water as it returned to its basin , raising the surface level of Spirit Lake by about 200 feet . More than three decades after the eruption , floating log mats persist on Spirit Lake and nearby St. Helens Lake , changing position with the wind . The rest of the trees , especially those that were not completely detached from their roots , were turned upright by their own weight and became waterlogged , sinking into the muddy sediments at the bottom where they have become petrified in the anaerobic and mineral - rich waters . This provides insight into other sites with a similar fossil record . </P> <H2> Pyroclastic flows ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Initial lateral blast ( edit ) </H3> Computer graphic showing the May 18 landslide ( green ) being overtaken by the initial pyroclastic flow ( red ) <P> The landslide exposed the dacite magma in St. Helens ' neck to much lower pressure , causing the gas - charged , partially molten rock and high - pressure steam above it to explode a few seconds after the landslide started . Explosions burst through the trailing part of the landslide , blasting rock debris northward . The resulting blast laterally directed the pyroclastic flow of very hot volcanic gases , ash and pumice formed from new lava , while the pulverized old rock hugged the ground , initially moving at 220 miles per hour ( 350 km / h ) but quickly accelerating to 670 mph ( 1,080 km / h ) , and it might have briefly passed the speed of sound . </P> <P> Pyroclastic flow material passed over the moving avalanche and spread outward , devastating a fan - shaped area 23 miles across by 19 miles long ( 37 km × 31 km ) . In total about 230 square miles ( 600 km ) of forest was knocked down , and extreme heat killed trees miles beyond the blow - down zone . At its vent the lateral blast probably did not last longer than about 30 seconds , but the northward - radiating and expanding blast cloud continued for about another minute . </P> <P> Superheated flow material flashed water in Spirit Lake and North Fork Toutle River to steam , creating a larger , secondary explosion that was heard as far away as British Columbia , Montana , Idaho , and Northern California . Yet many areas closer to the eruption ( Portland , Oregon , for example ) did not hear the blast . This so - called `` quiet zone '' extended radially a few tens of miles from the volcano and was created by the complex response of the eruption 's sound waves to differences in temperature and air motion of the atmospheric layers and , to a lesser extent , local topography . </P> <P> Later studies indicated that one - third of the 0.045 cubic miles ( 0.19 km ) of material in the flow was new lava , and the rest was fragmented , older rock . </P> <H3> Lateral blast result ( edit ) </H3> Photographer Reid Blackburn 's car after the eruption Many trees in the Direct blast zone were snapped off at their bases and the earth was stripped and scorched . <P> The huge ensuing ash cloud sent skyward from St. Helens ' northern foot was visible throughout the quiet zone . The near - supersonic lateral blast , loaded with volcanic debris , caused devastation as far as 19 miles ( 31 km ) from the volcano . The area affected by the blast can be subdivided into three roughly concentric zones : </P> <Ol> <Li> Direct blast zone , the innermost zone , averaged about 8 miles ( 13 km ) in radius , an area in which virtually everything , natural or artificial , was obliterated or carried away . For this reason , this zone also has been called the `` tree - removal zone '' . The flow of the material carried by the blast was not deflected by topographic features in this zone . The blast released energy equal to 24 Megatons of TNT . </Li> <Li> Channelized blast zone , an intermediate zone , extended out to distances as far as 19 miles ( 31 km ) from the volcano , an area in which the flow flattened everything in its path and was channeled to some extent by topography . In this zone , the force and direction of the blast are strikingly demonstrated by the parallel alignment of toppled large trees , broken off at the base of the trunk as if they were blades of grass mown by a scythe . This zone was also known as the `` tree - down zone '' . Channeling and deflection of the blast caused strikingly varied local effects that still remained conspicuous after some decades . Where the blast struck open land directly , it scoured it , breaking trees off short and stripping vegetation and even topsoil , thereby delaying revegetation for many years . Where the blast was deflected so as to pass overhead by several metres , it left the topsoil and the seeds it contained , permitting faster revegetation with scrub and herbaceous plants , and later with saplings . Trees in the path of such higher - level blasts were broken off wholesale at various heights , whereas nearby stands in more sheltered positions recovered comparatively rapidly without conspicuous long - term harm . </Li> <Li> Seared zone , also called the `` standing dead '' zone , the outermost fringe of the impacted area , a zone in which trees remained standing but were singed brown by the hot gases of the blast . </Li> </Ol> Volcanologist David A. Johnston ( photographed on April 4 , 1980 ) was one of the 57 people killed in the eruption . <P> By the time this pyroclastic flow hit its first human victims , it was still as hot as 360 ° C ( 680 ° F ) and filled with suffocating gas and flying debris . Most of the 57 people known to have died in that day 's eruption succumbed to asphyxiation while several died from burns . Lodge owner Harry R. Truman was buried under hundreds of feet of avalanche material . Volcanologist David A. Johnston was one of those killed , as was Reid Blackburn , a National Geographic photographer . Robert Landsburg , another photographer , was killed by the ash cloud . He was able to protect his film with his body , and the surviving photos provided geologists with valuable documentation of the historic eruption . </P> <H3> Later flows ( edit ) </H3> <P> Subsequent outpourings of pyroclastic material from the breach left by the landslide consisted mainly of new magmatic debris rather than fragments of preexisting volcanic rocks . The resulting deposits formed a fan - like pattern of overlapping sheets , tongues and lobes . At least 17 separate pyroclastic flows occurred during the May 18 eruption , and their aggregate volume was about 0.05 cubic miles ( 0.21 km ) . </P> <P> The flow deposits were still at about 300 to 420 ° C ( 570 to 790 ° F ) two weeks after they erupted . Secondary steam - blast eruptions fed by this heat created pits on the northern margin of the pyroclastic - flow deposits , at the south shore of Spirit Lake , and along the upper part of the North Fork Toutle River . These steam - blast explosions continued sporadically for weeks or months after the emplacement of pyroclastic flows , and at least one occurred a year later , on May 16 , 1981 . </P> <H2> Ash column ( edit ) </H2> The ash cloud produced by the eruption , as seen from the village of Toledo , Washington , 35 miles ( 56 km ) away , northwest from Mount St. Helens . The cloud was roughly 40 miles ( 64 km ) wide and 15 miles ( 24 km ) high . Ash cloud from Mt . St. Helens as captured by the GOES 3 weather satellite at 15 : 45 UTC <P> As the avalanche and initial pyroclastic flow were still advancing , a huge ash column grew to a height of 12 miles ( 19 km ) above the expanding crater in less than 10 minutes and spread tephra into the stratosphere for 10 straight hours . Near the volcano , the swirling ash particles in the atmosphere generated lightning , which in turn started many forest fires . During this time , parts of the mushroom - shaped ash - cloud column collapsed , and fell back upon the earth . This fallout , mixed with magma , mud , and steam , sent additional pyroclastic flows speeding down St. Helens ' flanks . Later , slower flows came directly from the new north - facing crater and consisted of glowing pumice bombs and very hot pumiceous ash . Some of these hot flows covered ice or water which flashed to steam , creating craters up to 65 feet ( 20 m ) in diameter and sending ash as much as 6,500 feet ( 2,000 m ) into the air . </P> <P> Strong high - altitude wind carried much of this material east - northeasterly from the volcano at an average speed of about 60 miles per hour ( 100 km / h ) . By 9 : 45 a.m. it had reached Yakima , Washington , 90 miles ( 140 km ) away , and by 11 : 45 a.m. it was over Spokane , Washington . A total of 4 to 5 inches ( 100 to 130 mm ) of ash fell on Yakima , and areas as far east as Spokane were plunged into darkness by noon where visibility was reduced to 10 feet ( 3.0 m ) and 0.5 inches ( 13 mm ) of ash fell . Continuing eastward , St. Helens ' ash fell in the western part of Yellowstone National Park by 10 : 15 p.m. and was seen on the ground in Denver , Colorado , the next day . In time , ash fall from this eruption was reported as far away as Minnesota and Oklahoma , and some of the ash drifted around the globe within about 2 weeks . </P> <P> During the nine hours of vigorous eruptive activity , about 540,000,000 tons ( 540 × 10 ^ short tons or 490 × 10 ^ t ) of ash fell over an area of more than 22,000 square miles ( 57,000 km ) . The total volume of the ash before its compaction by rainfall was about 0.3 cubic miles ( 1.3 km ) . The volume of the uncompacted ash is equivalent to about 0.05 cubic miles ( 0.21 km ) of solid rock , or about 7 % of the amount of material that slid off in the debris avalanche . By around 5 : 30 p.m. on May 18 , the vertical ash column declined in stature , but less severe outbursts continued through the next several days . </P> <H2> Ash properties ( edit ) </H2> Residual lateral blast effects in the channelized blast zone , some thirty years after the eruption . Damage ranged from scorched earth , through tree trunks snapped at various heights , to more superficial effects . <P> Generally , given that the way airborne ash is deposited after an eruption is strongly influenced by the meteorological conditions , a certain variation of the ash type will occur , as a function of distance to the volcano or time elapsed from eruption . The ash from Mount St. Helens is no exception , and hence the ash properties have large variations . </P> <H3> Chemical composition ( edit ) </H3> <P> The bulk chemical composition of the ash has been found to be approximately 65 % silicon dioxide , 18 % aluminium oxide , 5 % ferric oxide , 4 % each calcium oxide and sodium oxide and 2 % magnesium oxide . Trace chemicals were also detected , their concentrations varying as shown : 0.05 -- 0.09 % chlorine , 0.02 -- 0.03 % fluorine , and 0.09 -- 0.3 % sulfur . </P> <H3> Index of refraction ( edit ) </H3> <P> The index of refraction , a number used in physics to describe how light propagates through a particular substance , is an important property of volcanic ash . This number is complex having both real and imaginary parts , the real part indicating how light disperses and the imaginary part indicating how light is absorbed by the substance . </P> <P> It is known that the silicate particles have a real index of refraction ranging between 1.5 and 1.6 for visible light . However , there is a spectrum of colors associated with samples of volcanic ash , from very light to dark gray . This makes for variations in the measured imaginary refractive index under visible light . </P> <P> In the case of Mount St. Helens , the ash settled in three main layers on the ground : </P> <Ul> <Li> the bottom layer was dark gray and was found to be abundant in older rocks and crystal fragments </Li> <Li> the middle layer consisted of a mixture of glass shards and pumice </Li> <Li> the top layer was ash consisting of very fine particles </Li> </Ul> <P> For example , when comparing the imaginary part of the refractive index k of stratospheric ash from 15 km and 18 km from the volcano it has been discovered that they have similar values around 700 nm ( around 0.009 ) , while they differ significantly around 300 nm . Here , the 18 km ( k was found to be around 0.009 ) sample was much more absorbent than the 15 km sample ( k was found to be around 0.002 ) . </P> <H2> Mudslides flow downstream ( edit ) </H2> Mudline next to Muddy River from the 1980 lahars <P> The hot , exploding material also broke apart and melted nearly all of the mountain 's glaciers along with most of the overlying snow . As in many previous St. Helens ' eruptions , this created huge lahars ( volcanic mudflows ) and muddy floods that affected three of the four stream drainage systems on the mountain , and which started to move as early as 8 : 50 a.m. Lahars travelled as fast as 90 miles per hour ( 140 km / h ) while still high on the volcano but progressively slowed to about 3 miles per hour ( 4.8 km / h ) on the flatter and wider parts of rivers . Mudflows from the southern and eastern flanks had the consistency of wet concrete as they raced down Muddy River , Pine Creek and Smith Creek to their confluence at the Lewis River . Bridges were taken out at the mouth of Pine Creek and the head of Swift Reservoir , which rose 2.6 feet ( 0.79 m ) by noon to accommodate the nearly 18,000,000 cubic yards ( 14,000,000 m ) of additional water , mud and debris . </P> <P> Glacier and snow melt mixed with tephra on the volcano 's northeast slope to create much larger lahars . These mudflows traveled down the north and south forks of the Toutle River and joined at the confluence of the Toutle forks and the Cowlitz River near Castle Rock , Washington , at 1 : 00 p.m. Ninety minutes after the eruption , the first mudflow had moved 27 miles ( 43 km ) upstream where observers at Weyerhaeuser 's Camp Baker saw a 12 - foot - high ( 4 m ) wall of muddy water and debris pass . Near the confluence of the Toutle 's north and south forks at Silver Lake , a record flood stage of 23.5 feet ( 7.2 m ) was recorded . </P> <P> A large but slower - moving mudflow with a mortar - like consistency was mobilized in early afternoon at the head of the Toutle River north fork . By 2 : 30 p.m. the massive mudflow had destroyed Camp Baker , and in the following hours seven bridges were carried away . Part of the flow backed up for 2.5 miles ( 4.0 km ) soon after entering the Cowlitz River , but most continued downstream . After traveling 17 miles ( 27 km ) further , an estimated 3,900,000 cubic yards ( 3,000,000 m ) of material were injected into the Columbia River , reducing the river 's depth by 25 feet ( 8 m ) for a 4 - mile ( 6 km ) stretch . The resulting 13 - foot ( 4.0 m ) river depth temporarily closed the busy channel to ocean - going freighters , costing Portland , Oregon , an estimated five million US dollars . Ultimately more than 65 million cubic yards ( 50 million cubic metres ) of sediment were dumped along the lower Cowlitz and Columbia Rivers . </P> <H2> Aftermath ( edit ) </H2> Mount St. Helens one day before the eruption , photographed from the Johnston ridge Mount St. Helens four months after the eruption , photographed from approximately the same location as the earlier picture <H3> Direct results ( edit ) </H3> <P> The May 18 , 1980 , event was the most deadly and economically destructive volcanic eruption in the history of the contiguous United States . Approximately fifty - seven people were killed directly from the blast and 200 houses , 47 bridges , 15 miles ( 24 km ) of railways and 185 miles ( 298 km ) of highway were destroyed ; two people were killed indirectly in accidents that resulted from poor visibility , and two more suffered fatal heart attacks from shoveling ash . U.S. President Jimmy Carter surveyed the damage and said it looked more desolate than a moonscape . A film crew was dropped by helicopter on Mount St. Helens on May 23 to document the destruction . However , their compasses spun in circles and they quickly became lost . A second eruption occurred the next day ( see below ) , but the crew survived and were rescued two days after that . The eruption ejected more than 1 cubic mile ( 4.2 km ) of material . A quarter of that volume was fresh lava in the form of ash , pumice and volcanic bombs while the rest was fragmented , older rock . The removal of the north side of the mountain ( 13 % of the cone 's volume ) reduced Mount St. Helens ' height by about 1,280 feet ( 390 m ) and left a crater 1 to 2 miles ( 2 to 3 km ) wide and 2,100 feet ( 640 m ) deep with its north end open in a huge breach . </P> <P> More than 4,000,000,000 board feet ( 9,400,000 m ) of timber was damaged or destroyed , mainly by the lateral blast . At least 25 % of the destroyed timber was salvaged after September 1980 . Downwind of the volcano , in areas of thick ash accumulation , many agricultural crops , such as wheat , apples , potatoes and alfalfa , were destroyed . As many as 1,500 elk and 5,000 deer were killed , and an estimated 12 million Chinook and Coho salmon fingerlings died when their hatcheries were destroyed . Another estimated 40,000 young salmon were lost when they swam through turbine blades of hydroelectric generators after reservoir levels were lowered along the Lewis River to accommodate possible mudflows and flood waters . </P> <P> In total Mount St. Helens released 24 megatons of thermal energy , 7 of which were a direct result of the blast . This is equivalent to 1,600 times the size of the atomic bomb dropped on Hiroshima . </P> Disputed death toll ( edit ) <P> There is a minor controversy in regard to the exact death toll . The figure most commonly cited is fifty - seven . However , there are two points of dispute . </P> <P> The first point regards two officially listed victims , Paul Hiatt and Dale Thayer . They were reported missing after the explosion . In the aftermath , investigators were able to locate individuals named Paul Hiatt and Dale Thayer who were alive and well . However , they were unable to determine who reported Hiatt missing , and the person who was listed as reporting Thayer missing claimed she was n't the one who had done so . Since the investigators could not thus verify that they were the same Hiatt and Thayer who were reported missing , the names remain listed among the presumed dead . </P> <P> The second point regards three missing people who are not officially listed as victims : Robert Ruffle , Steven Whitsett and Mark Melanson . Cowlitz County Emergency Services Management lists them as `` Possibly Missing -- Not on ( the official ) List '' . According to Melanson 's brother , in October 1983 , Cowlitz County officials told his family that Melanson `` is believed ( ... ) a victim of the May 18 , 1980 , eruption '' and that after years of searching , the family eventually decided `` he 's buried in the ash '' . </P> <P> Taking these two points of dispute into consideration , the direct death toll could be as low as fifty - five or as high as sixty . When combined with the four indirect victims mentioned earlier , those numbers range from fifty - nine to sixty - four . </P> <H3> Ash damage and removal ( edit ) </H3> Map of ash distribution over the United States <P> The ash fall created some temporary major problems with transportation , sewage disposal , and water treatment systems . Visibility was greatly decreased during the ash fall , closing many highways and roads . Interstate 90 from Seattle to Spokane was closed for a week and a half . Air travel was disrupted for between a few days and two weeks , as several airports in eastern Washington shut down because of ash accumulation and poor visibility . Over a thousand commercial flights were cancelled following airport closures . Fine - grained , gritty ash caused substantial problems for internal - combustion engines and other mechanical and electrical equipment . The ash contaminated oil systems and clogged air filters , and scratched moving surfaces . Fine ash caused short circuits in electrical transformers , which in turn caused power blackouts . </P> <P> Removing and disposing of the ash was a monumental task for some Eastern Washington communities . State and federal agencies estimated that over 2,400,000 cubic yards ( 1,800,000 m ) of ash , equivalent to about 900,000 tons in weight , were removed from highways and airports in Washington . The ash removal cost $2.2 million and took 10 weeks in Yakima . The need to remove ash quickly from transport routes and civil works dictated the selection of some disposal sites . Some cities used old quarries and existing sanitary landfills ; others created dump sites wherever expedient . To minimize wind reworking of ash dumps , the surfaces of some disposal sites were covered with topsoil and seeded with grass . In Portland , Oregon , the mayor eventually threatened businesses with fines if they failed to remove the ash from their parking lots . </P> <H3> Cost ( edit ) </H3> One of the 200 houses destroyed by the eruption <P> A refined estimate of $1.1 billion ( $3.4 billion as of 2018 ) was determined in a study by the International Trade Commission at the request of the United States Congress . A supplemental appropriation of $951 million for disaster relief was voted by Congress , of which the largest share went to the Small Business Administration , U.S. Army Corps of Engineers and the Federal Emergency Management Agency . </P> <P> There were also indirect and intangible costs of the eruption . Unemployment in the immediate region of Mount St. Helens rose tenfold in the weeks immediately following the eruption , and then returned to near - normal levels once timber - salvaging and ash - cleanup operations were underway . Only a small percentage of residents left the region because of lost jobs owing to the eruption . Several months after May 18 , a few residents reported suffering stress and emotional problems , even though they had coped successfully during the crisis . Counties in the region requested funding for mental health programs to assist such people . </P> <P> Initial public reaction to the May 18 eruption dealt a nearly crippling blow to tourism , an important industry in Washington . Not only was tourism down in the Mount St. Helens -- Gifford Pinchot National Forest area , but conventions , meetings and social gatherings also were cancelled or postponed at cities and resorts elsewhere in Washington and neighboring Oregon not affected by the eruption . The adverse effect on tourism and conventioneering , however , proved only temporary . Mount St. Helens , perhaps because of its reawakening , has regained its appeal for tourists . The United States Forest Service and the State of Washington opened visitor centers and provided access for people to view the volcano 's devastation . </P> <H2> Later eruptions ( edit ) </H2> <P> St. Helens produced an additional five explosive eruptions between May and October 1980 . Through early 1990 at least 21 periods of eruptive activity had occurred . The volcano remains active , with smaller , dome - building eruptions continuing into 2008 . </P> <H3> 1980 -- 1991 ( edit ) </H3> Eruption on July 22 , 1980 <P> An eruption occurred on May 25 , 1980 , at 2 : 30 a.m. that sent an ash column 9 miles ( 14 km ) into the atmosphere . The eruption was preceded by a sudden increase in earthquake activity and occurred during a rainstorm . Erratic wind from the storm carried ash from the eruption to the south and west , lightly dusting large parts of western Washington and Oregon . Pyroclastic flows exited the northern breach and covered avalanche debris , lahars and other pyroclastic flows deposited by the May 18 eruption . </P> <P> At 7 : 05 p.m. on June 12 , a plume of ash billowed 2.5 miles ( 4.0 km ) above the volcano . At 9 : 09 p.m. a much stronger explosion sent an ash column about 10 miles ( 16 km ) skyward . This event caused the Portland area , previously spared by wind direction , to be thinly coated with ash in the middle of the annual Rose Festival . A dacite dome then oozed into existence on the crater floor , growing to a height of 200 feet ( 61 m ) and a width of 1,200 feet ( 370 m ) within a week . </P> <P> A series of large explosions on July 22 broke more than a month of relative quiet . The July eruptive episode was preceded by several days of measurable expansion of the summit area , heightened earthquake activity , and changed emission rates of sulfur dioxide and carbon dioxide . The first hit at 5 : 14 p.m. as an ash column shot 10 miles ( 16 km ) and was followed by a faster blast at 6 : 25 p.m. that pushed the ash column above its previous maximum height in just 7.5 minutes . The final explosion started at 7 : 01 p.m. and continued for over two hours . When the relatively small amount of ash settled over eastern Washington , the dome built in June was gone . </P> The growing third dome on October 24 , 1980 <P> Seismic activity and gas emission steadily increased in early August , and on August 7 at 4 : 26 p.m. , an ash cloud slowly expanded 8 miles ( 13 km ) into the sky . Small pyroclastic flows came through the northern breach and a weaker outpouring of ash rose from the crater . This continued until 10 : 32 p.m. when a second large blast sent ash high into the air , proceeding due north . A second dacite dome filled this vent a few days later . </P> <P> Two months of repose were ended by an eruption lasting from October 16 to 18 . This event obliterated the second dome , sent ash 10 miles ( 16 km ) in the air and created small , red - hot pyroclastic flows . A third dome began to form within 30 minutes after the final explosion on October 18 , and within a few days , it was about 900 feet ( 270 m ) wide and 130 feet ( 40 m ) high . In spite of the dome growth next to it , a new glacier formed rapidly inside the crater . </P> <P> All of the post-1980 eruptions were quiet dome - building events , beginning with the December 27 , 1980 , to January 3 , 1981 , episode . By 1987 the third dome had grown to be more than 3,000 feet ( 910 m ) wide and 800 feet ( 240 m ) high . </P> <P> Further eruptions occurred over a few months between 1989 and 1991 . </P> Plume of volcanic ash and steam in October 2004 eruption <H3> 2004 -- 2008 ( edit ) </H3> Main article : 2004 -- 08 volcanic activity of Mount St. Helens <P> The 2004 -- 08 volcanic activity of Mount St. Helens has been documented as a continuous eruption with a gradual extrusion of magma at the Mount St. Helens volcano . Starting in October 2004 , there was a gradual building of a new lava dome . The new dome did not rise above the caldera created by the 1980 eruption . This activity lasted until January 2008 . </P> <H2> Summary table ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="3"> Eruption summary May 18 , 1980 , eruption of Mount St. Helens </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Elevation of summit : </Th> <Th> Before eruption : </Th> <Td> 9,677 ft ( 2,950 m ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> After eruption : </Th> <Td> 8,363 ft ( 2,549 m ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Total removed : </Th> <Td> 1,314 ft ( 401 m ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Crater dimensions : </Th> <Th> East - West : </Th> <Td> 1.2 mi ( 1.9 km ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> North - South : </Th> <Td> 1.8 mi ( 2.9 km ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Depth : </Th> <Td> 2,084 ft ( 635 m ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Crater floor elevation : </Th> <Th> </Th> <Td> 6,279 ft ( 1,914 m ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="3"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Eruption </Th> <Th> Date : </Th> <Td> May 18 , 1980 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Time of initial blast : </Th> <Td> 8 : 32 a.m. Pacific Daylight Time ( UTC − 7 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Eruption trigger : </Th> <Td> A magnitude 5.1 earthquake about 1 mi ( 1.6 km ) beneath the volcano </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="3"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Landslide and debris avalanche </Th> <Th> Area covered : </Th> <Td> 23 sq mi ( 60 km ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Volume : ( uncompacted deposits ) </Th> <Td> 0.67 cu mi ( 2.8 km ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Depth of deposit : </Th> <Td> Buried North Fork Toutle River to average depth of 150 ft ( 46 m ) with a maximum depth of 600 ft ( 183 m ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Velocity : </Th> <Td> 70 to 150 mph ( 113 to 241 km / h ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="3"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Lateral blast </Th> <Th> Area covered : </Th> <Td> 230 sq mi ( 596 km ) ; reached 17 mi ( 27 km ) northwest of the crater </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Volume of deposit : ( uncompacted deposits ) </Th> <Td> 0.046 cu mi ( 0.19 km ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Depth of deposit : </Th> <Td> From about 3 ft ( 1 m ) at volcano to less than 1 in ( 2.5 cm ) at blast edge </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Velocity : </Th> <Td> At least 300 mph ( 480 km / h ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Temperature : </Th> <Td> As high as 660 ° F ( 350 ° C ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Energy release : </Th> <Td> 24 megatons thermal energy ( 7 by blast , rest through release of heat ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Trees blown down : </Th> <Td> 4,000,000,000 board feet ( 9,400,000 m ) of timber ( enough to build about 300,000 two - bedroom homes ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Human fatalities : </Th> <Td> 55 - 60 ( direct ) ; 4 ( indirect ) ; 59 - 64 ( total ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="3"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Lahars </Th> <Th> Velocity : </Th> <Td> About 10 to 25 mph ( 16 to 40 km / h ) and over 50 mph ( 80 km / h ) on steep flanks of volcano </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Damaged : </Th> <Td> 27 bridges , nearly 200 homes . Blast and lahars destroyed more than 185 mi ( 298 km ) of highways and roads and 15 mi ( 24 km ) of railways . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Effects on Cowlitz River : </Th> <Td> Reduced carrying capacity at flood stage at Castle Rock from 76,000 cu ft ( 2,200 m ) per second to less than 15,000 cu ft ( 420 m ) per second . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Effects on Columbia River : </Th> <Td> Reduced channel depth from 40 to 14 ft ( 12 to 4 m ) ; stranded 31 ships in upstream ports </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="3"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Eruption column and cloud </Th> <Th> Height : </Th> <Td> Reached about 80,000 ft ( 24,400 m ) in less than 15 minutes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Downwind extent : </Th> <Td> Spread across U.S. in 3 days ; circled Earth in 15 days </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Volume of ash : ( based on uncompacted deposits ) </Th> <Td> 0.26 cu mi ( 1.1 km ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Ash fall area : </Th> <Td> Detectable amounts of ash covered 22,000 sq mi ( 57,000 km ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Ash fall depth : </Th> <Td> 10 in ( 25 cm ) at 10 mi ( 16 km ) downwind ( ash and pumice ) 1 in ( 2.5 cm ) at 60 mi ( 97 km ) downwind 0.5 in ( 1.3 cm ) at 300 mi ( 480 km ) downwind </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="3"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Pyroclastic flows </Th> <Th> Area covered : </Th> <Td> 6 sq mi ( 16 km ) ; reached as far as 5 mi ( 8 km ) north of crater </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Volume and depth : ( volume based on uncompacted deposits ) </Th> <Td> 0.029 cu mi ( 0.12 km ) ; multiple flows 3 to 30 ft ( 1 to 9 m ) thick ; cumulative depth of deposits reached 120 ft ( 37 m ) in places </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Velocity : </Th> <Td> Estimated at 50 to 80 mph ( 80 to 130 km / h ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Temperature : </Th> <Td> At least 1,300 ° F ( 700 ° C ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="3"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Other </Th> <Th> Wildlife : </Th> <Td> The Washington State Department of Game estimated nearly 7,000 big game animals ( deer , elk and bear ) perished as well as all birds and most small mammals . Many burrowing rodents , frogs , salamanders and crawfish managed to survive because they were below ground level or water surface when the disaster struck . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Fisheries : </Th> <Td> The Washington Department of Fisheries estimated that 12 million Chinook and Coho salmon fingerlings were killed when hatcheries were destroyed . Another estimated 40,000 young salmon were lost when forced to swim through turbine blades of hydroelectric generators as reservoir levels along the Lewis River were kept low to accommodate possible mudflows and flooding . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="3"> Brantley and Myers , 1997 , Mount St. Helens -- From the 1980 Eruption to 1996 : USGS Fact Sheet 070 -- 97 , accessed 2007 - 06 - 05 ; and Tilling , Topinka , and Swanson , 1990 , Eruption of Mount St. Helens -- Past , Present , and Future : USGS General Interest Publication , accessed 2007 - 06 - 05 . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="3"> Table compiled by Lyn Topinka , USGS / CVO , 1997 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Cascade Volcanoes -- High Cascades . </Li> <Li> List of Cascade volcanoes </Li> <Li> Geology of the Pacific Northwest </Li> <Li> Pacific Ring of Fire </Li> <Li> The Eruption of Mount St. Helens ! ( 1980 film ) -- documentary movie about the eruption . </Li> </Ul> <H2> Notes ( edit ) </H2> <P> This article incorporates public domain material from the United States Geological Survey document : `` Eruptions of Mount St. Helens : Past , Present , and Future '' . Retrieved December 5 , 2010 . </P> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ Fisher , Heiken & Hullen ( 1998 ) , p. 294 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Harden , Blaine ( May 18 , 2005 ) . `` Explosive Lessons of 25 Years Ago '' . The Washington Post . p . A03 . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 08 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Mount Saint Helens Eruption - giph.io '' . giph.io . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 25 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Those who lost their lives because of the May 18 , 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens '' ( PDF ) . KGW news . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on May 25 , 2009 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Tilling , Robert I. ; Topinka , Lyn & Swanson , Donald A. ( 1990 ) . `` Eruptions of Mount St. Helens : Past , Present , and Future '' . The Climactic Eruption of May 18 , 1980 . U.S. Geological Survey ( Special Interest Publication ) . Archived from the original on October 26 , 2011 . Retrieved December 5 , 2010 . ( adapted public domain text ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Gorney , Cynthia ( March 31 , 1980 ) . `` The Volcano : Full Theater , Stuck Curtain ; Hall Packed for Volcano , But the Curtain Is Stuck '' . The Washington Post . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Mount St. Helens Precursory Activity : March 15 -- 21 , 1980 '' . USGS. 2001 . Archived from the original on 2012 - 10 - 06 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Harris , Fire Mountains of the West ( 1988 ) , p. 202 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Ray , Dewey ( March 27 , 1980 ) . `` Oregon volcano may be warming up for an eruption '' . Christian Science Monitor . Archived from the original on June 29 , 2012 . Retrieved October 31 , 2010 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Mount St. Helens Precursory Activity : March 22 -- 28 , 1980 '' . United States Geological Survey . 2001 . Archived from the original on October 5 , 2012 . Retrieved June 6 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Harris , Fire Mountains of the West ( 1988 ) , p. 204 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Harris , Fire Mountains of the West ( 1988 ) , p. 203 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Mount St. Helens Precursory Activity : March 29 -- April 4 , 1980 '' . United States Geological Survey . 2001 . Archived from the original on October 10 , 2012 . Retrieved June 6 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Hazard zones created around mountain '' . Spokesman - Review . ( Spokane , Washington ) . Associated Press . May 1 , 1980 . p. 8 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Volcano bulge grows '' . Spokane Daily Chronicle . ( Washington ) . UPI . May 2 , 1980 . p. 6 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Mount St. Helens cabin owners angry at ban '' . Spokane Daily Chronicle . ( Washington ) . wire services . May 17 , 1980 . p. 1 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Mount St. Helens Precursory Activity : April 5 -- 11 , 1980 '' . United States Geological Survey . 2001 . Archived from the original on October 11 , 2012 . Retrieved June 6 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` St. Helens : Huge hunk of mountain could still hit lake '' . Lewiston Morning Tribune . ( Idaho ) . Associated Press . April 29 , 1980 . p. 3B . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Reawakening and Initial Activity '' . United States Geological Survey . 1997 . Archived from the original on June 9 , 2007 . Retrieved May 31 , 2007 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Mount St. Helens Precursory Activity : May 3 -- 9 , 1980 '' . USGS. 2001 . Archived from the original on 2013 - 02 - 03 . Retrieved May 26 , 2007 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Mount St. Helens Precursory Activity : May 10 -- 17 , 1980 '' . United States Geological Survey . 2001 . Archived from the original on March 12 , 2010 . Retrieved June 6 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Homes near volcano checked '' . Eugene Register - Guard . ( Oregon ) . Associated Press . May 18 , 1980 . p. 6A . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Harris , Fire Mountains of the West ( 1988 ) , p. 205 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Fisher , Heiken & Hullen ( 1998 ) , p. 117 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Harris , Fire Mountains of the West ( 1988 ) , p. 209 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Fritz , William , J. ; Harrison , Sylvia ( 1985 ) . `` Transported trees from the 1982 Mount St. Helens sediment flows : Their use as paleocurrent indicators '' . Sedimentary Geology ( Scientific ) . Elsevier BV. 42 ( 1 , 2 ) : 49 - 64 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Harris , Fire Mountains of the West ( 1988 ) , p. 206 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Robert Coenraads ( 2006 ) . `` Natural Disasters and How We Cope '' , p. 50 . Millennium House , ISBN 978 - 1 - 921209 - 11 - 6 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Harris , Fire Mountains of the West ( 1988 ) , p. 208 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Harris , Fire Mountains of the West ( 1988 ) , p. 210 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Taylor , H.E. ; Lichte , F.E. ( 1980 ) . `` Chemical composition of Mount St. Helens volcanic ash '' . Geophysical Research Letters. 7 ( 11 ) : 949 -- 952 . doi : 10.1029 / GL007i011p00949 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Patterson , E.M. ( 1981 ) . `` Measurement of the Imaginary Part of the Refractive Index Between 300 and 700 Nanometers for Mount St. Helens Ash '' . Science . 211 ( 4484 ) : 836 -- 838 . doi : 10.1126 / science. 211.4484. 836 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` What were the effects on people when Mt St Helens erupted ? '' . Oregon State University . Retrieved November 7 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Patty Murray ( May 17 , 2005 ) . `` 25th Anniversary of the Mount St. Helens Eruption '' . Congressional Record -- Senate . U.S. Government Printing Office . pp. S5252 . Retrieved May 18 , 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Egan , Timothy ( June 26 , 1988 ) . `` Trees Return to St. Helens , But Do They Make a Forest ? '' . The New York Times . p. 1 . Retrieved May 18 , 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Michael Lienau . `` To Touch a Volcano : A Filmmaker 's Story of Survival '' . Global Net Productions . Archived from the original on May 29 , 2011 . Retrieved May 19 , 2009 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Harris , Fire Mountains of the West ( 1988 ) , p. 211 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Mount St. Helens -- From the 1980 Eruption to 2000 , Fact Sheet 036 - 00 '' . U.S. Geological Survey . Archived from the original on May 12 , 2013 . Retrieved July 6 , 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Slape , Leslie ( April 22 , 2005 ) . `` Mountain Mystery : Some wonder if fewer people died in 1980 eruption '' . The Daily News . Longview , Washington . Retrieved December 10 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Mt . St Helens Victims '' . The Columbian . Retrieved December 10 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Painter , John Jr . The 1980s . The Oregonian , December 31 , 1989 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ As calculated using `` Inflation Calculator '' . Retrieved June 12 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Harris , Fire Mountains of the West ( 1988 ) , p. 212 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` He Remembers the Year the Mountain Blew ( 1980 ) '' . The Oregonian . Archived from the original on August 29 , 2012 . Retrieved January 28 , 2008 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Harris , Fire Mountains of the West ( 1988 ) , p. 213 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Fisher , R.V. ; Heiken , G. ; Hulen , J. ( 1998 ) . Volcanoes : Crucibles of Change . Princeton University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 691 - 00249 - 1 . </Li> <Li> Harris , Stephen L. ( 1988 ) . Fire Mountains of the West : The Cascade and Mono Lake Volcanoes . Missoula , MT : Mountain Press Publishing Company . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87842 - 220 - 3 . </Li> <Li> Klimasauskas , Ed ( May 1 , 2001 ) . `` Mount St. Helens Precursory Activity '' . United States Geological Survey . Archived from the original on October 6 , 2012 . Retrieved June 6 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Tilling , Robert I. ; Topinka , Lyn & Swanson , Donald A. ( 1990 ) . `` Eruptions of Mount St. Helens : Past , Present , and Future '' . The Climactic Eruption of May 18 , 1980 . U.S. Geological Survey . Archived from the original on October 26 , 2011 . Retrieved December 5 , 2010 . ( adapted public domain text ) </Li> <Li> Topinka , Lyn . `` Mount St. Helens : A General Slide Set '' . Cascades Volcano Observatory , U.S. Geological Survey . Archived from the original on 2007 - 12 - 18 . Retrieved 2007 - 05 - 10 . </Li> </Ul> <H2> Further reading ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> `` Eruption of Mount St. Helens '' . National Geographic . Vol. 159 no . 1 . January 1981 . pp. 3 -- 65 . ISSN 0027 - 9358 . OCLC 643483454 . </Li> <Li> Findley , Rowe ( December 1981 ) . `` Mount St. Helens Aftermath '' . National Geographic . Vol. 160 no . 6 . pp. 713 -- 733 . ISSN 0027 - 9358 . OCLC 643483454 . </Li> </Ul> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wikimedia Commons has media related to 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ul> <Li> `` Mt . St. Helens Volcano Victims '' . I Dream of Genealogy . Archived from the original on 2007 - 05 - 27 . Retrieved 2004 - 12 - 15 . </Li> <Li> List of victims with biographical details </Li> <Li> USGS : Mount St. Helens 1980 Debris Avalanche Deposit </Li> <Li> USDA Forest Service : Mount St. Helens VolcanoCam </Li> <Li> Pre-1980 Eruptive History of Mount St. Helens , Washington </Li> <Li> USGS : Before , During , and After May 18 , 1980 </Li> <Li> Video approximation of the first seconds of the May 18 eruption from Gary Rosenquist 's photos on YouTube </Li> <Li> Boston.com -- The Big Picture -- 30 years later </Li> <Li> The short film Eruption of Mount St. Helens , 1980 ( 1981 ) is available for free download at the Internet Archive </Li> <Li> The short film This place in time : The Mount St. Helens story ( 1984 ) is available for free download at the Internet Archive </Li> <Li> Aerial pictures of the July 22nd , 1980 secondary eruption </Li> <Li> News reports at The Museum of Classic Chicago Television </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="3"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Cascade Volcanoes </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> British Columbia </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Silverthrone Caldera </Li> <Li> Franklin Glacier Complex </Li> <Li> Mount Meager massif </Li> <Li> Mount Cayley massif </Li> <Li> Mount Garibaldi </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Washington </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Mount Baker </Li> <Li> Black Buttes </Li> <Li> Glacier Peak </Li> <Li> Mount Rainier </Li> <Li> Goat Rocks </Li> <Li> Mount St. Helens </Li> <Li> Mount Adams </Li> <Li> Indian Heaven </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Oregon </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Mount Hood </Li> <Li> Mount Jefferson </Li> <Li> Three Sisters </Li> <Li> Broken Top </Li> <Li> Mount Bachelor </Li> <Li> Newberry Volcano </Li> <Li> Diamond Peak </Li> <Li> Mount Thielsen </Li> <Li> Mount Mazama ( Crater Lake ) </Li> <Li> Yamsay Mountain </Li> <Li> Mount McLoughlin </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> California </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Medicine Lake Volcano </Li> <Li> Mount Shasta </Li> <Li> Mount Tehama </Li> <Li> Lassen Peak </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="3"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> State of Washington </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="3"> Olympia ( capital ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Topics </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Cities </Li> <Li> Towns </Li> <Li> Census - 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St. Helens </Li> <Li> Rajneeshee bioterror attack </Li> <Li> Rajneeshee assassination plot </Li> <Li> New Carissa oil spill </Li> <Li> Willamette Valley Flood </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Places </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Bonneville Dam </Li> <Li> Celilo Falls </Li> <Li> Copperfield </Li> <Li> Fort Stevens </Li> <Li> Harbor Drive </Li> <Li> Kaiser Shipyards </Li> <Li> Shanghai tunnels </Li> <Li> Vanport </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Politicians </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Victor G. Atiyeh </Li> <Li> George Chamberlain </Li> <Li> David B. Frohnmayer </Li> <Li> Neil Goldschmidt </Li> <Li> Mark Hatfield </Li> <Li> Nan Wood Honeyman </Li> <Li> Tom McCall </Li> <Li> Douglas McKay </Li> <Li> Charles McNary </Li> <Li> Wayne Morse </Li> <Li> Maurine Neuberger </Li> <Li> Norma Paulus </Li> <Li> Barbara Roberts </Li> <Li> James H. Weaver </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Other Oregonians </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Terry Baker </Li> <Li> Pietro Belluschi </Li> <Li> Gert Boyle </Li> <Li> Abigail Scott Duniway </Li> <Li> James A. Fee </Li> <Li> Matt Groening </Li> <Li> Ken Kesey </Li> <Li> Phil Knight </Li> <Li> Ursula K. Le Guin </Li> <Li> Hall S. Lusk </Li> <Li> Brian McMenamin </Li> <Li> Bill Naito </Li> <Li> Steve Prefontaine </Li> <Li> Jack Ramsay </Li> <Li> Henry Weinhard </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="3"> <Ul> <Li> History of Oregon 's native peoples </Li> <Li> of Oregon to 1806 </Li> <Li> of pioneers in Oregon </Li> <Li> of Oregon in modern times </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Coordinates : 46 ° 12 ′ 01 '' N 122 ° 11 ′ 12 '' W / 46.20028 ° N 122.18667 ° W / 46.20028 ; - 122.18667 </P> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1980_eruption_of_Mount_St._Helens&oldid=850419882 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> 1980 in Idaho </Li> <Li> 1980 in Montana </Li> <Li> 1980 in Oregon </Li> <Li> 1980 in Washington ( state ) </Li> <Li> 1980 natural disasters in the United States </Li> <Li> 20th - century volcanic events </Li> <Li> Cascade Volcanoes </Li> <Li> Gifford Pinchot National Forest </Li> <Li> History of the United States ( 1980 -- 91 ) </Li> <Li> Mount St. Helens </Li> <Li> Natural disasters in Washington ( state ) </Li> <Li> Volcanism of Washington ( state ) </Li> <Li> Landslides in 1980 </Li> <Li> May 1980 events </Li> <Li> Megatsunamis </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages </Li> <Li> Use mdy dates from May 2012 </Li> <Li> Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2018 </Li> <Li> All articles containing potentially dated statements </Li> <Li> Articles with hAudio microformats </Li> <Li> Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the United States Geological Survey </Li> <Li> Featured articles </Li> <Li> Coordinates on Wikidata </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Български </Li> <Li> Deutsch </Li> <Li> Ελληνικά </Li> <Li> Español </Li> <Li> فارسی </Li> <Li> Français </Li> <Li> Bahasa Indonesia </Li> <Li> Italiano </Li> <Li> Bahasa Melayu </Li> <Li> Nederlands </Li> <Li> Polski </Li> <Li> Português </Li> <Li> Română </Li> <Li> Русский </Li> <Li> Simple English </Li> <Li> Suomi </Li> <Li> Svenska </Li> <Li> Українська </Li> <Li> Tiếng Việt </Li> <Li> 中文 </Li> 12 more </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 15 July 2018 , at 19 : 09 ( UTC ) . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . 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7 - Eleven - Wikipedia <H1> 7 - Eleven </H1> For other uses , see 7 - Eleven ( disambiguation ) . <Table> 7 - Eleven <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Type </Th> <Td> Subsidiary </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Industry </Th> <Td> Retail ( Convenience stores ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Founded </Th> <Td> 1927 ; 91 years ago ( 1927 ) ( as Tote 'm Stores ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Founders </Th> <Td> Joe C. Thompson Jr . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Headquarters </Th> <Td> Dallas , Texas , U.S. </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Number of locations </Th> <Td> 66,579 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Key people </Th> <Td> Joseph DePinto ( CEO & President ) Stanley Reynolds ( EVP & CFO ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Products </Th> <Td> Slurpee beverage Big Gulp beverage cup Other products include : coffee , candy , prepared foods , gasoline , dairy , snacks , various assortment of beverages </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Number of employees </Th> <Td> 45,000 ( 2010 NA ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Parent </Th> <Td> Seven & I Holdings Co. ( 2005 -- present ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Website </Th> <Td> www.7-eleven.com </Td> </Tr> </Table> Countries with 7 - Eleven stores <P> 7 - Eleven Inc. is a Japanese - owned American international chain of convenience stores , headquartered in Dallas , Texas . The chain was known as Tote 'm Stores until it was renamed in 1946 . Its parent company , Seven - Eleven Japan Co. , Ltd. , operates , franchises , and licenses 66,579 stores in 17 countries as of 30 June 2018 . Seven - Eleven Japan is headquartered in Chiyoda , Tokyo and held by the Seven & I Holdings Co . </P> <H2> Contents </H2> <Ul> <Li> 1 Etymologies </Li> <Li> 2 History </Li> <Li> 3 Products and services </Li> <Li> 4 Global operations <Ul> <Li> 4.1 Asia <Ul> <Li> 4.1. 1 Hong Kong </Li> <Li> 4.1. 2 Indonesia </Li> <Li> 4.1. 3 Japan </Li> <Li> 4.1. 4 Macau </Li> <Li> 4.1. 5 Mainland China </Li> <Li> 4.1. 6 Malaysia </Li> <Li> 4.1. 7 Philippines </Li> <Li> 4.1. 8 Singapore </Li> <Li> 4.1. 9 South Korea </Li> <Li> 4.1. 10 Taiwan </Li> <Li> 4.1. 11 Thailand </Li> <Li> 4.1. 12 Turkey </Li> <Li> 4.1. 13 United Arab Emirates </Li> <Li> 4.1. 14 Vietnam </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4.2 Europe <Ul> <Li> 4.2. 1 Denmark </Li> <Li> 4.2. 2 Norway </Li> <Li> 4.2. 3 Sweden </Li> <Li> 4.2. 4 United Kingdom </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4.3 North America <Ul> <Li> 4.3. 1 Canada </Li> <Li> 4.3. 2 Mexico </Li> <Li> 4.3. 3 United States <Ul> <Li> 4.3. 3.1 Fuel </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4.4 Oceania <Ul> <Li> 4.4. 1 Australia <Ul> <Li> 4.4. 1.1 Wage theft </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 5 See also </Li> <Li> 6 References </Li> <Li> 7 External links </Li> </Ul> <H2> Etymologies ( edit ) </H2> <P> The company 's first outlets were named `` Tote 'm Stores '' because customers `` toted '' away their purchases . Some stores featured genuine Alaskan totem poles in front of the store . In 1946 , the chain 's name was changed from `` Tote 'm '' to `` 7 - Eleven '' to reflect the company 's new , extended hours , 7 : 00 am to 11 : 00 pm , seven days per week . In November 1999 , the corporate name of the US company was changed from `` The Southland Corporation '' to `` 7 - Eleven Inc . '' </P> <H2> History ( edit ) </H2> <P> In 1927 , Southland Ice Company employee John Jefferson Green began selling eggs , milk , and bread from one of 16 ice house storefronts in Dallas , with permission from one of Southland 's founding directors , Joe C. Thompson , Sr. Although small grocery stores and general merchandisers were available , Thompson theorized that selling products such as bread and milk in convenience stores would reduce the need for customers to travel long distances for basic items . He eventually bought the Southland Ice Company and turned it into Southland Corporation , which oversaw several locations in the Dallas area . </P> <P> In 1928 , Jenna Lira brought a totem pole as a souvenir from Alaska and placed it in front of the store . The pole served as a marketing tool for the company , as it attracted a great deal of attention . Soon , executives added totem poles in front of every store and eventually adopted an Alaska Native - inspired theme for their stores . Later on , the stores began operating under the name `` Tote 'm Stores '' . In the same year , the company began constructing gasoline stations in some of its Dallas locations as an experiment . Joe Thompson also provided a distinct characteristic to the company 's stores , training the staff so that people would receive the same quality and service in every store . Southland also started to have a uniform for its ice station service boys . This became the major factor in the company 's success as a retail convenience store . </P> <P> In 1931 , the Great Depression affected the company , sending it toward bankruptcy . Nevertheless , the company continued its operations through re-organization and receivership . A Dallas banker , W.W. Overton Jr. , also helped to revive the company 's finances by selling the company 's bonds for seven cents on the dollar . This brought the company 's ownership under the control of a board of directors . </P> <P> In 1946 , in an effort to continue the company 's post-war recovery , the name of the franchise was changed to 7 - Eleven to reflect the stores ' new hours of operation ( 7 am to 11 pm ) , which were unprecedented at the time . In 1963 , 7 - Eleven experimented with a 24 - hour schedule in Austin , Texas , after an Austin store stayed open all night to satisfy customer demand . Later on , 24 - hour stores were established in Fort Worth and Dallas , Texas , as well as Las Vegas , Nevada . In 1971 , Southland acquired convenience stores of the former Pak - A-Sak chain owned by Graham Allen Penniman , Sr. ( 1903 -- 1985 ) , of Shreveport , Louisiana . </P> Play media Inside a Florida - based 7 - Eleven store in 1987 . <P> With the purchase in 1964 of 126 Speedee Mart franchised convenience stores in California , the company entered the franchise business . The company signed its first area licensing agreement in 1968 with Garb - Ko , Inc. of Saginaw , Michigan , which became the first US domestic area 7 - Eleven licensee . </P> <P> In the late 1980s , Southland Corporation was threatened by a rumored corporate takeover , prompting the Thompson family to take steps to convert the company into a private model by buying out public shareholders in a tender offer . In December 1987 , John Philp Thompson , the chairman and CEO of 7 - Eleven , completed a $5.2 billion management buyout of the company . The buyout suffered from the effects of the 1987 stock market crash and after failing initially to raise high yield debt financing , the company was required to offer a portion of stock as an inducement to invest in the company 's bonds . </P> <P> Various assets , such as the Chief Auto Parts chain , the ice division , and hundreds of store locations , were sold between 1987 and 1990 to relieve debt incurred during the buyout . This downsizing also resulted in numerous metropolitan areas losing 7 - Eleven stores to rival convenience store operators . In October 1990 , the heavily indebted Southland Corp. filed a pre-packaged Chapter 11 bankruptcy in order to transfer control of 70 % of the company to Japanese affiliate Ito - Yokado . </P> <P> Southland exited bankruptcy in March 1991 , after a cash infusion of $430 million from Ito - Yokado and Seven - Eleven Japan . These two Japanese entities now controlled 70 % of the company , with the founding Thompson family retaining 5 % . In 1999 , Southland Corp. changed its name to 7 - Eleven , Inc. , citing the divestment of operations other than 7 - Eleven . Ito - Yokado formed Seven & I Holdings Co. and 7 - Eleven became its subsidiary in 2005 . In 2007 , Seven & I Holdings announced that it would be expanding its American operations , with an additional 1,000 7 - Eleven stores in the United States . </P> <P> For the 2010 rankings , 7 - Eleven climbed to the No. 3 spot in Entrepreneur Magazine 's 31st Annual Franchise 500 , `` the first and most comprehensive ranking in the world '' . This was the 17th year 7 - Eleven was named in the top 10 . </P> <P> Also in 2010 , the first `` green '' 7 - Eleven store opened in DeLand , Florida . The store features U.S. Green Building Council 's ( USGBC ) Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design ( LEED ) elements . Also , the environmentally - friendly design brings the store savings in energy costs . That same year , 7 - Eleven went mobile with the launch of the iconic Slurpee drink 's iPhone and Android Application ( App ) . The Slurpee drink app made it easy to find 7 - Eleven stores and provides driving directions . The following year , 7 - Eleven celebrated its 40,000 th store opening and within two years of that milestone opened its 50,000 th store . </P> <H2> Products and services ( edit ) </H2> 1.2 - liter ( 41 U.S. fl oz ) Super Big Gulp <P> 7 - Eleven in the United States sells Slurpee drinks , a partially frozen soft drink introduced in 1965 ( Oklahoma 's stores are known as Icee Drink ) , and Big Gulp beverages , introduced in 1976 . Other products include : 7 - Select private - brand products , coffee , fresh - made daily sandwiches , fresh fruit , salads , bakery items , hot and prepared foods , gasoline , dairy products , carbonated beverages and energy drinks , juices , financial services , and product delivery services . </P> <P> 7 - Eleven is known for its relatively large drink sizes . 7 - Eleven offers beverages that are 32 ounces ( 946ml ) ( Big Gulp ) , 44 U.S. fluid ounces ( 1.301 L ) ( Super Big Gulp ) , 53 ounces ( 1567ml ) ( X-Treme Gulp ) , 64 ounces ( 1893ml ) ( Double Gulp ) , or 128 ounces ( 3785ml ) ( Team Gulp ) , as well as the 20 ounce Gulp . These beverage sizes were all among the largest sold soft drinks when they were introduced . 7 - Eleven has often been associated with these large sodas in popular culture . For example , Mayor Michael Bloomberg 's proposed ban on large sodas in New York City was frequently referred to as the ' Big Gulp ban ' . </P> <P> In 2012 , 7 - Eleven changed the size of the Double Gulp from 64 ounces to 50 ounces ( 1478ml ) . The older style cups were too wide at the bottom and did not fit beverage holders in cars . This was not a reaction to the large soda ban proposal , according to a spokesperson . </P> <H2> Global operations ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Asia ( edit ) </H3> Hong Kong ( edit ) 7 - Eleven in Shek Tong Tsui , Hong Kong <P> 7 - Eleven first opened in Hong Kong in 1981 , and today operates as a subsidiary of the Dairy Farm . It is popularly called tsat jai ( 七 仔 , meaning `` little seven '' ) or se fun ( 些 粉 , based on the English `` seven '' ) . As of 2012 , 7 - Eleven had 964 stores in Hong Kong , of which 563 were operated by franchisees . Hong Kong reportedly has the second - highest density of 7 - Eleven stores , after Macao . All 7 - Eleven stores in Hong Kong accept the ubiquitous Octopus card as a method of payment . They also accept payments for utility bills and public housing rent . </P> <P> In November 1980 , Southland Corporation and Hong Kong conglomerate Jardine Matheson signed a franchise agreement to bring 7 - Eleven to the territory . The first 7 - Eleven shop opened in Happy Valley on 3 April 1981 . The chain expanded aggressively across Hong Kong throughout the 1980s . The 50th store opened in Kwai Chung on 6 October 1983 , while the 200th was inaugurated by Simon Keswick at Tai Po Centre on 7 May 1987 . The stores were sold to Dairy Farm , part of the Jardine Matheson group , in 1989 . </P> <P> Octopus card readers were introduced in all 7 - Eleven stores in July 1999 , although at first these could only be used to add value to the card . In September 2004 , the number of locations in Hong Kong was substantially boosted when Dairy Farm acquired Daily Stop , a rival convenience store chain , from SCMP Retailing ( HK ) . The chain 's 84 shops , located mainly in MTR and Kowloon -- Canton Railway stations ( as well as shopping centres and housing estates ) , were converted to 7 - Eleven stores . </P> <P> In 2009 , a 7 - Eleven location in Quarry Bay opened with a hot food counter , called `` 7 Café '' , selling traditional Hong Kong street food and milk tea . This feature was subsequently extended to select other 7 - Eleven locations across Hong Kong under the `` Daily Café '' and `` Hot Shot '' brands . </P> Indonesia ( edit ) <P> In 2008 , 7 - Eleven announced plans to expand its business in Indonesia through a master franchise agreement with Modern Sevel Indonesia and Media Nusantara Citra . Modern Sevel Indonesia 's initial plans were to focus on opening stores in Jakarta , targeting densely populated commercial and business areas . There are 190 7 - Eleven stores in Indonesia as of 2014 and it has reduced to only 166 stores as September 2016 . </P> <P> In April 2017 , PT Modern Seven Indonesia announced that they will be acquired by PT Charoen Pokphand Restu Indonesia , subsidiary of Charoen Pokphand Group in Thailand . The acquisition process planned to be completed before June 2017 . Charoen Pokphand Group is also the master franchise holder of approximately 9500 7 - Eleven stores in Thailand . But on June 22 , 2017 , PT Modern International Tbk announced that all the remaining 30 7 - Eleven stores in Indonesia will be closed on June 30 , 2017 due to the cancellation of its acquisition process . </P> Japan ( edit ) Japan 's first 7 - Eleven store in Kōtō , Tokyo opened in May 1974 <P> Japan has more 7 - Eleven locations than anywhere else in the world , where they often bear the name of its holding company `` Seven & I Holdings '' . Of the 66,579 stores around the globe , 20,392 stores ( 31 percent of global stores ) are in Japan , with 2,665 stores in Tokyo alone . On September 1 , 2005 , Seven & I Holdings Co. , Ltd. , a new holding company , became the parent company of 7 - Eleven , Ito - Yokado , and Denny 's Japan . 7 - Eleven has stores in all prefectures of Japan , except Okinawa Prefecture . </P> <P> The aesthetics of the store are somewhat different from that of 7 - Eleven stores in other countries as the stores offer a wider selection of products and services . </P> <P> Following the example of other convenience stores in Japan , 7 - Eleven has solar panels and LEDs installed in about 1,400 of its stores . </P> Macau ( edit ) <P> 7 - Eleven entered the Macau market in 2005 under the ownership of Dairy Farm , the same conglomeration group operating Hong Kong 's 7 - Eleven . With only 25.9 square kilometres , Macau has 45 stores , making it the single market with the highest density of 7 - Eleven stores , containing one store per 0.65 square kilometers . </P> Mainland China ( edit ) <P> 7 - Eleven opened its first store in China in Shenzhen , Guangdong in 1992 and later expanded to Beijing in 2004 , Tianjin in 2009 , Chengdu and Shanghai in 2011 , Qingdao in 2012 , Chongqing in 2013 , and Nanjing in 2018 . In China 's 7 - Eleven stores where Slurpees are offered , the Chinese name 思 乐 冰 ( sīlèbīng ) is used . They also offer a wide array of warm food , including traditional items like steamed buns , and stores in Chengdu offer a full variety of onigiri ( 饭团 ) . Beverages , alcohol , candy , periodicals , and other convenience items are available as well . The majority of these stores are open for 24 hours a day . </P> Malaysia ( edit ) A 7 - Eleven store in Kuala Lumpur , Malaysia <P> Malaysian 7 - Eleven stores are owned by 7 - Eleven Malaysia Sdn . Bhd. , which operates 2,225 stores nationwide . 7 - Eleven in Malaysia was incorporated on June 4 , 1984 , by the Berjaya Group Berhad . The first 7 - Eleven store was opened in October 1984 , in Jalan Bukit Bintang , Kuala Lumpur . </P> Philippines ( edit ) <P> In the Philippines , 7 - Eleven is run by the Philippine Seven Corporation ( PSC ) . Its first store , located in Quezon City , opened in 1984 . In 2000 , President Chain Store Corporation ( PCSC ) of Taiwan , also a licensee of 7 - Eleven , purchased the majority shares of PSC and thus formed a strategic alliance for the convenience store industry within the area . The number of stores reached 1,602 at the end of 2015 . As of 2017 , there are 2,285 7 - Eleven stores all over The Philippines . Some 7 - Eleven branches are in near the gas stations like in Caltex , it has transferred from Star Mart in mid-2000's to 2010 due to close of Star Mart in the Philippines . </P> Singapore ( edit ) <P> In Singapore , 7 - Eleven forms the largest chain of convenience stores island - wide . There are 393 7 - Eleven stores scattered throughout the country as of February 2018 . Stores in Singapore are operated by Dairy Farm International Holdings , franchised under a licensing agreement with 7 - Eleven Incorporated . The first 7 - Eleven store in Singapore was opened along Upper Changi Road in 1983 , and in 1986 the first franchised 7 - Eleven store ( under the Jardine Matheson Group ) was opened . The license was then acquired by Cold Storage Singapore , a subsidiary of the Dairy Farm Group , in 1989 . </P> <P> In 2006 , Shell Singapore and 7 - Eleven agreed to rebrand all 68 of its Shell Select convenience stores into 7 - Eleven . The partnership was terminated in October 2017 , and the remaining 52 7 - Eleven stores in Shell petrol stations will be gradually rebranded back into Shell Select . </P> South Korea ( edit ) 7 - Eleven at Godeok Station in Seoul , South Korea <P> 7 - Eleven has a major presence in the Republic of Korea convenience store market , where it competes with CU ( store ) , GS25 ( formerly LG25 ) , and independent competitors . There are 9,231 7 - Eleven stores in the Republic of Korea ; with only Japan and Thailand hosting more stores . The first 7 - Eleven store in the Republic of Korea opened in 1989 in Songpa - gu in Seoul with a franchise license under the Lotte Group . In January 2010 , Lotte Group acquired the Buy the Way convenience store chain and rebranded its 1,000 stores under the 7 - Eleven brand . </P> Taiwan ( edit ) Two 7 - Eleven stores at the same intersection in Xindian District , New Taipei City , Taiwan <P> In Taiwan , 7 - Eleven is the largest convenience store chain and is owned by President Chain Store Corporation under Uni-President Enterprises Corporation . The first fourteen stores opened in 1979 , and struggled to make a profit . Southland Corporation partnered with Uni-President to modernize the stores . However , business was still slow , and Uni-President opted to stock Asian foods . In 1986 , 7 - Eleven made its first profit in Taiwan . The 5,000 th store was opened in July 2014 . In January 2018 , an experimental and unstaffed shop branded the X-Store was opened . There are 5,221 stores currently in Taiwan . </P> Thailand ( edit ) 7 - Eleven , Sukhumvit Soi 11 , Bangkok , Thailand <P> The first store opened in 1989 on Patpong Road in Bangkok . The franchise in Thailand is the CP ALL Public Company Limited , which in turn grants franchises to operators . In January 2018 there were 10,300 stores in Thailand . 7 - Eleven holds a 70 percent market share in the convenience store category . Thailand has the second largest number of 7 - Eleven stores after Japan . </P> Turkey ( edit ) <P> 7 - Eleven entered the Turkish market in 1989 , opening its first store on September 12 , 1989 . Major stakeholder of the master franchise , Özer Çiller sold his shares in 1993 , after his wife Tansu Çiller became the Prime Minister . In the 2010s , 7 - Eleven left the Turkish market , transferring most of its stores to franchise owners . </P> United Arab Emirates ( edit ) <P> Seven & I Holdings announced in June 2014 that they had agreed a contract with Seven Emirates Investment LLC to open the first Middle Eastern 7 - Eleven in Dubai , United Arab Emirates during the summer of 2015 . The company also said that they had plans to open about 100 stores in the country by the end of 2017 . The first store was opened in October 2015 . The country has 13 stores by January 2018 . </P> Vietnam ( edit ) <P> Seven and i - Holding making the first 7 - Eleven was open in Saigon Trade Center in 2017 . As of January 2018 , Vietnam has 11 stores in Ho Chi Minh City . </P> <H3> Europe ( edit ) </H3> <P> The first European 7 - Eleven store was opened in Stockholm , Sweden in 1978 . 7 - Eleven was available in Spain until 2000 with many stores inside Repsol petrol stations , as well as some other petrol - stations across the country . 7 - Eleven stores are now solely located in the Scandinavian region of Europe . </P> <P> The owner of the master franchise for 7 - Eleven in Scandinavia is Reitan Servicehandel , an arm of the Norwegian retail group , Reitan Group . After Reitangruppen bought the filling station chain , HydroTexaco ( now YX Energy ) , in Norway and Sweden in 2006 , it announced that several of the stores at the petrol stations would be rebranded as 7 - Elevens and that the petrol would be supplied by Shell . Other stores remain under the YX brand . </P> Denmark ( edit ) 7 - Eleven in Strøget , Copenhagen , Denmark <P> The first 7 - Eleven store in Denmark was opened at Østerbro in Copenhagen on September 14 , 1993 . There are 183 stores , mostly in Copenhagen , Aarhus , Aalborg , and Odense , including eight stores at Copenhagen Central Station . In Denmark , 7 - Eleven has an agreement with Shell , with a nationwide network of Shell / 7 - Eleven service stations , and an agreement with DSB to have 7 - Eleven stores at most S - train stations . </P> Norway ( edit ) 7 - Eleven in Bergen , Norway <P> The first 7 - Eleven store in Norway was opened at Grünerløkka in Oslo on September 13 , 1986 . As of January 2018 , there are 153 7 - Eleven stores in Norway , more than 50 % located in Oslo . Norway has the northernmost 7 - Eleven in the world , situated in Tromsø . On a per - capita basis , Norway has one 7 -- Eleven store for every 47,000 Norwegians , compared to Canada , which has one for every 74,000 Canadians . </P> Sweden ( edit ) 7 - Eleven at Mårtenstorget in Lund , Sweden <P> The Reitan Group has held the license in Sweden since December 1997 . In the mid-1990s period , 7 - Eleven in Sweden received adverse publicity due to the unfavourable labour contracts offered by its then - licensee , Small Shops , an American - based company , resulting in many stores being sold and closed down . For a time , there were only 7 - Elevens in Stockholm and Gothenburg . </P> <P> 7 - Eleven returned to the south of Sweden in 2001 , when a convenience store opened in Lund . Later in the 2000s , the Swedish 7 - Eleven chain was involved in controversy when the Swedish TV channel TV3 exposed widespread fraud on the part of the Reitan Group in its management of the 7 - Eleven franchise , which the Reitan Group eventually admitted to on its website . </P> <P> On 27 August 2007 , the Reitan Group and Shell , announced a ten - year agreement to re-brand some 269 service stations across Norway , Sweden , Finland and Denmark , as 7 - Elevens . The contract meant that 7 - Eleven would expand from 77 stores to 189 stores in Sweden . The country now has 187 stores . </P> United kingdom ( edit ) <P> During the 1980s , small 7 - Eleven convenience stores were common in the larger towns and cities of London and the South East of England . The first shop opened in London , in Sydenham South East London in 1985 . The company ceased trading operations in 1997 , but considered resuming UK trading in 2014 . </P> <H3> North America ( edit ) </H3> Canada ( edit ) A 7 - Eleven store with gas station in Woodstock , Ontario , Canada <P> The first 7 - Eleven store to open in Canada was in Calgary , Alberta , on June 29 , 1969 . There are 640 7 - Eleven stores in Canada as of 2017 . Winnipeg , Manitoba , has the world 's largest number of Slurpee consumers , with an estimated 1,500,000 Slurpees sold since the first 7 - Eleven opened on March 21 , 1970 . All 7 - Eleven locations in Canada are corporate operated . Like its U.S. counterparts every July 11 the stores offer free Slurpees on `` 7 - Eleven Day '' . </P> <P> A limited number of 7 - Eleven locations feature gas stations from Shell Canada , Petro - Canada , or Esso . In November 2005 , 7 - Eleven started offering the Speak Out Wireless cellphone service in Canada . 7 - Eleven locations also featured CIBC ATMs -- in June 2012 , these machines were replaced with ATMs operated by Scotiabank. 7 - Eleven abandoned the Ottawa , Ontario , market in December 2009 after selling its six outlets to Quickie Convenience Stores , a regional chain . Following concerns over the fate of Speak Out Wireless customers , Quickie offered to assume existing SpeakOut customers and phones into its Good2Go cellphone program . 7 - Eleven is similarly absent from the Quebec market due to its saturation by chains like Alimentation Couche - Tard and Boni - soir , and by independent dépanneurs . </P> <P> In March 2016 , 7 - Eleven acquired 148 Imperial Oil - owned Esso gas stations in Alberta and British Columbia for C $2.8 billion . Their convenience stores were converted to 7 - Eleven stores , and they remain supplied by Esso . </P> Mexico ( edit ) <P> In Mexico , the first 7 - Eleven store opened in 1971 in Monterrey in association with Grupo Chapa ( now Iconn ) and 7 - Eleven , Inc. under the name Super 7 . In 1995 , Super 7 was renamed to 7 - Eleven , which now has 1,835 stores in several areas of the country . When stores are located within classically designed buildings ( such as in Centro Histórico buildings ) or important landmarks , the storefront logo is displayed in monochrome with gold or silver lettering . The main competitors in Mexico are OXXO ( Femsa ) , Super City ( Soriana ) , and Farmacias Guadalajara , among others . </P> United States ( edit ) A 7 - Eleven store cobranded with Gulf Oil for gasoline sales in Ellwood City , Pennsylvania , U.S. <P> Supermarket News ranked 7 - Eleven 's North American operations No. 11 in the 2007 `` Top 75 North American Food Retailers , '' based on the 2006 fiscal year estimated sales of US $15.0 billion . Based on the 2005 revenue , 7 - Eleven is the 24th largest retailer in the United States . As of 2013 , 8,144 7 - Eleven franchised units exist across the United States . Franchise fees range between US $10,000 -- $1,000,000 and the ongoing royalty rate varies . 7 - Eleven America has its headquarters in the Cypress Waters development in Irving , Texas . Small - size Slurpees are free on `` 7 - Eleven Day '' , on July 11 . </P> <P> 7 - Eleven Stores of Oklahoma have operated independently since 1953 under an agreement with William Brown . It is now led by his son , James Brown . As part of this franchise agreement , 7 - Elevens in Oklahoma bear slight differences to stores elsewhere : for instance , products such as Big Bite hot dogs are not sold there , the Slurpee is branded as the `` Icy Drink '' , and Oklahoma stores operate their own loyalty program called `` Thx ! '' , which does not intersect with the national 7Rewards system . There are currently 8,421 stores in the country . </P> Fuel ( edit ) <P> In the U.S. , many 7 - Eleven locations used to have filling stations with gasoline distributed by Citgo , which in 1983 was purchased by Southland Corporation . 50 % of Citgo was sold in 1986 to Petróleos de Venezuela , S.A. , and the remaining 50 % was acquired in 1990 . Although Citgo was the predominant partner of 7 - Eleven , other oil companies are also co-branded with 7 - Eleven , including Fina , Exxon , Gulf , Marathon , BP , Shell , Chevron ( some former TETCO convenience stores were co-branded with Chevron , and Texaco prior to the 7 - Eleven purchase in late 2012 ) , and Pennzoil . Conoco is the largest 7 - Eleven licensee in North America . </P> <P> 7 - Eleven signed an agreement with ExxonMobil in December 2010 for the acquisition of 183 sites in Florida . This was followed by the acquisition of 51 ExxonMobil sites in North Texas in August 2011 . </P> <H3> Oceania ( edit ) </H3> 7 - Eleven in Melbourne , Australia in 2018 Australia ( edit ) <P> The first 7 - Eleven in Australia opened on August 24 , 1977 , in the Melbourne suburb of Oakleigh . The majority of stores are located in metropolitan areas , particularly in central business district areas . Stores in suburban areas often operate as petrol stations and most are owned and operated as franchises , with a central administration . 7 - Eleven bought Mobil 's remaining Australian petrol stations in 2010 , converting them to 7 - Eleven outlets , resulting in an immediate and unprecedented overnight major expansion of the brand . In South Australia all Mobil petrol stations were sold to Peregrine Corporation and branded as On the Run petrol stations . </P> <P> 7 - Eleven stores in Australia sell a wide range of items , including daily newspapers , drinks , confectionery , and snack foods . They sell gift cards , including three types of pre-paid Visa cards . The chain has partnered with BankWest , placing a BankWest ATM in each of their stores nationwide . Each year on November 7 , 7 - Eleven promotes `` 7 - Eleven Day '' by giving away a free Slurpee to customers . </P> <P> In April 2014 , 7 - Eleven announced plans to start operating stores in Western Australia , with 11 stores planned to operate within the first year and a total of 75 stores established within five years . The first store was opened on October 30 , 2014 in the city of Fremantle . The country has 675 stores as of January 2018 . </P> Wage theft ( edit ) <P> In August 2015 , Fairfax Media and the ABC 's Four Corners programme reported on the employment practices of certain 7 - Eleven franchisees in Australia . The investigation found that many 7 - Eleven employees were being underpaid at rates of around A $ 10 to A $14 per hour before tax , well under the legally - required minimum award rate of A $24.69 per hour . </P> <P> Franchisees underpaying their staff would typically maintain rosters and pay records that would appear to show the employee being paid the legally - required rate , however these records would in fact only include half of the hours the employee actually worked in a week . Employees would then be paid on the basis of these records , resulting in them effectively being paid half the legally - required rate . </P> <P> It was also reported that workers were often not paid loadings and penalty rates that they are legally entitled to , for working overtime hours , nights , weekends , and public holidays . </P> <P> After these reports came to light and received widespread attention , some employees had alleged to Fairfax Media that they had begun to be paid correctly through the 7 - Eleven payroll system , however would then be asked by the franchisee to pay back half their wages in cash . 7 - Eleven subsequently announced they would fund an inquiry to investigate instances of wage fraud . The inquiry is to be conducted by an independent panel chaired by former Australian Competition and Consumer Commission chairman Allan Fels , and with the support of professional services firm Deloitte . The inquiry invited submissions from current and former 7 - Eleven employees who allege they have been underpaid , and assess each individual claim . </P> <P> In September 2015 , chairman Russ Withers and chief executive Warren Wilmon announced they would resign from the company . Deputy chairman Michael Smith replaced Withers , while Bob Baily was appointed as interim chief executive . </P> <P> The Four Corners investigation into 7 - Eleven won a Walkley Award in 2015 . In December 2015 , Stewart Levitt of law firm Levitt Robinson Solicitors , who featured prominently in the Four Corners program , announced a potential class action lawsuit against 7 - Eleven head office on behalf of franchisees who had allegedly been lured into signing on with 7 - Eleven by false representations . </P> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Companies portal </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> List of convenience stores </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 7 - Eleven around the world '' . Seven - Eleven Japan Co. Ltd. 2018 . Retrieved August 16 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Corporate Profile '' . SEVEN - ELEVEN JAPAN CO. , LTD . Retrieved 16 August 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Plunkett , Jack W. ( December 2008 ) . Plunkett 's Retail Industry Almanac 2009 . Plunkett Research , Ltd . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` '' History - 7 - Eleven Corporate `` '' . 7 - Eleven , Inc . Archived from the original on March 17 , 2017 . Retrieved April 18 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 7 - Eleven Corporate '' . corp.7-eleven.com. 7 - Eleven Corporate . Retrieved February 10 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Smith , Andrew F. ( May 2007 ) . The Oxford Companion to American Food and Drink . Oxford University Press . p. 146 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 7 - Eleven , Inc . History '' Retrieved July 20 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Press , Hoover 's Business ( 2010 ) . Hoover 's Handbook of Private Companies . Hoover 's Business Press . p. 209 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Open Around the Clock - 7 - Eleven Corporate '' . 7 - Eleven , Inc . Archived from the original on April 18 , 2017 . Retrieved April 18 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` G. Allen Penniman '' . geni.com . Retrieved October 12 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Edgar Erwin Penniman '' . Pensacola News Journal . May 2 , 2015 . Retrieved October 12 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Sims , Calvin ( July 6 , 1987 ) . `` 7 - Eleven Owner in $5 Billion to Sell Company '' . New York Times . Retrieved August 4 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Company News ; Southland Holders Approve Buyout '' . New York TImes . Associated Press . December 9 , 1987 . Retrieved August 3 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Frank , Peter H. ( November 11 , 1987 ) . `` Southland Buyout Hits Snag '' . The New York Times . Retrieved August 3 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Wayne , Leslie ( January 4 , 1988 ) . `` Takeovers Revert to the Old Mode '' . The New York Times . Retrieved August 3 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Company News : Southland to Sell Chief Auto Unit '' . New York Times . Reuters . December 25 , 1987 . Retrieved August 4 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Company News : Southland Sells Reddy Ice Unit '' . New York Times . Associated Press . March 5 , 1988 . Retrieved August 4 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Company News : Circle K Will Acquire 473 7 - Eleven Stores '' . New York Times . Associated Press . March 1 , 1988 . Retrieved August 4 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Silverstein , Stuart ( October 25 , 1990 ) . `` 7 - Eleven Parent Files ' Prepackaged ' Bankruptcy : Retailing : Southland Corp. hopes to expedite the sale of the convenience store chain to its longtime affiliate in Japan '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved August 4 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Japanese Firms Pull Southland Corp . From Chapter 11 : Bankruptcy : The two companies pumped $430 million into the parent company of the 7 - Eleven chain for 70 % of its stock '' . Los Angeles Times . March 6 , 1991 . Retrieved August 4 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Southland is changing its name to 7 - Eleven '' . Los Angeles Times . March 10 , 1999 . Retrieved August 4 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Slurpee ® drinks '' . Slurpee ® drinks . December 1 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Former 7 - Eleven CEO Thompson dies . ( Top of the News ). ( John Thompson ) ( Obituary ) National Petroleum News Find Articles at BNET.com Archived January 3 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` At 7 - Eleven , the Big Gulps Elude a Ban by the City '' , by Aaron Edwards , The New York Times , June 6 , 2012 ( consulted November 17 , 2015 ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Tall , Cold Tale of the Big Gulp Thanks to 7 - Eleven , large will never be the same '' , by Robert Klara , Adweek , February 16 , 2015 ( consulted November 17 , 2015 ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` CSPNET on 7 - Select '' . June 25 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 7 - Select Products '' . Archived from the original on December 8 , 2015 . Retrieved December 1 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Smith , K. Annabelle ( May 30 , 2013 ) . `` We Have Texas to Thank for the Biggest Big Gulp '' . Retrieved October 19 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Bloomberg on ' Big Gulp ' law : Not banning anything , just portion control '' . cbsnews.com . CBS News . March 10 , 2013 . Retrieved October 19 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Abad - Santos , Alexander . `` 7 - Eleven Downsizes ' Double Gulp ' To Just 156 % of Your Stomach 's Capacity '' . The Atlantic . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 21 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Nip , Amy ; Chong , Dennis ( 30 April 2012 ) . `` 7 - Eleven owners say wage rise has made them losers '' . South China Morning Post . p. 1 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Cheng , Albert ( 4 April 2002 ) . `` Let other cards share in Octopus ' success '' . South China Morning Post . p. 14 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Rent Payment Methods '' . Hong Kong Housing Authority . Retrieved 11 December 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Hunt , Christopher ( 27 May 1987 ) . `` Expansion round the clock '' . South China Morning Post . p. 31 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 24 - hour shop opens soon '' . South China Morning Post . 1 April 1981 . p. 1 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Now it 's 24 - hour shopping '' . South China Morning Post . 4 April 1981 . p. 12 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Plan for 450 more 7 - Elevens '' . South China Morning Post . 7 October 1983 . p. 29 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Food chain opens 200th HK store '' . South China Morning Post . 8 May 1987 . p. 5 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Jardines in deal to sell 7 - Elevens to Dairy Farm '' . South China Morning Post . 15 February 1989 . p. 49 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Au - yeung , Karvin ; Lai , Eric ( 22 June 1999 ) . `` Octopus may spread tentacles to 7 - Elevens '' . South China Morning Post . p. 1 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Yu , Kai Peter ( 8 July 1999 ) . `` Octopus , photos in 7 - Eleven services '' . South China Morning Post . p. 3 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Li , Sandy ( 17 September 2004 ) . `` SCMP shares rally ; on asset disposal '' . South China Morning Post . p. 3 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Li , Sandy ( 1 March 2005 ) . `` Dairy Farm expands despite soaring rents '' . South China Morning Post . p. 4 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Tsang , Denise ( 7 September 2009 ) . `` 7 - Eleven cafe fires first shot in fish ball war '' . South China Morning Post . p. 1 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 7 - Eleven , Inc . Partners with PT . Modern Putra Indonesia in Master Franchise for 7 ‐ Eleven Stores in Indonesia '' . 7 - Eleven , Inc . April 6 , 2009 . Archived from the original on September 9 , 2010 . Retrieved July 11 , 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Charoen Pokphand Akusisi Bisnis 7 - Eleven di Indonesia '' . CNN Indonesia . Retrieved May 1 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Akuisisi Batal , Gerai 7 - Eleven Resmi Ditutup pada 30 Juni '' . Okezone.com . June 23 , 2017 . Retrieved June 23 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ 7 -- 11 around the world ( company corporate information ) , JP : SEJ , June 30 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Number of Stores in each administrative division ( company corporate information ) , JP : SEJ , July 31 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Solar Convenience Stores '' , Tokyo Weekender , May 9 , 2012 , retrieved September 26 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ 关 晓 萌. `` 7 - Eleven to open 300 stores in Chongqing '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Company Overview of 7 - Eleven Malaysia Sdn Bhd '' . Bloomberg Businessweek . Retrieved January 25 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 7 - Eleven buka cawangan ke 2,000 '' . Retrieved October 29 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Tan , Christopher ( October 2 , 2017 ) . `` Shell to end partnership with 7 - Eleven chain '' . The Straits Times . Retrieved October 5 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Han Cheung ( 4 February 2018 ) . `` Taiwan in Time : The fledgling days of 7 - Eleven in Taiwan '' . Taipei Times . Retrieved 4 February 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Maranda Hsu , Lilian Wu ( July 11 , 2014 ) . `` Taiwan 's 5,000 th 7 - Eleven convenience store opens for business '' . Focus Taiwan News Channel . Retrieved October 29 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Everington , Keoni ( 30 January 2018 ) . `` 7 - Eleven Taiwan opens first unmanned ' X-Store ' '' . Taiwan News . Retrieved 5 February 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Jitpleecheep , Pitsinee ( 2018 - 01 - 31 ) . `` 7 - Eleven poised to top 11,000 stores in 2018 '' . Bangkok Post . Retrieved 4 June 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kyozuka , Tamaki ( 15 November 2016 ) . `` FamilyMart to double stores in Thailand , take on 7 - Eleven '' . Nikkei Asian Review . Retrieved 4 June 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ About 7 - Eleven , 7 - Eleven . Retrieved March 25 , 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Milliyet , September 12 , 1989 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Milliyet , August 24 , 1993 </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Sahoo , Sananda ( June 17 , 2014 ) . `` 7 - Eleven to open in Dubai next year , first in Middle East '' . The National . Retrieved June 19 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Armental , Maria ( June 16 , 2014 ) . `` 7 - Eleven to Open Store in Dubai '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved June 19 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Kim , Chang - Ran ; Shimizu , Ritsuko ( June 17 , 2014 ) . `` Seven & I to open 7 - Eleven in Dubai next year , first in Middle East '' . Reuters . Retrieved June 19 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Retro rebrand for 7 - Eleven '' . Inside Retail . January 28 , 2013 . Retrieved January 28 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Franchise Europe Top 500 : 7 - Eleven -- FranchiseDirect.co.uk '' . Retrieved April 13 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ O'Mahony , Paul ( 27 August 2007 ) . `` Shell and 7 - Eleven strike store deal '' . The Local . Retrieved 5 January 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` US / UK : 7 - Eleven plays down UK re-entry talk '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 7 - Eleven considers UK convenience market entry '' . TheGrocer.co.uk . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 7 - Eleven -- International Licensing '' . Corp.7-eleven.com . January 1 , 2010 . Archived from the original on August 6 , 2010 . Retrieved August 8 , 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Fun Facts - 7 - Eleven Corporate '' . corp.7-eleven.com . Retrieved January 27 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 7 - Eleven -- A Strong Brand '' . Franchise.7-eleven.com . Archived from the original on November 14 , 2010 . Retrieved August 8 , 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` International News : 7 - Eleven Exits Ottawa with Sale to Quickie C - stores '' . Convenience Store News . October 30 , 2009 . Retrieved April 9 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Attention ... Speak Out Customers are Good 2 Go ... '' Quickie . Retrieved December 12 , 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Esso stations to sprout 7 - Eleven stores thanks to $2.8 - billion gas bar megadeal '' . Calgary Herald . 2016 - 03 - 09 . Retrieved 2018 - 08 - 06 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ 2007 Top 75 North American Food Retailers , Supermarket News . Retrieved February 24 , 2007 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Top 100 Retailers : The Nation 's Retail Power Players ( PDF ) Archived August 8 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine. , Stores , July 2006 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 7 - Eleven Inc '' . Entrepreneur . Entrepreneur Media , Inc. 2013 . Retrieved November 10 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 7 - Eleven , Inc . Announces Aggressive Growth Plans Throughout SoCal Archived July 8 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine ... '' 7 - Eleven . Retrieved on November 15 , 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 7 - Eleven 's new Irving corporate headquarters campus gets $41.5 M loan - Dallas Business Journal '' . Retrieved July 3 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 7 - Eleven Stores of Oklahoma '' . CSP Daily News . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Energy Industry Almanac 2007 : Energy Industry Market Research , Statistics , Trends & Leading Companies . Plunket Research , Ltd. 2006 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 7 - Eleven Buys 183 ExxonMobil Locations in Florida '' . Convenience Store Decisions . Harbor Communications . December 9 , 2010 . Retrieved June 7 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 7 - Eleven ® Signs Agreement with ExxonMobil To Acquire 51 North Texas Locations Retailer Continues Accelerated Store Growth '' . 7 - Eleven News Room . 7 - Eleven , Inc . August 16 , 2011 . Archived from the original on November 10 , 2013 . Retrieved November 10 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Mobil name goes back on 7 - Eleven stations '' . Sydney Morning Herald . Fairfax Media . January 31 , 2014 . Retrieved September 6 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 7 - Eleven Acquires Mobil Retail Fuels Business '' . Retrieved October 29 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Slurpee News : HAPPY 7 - ELEVEN DAY ! '' . Archived from the original on January 30 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` First 7 - Eleven in WA to open in October '' . 7 - Eleven. 7 - Eleven Stores Pty. Ltd . September 10 , 2014 . Retrieved January 16 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 7 - Eleven opens first WA store '' . Franchise Business . Franchise Business . October 31 , 2014 . Retrieved January 16 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Ferguson , Adele ; Danckert , Sarah ; Klaus , Toft ( August 29 , 2015 ) . `` 7 - Eleven : Investigation exposes shocking exploitation of convenience store workers '' . Sydney Morning Herald . Retrieved October 2 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 7 - Eleven -- A sweatshop on every corner '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Ferguson , Adele ( September 8 , 2015 ) . `` 7 - Eleven : Workers caught in cashback scam '' . Sydney Morning Herald . Retrieved October 2 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Ferguson , Adele ; Danckert , Sarah . `` 7 - Eleven : Allan Fels to lead wage scandal inquiry '' . Sydney Morning Herald . Retrieved October 2 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Fels to Chair 7 - Eleven Independent Panel '' . 7 - Eleven Media Centre . 7 - Eleven Australia . Retrieved October 2 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Roddan , Michael ( September 30 , 2015 ) . `` 7 - Eleven chairman Russ Withers quits , chief executive resigns '' . The Australian . News Corp Australia . Retrieved October 2 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Age journalists recognised at Walkley awards '' . The Age . December 3 , 2015 . Retrieved August 30 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 7 - Eleven Class Action Looms for Disaffected Franchisees '' . December 7 , 2015 . Retrieved August 30 , 2016 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wikimedia Commons has media related to 7 - Eleven . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wikiquote has quotations related to : 7 - Eleven </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ul> <Li> Official website </Li> <Li> 7 - Eleven global sites index </Li> <Li> 7 - Eleven at the Wayback Machine ( archived January 29 , 1998 ) </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Convenience stores </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Major convenience stores in Africa </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Eastern Africa </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> National Oil </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Northern Africa </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Mini-Brahim </Li> <Li> On the Run </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Southern Africa </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Sasol </Li> <Li> Spar </Li> <Li> Spar Express </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Major convenience stores in Asia </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> East </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 759 Store </Li> <Li> 7 - Eleven </Li> <Li> Circle K </Li> <Li> CU </Li> <Li> Daily Yamazaki </Li> <Li> FamilyMart </Li> <Li> GS25 </Li> <Li> Hi - Life </Li> <Li> Lawson </Li> <Li> Ministop </Li> <Li> OK Mart </Li> <Li> ParknShop </Li> <Li> Poplar </Li> <Li> Spar </Li> <Li> Storyway </Li> <Li> VanGO </Li> <Li> emart 24 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Southeast </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 108 Shop </Li> <Li> 7 - Eleven </Li> <Li> All Day </Li> <Li> Alfamart </Li> <Li> B 's mart </Li> <Li> Bright </Li> <Li> Choices </Li> <Li> Co. op Food </Li> <Li> Cheers </Li> <Li> Circle K </Li> <Li> FairPrice Xpress </Li> <Li> Fresh Mart </Li> <Li> Jiffy </Li> <Li> Lawson </Li> <Li> Lawson 108 </Li> <Li> FamilyMart </Li> <Li> Indomaret </Li> <Li> Mini Big C </Li> <Li> Ministop </Li> <Li> Mesra </Li> <Li> Shell Select </Li> <Li> Shop&Go </Li> <Li> Star Mart </Li> <Li> Tesco Lotus Express </Li> <Li> Tops Daily </Li> <Li> VanGO </Li> <Li> VinMart </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> South </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Spar </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> West </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Circle K </Li> <Li> Spar </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Former </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> ampm </Li> <Li> Buy the Way </Li> <Li> BP Connect </Li> <Li> Circle K Sunkus </Li> <Li> Daily Stop </Li> <Li> On the Run </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Major convenience stores in Europe </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Northern </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 7 - 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Eleven </Li> <Li> Circle K </Li> <Li> CST </Li> <Li> Couche - Tard </Li> <Li> Irving </Li> <Li> Mac 's </Li> <Li> Needs </Li> <Li> On the Run </Li> <Li> Pioneer </Li> <Li> Provi - Soir </Li> <Li> Quickie </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Honduras </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Circle K </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Mexico </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 7 - Eleven </Li> <Li> Circle K </Li> <Li> OXXO </Li> <Li> Super City </Li> <Li> Tiendas </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> United States </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 7 - Eleven </Li> <Li> A-Plus </Li> <Li> ABC </Li> <Li> Alimentation Couche - Tard <Ul> <Li> Circle K </Li> <Li> CST </Li> <Li> Holiday </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Allsup 's </Li> <Li> ampm </Li> <Li> Andeavor <Ul> <Li> Giant </Li> <Li> SuperAmerica </Li> <Li> USA Gasoline </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Buc - ee 's </Li> <Li> Byrne Dairy </Li> <Li> Casey 's </Li> <Li> Cenex </Li> <Li> Chevron </Li> <Li> Convenient </Li> <Li> Cumberland Farms </Li> <Li> Dairy Barn </Li> <Li> Dari Mart </Li> <Li> Exxon </Li> <Li> Gate Petroleum </Li> <Li> GetGo </Li> <Li> Global </Li> <Li> GPM Investments <Ul> <Li> Village Pantry </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Go - 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Food Mart </Li> <Li> Jr . 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By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> | [
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List of Thomas & Friends Railway engines - wikipedia <H1> List of Thomas & Friends Railway engines </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <P> </P> This article is about standard engines . For the narrow - gauge engines , see List of Thomas & Friends narrow gauge engines . <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> ( hide ) This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This article may contain an excessive amount of intricate detail that may only interest a specific audience . Please help by spinning off or relocating any relevant information , and removing excessive detail that may be against Wikipedia 's inclusion policy . ( February 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2009 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This article relies too much on references to primary sources . Please improve this by adding secondary or tertiary sources . ( July 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> This article lists the standard - gauge railway engines and other standard - gauge characters of the television series Thomas & Friends , as well as from The Railway Series . These are the characters that run on the North Western Railway . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Major characters ( The Steam Team ) <Ul> <Li> 1.1 Thomas </Li> <Li> 1.2 Edward </Li> <Li> 1.3 Henry </Li> <Li> 1.4 Gordon </Li> <Li> 1.5 James </Li> <Li> 1.6 Percy </Li> <Li> 1.7 Toby </Li> <Li> 1.8 Emily </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2 Recurring characters ( steam engines ) <Ul> <Li> 2.1 Duck </Li> <Li> 2.2 Donald and Douglas </Li> <Li> 2.3 Oliver </Li> <Li> 2.4 Bill and Ben </Li> <Li> 2.5 Harvey </Li> <Li> 2.6 Fergus </Li> <Li> 2.7 Arthur </Li> <Li> 2.8 Murdoch </Li> <Li> 2.9 Molly </Li> <Li> 2.10 Neville </Li> <Li> 2.11 Rosie </Li> <Li> 2.12 Whiff </Li> <Li> 2.13 Stanley </Li> <Li> 2.14 Hiro </Li> <Li> 2.15 Charlie </Li> <Li> 2.16 Bash and Dash </Li> <Li> 2.17 Ferdinand </Li> <Li> 2.18 Scruff </Li> <Li> 2.19 Belle </Li> <Li> 2.20 Stephen </Li> <Li> 2.21 Porter </Li> <Li> 2.22 Timothy </Li> <Li> 2.23 Glynn </Li> <Li> 2.24 Ryan </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 Recurring characters ( diesel engines ) <Ul> <Li> 3.1 Diesel </Li> <Li> 3.2 Daisy </Li> <Li> 3.3 BoCo </Li> <Li> 3.4 Mavis </Li> <Li> 3.5 ' Arry and Bert </Li> <Li> 3.6 Diesel 10 </Li> <Li> 3.7 Salty </Li> <Li> 3.8 Den </Li> <Li> 3.9 Dart </Li> <Li> 3.10 Norman </Li> <Li> 3.11 Paxton </Li> <Li> 3.12 Sidney </Li> <Li> 3.13 Philip </Li> <Li> 3.14 Hugo </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 Recurring characters ( electric engines ) <Ul> <Li> 4.1 Stafford </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 5 Minor characters ( steam engines ) <Ul> <Li> 5.1 Billy </Li> <Li> 5.2 Hank </Li> <Li> 5.3 Flora </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 6 Minor characters ( diesel engines ) <Ul> <Li> 6.1 Derek </Li> <Li> 6.2 Dennis </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 7 Other standard - gauge characters <Ul> <Li> 7.1 Flynn </Li> <Li> 7.2 Winston </Li> <Li> 7.3 Marion </Li> <Li> 7.4 Reg </Li> <Li> 7.5 Skiff </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 8 Recurring visiting engines <Ul> <Li> 8.1 Stepney </Li> <Li> 8.2 Spencer </Li> <Li> 8.3 Connor </Li> <Li> 8.4 Caitlin </Li> <Li> 8.5 Gator </Li> <Li> 8.6 Samson </Li> <Li> 8.7 Flying Scotsman </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 9 Minor visiting engines <Ul> <Li> 9.1 Famous visitors </Li> <Li> 9.2 The Diesel ( D261 ) ( BR Class 40 Green ) </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 10 Special - only characters <Ul> <Li> 10.1 Lady </Li> <Li> 10.2 Merlin </Li> <Li> 10.3 Theo </Li> <Li> 10.4 Lexi </Li> <Li> 10.5 Hurricane </Li> <Li> 10.6 Frankie </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 11 Merchandise - exclusive characters <Ul> <Li> 11.1 Logan </Li> <Li> 11.2 Sam </Li> <Li> 11.3 Dustin </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 12 See also </Li> <Li> 13 References </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Major characters ( the steam team ) ( edit ) </H2> <P> The `` Steam Team '' is introduced in season 8 . It is the name given to the group of core characters on The Fat Controller 's ( Sir Topham Hatt 's ) railway as featured in the later seasons : Thomas , Edward , Henry , Gordon , James , Percy , Toby and Emily . There is no such corresponding group in The Railway Series books although a similar group ( adding Duck but not including Emily ) appears in the book The Eight Famous Engines . </P> <H3> Thomas ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Thomas the Tank Engine <P> Thomas first appeared in The Railway Series by the Rev. W. Awdry . He is a blue LB&SCR E2 Class 0 - 6 - 0 tank engine . </P> <P> Thomas 's character changes from time to time , from cheeky to wise . He is portrayed as proud to run his own branch line and fond of the coaches , Annie and Clarabel . He has the number 1 painted on both his side tanks . </P> <P> Voice actors </P> <Ul> <Li> Edward Glen ( Thomas and the Magic Railroad ) </Li> <Li> John Bellis ( Thomas and the Magic Railroad ; original work - prints only ) </Li> <Li> Ben Small ( UK , Hero of the Rails -- series 18 ) </Li> <Li> John Hasler ( UK , `` The Adventure Begins '' onwards ) </Li> <Li> Martin Sherman ( US , `` Hero of the Rails '' -- series 18 ) </Li> <Li> Joseph May ( US , `` The Adventure Begins '' onwards ) </Li> <Li> Kerry Shale ( UK ; Hero of the Rails ; orginal cut only ) </Li> <Li> Keiko Toda ( Japan , series 1 -- 8 ) </Li> <Li> Kumiko Higa ( Japan , `` Calling All Engines ! '' onwards ) </Li> </Ul> <H3> Edward ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Edward the Blue Engine <P> Edward is the first character to appear in The Railway Series by the Rev. W. Awdry . Edward is the oldest engine on The Fat Controller 's Railway and is part of the central group of characters in the television series . He is a blue 4 - 4 - 0 tender engine with red stripes and the number 2 on his tender . </P> <P> Edward is presented as kind , sensible and wise , with other engines indebted to his knowledge and skills . </P> <P> Voice actors </P> <Ul> <Li> Keith Wickham ( UK , `` Hero of the Rails '' onwards ) </Li> <Li> William Hope ( US , `` Hero of the Rails '' onwards ) </Li> <Li> Yasuhiro Takato ( Japan , series 1 -- 8 ) </Li> <Li> Nozomu Sasaki ( Japan , `` Calling All Engines ! '' onwards ) </Li> </Ul> <H3> Henry ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Henry the Green Engine <P> Henry is one of the first engines to appear in The Railway Series books . He is engine number 3 on the railway and is painted green with red stripes . In season 1 , Henry looks much like Gordon and often suffered from boiler trouble due to design flaws and so he needs special Welsh coal to operate properly . He then has an accident when pulling The Flying Kipper caused by ice and snow , after which he undergoes extensive reconstruction , giving him a new shape . Henry often takes goods trains or the express when Gordon is away . </P> <P> Henry 's character can be difficult to pinpoint , but he is very intelligent . Henry has had a more consistent character trait added , being portrayed as having an admiration for nature , particularly trees . Henry also works at night , taking loads of fish on the Flying Kipper throughout Sodor . He can also be a bit of a worrier . </P> <P> Voice actors </P> <Ul> <Li> Kevin Frank ( Thomas and the Magic Railroad ) </Li> <Li> Keith Wickham ( UK , `` Hero of the Rails '' onwards ) </Li> <Li> Kerry Shale ( US , `` Hero of the Rails '' onwards ) </Li> <Li> Ryō Horikawa ( Japan , series 1 -- 8 ) </Li> <Li> Kenji Utsumi ( Japan , `` James and the Trouble with Trees '' ( first half ) ) </Li> <Li> Junichi Kanemaru ( Japan , `` Calling All Engines ! '' onwards ) </Li> <Li> Kenta Miyake ( Japan , `` Edward the Hero '' only ) </Li> <Li> Nozomu Sasaki ( Japan , `` Day of the Diesels '' only ) </Li> </Ul> <H3> Gordon ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Gordon the Big Engine <P> Gordon is the second engine to appear in The Railway Series . He is locomotive number 4 , a 4 - 6 - 2 tender engine , painted blue with red stripes . </P> <P> Gordon is one of the strongest engines on the Fat Controller 's Railway and always views himself as the most important engine , mostly because of his size and strength , and that his main task is to pull the Express . At times , this leads to him feeling superior . However , he usually learns his lesson , realizing that all engines have their place in the team . Since Gordon has a big coalbox , he has more than 5 refills daily , which makes other engines grumble . </P> <P> Voice actors </P> <Ul> <Li> Neil Crone ( Thomas and the Magic Railroad ) </Li> <Li> Keith Wickham ( UK ; `` Hero of the Rails '' onwards ) </Li> <Li> Kerry Shale ( US ; `` Hero of the Rails '' onwards ) </Li> <Li> Kenji Utsumi ( Japan ; series 1 -- 8 ) </Li> <Li> Kenta Miyake ( Japan ; `` Calling All Engines ! '' onwards ) </Li> </Ul> <H3> James ( edit ) </H3> Main article : James the Red Engine <P> James is a tender engine , numbered 5 and coloured red with black and gold stripes and gold dome ( black with red stripes in The Adventure Begins ) . He is a 2 - 6 - 0 mixed - traffic engine , which means he can pull coaches and trucks equally well . </P> <P> While James is one of `` the big engines '' ( a trio with Gordon and Henry ) , he is certainly the most junior member of this clique , often resulting in him getting `` too big for his boots '' . He often brags about his red paint , as though this makes him superior to other engines , a notion which is usually dispelled quickly enough . </P> <P> Voice actors </P> <Ul> <Li> Susan Roman ( Thomas and the Magic Railroad ) </Li> <Li> Michael Angelis ( Thomas and the Magic Railroad ; original work - prints only ) </Li> <Li> Keith Wickham ( UK ; `` Hero of the Rails '' -- series 18 ) </Li> <Li> Kerry Shale ( US , `` Hero of the Rails '' -- series 18 ) </Li> <Li> Rob Rackstraw ( UK / US , `` The Adventure Begins '' onwards ) </Li> <Li> Katsuji Mori ( Japan , series 1 -- 8 ) </Li> <Li> Masashi Ebara ( Japan , `` Calling All Engines ! '' onwards ) </Li> </Ul> <H3> Percy ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Percy the Small Engine <P> Percy is a green 0 - 4 - 0 saddle tank engine with red stripes , with the number 6 . </P> <P> He is the youngest engine of the whole fleet. . He is quite cheeky , often looking to trick or tease other engines , sometimes getting him into trouble . Percy does , however , have utmost respect when it is needed , referring to The Fat Controller as `` Sir '' every few words when addressing him . Although he is considered the smallest in the fleet , Percy proves at times to have the biggest heart and an undying will to learn new things . </P> <P> Voice actors </P> <Ul> <Li> Linda Ballantyne ( Thomas and the Magic Railroad ) </Li> <Li> Michael Angelis ( Thomas and the Magic Railroad ; original work - prints only ) </Li> <Li> Keith Wickham ( UK , `` Hero of the Rails '' -- `` Sodor 's Legend of the Lost Treasure '' ) </Li> <Li> Nigel Pilkington ( UK , series 19 onwards ) </Li> <Li> Martin Sherman ( US , `` Hero of the Rails '' -- series 18 ) </Li> <Li> Christopher Ragland ( US , series 19 onwards ; UK , ( singing voice ) ) </Li> <Li> Chisato Nakajima ( Japan , series 1 -- 8 ) </Li> <Li> Chie Kōjiro ( Japan , `` Calling All Engines ! '' onwards ) </Li> </Ul> <H3> Toby ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Toby the Tram Engine <P> Toby is a tram engine who works on the same branch line as Thomas . He has a cowcatcher , and side plates covering his wheels . His main job is taking stone wagons to and from the quarry with his coach Henrietta , but he also helps with other jobs . He is painted brown with grey sideplates , and is engine number 7 . </P> <P> Toby is old and wise , and is always willing to share his experience and knowledge with other engines . He is careful in everything he does , which means he very rarely has any accidents . </P> <P> Voice actors </P> <Ul> <Li> Colm Feore ( Thomas and the Magic Railroad ) </Li> <Li> Ben Small ( UK , `` Hero of the Rails '' -- series 18 ) </Li> <Li> Rob Rackstraw ( UK , series 19 onwards ) </Li> <Li> William Hope ( US , `` Hero of the Rails '' onwards ) </Li> <Li> Yasuhiko Kawazu ( Japan , series 1 -- 8 ) </Li> <Li> Tomohiro Tsuboi ( Japan , series 9 onwards ) </Li> </Ul> <H3> Emily ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Emily ( Thomas & Friends ) <P> Emily is a `` Stirling Single '' engine . She is painted dark green with gold stripes . She speaks with a Scottish accent . </P> <P> As the most recent addition to the fleet , Emily has to learn many things on Sodor . She causes Thomas to be upset when she accidentally `` steals '' Annie and Clarabel upon her arrival , but after saving Oliver from an accident , she is rewarded with a pair of coaches of her own . She acts as a sisterly figure to the other engines , and though she can be quite bossy at times like the other `` big engines '' , she is much nicer than she lets on . </P> <P> Voice actors </P> <Ul> <Li> Teresa Gallagher ( UK , `` Hero of the Rails '' onwards ) </Li> <Li> Jules de Jongh ( US , `` Hero of the Rails '' onwards ; UK , ( singing voice ) ) </Li> <Li> Yuka Shioyama ( Japan ; series 7 -- 8 ) </Li> <Li> Erina Yamazaki ( Japan ; `` Calling All Engines ! '' onwards ) </Li> </Ul> <H2> Recurring characters ( steam engines ) ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Duck ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Duck the Great Western Engine <P> Duck is a strong pannier tank engine in The Railway Series by the Rev. W. Awdry , as well as in the television series . Although his real name is Montague , he is known by the nickname `` Duck '' . He is a green pannier tank engine , with the number 8 , and works efficiently as part of The Fat Controller 's fleet . He runs his own branch line with Oliver , and speaks with a West Country accent . </P> <P> Duck holds great pride in being Great Western , and this results in him having a strong work ethic . This can , however , be a cause for friction with his colleagues , when he insists that his way ( `` the Great Western way '' ) is the only right way to do things , but other engines understand this , and by and large give Duck their full respect . </P> <P> Duck was introduced in season 2 , and has appeared in seasons 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 12 , 17 , 18 , 19 , 20 and 21 . He also appeared in Tale of the Brave , Sodor 's Legend of the Lost Treasure , The Great Race and Journey Beyond Sodor . </P> <P> Voice actors </P> <Ul> <Li> Steven Kynman ( UK / US , series 17 onwards ) </Li> <Li> Kōzō Shioya ( Japan , series 2 -- 7 ) </Li> <Li> Kiyonobu Suzuki ( Japan , series 12 onwards ) </Li> <Li> Shōto Kashii ( Japan , `` Ryan and Daisy '' only ) </Li> </Ul> <H3> Donald and Douglas ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Donald and Douglas <P> Donald and Douglas are twin Scottish 0 - 6 - 0 tender engines featured in both the television series and the Railway Series books . They came together from Scotland and , although The Fat Controller was only expecting one engine , he decided to keep both engines in his fleet , giving them the numbers 9 ( Donald ) and 10 ( Douglas ) respectively , as well as nameplates . They are painted black , and have red name - plates with gold writing . </P> <P> If not for coming to Sodor , Donald and Douglas would surely be scrapped . Because of this , they are grateful to have a home and are somber when it comes to the topic of scrapping . </P> <P> Donald and Douglas were introduced in season 2 , and have also appeared in seasons 3 , 4 , 5 ( in season 5 Donald appeared without Douglas . ) , 6 , 7 , 11 , 12 , 20 and 21 . They also had supporting roles in Sodor 's Legend of the Lost Treasure and The Great Race , They also appeared in Journey Beyond Sodor . </P> <P> Voice actors </P> <P> Donald : </P> <Ul> <Li> Joe Mills ( UK / US ; Sodor 's Legend of the Lost Treasure and The Great Race ) </Li> <Li> Rob Rackstraw ( UK / US ; series 20 onwards ) </Li> <Li> Katsuji Mori ( Japan , series 1 -- 8 ) </Li> <Li> Yūki Satō ( Japan , series 2 -- 7 ) </Li> <Li> Kyousei Tsukui ( Japan , series 11 onwards ) </Li> </Ul> <P> Douglas : </P> <Ul> <Li> Joe Mills ( UK / US ; Sodor 's Legend of the Lost Treasure onwards ) </Li> <Li> Takeshi Endo ( Japan , series 2 -- 7 ) </Li> <Li> Yūki Satō ( Japan , `` Thomas Comes to Breakfast '' and `` Thomas and the Special Letter '' only ) </Li> <Li> Kyousei Tsukui ( Japan , series 11 onwards ) </Li> </Ul> <H3> Oliver ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Oliver the Great Western Engine <P> Oliver is a 0 - 4 - 2 tank locomotive , introduced in season 3 , being saved from scrap by Douglas , along with his brakevan , Toad . </P> <P> On arrival at Sodor , Oliver is restored , painted green , and given the number 11 . He works with Duck on Duck 's branch line , The Little Western . </P> <P> Oliver was introduced in season 3 , and has appeared in seasons 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 12 , 18 , 19 and 20 . He also appeared in Tale of the Brave , Sodor 's Legend of the Lost Treasure , had a minor role in The Great Race and cameoed in Journey Beyond Sodor . </P> <P> Voice actors </P> <Ul> <Li> Joe Mills ( UK / US , series 18 onwards ) </Li> <Li> Hikaru Midorikawa ( Japan , series 3 -- 7 ) </Li> <Li> Yūta Odagaki ( Japan , series 18 onwards ) </Li> </Ul> <H3> Bill and Ben ( edit ) </H3> For more details on Bill and Ben , see Major characters in The Railway Series § Bill & Ben . <P> Bill and Ben are twin tank engines who work for the Sodor China Clay Company . They are painted amber with red lining , have four black wheels ( later red ) each and have their names attached to their sides on brown nameplates . Apart from their nameplates , they are identical -- which can be confusing to engines who do not know them well . They are smaller than the other engines they work with . They have `` SCC '' ( initials for `` Sodor China Clay '' ) written on both sides and `` Brendam Bay '' on the front above their faces . </P> <P> They are young and cheeky and love playing jokes on the big engines , but are kept in order by Edward and BoCo ( and , since season six , Mavis , Fergus or other engines ) . They work in the china clay quarry and at Brendam Docks , where they are kept busy shunting trucks . The Fat Controller sometimes allows them to carry out special jobs , like taking BoCo 's heavy goods train and running ' Brake Van Specials ' for visitors , who sometimes come to the quarries to see the twins . </P> <P> Bill and Ben are unusually low , allowing them to fit under bridges that taller engines could not . The real examples are both preserved at the Bodmin and Wenford Railway . </P> <P> </P> <P> Bill & Ben were introduced in season 2 and have since appeared in seasons 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 ( in season 12 , Ben appeared without Bill . ) , 17 , 18 , 19 and 21 . Bill and Ben also had supporting roles in The Great Discovery , Tale of the Brave , Sodor 's Legend of the Lost Treasure , a minor role The Great Race and cameoed in Journey Beyond Sodor . </P> <P> Voice actors </P> <P> Bill : </P> <Ul> <Li> Jonathan Broadbent ( UK / US , series 17 onwards ) </Li> <Li> Tomoko Naka ( Japan , series 2 -- 7 ) </Li> <Li> Noriko Shitaya ( Japan , series 9 onwards ) </Li> </Ul> <P> Ben : </P> <Ul> <Li> Jonathan Broadbent ( UK / US , series 17 onwards ) </Li> <Li> Miyuki Hara ( Japan , series 2 -- 3 ) </Li> <Li> Hiromi Nishida ( Japan , series 5 -- 7 ) </Li> <Li> Noriko Shitaya ( Japan , series 9 onwards ) </Li> </Ul> <H3> Harvey ( edit ) </H3> <P> Harvey the crane engine is involved in repair and recovery jobs on The Fat Controller 's railway . His queer - looking crane arm , which bears the number 27 , gained some negative attention from the other engines at first . After clearing an accident and impressing the railway board , Harvey gained the others ' admiration . Harvey quickly became a fixture of the breakdown crew , pulling the railway 's cranes and work coaches . Recently , a large rolling crane called Rocky was brought to Sodor . When a job is too large for Harvey , Rocky can be brought in to do the job quickly . Both now share duties in the breakdown crew . </P> <P> Harvey has been known to stay at Knapford Sheds with Salty and Murdoch . Harvey was hurt when Murdoch snapped at them for being chatty , but he soon came to appreciate their company . </P> <P> Harvey is painted burgundy with gold lining , and has large , square wooden buffers . </P> <P> Harvey was introduced in season 6 , and has appeared in seasons 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 , 17 , 18 , 20 and 21 . He also appeared in Calling All Engines , The Great Discovery and Journey Beyond Sodor . </P> <P> Voice actors </P> <Ul> <Li> Keith Wickham ( UK / US , series 17 onwards ) </Li> <Li> Hikaru Midorikawa ( Japan , series 6 -- 8 ) </Li> <Li> Toshiharu Sakurai ( Japan , series 9 onwards ) </Li> <Li> Kunihiro Kawamoto ( Japan , series 20 only ) </Li> </Ul> <H3> Fergus ( edit ) </H3> <P> Fergus is a royal blue railway traction engine with red wheels . He is known as `` The Pride of the Cement Works , '' for his years of work at the Sodor Cement Works . Fergus is mindful of rules and regulations , and often snaps at others , `` Do it right ! '' </P> <P> Some engines become indignant to his authority . When Fergus was sent to the quarry , he scorned Bill and Ben 's carelessness , and they decided to disobey him deliberately . They accidentally caused a rock slide , and Fergus was buried while forcing them clear . Bill and Ben thankfully worked hard to free him and clean up the mess . Diesel 's apathy for regulations created a mess at the Cement Works . When Fergus tried to correct him , Diesel made up an order from The Fat Controller to work at the smelters in an attempt to get him scrapped . Fergus was so frightened of the smelters that he and his driver ran away . The Fat Controller sent Thomas to find Fergus and sort out the matter , and Fergus was soon back to work at the Cement Works . </P> <P> His flywheel can be hooked up to machinery . Once during a storm , a lighthouse 's generator broke . Salty had been guiding Fergus and his driver down the line , and suggested using Fergus 's flywheel to power the generator until dawn . This act saved a cargo ship from disaster . </P> <P> Fergus has appeared in only three episodes in season 7 . </P> <P> Voice actors </P> <Ul> <Li> Ryōtarō Okiayu ( Japan , series 7 ) </Li> </Ul> <H3> Arthur ( edit ) </H3> <P> Arthur is a maroon tank engine with gold stripes . The Fat Controller brought him to the railway for his spotless record . </P> <P> Arthur had something of a rocky friendship with Thomas from the start . When he arrived on the railway with his record intact , Arthur did not want to be forceful with the trucks like Thomas or Percy . Thomas decided to trick Arthur , telling him The Fat Controller did not want the trucks to sing . The trucks sang all through Arthur 's journey , and he became angry and rough with the trucks , leading to an accident with Duck . Thomas confessed to causing the accident , and he and Arthur decided to mend their friendship . </P> <P> Arthur hoped to have his own branch line when Thomas was assigned to the fishing village run . For taking over Thomas 's train after an accident , The Fat Controller offered Arthur the line for himself . Thomas had to work at the fishing village again , but was determined to get away from the smell of fish quickly . He ignored Arthur 's advice to take five trucks at a time and had an accident , making the job last longer . </P> <P> Arthur is an LMS Ivatt Class 2 2 - 6 - 2T tank engine designed for use on the London Midland & Scottish Railway . He retains the `` LMS '' lettering on his tanks . </P> <P> Arthur first appeared in season 7 , and appeared in seasons 8 , 11 , and 12 . He also appeared in The Great Discovery . </P> <P> Voice actors </P> <Ul> <Li> Yasuhiro Takato ( Japan , series 7 -- 8 ) </Li> <Li> Shin - ichiro Miki ( Japan , series 11 onwards ) </Li> </Ul> <H3> Murdoch ( edit ) </H3> <P> Murdoch is a large and strong orange tender engine who is somewhat shy , and prefers the quiet countryside to the constant noise of industry . </P> <P> When he was brought in to help with goods work , Murdoch was annoyed with all the noise around him and rudely dismissed anyone who tried to talk to him . When he finally reached the country , his quiet was interrupted by a stray flock of sheep . After the noise of that event , he was glad to share a shed with Salty and Harvey . When the engines were decorated for May Day , Murdoch was bashful about appearing dressed up . He is later seen laughing at Emily being with Whiff . When Emily got stuck in mud another time , Murdoch helped pull her out . He also helped shunt Rocky when Thomas and Stanley went recollecting lost stones for the Sodor River Bridge . </P> <P> Murdoch often hauls heavy loads and equipment , like Rocky the crane . </P> <P> Murdoch first appeared in season 7 and has appeared in seasons 8 , 11 and 12 . </P> <P> Voice actors </P> <Ul> <Li> Kōzō Shioya ( Japan , series 7 only ) </Li> <Li> Ryoichi Fukuzawa ( Japan , series 12 onwards ) </Li> </Ul> <H3> Molly ( edit ) </H3> <P> Molly is a yellow engine with four large driving wheels . Molly was sensitive when she arrived to the railway , and disappointed with the job of pulling empty trucks . Thomas tried to make her feel important by decorating the empties and telling the engines she had an important job . This backfired when a tarpaulin flew off , and the trucks were seen empty . Molly learned the importance of her job , however , when the engines at the coal depot needed her empty trucks for their trains . </P> <P> Molly first appeared in season 9 and has appeared in seasons 10 and 11 . She also appeared in The Great Discovery . </P> <P> Voice actors </P> <Ul> <Li> Keiko Nemoto ( Japan ; series 9 onwards ) </Li> </Ul> <H3> Neville ( edit ) </H3> <P> Neville is a black tender engine with an unusually square boiler . When he was new to the line , the steam engines held him in suspicion ( they thought he was a diesel ) . Thomas thought he saw Neville laughing with ' Arry and Bert , but as the story spread , Neville earned the reputation of a troublemaker who wanted to bump into steam engines . Neville did not understand the hostility directed at him , and it was not until he was headed for an accident that the others found out the mistake they had made . Thomas came to Neville 's aid and apologised for the misunderstanding . </P> <P> Neville has appeared in only three episodes of the series , one each in seasons 9 , 11 and 12 . He also appeared in two learning segments , one each in seasons 10 and 12 . </P> <P> Voice actors </P> <Ul> <Li> Yukito Sōma ( Japan , series 9 onwards ) </Li> </Ul> <H3> Rosie ( edit ) </H3> <P> Rosie is a cherry red tank engine , with light raspberry tank panels , light grey lining , gold boiler bands and red wheels , with the letters NWR painted on her side tanks and the number 37 painted beneath her cab windows ( she was formerly colored lavender with light grey side tanks ) . Her face is dotted with freckles . </P> <P> Rosie can be headstrong at times . She had tried to help Thomas when he told her not to , and once tried to take Emily 's train to the funfair , not realizing that her trucks were breaking away . </P> <P> She often works alongside Thomas and has come to idolize him , although he 's annoyed at her attempts to copy him . During a storm he tried to avoid Rosie while travelling to High Farm . Rosie , who followed him closely , came to take the train when Thomas was caught in a landslide , and he appreciated the help . Rosie later came to help Thomas when Hector was being disruptive at the coal depot . Hector 's shouting ran Rosie from the yard , and Thomas angrily forced Hector off the rails in retaliation . Some time after , Rosie rescued Thomas when he had splashed into a puddle and put out his fire . Thomas asked Rosie to take his special for him , and she willingly obliged . </P> <P> Rosie debuted in season 10 and has appeared in every season of the show and in most feature - length specials since , except season 20 and The Adventure Begins . She did n't appear in the latter since it was set before she arrived on Sodor . </P> <P> Voice actors </P> <Ul> <Li> Teresa Gallagher ( UK , seasons 13 -- 16 ) </Li> <Li> Jules de Jongh ( US , seasons 13 -- 16 ) </Li> <Li> Nicola Stapleton ( UK / US , season 21 onwards ) </Li> <Li> Hisayo Mochizuki ( Japan , series 10 onwards ) </Li> </Ul> <H3> Whiff ( edit ) </H3> <P> Whiff is a dark green rubbish - collecting tank engine who wears glasses and has a distinct two - tone whistle . Whiff is rather naive to others ' thoughts about him , his job and his smell , but he is still very friendly . </P> <P> When Whiff was new to the railway , Emily was quickly teased for working with him . She avoided him until the rubbish trucks for which they were responsible blocked Spencer 's line . She decided then to co-operate with him to help move the train . </P> <P> He also had a major role in Misty Island Rescue as the one engine who knew the Misty Island Tunnel . </P> <P> Whiff works at Whiff 's Waste Dump with Scruff the Scruncher . </P> <P> Whiff wears the number 66 on his sides . </P> <P> Whiff was introduced in season 11 and has appeared in every season of the show ever since , except season 13 . He also had a major role in Misty Island Rescue and also appeared briefly in The Great Discovery , Blue Mountain Mystery and Journey Beyond Sodor . </P> <P> Voice actors </P> <Ul> <Li> Keith Wickham ( UK , `` Misty Island Rescue '' onwards ) </Li> <Li> William Hope ( US , `` Misty Island Rescue '' onwards ) </Li> <Li> Takayuki Kawasugi ( Japan ; series 11 onwards ) </Li> <Li> Keiko Nemoto ( Japan , `` Buckled Tracks and Bumpy Tracks '' only ) </Li> </Ul> <H3> Stanley ( edit ) </H3> <P> Stanley is a strong silver tank engine with a non-metallic silver coat , silver smokebox , red stripes and red wheels . He was brought to The Fat Controller 's railway to help with the preparations for an annual Sodor Day celebration . Other engines took to him because of his willingness to help out , or to find an engine who could . </P> <P> Thomas became jealous of Stanley 's popularity and planned to make him look foolish , shunting a heavy train that Stanley could not pull uphill from Great Waterton . When the train broke away and rolled into the construction site , the other engines became angry with Thomas . Stanley , however , glimpsed Thomas upset with his abandonment . When Thomas went missing , Stanley was eager to help him , and after being rescued , Thomas apologized for their feud . </P> <P> Stanley was introduced in The Great Discovery , and has appeared in every season since , except seasons 13 and 17 . He also appeared in Misty Island Rescue , Day of the Diesels , Blue Mountain Mystery , Tale of the Brave and Sodor 's Legend of the Lost Treasure . He also had a minor role in The Great Race and cameoed in Journey Beyond Sodor . </P> <P> Voice actors </P> <Ul> <Li> Matt Wilkinson ( UK , series 15 onwards ; excluding season 19 ) </Li> <Li> Ben Small ( US , series 15 -- `` Day of the Diesels '' ) </Li> <Li> David Menkin ( US , series 18 only ) </Li> <Li> Rob Rackstraw ( UK / US , series 19 only ; US , `` Saving Time '' only ) </Li> <Li> John Schwab ( US , series 20 onwards ; excluding `` Saving Time '' ) </Li> <Li> Hiroshi Tsuchida ( Japan ; `` The Great Discovery '' onwards ) </Li> </Ul> <H3> Hiro ( edit ) </H3> <P> Hiro is an old Japanese ( Oliver Island style ) tender engine . </P> <P> Hiro was supposedly the first Japanese steam engine on the Island of Sodor ( but is in - fact quite younger than most of the narrow - gauge engines ; even Thomas is slightly older than him ) , and was nicknamed `` The Master of the Railway . '' After many good years of service and earning himself a fine reputation on both Oliver Island and Sodor , Hiro started to break down . The mechanics did not have parts for him at the works , and he had to wait for parts from Oliver Island . In the meantime , he was put into a disused siding . More engines came , and he was quietly forgotten , with a small forest growing up around him . </P> <P> After many years alone , Thomas discovered him by accident after his brakes failed . Hiro was broken and rusty , almost beyond repair , and insecure of his ability to be useful anymore . Thomas decided to try to help Hiro , but would not tell The Fat Controller for fear Hiro would be scrapped . Thomas , with the help of his friends , reassembled Hiro with various fitting parts from the Sodor Steamworks . However Spencer became suspicious of Thomas , and spied on him . He eventually scared Thomas out of Hiro 's forest with the old engine rattling as fast as he could behind him . This caused Hiro to fall apart again , and he lost nearly all his new parts , save for his rebuilt boiler . </P> <P> Eventually , Thomas told The Fat Controller what happened , and Hiro was sent to the Sodor Steamworks , where Victor oversaw his restoration . After Hiro was mended , he worked with Thomas and Spencer for a short time , but became homesick . Several days later , he was sent back to Oliver Island , after a glorious farewell celebration at the docks . </P> <P> In season 13 , Hiro returns permanently . During that time Thomas tried to find Hiro a present , but failed and Hiro also gave Thomas advice on the transportation of bees , which Thomas promptly ignored . </P> <P> Hiro 's tender bears the number 51 . </P> <P> Hiro was introduced in Hero of the Rails , and has appeared in every season of the show ever since . He also had supporting roles in Misty Island Rescue , King of the Railway and The Great Race . He also appeared briefly in Day of the Diesels and Journey Beyond Sodor . </P> <P> Voice actors </P> <Ul> <Li> Togo Igawa ( UK / US , `` Hero of the Rails '' onwards ) </Li> <Li> Tesshō Genda ( Japan , `` Hero of the Rails '' onwards ) </Li> </Ul> <H3> Charlie ( edit ) </H3> <P> Charlie is a purple tank engine with light grey trim , a black dome and red wheels . He wears the number 14 . Charlie was the controller 's favorite on the mainland railway that he came from . Despite his size , he is well known for being fun and ready for adventure . Charlie rarely takes things seriously ; everything is fun and games to him . This can be a negative effect on the engines around him. Charlie was introduced in series 13 . In his debut story , `` Play Time '' , Charlie challenged Thomas to races around the island when Thomas needed to be doing his job . In another episode , Charlie enjoyed Thomas ' game , `` Splish , Splash , Splosh '' , which encouraged Thomas to try it on others -- with bad results . Later Charlie helped Thomas in the search for a runaway kite . </P> <P> Charlie was introduced in season 13 and has appeared in every season of the show since , except season 20 . He also appeared in Day of the Diesels , had a minor role in The Great Race and cameoed in Journey Beyond Sodor . </P> <P> Voice actors </P> <Ul> <Li> Matt Wilkinson ( UK , series 13 onwards ) </Li> <Li> Glenn Wrage ( US , series 13 -- 15 ) </Li> <Li> Ben Small ( US , series 16 -- 18 ) </Li> <Li> Steven Kynman ( US , `` The Great Race '' onwards ; ( singing voice ) ) </Li> <Li> Hideyuki Kanaya ( Japan ; series 13 onwards ) </Li> </Ul> <H3> Bash and Dash ( edit ) </H3> <P> Bash and Dash are small twin engines who like to finish each other 's sentences . They used to work the railway on the mainland , but they caused too much trouble and were sent to the railway on Misty Island , where they became `` Logging Locos '' along with Ferdinand . They are the fourth pair of engine twins ( excluding ' Arry and Bert , who were never specified as `` twins '' , just `` brothers '' ) . Bash and Dash 's gears are mounted in the rear of their bunkers . Bash and Dash are both coloured amber and slate grey . </P> <P> Bash and Dash were introduced in Misty Island Rescue and have appeared in seasons 14 , 15 and 16 . </P> <P> Voice actors </P> <P> Bash : </P> <Ul> <Li> Matt Wilkinson ( UK , `` Misty Island Rescue '' -- series 16 ) </Li> <Li> William Hope ( US , `` Misty Island Rescue '' -- series 16 ) </Li> <Li> Masayasu Wakabayashi ( Japan , `` Misty Island Rescue '' only ) </Li> <Li> Hiroo Sasaki ( Japan , series 14 -- 16 ) </Li> </Ul> <P> Dash : </P> <Ul> <Li> Keith Wickham ( UK , `` Misty Island Rescue '' -- series 16 ) </Li> <Li> Kerry Shale ( US , `` Misty Island Rescue '' -- series 16 ) </Li> <Li> Toshiaki Kasuga ( Japan , `` Misty Island Rescue '' only ) </Li> <Li> Mitsuhiro Sakamaki ( Japan ; series 14 -- 16 ) </Li> </Ul> <H3> Ferdinand ( edit ) </H3> <P> Ferdinand is a large , slow steam engine , known as a `` Climax '' geared locomotive ( designed & built by the Climax locomotive Company in Corry , Pennsylvania , USA ) . It has two outside cylinders mounted high on its smokebox , angled downward . The main rods on each side are connected to flywheel cranks sharing a common crosswise axle . This driving axle is geared to a lengthwise driveshaft under the chassis which is in turn geared to an axle on each bogie ( truck in American terminology ) . Ferdinand is a 3 - truck Climax with a powered bogie under its water tender . The driveshaft under the tender is connected by a universal joint to the driveshaft running under the locomotive . ( See `` Climax Steam Locomotive '' for further information . ) One of Misty Island 's `` Logging Locos , '' his whistles can create a booming sound . </P> <P> Ferdinand is painted teal with grey lining . His usual catchphrase is `` That 's right ! '' Ferdinand has been slightly modified to work on The Fat Controller 's railway . </P> <P> Ferdinand was introduced in Misty Island Rescue and has also appeared in seasons 14 , 15 , 16 , 18 and 19 . </P> <P> Voice actors </P> <Ul> <Li> Ben Small ( UK , `` Misty Island Rescue '' -- series 16 ) </Li> <Li> Glenn Wrage ( US , `` Misty Island Rescue '' -- series 16 ) </Li> <Li> Kōichi Sakaguchi ( Japan , `` Misty Island Rescue '' -- season 16 ) </Li> </Ul> <H3> Scruff ( edit ) </H3> <P> Scruff `` the Scruncher '' is a boxy steam engine with a square face who works at Whiff 's Waste Dump and dislikes being cleaned . He is painted lime with deep green stripes and has gold nameplates . </P> <P> Thomas once tried to get Scruff cleaned , but he refused . Then in the series 17 Scruff 's Makeover he is repainted and tries to find another job so he can stay clean , but reverts happily to his old ways in the end . </P> <P> Scruff was introduced in series 14 and has appeared in every season since . He also appeared briefly in Blue Mountain Mystery , had a minor role in The Great Race and cameoed in Journey Beyond Sodor . </P> <P> Voice actors </P> <Ul> <Li> Matt Wilkinson ( UK , series 14 onwards ) </Li> <Li> Kerry Shale ( US , series 14 onwards ; UK , ( singing voice ) ) </Li> <Li> Kōtarō Nishiyama ( Japan , series 14 onwards ) </Li> </Ul> <H3> Belle ( edit ) </H3> <P> Belle is a Prussian blue tank engine , the largest tank engine on Sodor , built for firefighting . She has fire hoses fixed on her side tanks , and a brass bell above her cab . </P> <P> Belle is painted dark blue with red and gold fittings and red and regal blue wheels and red hydro cannons . She has the number 6120 painted on her sides in gold . </P> <P> Belle was introduced in season 15 ( officially in Day of the Diesels ) and has appeared in every season since . She also had a supporting role in King of the Railway , a minor role in The Great Race and cameoed in Journey Beyond Sodor . </P> <P> Voice actors </P> <Ul> <Li> Teresa Gallagher ( UK / US , series 15 onwards ) </Li> <Li> Keiko Nemoto ( Japan , series 15 onwards ) </Li> </Ul> <H3> Stephen ( edit ) </H3> <P> Stephen is a golden yellow engine who made his debut in the 2013 movie , King of the Railway . </P> <P> Stephen is one of the earliest engines ever built , as well as the oldest . Newer engines may be bigger , faster , and stronger than Stephen , but what he lacks in terms of strength or speed Stephen makes up for with his positive spirit , sense of humor and knowledge . </P> <P> Sir Robert Norramby , the Earl of Sodor , is a friend and the owner of Stephen . Stephen was given his own set of coaches , which have been used to transport visiting passengers around the grounds of Ulfstead Castle , his new home . </P> <P> In The Railway Series books a replica of Stephenson 's Rocket appears in the book Thomas and the Great Railway Show , The book is likely where the writers got the idea for Stephen . </P> <P> Stephen made his debut in King of the Railway and has appeared in every season ever since . He has a supporting role in The Great Race and cameoed in Journey Beyond Sodor . </P> <P> Voice actors </P> <Ul> <Li> Bob Golding ( UK / US , King of the Railway onwards ) </Li> <Li> Atsuhiko Nakata ( Japan , `` King of the Railway '' only ) </Li> <Li> Nobuaki Kanemitsu ( Japan , `` King of the Railway '' ( Netflix version ) onwards ) </Li> </Ul> <H3> Porter ( edit ) </H3> <P> Porter is a tank engine who works at the docks , alongside Salty the Dockside Diesel . He made his debut in the season 17 episode Away from the Sea . </P> <P> Porter is painted viridian with yellow stripes and lining and gold nameplates with black lettering . He also has a gold star on each side of his lamp . </P> <P> Porter was introduced in season 17 , and has also appeared in every season since . He had supporting roles in Tale of the Brave and The Great Race . He also appears briefly in Sodor 's Legend of the Lost Treasure and Journey Beyond Sodor . </P> <P> Voice actors </P> <Ul> <Li> Steven Kynman ( UK ; Series 17 onwards ) </Li> <Li> David Menkin ( US ; Series 17 onwards , UK ; `` Pouty James '' and `` Cranky at the End of the Line '' ) </Li> <Li> Junichi Kanemaru ( Japan , series 17 onwards ) </Li> <Li> Ryuzou Ishino ( Japan , `` Thomas the Quarry Engine '' only ) </Li> </Ul> <H3> Timothy ( edit ) </H3> <P> Timothy is a small tank engine who made his debut in Tale of the Brave . He is an oil burning steam locomotive who works at the Sodor China Clay Company with Bill , Ben and Marion . </P> <P> He is painted dark blue with red lining and has SCC written on the sides of his tanks in yellow . </P> <P> Timothy made his debut in Tale of the Brave and has also appeared in seasons 18 and 19 . He also had a minor role in The Great Race and cameoed in Journey Beyond Sodor . </P> <P> Voice actors </P> <Ul> <Li> Tim Whitnall ( UK / US , Tale of the Brave onwards ) </Li> <Li> Takahiro Suzuki ( Japan , `` Tale of the Brave '' only ) </Li> <Li> Takuya Iwabata ( Japan , series 18 onwards ) </Li> </Ul> <H3> Glynn ( edit ) </H3> <P> Glynn is an old vertical - boilered engine who was the former number one engine on the North Western Railway , as well one of the original Coffee Pots . </P> <P> Glynn and several other `` Coffee Pots '' engines worked on Thomas ' branch line before the number 1 tank engine , and Glynn was left in a siding at Ffarquhar Station . He now works at Ulfstead Castle with Stephen and Millie . </P> <P> He is painted red with the number one painted on his sides in yellow . </P> <P> He was introduced in The Adventure Begins and has also appeared in seasons 20 and 21 . He also cameoed in Journey Beyond Sodor . </P> <P> Voice actors </P> <Ul> <Li> Keith Wickham ( UK / US ; The Adventure Begins onwards ) </Li> <Li> Nobuaki Kanemitsu ( Japan ; The Adventure Begins onwards ) </Li> </Ul> <H3> Ryan ( edit ) </H3> <P> Ryan is a large purple tank engine who was introduced in Sodor 's Legend of the Lost Treasure . </P> <P> Ryan replaced Thomas on his branch line when Thomas was sent to assist with the building of the Harwick extension of the Little Western and Ryan later became the main goods engine on the line , working with Daisy , who carries passengers . </P> <P> Ryan is painted purple with gold lining and has the number 1014 that is painted gold on his bunker . </P> <P> Ryan was introduced in Sodor 's Legend of the Lost Treasure and has also appeared in seasons 20 and 21 . He also cameoed in Journey Beyond Sodor . </P> <P> Voice actors </P> <Ul> <Li> Steven Kynman ( UK / US ; Sodor 's Legend of the Lost Treasure onwards ) </Li> <Li> Daigo Naitō ( Japan ; Sodor 's Legend of the Lost Treasure only ) </Li> <Li> Katsuhiro Tokuishi ( Japan ; season 20 onwards ) </Li> </Ul> <H2> Recurring characters ( Diesel engines ) ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Diesel ( edit ) </H3> For more details on Diesel , see The Other Railway § Diesel . <P> Diesel was the first diesel engine to arrive on the Island of Sodor . He is painted black and has six wheels . He is based on a British Rail Class 08 diesel - electric shunter . He first came to Sodor for a trial run , helping Duck . After an embarrassing mistake , Diesel spread mean - spirited rumours about Duck , but once The Fat Controller got to the bottom of the incident , he sent Diesel back . But from time to time , Diesel was brought back for help when no spare other engines were available . Diesel would usually antagonize the steam engines , and be sent away in disgrace for causing accidents . </P> <P> Diesel eventually became a permanent resident of the railway , and continued to feud with the steam engines , particularly Thomas . However , his personality has begun to soften . He was silently thankful when Thomas replaced his water - contaminated oil , and agreed to help the steam engines to complete an important job for The Fat Controller . Diesel stole the special coaches commemorating Gordon 's record express run , but later revealed it was only because his own shunting record had gone unnoticed . The Fat Controller and the engines felt sorry for him , and at Gordon 's ceremony , they presented Diesel with a new motor to replace his faulty old one . Once , Diesel rolled in front of Thomas in a billboard photo by mistake . Thomas failed to tell Diesel about the second shoot , and Diesel did the other engines ' work while they were gathered for the photograph , making him late for his own jobs . When Thomas realized what happened , he decided to make amends by finishing Diesel 's incomplete jobs . Later , Diesel created trouble when he challenged Thomas to a race backwards around the quarry . This left a special unfinished , and Diesel willingly helped Thomas clear the mess and finish their job . </P> <P> Diesel first appeared in season 2 , and has appeared in every season of the show ever since , except season 5 . Diesel also had supporting roles in Calling All Engines , Misty Island Rescue , Day of the Diesels , Blue Mountain Mystery , King of the Railway and The Great Race . He appears briefly in The Great Discovery , Hero of the Rails , Sodor 's Legend of the Lost Treasure and Journey Beyond Sodor . </P> <P> Voice actors </P> <Ul> <Li> Kerry Shale ( UK / US ; season 13 onwards ) </Li> <Li> Daisuke Gōri ( Japan ; season 2 -- 8 , excluding season 6 ) </Li> <Li> Hisao Egawa ( Japan ; season 6 only ) </Li> <Li> Ken Sanders ( Japan ; Calling All Engines ! onwards ) </Li> <Li> Shinichi Ishihara ( Japan ; The Great Race singing voice ) </Li> </Ul> <H3> Daisy ( edit ) </H3> For more details on Daisy , see Major characters in The Railway Series § Daisy . <P> Daisy is a diesel railcar who came to work on Thomas ' branch line when Thomas needed repairs . Her daily job is delivering milk vans around Sodor . The Fat Controller decided to keep Daisy when she proved she could be useful . Her face is decorated in make - up , including eyelashes , blush , lipstick , and eyeshadow . </P> <P> Daisy complained of the working conditions when she arrived , and was rude to the older coaches . She refused to pull any freight for some time , making up excuses about a fitter who said pulling trains was `` bad for ( her ) swerves . '' This passed for a while , until Percy had an accident , leaving Daisy and Toby to run the branch line . The Fat Controller was cross with Daisy and told her that he sends lazy engines away . With her promise to work harder and a good word from Toby , Daisy was allowed to stay on the railway after Thomas and Percy were repaired . </P> <P> Since her arrival , Daisy has found out how hard shooing stray animals really can be , and learned to co-operate with the steam engines again when important work needed to be finished . </P> <P> She now works on the Arlesburgh - Harwick Branch Line with Ryan and Skiff . </P> <P> Daisy is painted green with yellow lining . </P> <P> Daisy first appeared in season 2 and also appeared in seasons 4 , 20 and 21 . She also had minor roles in Calling All Engines , Sodor 's Legend of the Lost Treasure , The Great Race and Journey Beyond Sodor . </P> <P> Voice actors </P> <Ul> <Li> Teresa Gallagher ( UK / US ; Sodor 's Legend of the Lost Treasure and The Great Race ) </Li> <Li> Tracy - Ann Oberman ( UK / US ; season 20 onwards ) </Li> <Li> Yumi Nakatani ( Japan ; season 2 -- 4 ) </Li> <Li> Keiko Nemoto ( Japan ; Sodor 's Legend of the Lost Treasure onwards ) </Li> </Ul> <H3> BoCo ( edit ) </H3> For the character in The Railway Series books , see BoCo ( The Railway Series ) . <P> BoCo is a mixed - traffic diesel who works on branch lines and the main line . </P> <P> BoCo had an early misunderstanding with Bill and Ben when he took their trucks away . The twins played a trick on BoCo , making him think he was seeing double . BoCo would often laugh about the trouble Bill and Ben caused , and with Edward 's help , made sure the twins stayed out of trouble . </P> <P> Gordon initially disliked BoCo because he was privileged to pull Main Line trains , but turned around when BoCo `` saved '' him from Bill and Ben . James did not like taking advice from a diesel , and called BoCo names after the diesel warned him about bees . BoCo gets along well with Edward , ( whom he defended , when the other engines said he should be retired ) and of course Duck . </P> <P> In the TV series he carries the number D5702 and his livery is green . </P> <P> BoCo was introduced in season 2 and has appeared in seasons 3 , 4 , and 5 . </P> <P> Voice actors </P> <Ul> <Li> Shinobu Satouchi ( Japan ; seasons 2 -- 3 ) </Li> <Li> Naoki Kinoshita ( Japan ; season 5 only ) </Li> </Ul> <H3> Mavis ( edit ) </H3> For more details on Mavis , see Major characters in The Railway Series § Mavis . <P> Mavis is an 0 - 6 - 0 diesel shunter painted black with yellow hazard stripes . Like Toby , her six wheels are concealed by side plates and a cow - catcher . She also has her name , and `` The Ffarquhar Quarry Co. Ltd . '' written on both sides . </P> <P> Mavis works at the quarry near Toby 's line , and annoyed him by arranging the trucks in the way she thought best . She refused to listen to Toby 's advice , which got her into trouble . Mavis wanted to leave the quarry , and arranged a plan with the trucks to push her down Toby 's line . The trucks ended up pushing Toby instead , onto a dangerous bridge . Mavis apologized to Toby for the accident , and The Fat Controller thanked her for rescuing Toby , promising that she could come down the line whenever her manager agreed . </P> <P> Mavis later began working with Bill and Ben at Centre Island Quarry ( which is actually a renamed Ffarquhar Quarry ) , where they answered directly to The Fat Controller . She often had to look after the twins and make sure they stayed out of trouble . As time went on , the quarry was more often worked by Thomas , Diesel , or ' Arry and Bert , while Mavis has remained in operation there . Mavis has been consistently amiable towards the steam engines , and Thomas turned to her when an important job required steam and diesel engines to work together . </P> <P> Mavis first appeared in season 3 and has appeared in every season of the show since . </P> <P> Mavis has also had supporting roles in the movies , Calling All Engines , Hero of the Rails , Day of the Diesels , and Blue Mountain Mystery , as well as a non-speaking role in The Great Discovery . She appears briefly in Misty Island Rescue , Sodor 's Legend of the Lost Treasure , The Great Race and Journey Beyond Sodor . </P> <P> Voice actors </P> <Ul> <Li> Teresa Gallagher ( UK / US ; Hero of the Rails onwards ) </Li> <Li> Nao Nagasawa ( Japan ; season 3 only ) </Li> <Li> Ryō Horikawa ( Japan ; season 5 only ) </Li> <Li> Yuka Shioyama ( Japan ; seasons 6 -- 8 ) </Li> <Li> Kumiko Itō ( Japan ; Calling All Engines ! -- season 13 ) </Li> <Li> Sakura Yoshioka ( Japan ; season 14 onwards ) </Li> </Ul> <H3> ' Arry and Bert ( edit ) </H3> <P> ' Arry and Bert ' are twins based on British Rail Class 08 diesel - electric shunters who work at the scrapyards and smelters of Sodor Ironworks . They are painted grey - green with yellow cabs and yellow and grey - green hazard stripes . </P> <P> They feel superior to steam engines , and working at the scrap yards , they enjoy the chance to break up engines , or at least make their lives more difficult . They have earned a reputation on Sodor as `` The Grim Messengers of Doom . '' Despite their prejudices , the diesels have co-operated with steam engines on occasion , and when they are in trouble , steam engines often come to their rescue . </P> <P> ' Arry & Bert are based on British Rail Class 08 diesel - electric shunters . </P> <P> ' Arry is usually shown to be the initiator of the two , as evidenced in the episodes `` Stepney Gets Lost '' and `` Middle Engine '' , while Bert carries out most of the instructions . </P> <P> ' Arry and Bert were introduced in season 5 and have appeared in seasons 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 , 11 , 12 , 14 , 15 , 16 , 18 , 19 ( in season 19 , one appeared without the other ) , 20 and 21 . They had supporting roles in Calling All Engines and Day of the Diesels and briefly appeared in The Great Discovery , The Great Race and Journey Beyond Sodor . </P> <P> Voice actors </P> <P> ' Arry : </P> <Ul> <Li> Kerry Shale ( UK / US ; season 14 onwards ) </Li> <Li> Moriya Endo ( Japan ; season 5 only ) </Li> <Li> Yūki Satō ( Japan ; seasons 6 -- 8 ) </Li> <Li> Shinichi Namiki ( Japan ; Calling All Engines ! onwards ) </Li> </Ul> <P> Bert : </P> <Ul> <Li> William Hope ( UK / US ; season 14 onwards ) </Li> <Li> Keiji Hirai ( Japan ; seasons 6 -- 8 ) </Li> <Li> Shinichi Namiki ( Japan ; Calling All Engines ! onwards ) </Li> </Ul> <H3> Diesel 10 ( edit ) </H3> For more details on the character 's role in Thomas and the Magic Railroad , see Thomas the Tank Engine film characters § Diesel 10 . <P> Diesel 10 is based on a British Rail Class 42 large and villainous ( but aggressive ) hydraulic diesel engine with a claw ( Which he nicknamed `` Pinchy '' ) attached to a hydraulic arm on his roof . </P> <P> In Calling All Engines ! , he uses the claw to lift scrap metal and debris into trucks on The Fat Controller 's railway . Thomas and Percy were frightened of him and made sure to avoid him whenever possible . Eventually , Thomas needed his help in order to clear a wreck at the airport , and to patch a feud between steam and diesel engines . He convinced Diesel 10 that helping the engines at the airport would make him the most useful engine of all . According to the narrator , `` Diesel 10 was grumpy , but like all the engines , he likes to be Really Useful '' . So Diesel 10 agrees , and with his help to clear scrap , the airport opens on schedule . </P> <P> Diesel 10 appeared briefly in a later special , The Great Discovery . He was one of a number of diesel engines waiting at the quarry when Thomas went missing . In Misty Island Rescue , Diesel 10 makes an appearance in full CGI for the first time , and has seemed to have reverted to his classic evil persona ( as seen in Thomas and the Magic Railroad ) , promising disaster for the engines to come very soon while clamping his claw with an evil laugh ( which was a cliffhanger to Day of the Diesels ) . Rupert Degas supplied the voice of the character before getting replaced by Matt Wilkinson . </P> <P> Since Day of the Diesels , Diesel 10 is now described not only as villainous but as the most devious of all diesels , and the `` master of mischief '' on Sodor . He likes trying to outwit the steam engines , often causing confusion and delay . He later appears in the TV series ' season 17 episode `` The Missing Christmas Decorations '' . </P> <P> Diesel 10 first appeared in the movie Thomas and the Magic Railroad and has appeared in Calling All Engines ! , The Great Discovery , Misty Island Rescue , Day of the Diesels and season 17 . </P> <P> Voice actors </P> <Ul> <Li> Neil Crone ( Thomas and the Magic Railroad ) </Li> <Li> Keith Scott ( Thomas and the Magic Railroad ; original work - prints only ) </Li> <Li> Matt Wilkinson ( UK / US ; Misty Island Rescue onwards ) </Li> <Li> Rupert Degas ( UK / US ; Misty Island Rescue ; original cut only ) </Li> <Li> Ginzō Matsuo ( Japan ; Thomas and the Magic Railroad only ) </Li> <Li> Kiyoyuki Yanada ( Japan ; Calling All Engines ! only ) </Li> <Li> Takaya Kuroda ( Japan ; Misty Island Rescue only ) </Li> <Li> Ryōta Yamasato ( Japan ; Day of the Diesels only ) </Li> <Li> Yōhei Nishina ( Japan ; season 17 onwards ) </Li> </Ul> <H3> Salty ( edit ) </H3> <P> Salty is based on BR Class 07 , battered red diesel - shunter ; who works at Brendam docks . He loves the sea more than anything , and has a fund of sea stories and shanties . Bill and Ben did n't want to hear his stories at first , but now they enjoy hearing these tales , but Cranky the Crane is n't so fond of them . </P> <P> Apart from the yellow - and - black `` hazard '' stripes , on his front and rear , Salty is mostly painted crimson with light red stripes , and carries the number 2991 . He speaks with a West Country accent and uses a lot of nautical slang . Salty works well with trucks , but how he manages to keep them in order is a closely guarded secret . He is also one of a few diesels who has no quarrel whatsoever with steam engines . </P> <P> He first appeared in season 6 , and has appeared in every season of the show ever since , except season 13 . Salty has also appeared in Calling All Engines and The Great Discovery and has had supporting roles in Misty Island Rescue , Day of the Diesels , Tale of the Brave , Sodor 's Legend of the Lost Treasure and The Great Race . He also appeared briefly in King of the Railway and Journey Beyond Sodor . </P> <P> Voice actors </P> <Ul> <Li> Keith Wickham ( UK / US ; Misty Island Rescue onwards ) </Li> <Li> Naoki Tatsuta ( Japan ; seasons 6 -- 8 ) </Li> <Li> Ryuzou Ishino ( Japan ; season 9 onwards ) </Li> </Ul> <H3> Den ( edit ) </H3> <P> Den is a Diesel engine who runs the Dieselworks when Diesel 10 is not around . He is very thoughtful and thinks hard before he speaks . When Den does speak , it is very slowly . This gives the appearance that he may be a little slow , but nothing could be further from the truth . Engines can wait a long time for Den to give his insight , but it is worth the wait . </P> <P> Den has a slate grey and orange paint scheme and white lining . </P> <P> Den was introduced in season 15 , ( officially in Day of the Diesels ) and has appeared in every season since , except season 20 . He also had a supporting role in The Great Race and cameoed in Journey Beyond Sodor . </P> <P> Voice actors </P> <Ul> <Li> Keith Wickham ( UK / US ; season 15 onwards ) </Li> <Li> Rupert Degas ( UK / US ; Fiery Flynn only ) </Li> <Li> Ryuzou Ishino ( Japan ; season 15 onwards ) </Li> </Ul> <H3> Dart ( edit ) </H3> <P> Dart is Den 's fast and feisty assistant at the Dieselworks . Dart has worked with Den for so long he can read Den 's mind . Together , they run the Dieselworks well . Dart will quickly explain what Den is trying to say . No other Diesels know how to fix an engine as quickly or as capably . </P> <P> Dart is painted yellow and red , with white lining and the Sodor Dieselworks logo on the sides of his cab . </P> <P> Dart was introduced in season 15 , ( officially in Day of the Diesels ) and has appeared in every season since , except season 20 . He also had a supporting role in The Great Race and cameoed in Journey Beyond Sodor . </P> <P> Voice actors </P> <Ul> <Li> Rupert Degas ( UK / US ; seasons 15 -- 16 ) </Li> <Li> Steven Kynman ( UK / US ; season 17 onwards ) </Li> <Li> Kunihiro Kawamoto ( Japan ; season 15 onwards ) </Li> </Ul> <H3> Norman ( edit ) </H3> <P> Norman , nicknamed Norm , is a diesel who first appeared in Day of the Diesels . Norman is a diesel engine who often breaks down . He is also Dennis ' twin . He has a long unibrow . </P> <P> Norman is painted rusty red with yellow lining . </P> <P> Norman was first seen in Day of the Diesels and has appeared in seasons 15 , 16 , 17 , 18 , 19 , 20 and 21 . He also had a supporting role in The Great Race and cameoed in Journey Beyond Sodor . </P> <P> Voice actors </P> <Ul> <Li> Keith Wickham ( UK / US ; Day of the Diesels onwards ) </Li> <Li> Nobuaki Kanemitsu ( Japan ; season 17 only ) </Li> <Li> Kunihiro Kawamoto ( Japan ; season 20 onwards ) </Li> </Ul> <H3> Paxton ( edit ) </H3> <P> Paxton is also based on a British Rail Class 08 diesel - electric shunter . He is a young , confident , and foolish green diesel - shunter who likes the Steam Engines , especially Thomas . He can be a bit gullible , enabling other Diesels to take advantage of him . Paxton often brings stone from the Blue Mountain Quarry to Brendam Docks . </P> <P> Paxton is painted dark green with yellow lining . </P> <P> Paxton first appeared in Day of the Diesels , and has appeared in every season since . He also had supporting roles in Blue Mountain Mystery , King of the Railway and The Great Race , he also cameoed in Journey Beyond Sodor . </P> <P> Voice actors </P> <Ul> <Li> Keith Wickham ( UK / US ; Day of the Diesels only ) </Li> <Li> Steven Kynman ( UK / US ; Blue Mountain Mystery onwards ) </Li> <Li> Kunihiro Kawamoto ( Japan ; Blue Mountain Mystery onwards ) </Li> </Ul> <H3> Sidney ( edit ) </H3> <P> Sidney is also based on a British Rail Class 08 diesel - electric shunter . Sometimes nicknamed Sid , is a navy blue diesel - shunter . He first appears in Day of the Diesels . Sidney is portrayed as absent minded . His navy blue livery has yellow lining and an orange striped warning panel underneath his face . </P> <P> Sidney was first seen in Day of the Diesels and has appeared in seasons 17 , 18 , 20 and 21 . He also had a supporting role in The Great Race and cameoed in Journey Beyond Sodor . </P> <P> Voice Actor </P> <Ul> <Li> Kerry Shale ( UK / US ; Day of the Diesels only ) </Li> <Li> Bob Golding ( UK / US ; season 17 onwards ) </Li> <Li> Shōto Kashii ( Japan ; season 17 only ) </Li> <Li> Ken Sanders ( Japan ; season 18 only ) </Li> <Li> Tomohiro Tsuboi ( Japan ; season 20 onwards ) </Li> </Ul> <H3> Philip ( edit ) </H3> <P> Philip is an energetic and enthusiastic little diesel boxcab . Though not as fast or strong as he thinks , he is always eager to help . </P> <P> Philip is painted yellow and green with the number 68 painted on his sides in black surrounded by a white cirle . </P> <P> He made his debut in season 19 and has appeared in seasons 20 and 21 . He also had a lead role in The Great Race , followed by a minor role in Journey Beyond Sodor . </P> <P> Voice Actor </P> <Ul> <Li> Rasmus Hardiker ( UK / US ; season 19 onwards ) </Li> <Li> Daiki Kobayashi ( Japan ; season 19 onwards ) </Li> </Ul> <H3> Hugo ( edit ) </H3> <P> Hugo is a Rail - Zeppelin , and a very fast diesel engine . He is unique , as he 's fitted with a propeller at the rear </P> <P> Hugo is painted silver and two - tone blue , with his nameplates coloured blue with his name written in white . </P> <P> He made his debut in season 20 , and also cameoed in Journey Beyond Sodor . </P> <P> Voice Actor </P> <Ul> <Li> Rob Rackstraw ( UK / US ; season 20 onwards ) </Li> <Li> Yūta Odagaki ( Japan ; season 20 onwards ) </Li> </Ul> <H2> Recurring characters ( electric engines ) ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Stafford ( edit ) </H3> <P> Stafford is a battery - electric shunting engine who first appeared in the season 16 episode `` Welcome Stafford '' . </P> <P> Stafford is made of reddish brown veneered wood with cream lining and his number and gold nameplates on his sides . </P> <P> Stafford was introduced in season 16 , and has appeared in every season of the show ever since . He appears briefly in King of the Railway , Tale of the Brave and Journey Beyond Sodor . He also had a minor role in The Great Race . </P> <P> Voice Actor </P> <Ul> <Li> Keith Wickham ( UK / US ; season 16 onwards ) </Li> <Li> Tokuyoshi Kawashima ( Japan ; season 16 onwards ) </Li> <Li> Kunihiro Kawamoto ( Japan ; All in Vain only ) </Li> </Ul> <H2> Minor characters ( steam engines ) ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Billy ( edit ) </H3> <P> Billy is an orange tank engine with yellow and green trim and buck teeth . Billy started on the railway refusing to listen to advice , accusing others of being `` bossy . '' He ran away whenever Thomas tried to instruct him to take on coal and water , and all of Billy 's jobs were left unfinished . Finally , Thomas told Billy to do whatever he wanted to -- Billy began to run off , but stopped because he ran out of coal and water . Finally , Billy accepted Thomas ' help , and they finished the day 's work . </P> <P> Billy appeared in only one episode , in season 11 . </P> <P> Voice actors </P> <Ul> <Li> Yukito Sōma ( Japan ; season 11 ) </Li> </Ul> <H3> Hank ( edit ) </H3> <P> Hank is a large , steam tender engine from the United States of America , and has a royal blue coat and red stripes and a bright red cowcatcher and wheels . </P> <P> With `` the enthusiasm of a cheer leader , the strength of a titan , and the chiseled good looks of a Hollywood Hero , '' Hank sought to impress the people and engines of Sodor on his arrival . Thomas was told to show Hank around on a day 's work on the railway . Hank made the mistake of calling Thomas `` little , '' which led Thomas to try to prove his strength by taking all of their trucks himself . Thomas strained while Hank greeted everyone they passed , and finally Thomas burst a pipe and had to stop . He asked for Hank 's help to get the train to their destinations . To celebrate , they reached Knapford Station , where Hank was given a welcome party by the other engines . </P> <P> Hank appeared in only one episode , in season 12 . </P> <P> Voice actors </P> <Ul> <Li> TBA ( Japan ; season 12 ) </Li> </Ul> <H3> Flora ( edit ) </H3> <P> Flora is a yellow steam tram who can travel on rails . Her big double - deck tram car is her pride and joy . Flora is youthful and naive , but also responsible and diligent . She is very happy to be one of the Sodor engines and delighted to be working with Toby and her own green tramcar . She made her first and only appearance in season 12 in the episode `` Tram Trouble '' when she helps Toby with a parade at Great Waterton . </P> <P> Voice actors </P> <Ul> <Li> TBA ( Japan ; season 12 ) </Li> </Ul> <H2> Minor characters ( Diesel engines ) ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Derek ( edit ) </H3> <P> Derek is based on the BR Class 17 : `` Clayton '' diesel who was brought to Sodor to help Bill , Ben , and BoCo at the clay pits and quarries around Brendam Docks . Derek had teething troubles , his cooling system often failing . He stalled once while banking Bill and Ben 's train up a hill , and the tank engines had to pull him up along with their train . Derek was sent to The Works , and Bill and Ben admitted that he was friendlier than they expected . </P> <P> Derek is painted dark green with yellow warning panels . </P> <P> Derek first appeared in the season 5 episode Double Teething Troubles and appears briefly in a music video in Calling All Engines . </P> <P> Voice actors </P> <Ul> <Li> Hisao Egawa ( Japan ; season 5 ) </Li> </Ul> <H3> Dennis ( edit ) </H3> <P> Dennis is an exceptionally lazy diesel . When he was supposed to take a train of tiles , he repeatedly tried to make Thomas take the job . After that failed , Dennis abandoned his train and ran fast backwards , coming off the rails and sliding down a slope . The Fat Controller was very cross with Dennis , who promised to be useful from then on . </P> <P> Dennis is painted grey . Dennis also has a twin named Norman , who is painted orange and has a unibrow . </P> <P> Dennis appeared in one episode of season 9 and appears briefly in The Great Discovery . He also appeared in two learning segments , one each in seasons 10 and 12 . </P> <P> Voice actors </P> <Ul> <Li> Tsutomu Densaka ( Japan ; season 9 onwards ) </Li> </Ul> <H2> Other standard - gauge characters ( edit ) </H2> <P> This section lists a few other characters that are not railway engines , but do run on rails . </P> <H3> Flynn ( edit ) </H3> <P> Flynn is a fiery red fire engine with a New York accent . First appearing in season 15 . He bears the Search and Rescue Centre insignia on his cab doors and is equipped to go road to rail . </P> <P> Flynn first appeared in season 15 ( officially in Day of the Diesels ) . He has also appeared in seasons 16 , 17 , 19 , 20 and 21 . He was also mentioned in season 18 , had a minor role in The Great Race and in Thomas & Friends : Journey Beyond Sodor . </P> <P> Voice actors </P> <Ul> <Li> Rupert Degas ( UK / US ; seasons 15 -- 16 ) </Li> <Li> Ben Small ( UK / US ; season 17 ) </Li> <Li> Glenn Wrage ( UK / US ; Toad and the Whale only ) </Li> <Li> Rob Rackstraw ( UK / US ; Rocky Rescue onwards ) </Li> <Li> Tomohiro Tsuboi ( Japan ; season 15 onwards ) </Li> </Ul> <H3> Winston ( edit ) </H3> <P> Winston is The Fat Controller 's track inspection vehicle who was fully introduced in Blue Mountain Mystery . </P> <P> Winston is described as fun and well - meaning , but not the brightest engine on the rails . He is helpful and really useful , but has a tendency to be easily distracted . Winston is sensitive enough never to draw attention to the fact that Sir Topham Hatt is a terrible driver . </P> <P> Winston is painted red , with gold nameplates on either side . </P> <P> Winston first appeared in season 16 , but was fully introduced in Blue Mountain Mystery . He has also appeared in every season of the show since . He appears briefly in King of the Railway and had a non-speaking minor role in The Great Race . </P> <P> Voice Actor </P> <Ul> <Li> Matt Wilkinson ( UK / US ; season 16 onwards ) </Li> <Li> Wataru Hatano ( Japan ; season 16 onwards ) </Li> </Ul> <H3> Marion ( edit ) </H3> <P> Marion is a railway self - propelled steam shovel . </P> <P> She usually works at the Sodor China Clay Company with Bill , Ben and Timothy , however she has been seen working in other places across Sodor . </P> <P> Marion is painted light brown and orange with yellow lining and her name written on her side . </P> <P> Marion made her debut in Tale of the Brave and has also appeared in every season since . She also had a lead role in Sodor 's Legend of the Lost Treasure , a minor role in The Great Race and cameoed in Journey Beyond Sodor . </P> <P> Voice actors </P> <Ul> <Li> Olivia Colman ( UK / US ; Tale of the Brave onwards ) </Li> <Li> Teresa Gallagher ( UK / US ; The Great Race only ) </Li> <Li> Chiaki Mori ( Japan ; Tale of the Brave onwards ) </Li> </Ul> <H3> Reg ( edit ) </H3> <P> Reg is a diesel powered rail - based grappling crane who works at Crocks Scrap Yard . </P> <P> He was introduced in Tale of the Brave and has appeared in every season since , except season 20 . </P> <P> Voice actors </P> <Ul> <Li> Tim Whitnall ( UK / US ; Tale of the Brave onwards ) </Li> <Li> Kenta Miyake ( Japan ; Tale of the Brave onwards ) </Li> </Ul> <H3> Skiff ( edit ) </H3> <P> Skiff is a railboat who was introduced in Sodor 's Legend of the Lost Treasure . </P> <P> He was formerly owned by Sailor John . He was later bought by the North Western Railway to give tours around Arlesburgh Harbour . He is currently owned by Captain Joe . </P> <P> Skiff 's hull is painted white while his mast and woodworkings are painted stained brown . In his Railboat Tours livery he is painted white with blue woodworkings and red wheels . </P> <P> Skiff made his debut in Sodor 's Legend of the Lost Treasure and has appeared in seasons 20 and 21 . He also cameoed in Journey Beyond Sodor . </P> <P> Voice Actor </P> <Ul> <Li> Jamie Campbell Bower ( UK / US ; Sodor 's Legend of the Lost Treasure onwards ) </Li> <Li> Takayuki Kawasugi ( Japan ; Sodor 's Legend of the Lost Treasure onwards ) </Li> </Ul> <H2> Recurring visiting engines ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Stepney ( edit ) </H3> For more details on Stepney , see Minor characters in The Railway Series § Stepney . <P> Stepney is a tank engine who once lay derelict on a siding on The Other Railway . When the Bluebell line needed an engine , Rusty travelled to the Other Railway to find a steam engine , and brought Stepney back to the line . Stepney enjoys working again , but his line is short , and he appreciates visits to The Fat Controller 's railway . He loves long runs and pulling trucks . This enthusiastic attitude , together with his friendliness , make him a welcome visitor on the Fat Controller 's railway . </P> <P> On his first visit , Stepney took a special that forced Thomas to be shunted . He was chased by Caroline and a group of cricketers when he accidentally stole their ball . Finally , when a new diesel broke down , Stepney and Duck upstaged him by bringing his train in early . Stepney was given a fond farewell from The Fat Controller 's engines and asked to come back . Stepney has visited the railway again , helping out at the quarry and having a close call while stranded at the scrapyard . After a while , Stepney was treated as a regular resident of the railway , and The Fat Controller was eager to have him run the new loop line . </P> <P> Stepney was introduced in season 4 and has speaking roles in seasons 4 , 5 and 12 ( Stepney only spoke in the US narration of season 12 ) , as well as non-speaking roles in seasons 6 and 7 . </P> <P> Voice actors </P> <Ul> <Li> Bin Shimada ( Japan ; season 4 -- 5 ) </Li> </Ul> <H3> Spencer ( edit ) </H3> <P> Spencer based on a Gresley Class A4 steam locomotive . He is a sleek , fast silver engine who frequently visits The Fat Controller 's Railway . He is the private engine of the wealthy Duke and Duchess of Boxford . The other engines were initially very impressed with him , but over time came to resent his confidence . </P> <P> Spencer 's pride is often his downfall . On his first visit , he ran out of water on the hill when he failed to heed Gordon 's advice . Later , he lost a race to Edward when he thought the old blue engine was too slow to catch up . Spencer taunted Thomas for being too slow , and when the Duke needed to make an urgent trip , Spencer 's boiler would take too long to heat properly . Spencer appeared in the movie Hero of the Rails . He tried to have Hiro scrapped , but while racing Thomas a bridge collapsed beneath him , dropping him into a marsh , ironically being rescued by Hiro himself later . </P> <P> In the movie King of the Railway Spencer returns to the island to help Sir Robert Norramby ( the current Earl of Sodor ) in restoration of Ulfstead Castle . </P> <P> Spencer was originally painted light grey , but later became a metallic silver color . </P> <P> Spencer is a recurring character in the series . He first appeared in season 7 and in every season since , except seasons 9 and 12 . He also appeared in Hero of the Rails , had a minor role in Misty Island Rescue and supporting roles in King of the Railway and The Great Race , He also cameoed in Journey Beyond Sodor . </P> <P> Voice actors </P> <Ul> <Li> Matt Wilkinson ( UK ; Hero of the Rails onwards ) </Li> <Li> Glenn Wrage ( US ; Hero of the Rails onwards ) </Li> <Li> Kerry Shale ( UK ; Hero of the Rails ; orginal cut only ) </Li> <Li> Yasuhiko Kawazu ( Japan ; seasons 7 -- 8 ) </Li> <Li> Shigenori Sōya ( Japan ; season 10 onwards ) </Li> </Ul> <H3> Connor ( edit ) </H3> <P> Connor is a streamlined engine from the mainland who made his debut in the 2013 movie , `` King of the Railway '' . </P> <P> He has a set of coaches that match his paintwork . </P> <P> Connor made is debut in King of the Railway and has also appeared in every season since . He also appears in The Great Race and cameoed in Journey Beyond Sodor . </P> <P> Voice actors </P> <Ul> <Li> Jonathan Forbes ( UK / US ; King of the Railway onwards ) </Li> <Li> Kunihiro Kawamoto ( Japan ; King of the Railway onwards ) </Li> </Ul> <H3> Caitlin ( edit ) </H3> <P> Caitlin is a fuchsia streamlined engine who made her debut in the 2013 movie , `` King of the Railway '' . </P> <P> Caitlin has a cerise and pale blue paint scheme . </P> <P> She has a set of coaches that match her paintwork . </P> <P> Caitlin made her debut in King of the Railway and has appeared in every season since . She also appears in The Great Race and cameoed in Journey Beyond Sodor . </P> <P> Voice actors </P> <Ul> <Li> Rebecca O'Mara ( UK / US ; King of the Railway onwards ) </Li> <Li> Sakura Yoshioka ( Japan ; King of the Railway onwards ) </Li> </Ul> <H3> Gator ( edit ) </H3> <P> Gator is a green boxy tank engine with sloping water tanks . His real name is Gerald but he is nicknamed Gator because of his long sloping water tanks , which resembles an alligator . </P> <P> Gator is painted two - tone green with red lining . </P> <P> Gator was introduced in the movie , Tale of the Brave and has appeared in season 18 . </P> <P> Voice Actor </P> <Ul> <Li> Clive Mantle ( UK / US ; Tale of the Brave onwards ) </Li> <Li> Toshikazu Miura ( Japan ; Tale of the Brave only ) </Li> <Li> Hiroaki Tajiri ( Japan ; season 18 onwards ) </Li> </Ul> <H3> Samson ( edit ) </H3> <P> Samson is a small cabless tank engine . </P> <P> He is overconfident , dignified and quite arrogant , believing that he is the strongest tank engine on Sodor , even though he comes over from the Mainland . </P> <P> Samson is painted grey - green with red lining . </P> <P> He was introduced in season 18 and has appeared in seasons 19 and 20 . He also appeared briefly in Sodor 's Legend of the Lost Treasure , The Great Race and Journey Beyond Sodor . </P> <P> Voice actors </P> <Ul> <Li> Robert Wilfort ( UK / US ; season 18 onwards ) </Li> <Li> Hiroaki Tajiri ( Japan ; season 18 onwards ) </Li> </Ul> <H3> Flying Scotsman ( edit ) </H3> <P> Flying Scotsman is a large green tender engine , who is Gordon 's brother . </P> <P> When he first appeared in season 3 , the engines admired his two tenders , which Sir Topham Hatt said were due to long distances between coaling depots . </P> <P> He later appeared in the 2016 Thomas & Friends film , The Great Race in which he told Thomas about the Great Railway Show and later raced in the racing competition . </P> <P> Flying Scotsman also cameoed in Journey Beyond Sodor . He may appear in Season 21 . </P> <P> Voice actors </P> <Ul> <Li> Rufus Jones ( UK / US ; The Great Race onwards ) </Li> <Li> Kenta Miyake ( Japan ; The Great Race onwards ) </Li> </Ul> <H2> Minor visiting engines ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Famous visitors ( edit ) </H3> <P> One famous visitor ( City of Truro ) was featured in `` Gordon and the Famous Visitor '' . He visits the sheds at Tidmouth , which is crowded with observers and photographers . Duck calls him a celebrity , and Thomas doubts he would care to talk to them , but City Of Truro spends the night talking to the other engines before leaving in the morning . Gordon becomes jealous that City Of Truro traveled at a record 100 miles per hour and goes out to prove he can go faster . </P> <P> Another visitor ( Flying Scotsman ) appeared in `` Tender Engines '' . The other engines admired his two tenders , which The Fat Controller said were due to distances between Coal depots on his own railway . During Scotsman 's visit , Henry wanted more tenders of his own , leading Duck and Donald to trick him into accepting six old , sludge - filled tenders . </P> <P> Both engines had speaking roles in the original Railway Series stories , but they never spoke in the season 3 episodes `` Gordon and the Famous Visitor '' and `` Tender Engines , '' nor did they have faces . City of Truro also appears in the season 16 episode `` Flash , Bang , Wallop ! '' </P> <H3> The Diesel ( D261 ) ( BR Class 40 green ) ( edit ) </H3> For more details on The Railway Series character , see The Other Railway § The Diesel / D4711 . <P> The Diesel ( D261 ) based on BR Class 40 ( indicator disc type ) ; came to Sodor to help out whilst Stepney was on the railway . When he arrived he told the steam engines they should be scrapped and replaced by efficient diesel engines . Later he was to take a special train , but he broke down during an inspection when his air intake became blocked by an inspector 's bowler hat . Duck and Stepney double - headed his train down the Main Line and arrived early . The Diesel left silently while Stepney was given a farewell . They never saw the Diesel again after . </P> <P> The Diesel only appeared in the season 4 episode `` Bowled Out '' . In The Railway Series , he had a yellow face to match his front , and the number `` D4711 . '' The Diesel is number D261 in the TV series and is painted BR Green with a green stripe and yellow warning panels . </P> <P> Voice actors </P> <Ul> <Li> Michio Nakao ( Japan ; season 4 ) </Li> </Ul> <H2> Special - only characters ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Lady ( edit ) </H3> For more details on the character 's role in Thomas and the Magic Railroad , see Thomas the Tank Engine film characters § Lady . <P> Lady is a special engine who works on a distant railway . Thomas once visited this railway in a dream , and saw Lady working alongside Rusty . Lady told Thomas that she and Rusty finished their jobs by working together , which made Thomas determined to make the steam and diesel engines cooperate . </P> <P> Lady is painted in a violet paint scheme with gold stripes , smokebox , siderods and name . </P> <P> The Calling All Engines DVD 's Character Gallery calls Lady `` a magical engine '' . When she works along the rails , she spreads gold dust along the rails . Lady has been known to help Thomas and his friends when there was no other engine to turn to . '' </P> <P> Lady first appeared in the movie Thomas and the Magic Railroad and also reappeared in Calling All Engines . </P> <P> Voice actors </P> <Ul> <Li> Britt Allcroft ( Thomas and the Magic Railroad ) </Li> <Li> Marina Watanabe ( Japan ; Thomas and the Magic Railroad only ) </Li> <Li> Miyu Matsuki ( Japan ; Calling All Engines ! only ) </Li> </Ul> <H3> Merlin ( edit ) </H3> <P> Merlin is an experimental tender engine who is completely confident that he can turn himself invisible . He 's heartwarming , kind , and gentle to any engine he meets . Anytime Theo or Lexi say they ca n't do anything , he encourages them by saying , `` We can try . '' He often mispronounces words , such as when he called Sodor `` Sonar '' and diversion `` conversion '' . </P> <P> Merlin is painted grey , has a red running board and black smoke deflectors . He has red and gold nameplates on either sides . His number , 783 , is also painted white on his front bufferbeam , the sides of his cab and tender . </P> <P> He appears in Journey Beyond Sodor . </P> <P> Voice actors </P> <Ul> <Li> Hugh Bonneville ( UK / US ) </Li> </Ul> <H3> Theo ( edit ) </H3> <P> Theo is an experimental railway traction engine . Geared engine Theo is very shy , extremely cautious and awkward . He has an unusual experimental drive system that does n't always run very smoothly and he makes sudden jolts forward or back when his rods or cogs jam . Quiet and thoughtful , with a habit of blunt speaking , his confidence is often jolted . But Theo is genuinely kind and caring and would just like to keep himself and his friends as safe as possible so they can hide away and have a quiet life . </P> <P> Theo is painted greyish brown gold lining , headlamp and whistle . His wheels and lower traction wheels are dark green while his upper traction wheels are a redish brown . Theo also carries his name on gold nameplates fixated on each side of his smokebox . </P> <P> He appears in Journey Beyond Sodor . </P> <P> Voice actors </P> <Ul> <Li> Darren Boyd ( UK / US ) </Li> </Ul> <H3> Lexi ( edit ) </H3> <P> Lexi is a boisterous cab - forward engine . Lexi likes to experiment with how she presents herself , often trying out different voices and how she phrases her expressions just to see which one she thinks works best . Another `` experimental engine '' , she is `` cab forward '' , even though she is convinced this makes her an `` un-useful engine . '' </P> <P> Lexi is painted light turquoise with a gold cowcatcher . Her front windows have gold lining . Her main body is covered in rust . Lexi also carries her name on brass nameplates fixated on each side of her cab . </P> <P> She appears in Journey Beyond Sodor . </P> <P> Voice actors </P> <Ul> <Li> Lucy Montgomery ( UK / US ) </Li> </Ul> <H3> Hurricane ( edit ) </H3> <P> Hurricane is a large tank engine , who lives and works at the Steelworks on the Mainland . He is the brawn of the Steelworks and often makes deliveries to Bridlington Goods Yard . Despite his sinister - looking appearance and on some occasions being devious , Hurricane is a kind engine with a big heart and provides help to any engine that may wander into the Steelworks , whether providing advice or protecting them from the molten slag . </P> <P> Hurricane is painted maroon , with red lining and steam pipes , he also has the number 20 painted in Gold , as well as his nameplates on both sides . </P> <P> Voice actors </P> <Ul> <Li> Jim Howick ( UK / US ) </Li> </Ul> <H3> Frankie ( edit ) </H3> <P> Frankie is a diesel engine , who lives and works at the Steelworks on the Mainland . Like a majority of Diesels , Frankie is devious , controlling , manipulative and can act rude to other engines often referring to them by their design than by their name . However , underneath that apathetic and crafty exterior , it is revealed that she only acts the way she does because she just wants help from other engines . </P> <P> Frankie is painted ocean blue and black , with gold lining , red and gold nameplates on both sides , with the initials M.S.C written above her face and has the number 4002 written in yellow on her front bufferbeam . </P> <P> Voice actors </P> <Ul> <Li> Sophie Colquhoun ( UK / US ) </Li> </Ul> <H2> Merchandise - exclusive characters ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Logan ( edit ) </H3> <P> Logan is strong steam shunter , who works at a coaling plant . </P> <P> He is a book exclusive character . He has also appeared the online videos , Welcome to the Island of Sodor , Logan ! and A Friendly Farewell . </P> <P> Logan is painted blue and yellow with his name painted in blue on his yellow portion . </P> <H3> Sam ( edit ) </H3> <P> Sam is an American tender engine . </P> <P> He is painted green and black with white lining . He has his name painted on him near his cab in white and has Virginian painted in white on his tender . </P> <P> He appears in the online videos Welcome to the Island of Sodor , Sam ! , A New Friend on Sodor and A Friendly Farewell . </P> <P> Voice actors </P> <Ul> <Li> Rob Rackstraw ( A New Friend on Sodor ) </Li> </Ul> <H3> Dustin ( edit ) </H3> <P> Dustin is an American rotary snowplow steam engine . </P> <P> He is painted a dark red with grey lining . </P> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> North Western Railway ( fictional ) </Li> <Li> Skarloey Railway </Li> <Li> Arlesdale Railway </Li> <Li> Narrow - gauge engines ( Thomas & Friends ) </Li> <Li> Minimum - gauge engines </Li> <Li> Rolling stock ( Thomas & Friends ) </Li> <Li> Non-rail vehicles ( Thomas & Friends ) </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> ^ Jump up to : https://web.archive.org/web/20081121041732/http://www.hitnewsonline.com/press/detail/thomas_friends_supporting_character_bios/thomas_friends . Archived from the original on November 21 , 2008 . Retrieved August 26 , 2008 . Missing or empty title = ( help ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ According to his basis , Percy would be the second oldest , after Edward . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Jonathan Trueman ( writer ) ( 2002 - 09 - 10 ) . `` Harvey to the Rescue '' . Thomas and Friends . Series 6 . Episode 1 . ITV . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Paul Larson ( writer ) ( 2002 - 09 - 12 ) . `` No Sleep for Cranky '' . Thomas and Friends . Series 6 . Episode 3 . ITV . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Jenny McDade ( writer ) ( 2003 - 10 - 21 ) . `` Bad Day at Castle Loch '' . Thomas and Friends . Series 7 . Episode 11 . ITV . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Paul Larson ( writer ) ( 2003 - 10 - 17 ) . `` The Spotless Record '' . Thomas and Friends . Series 7 . Episode 9 . ITV . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Dave Ingham ( writer ) ( 2004 - 08 - 01 ) . `` Thomas and the Tuba '' . Thomas and Friends . Series 8 . Episode 1 . ITV . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Sharon Miller ( writer ) ( 2005 - 10 - 06 ) . `` Edward Strikes Out '' . Thomas and Friends . Series 10 . Episode 17 . ITV . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Paul Larson ( writer ) ( 2003 - 10 - 29 ) . `` Peace and Quiet '' . Thomas and Friends . Series 7 . Episode 17 . ITV . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Jan Page ( writer ) ( 2003 - 10 - 30 ) . `` Fergus Breaks the Rules '' . Thomas and Friends . Series 7 . Episode 18 . ITV . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Brian Trueman ( writer ) ( 2003 - 10 - 09 ) . `` Bill , Ben and Fergus '' . Thomas and Friends . Series 7 . Episode 3 . ITV . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Polly Churchill ( writer ) ( 2003 - 10 - 23 ) . `` Salty 's Stormy Tale '' . Thomas and Friends . Series 7 . Episode 13 . ITV . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Brian Trueman ( writer ) ( 2003 - 10 - 09 ) . `` Something Fishy '' . Thomas and Friends . Series 7 . Episode 15 . ITV . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Paul Larson ( writer ) ( 2003 - 10 - 09 ) . `` Fish '' . Thomas and Friends . Series 8 . Episode 24 . ITV . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Polly Churchill ( writer ) ( 2003 - 11 - 05 ) . `` Best Dressed Engine '' . Thomas and Friends . Series 7 . Episode 22 . ITV . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Abi Grant ( writer ) ( 2004 - 10 - 10 ) . `` Percy and the Magic Carpet '' . Thomas and Friends . Series 8 . Episode 22 . ITV . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Mark Robertson ( writer ) ( 2008 - 09 - 23 ) . `` Thomas Puts the Brakes On '' . Thomas and Friends . Series 12 . Episode 17 . ITV . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Paul Larson ( writer ) ( 2005 - 09 - 18 ) . `` Molly 's Special Special '' . Thomas and Friends . Series 9 . Episode 5 . ITV . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Marc Seal ( writer ) ( 2005 - 10 - 09 ) . `` Thomas and the New Engine '' . Thomas and Friends . Series 9 . Episode 11 . ITV . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : James Mason ( writer ) ( 2006 - 10 - 13 ) . `` Thomas and the Birthday Mail '' . Thomas and Friends . Series 10 . Episode 23 . ITV . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Andrew Viner ( writer ) ( 2008 - 09 - 03 ) . `` Rosie 's Funfair Special '' . Thomas and Friends . Series 12 . Episode 03 . ITV . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Simon Spencer ( writer ) ( 2007 - 09 - 05 ) . `` Hector the Horrid ! '' . Thomas and Friends . Series 11 . Episode 05 . ITV . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : unknown ( 2009 - 07 - 11 ) . `` Splish , Splash , Splosh '' . Thomas and Friends . Series 13 . Episode 02 . unknown . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Wayne Jackman ( writer ) ( 2007 - 09 - 03 ) . `` Emily 's Rubbish '' . Thomas and Friends . Series 11 . Episode 02 . ITV . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Sharon Miller ( writer ) ( 2008 - 09 - 09 ) . `` Toby 's Special Surprise '' . Thomas and Friends . Series 12 . Episode 07 . ITV . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ https://web.archive.org/web/20080828031441/http://www.thomasandfriends.com/usa/stanley.asp . Archived from the original on August 28 , 2008 . Retrieved July 12 , 2008 . Missing or empty title = ( help ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Sharon Miller ( writer ) ( July 2008 ) . `` The Great Discovery '' . Thomas and Friends . ITV . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Simon Spencer ( writer ) ( 2008 - 09 - 16 ) . `` James Works It Out '' . Thomas and Friends . Series 12 . Episode 12 . ITV . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Wayne Jackman ( writer ) ( 2008 - 09 - 19 ) . `` Gordon Takes a Shortcut '' . Thomas and Friends . Series 12 . Episode 15 . ITV . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ https://twitter.com/johnschwab/status/799205488286171137 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2009 - 08 - 10 . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 15 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2009 - 04 - 17 . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 22 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2009 - 04 - 29 . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 22 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : unknown ( 2009 - 11 - 07 ) . `` Play time '' . Thomas and Friends . Series 13 . Episode 01 . unknown . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ unknown ( 2009 - 11 - 07 ) . `` Splish , Splash , Splosh '' . Thomas and Friends . Series 13 . Episode 02 . unknown . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ unknown ( 2010 - 01 - 09 ) . `` Thomas and the Ruunaway Kite '' . Thomas and Friends . Series 13 . Episode 05 . unknown . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2012 - 08 - 12 . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 28 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Thomas & Friends season 17 , `` Away from the Sea '' </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ See `` Read about Diesel '' at Thomas & Friends . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Rev. W. Awdry ( author , Duck and the Diesel Engine ) , Britt Allcroft ( writer , executive producer ) , Robert D. Cardona ( writer , producer ) , David Mitton ( writer , director ) ( 1986 - 09 - 26 ) . `` Pop Goes the Diesel '' . Thomas and Friends . Series 2 . Episode 12 . ITV . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Rev. W. Awdry ( author , Duck and the Diesel Engine ) , Britt Allcroft ( writer , executive producer ) , Robert D. Cardona ( writer , producer ) , David Mitton ( writer , director ) ( 1986 - 09 - 28 ) . `` Dirty Work '' . Thomas and Friends . Series 2 . Episode 13 . ITV . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Rev. W. Awdry ( author , Duck and the Diesel Engine ) , Britt Allcroft ( writer , executive producer ) , Robert D. Cardona ( writer , producer ) , David Mitton ( writer , director ) ( 1986 - 10 - 01 ) . `` A Close Shave '' . Thomas and Friends . Series 2 . Episode 14 . ITV . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Rev. W. Awdry ( author , Tramway Engines ) , Britt Allcroft ( writer , producer ) , David Mitton ( writer , director ) ( 1991 - 11 - 10 ) . `` Mavis '' . Thomas and Friends . Series 3 . Episode 14 . ITV . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Rev. W. Awdry ( author , Enterprising Engines ) , Britt Allcroft ( writer , producer ) , David Mitton ( writer , director ) ( 1992 - 07 - 12 ) . `` Tender Engines '' . Thomas and Friends . Series 3 . Episode 20 . ITV . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Britt Allcroft ( writer , producer ) , David Mitton ( writer , director ) ( 1991 - 10 - 10 ) . `` Diesel Does It Again '' . Thomas and Friends . Series 3 . Episode 8 . ITV . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Paul Larson ( writer ) ( 2002 - 09 - 24 ) . `` The World 's Strongest Engine '' . Thomas and Friends . Series 6 . Episode 11 . ITV . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Abi Grant , Paul Larson ( writers ) ( 2004 - 08 - 08 ) . `` Thomas to the Rescue '' . Thomas and Friends . Series 8 . Episode 3 . ITV . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Paul Larson ( writer ) , Marc Seal ( additional material ) . `` Calling All Engines '' . Thomas and Friends . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ James Mason ( writer ) ( 2008 - 10 - 12 ) . `` Emily and the Special Coaches '' . Thomas and Friends . Series 10 . Episode 21 . ITV . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Mark Robertson ( writer ) ( 2008 - 09 - 01 ) . `` Thomas and the Billboard '' . Thomas and Friends . Series 12 . Episode 1 . ITV . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Simon Spencer ( writer ) ( 2008 - 09 - 18 ) . `` Do n't Go Back '' . Thomas and Friends . Series 12 . Episode 14 . ITV . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Rev. W. Awdry ( author , Branch Line Engines ) , Britt Allcroft ( writer , executive producer ) , Robert D. Cardona ( writer , producer ) , David Mitton ( writer , director ) ( 1986 - 10 - 11 ) . `` Thomas Comes to Breakfast '' . Thomas and Friends . Series 2 . Episode 18 . ITV . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Rev. W. Awdry ( author , Branch Line Engines ) , Britt Allcroft ( writer , executive producer ) , Robert D. Cardona ( writer , producer ) , David Mitton ( writer , director ) ( 1986 - 10 - 14 ) . `` Daisy '' . Thomas and Friends . Series 2 . Episode 19 . ITV . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Rev. W. Awdry ( author , Branch Line Engines ) , Britt Allcroft ( writer , executive producer ) , Robert D. Cardona ( writer , producer ) , David Mitton ( writer , director ) ( 1986 - 10 - 19 ) . `` Percy 's Predicament '' . Thomas and Friends . Series 2 . Episode 20 . ITV . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Rev. W. Awdry ( author , Branch Line Engines ) , Britt Allcroft ( writer , producer ) , David Mitton ( writer , director ) ( 1995 - 04 - 03 ) . `` Bulls ' Eyes '' . Thomas and Friends . Series 4 . Episode 21 . ITV . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ https://twitter.com/TracyAnnO/status/766983794339569665 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Rev. W. Awdry ( author , Main Line Engines ) , Britt Allcroft ( writer , executive producer ) , Robert D. Cardona ( writer , producer ) , David Mitton ( writer , director ) ( 1986 - 10 - 24 ) . `` The Diseasel '' . Thomas and Friends . Series 2 . Episode 21 . ITV . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Rev. W. Awdry ( author , Main Line Engines ) , Britt Allcroft ( writer , executive producer ) , Robert D. Cardona ( writer , producer ) , David Mitton ( writer , director ) ( 1986 - 11 - 01 ) . `` Wrong Road '' . Thomas and Friends . Series 2 . Episode 22 . ITV . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Rev. W. Awdry ( author , Main Line Engines ) , Britt Allcroft ( writer , producer ) , David Mitton ( writer , director ) ( 1992 - 01 - 02 ) . `` Buzz Buzz '' . Thomas and Friends . Series 3 . Episode 17 . ITV . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Britt Allcroft ( writer , producer ) , David Mitton ( writer , director ) ( 1992 - 02 - 04 ) . `` One Good Turn '' . Thomas and Friends . Series 3 . Episode 19 . ITV . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Britt Allcroft ( writer , producer ) , David Mitton ( writer , director ) ( 1998 - 09 - 16 ) . `` Double Teething Troubles '' . Thomas and Friends . Series 5 . Episode 12 . TCC . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Rev. W. Awdry ( author , Main Line Engines ) , Britt Allcroft ( writer , executive producer ) , Robert D. Cardona ( writer , producer ) , David Mitton ( writer , director ) ( 1986 - 11 - 08 ) . `` Edward 's Exploit '' . Thomas and Friends . Series 2 . Episode 23 . ITV . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Rev. W. Awdry ( author , Tramway Engines ) , Britt Allcroft ( writer , producer ) , David Mitton ( writer , director ) ( 1991 - 11 - 20 ) . `` Toby 's Tightrope '' . Thomas and Friends . Series 3 . Episode 15 . ITV . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Robin Kingsland ( writer ) ( 2002 - 09 - 11 ) . `` Salty 's Secret '' . Thomas and Friends . Series 6 . Episode 2 . ITV . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Ross Hastings ( writer ) ( 2002 - 10 - 04 ) . `` Buffer Bother '' . Thomas and Friends . Series 6 . Episode 19 . ITV . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Britt Allcroft ( writer , producer ) , David Mitton ( writer , director ) ( 1998 - 09 - 17 ) . `` Stepney Gets Lost '' . Thomas and Friends . Series 5 . Episode 12 . TCC . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Brian Trueman ( writer ) ( 2002 - 09 - 07 ) . `` Middle Engine '' . Thomas and Friends . Series 6 . Episode 14 . ITV . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Dave Ingham ( writer ) ( 2004 - 10 - 24 ) . `` Halloween '' . Thomas and Friends . Series 8 . Episode 25 . ITV . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Thomas & Friends , season 17 , `` The Missing Christmas Decorations </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ See `` Read about Sidney '' at Thomas & Friends . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ kings of leon ( 2007 - 09 - 09 ) . `` Do n't Be Silly , Billy '' . Thomas and Friends . Series 11 . Episode 13 . ITV . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2009 - 09 - 17 . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 11 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Sharon Miller ( writer ) ( 2008 - 09 - 08 ) . `` Heave - Ho , Thomas ! '' . Thomas and Friends . Series 12 . Episode 6 . ITV . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Sharon Miller ( writer ) ( 2005 - 10 - 28 ) . `` Thomas ' Day Off '' . Thomas and Friends . Series 9 . Episode 18 . ITV . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Britt Allcroft ( writer , producer ) , David Mitton ( writer , director ) ( 1992 - 02 - 04 ) . `` Rusty to the Rescue '' . Thomas and Friends . Series 4 . Episode 15 . ITV . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Rev. W. Awdry ( author , Stepney the `` Bluebell '' Engine ) , Britt Allcroft ( writer , producer ) , David Mitton ( writer , director ) ( 1995 - 02 - 10 ) . `` Thomas and Stepney '' . Thomas and Friends . Series 4 . Episode 16 . TCC . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Rev. W. Awdry ( author , Stepney the `` Bluebell '' Engine ) , Britt Allcroft ( writer , producer ) , David Mitton ( writer , director ) ( 1995 - 02 - 16 ) . `` Train Stops Play '' . Thomas and Friends . Series 4 . Episode 17 . TCC . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Rev. W. Awdry ( author , Stepney the `` Bluebell '' Engine ) , Britt Allcroft ( writer , producer ) , David Mitton ( writer , director ) ( 1995 - 02 - 20 ) . `` Bowled Out '' . Thomas and Friends . Series 4 . Episode 18 . TCC . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Jenny McDade ( writer ) ( 2002 - 09 - 30 ) . `` James and the Red Balloon '' . Thomas and Friends . Series 6 . Episode 15 . ITV . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Robyn Chateris ( writer ) ( 2003 - 10 - 13 ) . `` Edward 's Brass Band '' . Thomas and Friends . Series 7 . Episode 5 . ITV . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ David Mitton ( writer , director ) ( 2002 - 09 - 30 ) . `` Edward the Very Useful Engine '' . Thomas and Friends . Series 6 . Episode 23 . ITV . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Lee Pressman ( writer ) ( 2003 - 11 - 06 ) . `` Gordon and Spencer '' . Thomas and Friends . Series 7 . Episode 23 . ITV . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Neil Richards ( writer ) ( 2007 - 09 - 04 ) . `` Dream On '' . Thomas and Friends . Series 11 . Episode 3 . ITV . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Abi Grant ( writer ) ( 2004 - 09 - 12 ) . `` Edward the Great '' . Thomas and Friends . Series 8 . Episode 14 . ITV . </Li> </Ol> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> The Railway Series and Thomas & Friends </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Engines </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Thomas </Li> <Li> Edward </Li> <Li> Henry </Li> <Li> Gordon </Li> <Li> James </Li> <Li> Percy </Li> <Li> Toby </Li> <Li> Duck </Li> <Li> Donald and Douglas </Li> <Li> Oliver </Li> <Li> Emily </Li> <Li> Bill and Ben </Li> <Li> Diesel </Li> <Li> Mavis </Li> <Li> Salty </Li> <Li> Harvey </Li> <Li> Diesel 10 </Li> <Li> Narrow - gauge engines <Ul> <Li> Skarloey </Li> <Li> Rheneas </Li> <Li> Sir Handel </Li> <Li> Peter Sam </Li> <Li> Rusty </Li> <Li> Duncan </Li> <Li> Duke </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Minimum - gauge engines </Li> <Li> Mike </Li> <Li> Bert </Li> <Li> Rex </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Other characters </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> The Fat Controller </Li> <Li> The Thin Controller </Li> <Li> Annie and Clarabel </Li> <Li> Bertie </Li> <Li> Harold </Li> <Li> Terence </Li> <Li> Trevor </Li> <Li> Major characters in The Railway Series </Li> <Li> Minor characters in The Railway Series </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Railways </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> North Western </Li> <Li> Skarloey </Li> <Li> Culdee Fell </Li> <Li> Arlesdale </Li> <Li> Mid Sodor </Li> <Li> Sodor & Mainland </Li> <Li> The Other Railway </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Places </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> The Island of Sodor </Li> <Li> Locations in Thomas and Friends </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> The Railway Series books by the Rev. W. Awdry </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> List of Railway Series books </Li> <Li> Major characters </Li> <Li> Minor characters </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Authors </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Rev. W.V. Awdry ( creator ) </Li> <Li> Christopher Awdry </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Illustrators </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> C. Reginald Dalby </Li> <Li> John T. Kenney </Li> <Li> Peter and Gunvor Edwards </Li> <Li> Clive Spong </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Thomas & Friends , the television show </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Characters </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Railway engines </Li> <Li> Narrow - gauge engines </Li> <Li> Arlesdale engines </Li> <Li> Rolling stock </Li> <Li> Non-rail vehicles </Li> <Li> People and animals </Li> <Li> Film characters </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Television series </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> 5 </Li> <Li> 6 </Li> <Li> 7 </Li> <Li> 8 </Li> <Li> 9 </Li> <Li> 10 </Li> <Li> 11 </Li> <Li> 12 </Li> <Li> 13 </Li> <Li> 14 </Li> <Li> 15 </Li> <Li> 16 </Li> <Li> 17 </Li> <Li> 18 </Li> <Li> 19 </Li> <Li> 20 </Li> <Li> 21 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Films and specials </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Thomas and the Magic Railroad ( 2000 ) </Li> <Li> Calling All Engines ! ( 2005 ) </Li> <Li> The Great Discovery ( 2008 ) </Li> <Li> Hero of the Rails ( 2009 ) </Li> <Li> Misty Island Rescue ( 2010 ) </Li> <Li> Day of the Diesels ( 2011 ) </Li> <Li> Blue Mountain Mystery ( 2012 ) </Li> <Li> King of the Railway ( 2013 ) </Li> <Li> Tale of the Brave ( 2014 ) </Li> <Li> The Adventure Begins ( 2015 ) </Li> <Li> Sodor 's Legend of the Lost Treasure ( 2015 ) </Li> <Li> The Great Race ( 2016 ) </Li> <Li> Journey Beyond Sodor ( 2017 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Production </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> List of Thomas & Friends voice actors </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Merchandise </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Annuals </Li> <Li> Day out with Thomas </Li> <Li> My Thomas Story Library </Li> <Li> Thomas Land at Drayton Manor </Li> <Li> Thomas the Tank Engine pictureback books </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Related </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Shining Time Station </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Thomas_%26_Friends_railway_engines&oldid=803912940 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> Thomas & Friends characters </Li> <Li> Fictional locomotives </Li> <Li> Thomas & Friends </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Pages with citations lacking titles </Li> <Li> Pages with citations having bare URLs </Li> <Li> Wikipedia articles needing style editing from February 2012 </Li> <Li> All articles needing style editing </Li> <Li> Articles needing additional references from June 2009 </Li> <Li> All articles needing additional references </Li> <Li> Articles lacking reliable references from July 2012 </Li> <Li> All articles lacking reliable references </Li> <Li> Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from June 2016 </Li> <Li> All articles with unsourced statements </Li> <Li> Articles with unsourced statements from February 2017 </Li> <Li> All articles with dead external links </Li> <Li> Articles with dead external links from July 2016 </Li> <Li> Articles with unsourced statements from July 2016 </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> Русский </Li> </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 5 October 2017 , at 13 : 36 . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> | [
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Temperance `` Bones '' Brennan - wikipedia <H1> Temperance `` Bones '' Brennan </H1> For the character in Kathy Reichs ' novels , see Temperance Brennan . <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Temperance `` Bones '' Brennan </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Bones character </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Photograph of Brennan , as portrayed by Emily Deschanel . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> First appearance </Th> <Td> September 13 , 2005 ( 1x01 , `` Pilot '' ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Last appearance </Th> <Td> March 28 , 2017 ( 12x12 , `` The End in the End '' ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Created by </Th> <Td> Hart Hanson </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Portrayed by </Th> <Td> Emily Deschanel </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Information </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Nickname ( s ) </Th> <Td> Bones ( By Seeley & Parker Booth ) Tempe ( By Max Keenan , Russ Brennan and Jared Booth ) Bren / Dr. B ( By some co-workers ) Joy ( name by birth ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Aliases </Th> <Td> Wanda Moosejaw Roxy Scallion Natasha ( of Boris and Natasha ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Gender </Th> <Td> Female </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Occupation </Th> <Td> Anthropologist , Forensic anthropologist , Kinesiologist , Author </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Title </Th> <Td> Doctor ( 3 × Ph. D . ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Family </Th> <Td> Father : Max Keenan ( deceased ) Mother : Christine Brennan ( deceased ) Brother : Russ Brennan </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Spouse ( s ) </Th> <Td> Seeley Booth ( Husband , 2 children ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Children </Th> <Td> Christine Angela Booth ( daughter , with Seeley ) Hank Booth II ( son , with Seeley ) Parker Booth ( Stepson ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Relatives </Th> <Td> Brother - in - Law : Jared Booth ( deceased ) Sister - in - Law : Amy Hollister Step - Niece : Hayley Hollister Step - Niece : Emma Hollister Second Cousin : Margaret Whitesell </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Temperance `` Bones '' Brennan , Ph. D. ( born Joy Keenan ) is a fictional character portrayed by Emily Deschanel in the American Fox television series Bones . An anthropologist , forensic anthropologist , and kinesiologist , she is described in the series as a leading authority in the field of forensic anthropology . Brennan first appeared on television , along with other series characters , in the `` Pilot '' episode of Bones on September 13 , 2005 . She is the main protagonist of the series along with FBI Special Agent Seeley Booth ( David Boreanaz ) . </P> <P> Brennan is loosely based on author Kathy Reichs . Her name originates from the heroine in Reichs 's crime novel series , also named Temperance Brennan . The main similarity the two share is their occupation as forensic anthropologists . Brennan appeared in Comcast 's list of TV 's Most Intriguing Characters . She was included in AfterEllen.com 's Top 50 Favorite Female TV Characters . Her relationship with Seeley Booth was listed in Entertainment Weekly 's `` 30 Best ' Will They / Wo n't They ? ' TV Couples '' . </P> <H2> Contents </H2> <Ul> <Li> 1 Character history <Ul> <Li> 1.1 Family and early life </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2 Characterization </Li> <Li> 3 Relationships <Ul> <Li> 3.1 Seeley Booth </Li> <Li> 3.2 Tim `` Sully '' Sullivan </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 References </Li> <Li> 5 Further reading </Li> </Ul> <H2> Character history ( edit ) </H2> <P> Temperance `` Bones '' Brennan is a forensic anthropologist who works in the Medico - Legal lab at the Jeffersonian Institute in Washington , D.C. She received her Ph. D. from Northwestern University , as stated in `` The Girl in the Fridge '' . She has three doctorates , as referred to by Dr. Jack Hodgins in the episode `` The Parts of the Sum in the Whole '' , in anthropology , forensic anthropology and kinesiology ; it is implied that most of her work at the lab was related to either long - dead bodies or victims of genocide . </P> <P> Her occasional contract work for the FBI shifted the focus of her work . She was paired with FBI Special Agent Seeley Booth , and helped to solve two difficult cases ; since then , they have worked together almost exclusively on modern - day murder cases . </P> <P> Brennan works with a group of other well - qualified colleagues , including the entomologist Jack Hodgins , her boss and forensic pathologist Camille Saroyan , forensic artist Angela Montenegro , and a host of eager graduate students . Booth refers to her crew of colleagues as `` squints '' , because they come to crime scenes and squint at evidence . He is also responsible for her nickname , `` Bones '' , which she initially detested . </P> <P> In the first - season finale ( which aired on May 17 , 2006 ) , Brennan stated that she was born in 1976 , which would have made her either 29 or 30 ( approximately the same age as Deschanel , who was born on October 11 , 1976 ) . In the fifth - season episode `` The Death of the Queen Bee '' ( which aired nearly four years later , on April 15 , 2010 ) , it is implied that her then - current age was 33 years ( based on Brennan 's identification of a former high school classmate as the victim and statement that the classmate was 33 ) . </P> <P> First mentioned in season 1 , Brennan has a love of dolphins , which she shared with her late mother : in the season one finale , `` The Woman in Limbo '' , Brennan examines a custom - made belt with a dolphin on the buckle , which had belonged to her mother , and which she mentions having once borrowed without asking first . Brennan 's love of dolphins is highlighted again in season 2 episodes `` The Titan on the Tracks '' , `` The Killer in the Concrete '' and `` Stargazer in a Puddle '' , when she mentions the constellation Delphinus , ( the Dolphin ) , her and her mother 's favorite . In season 6 , `` The Doctor in the Photo '' , she is shown to wear a dolphin ring . </P> <P> In `` Mummy in the Maze '' , Brennan exhibited ophidiophobia when confronted with snakes , but later only shows a moment of fright when confronted with another snake in `` The Mastodon in the Room '' . She takes note of this , voicing her observation that she only seems to lose her head around snakes when Booth is also `` there to be jumped upon '' , and also she mentions that she once had a pet snake during high school . It should also be noted that , in `` The Man in the Morgue , '' Brennan handled a snake without any trace of fear , even while Booth is in the room . </P> <P> In season one , in `` A Man on Death Row '' , Dr. Brennan expresses her stance on the death penalty ; `` I believe in the death penalty . There are certain people who should n't be in this world . The people who hacked hundreds of innocent children to death in Rwanda ; beheaded them at their desks at school ! The people who did that , they should be executed . '' In `` The Woman at the Airport '' , Dr. Brennan is shown to have a strong dislike for plastic surgeons , believing them to be no more than `` glorified butchers with medical degrees '' , and this dislike is voiced again in season 4 , in `` Cinderella in the Cardboard '' . In `` The Woman in the Car '' , Dr. Brennan reveals that her third doctorate is in kinesiology , a field that would allow her and Angela to unravel how one of the bodies that had been found had been killed . </P> <P> In season two , she expressed the desire to get a pet pig , whom she would have named `` Jasper '' . Brennan 's expertise in kinesiology would again prove its worth in `` The Truth in the Lye '' ( she could tell that one of the murder suspects was pregnant just from having observed her gait ) , in `` The Girl with the Curl '' ( she could tell if one of the young beauty pageant contestants was suffering from scoliosis just by watching them perform on stage ) , and in `` The Woman in the Sand '' ( while undercover with Booth , she was able to tell Booth exactly how to beat his opponent from just having watched his moves ) . In `` Judas on a Pole '' , she and her brother are identified as having the same blood type , blood type O. In `` Glowing Bones in the Old Stone House '' , she is shown to be a good cook : Booth 's comment on her mac and cheese is that he 'd `` like to be alone with it '' . </P> <P> In the season 3 episode , `` Mummy in the Maze '' , it is revealed that Brennan 's favorite superhero is Wonder Woman , and that she always goes as Wonder Woman to the Jeffersonian 's Halloween party . In `` The Baby in the Bough '' , it is revealed that Brennan is a registered foster parent , at her brother 's request , to take in his stepdaughters in case anything should happen to him and his girlfriend . In the season 3 episode , `` Intern in the Incinerator '' , Booth reveals that Brennan 's favorite flower is a Daffodil , her second favorite flower is a Daisy , and her favorite planet is Jupiter . </P> <P> In season 5 , in `` The Death of the Queen Bee '' , when asked if she 'd had a pet rat , Brennan discloses that she , in fact , had a pet mouse , snake and some spiders . During her time at Burtonsville high school , her only friend was the school custodian , Ray Buxley , with whom she would enjoy long , in - depth conversations on life and death , and who would also provide her with dead animals to dissect ( Brennan having set out to become a forensic anthropologist , ) and who would later be one of her books ' biggest fans ( she having named the killer in her first book , Bred in the Bone , after him ) . According to the Burtonsville high school on - line yearbook entry on Brennan , in her senior year , she was a member of the Chemistry club and Math club , her interests were chemistry and mathematics , and she was a National Merit Scholar and an Academic All Star . </P> <P> In the season 6 episode , `` The Blackout in the Blizzard '' , Brennan mentions her pet iguana for the first time . This same episode show that one of the number of scientific publications that Brennan reads is Medicinal Physics Quarterly , with one article on electrostatics and triboluminescence proving useful during the lab 's power outage . Further concerning her pet iguana in `` The Truth in the Myth '' , as a part of his rehab from alcohol abuse , Vincent Nigel - Murry made apologies for , among other things , having borrowed her iguana one night , wearing him as a hat for a party . She comments that he must have taken good care of her iguana as she has observed nothing wrong with him and further expresses some surprise that Vincent Nigel - Murry was able to get her iguana to stay perched atop his head , to which he replies that he was good with ribbons . </P> <P> In season 8 , `` The Tiger in the Tale '' , Booth mentions to Sweets that Dr. Brennan once took Peyote with Native Americans . </P> <P> In season 11 , `` The Senator in the Street Sweeper '' , Dr. Brennan is mentioned to be a member of the Green Party of the United States along with Dr. Hodgins . </P> <H3> Family and early life ( edit ) </H3> <P> Although Brennan seemed to have a relatively normal childhood , her parents disappeared when she was 15 years old . Her older brother Russ , himself still an adolescent , was unable to care for her and she was put in the foster care system . By the time she started college she had been to twelve different schools and has specifically said that she hated the lack of consistency . </P> <P> There has been contradictory evidence about her time in the system ; in one episode , Brennan stated that her grandfather got her out of the foster system , but in a later episode , she indicates that she never knew her grandparents ( possibly the two references are to two separate sets of grandparents , paternal and maternal ) . However , taking into consideration the fact that Brennan 's parents had assumed new identities when she was 3 - years - old , the grandfather who had taken her in from her time in the foster system may not have been her biological grandfather . </P> <P> Her time in foster care was quite traumatic and abusive ; Brennan indicated that she was once locked in the trunk of a car for two days because she broke a plate , and in the episode `` The Finger in the Nest '' , she reveals to Booth that she walked into her elderly neighbor 's house to find the woman dead . In the same episode , she also mentions to Booth that her parents were very concerned about her afterwards , because she started faking her own death . In Season 2 , she mentions that during her time in the foster care system , she kept a list of foster homes she had been kicked out of on the bottom of her shoe . </P> <P> In the first season she hands Booth the file on her parents ' disappearance and he agrees to look into it as a personal favor . It is later revealed in Season 2 that her parents , who were bank robbers specializing in safety deposit boxes , changed the family 's identity after they stole some damaging FBI documents regarding the murder of an FBI agent and the false imprisonment of civil rights activist Marvin Beckett . Brennan 's birth name was Joy Keenan . Her mother ( real name Ruth Keenan , known under the assumed identity of Christine Brennan ) had hoped to someday return to her children and family , but made a tape for Brennan to watch on her 16th birthday in case that never happened . Brennan later discovered that Ruth / Christine was murdered in 1993 , two years after she and her husband went on the run . </P> <P> Her father Max Keenan re-entered Brennan 's life when she and her brother were being threatened by an old acquaintance , who turned out to be Booth 's boss , Deputy Director Kirby . Max evades capture after killing Kirby , and takes Russ into hiding to protect him . Later , Max allows Booth to arrest him in order to improve his relationship with his daughter . At trial , Max is acquitted of murdering Director Kirby ( due in large part to a defense Booth indirectly came up with , positing an alternate theory of the crime in which Temperance was the killer instead , creating reasonable doubt ) , and he begins to rebuild his life . </P> <P> He temporarily works at the Jeffersonian as a guide for children visiting the place and demonstrates his brilliant talent as a former science teacher . However , Brennan is concerned about a convicted felon having access to a lab that investigates crimes . Max also introduces Brennan to her cousin Margaret Whitesell , portrayed by Deschanel 's real - life sister Zooey Deschanel . </P> <P> Brennan is best friends with her coworker , Angela , saying in the 6th - season premiere she loves Angela `` like a sister '' and is going to be an aunt to Hodgins ' and Angela 's newborn child . It is revealed at the end of the season six finale `` The Change in the Game '' that Brennan is pregnant and the father is Booth . </P> <P> In Season 7 , episode 2 `` The Hot Dog in the Competition '' , Brennan and Booth found out they were having a baby girl . Their daughter , Christine Angela Booth ( named for Brennan 's mother and her best friend ) , was born in a stable during the episode `` The Prisoner in the Pipe '' . In the Season 7 finale , `` The Past in the Present '' , key evidence in the death of her friend , Ethan Sawyer , is linked to Brennan . Max convinces her to go on the run along with Christine , saying that if she is arrested , even if she is found innocent , she may never see her daughter again . </P> <P> In Season 8 premiere , it is revealed that while on the run , Brennan was communicating with Angela , via flowers , and eventually used this as a way to communicate with Booth . Despite being on the run , Brennan risks her safety and decides to meet directly with Booth in a hotel room after months of being a single mother . Eventually , they arrest Christopher Pelant , who was the real murderer of Ethan Sawyer , and Brennan is allowed to return to her family . Although Pelant blackmails Booth to prevent him from accepting Brennan 's proposal by threatening to kill five innocent people if Booth accepted , also warning Booth not to give a reason for his refusal , this threat is removed when the team manage to kill Pelant , and Booth and Brennan marry in the Season 9 episode ' The Woman in White ' . </P> <P> In the Season 10 episode , `` The Eye in the Sky '' , Brennan learns that she is pregnant with her and Booth 's second child . </P> <H2> Characterization ( edit ) </H2> <P> Throughout the course of the series , Brennan is portrayed as a straightforward , brilliant anthropologist , who lacks social skills . Her social ineptitude is especially apparent when it comes to sarcasm , metaphors which she often interprets literally , and pop culture jokes and is often the source of comedy in the show . An example of this is when she mistakes Colin Farrell for Will Ferrell . In earlier seasons , she was characterized as straightforward and unable to detect social cues -- she states that Booth once told her that she `` stinks at non-verbal communication '' -- and was well - known within the FBI for being extremely difficult to work with . She began to acknowledge her lack of sensitivity after Booth bluntly told her outright that she was `` bad with people '' in `` A Boy in a Tree '' . Her lack of `` political savvy '' and social skills was also a reason why she was passed over for Dr. Camille Saroyan as head of the Jeffersonian in Season 2 . Other characters have described her as `` no fun '' and `` a rigid traditionalist '' . </P> <P> She had a difficult adolescence , and it is implied , often by Sweets , that her withdrawn social tendencies are a defense mechanism . She also sometimes struggles in identifying and explaining her emotions , and takes comfort in the rationality of her anthropological discipline . Although it has been stated that Brennan was based on a person with Asperger syndrome , this has never been confirmed in the plot of the series . The creator of the series has stated that the character was never labeled as having the syndrome in order to increase the appeal of the show on network television . This influence on her character also helps to explain her extreme rationality in early seasons , as well as some of her social difficulties . Brennan is a self - proclaimed atheist and often points out what she believes to be the irrationality of religious and spiritual beliefs . This has led to more than one argument with Booth , who is a devout Roman Catholic ; he becomes particularly irate when she compares less common religions , such as voodoo , to Christianity . During the Sleepy Hollow crossover episode `` Dead Men Tell No Tales '' , Sleepy Hollow protagonist Ichabod Crane notes that Brennan is so sceptical that she would dismiss the demon Moloch -- the primary antagonist in the first two seasons of Sleepy Hollow -- as nothing more than a tall man with a skin condition , although this does leave him reassured that she will not realise the nature of the secret tomb they have uncovered underneath the White House . </P> <P> Brennan is a bestselling author , who has been on the New York Times Best Seller List for 18 weeks . She is trained in three types of martial arts , has hunting licenses in four states , and has a legally registered gun as well as a diving certificate . She promised to consider becoming a vegetarian after seeing how pigs were slaughtered ( which was also the way her mother had been killed ) . However , in `` The Tough Man in the Tender Chicken '' ( season 5 , episode 6 ) Angela cites health reasons for Brennan 's vegetarian diet . Brennan is also a trained amateur highwire performer , and speaks at least seven other languages , including Spanish , French , Latin , Chinese , Pashto Japanese , Norwegian ( although she says only `` skull '' and avers that , as a forensic anthropologist , this is a word she knows `` in just about every language '' ) , Farsi , and German . She has also admitted to knowing a bit of Russian . She often says she does not `` put much stock in psychology '' and makes a point of noting that Dr. Sweets is not a real scientist as he `` bases his life on the vagary of psychology and emotions '' . </P> <P> Brennan 's personality undergoes significant changes throughout the course of the series . Her thinking becomes less rigid in later seasons , something which is observed by Dr. Gordon Wyatt , who notes that she is now able to distinguish the difference between accuracy and truth . In season 4 , Booth takes her along to his interrogations and helps her learn how to set aside her scientific perspective and relate with the victim 's family and suspects on a more interpersonal level . She is also able to put aside her rationality to support her friends in sometimes irrational pursuits , such as Angela 's quest to raise money to save a pig from slaughter , and to comfort Booth , even using science or quoting directly from the Bible to rationalize his religious beliefs . Her sensitivity and empathy towards others are also much improved , seen quite strongly when she comforts his grandfather , and when she attends a funeral so that the victim 's single mother wo n't be alone . She also displays more `` typical '' human emotions when in extreme stress . One example of this is her fear of snakes in `` The Mummy in the Maze , '' when a girl is in the process of being scared to death in a room , the floor teeming with snakes . This goes against her empirical nature , as , when Booth tells her that the snakes are n't venomous , she states that she is aware , but still refuses to step in the room , causing Booth to carry her on his back . </P> <P> Brennan begins to feel both dissatisfaction and discomfort with her work toward the end of the fifth season . She also sees some futility in her work , stating that no matter how many killers they catch , there will always be more . To help her gain new perspective , she later decides to head up an anthropological expedition to Indonesia for a year to identify some ancient proto - human remains , after mulling it over during the episode . However , 7 months later , she and everyone else return to D.C. in order to save Cam 's job , and they all decide to stay . </P> <P> As season 6 progresses , Brennan must confront her feelings for Booth , whom she rejected in the 100th episode from the previous season . Having returned from 7 months of introspection , she has come to terms with her romantic affection towards him , even admitting that she regretted not having given them a chance together , midway through the season . However , Booth returns from Afghanistan with a new love interest , war correspondent Hannah Burley , whom Brennan befriends . When Hannah rejects Booth 's marriage proposal , Brennan must help him through the emotional fallout . </P> <P> In the second to last episode of season 6 Booth and Brennan had sex , consummating their relationship , and it is revealed in the last few moments of the season finale that as a result , Brennan has become pregnant , with Booth the father . Throughout the episode ( `` The Change in the Game '' ) Brennan has been seen asking Angela questions and making comments that make her seem excited and apprehensive ; when she sees that Booth is happy with the news , she also seems overjoyed . This reflects her earlier desire to become a mother , circa season 4 , as well as her desire that Booth be the father of the baby . </P> <P> In the Season 8 episode `` The Shot in the Dark '' , Brennan is shot while working in the lab late at night . While undergoing emergency surgery , she experiences a vision of meeting with her deceased mother , Christine Brennan . Initially dismissing this as a hallucination , Brennan experiences several more visions throughout the episode . During these discussions , it 's revealed that Brennan 's hyper rationalization originates from the very last piece of advice her mother gave to her ( before going on the run ) which was to use her brain instead of her heart . While that advice enabled Brennan to survive all these years , the vision of her mother explains , it 's now time for Brennan to do more than just survive . </P> <P> Since entering a relationship with and marrying Booth and then having children , the character has undergone development personally and is shown to be a caring wife and protective mother . She would often put aside her own atheistic views and uses her hyper - rationality to justify Booth 's religious beliefs , as shown in season 8 where she references the Bible in order to persuade Booth to forgive his mother and in the season finale where she agrees to a church wedding , rationalizing that she could appreciate the `` beauty '' of the ceremony and its significance to Booth . </P> <H2> Relationships ( edit ) </H2> <P> Brennan has had a number of relatively short relationships , including an ill - fated date with a man who turned out to be a murderer and the re-kindling of a romance with her former thesis supervisor . She has stated that although she does not always feel the need for a committed emotional relationship , she has engaged in casual relationships to `` satisfy biological urges '' . In one episode , she was spending time with two men , one for his intelligence and the other for his sexual skills . In Season 5 , episode `` The Plain in the Prodigy '' , she tells Booth she lost her virginity at the age of 22 and when asked why she waited so long , she said it was because the decision was `` important to her '' . FBI psychologist Lance Sweets postulates in a number of episodes that Brennan 's apprehension over having relationships is largely due in part to the abandonment and abuse she experienced as a teenager after her parents disappeared . It is said that she `` hides '' herself behind a front of hyper - rationalism and she always keeps people at arms ' length , except for those closest to her ( namely FBI partner Seeley Booth and best friend Angela Montenegro ) . After much character growth , Temperance Brennan is now married to her principal love interest of the series Seeley Booth , and they have a daughter ( Season 7 ) and a son together . </P> <H3> Seeley Booth ( edit ) </H3> <P> FBI Special Agent Seeley Booth is Brennan 's husband and partner , and the principal liaison between the Jeffersonian and law enforcement agencies . Prior to their marriage , he is also Brennan 's principal love interest throughout the series . Although his working style initially clashed with Brennan 's , they have since become full - fledged partners . Their compatibility has become one of the central points of the show , with many new characters mistaking them for a couple and co-workers , especially Angela , constantly speculating that they were `` more than partners '' . Booth and Brennan have repeatedly risked their safety to save each other , including when Booth took a bullet meant for Brennan . After Booth rescues Brennan from the corrupt Agent Kenton , Booth lifts her off the hook she was hung on by putting her tied hands around his neck even though he himself was severely injured . In `` Two Bodies in the Lab '' , in season 1 , and in `` The Rocker in the Rinse Cycle '' , in season 5 , Brennan and Booth 's mutual love for Foreigner 's Hot Blooded is mentioned ; Booth even refers to it as ' their song ' in `` The Rocker in the Rinse Cycle '' . Brennan once commented to Dr. Gordon Wyatt ( Stephen Fry ) that she `` ( could n't ) think of anything ( she ) would n't do to help Booth . '' Brennan 's novels are also dedicated to him and the character Special Agent Andy Lister is based on him even though she still denies it . </P> <P> Initially Brennan was mostly dismissive of Booth due to their opposing worldviews and work styles -- which is a source of friction and banter between them . Although she refused to admit it at first , Brennan enjoyed working with him from the beginning , even after their falling out when Booth got her drunk and `` fired '' her , and , in Season 1 , she cajoled him into launching an investigation after finding three bone fragments on a golf course so he could work with the Jeffersonian team on the case despite the fact that the FBI technically had no jurisdiction . She often unknowingly offends him on a number of occasions during the first few seasons with her tactlessness , only realizing after being gently admonished by Angela or another member of the team . She comes to admire his ability to connect with people and read behavioral cues when interrogating suspects after coming to terms with her own lack of social skills . After finding out about his abusive childhood and haunted past in the Army , she also begins to respect him as a person . Booth , who is particularly taciturn in revealing emotions or speaking about his past , begins to open up to and confide in her . Since entering a relationship with ( and eventually marrying ) Booth , she is shown to be extremely supportive of him , even at the expense of her friendship with Angela . Additionally , she put aside her own misgivings several times for Booth 's benefit ; for example , she agrees to have Christine christened into the Catholic church and referenced the Bible when trying to talk Booth into forgiving his mother . </P> <P> Brennan acquired the nickname `` Bones '' from Booth . She initially disliked it but comes to regard it with affection . Booth and his son Parker are the only characters in the show she permits to use it and the former rarely addresses her by her first name or `` Tempe '' . </P> <P> In Season 2 Brennan shot and killed a person for the first time while working on a string of murders connected to serial killer Howard Epps . She was forced to pull the trigger after Epps ' accomplice attacked and injured Booth with a pipe . At the end of the episode she confides in Booth of her conflicted feelings and finds comfort in the fact that Booth understood how she felt . </P> <P> The relationship between Brennan and Booth has often become strained when either partner has a significant other . For example , Booth was quite irritable when Brennan dated Agent Sully , and their relationship was also strained when Booth 's brother Jared was showing an interest in Brennan . Brennan constantly needled Booth while he was dating Tessa . </P> <P> When Brennan decided that she wanted to have a baby , she asked Booth if he would be the sperm donor . He agrees to Brennan 's request at first , but subsequently struggles with the thought of not being involved in the life of his prospective child . Eventually he tells Brennan he can not let her have his child if he is not allowed to be a father to it . Soon thereafter , it is discovered that he has a ( benign ) brain tumour . He has to undergo surgery , and though the surgery is successful , a poor reaction to anesthesia left him in a coma for several days . While in his coma , Brennan reads to him from her new novel , and he has an elaborate dream in which Brennan is his wife and that she is pregnant , and that the staff at the Jeffersonian play the characters in the novel . When he awakens , he initially suffers from amnesia , not recognizing Brennan . </P> <P> Although for the majority of the series Booth and Brennan denied that their relationship was anything more than friendly professionalism , they admitted to Dr. Sweets that they kissed and nearly spent the night together after their very first case together . After this discussion , Booth attempted to convince Brennan to give a relationship a try . However , she declined , telling him that she , unlike him , is not a gambler , and is n't able to take that kind of a chance . They have subsequently attempted to date other people , although the fact that Booth once comments that he regards Brennan as his `` standard '' for other women suggests that he , at least , has not completely moved on . Brennan does admit to her best friend Angela Montenegro that as time has gone on , she is unsure if she wants to keep doing consulting work for the FBI , citing that she is tired of murderers and victims , and is constantly worried that something will happen to Booth and she will be unable to save him . In the climax of Season Five , Brennan and Booth part ways for a year -- he goes to Afghanistan while she leaves for the Maluku Islands in Indonesia -- but they promise to meet , one year from that day , at the Lincoln Memorial . </P> <P> In the beginning of season six ( 7 months later ) , they reunite in the stated place . Booth came back from Afghanistan , along with everyone else from various places , to help save Cam 's job . They all decided to stay . Booth has a serious new girlfriend , Hannah , and despite the hints of her colleagues at Brennan 's unconscious jealousy of their relationship , she vehemently denies feeling uncomfortable with the new situation . Through subsequent episodes her jealousy and resentfulness began becoming more apparent as Hannah and Booth started becoming more serious . In the episode `` The Doctor in the Photo '' , Brennan realizes she is in love with Booth and confronts him , but she is let down when Booth says that he loves Hannah and she is not a `` consolation prize '' , prompting Brennan to conclude that she has missed her chance , later reflecting that she should move on . In episode 10 of the sixth season `` The Body in the Bag '' , Booth tells his girlfriend about the incident , stating that it ( his love for Temperance ) was all in the past and whatever he felt , he does not feel it anymore , except for Hannah . However it was clear in the following episode that he still has feelings for Brennan . </P> <P> Despite her apparent resolve to move on , Brennan later showed sorrow when her father noted that he always thought she and Booth would end up together . During a subsequent case involving a polygamist who would spend the night with his first wife on the night he was scheduled to sleep alone , Booth commented that , while you can love several people , there is only ever one person you love the most , prompting Brennan to ask what happens when you push that person away , something Booth answered saying that it never truly leaves , adding further weight to the implication that he still has feelings for Brennan . Following Hannah 's departure , the two have begun to reconnect , to the point that , during a case that saw the two trapped in an elevator during a blackout for several hours , Booth and Brennan admitted that they are each interested in a relationship , but require more time to sort out their own feelings before they make such a commitment . </P> <P> In episode 22 of season 6 , `` The Hole in the Heart '' , which saw the death of Vincent Nigel - Murray ( Brennan 's favorite intern ) at the hands of renegade sniper Jacob Broadsky , Booth has Brennan stay at his apartment for her safety . Later that night , Brennan , still overcome with shock and grief over Vincent 's death , goes into Booth 's bedroom and they talk about the events of that day , and then allows Booth to hold her in bed . It is implied in the following day that they had sex . In the last scene of the season 6 finale , `` The Change in the Game '' , after the birth of Angela and Hodgins ' son , Brennan tells Booth that she is pregnant and that he is the father . </P> <P> At the start of Season 7 , a very pregnant Brennan and Booth are a couple but are going back and forth between apartments . Booth suggests that they should have their own place , whereas Brennan wants Booth to move into her apartment . It causes a minor rift between them , but is resolved when Booth admits why he wants to move into a new house and Brennan having some time to think over it says it 's a good idea because she 'd need him practically , emotionally and sexually . In episode 6 , `` The Crack in the Code , '' they decide to buy a two - story house in the suburbs -- which they jokingly called `` The Mighty Hut '' -- that Booth found at a police auction and renovate it , ( according to a mailed check sent to Brennan in `` The Heiress in the Hill '' , in season 9 , the `` Mighty Hut '' 's address is `` 1297 Janus Street , Washington DC , 20002 '' ) . In episode 7 , `` The Prisoner in the Pipe '' , Brennan goes into labor inside a prison just as she discovers who killed in an inmate there and Booth rushes her out with the intention to take her to the nearest hospital , but they both know she wo n't make it in time . This leads them to driving to an inn close to the prison . At first , they are rejected and are told to leave , but after some desperate pleading from an agonized Brennan , the two of them are led to a stall where she gives birth to their daughter , Christine Angela Booth ( named after Temperance 's mother , Christine Brennan , and Temperance 's best friend Angela Montenegro ) . Some time after the delivery , Temperance and Seeley both go back to their home where they celebrate with their friends from the Jeffersonian , who brought dinners that would last a few nights as well as a few baby supplies . In `` The Past in the Present '' , Brennan becomes the prime suspect in the murder of her schizophrenic friend , Ethan Sawyer , after supposedly threatening to kill Christine . Max advises Brennan to get off the grid and go into hiding , but she and Booth do not follow up at this suggestion . However , at the end of the episode , after Christine is christened in a Catholic church , it is revealed Brennan decided to take her father 's advice and flee with her daughter until her name is cleared . Just before Brennan flees town with Christine , she tells Booth she loves him and not just because of their daughter . After she is cleared of Sawyer 's murder , Brennan , Booth and Christine resume their family life . </P> <P> At the end of Season 8 , Brennan finally decides to marry Booth . However , their plans are ruined when a vengeful Christopher Pelant blackmails Booth , threatening to kill five random people if Booth marries Brennan . Booth calls off the wedding , but does not explain the real reason to Brennan . Brennan is devastated but pretends to be fine with this . In the season 9 premiere , Brennan fears that since Booth turned down her proposal , she fears that the love from their life is fading . After talking with bartender Aldo Clemens , a former priest and Army chaplain Booth confessed to , she realizes that it was uncharacteristic for Booth to suddenly cancel the wedding as he believed in marriage and that he likely had a legitimate reason to do so . Despite her colleagues ' anger at Booth , she decides to stay with him , telling him that she understands that he has his reasons and has faith that he will resolve the issue . In the episode 4 , `` The Sense in the Sacrifice '' , after Booth singlehandedly tracks Pelant down through an abandoned building and kills him with a single gunshot , he reveals to her that Pelant had blackmailed him . Pelant had threatened to kill five innocent people if Booth continued with the wedding or went to the police or FBI . At the end of the episode he proposes and she happily accepts ; unknown to them , Caroline , Angela and Hodgins witnessed it via the security cameras . In `` The Woman in White '' , Booth and Brennan marry at a small garden ceremony outside the Jeffersonian . </P> <P> Their infant son Hank Jr. ( named after Booth 's grandfather ) was born off - screen sometime after season 10 and before the beginning of season 11 . </P> <H3> Tim `` Sully '' Sullivan ( edit ) </H3> <P> Brennan had a brief relationship with FBI Agent Tim Sullivan ( Eddie McClintock ) , also known as Sully , whom she met while on a case when Booth was in therapy due to his grief - induced rage over his self - perceived role in the death of serial killer Howard Epps . Sully asked Dr. Brennan out on a date after their case was completed , and they began a relationship . Their relationship ended , however , when Sully decided to sail a boat down to the Caribbean , and Brennan declined to leave the Jeffersonian to go with him despite Angela trying to persuade her to follow him ; psychiatrist Doctor Gordon Wyatt ( Stephen Fry ) speculated that this was due to Brennan being unable to live a life without purpose . Despite Dr. Wyatt 's original perception as to why she stayed , there exist strong indications , especially through Angela 's observations of the situation , that the real reason she stayed was because of Booth . Sully returns in Season 12 . </P> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ Goldman , Eric , `` Digging Up Secrets With the Cast of Bones '' , IGN , May 31 , 2007 . Retrieved on June 4 , 2007 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` TV 's Most Intriguing Characters '' . Comcast . Retrieved February 1 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` AfterEllen. com 's Top 50 Favorite Female TV Characters '' . AfterEllen.com . February 27 , 2012 . Archived from the original on January 16 , 2013 . Retrieved June 24 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bierly , Mandi ; Fog , Henning ( May 13 , 2012 ) . `` 30 Best ' Will They / Wo n't They ? ' TV Couples Photo 6 of 30 '' . Entertainment Weekly . Time Inc . Retrieved July 7 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Pilot '' . Bones ( TV series ) . Season 1 . Episode 1 . Fox . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` The Parts in the Sum of the Whole '' . Bones ( TV series ) . Season 5 . Episode 16 . 2010 - 04 - 08 . Fox . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` The Woman in Limbo '' . Bones ( TV series ) . Season 1 . Episode 22 . Fox . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Man in the Fallout Shelter '' . Bones . Season 1 . Episode 9 . 2005 - 12 - 13 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` The Geek in the Guck '' . Bones . Season 10 . Episode 4 . October 16 , 2014 . Fox . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` A Boy in a Bush '' . Bones ( TV series ) . Season 1 . Episode 5 . 2005 - 11 - 08 . Fox . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` The Stargazer in the Puddle '' . Bones ( TV series ) . Season 2 . Episode 21 . 2007 - 05 - 16 . Fox . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Mayhem on the Cross '' . Bones ( TV series ) . Season 4 . Episode 21 . Fox . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` The Man on the Fairway '' . Bones . Season 1 . Episode 14 . March 8 , 2006 . Fox . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Judas on a Pole '' . Bones ( TV series ) . Season 2 . Episode 11 . Fox . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Verdict in the Story '' . Bones ( TV series ) . Season 3 . Episode 12 . Fox . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Bones that Blew '' . Bones ( TV series ) . Season 4 . Episode 11 . Fox . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` The Goop on the Girl '' . Bones ( TV series ) . Season 5 . Episode 10 . Fox . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Fire in the Ice '' . Bones . Season 4 . Episode 13 . January 22 , 2009 . Fox . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` The Mystery in the Meat '' . Bones . Season 9 . Episode 10 . November 22 , 2013 . Fox . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Gray , Ellen ( 31 January 2007 ) . `` Boreanaz says ' Bones ' is not procedural '' . Philadelphia Daily News . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 22 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Sepinwall , Alan ( 28 February 2010 ) . `` How TV shows try ( or choose not ) to depict Asperger 's syndrome '' . The Star - Ledger . Newark , N.J . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 01 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` The Man in the Morgue '' . Bones ( TV series ) . Season 1 . Episode 19 . 2006 - 04 - 16 . Fox . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` The Wannabe in the Weeds '' . Bones ( TV series ) . Season 2 . Episode 8 . 2008 - 05 - 12 . Fox . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Aliens in the Spaceship '' . Bones ( TV series ) . Season 2 . Episode 9 . Fox . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Man with the Bone '' . Bones ( TV series ) . Season 1 . Episode 18 . Fox . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Double Trouble in the Panhandle '' . Bones ( TV series ) . Season 4 . Episode 12 . Fox . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Woman in the Garden '' . Bones ( TV series ) . Season 1 . Episode 13 . Fox . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` A Boy in a Tree '' . Bones ( TV series ) . Season 1 . Episode 3 . Fox . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` The Boneless Bride in the River '' . Bones ( TV series ) . Season 2 . Episode 16 . 2007 - 03 - 21 . Fox . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Source in the Sludge '' . Bones ( TV series ) . Season 9 . Episode 16 . Fox . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Girl in the Mask '' . Bones ( TV series ) . Season 4 . Episode 23 . Fox . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Blonde in the Game '' . Bones ( TV series ) . Season 2 . Episode 4 . Fox . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Dwarf in the Dirt '' . Bones ( TV series ) . Season 5 . Episode 7 . Fox . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Tough Man in the Tender Chicken '' . Bones ( TV series ) . Season 5 . Episode 6 . Fox . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Foot in the Foreclosure '' `` . Bones ( TV series ) . Season 5 . Episode 8 . Fox . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Boy with the Answer '' . Bones ( TV series ) . Season 5 . Episode 21 . Fox . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` The Beginning in the End '' . Bones ( TV series ) . Season 5 . Episode 22 . Fox . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Party in the Pants '' . Bones . Season 8 . Episode 22 . April 15 , 2013 . Fox . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Secret in the Siege '' . Bones . Season 8 . Episode 24 . April 29 , 2013 . Fox . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Headless Witch in the Woods '' . Bones ( TV series ) . Season 2 . Episode 10 . 2006 - 11 - 26 . Fox . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Girl in the Fridge '' . Bones ( TV series ) . Season 1 . Episode 8 . 2005 - 11 - 29 . Fox . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Bones : Episode 4.2 `` The Man in the Outhouse '' Recap '' ( web article ) . BuddyTV . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 22 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Two Bodies in the Lab '' . Bones . Season 1 . Episode 15 . March 15 , 2006 . Fox . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Dwarf in the Dirt '' . Bones ( TV series ) . Season 5 . Episode 7 . Fox . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Man in the Bear '' . Bones . Season 1 . Episode 4 . November 1 , 2005 . Fox . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Man in the Fallout Shelter '' . Bones . Season 1 . Episode 9 . December 13 , 2005 . Fox . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Proof in the Pudding '' . Bones . Season 5 . Episode 12 . January 21 , 2010 . Fox . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The High in the Low '' . Bones . Season 9 . Episode 20 . April 7 , 2014 . Fox . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Male in the Mail '' . Bones . Season 7 . Episode 4 . December 1 , 2011 . Fox . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Cold in the Case '' . Bones . Season 9 . Episode 21 . April 14 , 2014 . Fox . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Blonde in the Game '' . Bones . Season 4 . Episode 4 . September 20 , 2006 . Fox . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` The Girl in the Gator '' . Bones ( TV series ) . Season 2 . Episode 13 . 2007 - 02 - 07 . Fox . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Critic in the Cabernet '' . Bones ( TV series ) . Season 4 . Episode 25 . Fox . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The End in the Beginning '' . Bones ( TV series ) . Season 4 . Episode 26 . Fox . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Harbingers in the Fountain '' . Bones ( TV series ) . Season 5 . Episode 1 . Fox . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Predator in the Pool '' . Bones ( TV series ) . Season 5 . Episode 18 . Fox . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Gonzalez , Sandra ( April 30 , 2013 ) . `` ' Bones ' season finale shocker : Boss says Booth ' will make this right ' '' . Entertainment Weekly . Time Inc . Retrieved June 6 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Ryan , Maureen ( April 30 , 2013 ) . `` ' Bones ' Finale : Pelant Returns And Leaves A Devastated Brennan In His Wake ( VIDEO ) '' . Huffington Post . Retrieved June 6 , 2013 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> Further reading ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Bergman , Kirsten . `` Girls Just Wanna Be Smart ? The Depiction of Women Scientists in Contemporary Crime Fiction '' . International Journal of Gender , Science and Technology . Lund University , Sweden : Center for Languages and Literature. 4 ( 3 ) : 321 -- 323 . </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Bones </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Characters </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Temperance Brennan </Li> <Li> Seeley Booth </Li> <Li> Angela Montenegro </Li> <Li> Zack Addy </Li> <Li> Jack Hodgins </Li> <Li> Lance Sweets </Li> <Li> Gormogon </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Seasons </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> 5 </Li> <Li> 6 </Li> <Li> 7 </Li> <Li> 8 </Li> <Li> 9 </Li> <Li> 10 </Li> <Li> 11 </Li> <Li> 12 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Episodes </Th> <Td> <Dl> <Dt> Season 1 </Dt> <Dd> `` Pilot '' </Dd> <Dd> `` The Man in the S.U.V. '' </Dd> <Dd> `` A Boy in a Tree '' </Dd> <Dd> `` The Man in the Bear '' </Dd> <Dd> `` A Boy in a Bush '' </Dd> <Dd> `` The Man in the Wall '' </Dd> <Dd> `` A Man on Death Row '' </Dd> <Dd> `` The Girl in the Fridge '' </Dd> <Dd> `` The Man in the Fallout Shelter '' </Dd> <Dd> `` The Woman at the Airport '' </Dd> <Dd> `` The Woman in the Car '' </Dd> <Dd> `` Two Bodies in the Lab '' </Dd> <Dd> `` The Man in the Morgue '' </Dd> </Dl> <Dl> <Dt> Season 2 </Dt> <Dd> `` The Titan on the Tracks '' </Dd> </Dl> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Spin - off </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> The Finder </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Temperance_%22Bones%22_Brennan&oldid=853896998 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> Bones characters </Li> <Li> Fictional anthropologists </Li> <Li> Fictional atheists and agnostics </Li> <Li> Fictional writers </Li> <Li> Fictional characters introduced in 2005 </Li> <Li> Fictional women scientists </Li> <Li> Atheism in television </Li> <Li> Fictional victims of child abuse </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Pages using deprecated image syntax </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> Bosanski </Li> <Li> Español </Li> <Li> Français </Li> <Li> Italiano </Li> <Li> Magyar </Li> <Li> Nederlands </Li> <Li> Português </Li> <Li> Slovenčina </Li> <Li> Suomi </Li> </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 7 August 2018 , at 17 : 23 ( UTC ) . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> | [
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Nice one Cyril - wikipedia <H1> Nice one Cyril </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> `` Nice One Cyril '' </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Single by Cockerel Chorus </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> B - side </Th> <Td> `` Cyril Marches On '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Released </Th> <Td> February 1973 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Format </Th> <Td> 7 '' Single </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Genre </Th> <Td> Singalong , Football </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Label </Th> <Td> Young Blood International </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Songwriter ( s ) </Th> <Td> Harold Spiro , Helen Clarke </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Producer ( s ) </Th> <Td> Martin Clarke </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> `` Nice One Cyril '' is a single by Cockerel Chorus written by Harold Spiro and Helen Clarke . The song title is a reference to Cyril Knowles , a left back who played for Tottenham Hotspur . It was released before the 1973 Football League Cup Final where Tottenham played Norwich City . It reached No. 14 on the British single chart after Tottenham won , and its writers Spiro and Clarke received an Ivor Novello Award for Best Novel or Unusual Song in 1974 . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Origin </Li> <Li> 2 Chart performance </Li> <Li> 3 Popular culture </Li> <Li> 4 References </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Origin ( edit ) </H2> <P> In 1972 , Wonderloaf Bread created a television advertising campaign written by Peter Mayle with the slogan `` Nice one , Cyril '' , where the slogan was used to congratulate a baker named Cyril for making a good loaf of bread . The slogan was picked by fans of the football club Tottenham Hotspur , who chanted `` Nice one Cyril '' to praise a Tottenham player named Cyril Knowles . Harold Spiro , a fan of the club , wrote the song with Helen Clarke based on the chant . The following year in 1973 , Tottenham reached the League Cup Final , and the song was released . The song was performed by the Cockerel Chorus ( the cockerel is the emblem of Tottenham Hotspur ) fronted by Spiro , with Jamie Phillips singing the opening operatic part . </P> <H2> Chart performance ( edit ) </H2> <P> The song was released before the League Cup Final , and entered the chart at No. 43 on 24 February 1973 . It peaked at No. 14 a month later after Tottenham had won the League Cup 1 -- 0 against Norwich on 3 March 1973 . </P> <H2> Popular culture ( edit ) </H2> <P> Due to the popularity of the TV slogan and the song , `` Nice one Cyril '' became a popular catchphrase in the 1970s used to praise someone . In Cockney rhyming slang it was adopted to mean `` squirrel '' , and it was the title of the autobiography of Cyril Fletcher , The phrase continued to be used in later decades , but limited to those named Cyril or similar ; the refrain of the song `` Nice one Cyril , nice one son '' was used as a tribute to another footballer Cyrille Regis in 2018 . </P> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Cockerel Chorus - Nice One Cyril '' . Discogs . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Two in U.K. Get Writer Novellos '' . Billboard. 1 June 1974 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Ivors 1974 '' . The Ivors . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Parkinson , Judy ( 1 October 2003 ) . Catchphrase , Slogan and Cliche . Michael O'Mara Books Ltd . ISBN 978 - 1843170631 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Newland , Francesca ( 1 October 1999 ) . `` Martin Reavley , the co-creator of `` Nice one Cyril '' , dies at 51 `` . Campaign . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Seddon , Peter ( 1 August 2004 ) . Football Talk : The Language & Folklore of the World 's Greatest Game . Robson Books Ltd . ISBN 978 - 1861056832 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Elizabeth Knowles , ed. ( 23 August 2007 ) . Oxford Dictionary of Modern Quotations . Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0199208951 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Hilliard , Ernie ( 29 October 2013 ) . `` The Cockerel Chorus '' . Spurs Web . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Cockerel Chorus '' . The Official Charts Company . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Tom Dalzell , Terry Victor , eds. ( 5 December 2005 ) . The New Partridge Dictionary of Slang and Unconventional English : J-Z ( 9th ed . ) . Routledge . p. 1366 . ISBN 978 - 0415259385 . CS1 maint : Uses editors parameter ( link ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Partridge , Eric . A Dictionary of Catch Phrases . Routledge . ISBN 9781134929986 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Smith , Daniel . The Language of London : Cockney Rhyming Slang . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Fletcher , Cyril ( 1978 ) . Nice One Cyril : Being the Odd Odessey and the Anecdotage of a Comedian . Random House . ISBN 0 - 214 - 20581 - 9 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ White , Jim ( 30 January 2018 ) . `` Cyrille Regis memorial service : ' He helped to change hearts and minds ' '' . The Daily Telegraph . </Li> </Ol> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Hit singles recorded by Tottenham Hotspur Football Club </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> `` Ossie 's Dream ( Spurs Are on Their Way to Wembley ) '' ( 1981 ) </Li> <Li> `` Tottenham , Tottenham '' ( 1982 ) </Li> <Li> `` Hot Shot Tottenham ! '' ( 1987 ) </Li> <Li> `` When the Year Ends in One '' ( 1991 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> See also : All UK hit singles by footballers </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nice_One_Cyril&oldid=834486208 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> 1973 singles </Li> <Li> Tottenham Hotspur F.C. songs </Li> <Li> Football songs and chants </Li> <Li> 1973 songs </Li> <Li> Songs about sportspeople </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> CS1 maint : Uses editors parameter </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> Add links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 6 April 2018 , at 00 : 09 . </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> | [
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Red Red Wine - wikipedia <H1> Red Red Wine </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> `` Red Red Wine '' </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Single by Neil Diamond </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> from the album Just for You </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> B - side </Th> <Td> `` Red Rubber Ball '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Released </Th> <Td> 1967 ( 1967 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Format </Th> <Td> 7 '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Genre </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Pop </Li> <Li> soft rock </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Length </Th> <Td> 2 : 42 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Label </Th> <Td> Bang </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Songwriter ( s ) </Th> <Td> Neil Diamond </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Producer ( s ) </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Jeff Barry </Li> <Li> Ellie Greenwich </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Neil Diamond singles chronology </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Td> `` New Orleans '' ( 1968 ) </Td> <Td> `` Red Red Wine '' ( 1967 ) </Td> <Td> `` Brooklyn Roads '' ( 1968 ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Td> `` New Orleans '' ( 1968 ) </Td> <Td> `` Red Red Wine '' ( 1968 ) </Td> <Td> `` Brooklyn Roads '' ( 1968 ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> `` Red Red Wine '' is a song originally written , performed , and recorded by American singer Neil Diamond in 1967 . It is included on Neil 's second studio album , Just for You . The lyrics are sung from the perspective of a person who finds that drinking red wine is the only way to forget his woes . </P> <P> When Neil left the Bang Records label in 1968 , Bang continued to release Neil Diamond singles , often adding newly recorded instruments and background vocals to album tracks from the two Neil Diamond albums that Bang had issued . For the `` Red Red Wine '' single , Bang added a background choir without Neil 's involvement or permission . Diamond 's version reached number sixty - two on the Billboard Hot 100 chart in 1968 . A live version was released on Diamond 's The Greatest Hits ( 1966 -- 92 ) but the 1968 single version has never been issued on a vinyl album or CD . </P> <P> The song was covered by several artists shortly after Diamond 's recording was released . In 1968 , the Dutch singer Peter Tetteroo ( from the band Tee Set ) had a hit with a cover of the song in Netherlands . Tony Tribe covered the song in 1969 in a reggae - influenced style . In 1983 , UB40 recorded perhaps the best known version of the song , in a lighter reggae style . The UB40 version topped the Billboard Hot 100 and the UK Singles Chart . Diamond later performed a UB40 - inspired version of the song while on tour . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Chart performance </Li> <Li> 2 UB40 version <Ul> <Li> 2.1 Charts </Li> <Li> 2.2 Certifications </Li> <Li> 2.3 Chart successions </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 Other cover songs </Li> <Li> 4 References </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Chart performance ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Chart ( 1969 ) </Th> <Th> Peak position </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> U.S. Billboard Hot 100 </Td> <Td> 62 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> UB40 version ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> `` Red Red Wine '' </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Single by UB40 </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> from the album Labour of Love </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> B - side </Th> <Td> `` Sufferin ' '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Released </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 20 August 1983 ( 1983 - 08 - 20 ) </Li> <Li> 1988 -- 2000 ( re-releases ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Format </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 7 '' </Li> <Li> 12 '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Recorded </Th> <Td> 1982 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Genre </Th> <Td> Reggae fusion </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Length </Th> <Td> 5 : 20 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Label </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> DEP ( UK ) </Li> <Li> A&M ( US ) </Li> <Li> Virgin </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Songwriter ( s ) </Th> <Td> Neil Diamond </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Producer ( s ) </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Ray `` Pablo '' Falconer </Li> <Li> UB40 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> UB40 singles chronology </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Td> `` I 've Got Mine '' ( 1983 ) </Td> <Td> `` Red Red Wine '' ( 1983 ) </Td> <Td> `` Please Do n't Make Me Cry '' ( 1983 ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Td> `` I 've Got Mine '' ( 1983 ) </Td> <Td> `` Red Red Wine '' ( 1983 -- 2000 ) </Td> <Td> `` Please Do n't Make Me Cry '' ( 1983 ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> UB40 recorded their rendition for their album of cover versions , Labour of Love . According to the band , they were only familiar with Tony Tribe 's version ( they apparently did n't realise that the writer , credited simply as `` Diamond '' , was in fact Neil Diamond ) , and their version featured a lighter , reggae - style flavor compared to Diamond 's somber , acoustic ballad . The UB40 version adds a toasted verse by UB40 member Astro , opening : `` Red Red Wine , you make me feel so fine / You keep me rocking all of the time '' , which was edited from the single that reached number one on the UK Singles Chart in August 1983 and number 34 in the United States in March 1984 but not from the version that reached number one on the Billboard Hot 100 a few months after being performed at the Nelson Mandela 70th Birthday Concert in 1988 . In September 2014 , the Official Charts Company announced that sales in the UK had reached one million . </P> <P> Songwriter Neil Diamond has stated that it is one of his favorite covers of his songs . Diamond frequently performs the song live using the UB40 reggae arrangement as opposed to the original version . </P> <H3> Charts ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Chart ( 1983 -- 2001 ) </Th> <Th> Peak position </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Australia ( Kent Music Report ) </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Canada ( RPM ) </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Germany ( Official German Charts ) </Td> <Td> 12 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Ireland ( IRMA ) </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Norway ( VG - lista ) </Td> <Td> 10 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) </Td> <Td> 14 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> US Billboard Hot 100 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Certifications ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Region </Th> <Th> Certification </Th> <Th> Certified units / Sales </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> United Kingdom ( BPI ) </Td> <Td> Platinum </Td> <Td> 1,000,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="3"> <P> sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone </P> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Chart successions ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Td> Preceded by `` Give It Up '' by KC & The Sunshine Band </Td> <Td> UK number - one single 3 September 1983 -- 17 September 1983 ( 3 weeks ) </Td> <Td> Succeeded by `` Karma Chameleon '' by Culture Club </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Preceded by `` Love Bites '' by Def Leppard </Td> <Td> Billboard Hot 100 number - one single 15 October 1988 ( 1 week ) </Td> <Td> Succeeded by `` A Groovy Kind of Love '' by Phil Collins </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Other cover songs ( edit ) </H2> <P> Swedish group Tom & Mick & Maniacs released their version of the song in 1967 . This appears to be the first recorded version of the song . </P> <P> Jimmy James and The Vagabonds released a cover version the same year as Diamond 's version ( 1968 ) , for the UK market . It charted at number thirty - six . </P> <P> In 1968 , singer Peter Tetteroo , of Dutch beat group Tee Set , released a cover version that reached number six on the Dutch top - 40 chart . </P> <P> Tony Tribe , a Jamaican singer , recorded a reggae - influenced version in 1969 which reached number forty - six on the UK Singles Chart , this became Trojan Records first chart hit and has been included in numerous reggae compilations since . The song was also covered in 1969 by singer Charles Mann . </P> <P> In 1970 , a remake by Vic Dana became a minor Billboard Hot 100 hit , peaking at number 72 and reached number 30 on the Adult Contemporary chart . In early 1972 , singer Roy Drusky enjoyed a top 20 hit with his version , reaching number 17 on the Billboard Hot Country Songs chart and number 16 on the Canada Country chart . </P> <P> The Hobos included the song on their 2004 double studio album , Radio Jah Jah . `` Red Red Wine '' was also performed by Peter Tetteroo , former singer of Tee Set , a Dutch band , in 1968 . The song has also been performed by Cas Haley along with UB40 on the last episode of the season two show America 's Got Talent . </P> <P> In 2001 , singer Elan Atias released a dancehall version on the Buy Out Riddim instrumental , best known performed by Sean Paul , with the song entitled , `` Like Glue '' . This was the first time the song was performed on a totally different instrumental tracking . The lyrics were also re-written . In 2008 , Sizzla also released a dancehall single ( `` No Time To Gaze '' ) based on the UB40 version . </P> <P> In August 2012 , Ballyhoo ! 's lead singer was requested to perform an acoustic version based on the UB40 version , and posted it on SoundCloud . </P> <P> In March 2017 , Andrew Bogut posted the UB40 version on his Twitter to signify he was joining the Cleveland Cavaliers -- the team 's colours include the darkish red `` wine '' . </P> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ Moss , Liv ( 22 September 2014 ) . `` Now That 's What I Call A Million tracklisting revealed ! '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 22 September 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Singer / songwriter Neil Diamond here , AMA ! '' . Reddit. 16 October 2014 . Retrieved 17 October 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kent , David ( 1993 ) . Australian Chart Book 1970 -- 1992 ( Illustrated ed . ) . St. Ives , N.S.W. : Australian Chart Book . p. 316 . ISBN 0 - 646 - 11917 - 6 . N.B. The Kent Report chart was licensed by ARIA between mid 1983 and 19 June 1988 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- UB40 -- Red Red Wine '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` RPM Weekly February 18 , 1984 '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Musicline.de -- UB40 Single - Chartverfolgung '' ( in German ) . Media Control Charts . PhonoNet GmbH . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` De Nederlandse Top 40 , week 39 , 1983 '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Charts.org.nz -- UB40 -- Red Red Wine '' . Top 40 Singles . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Norwegiancharts.com -- UB40 -- Red Red Wine '' . VG - lista . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- UB40 -- Red Red Wine '' . Singles Top 100 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- UB40 -- Red Red Wine '' . Swiss Singles Chart . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Archive Chart : 1983 - 08 - 28 '' UK Singles Chart . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` UB40 -- Chart history '' Billboard Hot 100 for UB40 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Roberts , David ( 2006 ) . British Hit Singles & Albums ( 19th ed . ) . London : Guinness World Records Limited . p. 565 . ISBN 1 - 904994 - 10 - 5 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ http://www.trojanrecords.com/the-trojan-records-story </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ https://twitter.com/andrewbogut/status/836738332306595840 </Li> </Ol> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Neil Diamond singles discography </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Singles 1960s </Th> <Td> <Dl> <Dt> 1962 </Dt> <Dd> `` You Are My Love at Last '' </Dd> <Dd> `` I 'm Afraid '' </Dd> </Dl> <Dl> <Dt> 1963 </Dt> <Dd> `` At Night '' </Dd> </Dl> <Dl> <Dt> 1966 </Dt> <Dd> `` Solitary Man '' </Dd> <Dd> `` Cherry , Cherry '' </Dd> <Dd> `` I Got the Feelin ' ( Oh No No ) '' </Dd> </Dl> <Dl> <Dt> 1967 </Dt> <Dd> `` Girl , You 'll Be a Woman Soon '' </Dd> <Dd> `` Thank the Lord for the Night Time '' </Dd> <Dd> `` Kentucky Woman '' </Dd> <Dd> `` Some Day Baby '' </Dd> </Dl> <Dl> <Dt> 1968 </Dt> <Dd> `` New Orleans '' </Dd> <Dd> `` Red Red Wine '' </Dd> <Dd> `` Brooklyn Roads '' </Dd> <Dd> `` Two - Bit Manchild '' </Dd> <Dd> `` Shilo '' </Dd> <Dd> `` Sunday Sun '' </Dd> </Dl> <Dl> <Dt> 1969 </Dt> <Dd> `` Brother Love 's Travelling Salvation Show '' </Dd> <Dd> `` Sweet Caroline '' </Dd> <Dd> `` Holly Holy '' </Dd> </Dl> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Singles 1970s </Th> <Td> <Dl> <Dt> 1970 </Dt> <Dd> `` Shilo '' </Dd> <Dd> `` Until It 's Time for You to Go '' </Dd> <Dd> `` Soolaimon '' </Dd> <Dd> `` And The Grass Wo n't Pay No Mind '' </Dd> <Dd> `` Solitary Man '' </Dd> <Dd> `` Cracklin ' Rosie '' </Dd> <Dd> `` He Ai n't Heavy , He 's My Brother '' </Dd> <Dd> `` Do It '' </Dd> </Dl> <Dl> <Dt> 1971 </Dt> <Dd> `` I Am ... I Said '' </Dd> <Dd> `` Done Too Soon '' </Dd> <Dd> `` I 'm a Believer '' </Dd> <Dd> `` Stones '' </Dd> </Dl> <Dl> <Dt> 1972 </Dt> <Dd> `` Song Sung Blue '' </Dd> <Dd> `` Play Me '' </Dd> <Dd> `` Walk on Water '' </Dd> </Dl> <Dl> <Dt> 1973 </Dt> <Dd> `` Cherry , Cherry '' </Dd> <Dd> `` The Long Way Home '' </Dd> <Dd> `` The Last Thing on My Mind '' </Dd> <Dd> `` Be '' </Dd> </Dl> <Dl> <Dt> </Dt> <Dd> `` Skybird '' </Dd> <Dd> `` Longfellow Serenade '' </Dd> </Dl> <Dl> <Dt> </Dt> <Dd> `` Morningside '' </Dd> <Dd> `` I 've Been This Way Before '' </Dd> <Dd> `` The Last Picasso '' </Dd> </Dl> <Dl> <Dt> 1976 </Dt> <Dd> `` If You Know What I Mean '' </Dd> <Dd> `` Do n't Think ... Feel '' </Dd> <Dd> `` Beautiful Noise '' </Dd> </Dl> <Dl> <Dt> 1977 </Dt> <Dd> `` Stargazer '' </Dd> <Dd> `` Lady - Oh '' </Dd> <Dd> `` Desiree '' </Dd> </Dl> <Dl> <Dt> 1978 </Dt> <Dd> `` God Only Knows '' </Dd> <Dd> `` Let Me Take You In My Arms Again '' </Dd> <Dd> `` I 'm Glad You 're Here With Me Tonight '' </Dd> <Dd> `` You Do n't Bring Me Flowers '' </Dd> <Dd> `` The Dancing Bumble Bee / Bumble Boogie '' </Dd> </Dl> <Dl> <Dt> 1979 </Dt> <Dd> `` Forever in Blue Jeans '' </Dd> <Dd> `` Say Maybe '' </Dd> <Dd> `` The American Popular Song '' </Dd> <Dd> `` September Morn '' </Dd> </Dl> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Singles 1980s </Th> <Td> <Dl> <Dt> 1980 </Dt> <Dd> `` That Kind '' </Dd> <Dd> `` The Good Lord Loves You '' </Dd> <Dd> `` Dancing in the Street '' </Dd> <Dd> `` Love on the Rocks '' </Dd> </Dl> <Dl> <Dt> 1981 </Dt> <Dd> `` Hello Again '' </Dd> <Dd> `` America '' </Dd> <Dd> `` Yesterday 's Songs '' </Dd> </Dl> <Dl> <Dt> 1982 </Dt> <Dd> `` On the Way to the Sky '' </Dd> <Dd> `` Be Mine Tonight '' </Dd> <Dd> `` Rainy Day Song '' </Dd> <Dd> `` Heartlight '' </Dd> </Dl> <Dl> <Dt> </Dt> <Dd> `` I 'm Alive '' </Dd> <Dd> `` Turn Around '' </Dd> </Dl> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> UB40 </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Jimmy Brown </Li> <Li> Robin Campbell </Li> <Li> Earl Falconer </Li> <Li> Norman Hassan </Li> <Li> Brian Travers </Li> <Li> Duncan Campbell </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Ali Campbell </Li> <Li> Yomi Babayemi </Li> <Li> Jimmy Lynn </Li> <Li> Mickey Virtue </Li> <Li> Astro </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Studio albums </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Signing Off </Li> <Li> Present Arms </Li> <Li> UB44 </Li> <Li> Labour of Love </Li> <Li> Geffery Morgan </Li> <Li> Baggariddim </Li> <Li> Rat in the Kitchen </Li> <Li> UB40 </Li> <Li> Labour of Love II </Li> <Li> Promises and Lies </Li> <Li> Guns in the Ghetto </Li> <Li> Labour of Love III </Li> <Li> Cover Up </Li> <Li> Homegrown </Li> <Li> Who You Fighting For ? </Li> <Li> TwentyFourSeven </Li> <Li> Labour of Love IV </Li> <Li> Getting Over the Storm </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Compilation albums </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> The Singles Album </Li> <Li> More UB40 Music </Li> <Li> The UB40 File </Li> <Li> The Best of UB40 -- Volume One </Li> <Li> Labour of Love , Volumes I and II </Li> <Li> The Best of UB40 - Volume Two </Li> <Li> UB40 Present the Dancehall Album </Li> <Li> The Very Best of UB40 1980 - 2000 </Li> <Li> UB40 Present the Fathers of Reggae </Li> <Li> Labour of Love , Volumes I , II and III - Platinum Collection </Li> <Li> The Best Of UB40 , Volumes 1 & 2 </Li> <Li> Love Songs </Li> <Li> Best of Labour of Love </Li> <Li> All the Best </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Live albums </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> UB40 Live </Li> <Li> UB40 CCCP : Live in Moscow </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Remix albums </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Present Arms in Dub </Li> <Li> Dub Sessions </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Notable songs </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` Food for Thought '' </Li> <Li> `` One in Ten '' </Li> <Li> `` Do n't Slow Down '' </Li> <Li> `` Red Red Wine '' </Li> <Li> `` Please Do n't Make Me Cry '' </Li> <Li> `` Many Rivers to Cross '' </Li> <Li> `` Cherry Oh Baby '' </Li> <Li> `` If It Happens Again '' </Li> <Li> `` Sing Our Own Song '' </Li> <Li> `` Rat in Mi Kitchen '' </Li> <Li> `` I Got You Babe '' </Li> <Li> `` Breakfast in Bed '' </Li> <Li> `` Homely Girl '' </Li> <Li> `` Kingston Town '' </Li> <Li> `` I 'll Be Your Baby Tonight '' </Li> <Li> `` The Way You Do the Things You Do '' </Li> <Li> `` ( I Ca n't Help ) Falling in Love With You '' </Li> <Li> `` Higher Ground '' </Li> <Li> `` Reasons '' </Li> <Li> `` Swing Low '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> See also </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> UB40 discography </Li> <Li> Dep International </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Red_Red_Wine&oldid=799903038 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> 1967 songs </Li> <Li> 1968 singles </Li> <Li> 1983 singles </Li> <Li> 1988 singles </Li> <Li> Neil Diamond songs </Li> <Li> UB40 songs </Li> <Li> Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles </Li> <Li> Dutch Top 40 number - one singles </Li> <Li> Number - one singles in New Zealand </Li> <Li> RPM Top Singles number - one singles </Li> <Li> UK Singles Chart number - one singles </Li> <Li> Songs written by Neil Diamond </Li> <Li> Reggae songs </Li> <Li> Songs about alcohol </Li> <Li> Bang Records singles </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Articles with hAudio microformats </Li> <Li> Singlechart usages for Austria </Li> <Li> Singlechart usages for Germany </Li> <Li> Singlechart usages for New Zealand </Li> <Li> Singlechart usages for Norway </Li> <Li> Singlechart usages for Sweden </Li> <Li> Singlechart usages for Swiss </Li> <Li> Singlechart usages for UK </Li> <Li> Singlechart called without artist </Li> <Li> Singlechart called without song </Li> <Li> Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 </Li> <Li> Use dmy dates from July 2011 </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> Deutsch </Li> <Li> Français </Li> <Li> Italiano </Li> <Li> Latina </Li> <Li> Norsk </Li> <Li> Norsk nynorsk </Li> <Li> Polski </Li> <Li> Simple English </Li> <Li> Svenska </Li> </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 10 September 2017 , at 14 : 20 . </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> | [
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Compact cassette - Wikipedia <H1> Compact cassette </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> Compact Cassette <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> A TDK SA90 Type II Compact Cassette </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Media type </Th> <Td> Magnetic tape </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Encoding </Th> <Td> Analog signal </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Capacity </Th> <Td> Typically 30 or 45 minutes of audio per side ( C60 and C90 formats respectively ) , 120 minutes also available </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Read mechanism </Th> <Td> Tape head </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Write mechanism </Th> <Td> Magnetic recording head </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Developed by </Th> <Td> Philips </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Usage </Th> <Td> Audio and data storage </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The Compact Cassette or Musicassette ( MC ) , also commonly called cassette tape , audio cassette , or simply tape or cassette , is an analog magnetic tape recording format for audio recording and playback . It was released by Philips in 1962 , having been developed in Hasselt , Belgium . Compact cassettes come in two forms , either already containing content as a pre-recorded cassette , or as a fully recordable `` blank '' cassette . Both forms are reversible by the user . </P> <P> The compact cassette technology was originally designed for dictation machines , but improvements in fidelity led the Compact Cassette to supplant the Stereo 8 - track cartridge and reel - to - reel tape recording in most non-professional applications . Its uses ranged from portable audio to home recording to data storage for early microcomputers . The first cassette player ( although mono ) designed for use in car dashes was introduced in 1968 . Between the early 1970s and the early 2000s , the cassette was one of the two most common formats for prerecorded music , first alongside the LP record and later the compact disc ( CD ) . </P> <P> Compact Cassettes contain two miniature spools , between which the magnetically coated , polyester - type plastic film ( magnetic tape ) is passed and wound . These spools and their attendant parts are held inside a protective plastic shell . Two stereo pairs of tracks ( four total ) or two monaural audio tracks are available on the tape ; one stereo pair or one monophonic track is played or recorded when the tape is moving in one direction and the second ( pair ) when moving in the other direction . This reversal is achieved either by manually flipping the cassette , or by having the machine itself change the direction of tape movement and head respectively ( `` auto - reverse '' ) . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 History <Ul> <Li> 1.1 Before the Compact Cassette </Li> <Li> 1.2 Introduction of the Compact Cassette </Li> <Li> 1.3 Popularity of music cassettes </Li> <Li> 1.4 Decline </Li> <Li> 1.5 21st century use </Li> <Li> 1.6 Recent mainstream releases on cassette </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2 Features <Ul> <Li> 2.1 Cassette types </Li> <Li> 2.2 Tape length </Li> <Li> 2.3 Track width </Li> <Li> 2.4 Write - protection </Li> <Li> 2.5 Tape leaders </Li> <Li> 2.6 Endless loop cassette </Li> <Li> 2.7 Flaws </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 Cassette players and recorders </Li> <Li> 4 Applications <Ul> <Li> 4.1 Audio </Li> <Li> 4.2 Broadcasting </Li> <Li> 4.3 Home studio </Li> <Li> 4.4 Home dubbing </Li> <Li> 4.5 Institutional duplication </Li> <Li> 4.6 Data recording </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 5 Successors </Li> <Li> 6 See also </Li> <Li> 7 References </Li> <Li> 8 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> History ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Before the Compact cassette ( edit ) </H3> Cassettes of varying tape quality and playing time . The top is a Maxell MX ( Type IV ) , bottom right is a TDK SA ( Type II ) and the bottom left is a TDK D ( Type I ) . One of the first ( portable ) cassette recorders from Philips , the Typ EL 3302 ( 1968 ) <P> In 1935 , decades before the introduction of the Compact Cassette , AEG released the first reel - to - reel tape recorder ( in German : Tonbandgerät ) , with the commercial name `` Magnetophon '' . It was based on the invention of the magnetic tape ( 1928 ) by Fritz Pfleumer , which used similar technology but with open reels ( for which the tape was manufactured by BASF ) . These instruments were very expensive and relatively difficult to use and were therefore used mostly by professionals in radio stations and recording studios . </P> <P> In 1958 , following four years of development , RCA Victor introduced the stereo , quarter - inch , reversible , reel - to - reel RCA tape cartridge . However , it was a large cassette ( 5 '' × 7 `` ) , and offered few pre-recorded tapes . Despite the multiple versions , it failed . </P> <P> Consumer use of magnetic tape machines only took off in the early 1960s , after playback machines reached a comfortable , user - friendly design . This was achieved primarily by the introduction of transistors which replaced the bulky , fragile , and costly vacuum tubes of earlier designs . Reel - to - reel tape then became more suitable to household use , but still remained an esoteric product . </P> <H3> Introduction of the Compact cassette ( edit ) </H3> <P> In 1962 , Philips invented the Compact Cassette medium for audio storage , introducing it in Europe on 30 August 1963 at the Berlin Radio Show , and in the United States ( under the Norelco brand ) in November 1964 , with the trademark name Compact Cassette . The team at Philips was led by Lou Ottens in Hasselt , Belgium . </P> <P> `` Philips was competing with Telefunken and Grundig in a race to establish its cassette tape as the worldwide standard , and it wanted support from Japanese electronics manufacturers . '' However , the Philips ' Compact Cassette became dominant as a result of Philips ' decision ( under pressure from Sony ) to license the format free of charge . Philips also released the Norelco Carry - Corder 150 recorder / player in the US in November 1964 . By 1966 over 250,000 recorders had been sold in the US alone and Japan soon became the major source of recorders . By 1968 , 85 manufacturers had sold over 2.4 million players . By the end of the 1960s , the cassette business was worth an estimated 150 million dollars . </P> <P> In the early years sound quality was mediocre , but it improved dramatically by the early 1970s when it caught up with the quality of 8 - track tape and kept improving . The Compact Cassette went on to become a popular ( and re-recordable ) alternative to the 12 - inch vinyl LP during the late 1970s . </P> <H3> Popularity of music cassettes ( edit ) </H3> <P> The mass production of blank ( recordable ) Compact Cassettes began in 1964 in Hanover , Germany . Prerecorded music cassettes ( also known as Music - Cassettes , and later just Musicassettes ; M.C. for short ) were launched in Europe in late 1965 . The Mercury Record Company , a US affiliate of Philips , introduced M.C. to the US in July 1966 . The initial offering consisted of 49 titles . However , the system had been designed initially for dictation and portable use , with the audio quality of early players not well suited for music . Some early models also had unreliable mechanical design . In 1971 , the Advent Corporation introduced their Model 201 tape deck that combined Dolby type B noise reduction and chromium dioxide ( CrO ) tape , with a commercial - grade tape transport mechanism supplied by the Wollensak camera division of 3M Corporation . This resulted in the format being taken more seriously for musical use , and started the era of high fidelity cassettes and players . </P> <P> Although the birth and growth of the cassette began in the 1960s , its cultural moment took place during the 1970s and 1980s . The cassette 's popularity grew during these years as a result of being a more effective , convenient and portable way of listening to music . Stereo tape decks and boom boxes became some of the most highly sought - after consumer products of both decades . Portable pocket recorders and high - fidelity ( `` hi - fi '' ) players , such as Sony 's Walkman ( 1979 ) , also enabled users to take their music with them anywhere with ease . The increasing user - friendliness of the cassette led to its popularity around the globe . The body of the Walkman was not much larger than the cassette tape itself , with mechanical keys on one side , or electronic buttons or a display on the face . Sony 's WM - 10 was even smaller than the cassette itself , and expanded to hold and play a cassette . </P> The Sony Walkman <P> Like the transistor radio in the 1950s and 1960s , the portable CD player in the 1990s , and the MP3 player in the 2000s , the Walkman defined the portable music market for the decade of the ' 80s , with cassette sales overtaking those of LPs . Total vinyl record sales remained higher well into the 1980s due to greater sales of singles , although cassette singles achieved popularity for a period in the 1990s . Another barrier to cassettes overtaking vinyl in sales was shoplifting ; compact cassettes were small enough that a thief could easily place one inside a pocket and walk out of a store without being noticed . To prevent this , retailers would place cassettes inside oversized `` spaghetti box '' containers or locked display cases , either of which would significantly inhibit browsing , thus reducing cassette sales . During the early 1980s some record labels sought to solve this problem by introducing new , larger packages for cassettes which would allow them to be displayed alongside vinyl records and compact discs , or giving them a further market advantage over vinyl by adding bonus tracks . Willem Andriessen wrote that the development in technology allowed `` hardware designers to ( ... ) discover and satisfy one of the collective desires of human beings all over the world , independent of region , climate , religion , culture , race , sex , age and education : the desire to enjoy music at any time , at any place , ( ... ) in any desired sound quality and almost at any wanted price . </P> <P> Apart from the purely technological advances cassettes brought , they also served as catalysts for social change . Their durability and ease of copying helped bring underground rock and punk music behind the Iron Curtain , creating a foothold for Western culture among the younger generations . For similar reasons , cassettes became popular in developing nations . </P> <P> One of the most famous political uses of cassette tapes was the dissemination of sermons by the Ayatollah Khomeini throughout Iran before the 1979 Iranian Revolution , in which Khomeini urged the overthrow of the regime of the Shah , Mohammad Reza Pahlavi . In 1970s India , cassettes were blamed for bringing unwanted Christian and Islamic influences into traditionally Sikh and Hindu areas . Cassette technology was a booming market for pop music in India , drawing criticism from conservatives while at the same time creating a huge market for legitimate recording companies , as well as pirated tapes . </P> <P> Between 1985 and 1992 , the cassette tape was the most popular format in the UK and wealthy record labels experimented with innovative packaging designs . A designer during the era explained : `` There was so much money in the industry at the time , we could try anything with design . '' The introduction of the cassette single , called a `` cassingle '' , was also part of this era and featured a music single in Compact Cassette form . Until 2005 , cassettes remained the dominant medium for purchasing and listening to music in some developing countries , but compact disc ( CD ) technology had superseded the Compact Cassette in the vast majority of music markets throughout the world by this time . </P> <H3> Decline ( edit ) </H3> <P> In Western Europe and North America , the market for cassettes declined sharply after its peak in the late 1980s . This was particularly noticeable with pre-recorded cassettes , the sales of which were overtaken by those of CDs during the early 1990s . By 1993 , annual shipments of CD players had reached 5 million , up 21 % from the year before ; while cassette player shipments had dropped 7 % to approximately 3.4 million . The decline continued , and in 2001 cassettes accounted for only 4 % of all music sold . Since then , further decline occurred , with very few retailers stocking them because they are no longer issued by the major music labels . </P> <P> Sales of pre-recorded music cassettes in the U.S. dropped from 442 million in 1990 to 274,000 by 2007 . Another record low was registered in 2009 , with 34,000 cassettes sold . Most of the major U.S. music companies had discontinued production of cassette tapes by 2003 . However , as of 2012 , blank cassettes were still being produced and are still sold at some retail stores , while facilities for cassette duplication remain available . Cassette recorders and players are gradually becoming more scarce , but are still widely available and featured in some hi - fi systems . </P> <P> Cassettes remained popular for specific applications , such as car audio and telephone answering machines , well into the 1990s . Cassettes and their players were typically more rugged and resistant to dust , heat , and shocks than the main digital competitor , the CD . Their lower fidelity was not considered a serious drawback . However , the advent of `` shock proof '' buffering technology in CD players , the general heightening of consumer expectations , and the introduction of CD auto - changers meant that , by the early 2000s , the CD player rapidly replaced the cassette player as the default audio component in the majority of new vehicles in Europe and America . The last new car with an available cassette player was a 2010 Lexus SC 430 . </P> <P> While digital voice recorders are now common , Compact Cassette -- or microcassette -- recorders may be cheaper and of sufficient quality to serve as adjuncts or substitutes for note taking in business and educational settings . Audiobooks , church services , and other spoken word material are still frequently sold on cassette , as lower fidelity generally is not a drawback for such content , and some people prefer the convenience of the tape controls for rewinding to repeat a missed passage . While most publishers sell CD audiobooks , they usually also offered a cassette version at the same price well into the 2000s . In the audiobooks application , where recordings may span several hours , cassettes also have the advantage of holding up to 150 minutes of material , whereas the average CD holds less than 80 . </P> <H3> 21st century use ( edit ) </H3> <P> Although portable digital recorders are most common today , analog tape remains a desirable option for certain artists and consumers . Older genres like `` dansband '' may favor the format most familiar to their fans . Some musicians and DJs in the independent music community maintain a tradition of using and releasing cassettes due to its low cost and ease of use . Underground and DIY communities release regularly , and sometimes exclusively , on cassette format , particularly in experimental music circles and to a lesser extent in hardcore punk , death metal , and black metal circles , out of a fondness for the format . Even among major label stars , the form has its devotees : Eminem has made his favor known , and Thurston Moore claimed in 2009 , `` I only listen to cassettes . '' </P> <P> In 2010 , Botswana - based Diamond Studios announced plans for establishing a plant to mass - produce cassettes in a bid to combat piracy . </P> <P> In South Korea , the early English education boom for toddlers encourages a continuous demand for English language cassettes , as of 2011 , due to the affordable cost . </P> <P> In 2011 , the Oxford English Dictionary removed the word `` cassette player '' from its 12th edition Concise version . Some media sources mistakenly claimed that the word `` cassette tape '' was being removed and this caused some media backlash . The term was removed to help make room for more than 400 new words being added to the dictionary . </P> <P> In India , film and devotional music continued to be released in the cassette format due to its low cost until 2009 . </P> <P> National Audio Company in Missouri , the largest of the few remaining manufacturers of audiocassettes in the U.S. , oversaw the mass production of the `` Awesome Mix # 1 '' cassette from the film Guardians of the Galaxy in 2014 . They reported that they had produced more than 10 million tapes in 2014 and that sales were up 20 percent the following year , their best year since they opened in 1969 . In 2016 , cassette sales in the United States rose by 74 % to 129,000 . </P> <P> In 2016 , retail chain Urban Outfitters , which had long carried Vinyl LPs , started carrying a line of new pre-recorded cassette tapes along with blank cassettes and players featuring both new and vintage albums . These new pre-recorded tapes no longer use the Dolby noise reduction system as Dolby Laboratories no longer licenses nor produces the electronic components required to implement the system for recording or playback . </P> <H3> Recent mainstream releases on cassette ( edit ) </H3> <P> Since the sale of vinyl records has steadily increased since 2006 , more albums are made available in this format these days , whereas only a few albums are made available as cassettes . Recent mainstream albums which were made available through record companies include : </P> <Ul> <Li> Guardians of the Galaxy ( soundtrack ) ( 2014 ) </Li> <Li> Purpose by Justin Bieber ( 2015 ) </Li> <Li> Revival by Selena Gomez ( 2015 ) </Li> <Li> Lust For Life by Lana Del Rey ( 2017 ) </Li> <Li> Grateful by DJ Khaled ( 2017 ) </Li> <Li> World Be Gone by Erasure ( 2017 ) </Li> </Ul> <H2> Features ( edit ) </H2> Visualization of the magnetic field on a stereo cassette containing a 1kHz audio tone . <P> The cassette was a great step forward in convenience from reel - to - reel audio tape recording , although , because of the limitations of the cassette 's size and speed , it initially compared poorly in quality . Unlike the 4 - track stereo open - reel format , the two stereo tracks of each side lie adjacent to each other , rather than being interleaved with the tracks of the other side . This permitted monaural cassette players to play stereo recordings `` summed '' as mono tracks and permitted stereo players to play mono recordings through both speakers . The tape is 3.81 mm ( 0.150 in ) wide , with each stereo track 0.6 mm wide and an unrecorded guard band between each track . The tape moves at 4.76 cm / s ( 17⁄8 inch / s ) from left to right . For comparison , the typical open - reel format in consumer use was 6.35 mm ( 1⁄4 inch ) wide , each stereo track nominally 1.0 mm ( ⁄ inch ) wide , and running at either twice or four times the speed of a cassette . </P> <H3> Cassette types ( edit ) </H3> Notches on the top surface of the Compact Cassette indicate its type . The rear-most cassette at the top of this picture , with only write - protect notches ( here covered by write - protect tabs ) , is Type I , its tape consisting of iron oxide . The next cassette down , with additional notches adjacent to the write - protect tabs , is Type II , its tape consisting of chrome and cobalt . The bottom two cassettes , featuring the Type II notches plus an additional pair in the middle of the cassette , are Type IV ( metal ) ; note the removal of the tabs on the second of these , meaning the tape is write - protected . <P> Cassette tapes are made of a polyester type plastic film with a magnetic coating . The original magnetic material was based on gamma ferric oxide ( Fe O ) . Circa 1970 , 3M Company developed a cobalt volume - doping process combined with a double - coating technique to enhance overall tape output levels . This product was marketed as `` High Energy '' under its Scotch brand of recording tapes . Inexpensive cassettes commonly are labeled `` low - noise , '' but typically are not optimized for high frequency response . For this reason , some low - grade IEC Type I tapes have been marketed specifically as better suited for data storage than for sound recording . </P> <P> At about the same time , chromium dioxide ( CrO ) tape , later designated Type II , was introduced by DuPont , the inventor of the particle , and BASF , the inventor and longtime manufacturer of magnetic recording tape . Next , coatings using magnetite ( Fe O ) such as TDK 's Audua were produced in an attempt to approach or exceed the sound quality of vinyl records . Cobalt - absorbed iron oxide ( Avilyn ) was introduced by TDK in 1974 and proved very successful . `` Type IV '' tapes using pure metal particles ( as opposed to oxide formulations ) were introduced in 1979 by 3M under the trade name Metafine . The tape coating on most cassettes sold today as either `` normal '' or `` chrome '' consists of ferric oxide and cobalt mixed in varying ratios ( and using various processes ) ; there are very few cassettes on the market that use a pure ( CrO ) coating . </P> <P> Simple voice recorders and earlier cassette decks are designed to work with standard ferric formulations . Newer tape decks usually are built with switches and later detectors for the different bias and equalization requirements for higher grade tapes . The most common , iron oxide tapes ( defined by the IEC 60094 standard , as `` Type I '' ) use 120 μs equalization , while chrome and cobalt - absorbed tapes ( IEC Type II ) require 70 μs equalization . The recording bias levels also were different . BASF and Sony tried a dual layer tape with both ferric oxide and chrome dioxide known as ' ferrichrome ' ( FeCr ) ( IEC Type III ) , but these were available for only a short time in the 1970s . These also use 70 μs , just like Type II did . Metal cassettes ( IEC Type IV ) also use 70 μs equalization , and provide still further improvement in sound quality as well as durability . The quality normally is reflected in the price ; Type I cassettes generally are the cheapest , and Type IV are usually the most expensive . BASF chrome tape used in commercially pre-recorded cassettes used type I equalization to allow greater high - frequency dynamic range for better sound quality , but the greater selling point for the music labels was that the Type I cassette shell could be used for both ferric and for chrome music cassettes . </P> <P> Notches on top of the cassette shell indicate the type of tape . Type I cassettes have only write - protect notches , Type II have an additional pair next to the write protection ones , and Type IV ( metal ) have a third set near the middle of the top of the cassette shell . These allow later cassette decks to detect the tape type automatically and select the proper bias and equalization . Virtually all recent hi - fi systems ( with cassette decks ) lack this feature ; only a small niche of cassette decks ( hi - fi separates ) have the tape type selector . Playing Type II and IV tapes on a player without detection will produce exaggerated treble , but it may not be noticeable because such devices typically have amplifiers that lack extended high - frequency output . Recording on these units , however , results in very low sound reproduction , and sometimes distortion and noise is heard . Also , these cheaper units can not erase high bias or metal bias tapes . Attempting to do so will result in an incomplete erasure . This is due to the fact that the bias levels for high and metal position require greater levels . </P> <P> An exception to this standard were mechanical storytelling dolls from the 1980s ( e.g. Teddy Ruxpin ) which used the Type IV metal configuration cassette shell but had normal Type I voice grade tape inside . These toys used the Type IV notches to detect that a specially coded tape had been inserted , where the audio of the story is stored on the left channel and various cue tones to tell the doll 's servos how and when to move along with the story on the right channel . </P> <P> Most pre-recorded chrome cassettes require 120 μs equalisation and are treated as Type I ( with notches as Type I ferric cassettes ) , to ensure compatibility with budget equipment . </P> <P> </P> <H3> Tape length ( edit ) </H3> <P> Tape length usually is measured in minutes of total playing time . The most popular varieties are C46 ( 23 minutes per side ) , C60 ( 30 minutes per side ) , C90 , and C120 . The C46 and C60 lengths typically are 15 to 16 micrometers ( 0.59 to 0.63 mils ) thick , but C90s are 10 to 11 μm ( 0.39 to 0.43 mils ) and ( the less common ) C120s are just 9 μm ( 0.35 mils ) thick , rendering them more susceptible to stretching or breakage . BASF declared the C60 with 88 meters ( 289 feet ) . Some vendors are more generous than others , providing 132 or 135 meters ( 433 or 443 feet ) rather than 129 meters ( 423 feet ) of tape for a C90 cassette . Even C180 tapes were available at one time , but these were extremely thin and fragile and suffered from such effects as print - through , which made them unsuitable for general use . 150 minute length is still available from Maxell ( UR 150 ) , Sony ( CDixI 150 ) and TDK ( TDK AE 150 ) . </P> <P> Although the TDK - D C180 was produced for a decade ( 1972 -- 82 ) , it is very rare , because of several technical flaws . The tape had to be so thin that it was nearly transparent and therefore had fewer particles to magnetize , resulting in a poor sound quality and even worse durability . It required a strong motor to be driven , and had high wow - and - flutter . Finally , it took a relatively long time to rewind . </P> <P> Other lengths are ( or were ) also available from some vendors , including C10 and C15 ( useful for saving data from early home computers and in telephone answering machines ) , C30 , C40 , C50 , C54 , C64 , C70 , C74 , C80 , C84 , C100 , C105 , and C110 . As late as 2010 , Thomann still offered C10 , C20 , C30 and C40 IEC Type II tape cassettes for use with 4 - and 8 - track portastudios . </P> <P> Some companies included a complimentary blank cassette with their portable cassette recorders in the early 1980s . Panasonic 's was a C14 and came with a song recorded on side one , and a blank side two . Except for C74 and C100 , such non-standard lengths always have been hard to find , and tend to be more expensive than the more popular lengths . Home taping enthusiasts may have found certain lengths useful for fitting an album neatly on one or both sides of a tape . For instance , the initial maximum playback time of Compact Discs was 74 minutes , explaining the relative popularity of C74 cassettes . </P> Inside a cassette showing the leader at the beginning of side A . The tape `` plays '' from left to right ( though , of course , an auto - reverse deck can play in either direction ) . The tape is pressed into close contact with the read - head by the pressure pad ; guide rollers help keep the tape in the correct position . Smooth running is assisted by a slippery liner ( slip sheet ) between the spools and the shell ; here the liner is transparent . The magnetic shield reduces pickup of stray signals by the heads of the player . The tab at the top - left corner of the shell permits recording on the current side . <H3> Track width ( edit ) </H3> <P> The full tape width is 3.8 mm . For mono recording the track width is 1.5 mm . In stereo mode each channel has width of 0.6 mm with a 0.3 mm separation to avoid crosstalk . </P> <P> The head is 2 μm which gives a theoretical maximum frequency of about 12 kHz . A larger gap would give a higher frequency limit but also weaker magnetization . </P> <H3> Write - protection ( edit ) </H3> <P> All cassettes include a write protection mechanism to prevent re-recording and accidental erasure of important material . Each side of the cassette has a plastic tab on the top that may be broken off , leaving a small indentation in the shell . This indentation allows the entry of a sensing lever that prevents the operation of the recording function when the cassette is inserted into a cassette deck . If the cassette is held with one of the labels facing the user and the tape opening at the bottom , the write - protect tab for the corresponding side is at the top - left . Occasionally , manufacturers provided a movable panel that could be used to enable or disable write - protect on tapes . </P> <P> If later required , a piece of adhesive tape can be placed over the indentation to bypass the protection , or ( on some decks ) , the lever can be manually depressed to record on a protected tape . Extra care is required to avoid covering the additional indents on high bias or metal bias tape cassettes adjacent to the write - protect tabs . </P> <H3> Tape leaders ( edit ) </H3> <P> In most cassettes , the magnetic tape is attached to each spool with a leader , usually made of strong plastic . This leader protected the weaker magnetic tape from the shock occurring when the tape reached the end . Leaders can be complex : a plastic slide - in wedge anchors a short fully opaque plastic tape to the take - up hub ; one or more tinted semi-opaque plastic segments follow ; the clear leader ( a tintless semi-opaque plastic segment ) follows , which wraps almost all the way around the supply reel , before splicing to the magnetic tape itself . The clear leader spreads the shock load to a long stretch of tape instead of to the microscopic splice . Various patents have been issued detailing leader construction and associated tape player mechanisms to detect leaders . Cassette tape users would also use spare leaders to repair broken tapes . </P> <P> The disadvantage with tape leaders was that the sound recording or playback did not start at the beginning of the tape , forcing the user to cue forward to the start of the magnetic section . For certain applications , such as dictation , special cassettes containing leaderless tapes were made , typically with stronger material and for use in machines that had more sophisticated end - of - tape prediction . Home computers that made use of cassettes prior to the advent of floppy discs ( i.e. Apple II , Commodore PET ) were designed to not start writing or reading data until leaders had spooled past . </P> <H3> Endless loop cassette ( edit ) </H3> <P> Some cassettes were made to play a continuous loop of tape without stopping . Lengths available are from around 30 seconds to a standard full length . They are used in situations where a short message or musical jingle is to be played , either continuously or whenever a device is triggered , or whenever continuous recording or playing is needed . Some include a sensing foil on the tape to allow tape players to re-cue . From as early as 1969 various patents have been issued , covering such uses as uni-directional , bi-directional , and compatibility with auto - shut - off and anti-tape - eating mechanisms . One variant has a half - width loop of tape for an answering machine outgoing message , and another half - width tape on spools to record incoming messages . </P> <H3> Flaws ( edit ) </H3> <P> Cassette playback suffered from some flaws frustrating to both professionals and home recording enthusiasts . Tape speed could vary between devices , resulting in pitch that was too low or too high . Speed often was calibrated at the factory , and could not be changed by users . The slow tape speed increased tape hiss and noise , and in practice delivered higher values of wow and flutter . Different tape formulation and noise reduction schemes artificially boosted or cut high frequencies and inadvertently elevated noise levels . Noise reduction also adds some artifacts to the sound , which a trained ear can hear sometimes quite easily . </P> <P> A common mechanical problem occurred when a worn - out or dirty player rotated the supply spool faster than the take - up spool or failed to release the heads from the tape upon ejection . This would cause the magnetic tape to be fed out through the bottom of the cassette and become tangled in the mechanism of the player . In these cases the player was said to have `` eaten '' or `` chewed '' the tape , and it often destroyed the playability of the cassette altogether . Cutting blocks , analogous to those used for open - reel 1 / 4 '' tape were readily available , though used mainly for retrieving valued recordings , could be used to remove the damaged portion , or repair the break in the tape . </P> <H2> Cassette players and recorders ( edit ) </H2> <P> The first cassette machines ( e.g. the Philips EL 3300 , introduced in August 1963 ) were simple mono - record and - playback units . Early machines required attaching an external dynamic microphone . Most units from the 1980s onwards also incorporated built - in condenser microphones , which have extended high - frequency response , but may also pick up noises from the recorder motor . </P> <P> A portable recorder format still common today is a long box , the width of a cassette , with a speaker at the top , a cassette bay in the middle , and `` piano key '' controls at the bottom edge . Another format is only slightly larger than the cassette , also adapted for stereo `` Walkman '' player applications . </P> <P> The markings of `` piano key '' controls soon were standardized , and are a legacy still emulated on many software control panels . These symbols are commonly a square for `` stop '' , a vertically pointed triangle with a line under it for `` eject '' , a right - pointing triangle for `` play '' , double triangles for `` fast - forward '' and `` rewind '' , a red dot for `` record '' , and a vertically divided square ( two rectangles side - by - side ) for `` pause '' . </P> Main article : Cassette deck A typical portable desktop cassette recorder from RadioShack <P> Stereo recorders eventually evolved into high fidelity and were known as cassette decks , after the reel - to - reel decks . Hi - Fi cassette decks , in contrast to cassette recorders and cassette players , often did n't have built - in amplification or speakers . Many formats of cassette players and recorders have evolved over the years . Initially all were top loading , usually with cassette on one side , and VU meters and recording level controls on the other side . Older models used combinations of levers and sliding buttons for control . </P> Nakamichi RX - 505 cassette deck <P> A major innovation was the front - loading arrangement . Pioneer 's angled cassette bay and the exposed bays of some Sansui models eventually were standardized as a front - loading door into which a cassette would be loaded . Later models would adopt electronic buttons , and replace conventional meters ( which could be `` pegged '' when overloaded ) with electronic LED or vacuum fluorescent displays , with level controls typically being controlled by either rotary controls or side - by - side sliders . BIC and Marantz briefly offered models that could be run at double speeds , but Nakamichi was widely recognized as one of the first companies to create decks that rivaled reel - to - reel decks with frequency response from the full 20 -- 20,000 Hz range , low noise , and very low wow and flutter . The 3 - head closed - loop dual capstan Nakamichi 1000 ( 1973 ) is one early example . Unlike typical cassette decks that use a single head for both record and playback plus a second head for erasing , the Nakamichi 1000 , like the better reel - to - reel recorders , used three separate heads to optimize these functions . </P> <P> Other contenders for the highest `` HiFi '' quality on this medium were two companies already widely known for their excellent quality reel - to - reel tape recorders : Tandberg and Revox ( consumer brand of the Swiss professional Studer company for studio equipment ) . Tandberg started with combi - head machines , such as the TCD 300 , and continued with the TCD 3x0 series with separate playback and recording heads . All TCD - models possessed dual - capstan drives , belt - driven from a single capstan motor and two separate reel motors . Frequency range extended to 18 kHz . After a disastrous overinvestment in colour television production , Tandberg folded and revived without the HiFi - branch these came from . </P> <P> Revox went one step further : after much hesitation about whether to accept cassettes as a medium capable for meeting their strict standards from reel - to - reel recorders at all , they produced their B710MK I ( Dolby B) and MK II ( Dolby B&C ) machines . Both cassette units possessed double capstan drives , but with two independent , electronically controlled capstan motors and two separate reel motors . The head assembly moved by actuating a damped solenoid movement , eliminating all belt drives and other wearable parts . These machines rivaled the Nakamichi in frequency and dynamic range . The B710MKII also achieved 20 -- 20,000 Hz and dynamics of over 72 dB with Dolby C on chrome and slightly less dynamic range , but greater headroom with metal tapes and Dolby C. Revox adjusted the frequency range on delivery with many years of use in mind : when new , the frequency curve went upwards a few dB at 15 -- 20 kHz , aiming for flat response after 15 years of use , and headwear to match . </P> <P> A last step taken by Revox produced even more - advanced cassette drives with electronic finetuning of bias and equalization during recording . Revox also produced amplifiers , a very expensive FM tuner , and a pickup with a special parallel - arm mechanism of their own design . After releasing that product , Studer encountered financial difficulties . It had to save itself by folding its Revox - branch and all its consumer products ( except their last reel - to - reel recorder , the B77 ) . </P> <P> While some might say that Nakamichi violated the tape recording standards to achieve the highest dynamics possible , producing non-compatible cassettes for playback on other machines , the reasons for this are more complex than they appear on the surface . Different interpretations of the cassette standard resulted in a 4 dB ambiguity at 16 kHz . Technically , both camps in this debate were still within the original cassette specification as no tolerance for frequency response was provided above 12.5 kHz and all calibration tones above 12.5 kHz are considered optional . But also Nakamichi is not error - prone . Decreasing noise at 16 kHz also decreases the maximum signal level at 16 kHz , the HighFrequency - Dynamics stay almost constant . </P> <P> A third company , the Danish Bang & Olufsen improved the Dolby HX `` head room extension '' system for reliably reducing tape saturation effects at short wavelength ( high frequencies ) despite higher bias levels . This advanced method was called Dolby HX Pro in full and patented . HX Pro was adopted by many other high - end manufacturers . </P> <P> As they became aimed at more casual users , fewer decks had microphone inputs . Dual decks became popular and incorporated into home entertainment systems of all sizes for tape dubbing . Although the quality would suffer each time a source was copied , there are no mechanical restrictions on copying from a record , radio , or another cassette source . Even as CD recorders are becoming more popular , some incorporate cassette decks for professional applications . </P> An assortment of radio - cassette players , aka ghetto - blasters or `` boomboxes '' <P> Another format that made an impact on culture in the 1980s was the radio - cassette , aka the `` boom box '' ( a name used commonly only in the USA ) , which combined the portable cassette deck with a radio tuner and speakers capable of producing significant sound levels . These devices became synonymous with urban youth culture in entertainment , which led to the somewhat derisive nickname `` ghetto blaster . '' The boom box allowed people to enjoy music on the go and share it with friends . This also led to such cultural practises as breakdancing . </P> <P> Applications for car stereos varied widely . Auto manufacturers in the U.S. typically would fit a cassette slot into their standard large radio faceplates . Europe and Asia would standardize on DIN and double DIN sized faceplates . In the 1980s , a high - end installation would have a Dolby AM / FM cassette deck , and they rendered the 8 - track cartridge obsolete in car installations because of space , performance , and audio quality . In the 1990s and 2000s , as the cost of building CD players declined , many manufacturers offered a CD player . The CD player eventually supplanted the cassette deck as standard equipment , but some cars , especially those targeted at older drivers , were offered with the option of a cassette player , either by itself or sometimes in combination with a CD slot . Most new cars can still accommodate aftermarket cassette players , and the auxiliary jack advertised for MP3 players can be used also with portable cassette players , but 2011 is the first model year for which no manufacturer offered factory - installed cassette players . </P> <P> </P> A head cleaning cassette <P> Although the cassettes themselves were relatively durable , the players required regular maintenance to perform properly . Head cleaning may be done with long swabs , soaked with isopropyl alcohol , or cassette - shaped devices that could be inserted into a tape deck to remove buildup of iron - oxide from the heads , tape - drive capstan , and pinch - roller . Some otherwise normal recording tapes included sections of leader that could clean the tape heads . One of the concerns of the time however was the use of abrasive cleaning tape . Some of the cleaning tapes actually felt rough to the touch and were considered damaging to the heads . Similarly shaped demagnetizers used magnets to degauss the deck , which kept sound from becoming distorted ( see Cassette demagnetizer ) . </P> <H2> Applications ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Audio ( edit ) </H3> A dual cassette - based Panasonic answering machine <P> The Compact Cassette originally was intended for use in dictation machines . In this capacity , some later - model cassette - based dictation machines could also run the tape at half speed ( ⁄ in / s ) as playback quality was not critical . The cassette soon became a popular medium for distributing prerecorded music -- initially through The Philips Record Company ( and subsidiary labels Mercury and Philips in the U.S. ) . As of 2009 , one still finds cassettes used for a variety of purposes , such as journalism , oral history , meeting and interview transcripts , audio - books , and so on . Police are still big buyers of cassette tapes , as some lawyers `` do n't trust digital technology for interviews '' . However , they are starting to give way to Compact Discs and more `` compact '' digital storage media . Prerecorded cassettes were also employed as a way of providing chemotherapy information to recently diagnosed cancer patients as studies found anxiety and fear often gets in the way of the information processing . </P> <P> The cassette quickly found use in the commercial music industry . One artifact found on some commercially produced music cassettes was a sequence of test tones , called SDR ( Super Dynamic Range , also called XDR , or eXtended Dynamic Range ) soundburst tones , at the beginning and end of the tape , heard in order of low frequency to high . These were used during SDR / XDR 's duplication process to gauge the quality of the tape medium . Many consumers objected to these tones since they were not part of the recorded music . </P> <H3> Broadcasting ( edit ) </H3> <P> News reporting , documentary , and human interest broadcast operations often used portable Marantz PMD - series recorders for the recording of speech interviews . The key advantages of the Marantz portable recorders were the accommodation of professional microphones with an XLR connector , normal and double tape speed recording for extended frequency response , Dolby and dbx noise reduction systems , manual or automatic gain control ( AGC ) level control , peak limiter , multiple tape formulation accommodation , microphone and line level input connections , unbalanced RCA stereo input and output connections , live or tape monitoring , VU meter , headphone jack , playback pitch control , and operation on AC power or batteries optimized for long duration . Unlike less - expensive portable recorders that were limited to automatic gain control ( AGC ) recording schemes , the manual recording mode preserved low noise dynamics and avoided the automatic elevation of noise . </P> <H3> Home studio ( edit ) </H3> <P> Beginning in 1979 , Tascam introduced the Portastudio line of four - and eight - track cassette recorders for home - studio use . </P> <P> In the simplest configuration , rather than playing a pair of stereo channels of each side of the cassette , the typical `` portastudio '' used a four - track tape head assembly to access four tracks on the cassette at once ( with the tape playing in one direction ) . Each track could be recorded to , erased , or played back individually , allowing musicians to overdub themselves and create simple multitrack recordings easily , which could then be mixed down to a finished stereo version on an external machine . To increase audio quality in these recorders , the tape speed sometimes was doubled to 33⁄4 inches per second , in comparison to the standard 1 ⁄ ips ; additionally , dbx , Dolby B or Dolby C noise reduction provided compansion ( compression of the signal during recording with equal and opposite expansion of the signal during playback ) , which yields increased dynamic range by lowering the noise level and increasing the maximum signal level before distortion occurs . Multi-track cassette recorders with built - in mixer and signal routing features ranged from easy - to - use beginner units up to professional - level recording systems . </P> <P> Although professional musicians typically used multitrack cassette machines only as `` sketchpads '' , Bruce Springsteen 's `` Nebraska '' was recorded entirely on a four - track cassette tape . </P> <H3> Home dubbing ( edit ) </H3> An opened Magnavox dual deck recorder with high - speed dubbing <P> Most cassettes were sold blank , and used for recording ( dubbing ) the owner 's records ( as backup , to play in the car , or to make mixtape compilations ) , their friends ' records , or music from the radio . This practice was condemned by the music industry with such alarmist slogans as `` Home Taping Is Killing Music '' . However , many claimed that the medium was ideal for spreading new music and would increase sales , and strongly defended their right to copy at least their own records onto tape . For a limited time in the early 1980s Island Records sold chromium dioxide `` One Plus One '' cassettes that had an album prerecorded on one side and the other was left blank for the purchaser to use , another early example being the 1980 `` C 30 C 60 C 90 Go '' cassingle by Bow Wow Wow where the b - side of the tape was blank , allowing the purchaser to record their own b - side . Cassettes were also a boon to people wishing to tape concerts ( unauthorized or authorized ) for sale or trade , a practice tacitly or overtly encouraged by many bands , such as the Grateful Dead , with a more counterculture bent . Blank cassettes also were an invaluable tool to spread the music of unsigned acts , especially within tape trading networks . </P> <P> Various legal cases arose surrounding the dubbing of cassettes . In the UK , in the case of CBS Songs v. Amstrad ( 1988 ) , the House of Lords found in favor of Amstrad that producing equipment that facilitated the dubbing of cassettes , in this case a high - speed twin cassette deck that allowed one cassette to be copied directly onto another , did not constitute the infringement of copyright . In a similar case , a shop owner who rented cassettes and sold blank tapes was not liable for copyright infringement even though it was clear that his customers likely were dubbing them at home . In both cases , the courts held that manufacturers and retailers could not be held accountable for the actions of consumers . </P> <P> As an alternative to home dubbing , in the late 1980s , the Personics company installed booths in record stores across America that allowed customers to make personalized mixtapes from a digitally encoded back - catalogue with customised printed covers . </P> <H3> Institutional duplication ( edit ) </H3> <P> Educational , religious , corporate , military , and broadcasting institutions benefited from messaging proliferation through accessibly priced duplicators , offered by Telex Communications , Wollensak , Sony , and others . The duplicators would operate at double ( or greater ) tape speed . Systems were scalable , enabling the user to purchase initially one `` master '' unit ( typically with 3 `` copy '' bays ) and add `` slave '' units for expanded duplication abilities . </P> <H3> Data recording ( edit ) </H3> A C2N Datassette recorder for Commodore computers German - made cassettes sold for computer data recording , mid 1980s <P> The Hewlett Packard HP 9830 was one of the first desktop computers in the early 1970s to use automatically controlled cassette tapes for storage . It could save and find files by number , using a clear leader to detect the end of tape . These would be replaced by specialized cartridges , such as the 3M DC - series . Many of the earliest microcomputers implemented the Kansas City standard for digital data storage . Most home computers of the late 1970s and early 1980s could use cassettes for data storage as a cheaper alternative to floppy disks , though users often had to manually stop and start a cassette recorder . Even the first version of the IBM PC of 1981 had a cassette port and a command in its ROM BASIC programming language to use it . However , IBM cassette tape was seldom used , as by 1981 floppy drives had become commonplace in high - end machines . </P> <P> Nintendo 's Famicom had an available cassette data recorder , used for saving programs created with the hardware 's version of BASIC and saving progress in some Famicom games . It was never released outside Japan , but the North American versions of some of the compatible games can technically be used with it , since many early copies of two of the games ( Excitebike and Wrecking Crew ) are actually just the Japanese versions in a different shell , and Nintendo intentionally included compatibility in later prints of those titles and in other games since they were planning on releasing the recorder in the region anyway . </P> <P> The typical encoding method for computer data was simple FSK , which resulted in data rates of typically 500 to 2000 bit / s , although some games used special , faster - loading routines , up to around 4000 bit / s . A rate of 2000 bit / s equates to a capacity of around 660 kilobytes per side of a 90 - minute tape . </P> <P> Among home computers that used primarily data cassettes for storage in the late 1970s were Commodore PET ( early models of which had a cassette drive built - in ) , TRS - 80 and Apple II , until the introduction of floppy disk drives and hard drives in the early 1980s made cassettes virtually obsolete for day - to - day use in the US . However , they remained in use on some portable systems such as the TRS - 80 Model 100 line -- often in microcassette form -- until the early 1990s . </P> <P> Floppy disk storage had become the standard data storage medium in the United States by the mid-1980s ; for example , by 1983 the majority of software sold by Atari Program Exchange was on floppy . Cassette remained more popular for 8 - bit computers such as the Commodore 64 , ZX Spectrum , MSX , and Amstrad CPC 464 in many countries such as the United Kingdom ( where 8 - bit software was mostly sold on cassette until that market disappeared altogether in the early 1990s ) . Reliability of cassettes for data storage is inconsistent , with gamers recalling repeated attempts to load video games . In some countries , including the United Kingdom , Poland , Hungary , and the Netherlands , cassette data storage was so popular that some radio stations would broadcast computer programs that listeners could record onto cassette and then load into their computer . See BASICODE . </P> <P> The use of better modulation techniques , such as QPSK or those used in modern modems , combined with the improved bandwidth and signal to noise ratio of newer cassette tapes , allowed much greater capacities ( up to 60 MB ) and data transfer speeds of 10 to 17 kB / s on each cassette . They found use during the 1980s in data loggers for scientific and industrial equipment . </P> <P> The cassette was adapted into what is called a streamer cassette , a version dedicated solely for data storage , and used chiefly for hard disk backups and other types of data . Streamer cassettes look almost exactly the same as a standard cassette , with the exception of having a notch about one quarter - inch wide and deep situated slightly off - center at the top edge of the cassette . Streamer cassettes also have a re-usable write - protect tab on only one side of the top edge of the cassette , with the other side of the top edge having either only an open rectangular hole , or no hole at all . This is due to the entire one - eighth inch width of the tape loaded inside being used by a streamer cassette drive for the writing and reading of data , hence only one side of the cassette being used . Streamer cassettes can hold anywhere from 50 to 160 megabytes of data . </P> <H2> Successors ( edit ) </H2> Size comparison of Elcaset ( left ) with standard Compact Cassette <P> Elcaset was a short - lived audio format created by Sony in 1976 that was about twice the size , using larger tape and a higher recording speed . Unlike the original cassette , the Elcaset was designed from the outset for sound quality . It was never widely accepted , as the quality of standard cassette decks rapidly approached high fidelity . </P> <P> Technical development of the cassette effectively ceased when digital recordable media , such as DAT and MiniDisc , were introduced in the late 1980s and early 1990s . Anticipating the switch from analog to digital format , major companies , such as Sony , shifted their focus to new media . In 1992 , Philips introduced the Digital Compact Cassette ( DCC ) , a DAT - like tape in almost the same shell as a Compact Cassette . It was aimed primarily at the consumer market . A DCC deck could play back both types of cassettes . Unlike DAT , which was accepted in professional usage because it could record without lossy compression effects , DCC failed in both home and mobile environments , and was discontinued in 1996 . </P> A Compact Cassette and a Microcassette <P> The microcassette largely supplanted the full - sized cassette in situations where voice - level fidelity is all that is required , such as in dictation machines and answering machines . Microcassettes have in turn given way to digital recorders of various descriptions . Since the rise of cheap CD - R discs , and flash memory - based digital audio players , the phenomenon of `` home taping '' has effectively switched to recording to a Compact Disc or downloading from commercial or music sharing Web sites . </P> <P> Because of consumer demand , the cassette has remained influential on design , more than a decade after its decline as a media mainstay . As the Compact Disc grew in popularity , cassette - shaped audio adapters were developed to provide an economical and clear way to obtain CD functionality in vehicles equipped with cassette decks . A portable CD player would have its analog line - out connected to the adapter , which in turn fed the signal to the head of the cassette deck . These adapters continue to function with MP3 players and smartphones , and generally are more reliable than the FM transmitters that must be used to adapt CD players and digital audio players to car stereo systems . Digital audio players shaped as cassettes have also become available , which can be inserted into any cassette player and communicate with the head as if they were normal cassettes . </P> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Cassette culture </Li> <Li> Cassette deck </Li> <Li> Digital cassettes </Li> <Li> Cassette single </Li> <Li> Digital journalism </Li> <Li> Mini-Cassette </Li> <Li> Mixtape </Li> <Li> Pocket Rockers </Li> <Li> PXL - 2000 </Li> <Li> Tape recorder </Li> <Li> Timeline of audio formats </Li> <Li> VHS </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Museum Of Obsolete Media '' . 2015 - 11 - 19 . Archived from the original on 3 May 2016 . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 29 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` How Music Technology Evolved Over the Years ? -- SpeakStick '' . speakstick.net . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 14 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Learn about Tabs - In or Tabs - Out shells and leaders '' . nationalaudiocompany.com . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Marvin Camras ( ed . ) ( 1985 ) . Magnetic Tape Recording . Van Nostrand Reinhold . ISBN 0 - 442 - 21774 - 9 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Eric D. Daniel ; C. Dennis Mee ; Mark H. Clark ( 1999 ) . Magnetic Recording : The First 100 Years . The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers . ISBN 0 - 7803 - 4709 - 9 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Brian , Marshall . `` How Tape Recorders Work '' . HowStuffWorks . HowStuffWorks . Retrieved 10 October 2015 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Part 7 : Cassette for commercial tape records and domestic use '' . International standard IEC 60094 - 7 : Magnetic tape sound recording and reproducing systems . International Electrotechnical Commission , Geneva . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` videointerchange.com '' . videointerchange.com. 7 August 2010 . Retrieved 20 August 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` dianaschnuth.com '' . Blog.dianaschnuth.com . Retrieved 20 August 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Daniel et al , p. 102 - 4 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ David Morton , Sound recording : the life story of a technology . Greenwood Publishing Group , 2004 , p. 161 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ John Shepherd , Continuum encyclopedia of popular music of the world . Continuum International Publishing Group , 2003 , p. 506 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Cassette Rampage Forecast '' . Billboard magazine . Nielsen Business Media , Inc. 79 ( 44 ) : 1 , 72 . 4 November 1967 . ISSN 0006 - 2510 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` European Mfrs . Bid for Market Share '' . Billboard magazine . Nielsen Business Media , Inc. 79 ( 14 ) : 18 . 8 April 1967 . ISSN 0006 - 2510 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Jan Drees , Christian Vorbau , Kassettendeck : Soundtrack einer Generation . Klappenbroschur , 2011 Kassettendeck : Soundtrack einer Generation. 23 May 2011 . ISBN 978 - 3821866147 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Millard , Andre ( 2013 ) . Cassette Tape ( 2.1 ed . ) . St. James Encyclopedia of Popular Culture . p. 529 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Rothman , Lily . `` Rewound : On its 50th birthday , the cassette tape is still rolling '' . Time Magazine . Retrieved 6 August 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Gouden jubileum muziekcassette '' . NOS . Retrieved 30 December 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Nathan , John ( 1999 ) . Sony : The Private Life . Houghton Mifflin . p. 129 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Nathan , John ( 1999 ) . Sony : the Private Life . Houghton Mifflin . p. 129 . Retrieved 8 November 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Hans - Joachim Braun , Music and technology in the twentieth century . JHU Press , 2002 , p. 161 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Mercury Issues 49 ' Cassettes ' '' . Billboard magazine . Nielsen Business Media , Inc. 78 ( 29 ) : 69 . 16 July 1966 . ISSN 0006 - 2510 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Hoogendoorn , A ( 1994 ) . `` Digital Compact Cassette '' . IEEE Xplore Digital Library . Proceedings of the IEEE . Retrieved Nov 10 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` WM - 10 '' . Walkman Central . Tim Jarman and Nick Jarman. 2005 -- 2014 . Retrieved 17 March 2014 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Paul du Gay ; Stuart Hall ; Linda Janes ; Hugh Mackay ; Keith Negus ( 1997 ) . Doing Cultural Studies : The Story of the Sony Walkman . Sage Publications Ltd . ISBN 0 - 7619 - 5402 - 3 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Gans , David ( June 1983 ) . `` Packaging Innovations Raise Cassettes ' In - store Profile '' . Record . 2 ( 8 ) : 20 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Andriessen , Willem ( 1999 ) . `` '' THE WINNER `` : Compact Cassette . A Commercial and Technological Look Back at the Greatest Success Story in the History of Audio Up to Now '' . Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials. 193.1 : 12 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Robin James ( 1992 ) . Cassette Mythos . Brooklyn , NY : Autonomedia . ISBN 0 - 936756 - 69 - 1 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ S. Alexander Reed ( 2013 ) . Assimilate : A Critical History of Industrial Music . Oxford University Press . p. 113 . ISBN 0199832609 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Peter Manuel . ( 1993 ) . Cassette Culture : Popular Music and Technology in North India . University of Chicago Press . ISBN 0 - 226 - 50401 - 8 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Not long left for cassette tapes '' . BBC . 17 June 2005 . Retrieved 13 September 2006 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Jude Rogers ( 30 August 2013 ) . `` Total rewind : 10 key moments in the life of the cassette '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 17 March 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Record and prerecorded tape stores '' . Gale Encyclopedia of American Industries . 2005 . Retrieved 20 September 2006 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Tape Echo : Specialty labels keep cassettes alive '' . Billboard Magazine . 11 October 2008 . Archived from the original on 25 February 2009 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Articles : This Is Not a Mixtape '' . Pitchfork. 22 February 2010 . Retrieved 20 August 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` For Car Cassette Decks , Play Time Is Over '' . www.nytimes.com . The New York Times . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ ANDREW ADAM NEWMAN ( 2008 ) . `` Say So Long to an Old Companion : Cassette Tapes '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 1 June 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Janine Stoll ( 2000 ) . `` The Dynapak Difference '' . The Indie Voice . Archived from the original on 17 July 2011 . Retrieved 19 September 2006 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Lynskey , Dorian ( 29 March 2010 ) . `` Return of the audio cassette '' . The Guardian . London . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Segal , Dave ( March 9 , 2016 ) . `` Baby , I 'm for Reel : Unspooling the Affordable , Accessible Microeconomy of the Cassette Revival '' . The Stranger . Retrieved March 11 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Dansbandsbloggen 21 maj 2006 -- ' ' Vad händer med dansbandsutgivningen när Bert säljer ? ' ' '' . Dansbandsbloggen.se . Archived from the original on 20 August 2010 . Retrieved 20 August 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Butaumocho , Ruth ( 19 April 2010 ) . `` Zimbabwe : Diamond Studios to Commission Cassette Plant '' . Retrieved 1 January 2017 -- via AllAfrica . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Curnow , Robyn ( 7 June 2011 ) . `` Pause and rewind : Zimbabwe 's audio cassette boom '' . CNN . Retrieved 13 July 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Choi ( 최 ) , Yeon - jin ( 연진 ) ( 31 May 2011 ) . 멸종 중인 카세트 , 한국선 ' 장수 만세 . Hankook Ilbo ( in Korean ) . Archived from the original on 14 August 2011 . Retrieved 13 July 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Shea , Ammon ( 10 November 2011 ) . `` Reports of the death of the cassette tape are greatly exaggerated '' . Oxford English Dictionary . Retrieved 28 January 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Moye , David ( 22 August 2011 ) . `` Oxford Dictionary Removes ' Cassette Tape , ' Gets Sound Lashing From Audiophiles '' . Huffington Post . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Rose , Kara ( 3 October 2011 ) . `` Cassette tapes see new life after MP3s '' . USA Today . Retrieved 27 August 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Meet The Owner Of America 's Last Awesome Cassette Tape Factory '' . www.slantnews.com . Slant . Archived from the original on 2016 - 04 - 19 . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 04 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Jeniece Pettitt ( September 1 , 2015 ) . This Company Is Still Making Audio Cassettes and Sales Are Better Than Ever . Retrieved September 9 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` U.S. Cassette Album Sales Increased by 74 % in 2016 , Led by ' Guardians ' Soundtrack '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Urban Outfitters Web Site '' . , Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 30 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Swedish public service television teletext , 12. December. 2016 , page 150 ( 1 ) in Swedish ( original text ) - `` Allt fler köper vinylskivor . Trenden med att köpa vinylskivor fortsätter . Sedan 2006 har försäljningen globalt ökat från drygt 3 , 1 miljoner sålda exemplar jämfört med 31 , 5 miljoner sålda exemplar 2015 . Trots att allt fler vinylskivor säljs är det dock bara en väldigt liten del av skivförsäljningen . I Sverige såldes det förra året 384.000 vinylskivor jämfört med 3.342. 000 cd - skivor . De artister som säljer mest är oftast äldre artister och skivor . Mest såld i år är David Bowies sista skiva Black - star . Andra populära artister är Beatles , Led Zeppelin och Adele . '' - or in English - `` More and more buy vinyl records . The trend to buy vinyl records continues . Since 2006 has the global sales increased from app . 3.1 million sold records to 31.5 million in 2015 . Dispite of this , is it still a small part of the total record sale . In Sweden was 384.000 vinyl records sold last year ( = 2015 ) compared to 3.342. 000 CD records . The artists who sell most ar usually older artists and records. ( comment - bad Swedish in original text is reflected and translated ) Most sold in this year ( = 2016 ) was David Bowie 's last record Black - star . Other popular artists are Beatles , Led Zeppelin and Adele '' ( a screenshot of the teletext page exist and can be uploaded , if allowed at Commons and if requested ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ TDK cassette spec sheet Archived 20 June 2007 at the Wayback Machine . Retrieved on 27 March 2007 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` History of Compact Cassette '' . Retrieved 4 June 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Werner Abelshauser ; Wolfgang von Hippel ; Jeffrey Allan Johnson ; Raymond G. Stokes ( 2003 ) . German Industry and Global Enterprise : BASF : The History of a Company . Cambridge University Press . p. 585 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 82726 - 4 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` VintageCassettes.com '' . Retrieved 26 September 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Compact Cassettes '' . Thomann U.K. International Cyperstore . Archived from the original on 11 August 2010 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Happy 50th birthday , Compact Cassette : How it struck a chord for millions '' . 2013 - 08 - 30 . p. 2 . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 29 . In a mono arrangement , each track was 1.5 mm per side across the 3.8 mm tape width . For stereo , the left and right tracks were only 0.6 mm apiece , with 0.3 mm separation to avoid crosstalk . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Sample patents : Tape cassette with tape leader detection improvements and cassette tape playout sensing , indication and protecting means </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Tape Repair ? ( Archive ) Diamond Cut User Forum Archived 10 May 2015 at the Wayback Machine . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Steve Fluker . `` Trends in Technology : Recording Sound '' . Retrieved 14 September 2006 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` philipsmuseumeindhoven.nl '' . philipsmuseumeindhoven.nl . Archived from the original on 11 July 2010 . Retrieved 20 August 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ John Atkinson ( November 2002 ) . `` 40 years of Stereophile : The Hot 100 Products '' . Retrieved 13 September 2006 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ David Price ( January 2000 ) . `` Olde Worlde -- Nakamichi CR - 7E Cassette Deck '' . Archived from the original on 21 August 2006 . 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Many will recall fiddling around with volume controls on their computer cassette decks in the hope that Manic Miner would actually load and not crash after 30 minutes of listening to beeps and crackles ... `` I remember listening to Elite load on the BBC Micro for half an hour , only for it to continually fail at 98 per cent complete , '' recalls Luke Peters , editor of T3 magazine . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Lennart Benschop . `` BASICODE '' . Retrieved 20 January 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Al Fasoldt ( 1991 ) . `` Sony Unveils the Minidisc '' . The Syracuse Newspapers . Archived from the original on 23 August 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Gijs Moes ( 31 October 1996 ) . `` Successor of cassette failed : Philips stops production of DCC '' . Eindhovens Dagblad . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Cassette vs. Digital '' . J&R Product Guide . Archived from the original on 28 September 2007 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Phonograph records and prerecorded audio tapes and disks '' . Gale Encyclopedia of American Industries . 2005 . Retrieved 20 September 2006 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Jer Davis ( 2000 ) . `` The Rome MP3 : Portable MP3 player -- with a twist '' . The Tech Report . Archived from the original on 13 August 2006 . Retrieved 18 September 2006 . ( Internet Archive link ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` C@MP CP - UF32 / 64 a New Portable Mp3 - Player Review '' . Fastsite. 2000 . Retrieved 18 September 2006 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wikimedia Commons has media related to Compact Cassette . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Look up compact cassette in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . </Td> </Tr> </Table> Listen to this article ( info / dl ) <P> </P> This audio file was created from a revision of the article `` Compact Cassette '' dated 23 May 2011 ( 2011 - 05 - 23 ) , and does not reflect subsequent edits to the article . ( Audio help ) More spoken articles <Ul> <Li> Project C - 90 , a website dedicated to cassette tapes </Li> <Li> Cassettes , a website with images of vintage blank cassette tapes </Li> <Li> tapedeck.org , an online collection of blank audio tape cassettes </Li> <Li> AudioTools , a cassette tape reference site </Li> <Li> The Tape Place , a music - cassette tape website </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Physical audio recording formats </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Analog </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Phonautogram ( 1857 ) </Li> <Li> Phonograph cylinder ( 1877 ) </Li> <Li> Gramophone record ( 1894 ) </Li> <Li> Wire recording ( 1898 ) </Li> <Li> Sound - on - film ( 1919 ) </Li> <Li> Tefifon ( 1936 ) </Li> <Li> Reel - to - reel tape ( 1940s ) </Li> <Li> SoundScriber ( 1945 ) </Li> <Li> Gray Audograph ( 1945 ) </Li> <Li> Dictabelt ( 1947 ) </Li> <Li> LP record ( 1948 ) </Li> <Li> On - the - ribs recordings ( late 1940s ) </Li> <Li> RCA tape cartridge ( 1958 ) </Li> <Li> Fidelipac ( 1959 ) </Li> <Li> Stereo - Pak ( 1962 ) </Li> <Li> Compact Cassette ( 1963 ) </Li> <Li> 8 - track ( 1964 ) </Li> <Li> PlayTape ( 1966 ) </Li> <Li> Mini-Cassette ( 1967 ) </Li> <Li> Microcassette ( 1969 ) </Li> <Li> Steno - Cassette ( 1971 ) </Li> <Li> Elcaset ( 1976 ) </Li> <Li> Picocassette ( 1985 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Digital </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Soundstream ( 1976 ) </Li> <Li> X80 / ProDigi ( 1980 ) </Li> <Li> Compact disc ( 1982 ) </Li> <Li> DASH ( 1982 ) </Li> <Li> Digital Audio Tape ( 1987 ) </Li> <Li> ADAT ( 1991 ) </Li> <Li> MiniDisc ( 1992 ) </Li> <Li> NT ( 1992 ) </Li> <Li> Digital Compact Cassette ( 1992 ) </Li> <Li> DA - 88 ( 1993 ) </Li> <Li> High Definition Compatible Digital ( 1995 ) </Li> <Li> 5.1 Music Disc ( 1997 ) </Li> <Li> Super Audio CD ( 1999 ) </Li> <Li> DVD - Audio ( 2000 ) </Li> <Li> USB flash drive ( as audio format ) ( 2004 ) </Li> <Li> Hi - MD ( 2004 ) </Li> <Li> slotMusic ( 2008 ) </Li> <Li> BD - Audio ( 2008 ) </Li> <Li> HFPA ( 2013 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Magnetic tape data storage formats </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Linear </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Wide ( 19 -- 25.4 mm ) </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> TX - 2 Tape System ( 1958 ) </Li> <Li> IBM 7340 ( 1961 ) </Li> <Li> LINCtape ( 1962 ) </Li> <Li> DECtape ( 1963 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Half inch ( 12.7 mm ) </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> UNISERVO ( 1951 ) </Li> <Li> IBM 7 track ( 1952 ) </Li> <Li> 9 track ( 1964 ) </Li> <Li> IBM 3480 ( 1984 ) </Li> <Li> DLT ( 1984 ) </Li> <Li> IBM 3590 ( 1995 ) </Li> <Li> T9840 ( 1998 ) </Li> <Li> T9940 ( 2000 ) </Li> <Li> LTO Ultrium ( 2000 ) </Li> <Li> IBM 3592 ( 2003 ) </Li> <Li> T10000 ( 2006 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Eight millimeter ( 8 mm ) </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Travan ( 1995 ) </Li> <Li> IBM 3570 MP ( 1997 ) </Li> <Li> ADR ( 1999 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Quarter inch ( 6.35 mm ) </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> QIC ( 1972 ) </Li> <Li> SLR ( 1986 ) </Li> <Li> Ditto ( 1992 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> `` Eighth '' ( 0.15 ) inch ( 3.81 mm ) </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> KC standard , Compact Cassette ( 1975 ) </Li> <Li> HP DC100 ( 1976 ) </Li> <Li> Tarbell Cassette Interface ( 1976 ) </Li> <Li> Commodore Datasette ( 1977 ) </Li> <Li> DECtape II ( 1979 ) </Li> <Li> IBM PC Cassette ( 1981 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Stringy ( 1.58 -- 1.9 mm ) </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Exatron Stringy Floppy ( 1979 ) </Li> <Li> ZX Microdrive ( 1983 ) </Li> <Li> QL Microdrive ( 1984 ) </Li> <Li> Rotronics Wafadrive ( 1984 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Helical </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Three quarter inch ( 19 mm ) </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Sony DIR ( 19xx ) </Li> <Li> Ampex DST ( 1992 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Half inch ( 12.7 mm ) </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Redwood SD - 3 ( 1995 ) </Li> <Li> DTF ( 19xx ) </Li> <Li> SAIT ( 2003 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Eight millimeter ( 8 mm ) </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Data8 ( 1987 ) </Li> <Li> Mammoth ( 1994 ) </Li> <Li> AIT ( 1996 ) </Li> <Li> VXA ( 1999 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Four millimeter ( 3.81 mm ) </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> DDS / DAT ( 1989 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Music technology </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Music technology </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Mechanical </Li> <Li> Electrical </Li> <Li> Electronic and digital </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Sound recording </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Audio channel </Li> <Li> Audio console ( mixing board ) </Li> <Li> Binaural recording </Li> <Li> Digital audio workstation ( DAW ) </Li> <Li> Effects unit </Li> <Li> Equalizer </Li> <Li> Headphones </Li> <Li> Microphone </Li> <Li> Microphone preamplifier </Li> <Li> Monitor speaker </Li> <Li> Multitrack recording </Li> <Li> Music production </Li> <Li> Music sequencer </Li> <Li> Outboard gear </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Recording media </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Gramophone record </Li> <Li> Magnetic tape </Li> <Li> Compact cassette </Li> <Li> Compact disc </Li> <Li> DAT </Li> <Li> Hard disk </Li> <Li> MiniDisc </Li> <Li> MP3 </Li> <Li> Opus </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Analog recording </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 8 - track cartridge </Li> <Li> Amplifier </Li> <Li> Cassette deck </Li> <Li> Comparison of analog and digital recording </Li> <Li> Experimental musical instrument </Li> <Li> Phonograph </Li> <Li> Player piano </Li> <Li> Reel - to - reel audio tape recording </Li> <Li> Tape recorder </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Playback transducers </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Loudspeaker </Li> <Li> Headphones </Li> <Li> Monitor speaker </Li> <Li> PA system </Li> <Li> Sound reinforcement system </Li> <Li> Speaker enclosure </Li> <Li> Subwoofer </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Digital audio </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Digital recording </Li> <Li> Digital signal processing </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Live music </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Audio console </Li> <Li> Bass amplifier </Li> <Li> Effects unit </Li> <Li> Foldback </Li> <Li> Guitar amplifier </Li> <Li> Keyboard amplifier </Li> <Li> PA system </Li> <Li> Radio </Li> <Li> Reverberation </Li> <Li> Sound reinforcement system </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Electronic music </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Chiptune </Li> <Li> Circuit bending </Li> <Li> Drum machine </Li> <Li> Electronic drums </Li> <Li> Electronic musical instrument </Li> <Li> MIDI </Li> <Li> MIDI controller </Li> <Li> Music workstation </Li> <Li> Sampler </Li> <Li> Sequencer </Li> <Li> Sound module </Li> <Li> Synthesizer </Li> <Li> Theremin </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Software </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Digital audio editor </Li> <Li> Digital audio workstation </Li> <Li> GarageBand </Li> <Li> ProTools </Li> <Li> Scorewriter </Li> <Li> Software effect processor </Li> <Li> Software sampler </Li> <Li> Software synthesizer </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Professions </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Audio engineer </Li> <Li> DJ </Li> <Li> Guitar technician </Li> <Li> Mixing engineer </Li> <Li> Monitor engineer </Li> <Li> Piano tuner </Li> <Li> Record producer </Li> <Li> Re-recording mixer </Li> <Li> Sound designer </Li> <Li> Sound follower </Li> <Li> Sound operator </Li> <Li> Sound recording engineer </Li> <Li> Tape op </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> People and organizations </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Audio Engineering Society </Li> <Li> Goji Electronics </Li> <Li> Institute of Broadcast Sound </Li> <Li> Lejaren Hiller </Li> <Li> IRCAM </Li> <Li> Max Mathews </Li> <Li> Musical Electronics Library </Li> <Li> Professional Lighting and Sound Association </Li> <Li> Robert Moog </Li> <Li> SMPTE </Li> <Li> STEIM </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Related topics </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Audiophile </Li> <Li> High fidelity </Li> <Li> Home audio </Li> <Li> Home cinema </Li> <Li> Music store </Li> <Li> Professional audio store </Li> <Li> New Interfaces for Musical Expression ( NIME ) </Li> <Li> Vehicle audio </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="3"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Philips </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Divisions and subsidiaries </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Current </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Philips Consumer Lifestyle <Ul> <Li> Gaggia </Li> <Li> Saeco </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Philips Healthcare <Ul> <Li> Philips AVENT </Li> <Li> Respironics </Li> <Li> Shenzhen Goldway Industrial </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Philips Lighting <Ul> <Li> Philips Lumileds Lighting Company </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Corporate Technologies </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Former and defunct </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Liquavista </Li> <Li> Magnavox </Li> <Li> NXP Semiconductors </Li> <Li> Philips Analytical </Li> <Li> Philips Natuurkundig Laboratorium </Li> <Li> PolyGram <Ul> <Li> Fontana Records </Li> <Li> Mercury Records </Li> <Li> Philips Classics Records </Li> <Li> Philips Records </Li> <Li> PolyGram Filmed Entertainment </Li> <Li> Vertigo Records </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Joint ventures and shareholdings </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Current </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> NXP Semiconductors ( 19.9 % ) </Li> <Li> Philips - Neusoft Medical Systems ( 51 % ) </Li> <Li> TCL Corporation ( 6.3 % ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Former and defunct </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> ASML Holding </Li> <Li> Broadcast Television Systems Inc . </Li> <Li> Grundig </Li> <Li> LG Philips Display </Li> <Li> Marantz </Li> <Li> Navteq </Li> <Li> NEC Philips Unified Systems </Li> <Li> Philips Consumer Communications </Li> <Li> TP Vision </Li> <Li> TSMC </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Brands , products and standards </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Current </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Ambilight </Li> <Li> Hue </Li> <Li> Norelco </Li> <Li> Philips Cinema 21 : 9 TV </Li> <Li> Philips Entertaible </Li> <Li> Philips GoGear </Li> <Li> Philips Intimate Massagers </Li> <Li> Senseo </Li> <Li> ShoqBox </Li> <Li> Sonicare </Li> <Li> Streamium </Li> <Li> Trimension </Li> <Li> Video Content Protection System </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Defunct </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Philips CD - i </Li> <Li> Philips Nino </Li> <Li> Philips Velo </Li> <Li> Philips Videopac </Li> <Li> Philips VideoWriter </Li> <Li> Philips : YES </Li> <Li> Philishave </Li> <Li> SpeechMagic </Li> <Li> Video 2000 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> People </Th> <Td> <Dl> <Dd> Cor Boonstra </Dd> <Dt> President and Chief Executive Officer </Dt> <Dd> Frans van Houten </Dd> <Dt> Co-founders </Dt> <Dd> Anton Philips and Gerard Philips </Dd> <Dd> Frits Philips </Dd> </Dl> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Places </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Evoluon </Li> <Li> High Tech Campus Eindhoven </Li> <Li> Philips Arena </Li> <Li> Philips Stadion </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Other </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Carousel </Li> <Li> HDMI Licensing </Li> <Li> Philips Sports Manager of the Year </Li> <Li> Phoebus cartel </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="3"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Commons </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Compact_Cassette&oldid=802680379 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> Audiovisual introductions in 1963 </Li> <Li> Audio storage </Li> <Li> Tape recording </Li> <Li> Computer storage tape media </Li> <Li> Home computer peripherals </Li> <Li> Philips products </Li> <Li> Belgian inventions </Li> <Li> Dutch inventions </Li> <Li> 1963 in music </Li> <Li> 1963 in technology </Li> <Li> Computer - 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Muckraker - wikipedia <H1> Muckraker </H1> Jump to : navigation , search McClure 's ( cover , January 1901 ) published many early muckraker articles . <P> The term muckraker was used in the Progressive Era to characterize reform - minded American journalists who attacked established institutions and leaders as corrupt . They typically had large audiences in some popular magazines . In the US , the modern term is investigative journalism -- it has different and more pejorative connotations in British English -- and investigative journalists in the USA today are often informally called ' muckrakers ' . </P> <P> The muckrakers played a highly visible role during the Progressive Era period , 1890s -- 1920s . Muckraking magazines -- notably McClure 's of the publisher S.S. McClure -- took on corporate monopolies and political machines while trying to raise public awareness and anger at urban poverty , unsafe working conditions , prostitution , and child labor . </P> <P> In contemporary American use , the term describes either a journalist who writes in the adversarial or alternative tradition , or a non-journalist whose purpose in publication is to advocate reform and change . Investigative journalists view the muckrakers as early influences and a continuation of watchdog journalism . In British English the term muckraker is more likely to mean a journalist ( often on a tabloid newspaper ) who specialises in scandal and malicious gossip about celebrities or well - known personalities and is generally used in a derogatory sense . </P> <P> The term is a reference to a character in John Bunyan 's classic Pilgrim 's Progress , `` the Man with the Muck - rake '' , who rejected salvation to focus on filth . It became popular after President Theodore Roosevelt referred to the character in a 1906 speech ; Roosevelt acknowledged that `` the men with the muck rakes are often indispensable to the well being of society ; but only if they know when to stop raking the muck ... '' </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 History <Ul> <Li> 1.1 Changes in journalism prior to 1903 <Ul> <Li> 1.1. 1 Other works that predate the muckrakers </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 1.2 Magazines </Li> <Li> 1.3 Origin of the term , Theodore Roosevelt </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2 Early 20th century muckraking <Ul> <Li> 2.1 Muckrakers and their works </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 Disappearance </Li> <Li> 4 Impact </Li> <Li> 5 Since 1945 </Li> <Li> 6 See also </Li> <Li> 7 Notes </Li> <Li> 8 References </Li> <Li> 9 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> History ( edit ) </H2> <P> While a literature of reform had already appeared by the mid-19th century , the kind of reporting that would come to be called `` muckraking '' began to appear around 1900 . By the 1900s , magazines such as Collier 's Weekly , Munsey 's Magazine and McClure 's Magazine were already in wide circulation and read avidly by the growing middle class . The January 1903 issue of McClure 's is considered to be the official beginning of muckraking journalism , although the muckrakers would get their label later . Ida M. Tarbell ( `` The History of Standard Oil '' ) , Lincoln Steffens ( `` The Shame of Minneapolis '' ) and Ray Stannard Baker ( `` The Right to Work '' ) , simultaneously published famous works in that single issue . Claude H. Wetmore and Lincoln Steffens ' previous article `` Tweed Days in St. Louis '' in McClure 's October 1902 issue was called the first muckraking article . </P> <H3> Changes in journalism prior to 1903 ( edit ) </H3> Julius Chambers Nellie Bly <P> The muckrakers would become known for their investigative journalism , evolving from the eras of `` personal journalism '' -- a term historians Emery and Emery used in The Press and America ( 6th ed . ) to describe the 19th century newspapers that were steered by strong leaders with an editorial voice ( p. 173 ) -- and yellow journalism . </P> <P> One of the biggest urban scandals of the post-Civil War era was the corruption and bribery case of Tammany boss William M. Tweed in 1871 that was uncovered by newspapers . In his first muckraking article `` Tweed Days in St. Louis , '' Lincoln Steffens exposed the graft , a system of political corruption , that was ingrained in St. Louis . While some muckrakers had already worked for reform newspapers of the personal journalism variety , such as Steffens who was a reporter for the New York Evening Post under Edwin Lawrence Godkin , other muckrakers had worked for yellow journals before moving on to magazines around 1900 , such as Charles Edward Russell who was a journalist and editor of Joseph Pulitzer 's New York World . Publishers of yellow journals , such as Joseph Pulitzer and William Randolph Hearst , were more intent on increasing circulation through scandal , crime , entertainment and sensationalism . </P> <P> Just as the muckrakers became well known for their crusades , journalists from the eras of `` personal journalism '' and `` yellow journalism '' had gained fame through their investigative articles , including articles that exposed wrongdoing . Note that in yellow journalism , the idea was to stir up the public with sensationalism , and thus sell more papers . If , in the process , a social wrong was exposed that the average man could get indignant about , that was fine , but it was not the intent ( to correct social wrongs ) as it was with true investigative journalists and muckrakers . </P> <P> Julius Chambers , New York Tribune , could be considered to be the original muckraker . Chambers undertook a journalistic investigation of Bloomingdale Asylum in 1872 , having himself committed with the help of some of his friends and his newspaper 's city editor . His intent was to obtain information about alleged abuse of inmates . When articles and accounts of the experience were published in the Tribune , it led to the release of twelve patients who were not mentally ill , a reorganization of the staff and administration of the institution and , eventually , to a change in the lunacy laws . This later led to the publication of the book A Mad World and Its Inhabitants ( 1876 ) . From this time onward , Chambers was frequently invited to speak on the rights of the mentally ill and the need for proper facilities for their accommodation , care and treatment . </P> <P> Nellie Bly , another yellow journalist , used the undercover technique of investigation in reporting Ten Days in a Mad - House , her 1887 exposé on patient abuse at Bellevue Mental Hospital , first published as a series of articles in The World newspaper and then as a book . Nellie would go on to write more articles on corrupt politicians , sweat - shop working conditions and other societal injustices . </P> Other works that predate the muckrakers ( edit ) <Ul> <Li> Helen Hunt Jackson ( 1831 -- 1885 ) -- A Century of Dishonor , U.S. policy regarding Native Americans . </Li> <Li> Henry Demarest Lloyd ( 1847 -- 1903 ) -- Wealth Against Commonwealth , exposed the corruption within the Standard Oil Company . </Li> <Li> Ida B. Wells ( 1862 -- 1931 ) -- an author of a series of articles concerning Jim Crow laws and the Chesapeake and Ohio Railroad in 1884 , and co-owned the newspaper The Free Speech in Memphis in which she began an anti-lynching campaign . </Li> <Li> Ambrose Bierce ( 1842 -- 1913 ( ? ) ) -- author of a long - running series of articles published from 1883 through 1896 in The Wasp and the San Francisco Examiner attacking the Big Four and the Central Pacific Railroad for political corruption . </Li> <Li> B.O. Flower ( 1858 - 1918 ) - author of articles in The Arena from 1889 through 1909 advocating for prison reform and prohibition of alcohol . </Li> </Ul> <P> The muckrakers appeared at a moment when journalism was undergoing changes in style and practice . In response to yellow journalism , which had exaggerated facts , objective journalism , as exemplified by The New York Times under Adolph Ochs after 1896 , turned away from sensationalism and reported facts with the intention of being impartial and a newspaper of record . The growth of wire services had also contributed to the spread of the objective reporting style . Muckraking publishers like Samuel S. McClure , also emphasized factual reporting , but he also wanted what historian Michael Schudson had identified as one of the preferred qualities of journalism at the time , namely , the mixture of `` reliability and sparkle '' to interest a mass audience . In contrast with objective reporting , the journalists , whom Roosevelt dubbed `` muckrakers '' , saw themselves primarily as reformers and were politically engaged . Journalists of the previous eras were not linked to a single political , populist movement as the muckrakers were associated with Progressive reforms . While the muckrakers continued the investigative exposures and sensational traditions of yellow journalism , they wrote to change society . Their work reached a mass audience as circulation figures of the magazines rose on account of visibility and public interest . </P> <H3> Magazines ( edit ) </H3> A map from 1894 by W.T. Stead , pioneer journalist of the `` new journalism '' , which paved the way for the modern tabloid . <P> Magazines were the leading outlets for muckraking journalism . Samuel S. McClure and John Sanborn Phillips started McClure 's Magazine in May 1893 . McClure led the magazine industry by cutting the price of an issue to 15 cents , attracting advertisers , giving audiences illustrations and well - written content and then raising ad rates after increased sales , with Munsey 's and Cosmopolitan following suit . </P> <P> McClure sought out and hired talented writers , like the then unknown Ida M. Tarbell or the seasoned journalist and editor Lincoln Steffens . The magazine 's pool of writers were associated with the muckraker movement , such as Ray Stannard Baker , Burton J. Hendrick , George Kennan ( explorer ) , John Moody ( financial analyst ) , Henry Reuterdahl , George Kibbe Turner , and Judson C. Welliver , and their names adorned the front covers . The other magazines associated with muckraking journalism were American Magazine ( Lincoln Steffens ) , Arena ( G.W. Galvin and John Moody ) , Collier 's Weekly ( Samuel Hopkins Adams , C.P. Connolly , L.R. Glavis , Will Irwin , J.M. Oskison , Upton Sinclair ) , Cosmopolitan ( Josiah Flynt , Alfred Henry Lewis , Jack London , Charles P. Norcross , Charles Edward Russell ) , Everybody 's Magazine ( William Hard , Thomas William Lawson , Benjamin B. Lindsey , Frank Norris , David Graham Phillips , Charles Edward Russell , Upton Sinclair , Lincoln Steffens , Merrill A. Teague , Bessie and Marie Van Vorst ) , Hampton 's ( Rheta Childe Dorr , Benjamin B. Hampton , John L. Mathews , Charles Edward Russell , and Judson C. Welliver ) , The Independent ( George Walbridge Perkins , Sr . ) , Outlook ( William Hard ) , Pearson 's Magazine ( Alfred Henry Lewis , Charles Edward Russell ) , Twentieth Century ( George French ) , and World 's Work ( C.M. Keys and Q.P. ) . Other titles of interest include Chatauquan , Dial , St. Nicholas . In addition , Theodore Roosevelt wrote for Scribner 's Magazine after leaving office . </P> <H3> Origin of the term , Theodore Roosevelt ( edit ) </H3> Theodore Roosevelt Pilgrim 's Progress , a first edition <P> After President Theodore Roosevelt took office in 1901 , he began to manage the press corps . To do so , he elevated his press secretary to cabinet status and initiated press conferences . The muckraking journalists who emerged around 1900 , like Lincoln Steffens , were not as easy for Roosevelt to manage as the objective journalists , and the President gave Steffens access to the White House and interviews to steer stories his way . </P> <P> Roosevelt used the press very effectively to promote discussion and support for his Square Deal policies among his base in the middle - class electorate . When journalists went after different topics , he complained about their wallowing in the mud . In a speech on April 14 , 1906 on the occasion of dedicating the House of Representatives office building , he drew on a character from John Bunyan 's 1678 classic , Pilgrim 's Progress , saying : </P> <P> ... you may recall the description of the Man with the Muck - rake , the man who could look no way but downward with the muck - rake in his hands ; who was offered a celestial crown for his muck - rake , but who would neither look up nor regard the crown he was offered , but continued to rake to himself the filth of the floor . </P> <P> While cautioning about possible pitfalls of keeping one 's attention ever trained downward , `` on the muck , '' Roosevelt emphasized the social benefit of investigative muckraking reporting , saying : </P> <P> There are , in the body politic , economic and social , many and grave evils , and there is urgent necessity for the sternest war upon them . There should be relentless exposure of and attack upon every evil man whether politician or business man , every evil practice , whether in politics , in business , or in social life . I hail as a benefactor every writer or speaker , every man who , on the platform , or in book , magazine , or newspaper , with merciless severity makes such attack , provided always that he in his turn remembers that the attack is of use only if it is absolutely truthful . </P> -- Theodore Roosevelt <P> Most of these journalists detested being called muckrakers . They felt betrayed that Roosevelt would coin them with such a term after they had helped him with his election . Muckraker David Graham Philips believed that the tag of muckraker brought about the end of the movement as it was easier to group and attack the journalists . </P> <P> The term eventually came to be used in reference to investigative journalists who reported about and exposed such issues as crime , fraud , waste , public health and safety , graft , illegal financial practices . A muckraker 's reporting may span businesses and government . </P> <H2> Early 20th century muckraking ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Early Writers of the Muckraking Tradition </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Ray Stannard Baker </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Lincoln Steffens </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Ida M Tarbell </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Upton Sinclair </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Will Irwin </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> David Graham Phillips </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Jacob Riis </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Charles Edward Russell </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> William English Walling </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Some of the key documents that came to define the work of the muckrakers were : </P> <P> Ray Stannard Baker published `` The Right to Work '' in McClure 's Magazine in 1903 , about coal mine conditions , a coal strike , and the situation of non-striking workers ( or scabs ) . Many of the non-striking workers had no special training or knowledge in mining , since they were simply farmers looking for work . His investigative work portrayed the dangerous conditions in which these people worked in the mines , and the dangers they faced from union members who did not want them to work . </P> <P> Lincoln Steffens published `` Tweed Days in St. Louis '' , in which he profiled corrupt leaders in St. Louis , in October 1902 , in McClure 's Magazine . The prominence of the article helped lawyer Joseph Folk to lead an investigation of the corrupt political ring in St. Louis . </P> <P> Ida Tarbell published The Rise of the Standard Oil Company in 1902 , providing insight into the manipulation of trusts . One trust they manipulated was with Christopher Dunn Co . She followed that work with The History of The Standard Oil Company : the Oil War of 1872 , which appeared in McClure 's Magazine in 1908 . She condemned Rockefeller 's immoral and ruthless business tactics and emphasized `` our national life is on every side distinctly poorer , uglier , meaner , for the kind of influence he exercises . '' Her book generated enough public anger that it led to the splitting up of Standard Oil under the Sherman Anti Trust Act . </P> <P> Upton Sinclair published The Jungle in 1906 , which revealed conditions in the meat packing industry in the United States and was a major factor in the establishment of the Pure Food and Drug Act and Meat Inspection Act . Sinclair wrote the book with the intent of addressing unsafe working conditions in that industry , not food safety . Sinclair was not a professional journalist but his story was first serialized before being published in book form . Sinclair considered himself to be a muckraker . </P> <P> `` The Treason of the Senate : Aldrich , the Head of it All '' , by David Graham Phillips , published as a series of articles in Cosmopolitan magazine in February 1906 , described corruption in the U.S. Senate . This work was a keystone in the creation of the Seventeenth Amendment which established the election of Senators through popular vote . </P> <P> The Great American Fraud ( 1905 ) by Samuel Hopkins Adams revealed fraudulent claims and endorsements of patent medicines in America . This article shed light on the many false claims that pharmaceutical companies and other manufactures would make as to the potency of their medicines , drugs and tonics . This exposure contributed heavily to the creation of the Pure Food and Drug Act alongside Upton Sinclair 's work . Using the example of Peruna in his article , Adams described how this tonic , which was made of seven compound drugs and alcohol , did not have `` any great potency '' . Manufacturers sold it at an obscene price and hence made immense profits . His work forced a crackdown on a number of other patents and fraudulent schemes of medicinal companies . </P> <P> Many other works by muckrakers brought to light a variety of issues in America during the Progressive era . These writers focused on a wide range of issues including the monopoly of Standard Oil ; cattle processing and meat packing ; patent medicines ; child labor ; and wages , labor , and working conditions in industry and agriculture . In a number of instances , the revelations of muckraking journalists led to public outcry , governmental and legal investigations , and , in some cases , legislation was enacted to address the issues the writers ' identified , such as harmful social conditions ; pollution ; food and product safety standards ; sexual harassment ; unfair labor practices ; fraud ; and other matters . The work of the muckrakers in the early years , and those today , span a wide array of legal , social , ethical and public policy concerns . </P> <H3> Muckrakers and their works ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Samuel Hopkins Adams ( 1871 -- 1958 ) -- The Great American Fraud ( 1905 ) , exposed false claims about patent medicines </Li> <Li> Paul Y. Anderson ( August 29 , 1893 -- December 6 , 1938 ) is best known for his reporting of a race riot and the Teapot Dome scandal . </Li> <Li> Ray Stannard Baker ( 1870 -- 1946 ) -- of McClure 's & The American Magazine </Li> <Li> Louis D. Brandeis ( 1856 -- 1941 ) -- published his combined findings of the monopolies of big banks and big business in his 1914 book Other People 's Money And How the Bankers Use It , Subsequently , appointed to the Supreme Court ( 1916 ) </Li> <Li> Burton J. Hendrick ( 1870 -- 1949 ) -- `` The Story of Life Insurance '' May -- November 1906 McClure 's </Li> <Li> Frances Kellor ( 1873 -- 1952 ) -- studied chronic unemployment in her book Out of Work ( 1904 ) </Li> <Li> Thomas William Lawson ( 1857 -- 1924 ) Frenzied Finance ( 1906 ) on Amalgamated Copper stock scandal </Li> <Li> Edwin Markham ( 1852 -- 1940 ) -- published an exposé of child labor in Children in Bondage ( 1914 ) </Li> <Li> Gustavus Myers ( 1872 -- 1942 ) -- documented corruption in his first book `` The History of Tammany Hall '' ( 1901 ) unpublished , Revised edition , Boni and Liveright , 1917 . His second book ( in three volumes ) related a `` History of the Great American Fortunes '' Chicago : Charles H. Kerr & Co. , 1909 -- 10 ; Single volume Modern Library edition , New York , 1936 . Other works include `` History of The Supreme Court of the United States '' Chicago : Charles H. Kerr & Co. , 1912 . `` A History of Canadian Wealth '' Chicago : Charles H. Kerr & Co. , 1914 . `` History of Bigotry in the United States '' New York : Random House , 1943 Published posthumously . </Li> <Li> Frank Norris ( 1870 -- 1902 ) The Octopus </Li> <Li> Mrs. Fremont Older ( 1856 -- 1935 ) -- wrote on San Francisco corruption and on the case of Tom Mooney </Li> <Li> Drew Pearson ( 1897 -- 1969 ) -- wrote syndicated newspaper column `` Washington Merry - Go - Round '' . </Li> <Li> Jacob Riis ( 1849 -- 1914 ) -- How the Other Half Lives , the slums </Li> <Li> Charles Edward Russell ( 1860 -- 1941 ) -- investigated Beef Trust , Georgia 's prison </Li> <Li> Upton Sinclair ( 1878 -- 1968 ) -- The Jungle ( 1906 ) , US meat - packing industry , and the books in the `` Dead Hand '' series that critique the institutions ( journalism , education , etc . ) that could but did not prevent these abuses . </Li> <Li> John Spargo ( 1876 -- 1966 ) -- American reformer and author , The Bitter Cry of Children ( child labor ) </Li> <Li> Lincoln Steffens ( 1866 -- 1936 ) The Shame of the Cities ( 1904 ) - uncovered the corruption of several political machines in major cities . </Li> <Li> Ida M. Tarbell ( 1857 -- 1944 ) exposé , The History of the Standard Oil Company </Li> <Li> John Kenneth Turner ( 1879 -- 1948 ) - author of Barbarous Mexico ( 1910 ) , an account of the exploitative debt - peonage system used in Mexico under Porfirio Díaz . </Li> <Li> Ida B. Wells ( 1862 - 1931 ) - The Free Speech ( 1892 ) condemned the flaws in the United States justice system that allowed lynching to happen . </Li> </Ul> <H2> Disappearance ( edit ) </H2> <P> The influence of the muckrakers began to fade during the more conservative presidency of William Howard Taft . Corporations and political leaders were also more successful in silencing these journalists as advertiser boycotts forced some magazines to go bankrupt . The most significant factor in the disappearance of the muckrakers was their success . Through their exposés , the nation was changed by reforms in cities , business , politics , and more . Monopolies such as Standard Oil were broken up and political machines fell apart ; the problems uncovered by muckrakers were resolved and thus muckrakers were needed no longer . </P> <H2> Impact ( edit ) </H2> <P> According to Fred J. Cook , the muckrakers ' journalism resulted in litigation or legislation that had a lasting impact , such as the end of Standard Oil 's monopoly over the oil industry , the establishment of the Pure Food and Drug Act of 1906 , the creation of the first child labor laws in the United States around 1916 . Their reports exposed bribery and corruption at the city and state level , as well as in Congress , that led to reforms and changes in election results . </P> <P> `` The effect on the soul of the nation was profound . It can hardly be considered an accident that the heyday of the muckrakers coincided with one of America 's most yeasty and vigorous periods of ferment . The people of the country were aroused by the corruptions and wrongs of the age -- and it was the muckrakers who informed and aroused them . The results showed in the great wave of progressivism and reform cresting in the remarkable spate of legislation that marked the first administration of Woodrow Wilson from 1913 to 1917 . For this , the muckrakers had paved the way . '' </P> <P> Other changes that resulted from muckraker articles include the reorganization of the U.S. Navy ( after Henry Reuterdahl published a controversial article in McClure 's ) . Articles like David Graham Phillip 's `` Treason of the Senate '' were used to change the way Senators were elected by the Seventeenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution . </P> <H2> Since 1945 ( edit ) </H2> <P> Some today use `` investigative journalism '' as a synonym for muckraking . Carey McWilliams , editor of the Nation , assumed in 1970 that investigative journalism , and reform journalism , or muckraking , were the same type of journalism . Journalism textbooks point out that McClure 's muckraking standards , `` Have become integral to the character of modern investigative journalism . '' Furthermore , the successes of the early muckrakers have continued to inspire journalists . Moreover , muckraking has become an integral part of journalism in American History . Bob Woodward and Carl Bernstein exposed the workings of the Nixon Administration in Watergate which led to Nixon 's impeachment . More recently , Edward Snowden disclosed the activities of governmental spying , albeit illegally , which gave the public knowledge of the extent of the infringements on their privacy . </P> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Journalism portal </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> History of American newspapers </Li> <Li> Whistleblower </Li> </Ul> <H2> Notes ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ Filler , Louis ( 1976 ) . The Muckrakers : New and Enlarged Edition of Crusaders for American Liberalism . University Park : Pennsylvania State University Press . pp. 361 , 367 -- 68 , 372 . ISBN 0 - 271 - 01212 - 9 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Herbert Shapiro , ed. , The muckrakers and American society ( Heath , 1968 ) , contains representative samples as well as academic commentary . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Lapsansky - Werner , Emma J. United States History : Modern America , Boston , MA : Pearson Learning Solutions , 2011 , p. 102 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Regier 1957 , p. 49 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ American epoch : a history of the United States since the 1890 's ( 1st ed . ) . New York : Knopf. 1955 . p. 62 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Brinkley , Alan . `` Chapter 21 : Rise of Progressivism '' . In Barrosse , Emily . American History , A Survey ( twelfth ed . ) . Los Angeles , CA , US : McGraw Hill . pp. 566 -- 67 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 07 - 325718 - 1 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Weinberg & Weinberg 1964 , p. 2 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Steffens , Lincoln ( 1958 ) . The Autobiography of Lincoln Steffens , abridged . New York : Harcourt , Brace & World . p. 145 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Cook , Fred J. ( 1972 ) . The Muckrakers : Crusading Journalists who Changed America . Garden City , New York : Doubleday . p. 131 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Crucible Of Empire : The Spanish - American War -- PBS Online '' . Pbs.org . Retrieved January 4 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` A New Hospital for the Insane '' ( Dec. 1876 ) Brooklyn Daily Eagle </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` An Insane Hospital for Brooklyn '' . New York Times . December 23 , 1876 . Retrieved January 4 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ http://www.biography.com/people/nellie-bly-9216680?page=2 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Walker , Martin ( 1983 ) . Powers of the Press : Twelve of the World 's Influential Newspapers . New York : Adama Books . pp. 215 -- 217 . ISBN 0 - 915361 - 10 - 8 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Weinberg , p. 2 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Schudson , Michael ( 1978 ) . Discovering the News : A Social History of American Newspapers . New York : BasicBooks . p. 79 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Chalmers , David Mark ( 1964 ) . The Social and Political Ideas of Muckrakers . New York : Citadel Press . pp. 105 -- 08 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Wilson , p. 63 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Weinberg , p. 441 - 443 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Rivers , William L ( 1970 ) . The Adversaries : Politics and the Press . Boston : Beacon Press . pp. 16 -- 20 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Steffens 1958 , pp. 347 -- 59 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Stephen E. Lucas , `` Theodore Roosevelt 's ' the man with the muck ‐ rake ' : A reinterpretation . '' Quarterly Journal of Speech 59 # 4 ( 1973 ) : 452 - 462 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Roosevelt , Theodore ( 1958 ) ( 1913 ) . Andrews , Wayne , ed . The Autobiography , Condensed from the Original Edition , Supplemented by Letters , Speeches , and Other Writings ( 1st ed . ) . New York City : Charles Scribner 's Sons . pp. 246 -- 47 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ SpartacusEducational.com . `` Muckraking Journalism . '' ( 1997 ) Spartacus Educational . http://spartacus-educational.com/Jmuckraking.htm . Retrieved May 18 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Gallagher 2006 , p. 13 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ smithosonianmag.com `` The Woman Who Took On a Tycoon . '' http://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/the-woman-who-took-on-the-tycoon-651396/ . Retrieved May 17 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Ushistory.org . `` Muckrakers . '' ( 2014 ) . U.S. History Online Textbook . http://www.ushistory.org/us/42b.asp . Retrieved January 21 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Weinberg , p. 195 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Lee D. Baker . `` Ida B. Wells - Barnett and Her Passion for Justice . '' ( 1996 ) Duke University . http://people.duke.edu/~ldbaker/classes/AAIH/caaih/ibwells/ibwbkgrd.html . Retrieved May 17 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Biography.com . `` Ida B. Wells . '' ( 2017 ) Biography . http://www.biography.com/people/ida-b-wells-9527635 . Retrieved May 17 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Encyclopedia.com . `` Muckrakers . '' ( 2003 ) Online Encyclopedia . http://www.encyclopedia.com/social-sciences-and-law/sociology-and-social-reform/social-reform/muckrakers . Retrieved May 17 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Cook , Fred J. ( 1972 ) . The Muckrakers : Crusading Journalists who Changed America . Garden City , New York : Doubleday . p. 179 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ James L. Aucoin , The Evolution of American Investigative Journalism ( University of Missouri Press , 2007 ) p. 90 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ W. David Sloan ; Lisa Mullikin Parcell ( 2002 ) . American Journalism : History , Principles , Practices . McFarland . pp. 211 -- 213 ... </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Cecelia Tichi , Exposés and excess : Muckraking in America , 1900 / 2000 ( University of Pennsylvania Press , 2013 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Stephen Hess , Whatever Happened to the Washington Reporters , 1978 - 2012 ( 2012 ) </Li> </Ol> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Applegate , Edd . Muckrakers : A Biographical Dictionary of Writers and Editors ( Scarecrow Press , 2008 ) ; 50 entries , mostly American contents </Li> <Li> Cook , Fred J ( 1972 ) , The Muckrakers , Garden City , NY : Doubleday & Co . </Li> <Li> Gallagher , Aileen ( 2006 ) , The Muckrakers , American Journalism During the Age of Reform , New York : The Rosen Publishing Group . </Li> <Li> Lucas , Stephen E. `` Theodore Roosevelt 's ' the man with the muck ‐ rake ' : A reinterpretation . '' Quarterly Journal of Speech 59 # 4 ( 1973 ) : 452 - 462 . </Li> <Li> Regier , CC ( 1957 ) , The Era of the Muckrakers , Gloucester , MA : Peter Smith . </Li> <Li> Steffens , Lincoln ( 1958 ) , The Autobiography of Lincoln Steffens ( abridged ed . ) , New York : Harcourt , Brace & World </Li> <Li> Swados , Harvey , ed. ( 1962 ) , Years of Conscience : The Muckrakers , Cleveland : World Publishing Co . </Li> <Li> Weinberg , Arthur ; Weinberg , Lila , eds. ( 1964 ) , The Muckrackers : The Era in Journalism that Moved America to Reform , the Most Significant Magazine Articles of 1902 -- 1912 , New York : Capricon Books . </Li> <Li> Wilson , Harold S. ( 1970 ) . McClure 's Magazine and the Muckrakers . Princeton , NJ : Princeton University Press . ISBN 069104600X . </Li> </Ul> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> The dictionary definition of muckraker at Wiktionary </Li> <Li> Original Nellie Bly articles at Nellie Bly Online </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Journalism </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Roles </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Journalist </Li> <Li> Reporter </Li> <Li> Editor </Li> <Li> Columnist </Li> <Li> Copy editor </Li> <Li> Meteorologist </Li> <Li> News presenter </Li> <Li> Photographer </Li> <Li> Political commentator </Li> <Li> Blogger </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Profession </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> News </Li> <Li> News writing style </Li> <Li> Ethics </Li> <Li> Objectivity </Li> <Li> Values </Li> <Li> Attribution </Li> <Li> Defamation </Li> <Li> Editorial independence </Li> <Li> Journalism school </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Areas </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Arts </Li> <Li> Business </Li> <Li> Data - driven </Li> <Li> Entertainment </Li> <Li> Environment </Li> <Li> Fashion </Li> <Li> Medicine </Li> <Li> Politics </Li> <Li> Science </Li> <Li> Sports </Li> <Li> Technical </Li> <Li> Trade </Li> <Li> Traffic </Li> <Li> Video games </Li> <Li> Weather </Li> <Li> World </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Genres </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Advocacy </Li> <Li> Analytic </Li> <Li> Blogging </Li> <Li> Broadcast </Li> <Li> Churnalism </Li> <Li> Citizen </Li> <Li> Civic </Li> <Li> Collaborative </Li> <Li> Community </Li> <Li> Data </Li> <Li> Database </Li> <Li> Embedded </Li> <Li> Gonzo </Li> <Li> Investigative </Li> <Li> Literary </Li> <Li> Muckraking </Li> <Li> Narrative </Li> <Li> New Journalism </Li> <Li> Non-profit journalism </Li> <Li> Online </Li> <Li> Opinion </Li> <Li> Peace </Li> <Li> Photojournalism </Li> <Li> Presstitute </Li> <Li> Scientific </Li> <Li> Visual </Li> <Li> Watchdog </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Social impact </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Fake news </Li> <Li> Fourth Estate </Li> <Li> Freedom of the press </Li> <Li> Infotainment </Li> <Li> Media bias </Li> <Li> Public relations </Li> <Li> Yellow journalism </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> News media </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Newspapers </Li> <Li> Magazines </Li> <Li> TV and radio </Li> <Li> Internet </Li> <Li> News agencies </Li> <Li> Alternative media </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> List of journalism articles </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Muckraker&oldid=815866521 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> Investigative journalism </Li> <Li> Journalism genres </Li> <Li> Political metaphors referring to people </Li> <Li> Journalism occupations </Li> <Li> Progressive Era in the United States </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Use mdy dates from July 2014 </Li> <Li> All articles with unsourced statements </Li> <Li> Articles with unsourced statements from May 2011 </Li> <Li> Articles with unsourced statements from March 2012 </Li> <Li> Articles with unsourced statements from November 2015 </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> Català </Li> <Li> Čeština </Li> <Li> Deutsch </Li> <Li> Español </Li> <Li> Esperanto </Li> <Li> فارسی </Li> <Li> Français </Li> <Li> Italiano </Li> <Li> Norsk </Li> <Li> Polski </Li> <Li> Русский </Li> <Li> Simple English </Li> <Li> Українська </Li> <Li> 中文 </Li> </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 17 December 2017 , at 18 : 27 . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> | [
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Do You Hear What I Hear ? - Wikipedia <H1> Do You Hear What I Hear ? </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> `` Do You Hear What I Hear ? '' </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Song by Harry Simeone </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Written </Th> <Td> October 1962 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Composer ( s ) </Th> <Td> Gloria Shayne Baker </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Lyricist ( s ) </Th> <Td> Noël Regney </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> `` Do You Hear What I Hear ? '' is a song written in October 1962 , with lyrics by Noël Regney and music by Gloria Shayne Baker . The pair , married at the time , wrote it as a plea for peace during the Cuban Missile Crisis . Regney had been invited by a record producer to write a Christmas song , but he was hesitant due to the commercialism of the Christmas holiday . It has sold tens of millions of copies and has been covered by hundreds of artists . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Songwriting </Li> <Li> 2 Recordings and versions <Ul> <Li> 2.1 Original recordings </Li> <Li> 2.2 Cover versions </Li> <Li> 2.3 Use in a medley with other songs </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 References </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Songwriting ( edit ) </H2> <P> Regney wrote the lyrics for the song , while Shayne composed the music in October 1962 . This was an unusual arrangement for the two writers . Usually it was Shayne who wrote the lyrics for their songs while Regney composed the music , as they did when they wrote a song based on the classic children 's song `` Rain Rain Go Away '' . </P> <P> Regney was inspired to write the lyrics `` Said the night wind to the little lamb , ' Do you see what I see ? ' '' and `` Pray for peace , people everywhere '' after watching babies being pushed in strollers on the sidewalks of New York City . Shayne stated in an interview years later that neither could personally perform the entire song at the time they wrote it because of the emotions surrounding the Cuban Missile Crisis . `` Our little song broke us up . You must realize there was a threat of nuclear war at the time . '' </P> <H2> Recordings and versions ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Original recordings ( edit ) </H3> <P> `` Do You Hear What I Hear ? '' was released shortly after Thanksgiving in 1962 . The song was originally recorded for Mercury Records by the Harry Simeone Chorale , a group which had also popularized `` The Little Drummer Boy '' ; and it was released as part of the album `` The Wonderful Songs Of Christmas With The Harry Simeone Chorale '' . As a 45 rpm single , it went on to sell more than a quarter - million copies during the 1962 Christmas holiday season . </P> <P> Bing Crosby made the song into a hit when he recorded his own version of it on October 21 , 1963 , with the record being released as a single on October 26 . Crosby also performed the song on a Bob Hope Christmas television special on December 13 of that year . Over the years , Crosby 's recording of the song has been widely played on the radio , and has been available on numerous compilation Christmas albums and compact discs put out by Capitol Records . </P> <H3> Cover versions ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This section may contain indiscriminate , excessive , or irrelevant examples . Please improve the article by adding more descriptive text and removing less pertinent examples . See Wikipedia 's guide to writing better articles for further suggestions . ( June 2017 ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The song was later recorded in diverse ways by hundreds of artists including : </P> <Ul> <Li> Jack Jones ( 1964 - The Jack Jones Christmas Album ) </Li> <Li> Eddie Fisher ( 1965 - Mary Christmas ) </Li> <Li> Andy Williams ( 1965 - Merry Christmas ) </Li> <Li> Pat Boone ( 1966 - Christmas is a Comin ' ) </Li> <Li> The Joystrings ( 1966 - Well Seasoned ) </Li> <Li> Kate Smith ( 1966 - The Kate Smith Christmas Album ) </Li> <Li> Ed Ames ( 1967 - Christmas with Ed Ames ) </Li> <Li> Anita Bryant ( 1967 - Christmas with Anita Bryant ) </Li> <Li> Diahann Carroll ( 1967 ) ( appears on various artists ' 1995 holiday album Christmas Encore ! ) </Li> <Li> Jim Nabors ( 1967 - Jim Nabors ' Christmas Album ) </Li> <Li> Perry Como ( 1968 - The Perry Como Christmas Album ) </Li> <Li> Robert Goulet ( 1968 - Robert Goulet 's Wonderful World of Christmas ) </Li> <Li> Mahalia Jackson ( 1968 - Christmas with Mahalia ) </Li> <Li> Johnny Mathis ( 1969 - Give Me Your Love for Christmas ) </Li> <Li> Gladys Knight & the Pips ( 1975 - Bless This House ) </Li> <Li> The Carpenters ( 1984 - An Old - Fashioned Christmas ) </Li> <Li> Hampton String Quartet ( 1986 ) ( What if Mozart Wrote Have Yourself a Merry Little Christmas ) </Li> <Li> Whitney Houston ( 1987 ) ( for the Special Olympics benefit album A Very Special Christmas ) </Li> <Li> Anne Murray ( 1988 - Anne Murray Christmas ) </Li> <Li> Jose Mari Chan ( 1990 - Christmas in Our Hearts ) </Li> <Li> Vince Gill ( 1993 - Let There Be Peace on Earth ) </Li> <Li> Bob Hope & Dolores Hope ( 1993 - Hopes for the Holidays ) </Li> <Li> John Tesh ( 1994 - The Choirs of Christmas ) </Li> <Li> La Bouche ( 1994 - Bravo Dance X-Mas ) </Li> <Li> Glen Campbell ( 1995 - Christmas with Glen Campbell ) </Li> <Li> Patti LaBelle ( 1995 - for a Washington , DC Christmas Musical ) ( 2007 - Miss Patti 's Christmas ) </Li> <Li> David Arkenstone ( 1997 - Enchantment : A Magical Christmas ) </Li> <Li> Minimum Wage ( 1997 - from various artists ' holiday album A Punk & Ska Christmas Gone Wrong ) </Li> <Li> United States Air Force Symphony Orchestra ( 1997 - This Is Christmas ) </Li> <Li> Anthony Way ( 1997 - The Choirboy 's Christmas ) ( with St. Paul 's Cathedral Choir & English Chamber Orchestra ) </Li> <Li> Rosie O'Donnell with Elmo ( 1999 - A Rosie Christmas ) </Li> <Li> Martina McBride ( 1999 - White Christmas ) </Li> <Li> Linda Eder with The Broadway Gospel Choir ( 2000 - Christmas Stays the Same ) </Li> <Li> Kelly Rowland ( 2001 - from the Destiny 's Child album 8 Days of Christmas ) </Li> <Li> Mannheim Steamroller ( 2001 - Christmas Extraordinaire ) </Li> <Li> Tropical Flavor Steel Drum Band ( 2001 - Island Christmas ) </Li> <Li> South African singer Jo Day ( 2002 - for various artists ' holiday album The Santa Sessions ) </Li> <Li> Kenny G ( 2002 - Wishes : A Holiday Album ) </Li> <Li> Delta Goodrem ( 2002 - for the holiday compilation album The Spirit of Christmas 2002 ) </Li> <Li> Jim Brickman ( 2003 - Peace ) </Li> <Li> Larry Norman ( 2003 - Christmastime : The Day that a Child Appeared ) ( as `` Do You See What I See '' ) </Li> <Li> Copeland ( 2004 - for the holiday compilation album Maybe This Christmas Tree ) </Li> <Li> Flyleaf ( 2005 - Do You Hear What I Hear ) </Li> <Li> Third Day ( 2006 - Christmas Offerings ) </Li> <Li> Patti LaBelle , 2007 Miss Patti Christmas . </Li> <Li> Carrie Underwood ( 2008 - Walmart holiday edition of her album Carnival Ride ) </Li> <Li> Johnny Cash ( recording date unknown , released 2008 ) </Li> <Li> Kristin Chenoweth ( 2008 - A Lovely Way to Spend Christmas ) </Li> <Li> Heather Headley ( 2008 - Do You Hear What I Hear ) </Li> <Li> Lani Misalucha ( 2008 - The Gift of Christmas ) </Li> <Li> Connie Talbot ( 2008 - Connie Talbot 's Christmas Album ) ( 2009 - Connie Talbot 's Holiday Magic ) </Li> <Li> Kristinia DeBarge ( 2009 ) ( for the Special Olympics holiday album A Very Special Christmas 7 ) </Li> <Li> Bob Dylan ( 2009 - Christmas in the Heart ) </Li> <Li> Ali Slaight and Theo Tams ( 2009 ) </Li> <Li> Joey McIntyre ( 2009 ) from the album Come Home for Christmas </Li> <Li> Susan Boyle with Amber Stassi ( 2010 - from Susan Boyle 's album The Gift ) </Li> <Li> Pink Martini ( 2010 - Joy to the World ) </Li> <Li> Vanessa Carlton ( 2011 - Hear the Bells ) </Li> <Li> Sufjan Stevens ( 2012 - Silver & Gold ) </Li> <Li> William Beckett ( 2013 - for the holiday compilation album Punk Goes Christmas ) </Li> <Li> Idina Menzel ( 2014 - Holiday Wishes ) </Li> <Li> Home Free Vocal Band ( 2014 - Full of Cheer ; 2016 - Full of ( Even More ) Cheer ) </Li> <Li> Jackie Evancho ( 2016 - Someday at Christmas ) </Li> </Ul> <H3> Use in a medley with other songs ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Bobby Lloyd & The Skeletons ( 1990 - Christmas Party with Eddie G . ) ( performed as a medley with the rock classic `` You Really Got Me '' ) </Li> <Li> Vanessa Williams ( 1996 - Star Bright ) ( performed in a medley with `` Little Drummer Boy '' ) </Li> <Li> Moya Brennan ( 2005 - An Irish Christmas ) ( in medley with `` Don oiche ... '' ) </Li> </Ul> <P> Regney said that his favorite version of the song was performed by Robert Goulet : as The New York Times noted , when the singer came to the line `` pray for peace , people everywhere , '' he `` almost shouted the words . '' </P> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Noland , Claire ( 2008 - 03 - 15 ) . `` Pianist wrote music for holiday song '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 29 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Fox , Margalit ( 2008 - 03 - 11 ) . `` Gloria Shayne Baker , Composer and Lyricist , Dies at 84 '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 23 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ http://www.americancatholic.org/Messenger/Dec2007/Feature2.asp </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` A Bing Crosby Discography : Song Index '' . Bing Magazine . 31 December 2016 . http://www.bingmagazine.co.uk/bingmagazine/crosbySongs.html </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Jones , Jack . `` Do You Hear What I Hear '' . Second Hand Songs . 1964 . https://secondhandsongs.com/performance/183019 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Fisher , Eddie . `` Mary Christmas '' . Dot Records . 1965 . http://www.allmusic.com/album/mary-christmas-mw0001263978 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Boone , Pat . `` Christmas Is A Comin ' ( Vinyl , LP , Album , Stereo ) '' . Dot Records . 1966 . https://www.discogs.com/Pat-Boone-Christmas-Is-A-Comin/release/2951463 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ The Joystrings . `` Well Seasoned ( Vinyl , LP , Album , Stereo ) '' . Regal Zonophone . November 1966 . https://www.discogs.com/Joy-Strings-Well-Seasoned/release/4194430 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Smith , Kate . `` The Kate Smith Christmas Album '' . RCA / Sony Music Distribution. 28 November 1966 . http://www.allmusic.com/album/the-kate-smith-christmas-album-mw0000613874 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Ames , Ed . `` Christmas with Ed Ames ( Vinyl , LP , Album ) '' . RCA Victor . 1967 . https://www.discogs.com/Ed-Ames-Christmas-With-Ed-Ames/release/3888020 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Carroll , Diahann . `` Discography '' . Diahann ! http://www.diahann-carroll.com/discography/misc1.html </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Various Artists . `` Christmas Encore '' . Legacy / Sony Music Distribution. 15 August 1995 . http://www.allmusic.com/album/christmas-encore-mw0000176602 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Nabors , Jim . `` Jim Nabors ' Christmas Album '' ( Vinyl , LP , Album , Stereo ) . Columbia . 1967 . https://www.discogs.com/Jim-Nabors-Jim-Nabors-Christmas-Album/release/1840248 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Perry Como with The Ray Charles Singers . `` The Perry Como Christmas Album '' . Kokomo / RCA Victor . Mid-Late August 1968 . `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2012 - 04 - 02 . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 26 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Goulet , Robert . `` Robert Goulet 's Wonderful World of Christmas '' . Columbia . 1968 . https://www.discogs.com/Robert-Goulet-Robert-Goulets-Wonderful-World-Of-Christmas/release/3488798 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Jackson , Mahalia . `` Christmas with Mahalia '' . Columbia / Sony Music Distribution. 1968 . http://www.allmusic.com/album/christmas-with-mahalia-columbia-mw0002348379 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Gladys Knight & the Pips Cover of Harry Simeone Chorale 's `` Do You Hear What I Hear '' . WhoSampled.com . http://www.whosampled.com/cover/193975/Gladys-Knight-%26-the-Pips-Do-You-Hear-What-I-Hear%3F-The-Harry-Simeone-Chorale-Do-You-Hear-What-I-Hear%3F/ </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Hampton String Quartet . `` Do You Hear What I Hear '' . YouTube : Hampton String Quartet - Topic. 25 February 2015 . https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=kR04NONU5IU </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Murray , Anne . `` Do You Hear What I Hear '' . YouTube : Anne Murray - Topic. 8 November 2014 . https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=AKsZT2hQwpo </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bob Hope & Dolores Hope . `` Hopes for the Holidays '' . Hope Enterprises , Inc. 1993 . https://www.amazon.com/Hopes-Holidays-Bob-Dolores-Hope/dp/B000MOSAEM </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Tesh , John . `` The Choirs of Christmas ( CD , Album ) '' . GTSP Records . 1994 . https://www.discogs.com/John-Tesh-The-Choirs-Of-Christmas/release/8757129 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ LaBelle , Patti . `` Do You Hear What I Hear ... '' . YouTube : House of Black Music . 5 January 2017 . https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=i5GP2BvenaQ </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Arkenstone , David . `` Enchantment : A Magical Christmas '' . Narada. 9 September 1997 . http://www.allmusic.com/album/enchantment-a-magical-christmas-mw0000029953 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Various . `` A Punk & Ska Christmas Gone Wrong '' ( CD , Album , Compilation ) . Drive - Thru Records . 1997 . https://www.discogs.com/Various-A-Punk-Ska-Christmas-Gone-Wrong/release/5236966 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ United States Air Force Symphony Orchestra . `` This Is Christmas '' . Altissimo. 23 September 1997 . http://www.allmusic.com/album/this-is-christmas!-mw0000394012 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Anthony Way with St. Paul 's Cathedral Choir . `` Do You Hear What I Hear '' . YouTube : Maureen Ruiz. 24 December 2009 . https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=Kx4GGKxmcuk </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Choir of King 's College Cambridge . `` The Ultimate Carol Collection '' . Decca Classics. 10 November 1997 . http://www.deccaclassics.com/us/cat/4588632 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Rosie O'Donnell and Elmo Cover of Harry Simeone Chorale 's `` Do You Hear What I Hear '' . WhoSampled.com . http://www.whosampled.com/cover/73918/Elmo-Rosie-O%27donnell-Do-You-Hear-What-I-Hear%3F-The-Harry-Simeone-Chorale-Do-You-Hear-What-I-Hear%3F/ </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ McBride , Martina . `` White Christmas ( CD , HDCD , Album ) '' . RCA Records Label. 1999 . https://www.discogs.com/Martina-McBride-White-Christmas/release/6642985 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Linda Eder and The Broadway Gospel Choir . `` Do You Hear What I Hear '' . Second Hand Songs . 2000 . https://secondhandsongs.com/performance/507153/versions </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Tropical Flavor Steel Drum Band . `` Do You Hear What I Hear '' . YouTube : T.F.S.D.B. - Topic. 14 October 2015 . https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=i7g7GgYuiss </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Horn , Tracy . `` Various Artists - 5fm Presents The Santa Sessions '' . November 2002 . http://www.rock.co.za/legends/2000plus/santa.html Retrieved 15 October 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Norman , Larry . `` Christmastime : The Day That a Child Appeared '' ( CDr , Album , Reissue ) . Solid Rock Records . 2003 , 2014 . https://www.discogs.com/Larry-Norman-ChristmastimeDay-That-A-Child-Appeared/release/7826940 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Flyleaf . `` Do You Hear What I Hear '' . Octone. 2005 . https://www.christianrock.net/songs/Do_You_Hear_What_I_Hear__by__Flyleaf </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Underwood , Carrie . `` Carnival Ride ( 2 X CD , Album , Walmart Edition ) '' . Arista. 21 October 2008 . https://www.discogs.com/Carrie-Underwood-Carnival-Ride/release/6245339 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` A Country Christmas '' . Toronto Public Library . 2008 . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 24 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Headley , Heather . `` Do You Hear What I Hear '' . YouTube : Heather Headley - Topic. 13 March 2014 . https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=rysBIoluNN0 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Misalucha , Lani . `` The Gift of Christmas '' . Universal Records . November 2008 . http://regalo7107.com/?pid=1579829 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Ali Slaight and Theo Tams : `` Do You Hear What I Hear ( File , AAC , Single ) '' . Sony Music Canada , 10 November 2009 . ( Discogs ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ McIntyre invites New Kids fans to `` Come Home for Christmas '' . Sean 's Space on blogspot on The Poughkeepsie Journal , 8 December 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Vanessa Carlton Cover of Harry Simeone Chorale 's `` Do You Hear What I Hear '' . WhoSampled.com . http://www.whosampled.com/cover/129887/Vanessa-Carlton-Do-You-Hear-What-I-Hear%3F-The-Harry-Simeone-Chorale-Do-You-Hear-What-I-Hear%3F/ </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Various . `` Christmas Party with Eddie G . '' ( CD , Album , Compilation ) . Strikin ' It Rich / Columbia . 1990 . https://www.discogs.com/Various-Christmas-Party-With-Eddie-G/release/7442919 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Douglas Martin : Noel Regney , Songwriter Known for ' Do You Hear What I Hear ? ' Is Dead at 80 . NYTimes.com , December 1 , 2012 , last acess Dec. 25 , 2017 . </Li> </Ol> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Do_You_Hear_What_I_Hear%3F&oldid=821387821 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> American Christmas songs </Li> <Li> Songs written by Noël Regney </Li> <Li> 1962 songs </Li> <Li> Songs written by Gloria Shayne Baker </Li> <Li> Glen Campbell songs </Li> <Li> Bing Crosby songs </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Articles with too many examples </Li> <Li> Pages using div col without cols and colwidth parameters </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> Italiano </Li> <Li> Nederlands </Li> <Li> 中文 </Li> </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 20 January 2018 , at 04 : 43 . </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> | [
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FIFA World Cup - Wikipedia <H1> FIFA World Cup </H1> This article is about the men 's association football tournament . For the women 's tournament , see FIFA Women 's World Cup . <P> </P> <Table> FIFA World Cup <Tr> <Th> Founded </Th> <Td> 1930 ; 88 years ago ( 1930 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Region </Th> <Td> International ( FIFA ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Number of teams </Th> <Td> 32 ( finals ) 211 ( eligible to enter qualification ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Related competitions </Th> <Td> FIFA Confederations Cup </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Current champions </Th> <Td> France ( 2nd title ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Most successful team ( s ) </Th> <Td> Brazil ( 5 titles ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Television broadcasters </Th> <Td> List of broadcasters </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Website </Th> <Td> fifa.com/worldcup/ </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> 2018 FIFA World Cup </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> The 2018 FIFA World Cup opening ceremony </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Tournaments </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> 1930 </Li> <Li> 1934 </Li> <Li> 1938 </Li> <Li> 1950 </Li> <Li> 1954 </Li> <Li> 1958 </Li> <Li> 1962 </Li> <Li> 1966 </Li> <Li> 1970 </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> 1978 </Li> <Li> 1982 </Li> <Li> 1986 </Li> <Li> 1990 </Li> <Li> 1994 </Li> <Li> 1998 </Li> <Li> 2002 </Li> <Li> 2006 </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> 2014 </Li> <Li> 2018 </Li> <Li> 2022 </Li> <Li> 2026 </Li> <Li> 2030 </Li> <Li> 2034 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The FIFA World Cup , often simply called the World Cup , is an international association football competition contested by the senior men 's national teams of the members of the Fédération Internationale de Football Association ( FIFA ) , the sport 's global governing body . The championship has been awarded every four years since the inaugural tournament in 1930 , except in 1942 and 1946 when it was not held because of the Second World War . The current champion is France , which won its second title at the 2018 tournament in Russia . </P> <P> The current format of the competition involves a qualification phase , which currently takes place over the preceding three years , to determine which teams qualify for the tournament phase , which is often called the World Cup Finals . After this , 32 teams , including the automatically qualifying host nation ( s ) , compete in the tournament phase for the title at venues within the host nation ( s ) over a period of about a month . </P> <P> The 21 World Cup tournaments have been won by eight national teams . Brazil have won five times , and they are the only team to have played in every tournament . The other World Cup winners are Germany and Italy , with four titles each ; Argentina , France and inaugural winner Uruguay , with two titles each ; and England and Spain with one title each . </P> <P> The World Cup is the most prestigious association football tournament in the world , as well as the most widely viewed and followed sporting event in the world , exceeding even the Olympic Games ; the cumulative audience of all matches of the 2006 World Cup was estimated to be 26.29 billion with an estimated 715.1 million people watching the final match , a ninth of the entire population of the planet . </P> <P> 17 countries have hosted the World Cup . Brazil , France , Italy , Germany and Mexico have each hosted twice , while Uruguay , Switzerland , Sweden , Chile , England , Argentina , Spain , the United States , Japan and South Korea ( jointly ) , South Africa and Russia have each hosted once . Qatar are planned as hosts of the 2022 finals , and 2026 will be a joint hosted finals between Canada , the United States and Mexico , which will give Mexico the distinction of being the first country to have hosted games in three different finals . </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 History <Ul> <Li> 1.1 Previous international competitions </Li> <Li> 1.2 World Cups before World War II </Li> <Li> 1.3 World Cups after World War II </Li> <Li> 1.4 Expansion to 32 teams </Li> <Li> 1.5 Expansion to 48 teams </Li> <Li> 1.6 2015 FIFA corruption case </Li> <Li> 1.7 Other FIFA tournaments </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2 Trophy </Li> <Li> 3 Format <Ul> <Li> 3.1 Qualification </Li> <Li> 3.2 Final tournament </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 Hosts <Ul> <Li> 4.1 Selection process </Li> <Li> 4.2 Performances </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 5 Attendance </Li> <Li> 6 Broadcasting and promotion </Li> <Li> 7 Results <Ul> <Li> 7.1 Teams reaching the top four </Li> <Li> 7.2 Best performances by continental zones </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 8 Awards </Li> <Li> 9 Records and statistics <Ul> <Li> 9.1 Top goalscorers </Li> <Li> 9.2 All - time table for champions </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 10 See also </Li> <Li> 11 Notes and references </Li> <Li> 12 Bibliography </Li> <Li> 13 External links </Li> </Ul> <H2> History </H2> Main article : History of the FIFA World Cup <H3> Previous international competitions </H3> <P> The world 's first international football match was a challenge match played in Glasgow in 1872 between Scotland and England , which ended in a 0 -- 0 draw . The first international tournament , the inaugural British Home Championship , took place in 1884 . As football grew in popularity in other parts of the world at the start of the 20th century , it was held as a demonstration sport with no medals awarded at the 1900 and 1904 Summer Olympics ( however , the IOC has retroactively upgraded their status to official events ) , and at the 1906 Intercalated Games . </P> <P> After FIFA was founded in 1904 , it tried to arrange an international football tournament between nations outside the Olympic framework in Switzerland in 1906 . These were very early days for international football , and the official history of FIFA describes the competition as having been a failure . </P> <P> At the 1908 Summer Olympics in London , football became an official competition . Planned by The Football Association ( FA ) , England 's football governing body , the event was for amateur players only and was regarded suspiciously as a show rather than a competition . Great Britain ( represented by the England national amateur football team ) won the gold medals . They repeated the feat at the 1912 Summer Olympics in Stockholm . </P> <P> With the Olympic event continuing to be contested only between amateur teams , Sir Thomas Lipton organised the Sir Thomas Lipton Trophy tournament in Turin in 1909 . The Lipton tournament was a championship between individual clubs ( not national teams ) from different nations , each one of which represented an entire nation . The competition is sometimes described as The First World Cup , and featured the most prestigious professional club sides from Italy , Germany and Switzerland , but the FA of England refused to be associated with the competition and declined the offer to send a professional team . Lipton invited West Auckland , an amateur side from County Durham , to represent England instead . West Auckland won the tournament and returned in 1911 to successfully defend their title . </P> <P> In 1914 , FIFA agreed to recognise the Olympic tournament as a `` world football championship for amateurs '' , and took responsibility for managing the event . This paved the way for the world 's first intercontinental football competition , at the 1920 Summer Olympics , contested by Egypt and 13 European teams , and won by Belgium . Uruguay won the next two Olympic football tournaments in 1924 and 1928 . Those were also the first two open world championships , as 1924 was the start of FIFA 's professional era . </P> <H3> World Cups before World war II </H3> Estadio Centenario , the location of the first World Cup final in 1930 in Montevideo , Uruguay <P> Due to the success of the Olympic football tournaments , FIFA , with President Jules Rimet as the driving force , again started looking at staging its own international tournament outside of the Olympics . On 28 May 1928 , the FIFA Congress in Amsterdam decided to stage a world championship itself . With Uruguay now two - time official football world champions and to celebrate their centenary of independence in 1930 , FIFA named Uruguay as the host country of the inaugural World Cup tournament . </P> <P> The national associations of selected nations were invited to send a team , but the choice of Uruguay as a venue for the competition meant a long and costly trip across the Atlantic Ocean for European sides . Indeed , no European country pledged to send a team until two months before the start of the competition . Rimet eventually persuaded teams from Belgium , France , Romania , and Yugoslavia to make the trip . In total , 13 nations took part : seven from South America , four from Europe and two from North America . </P> <P> The first two World Cup matches took place simultaneously on 13 July 1930 , and were won by France and the USA , who defeated Mexico 4 -- 1 and Belgium 3 -- 0 respectively . The first goal in World Cup history was scored by Lucien Laurent of France . In the final , Uruguay defeated Argentina 4 -- 2 in front of a crowd of 93,000 people in Montevideo , and in doing so became the first nation to win the World Cup . </P> <P> After the creation of the World Cup , FIFA and the IOC disagreed over the status of amateur players , and so football was dropped from the 1932 Summer Olympics . Olympic football returned at the 1936 Summer Olympics , but was now overshadowed by the more prestigious World Cup . </P> <P> The issues facing the early World Cup tournaments were the difficulties of intercontinental travel , and war . Few South American teams were willing to travel to Europe for the 1934 World Cup and all North and South American nations except Brazil and Cuba boycotted the 1938 tournament . Brazil was the only South American team to compete in both . The 1942 and 1946 competitions , which Germany and Brazil sought to host , were cancelled due to World War II and its aftermath . </P> <H3> World Cups after World war II </H3> The opening game of the Maracanã Stadium in Rio de Janeiro , shortly before the 1950 FIFA World Cup . From the National Archives of Brazil <P> The 1950 World Cup , held in Brazil , was the first to include British participants . British teams withdrew from FIFA in 1920 , partly out of unwillingness to play against the countries they had been at war with , and partly as a protest against foreign influence on football , but rejoined in 1946 following FIFA 's invitation . The tournament also saw the return of 1930 champions Uruguay , who had boycotted the previous two World Cups . Uruguay won the tournament again after defeating the host nation Brazil , in the match called `` Maracanazo '' ( Portuguese : Maracanaço ) . </P> <P> In the tournaments between 1934 and 1978 , 16 teams competed in each tournament , except in 1938 , when Austria was absorbed into Germany after qualifying , leaving the tournament with 15 teams , and in 1950 , when India , Scotland , and Turkey withdrew , leaving the tournament with 13 teams . Most of the participating nations were from Europe and South America , with a small minority from North America , Africa , Asia , and Oceania . These teams were usually defeated easily by the European and South American teams . Until 1982 , the only teams from outside Europe and South America to advance out of the first round were : USA , semi-finalists in 1930 ; Cuba , quarter - finalists in 1938 ; North Korea , quarter - finalists in 1966 ; and Mexico , quarter - finalists in 1970 . </P> <H3> Expansion to 32 teams </H3> Interior view of the Soccer City in Johannesburg , South Africa , during a match at the 2010 FIFA World Cup <P> The tournament was expanded to 24 teams in 1982 , and then to 32 in 1998 , also allowing more teams from Africa , Asia and North America to take part . Since then , teams from these regions have enjoyed more success , with several having reached the quarter - finals : Mexico , quarter - finalists in 1986 ; Cameroon , quarter - finalists in 1990 ; South Korea , finishing in fourth place in 2002 ; Senegal , along with USA , both quarter - finalists in 2002 ; Ghana , quarter - finalists in 2010 ; and Costa Rica , quarter - finalists in 2014 . Nevertheless , European and South American teams continue to dominate , e.g. , the quarter - finalists in 1994 , 1998 , 2006 and 2018 were all from Europe or South America and so were the finalists of all tournaments so far . </P> <P> Two hundred teams entered the 2002 FIFA World Cup qualification rounds ; 198 nations attempted to qualify for the 2006 FIFA World Cup , while a record 204 countries entered qualification for the 2010 FIFA World Cup . </P> <H3> Expansion to 48 teams </H3> <P> In October 2013 , Sepp Blatter spoke of guaranteeing the Caribbean Football Union 's region a position in the World Cup . In the edition of 25 October 2013 of the FIFA Weekly Blatter wrote that : `` From a purely sporting perspective , I would like to see globalisation finally taken seriously , and the African and Asian national associations accorded the status they deserve at the FIFA World Cup . It can not be that the European and South American confederations lay claim to the majority of the berths at the World Cup . '' Those two remarks suggested to commentators that Blatter could be putting himself forward for re-election to the FIFA Presidency . </P> <P> Following the magazine 's publication , Blatter 's would - be opponent for the FIFA Presidency , UEFA President Michel Platini , responded that he intended to extend the World Cup to 40 national associations , increasing the number of participants by eight . Platini said that he would allocate an additional berth to UEFA , two to the Asian Football Confederation and the Confederation of African Football , two shared between CONCACAF and CONMEBOL , and a guaranteed place for the Oceania Football Confederation . Platini was clear about why he wanted to expand the World Cup . He said : `` ( The World Cup is ) not based on the quality of the teams because you do n't have the best 32 at the World Cup ... but it 's a good compromise ... It 's a political matter so why not have more Africans ? The competition is to bring all the people of all the world . If you do n't give the possibility to participate , they do n't improve . '' </P> <P> In October 2016 FIFA president Gianni Infantino stated his support for a 48 - team World Cup in 2026 . On 10 January 2017 , FIFA confirmed the 2026 World Cup will have 48 finalist teams . </P> <H3> 2015 FIFA corruption case </H3> Main article : 2015 FIFA corruption case <P> By May 2015 , the games were under a particularly dark cloud because of the 2015 FIFA corruption case , allegations and criminal charges of bribery , fraud and money laundering to corrupt the issuing of media and marketing rights ( rigged bids ) for FIFA games , with FIFA officials accused of taking bribes totaling more than $150 million over 24 years . In late May , the U.S. Justice Department announced a 47 - count indictment with charges of racketeering , wire fraud and money laundering conspiracy against 14 people . Arrests of over a dozen FIFA officials were made since that time , particularly on 29 May and 3 December . By the end of May 2015 , a total of nine FIFA officials and five executives of sports and broadcasting markets had already been charged on corruption . At the time , FIFA president Sepp Blatter announced he would relinquish his position in February 2016 . </P> <P> On 4 June 2015 Chuck Blazer while co-operating with the FBI and the Swiss authorities admitted that he and the other members of FIFA 's then - executive committee were bribed in order to promote the 1998 and 2010 World Cups . On 10 June 2015 Swiss authorities seized computer data from the offices of Sepp Blatter . The same day , FIFA postponed the bidding process for the 2026 FIFA World Cup in light of the allegations surrounding bribery in the awarding of the 2018 and 2022 tournaments . Then - secretary general Jérôme Valcke stated , `` Due to the situation , I think it 's nonsense to start any bidding process for the time being . '' On 28 October 2015 , Blatter and FIFA VP Michel Platini , a potential candidate for presidency , were suspended for 90 days ; both maintained their innocence in statements made to the news media . </P> <P> On 3 December 2015 two FIFA vice-presidents were arrested on suspicion of bribery in the same Zurich hotel where seven FIFA officials had been arrested in May . An additional 16 indictments by the U.S. Department of Justice were announced on the same day . </P> <H3> Other FIFA tournaments </H3> The BC Place in Vancouver hosting a 2015 Women 's World Cup match <P> An equivalent tournament for women 's football , the FIFA Women 's World Cup , was first held in 1991 in China . The women 's tournament is smaller in scale and profile than the men 's , but is growing ; the number of entrants for the 2007 tournament was 120 , more than double that of 1991 . </P> <P> Men 's football has been included in every Summer Olympic Games except 1896 and 1932 . Unlike many other sports , the men 's football tournament at the Olympics is not a top - level tournament , and since 1992 , an under - 23 tournament with each team allowed three over-age players . Women 's football made its Olympic debut in 1996 . </P> <P> The FIFA Confederations Cup is a tournament held one year before the World Cup at the World Cup host nation ( s ) as a dress rehearsal for the upcoming World Cup . It is contested by the winners of each of the six FIFA confederation championships , along with the FIFA World Cup champion and the host country . </P> <P> FIFA also organises international tournaments for youth football ( FIFA U-20 World Cup , FIFA U-17 World Cup , FIFA U-20 Women 's World Cup , FIFA U-17 Women 's World Cup ) , club football ( FIFA Club World Cup ) , and football variants such as futsal ( FIFA Futsal World Cup ) and beach soccer ( FIFA Beach Soccer World Cup ) . The latter three do not have a women 's version , although a FIFA Women 's Club World Cup has been proposed . </P> <P> The FIFA U-20 Women 's World Cup is held the year before each Women 's World Cup and both tournaments are awarded in a single bidding process . The U-20 tournament serves as a dress rehearsal for the larger competition . </P> <H2> Trophy </H2> Main article : FIFA World Cup Trophy Queen Elizabeth II presenting the Jules Rimet trophy to 1966 World Cup winning England captain Bobby Moore <P> From 1930 to 1970 , the Jules Rimet Trophy was awarded to the World Cup winning team . It was originally simply known as the World Cup or Coupe du Monde , but in 1946 it was renamed after the FIFA president Jules Rimet who set up the first tournament . In 1970 , Brazil 's third victory in the tournament entitled them to keep the trophy permanently . However , the trophy was stolen in 1983 and has never been recovered , apparently melted down by the thieves . </P> The current World Cup trophy , presented since 1974 <P> After 1970 , a new trophy , known as the FIFA World Cup Trophy , was designed . The experts of FIFA , coming from seven countries , evaluated the 53 presented models , finally opting for the work of the Italian designer Silvio Gazzaniga . The new trophy is 36 cm ( 14.2 in ) high , made of solid 18 carat ( 75 % ) gold and weighs 6.175 kg ( 13.6 lb ) . The base contains two layers of semi-precious malachite while the bottom side of the trophy bears the engraved year and name of each FIFA World Cup winner since 1974 . The description of the trophy by Gazzaniga was : `` The lines spring out from the base , rising in spirals , stretching out to receive the world . From the remarkable dynamic tensions of the compact body of the sculpture rise the figures of two athletes at the stirring moment of victory . '' </P> <P> This new trophy is not awarded to the winning nation permanently . World Cup winners retain the trophy only until the post-match celebration is finished . They are awarded a gold - plated replica rather than the solid gold original immediately afterwards . </P> <P> Currently , all members ( players , coaches , and managers ) of the top three teams receive medals with an insignia of the World Cup Trophy ; winners ' ( gold ) , runners - up ' ( silver ) , and third - place ( bronze ) . In the 2002 edition , fourth - place medals were awarded to hosts South Korea . Before the 1978 tournament , medals were only awarded to the eleven players on the pitch at the end of the final and the third - place match . In November 2007 , FIFA announced that all members of World Cup - winning squads between 1930 and 1974 were to be retroactively awarded winners ' medals . </P> <H2> Format </H2> <H3> Qualification </H3> Main article : FIFA World Cup qualification <P> Since the second World Cup in 1934 , qualifying tournaments have been held to thin the field for the final tournament . They are held within the six FIFA continental zones ( Africa , Asia , North and Central America and Caribbean , South America , Oceania , and Europe ) , overseen by their respective confederations . For each tournament , FIFA decides the number of places awarded to each of the continental zones beforehand , generally based on the relative strength of the confederations ' teams . </P> <P> The qualification process can start as early as almost three years before the final tournament and last over a two - year period . The formats of the qualification tournaments differ between confederations . Usually , one or two places are awarded to winners of intercontinental play - offs . For example , the winner of the Oceanian zone and the fifth - placed team from the Asian zone entered a play - off for a spot in the 2010 World Cup . From the 1938 World Cup onwards , host nations receive automatic qualification to the final tournament . This right was also granted to the defending champions between 1938 and 2002 , but was withdrawn from the 2006 FIFA World Cup onward , requiring the champions to qualify . Brazil , winners in 2002 , were the first defending champions to play qualifying matches . </P> <H3> Final tournament </H3> For the various formats used in previous tournaments , see History of the FIFA World Cup § Format of each final tournament . <P> The current final tournament has been used since 1998 and features 32 national teams competing over the course of a month in the host nation ( s ) . There are two stages : the group stage followed by the knockout stage . </P> <P> In the group stage , teams compete within eight groups of four teams each . Eight teams are seeded , including the hosts , with the other seeded teams selected using a formula based on the FIFA World Rankings and / or performances in recent World Cups , and drawn to separate groups . The other teams are assigned to different `` pots '' , usually based on geographical criteria , and teams in each pot are drawn at random to the eight groups . Since 1998 , constraints have been applied to the draw to ensure that no group contains more than two European teams or more than one team from any other confederation . </P> <P> Each group plays a round - robin tournament , in which each team is scheduled for three matches against other teams in the same group . This means that a total of six matches are played within a group . The last round of matches of each group is scheduled at the same time to preserve fairness among all four teams . The top two teams from each group advance to the knockout stage . Points are used to rank the teams within a group . Since 1994 , three points have been awarded for a win , one for a draw and none for a loss ( before , winners received two points ) . </P> <P> If one considers all possible outcomes ( win , draw , loss ) for all six matches in a group , there are 729 ( = 3 ) outcome combinations possible . However , 207 of these combinations lead to ties between the second and third places . In such case , the ranking among these teams is determined as follows : </P> <Ol> <Li> Greatest combined goal difference in all group matches </Li> <Li> Greatest combined number of goals scored in all group matches </Li> <Li> If more than one team remain level after applying the above criteria , their ranking will be determined as follows : <Ol> <Li> Greatest number of points in head - to - head matches among those teams </Li> <Li> Greatest goal difference in head - to - head matches among those teams </Li> <Li> Greatest number of goals scored in head - to - head matches among those teams </Li> <Li> Fair play points , defined by the number of yellow and red cards received in the group stage : <Ol> <Li> Yellow card : minus 1 point </Li> <Li> Indirect red card ( as a result of a second yellow card ) : minus 3 points </Li> <Li> Direct red card : minus 4 points </Li> <Li> Yellow card and direct red card : minus 5 points </Li> </Ol> </Li> </Ol> </Li> <Li> If any of the teams above remain level after applying the above criteria , their ranking will be determined by the drawing of lots </Li> </Ol> <P> The knockout stage is a single - elimination tournament in which teams play each other in one - off matches , with extra time and penalty shootouts used to decide the winner if necessary . It begins with the round of 16 ( or the second round ) in which the winner of each group plays against the runner - up of another group . This is followed by the quarter - finals , the semi-finals , the third - place match ( contested by the losing semi-finalists ) , and the final . </P> <P> On 10 January 2017 , FIFA approved a new format , the 48 - team World Cup ( to accommodate more teams ) , which consists of 16 groups of three teams each , with two teams qualifying from each group , to form a round of 32 knockout stage , to be implemented by 2026 . </P> <H2> Hosts </H2> Main article : FIFA World Cup hosts Map of FIFA World Cup final hosts , 1930 -- 2022 . Green : once ; dark green : twice ; light green : planned <H3> Selection process </H3> <P> Early World Cups were given to countries at meetings of FIFA 's congress . The locations were controversial because South America and Europe were by far the two centres of strength in football and travel between them required three weeks by boat . The decision to hold the first World Cup in Uruguay , for example , led to only four European nations competing . The next two World Cups were both held in Europe . The decision to hold the second of these in France was disputed , as the South American countries understood that the location would alternate between the two continents . Both Argentina and Uruguay thus boycotted the 1938 FIFA World Cup . </P> <P> Since the 1958 FIFA World Cup , to avoid future boycotts or controversy , FIFA began a pattern of alternating the hosts between the Americas and Europe , which continued until the 1998 FIFA World Cup . The 2002 FIFA World Cup , hosted jointly by South Korea and Japan , was the first one held in Asia , and the first tournament with multiple hosts . South Africa became the first African nation to host the World Cup in 2010 . The 2014 FIFA World Cup was hosted by Brazil , the first held in South America since Argentina 1978 , and was the first occasion where consecutive World Cups were held outside Europe . </P> Russian delegates celebrate being chosen as the host of the 2018 FIFA World Cup <P> The host country is now chosen in a vote by FIFA 's Council . This is done under an exhaustive ballot system . The national football association of a country desiring to host the event receives a `` Hosting Agreement '' from FIFA , which explains the steps and requirements that are expected from a strong bid . The bidding association also receives a form , the submission of which represents the official confirmation of the candidacy . After this , a FIFA designated group of inspectors visit the country to identify that the country meets the requirements needed to host the event and a report on the country is produced . The decision on who will host the World Cup is usually made six or seven years in advance of the tournament . However , there have been occasions where the hosts of multiple future tournaments were announced at the same time , as was the case for the 2018 and 2022 World Cups , which were awarded to Russia and Qatar , with Qatar becoming the first Middle Eastern country to host the tournament . </P> <P> For the 2010 and 2014 World Cups , the final tournament is rotated between confederations , allowing only countries from the chosen confederation ( Africa in 2010 , South America in 2014 ) to bid to host the tournament . The rotation policy was introduced after the controversy surrounding Germany 's victory over South Africa in the vote to host the 2006 tournament . However , the policy of continental rotation will not continue beyond 2014 , so any country , except those belonging to confederations that hosted the two preceding tournaments , can apply as hosts for World Cups starting from 2018 . This is partly to avoid a similar scenario to the bidding process for the 2014 tournament , where Brazil was the only official bidder . </P> <P> The 2026 FIFA World Cup was chosen to be held in the United States , Canada and Mexico , marking the first time a World Cup has been shared by three host nations . The 2026 tournament will be the biggest World Cup ever held , with 48 teams playing 80 matches . Sixty matches will take place in the US , including all matches from the quarter - finals onward , while Canada and Mexico will host 10 games each . </P> <H3> Performances </H3> See also : Results of host nations in the FIFA World Cup <P> Six of the eight champions have won one of their titles while playing in their own homeland , the exceptions being Brazil , who finished as runners - up after losing the deciding match on home soil in 1950 and lost their semi-final against Germany in 2014 , and Spain , which reached the second round on home soil in 1982 . England ( 1966 ) won its only title while playing as a host nation . Uruguay ( 1930 ) , Italy ( 1934 ) , Argentina ( 1978 ) and France ( 1998 ) won their first titles as host nations but have gone on to win again , while Germany ( 1974 ) won their second title on home soil . </P> <P> Other nations have also been successful when hosting the tournament . Switzerland ( quarter - finals 1954 ) , Sweden ( runners - up in 1958 ) , Chile ( third place in 1962 ) , South Korea ( fourth place in 2002 ) , and Mexico ( quarter - finals in 1970 and 1986 ) all have their best results when serving as hosts . So far , South Africa ( 2010 ) has been the only host nation to fail to advance beyond the first round . </P> <H2> Attendance </H2> See also : List of sports attendance figures <Table> <Tr> <Th> Year </Th> <Th> Hosts </Th> <Th> Venues / Cities </Th> <Th> Total attendance </Th> <Th> Matches </Th> <Th> Avg . attendance </Th> <Th_colspan="3"> Highest attendances † </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Number </Th> <Th> Venue </Th> <Th> Game ( s ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1930 </Td> <Td> Uruguay </Td> <Td> 3 / 1 </Td> <Td> 590,549 </Td> <Td> 18 </Td> <Td> 32,808 </Td> <Td> 93,000 </Td> <Td> Estadio Centenario , Montevideo </Td> <Td> Uruguay 6 -- 1 Yugoslavia , Semi-final </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1934 </Td> <Td> Italy </Td> <Td> 8 / 8 </Td> <Td> 363,000 </Td> <Td> 17 </Td> <Td> 21,353 </Td> <Td> 55,000 </Td> <Td> Stadio Nazionale PNF , Rome </Td> <Td> Italy 2 -- 1 Czechoslovakia , Final </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1938 </Td> <Td> France </Td> <Td> 10 / 9 </Td> <Td> 375,700 </Td> <Td> 18 </Td> <Td> 20,872 </Td> <Td> 58,455 </Td> <Td> Olympique de Colombes , Paris </Td> <Td> France 1 -- 3 Italy , Quarter - final </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1950 </Td> <Td> Brazil </Td> <Td> 6 / 6 </Td> <Td> 1,045,246 </Td> <Td> 22 </Td> <Td> 47,511 </Td> <Td> 173,850 </Td> <Td> Maracanã Stadium , Rio de Janeiro </Td> <Td> Brazil 1 -- 2 Uruguay , Deciding match </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1954 </Td> <Td> Switzerland </Td> <Td> 6 / 6 </Td> <Td> 768,607 </Td> <Td> 26 </Td> <Td> 29,562 </Td> <Td> 63,000 </Td> <Td> Wankdorf Stadium , Bern </Td> <Td> West Germany 3 -- 2 Hungary , Final </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1958 </Td> <Td> Sweden </Td> <Td> 12 / 12 </Td> <Td> 819,810 </Td> <Td> 35 </Td> <Td> 23,423 </Td> <Td> 50,928 </Td> <Td> Ullevi Stadium , Gothenburg </Td> <Td> Brazil 2 -- 0 Soviet Union , Group stage </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1962 </Td> <Td> Chile </Td> <Td> 4 / 4 </Td> <Td> 893,172 </Td> <Td> 32 </Td> <Td> 27,912 </Td> <Td> 68,679 </Td> <Td> Estadio Nacional , Santiago </Td> <Td> Brazil 4 -- 2 Chile , Semi-final </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1966 </Td> <Td> England </Td> <Td> 8 / 7 </Td> <Td> 1,563,135 </Td> <Td> 32 </Td> <Td> 48,848 </Td> <Td> 98,270 </Td> <Td> Wembley Stadium , London </Td> <Td> England 4 -- 2 West Germany , Final </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1970 </Td> <Td> Mexico </Td> <Td> 5 / 5 </Td> <Td> 1,603,975 </Td> <Td> 32 </Td> <Td> 50,124 </Td> <Td> 108,192 </Td> <Td> Estadio Azteca , Mexico City </Td> <Td> Mexico 1 -- 0 Belgium , Group stage </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> West Germany </Td> <Td> 9 / 9 </Td> <Td> 1,865,753 </Td> <Td> 38 </Td> <Td> 49,099 </Td> <Td> 83,168 </Td> <Td> Olympiastadion , West Berlin </Td> <Td> West Germany 1 -- 0 Chile , Group stage </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1978 </Td> <Td> Argentina </Td> <Td> 6 / 5 </Td> <Td> 1,545,791 </Td> <Td> 38 </Td> <Td> 40,679 </Td> <Td> 71,712 </Td> <Td> River Plate Stadium , Buenos Aires </Td> <Td> Italy 1 -- 0 Argentina , Group stage </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1982 </Td> <Td> Spain </Td> <Td> 17 / 14 </Td> <Td> 2,109,723 </Td> <Td> 52 </Td> <Td> 40,572 </Td> <Td> 95,500 </Td> <Td> Camp Nou , Barcelona </Td> <Td> Argentina 0 -- 1 Belgium , Opening match </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1986 </Td> <Td> Mexico </Td> <Td> 12 / 11 </Td> <Td> 2,394,031 </Td> <Td> 52 </Td> <Td> 46,039 </Td> <Td> 114,600 </Td> <Td> Estadio Azteca , Mexico City </Td> <Td> Mexico 1 -- 1 Paraguay , Group stage Argentina 3 -- 2 West Germany , Final </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1990 </Td> <Td> Italy </Td> <Td> 12 / 12 </Td> <Td> 2,516,215 </Td> <Td> 52 </Td> <Td> 48,389 </Td> <Td> 74,765 </Td> <Td> San Siro , Milan </Td> <Td> West Germany 4 -- 1 Yugoslavia , Group stage </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1994 </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> 9 / 9 </Td> <Td> 3,587,538 </Td> <Td> 52 </Td> <Td> 68,991 </Td> <Td> 94,194 </Td> <Td> Rose Bowl , Pasadena , California </Td> <Td> Brazil 0 ( 3 ) -- ( 2 ) 0 Italy , Final </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1998 </Td> <Td> France </Td> <Td> 10 / 10 </Td> <Td> 2,785,100 </Td> <Td> 64 </Td> <Td> 43,517 </Td> <Td> 80,000 </Td> <Td> Stade de France , Saint - Denis </Td> <Td> Brazil 0 -- 3 France , Final </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2002 </Td> <Td> South Korea Japan </Td> <Td> 10 / 10 10 / 10 </Td> <Td> 2,705,197 </Td> <Td> 64 </Td> <Td> 42,269 </Td> <Td> 69,029 </Td> <Td> International Stadium , Yokohama , Japan </Td> <Td> Brazil 2 -- 0 Germany , Final </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2006 </Td> <Td> Germany </Td> <Td> 12 / 12 </Td> <Td> 3,359,439 </Td> <Td> 64 </Td> <Td> 52,491 </Td> <Td> 72,000 </Td> <Td> Olympiastadion , Berlin </Td> <Td> Germany 1 ( 4 ) -- ( 2 ) 1 Argentina , Quarter - final </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> South Africa </Td> <Td> 10 / 9 </Td> <Td> 3,178,856 </Td> <Td> 64 </Td> <Td> 49,670 </Td> <Td> 84,490 </Td> <Td> Soccer City , Johannesburg </Td> <Td> Spain 1 -- 0 Netherlands , Final </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2014 </Td> <Td> Brazil </Td> <Td> 12 / 12 </Td> <Td> 3,429,873 </Td> <Td> 64 </Td> <Td> 53,592 </Td> <Td> 74,738 </Td> <Td> Maracanã Stadium , Rio de Janeiro </Td> <Td> Germany 1 -- 0 Argentina , Final </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2018 </Td> <Td> Russia </Td> <Td> 12 / 11 </Td> <Td> 3,031,768 </Td> <Td> 64 </Td> <Td> 47,371 </Td> <Td> 78,011 </Td> <Td> Luzhniki Stadium , Moscow </Td> <Td> France 4 -- 2 Croatia , Final </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="3"> Overall </Th> <Th> 40,532,478 </Th> <Th> 900 </Th> <Th> 45,036 </Th> <Th> 171,772 </Th> <Th> Maracanã Stadium , Rio ( 1950 ) </Th> <Th> </Th> </Tr> </Table> <P> The best - attended single match , shown in the last three columns , has been the final in half of the 20 World Cups as of 2014 . Another match or matches drew more attendance than the final in 1930 , 1938 , 1958 , 1962 , 1970 -- 1982 , 1990 and 2006 . </P> <Ul> <Li> Source : FIFA </Li> </Ul> <H2> Broadcasting and promotion </H2> See also : List of FIFA World Cup broadcasters A Coca - Cola bottle promoting the 2002 World Cup in South Korea and Japan <P> The World Cup was first televised in 1954 and is now the most widely viewed and followed sporting event in the world . The cumulative audience of all matches of the 2006 World Cup is estimated to be 26.29 billion . 715.1 million individuals watched the final match of this tournament ( a ninth of the entire population of the planet ) . The 2006 World Cup draw , which decided the distribution of teams into groups , was watched by 300 million viewers . The World Cup attracts many sponsors such as Coca - Cola , McDonald 's and Adidas . For these companies and many more , being a sponsor strongly impacts their global brands . Host countries typically experience a multimillion - dollar revenue increase from the month - long event . The governing body of the sport , FIFA , generated $4.8 billion in revenue from the 2014 tournament . </P> <P> Each FIFA World Cup since 1966 has its own mascot or logo . World Cup Willie , the mascot for the 1966 competition , was the first World Cup mascot . World Cups have also featured official match balls specially designed for each tournament . </P> <P> The World Cup even has a statistically significant effect on birth rates , the male / female sex ratio of newborns , and heart attacks in nations whose national teams are competing . </P> <H2> Results </H2> See also : List of FIFA World Cup finals <Table> <Tr> <Th> # </Th> <Th> Year </Th> <Th> Hosts </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th> Champions </Th> <Th> Score and Venue </Th> <Th> Runners - up </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th> Third place </Th> <Th> Score and Venue </Th> <Th> Fourth place </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th> Number of Teams </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1930 Details </Td> <Td> Uruguay </Td> <Td> Uruguay </Td> <Td> 4 -- 2 Estadio Centenario , Montevideo </Td> <Td> Argentina </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Yugoslavia </Td> <Td> 13 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1934 Details </Td> <Td> Italy </Td> <Td> Italy </Td> <Td> 2 -- 1 ( a.e.t. ) Stadio Nazionale PNF , Rome </Td> <Td> Czechoslovakia </Td> <Td> Germany </Td> <Td> 3 -- 2 Stadio Giorgio Ascarelli , Naples </Td> <Td> Austria </Td> <Td> 16 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1938 Details </Td> <Td> France </Td> <Td> Italy </Td> <Td> 4 -- 2 Stade de Colombes , Paris </Td> <Td> Hungary </Td> <Td> Brazil </Td> <Td> 4 -- 2 Parc Lescure , Bordeaux </Td> <Td> Sweden </Td> <Td> 16 / 15 <P> </P> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1950 Details </Td> <Td> Brazil </Td> <Td> Uruguay </Td> <Td> 2 -- 1 Maracanã , Rio de Janeiro </Td> <Td> Brazil </Td> <Td> Sweden </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Spain </Td> <Td> 16 / 13 <P> </P> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> 1954 Details </Td> <Td> Switzerland </Td> <Td> West Germany </Td> <Td> 3 -- 2 Wankdorfstadion , Bern </Td> <Td> Hungary </Td> <Td> Austria </Td> <Td> 3 -- 1 Hardturm , Zürich </Td> <Td> Uruguay </Td> <Td> 16 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 1958 Details </Td> <Td> Sweden </Td> <Td> Brazil </Td> <Td> 5 -- 2 Råsundastadion , Solna </Td> <Td> Sweden </Td> <Td> France </Td> <Td> 6 -- 3 Ullevi , Gothenburg </Td> <Td> West Germany </Td> <Td> 16 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> 1962 Details </Td> <Td> Chile </Td> <Td> Brazil </Td> <Td> 3 -- 1 Estadio Nacional , Santiago </Td> <Td> Czechoslovakia </Td> <Td> Chile </Td> <Td> 1 -- 0 Estadio Nacional , Santiago </Td> <Td> Yugoslavia </Td> <Td> 16 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> 1966 Details </Td> <Td> England </Td> <Td> England </Td> <Td> 4 -- 2 ( a.e.t. ) Wembley Stadium , London </Td> <Td> West Germany </Td> <Td> Portugal </Td> <Td> 2 -- 1 Wembley Stadium , London </Td> <Td> Soviet Union </Td> <Td> 16 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> 1970 Details </Td> <Td> Mexico </Td> <Td> Brazil </Td> <Td> 4 -- 1 Estadio Azteca , Mexico City </Td> <Td> Italy </Td> <Td> West Germany </Td> <Td> 1 -- 0 Estadio Azteca , Mexico City </Td> <Td> Uruguay </Td> <Td> 16 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> Details </Td> <Td> West Germany </Td> <Td> West Germany </Td> <Td> 2 -- 1 Olympiastadion , Munich </Td> <Td> Netherlands </Td> <Td> Poland </Td> <Td> 1 -- 0 Olympiastadion , Munich </Td> <Td> Brazil </Td> <Td> 16 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 11 </Td> <Td> 1978 Details </Td> <Td> Argentina </Td> <Td> Argentina </Td> <Td> 3 -- 1 ( a.e.t. ) Monumental de Núñez , Buenos Aires </Td> <Td> Netherlands </Td> <Td> Brazil </Td> <Td> 2 -- 1 Monumental de Núñez , Buenos Aires </Td> <Td> Italy </Td> <Td> 16 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 12 </Td> <Td> 1982 Details </Td> <Td> Spain </Td> <Td> Italy </Td> <Td> 3 -- 1 Santiago Bernabéu , Madrid </Td> <Td> West Germany </Td> <Td> Poland </Td> <Td> 3 -- 2 Estadio José Rico Pérez , Alicante </Td> <Td> France </Td> <Td> 24 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 13 </Td> <Td> 1986 Details </Td> <Td> Mexico </Td> <Td> Argentina </Td> <Td> 3 -- 2 Estadio Azteca , Mexico City </Td> <Td> West Germany </Td> <Td> France </Td> <Td> 4 -- 2 ( a.e.t. ) Estadio Cuauhtémoc , Puebla </Td> <Td> Belgium </Td> <Td> 24 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 14 </Td> <Td> 1990 Details </Td> <Td> Italy </Td> <Td> West Germany </Td> <Td> 1 -- 0 Stadio Olimpico , Rome </Td> <Td> Argentina </Td> <Td> Italy </Td> <Td> 2 -- 1 Stadio San Nicola , Bari </Td> <Td> England </Td> <Td> 24 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 15 </Td> <Td> 1994 Details </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> Brazil </Td> <Td> 0 -- 0 ( a.e.t. ) ( 3 -- 2 PSO ) Rose Bowl , Pasadena </Td> <Td> Italy </Td> <Td> Sweden </Td> <Td> 4 -- 0 Rose Bowl , Pasadena </Td> <Td> Bulgaria </Td> <Td> 24 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 16 </Td> <Td> 1998 Details </Td> <Td> France </Td> <Td> France </Td> <Td> 3 -- 0 Stade de France , Saint - Denis </Td> <Td> Brazil </Td> <Td> Croatia </Td> <Td> 2 -- 1 Parc des Princes , Paris </Td> <Td> Netherlands </Td> <Td> 32 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 17 </Td> <Td> 2002 Details </Td> <Td> South Korea Japan </Td> <Td> Brazil </Td> <Td> 2 -- 0 International Stadium , Yokohama </Td> <Td> Germany </Td> <Td> Turkey </Td> <Td> 3 -- 2 Daegu Stadium , Daegu </Td> <Td> South Korea </Td> <Td> 32 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 18 </Td> <Td> 2006 Details </Td> <Td> Germany </Td> <Td> Italy </Td> <Td> 1 -- 1 ( a.e.t. ) ( 5 -- 3 PSO ) Olympiastadion , Berlin </Td> <Td> France </Td> <Td> Germany </Td> <Td> 3 -- 1 Gottlieb - Daimler - Stadion , Stuttgart </Td> <Td> Portugal </Td> <Td> 32 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 19 </Td> <Td> Details </Td> <Td> South Africa </Td> <Td> Spain </Td> <Td> 1 -- 0 ( a.e.t. ) Soccer City , Johannesburg </Td> <Td> Netherlands </Td> <Td> Germany </Td> <Td> 3 -- 2 Nelson Mandela Bay Stadium , Port Elizabeth </Td> <Td> Uruguay </Td> <Td> 32 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 20 </Td> <Td> 2014 Details </Td> <Td> Brazil </Td> <Td> Germany </Td> <Td> 1 -- 0 ( a.e.t. ) Maracanã , Rio de Janeiro </Td> <Td> Argentina </Td> <Td> Netherlands </Td> <Td> 3 -- 0 Estádio Nacional , Brasília </Td> <Td> Brazil </Td> <Td> 32 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 21 </Td> <Td> 2018 Details </Td> <Td> Russia </Td> <Td> France </Td> <Td> 4 -- 2 Luzhniki Stadium , Moscow </Td> <Td> Croatia </Td> <Td> Belgium </Td> <Td> 2 -- 0 Krestovsky Stadium , Saint Petersburg </Td> <Td> England </Td> <Td> 32 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ul> <Li> a.e.t. : after extra time </Li> <Li> PSO : after penalty shoot - out </Li> <Li> TBD : to be determined </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dt> Notes </Dt> </Dl> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ There was no official World Cup Third place match in 1930 ; The United States and Yugoslavia lost in the semi-finals . FIFA now recognises the United States as the third - placed team and Yugoslavia as the fourth - placed team , using the overall records of the teams in the tournament . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Austria withdrew after the draw as a result of the Anschluss with Germany : some Austrian players subsequently joined the German squad , leaving the tournament with 15 teams . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : There was no official World Cup final match in 1950 . The tournament winner was decided by a final round - robin group contested by four teams ( Uruguay , Brazil , Sweden , and Spain ) . Coincidentally , one of the last two matches of the tournament pitted the two top ranked teams against each other , with Uruguay 's 2 -- 1 victory over Brazil thus often being considered as the de facto final of the 1950 World Cup . Likewise , the game between the lowest ranked teams , played at the same time as Uruguay vs Brazil , can be considered equal to a Third place match , with Sweden 's 3 -- 1 victory over Spain ensuring that they finished third . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Only 13 teams played the 1950 FIFA World Cup . 16 teams entered the seeding groups draw . However , Turkey and Scotland both withdrew before the draw ; France ( eliminated in qualifying ) was invited as a replacement , leaving the tournament to be held with 15 teams . After the draw , India and France both withdrew , so only 13 teams participated in the tournament . </Li> </Ol> <P> In all , 79 nations have played in at least one World Cup . Of these , eight national teams have won the World Cup , and they have added stars to their badges , with each star representing a World Cup victory . ( Uruguay , however , choose to display four stars on their badge , representing their two gold medals at the 1924 and 1928 Summer Olympics and their two World Cup titles in 1930 and 1950 ) . </P> <P> With five titles , Brazil are the most successful World Cup team and also the only nation to have played in every World Cup ( 21 ) to date . Brazil were also the first team to win the World Cup for the third ( 1970 ) , fourth ( 1994 ) and fifth ( 2002 ) time . Italy ( 1934 and 1938 ) and Brazil ( 1958 and 1962 ) are the only nations to have won consecutive titles . West Germany ( 1982 -- 1990 ) and Brazil ( 1994 -- 2002 ) are the only nations to appear in three consecutive World Cup finals . Germany has made the most top - four finishes ( 13 ) , medals ( 12 ) , as well as the most finals ( 8 ) . </P> Map of countries ' best results <H3> Teams reaching the top four </H3> See also : National team appearances in the FIFA World Cup § Comprehensive team results by tournament <Table> Teams reaching the top four <Tr> <Th> Team </Th> <Th> Titles </Th> <Th> Runners - up </Th> <Th> Third place </Th> <Th> Fourth place </Th> <Th> Top 4 Finishes </Th> <Th> Top 3 Finishes </Th> <Th> Top 2 Finishes </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Brazil </Td> <Td> 5 ( 1958 , 1962 , 1970 , 1994 , 2002 ) </Td> <Td> 2 ( 1950 * , 1998 ) </Td> <Td> 2 ( 1938 , 1978 ) </Td> <Td> 2 ( 1974 , 2014 * ) </Td> <Td> 11 </Td> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Germany ^ </Td> <Td> 4 ( 1954 , 1974 * , 1990 , 2014 ) </Td> <Td> 4 ( 1966 , 1982 , 1986 , 2002 ) </Td> <Td> 4 ( 1934 , 1970 , 2006 * , 2010 ) </Td> <Td> 1 ( 1958 ) </Td> <Td> 13 </Td> <Td> 12 </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Italy </Td> <Td> 4 ( 1934 * , 1938 , 1982 , 2006 ) </Td> <Td> 2 ( 1970 , 1994 ) </Td> <Td> 1 ( 1990 * ) </Td> <Td> 1 ( 1978 ) </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Argentina </Td> <Td> 2 ( 1978 * , 1986 ) </Td> <Td> 3 ( 1930 , 1990 , 2014 ) </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> France </Td> <Td> 2 ( 1998 * , 2018 ) </Td> <Td> 1 ( 2006 ) </Td> <Td> 2 ( 1958 , 1986 ) </Td> <Td> 1 ( 1982 ) </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Uruguay </Td> <Td> 2 ( 1930 * , 1950 ) </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 3 ( 1954 , 1970 , 2010 ) </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> England </Td> <Td> 1 ( 1966 * ) </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 2 ( 1990 , 2018 ) </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Spain </Td> <Td> 1 ( 2010 ) </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1 ( 1950 ) </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Netherlands </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 3 ( 1974 , 1978 , 2010 ) </Td> <Td> 1 ( 2014 ) </Td> <Td> 1 ( 1998 ) </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Hungary </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 2 ( 1938 , 1954 ) </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Czechoslovakia </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 2 ( 1934 , 1962 ) </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Sweden </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1 ( 1958 * ) </Td> <Td> 2 ( 1950 , 1994 ) </Td> <Td> 1 ( 1938 ) </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Croatia </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1 ( 2018 ) </Td> <Td> 1 ( 1998 ) </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Poland </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 2 ( 1974 , 1982 ) </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Austria </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1 ( 1954 ) </Td> <Td> 1 ( 1934 ) </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Portugal </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1 ( 1966 ) </Td> <Td> 1 ( 2006 ) </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Belgium </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1 ( 2018 ) </Td> <Td> 1 ( 1986 ) </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1 ( 1930 ) </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Chile </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1 ( 1962 * ) </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Turkey </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1 ( 2002 ) </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Yugoslavia </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 2 ( 1930 , 1962 ) </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Soviet Union </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1 ( 1966 ) </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Bulgaria </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1 ( 1994 ) </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> South Korea </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1 ( 2002 * ) </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Dl> <Dd> * = hosts </Dd> <Dd> ^ = includes results representing West Germany between 1954 and 1990 </Dd> <Dd> # = states that have since split into two or more independent nations </Dd> </Dl> <H3> Best performances by continental zones </H3> See also : FIFA World Cup results by confederation <P> To date , the final of the World Cup has only been contested by teams from the UEFA ( Europe ) and CONMEBOL ( South America ) confederations . European nations have won twelve titles , while South American have won nine . Only two teams from outside these two continents have ever reached the semi-finals of the competition : United States ( North , Central America and Caribbean ) in 1930 and South Korea ( Asia ) in 2002 . The best result of an African team is reaching the quarter - finals : Cameroon in 1990 , Senegal in 2002 and Ghana in 2010 . Only one Oceanian qualifier , Australia in 2006 , has advanced to the second round . </P> <P> Brazil , Argentina , Spain and Germany are the only teams to win a World Cup outside their continental confederation ; Brazil came out victorious in Europe ( 1958 ) , North America ( 1970 and 1994 ) and Asia ( 2002 ) . Argentina won a World Cup in North America in 1986 , while Spain won in Africa in 2010 . In 2014 , Germany became the first European team to win in the Americas . Only on five occasions have consecutive World Cups been won by teams from the same continent , and currently it is the first time with four champions in a row from the same continental confederation . Italy and Brazil successfully defended their titles in 1938 and 1962 respectively , while Italy 's triumph in 2006 has been followed by wins for Spain in 2010 , Germany in 2014 and France in 2018 . Currently , it is also the first time that one of the currently winning continents ( Europe ) is ahead of the other ( South America ) by more than one championship . </P> <Table> Total times teams qualified by confederation <Tr> <Th> Confederation </Th> <Th> AFC </Th> <Th> CAF </Th> <Th> CONCACAF </Th> <Th> CONMEBOL </Th> <Th> OFC </Th> <Th> UEFA </Th> <Th> Total </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Teams </Td> <Td> 37 </Td> <Td> 44 </Td> <Td> 42 </Td> <Td> 85 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 245 </Td> <Td> 457 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Top 16 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> 14 </Td> <Td> 35 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 91 </Td> <Td> 156 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Top 8 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> 34 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 100 </Td> <Td> 144 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Top 4 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 22 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 60 </Td> <Td> 84 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Top 2 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 14 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 28 </Td> <Td> 42 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1st </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 12 </Td> <Td> 21 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2nd </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 16 </Td> <Td> 21 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 3rd </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 17 </Td> <Td> 21 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 4th </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 15 </Td> <Td> 21 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Awards </H2> Main article : FIFA World Cup awards <P> At the end of each World Cup , awards are presented to the players and teams for accomplishments other than their final team positions in the tournament . There are currently six awards : </P> <Ul> <Li> The Golden Ball for the best player , determined by a vote of media members ( first awarded in 1982 ) ; the Silver Ball and the Bronze Ball are awarded to the players finishing second and third in the voting respectively ; </Li> <Li> The Golden Boot ( sometimes called the Golden Shoe ) for the top goalscorer ( first awarded in 1982 , but retrospectively applied to all tournaments from 1930 ) ; most recently , the Silver Boot and the Bronze Boot have been awarded to the second and third top goalscorers respectively ; </Li> <Li> The Golden Glove Award ( formerly the Yashin Award ) for the best goalkeeper , decided by the FIFA Technical Study Group ( first awarded in 1994 ) ; </Li> <Li> The Best Young Player Award for the best player aged 21 or younger at the start of the calendar year , decided by the FIFA Technical Study Group ( first awarded in 2006 ) ; </Li> <Li> The FIFA Fair Play Trophy for the team with the best record of fair play , according to the points system and criteria established by the FIFA Fair Play Committee ( first awarded in 1978 ) ; </Li> <Li> The Most Entertaining Team for the team that has entertained the public the most during the World Cup , determined by a poll of the general public ( first awarded in 1994 ) ; </Li> </Ul> <P> An All - Star Team consisting of the best players of the tournament has also been announced for each tournament since 1998 . </P> <H2> Records and Statistics </H2> Main article : List of FIFA World Cup records See also : List of FIFA World Cup winners Lothar Matthäus played a record 25 World Cup matches across a joint record five tournaments . <P> Three players share the record for playing in the most World Cups ; Mexico 's Antonio Carbajal ( 1950 -- 1966 ) and Rafael Márquez ( 2002 - 2018 ) ; and Germany 's Lothar Matthäus ( 1982 -- 1998 ) all played in five tournaments . Matthäus has played the most World Cup matches overall , with 25 appearances . Brazil 's Djalma Santos ( 1954 -- 1962 ) , West Germany 's Franz Beckenbauer ( 1966 -- 1974 ) and Germany 's Philipp Lahm ( 2006 -- 2014 ) are the only players to be named to three Finals All - Star Teams . </P> <P> Miroslav Klose of Germany ( 2002 -- 2014 ) is the all - time top scorer at the finals , with 16 goals . He broke Ronaldo of Brazil 's record of 15 goals ( 1998 -- 2006 ) during 2014 semi-final match against Brazil . West Germany 's Gerd Müller ( 1970 -- 1974 ) is third , with 14 goals . The fourth placed goalscorer , France 's Just Fontaine , holds the record for the most goals scored in a single World Cup ; all his 13 goals were scored in the 1958 tournament . </P> <P> In November 2007 , FIFA announced that all members of World Cup - winning squads between 1930 and 1974 were to be retroactively awarded winners ' medals . This made Brazil 's Pelé the only player to have won three World Cup winners ' medals ( 1958 , 1962 , and 1970 , although he did not play in the 1962 final due to injury ) , with 20 other players who have won two winners ' medals . Seven players have collected all three types of World Cup medals ( winners ' , runner - ups ' , and third - place ) ; five players were from West Germany 's squad of 1966 -- 1974 including Franz Beckenbauer , Jürgen Grabowski , Horst - Dieter Höttges , Sepp Maier and Wolfgang Overath ( 1966 -- 1974 ) , Italy 's Franco Baresi ( 1982 , 1990 , 1994 ) and the most recent has been Miroslav Klose of Germany ( 2002 -- 2014 ) with four consecutive medals . </P> <P> Brazil 's Mário Zagallo , West Germany 's Franz Beckenbauer and France 's Didier Deschamps are the only people to date to win the World Cup as both player and head coach . Zagallo won in 1958 and 1962 as a player and in 1970 as head coach . Beckenbauer won in 1974 as captain and in 1990 as head coach , and Deschamps repeated the feat in 2018 . Italy 's Vittorio Pozzo is the only head coach to ever win two World Cups ( 1934 and 1938 ) . All World Cup winning head coaches were natives of the country they coached to victory . </P> <P> Among the national teams , Germany and Brazil have played the most World Cup matches ( 109 ) , Germany appeared in the most finals ( 8 ) , semi-finals ( 13 ) , quarter - finals ( 16 ) , while Brazil has appeared in the most World Cups ( 21 ) , has the most wins ( 73 ) and has scored the most goals ( 229 ) . The two teams have played each other twice in the World Cup , in the 2002 final and in the 2014 semi-final . </P> <H3> Top goalscorers </H3> Main article : FIFA World Cup top goalscorers Miroslav Klose scored a record 16 goals across four World Cups . <Table> Players with more than 10 goals at World Cup tournaments <Tr> <Th> Rank </Th> <Th> Nation </Th> <Th> Player </Th> <Th> Goals scored </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Miroslav Klose </Td> <Td> 16 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Ronaldo </Td> <Td> 15 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Gerd Müller </Td> <Td> 14 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Just Fontaine </Td> <Td> 13 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Pelé </Td> <Td> 12 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Jürgen Klinsmann </Td> <Td> 11 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Sándor Kocsis </Td> <Td> 11 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> All - time table for champions </H3> Main article : All - time table of the FIFA World Cup <Table> <Tr> <Th> Position </Th> <Th> Name of Team </Th> <Th> Participations </Th> <Th> Pld </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th> GF </Th> <Th> GA </Th> <Th> GD </Th> <Th> Pts </Th> <Th> Avg Pts </Th> <Th> Trophies </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Brazil </Td> <Td> 21 </Td> <Td> 109 </Td> <Td> 73 </Td> <Td> 18 </Td> <Td> 18 </Td> <Td> 229 </Td> <Td> 105 </Td> <Td> 124 </Td> <Td> 237 </Td> <Td> 2.17 </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Germany </Td> <Td> 19 </Td> <Td> 109 </Td> <Td> 67 </Td> <Td> 20 </Td> <Td> 22 </Td> <Td> 226 </Td> <Td> 125 </Td> <Td> 101 </Td> <Td> 221 </Td> <Td> 2.03 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Italy </Td> <Td> 18 </Td> <Td> 83 </Td> <Td> 45 </Td> <Td> 21 </Td> <Td> 17 </Td> <Td> 128 </Td> <Td> 77 </Td> <Td> 51 </Td> <Td> 156 </Td> <Td> 1.88 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Argentina </Td> <Td> 17 </Td> <Td> 81 </Td> <Td> 43 </Td> <Td> 15 </Td> <Td> 23 </Td> <Td> 137 </Td> <Td> 93 </Td> <Td> 44 </Td> <Td> 144 </Td> <Td> 1.78 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> France </Td> <Td> 15 </Td> <Td> 66 </Td> <Td> 34 </Td> <Td> 13 </Td> <Td> 19 </Td> <Td> 120 </Td> <Td> 77 </Td> <Td> 43 </Td> <Td> 115 </Td> <Td> 1.74 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> England </Td> <Td> 15 </Td> <Td> 69 </Td> <Td> 29 </Td> <Td> 21 </Td> <Td> 19 </Td> <Td> 91 </Td> <Td> 64 </Td> <Td> 27 </Td> <Td> 108 </Td> <Td> 1.59 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> Spain </Td> <Td> 15 </Td> <Td> 63 </Td> <Td> 30 </Td> <Td> 15 </Td> <Td> 18 </Td> <Td> 99 </Td> <Td> 72 </Td> <Td> 27 </Td> <Td> 105 </Td> <Td> 1.67 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> Uruguay </Td> <Td> 13 </Td> <Td> 56 </Td> <Td> 24 </Td> <Td> 12 </Td> <Td> 20 </Td> <Td> 87 </Td> <Td> 74 </Td> <Td> 13 </Td> <Td> 84 </Td> <Td> 1.50 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> See also </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Book : FIFA World Cup </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ul> <Li> Association football portal </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wikinews has related news : FIFA receives eleven bids for 2018 and 2022 World Cups </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wikimedia Commons has media related to FIFA World Cup . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ul> <Li> List of FIFA World Cup finals </Li> <Li> FIFA World Cup referees </Li> <Li> National team appearances in the FIFA World Cup </Li> <Li> FIFA U-20 World Cup </Li> <Li> FIFA U-17 World Cup </Li> <Li> FIFA Club World Cup </Li> <Li> FIFA Women 's World Cup </Li> <Li> FIFA Beach Soccer World Cup </Li> <Li> FIFA Futsal World Cup </Li> <Li> FIFA Confederations Cup </Li> </Ul> <H2> Notes and references </H2> <Ol> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` 2006 FIFA World Cup broadcast wider , longer and farther than ever before '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 6 February 2007 . Retrieved 11 October 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Tom Dunmore , Historical Dictionary of Soccer , page 235 , quote `` The World Cup is now the most - watched sporting event in the world on television , above even the Olympic Games . '' </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Stephen Dobson and John Goddard , The Economics of Football , page 407 , quote `` The World Cup is the most widely viewed sporting event in the world : the estimated cumulative television audience for the 2006 World Cup in Germany was 26.2 billion , an average of 409 million viewers per match . '' </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Glenn M. Wong , The Comprehensive Guide to Careers in Sports , page 144 , quote `` The World Cup is the most - watched sporting event in the world . In 2006 , more than 30 billion viewers in 214 countries watched the World Cup on television , and more than 3.3 million spectators attended the 64 matches of the tournament . '' </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` England National Football Team Match No. 1 '' . England Football Online . Retrieved 19 November 2007 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` British PM backs return of Home Nations championship '' . Agence France - Presse . Retrieved 16 December 2007 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Elbech , Søren ; Stokkermans , Karel ( 26 June 2008 ) . `` Intermediate Games of the IV . Olympiad '' . rec. sport. soccer Statistics Foundation . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` History of FIFA -- FIFA takes shape '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . Retrieved 12 July 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` ' The First World Cup ' . The Sir Thomas Lipton Trophy '' . Shrewsbury and Atcham Borough Council . 10 October 2003 . Archived from the original on 29 November 2003 . Retrieved 11 April 2006 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` History of FIFA -- More associations follow '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . Retrieved 12 July 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Reyes , Macario ( 18 October 1999 ) . `` VII . Olympiad Antwerp 1920 Football Tournament '' . rec. sport. soccer Statistics Foundation . Retrieved 10 June 2006 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` History of FIFA -- The first FIFA World Cup '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . Retrieved 12 July 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Molinaro , John F. `` The World Cup 's 1st goal scorer '' . CBC . Retrieved 12 July 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` FIFA World Cup Origin '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 14 June 2010 . Retrieved 19 November 2007 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Olympic Odyssey so far ... ( Part 1 : 1908 -- 1964 ) '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 9 June 2004 . Retrieved 12 July 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Los datos más curiosos de la Fiesta del Fútbol - Brasil 1950 '' . Archived from the original on 1 July 2012 . Retrieved 17 April 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Scotland and the 1950 World Cup '' . BBC . Retrieved 13 May 2007 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Glanville </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Glanville , p45 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Glanville , p238 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Glanville , p359 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Record number of 204 teams enter preliminary competition '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . Retrieved 12 July 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Whittaker , James ( 23 October 2013 ) . `` Caribbean pro league can work '' . Cayman Islands : CompassCayman.com . Retrieved 28 October 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Blatter , Sepp ( 25 October 2013 ) . `` A level playing field for Africa ! '' ( PDF ) . FIFA Weekly . p. 29 . Retrieved 28 October 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Morley , Gary ( 25 October 2013 ) . `` Sepp Blatter calls for more African nations at World Cup finals '' . CNN . Retrieved 28 October 2013 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Dickinson , Matt ( 28 October 2013 ) . `` Michel Platini sets out his plan for the new world order '' . The Times . Retrieved 28 October 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ World Cup could expand to 48 teams , Fifa 's Gianni Infantino suggests - The Guardian , 3 October 2016 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Ab 2026 : 48 Teams - Fifa vergrößert die WM '' . SPIEGEL ONLINE . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ No byline ( 3 December 2015 ) . `` The FIFA Investigation , Explained '' . New York Times . New York , NY , USA . Retrieved 3 December 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ McLaughlin , Eliott C. ; Botelho , Greg ( 28 May 2015 ) . `` FIFA corruption probe targets ' World Cup of fraud , ' IRS chief says '' . CNN . Cable News Network . Turner Broadcasting System , Inc . Retrieved 3 December 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Fifa crisis : US charges 16 more officials after earlier Zurich arrests '' . BBC News . 4 December 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Blazer : Bribes accepted for 1998 and 2010 World Cups - Telegraph '' . Telegraph.co.uk. 3 June 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Swiss police seize IT data from Fifa headquarters '' , The BBC , 10 June 2015 . Retrieved 10 June 2015 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Fifa World Cup 2026 bidding process delayed '' . BBC Sport. 10 June 2015 . Retrieved 10 June 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Associated Press ( 8 October 2015 ) . `` Sepp Blatter , Michel Platini handed 90 - day FIFA suspensions '' . CBC Sports . CBC / Radio Canada . Retrieved 3 December 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Ruiz , Rebecca ( 3 December 2015 ) . `` FIFA Corruption : Top Officials Arrested at Zurich Hotel '' . New York Times . New York , USA . Retrieved 3 December 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ no byline ( 3 December 2015 ) . `` Fifa crisis : US charges 16 more officials after earlier Zurich arrests '' . BBC Sport . BBC . Retrieved 3 December 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` FIFA Women 's World Cup '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . Retrieved 22 December 2007 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` We Are the World ... Cup '' Archived 9 September 2017 at the Wayback Machine ... China Post . Retrieved 8 September 2017 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Regulations Men 's Olympic Football Tournament 2008 '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 27 February 2008 . Retrieved 22 December 2007 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` FIFA Confederations Cup '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . Retrieved 22 December 2007 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` FIFA Task Force for Women 's Football proposes a FIFA Women 's Club World Cup '' . fifa.com . Retrieved 8 September 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` FIFA Women 's World Cup next up for Canada in 2015 '' . CBC Sports . Retrieved 8 September 2017 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Jules Rimet Cup '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . Retrieved 12 July 2014 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` FIFA World Cup TM Trophy '' . FIFA.com. 24 June 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` FIFA World Cup Trophy '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . Retrieved 12 July 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` FIFA Assets -- Trophy '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . Archived from the original on 4 November 2007 . Retrieved 19 November 2007 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` 122 forgotten heroes get World Cup medals '' . ESPNSoccernet.com . ESPN . 25 November 2007 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` World Cup 1966 winners honoured '' . BBC Sport. 10 June 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Jimmy Greaves finally gets his 1966 World Cup medal '' . Mirror.co.uk . MGN . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` FIFA World Cup qualifying : Treasure - trove of the weird and wonderful '' . FIFA . Retrieved 23 December 2007 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 2010 World Cup Qualifying '' . ESPNSoccernet.com . ESPN . 26 November 2009 . Archived from the original on 16 December 2008 . Retrieved 23 December 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` History of the FIFA World Cup Preliminary Competition ( by year ) '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 14 June 2010 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Formats of the FIFA World Cup final competitions 1930 -- 2010 '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . Retrieved 1 January 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` FIFA World Cup : seeded teams 1930 -- 2010 '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . Retrieved 12 May 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Previously , due to there being fewer finals places and a bigger ratio of European finalists , there had been several occasions where three European teams were in a single group , for example , 1986 ( West Germany , Scotland , and Denmark ) , 1990 ( Italy , Czechoslovakia , and Austria ) , and 1994 ( Italy , Republic of Ireland , and Norway ) . ( `` History of the World Cup Final Draw '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . Retrieved 12 May 2014. ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ This practice has been installed since the 1986 FIFA World Cup . In some cases during previous tournaments , for example , Argentina 6 -- 0 Peru in Argentina 1978 and West Germany 1 -- 0 Austria in Spain 1982 , teams that played the latter match were perceived to gain an unfair advantage by knowing the score of the earlier match , and subsequently obtaining a result that ensured advancement to the next stage . ( `` 1978 Argentina '' . CBC. ; `` 1982 Spain '' . CBC. ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Regulations - 2018 FIFA World Cup Russia '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . p. 43 . Retrieved 24 June 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Turner , Stephen ( 10 January 2017 ) . `` FIFA approves 48 - team World Cup '' . Sky Sports News . Retrieved 10 January 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Uruguay 1930 '' . BBC Sport. 11 April 2002 . Retrieved 13 May 2006 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` France 1938 '' . BBC Sport. 17 April 2002 . Retrieved 13 May 2006 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Asia takes World Cup center stage '' . CNN . 3 June 2002 . Retrieved 1 January 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Brazil will stage 2014 World Cup '' . BBC Sport. 10 October 2007 . Retrieved 1 January 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Gibson , Owen ( 2 December 2010 ) . `` England beaten as Russia win 2018 World Cup bid '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 8 September 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Jackson , Jamie ( 2 December 2010 ) . `` Qatar win 2022 World Cup bid '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 8 September 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Rotation ends in 2018 '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 29 October 2007 . Retrieved 30 March 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Collett , Mike ( 30 October 2007 ) , `` Brazil officially named 2014 World Cup hosts '' . Reuters . Retrieved 6 July 2018 </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` World Cup 2026 : Canada , US & Mexico joint bid wins right to host tournament '' . BBC Sport. 13 June 2018 . Retrieved 13 June 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` World Cup 1974 - West Germany win on home soil '' . BBC . Retrieved 2 December 2017 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bevan , Chris . `` France 1 - 2 South Africa '' . BBC . Retrieved 2 December 2017 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` World Cup Rewind : Largest attendance at a match in the 1950 Brazil final '' . Guinness World Records . 12 June 2018 . Retrieved 4 July 2018 . Officially , 173,850 paid spectators crammed into Rio de Janeiro 's Maracanã Stadium on July 16 ( ... ) Some estimates have even pegged the attendance as high as 199,000 or 210,000 unofficially </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` FIFA World Cup competition records '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . p. 2 . Retrieved 30 January 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Socceroos face major challenge : Hiddink '' . ABC Sport. 10 December 2005 . Archived from the original on 30 April 2006 . Retrieved 13 May 2006 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` FIFA Financial Report 2014 : Frequently Asked Questions '' . FIFA.com. 9 December 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` FIFA Assets -- Mascots '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . Archived from the original on 4 November 2007 . Retrieved 19 November 2007 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Footballs during the FIFA World Cup '' . Football Facts . FIFA . Retrieved 6 July 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Brachfeld , Aaron ( 2 December 2015 ) . `` World Cup affects sex ratio in newborns '' . the Loka Review ( November 2015 ) . Loka Hatha Yoga . Retrieved 24 November 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Masukume , Gwinyai . `` Possible Effect of the World Cup on Births '' . Improbable Research . Harvard University . Retrieved 2 December 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Masukume , Gwinyai . `` The sex ratio at birth in South Africa increased 9 months after the 2010 FIFA World Cup '' . Early Human Development . Journal of Early Human Development . Retrieved 2 December 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 1930 FIFA World Cup '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . Retrieved 5 March 2009 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` 1950 FIFA World Cup '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . Retrieved 5 March 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` FIFA World Cup Finals since 1930 '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . Retrieved 5 March 2009 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : FIFA considers that the national team of Russia succeeds the USSR , the national team of Serbia succeeds the Yugoslavia / Serbia and Montenegro , and the national team of Czech Republic succeeds the Czechoslovakia . ( `` Russia '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . ; `` Serbia '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . ; `` Czech Republic '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . Retrieved 12 May 2014 . ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Brazil '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . Retrieved 12 May 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Australia 's qualification in 2006 was through the Oceanian zone as they were a member of the OFC member during qualifying . However , on 1 January 2006 , they left the Oceania Football Confederation and joined the Asian Football Confederation . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` FIFA World Cup awards '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 30 June 2016 . Retrieved 5 March 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Golden Ball for Zinedine Zidane '' . Soccerway. 10 July 2006 . Retrieved 31 December 2007 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` adidas Golden Shoe -- FIFA World Cup Final '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . Retrieved 12 July 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Kahn named top keeper '' . BBC Sport. 30 June 2002 . Retrieved 31 December 2007 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Pierrend , José Luis ( 18 May 2007 ) . `` FIFA Awards '' . rec. sport. soccer Statistics Foundation . Archived from the original on 12 January 2016 . Retrieved 8 January 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Yannis , Alex ( 10 November 1999 ) . `` Matthaus Is the Latest MetroStars Savior '' . New York Times . Retrieved 23 December 2007 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` World Cup Hall of Fame : Lothar Matthaeus '' . CNN . Archived from the original on 27 December 2013 . Retrieved 23 December 2007 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Downie , Andrew ( 24 July 2013 ) . `` Brazil 's twice World Cup winner Djalma Santos dies at 84 '' . Reuters . Retrieved 12 July 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Chowdhury , Saj ( 27 June 2006 ) . `` Ronaldo 's riposte '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 23 December 2007 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Goal machine was Just superb '' . BBC Sport. 4 April 2002 . Retrieved 23 December 2007 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kirby , Gentry ( 5 July 2006 ) . `` Pele , King of Futbol '' . ESPN . Archived from the original on 16 December 2008 . Retrieved 23 December 2007 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Brazil , Germany & Every World Cup Winner from 1930 to 2014 '' . Goal. 13 May 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Hughes , Rob ( 11 March 1998 ) . `` No Alternative to Victory for National Coach : 150 Million Brazilians Keep Heat on Zagalo '' . International Herald Tribune . Archived from the original on 26 February 2008 . Retrieved 31 December 2007 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Brewin , John ( 21 December 2001 ) . `` World Cup Legends -- Franz Beckenbauer '' . ESPNSoccernet.com . ESPN . Archived from the original on 19 November 2009 . Retrieved 31 December 2007 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Cross , Jeremy ( 15 July 2018 ) . `` France boss Didier Deschamps makes history with World Cup final victory over Croatia '' . Daily Star . Retrieved 15 July 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 1938 World Cup : Italy repeats as champions '' . CBC. 21 November 2009 . Retrieved 12 July 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Curse of the Foreign - Born Coach '' . Wall Street Journal . 13 May 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` World Football -- All time table '' . World Football . Retrieved 13 July 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Brazil pass Germany as all - time top scorers at the World Cup '' . ESPN . Retrieved 10 July 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Five Aside : Germany - Brazil preview '' . ESPN . 13 May 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ includes results of West Germany from 1954 to 1990 </Li> </Ol> <H2> Bibliography </H2> <Ul> <Li> Glanville , Brian ( 2005 ) . The Story of the World Cup . Faber . ISBN 0 - 571 - 22944 - 1 . </Li> </Ul> <H2> External links </H2> <Ul> <Li> Official website </Li> <Li> Previous FIFA World Cups </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> FIFA World Cup </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Tournaments </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Uruguay 1930 </Li> <Li> Italy 1934 </Li> <Li> France 1938 </Li> <Li> Brazil 1950 </Li> <Li> Switzerland 1954 </Li> <Li> Sweden 1958 </Li> <Li> Chile 1962 </Li> <Li> England 1966 </Li> <Li> Mexico 1970 </Li> <Li> West Germany 1974 </Li> <Li> Argentina 1978 </Li> <Li> Spain 1982 </Li> <Li> Mexico 1986 </Li> <Li> Italy 1990 </Li> <Li> United States 1994 </Li> <Li> France 1998 </Li> <Li> South Korea -- Japan 2002 </Li> <Li> Germany 2006 </Li> <Li> South Africa 2010 </Li> <Li> Brazil 2014 </Li> <Li> Russia 2018 </Li> <Li> Qatar 2022 </Li> <Li> Canada -- Mexico -- United States 2026 </Li> <Li> 2030 </Li> <Li> 2034 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Qualification </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 1930 </Li> <Li> 1934 </Li> <Li> 1938 </Li> <Li> 1950 </Li> <Li> 1954 </Li> <Li> 1958 </Li> <Li> 1962 </Li> <Li> 1966 </Li> <Li> 1970 </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> 1978 </Li> <Li> 1982 </Li> <Li> 1986 </Li> <Li> 1990 </Li> <Li> 1994 </Li> <Li> 1998 </Li> <Li> 2002 </Li> <Li> 2006 </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> 2014 </Li> <Li> 2018 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Finals </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 1930 </Li> <Li> 1934 </Li> <Li> 1938 </Li> <Li> 1950 </Li> <Li> 1954 </Li> <Li> 1958 </Li> <Li> 1962 </Li> <Li> 1966 </Li> <Li> 1970 </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> 1978 </Li> <Li> 1982 </Li> <Li> 1986 </Li> <Li> 1990 </Li> <Li> 1994 </Li> <Li> 1998 </Li> <Li> 2002 </Li> <Li> 2006 </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> 2014 </Li> <Li> 2018 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Squads </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 1930 </Li> <Li> 1934 </Li> <Li> 1938 </Li> <Li> 1950 </Li> <Li> 1954 </Li> <Li> 1958 </Li> <Li> 1962 </Li> <Li> 1966 </Li> <Li> 1970 </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> 1978 </Li> <Li> 1982 </Li> <Li> 1986 </Li> <Li> 1990 </Li> <Li> 1994 </Li> <Li> 1998 </Li> <Li> 2002 </Li> <Li> 2006 </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> 2014 </Li> <Li> 2018 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Seedings </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 1998 </Li> <Li> 2002 </Li> <Li> 2006 </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> 2014 </Li> <Li> 2018 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Broadcasters </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 1998 </Li> <Li> 2002 </Li> <Li> 2006 </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> 2014 </Li> <Li> 2018 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Bids </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 2014 </Li> <Li> 2018 and 2022 </Li> <Li> 2026 </Li> <Li> 2030 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Statistics </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 2002 </Li> <Li> 2006 </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> 2014 </Li> <Li> 2018 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Disciplinary record </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 1994 </Li> <Li> 1998 </Li> <Li> 2002 </Li> <Li> 2006 </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> 2014 </Li> <Li> 2018 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Team appearances </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> AFC </Li> <Li> CAF </Li> <Li> CONCACAF </Li> <Li> CONMEBOL </Li> <Li> OFC </Li> <Li> UEFA </Li> <Li> Teams with no appearances </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Overall records </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> All - time table </Li> <Li> Goalscorers <Ul> <Li> top goalscorers </Li> <Li> finals goalscorers </Li> <Li> hat - tricks </Li> <Li> own goals </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Penalty shoot - outs </Li> <Li> Player appearances </Li> <Li> Red cards </Li> <Li> Referees </Li> <Li> Winners </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Miscellaneous </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Openings </Li> <Li> Stadiums </Li> <Li> Awards </Li> <Li> Balls </Li> <Li> Economics </Li> <Li> Final draw </Li> <Li> History </Li> <Li> Hosts </Li> <Li> Mascots </Li> <Li> Official films </Li> <Li> Official anthems & songs </Li> <Li> Organisers </Li> <Li> Trophy </Li> <Li> Video games </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Notes : There was no qualification for the 1930 World Cup as places were given by invitation only . In 1950 , there was no final ; the article is about the decisive match of the final group stage . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> FIFA World Cup champions </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> 1930 : Uruguay </Li> <Li> 1934 : Italy </Li> <Li> 1938 : Italy </Li> <Li> 1950 : Uruguay </Li> <Li> 1954 : West Germany </Li> <Li> 1958 : Brazil </Li> <Li> 1962 : Brazil </Li> <Li> 1966 : England </Li> <Li> 1970 : Brazil </Li> <Li> 1974 : West Germany </Li> <Li> 1978 : Argentina </Li> <Li> 1982 : Italy </Li> <Li> 1986 : Argentina </Li> <Li> 1990 : West Germany </Li> <Li> 1994 : Brazil </Li> <Li> 1998 : France </Li> <Li> 2002 : Brazil </Li> <Li> 2006 : Italy </Li> <Li> 2010 : Spain </Li> <Li> 2014 : Germany </Li> <Li> 2018 : France </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> FIFA World Cup symbols </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Albums ( official ) </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 1994 : Gloryland </Li> <Li> 1998 : Allez ! Ola ! Ole ! </Li> <Li> 2002 : The Official Album </Li> <Li> 2006 : Voices </Li> <Li> 2010 : Listen Up ! </Li> <Li> 2014 : One Love , One Rhythm </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Anthems ( official ) </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 1998 : `` La Cour des Grands ( Do You Mind If I Play ) '' </Li> <Li> 2002 : `` Anthem '' </Li> <Li> 2006 : `` Celebrate the Day '' </Li> <Li> 2010 : `` Sign of a Victory '' </Li> <Li> 2014 : `` Dar um Jeito ( We Will Find a Way ) '' </Li> <Li> 2018 : `` Komanda '' </Li> <Li> 2022 : TBA </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Songs ( official ) </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 1962 : `` El Rock del Mundial '' </Li> <Li> 1966 : `` World Cup Willie ( Where in this World are We Going ) '' </Li> <Li> 1970 : `` Fútbol México 70 '' </Li> <Li> 1974 : `` Futbol '' </Li> <Li> 1978 : `` El Mundial '' </Li> <Li> 1982 : `` Mundial ' 82 '' </Li> <Li> 1986 : `` A Special Kind of Hero '' </Li> <Li> 1990 : `` Un'estate italiana '' </Li> <Li> 1994 : `` Gloryland '' </Li> <Li> 1998 : `` The Cup of Life '' </Li> <Li> 2002 : `` Boom '' </Li> <Li> 2006 : `` The Time of Our Lives '' </Li> <Li> 2010 : `` Waka Waka ( This Time for Africa ) '' </Li> <Li> 2014 : `` We Are One ( Ole Ola ) '' </Li> <Li> 2018 : `` Live It Up '' </Li> <Li> 2022 : TBA </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Films ( official ) </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 1954 : German Giants </Li> <Li> 1958 : Hinein ! </Li> <Li> 1962 : Viva Brazil </Li> <Li> 1966 : Goal ! </Li> <Li> 1970 : The World at Their Feet </Li> <Li> 1974 : Heading for glory </Li> <Li> 1978 : Campeones </Li> <Li> 1982 : G'olé ! </Li> <Li> 1986 : Hero </Li> <Li> 1990 : Soccer Shoot - Out </Li> <Li> 1994 : Two Billion Hearts </Li> <Li> 1998 : La Coupe de la Gloire </Li> <Li> 2002 : Seven Games from Glory </Li> <Li> 2006 : The Grand Finale </Li> <Li> 2010 : The Official 2010 FIFA World Cup Film in 3D </Li> <Li> 2014 : Brasil ! : FIFA World Cup Brazil </Li> <Li> 2018 : TBA </Li> <Li> 2022 : TBA </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Mascots ( official ) </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 1966 : World Cup Willie </Li> <Li> 1970 : Juanito </Li> <Li> 1974 : Tip and Tap </Li> <Li> 1978 : Gauchito </Li> <Li> 1982 : Naranjito </Li> <Li> 1986 : Pique </Li> <Li> 1990 : Ciao </Li> <Li> 1994 : Striker , the World Cup Pup </Li> <Li> 1998 : Footix </Li> <Li> 2002 : Ato , Kaz , and Nik </Li> <Li> 2006 : Goleo VI and Pille </Li> <Li> 2010 : Zakumi </Li> <Li> 2014 : Fuleco </Li> <Li> 2018 : Zabivaka </Li> <Li> 2022 : TBA </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Balls ( official ) </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 1970 : Telstar </Li> <Li> 1974 : Telstar Durlast </Li> <Li> 1978 : Tango Durlast </Li> <Li> 1982 : Tango España </Li> <Li> 1986 : Azteca </Li> <Li> 1990 : Etrusco Unico </Li> <Li> 1994 : Questra </Li> <Li> 1998 : Tricolore </Li> <Li> 2002 : Fevernova </Li> <Li> 2006 : + Teamgeist </Li> <Li> 2010 : Jabulani </Li> <Li> 2014 : Brazuca </Li> <Li> 2018 : Telstar 18 </Li> <Li> 2022 : TBA </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Video games </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 1986 : World Cup Carnival </Li> <Li> 1990 : World Cup Soccer : Italia ' 90 World Cup Italia ' 90 </Li> <Li> 1994 : World Cup USA ' 94 </Li> <Li> 1998 : World Cup 98 Jikkyou World Soccer : World Cup France ' 98 World Soccer Jikkyou Winning Eleven 3 : World Cup France ' 98 </Li> <Li> 2002 : 2002 FIFA World Cup </Li> <Li> 2006 : 2006 FIFA World Cup </Li> <Li> 2010 : 2010 FIFA World Cup South Africa </Li> <Li> 2014 : 2014 FIFA World Cup Brazil </Li> <Li> 2018 : FIFA 18 FIFA World Cup DLC </Li> <Li> 2022 : TBA </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Instruments </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 2010 : Vuvuzela </Li> <Li> 2014 : Caxirola </Li> <Li> 2018 : Spoon </Li> <Li> 2022 : TBA </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> FIFA </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> History of FIFA </Li> <Li> FIFA Anthem </Li> <Li> FIFA Congress </Li> <Li> FIFA Council </Li> <Li> FIFA Ethics Committee </Li> <Li> FIFA headquarters </Li> <Li> Football at the Summer Olympics </Li> <Li> List of football federations </Li> <Li> International Football Association Board </Li> <Li> Timeline of association football </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Football codes </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Association football </Li> <Li> Beach soccer </Li> <Li> Futsal </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Confederations </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> AFC </Li> <Li> CAF </Li> <Li> CONCACAF </Li> <Li> CONMEBOL </Li> <Li> OFC </Li> <Li> UEFA </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Men 's tournaments </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> FIFA World Cup </Li> <Li> FIFA Confederations Cup </Li> <Li> FIFA U-20 World Cup </Li> <Li> FIFA U-17 World Cup </Li> <Li> FIFA Club World Cup </Li> <Li> FIFA Futsal World Cup </Li> <Li> FIFA Beach Soccer World Cup </Li> <Li> Blue Stars / FIFA Youth Cup </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Women 's tournaments </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> FIFA Women 's World Cup </Li> <Li> FIFA U-20 Women 's World Cup </Li> <Li> FIFA U-17 Women 's World Cup </Li> <Li> FIFA Women 's Club World Cup </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Other tournaments </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> FIFA eWorld Cup </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Presidents </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Robert Guérin ( 1904 -- 1906 ) </Li> <Li> Daniel Burley Woolfall ( 1906 -- 1918 ) </Li> <Li> Jules Rimet ( 1921 -- 1954 ) </Li> <Li> Rodolphe Seeldrayers ( 1954 -- 1955 ) </Li> <Li> Arthur Drewry ( 1955 -- 1961 ) </Li> <Li> Stanley Rous ( 1961 -- 1974 ) </Li> <Li> João Havelange ( 1974 -- 1998 ) </Li> <Li> Sepp Blatter ( 1998 -- 2015 ) </Li> <Li> Issa Hayatou ( 2015 -- 2016 , acting ) </Li> <Li> Gianni Infantino ( 2016 -- present ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> General Secretaries </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Louis Muhlinghaus ( 1904 -- 1906 ) </Li> <Li> Wilhelm Hirschman ( 1906 -- 1931 ) </Li> <Li> Ivo Schricker ( 1932 -- 1951 ) </Li> <Li> Kurt Gassmann ( 1951 -- 1960 ) </Li> <Li> Helmut Käser ( 1961 -- 1981 ) </Li> <Li> Sepp Blatter ( 1981 -- 1998 ) </Li> <Li> Michel Zen - Ruffinen ( 1998 -- 2002 ) </Li> <Li> Urs Linsi ( 2002 -- 2007 ) </Li> <Li> Jérôme Valcke ( 2007 -- 2015 ) </Li> <Li> Markus Kattner ( 2015 -- 2016 , acting ) </Li> <Li> Fatma Samoura ( 2016 -- present ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Awards </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> FIFA 100 </Li> <Li> FIFA Ballon d'Or </Li> <Li> FIFA Club of the Century </Li> <Li> FIFA Development Award </Li> <Li> FIFA Fair Play Award </Li> <Li> FIFA Female Player of the Century </Li> <Li> FIFA FIFPro World XI </Li> <Li> FIFA Order of Merit </Li> <Li> FIFA Player of the Century </Li> <Li> FIFA Presidential Award </Li> <Li> FIFA Puskás Award </Li> <Li> FIFA Women 's World Cup awards </Li> <Li> FIFA World Coach of the Year </Li> <Li> FIFA World Cup All - Time Team </Li> <Li> FIFA World Cup Dream Team </Li> <Li> FIFA World Cup awards </Li> <Li> FIFA World Player of the Year </Li> <Li> The Best FIFA Football Awards </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Rankings </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> FIFA World Rankings </Li> <Li> ( Former systems : 1999 -- 2006 </Li> <Li> 2006 -- 2018 ) </Li> <Li> FIFA Women 's World Rankings </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Congresses </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 51st ( Paris 1998 ) </Li> <Li> 53rd ( Seoul 2002 ) </Li> <Li> 61st ( Zürich 2011 ) </Li> <Li> 65th ( Zürich 2015 ) </Li> <Li> Extraordinary ( Zürich 2016 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Corruption </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` FIFA 's Dirty Secrets '' </Li> <Li> Garcia Report </Li> <Li> 2015 FIFA corruption case </Li> <Li> List of banned football officials </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Others </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> FIFA ( video game series ) </Li> <Li> List of FIFA country codes </Li> <Li> FIFA Disciplinary Code </Li> <Li> FIFA Fan Fest </Li> <Li> FIFA Futbol Mundial </Li> <Li> FIFA eligibility rules </Li> <Li> FIFA International Match Calendar </Li> <Li> FIFA International Referees List </Li> <Li> FIFA Master </Li> <Li> FIFA Transfer Matching System </Li> <Li> FIFA World Cup Trophy </Li> <Li> Non-FIFA </Li> <Li> United Passions </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="3"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> World football championships </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="3"> <Ul> <Li> Football at the Summer Olympics </Li> <Li> Football at the Youth Olympics </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Men </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> National </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> FIFA World Cup </Li> <Li> FIFA Confederations Cup </Li> <Li> FIFA U-20 World Cup </Li> <Li> FIFA U-17 World Cup </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Club </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> FIFA Club World Cup ( Intercontinental Cup ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Women </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> National </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> FIFA Women 's World Cup </Li> <Li> FIFA U-20 Women 's World Cup </Li> <Li> FIFA U-17 Women 's World Cup </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Club </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> FIFA Women 's Club World Cup ( International Women 's Club Championship ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Variants </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> FIFA Futsal World Cup </Li> <Li> FIFA Beach Soccer World Cup </Li> <Li> FIFA eWorld Cup </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="3"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> International association football </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="3"> <Ul> <Li> FIFA </Li> <Li> Federations </Li> <Li> Teams </Li> <Li> Competitions </Li> <Li> World Cup <Ul> <Li> U-20 </Li> <Li> U-17 </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Confederations Cup </Li> <Li> Olympics </Li> <Li> Youth Olympics </Li> <Li> Universiade </Li> <Li> World Rankings </Li> <Li> The Best FIFA Football Awards </Li> <Li> Timeline of association football </Li> <Li> Comparison of association football and futsal </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Africa </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> CAF -- Africa Cup of Nations <Ul> <Li> U-23 </Li> <Li> U-20 </Li> <Li> U-17 </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Regional ( CECAFA , CEMAC , COSAFA , WAFU ) </Li> <Li> Intercontinental ( UAFA ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Asia </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> AFC -- Asian Cup <Ul> <Li> U-23 </Li> <Li> U-19 </Li> <Li> U-16 </Li> <Li> U-14 </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Regional ( ASEAN , EAFF , SAFF , CAFA , WAFF ) </Li> <Li> Intercontinental ( UAFA ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Europe </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> UEFA -- European Championship <Ul> <Li> U-21 </Li> <Li> U-19 </Li> <Li> U-17 </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Nations League </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> North America , Central America and the Caribbean </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> CONCACAF -- Gold Cup <Ul> <Li> U-20 </Li> <Li> U-17 </Li> <Li> U-15 </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Nations League </Li> <Li> Regional ( CFU , UNCAF ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Oceania </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> OFC -- Nations Cup <Ul> <Li> U-20 </Li> <Li> U-17 </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> South America </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> CONMEBOL -- Copa América <Ul> <Li> U-20 </Li> <Li> U-17 </Li> <Li> U-15 </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Non-FIFA </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> NF - Board -- Viva World Cup </Li> <Li> CONIFA -- ConIFA World Football Cup </Li> <Li> ConIFA European Football Cup </Li> <Li> IIGA -- Island Games </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Games </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> African Games </Li> <Li> Asian Games </Li> <Li> Central America </Li> <Li> Central America and Caribbean </Li> <Li> East Asian Games </Li> <Li> Francophonie Games </Li> <Li> Indian Ocean Island </Li> <Li> Lusophony Games </Li> <Li> Mediterranean Games </Li> <Li> Pan American Games </Li> <Li> Pan Arab Games </Li> <Li> Pacific Games </Li> <Li> South Asian Games </Li> <Li> Southeast Asian Games </Li> <Li> West Asian Games </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="3"> <Dl> <Dt> See also </Dt> <Dd> Geography </Dd> <Dd> Codes </Dd> <Dd> Player / Club of the Century </Dd> <Dd> Women 's football </Dd> </Dl> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> National football teams </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> FIFA </Li> <Li> FIFA World Cup </Li> <Li> FIFA Confederations Cup </Li> <Li> Summer Olympics Football </Li> <Li> AFC Asian Cup </Li> <Li> Africa Cup of Nations </Li> <Li> CONCACAF Gold Cup </Li> <Li> Copa América </Li> <Li> OFC Nations Cup </Li> <Li> UEFA Euro </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> AFC </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Afghanistan </Li> <Li> Australia </Li> <Li> Bahrain </Li> <Li> Bangladesh </Li> <Li> Bhutan </Li> <Li> Brunei Darussalam </Li> <Li> Cambodia </Li> <Li> China PR </Li> <Li> Chinese Taipei </Li> <Li> Guam </Li> <Li> Hong Kong </Li> <Li> India </Li> <Li> Indonesia </Li> <Li> IR Iran </Li> <Li> Iraq </Li> <Li> Japan </Li> <Li> Jordan </Li> <Li> Korea DPR </Li> <Li> Korea Republic </Li> <Li> Kuwait </Li> <Li> Kyrgyzstan </Li> <Li> Laos </Li> <Li> Macau </Li> <Li> Malaysia </Li> <Li> Maldives </Li> <Li> Mongolia </Li> <Li> Myanmar </Li> <Li> Nepal </Li> <Li> Northern Mariana Islands </Li> <Li> Oman </Li> <Li> Pakistan </Li> <Li> Palestine </Li> <Li> Philippines </Li> <Li> Qatar </Li> <Li> Saudi Arabia </Li> <Li> Singapore </Li> <Li> Sri Lanka </Li> <Li> Syria </Li> <Li> Tajikistan </Li> <Li> Thailand </Li> <Li> Timor - Leste </Li> <Li> Turkmenistan </Li> <Li> United Arab Emirates </Li> <Li> Uzbekistan </Li> <Li> Vietnam </Li> <Li> Yemen </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> CAF </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Algeria </Li> <Li> Angola </Li> <Li> Benin </Li> <Li> Botswana </Li> <Li> Burkina Faso </Li> <Li> Burundi </Li> <Li> Cameroon </Li> <Li> Cape Verde </Li> <Li> Central African Republic </Li> <Li> Chad </Li> <Li> Comoros </Li> <Li> Congo </Li> <Li> Congo DR </Li> <Li> Djibouti </Li> <Li> Egypt </Li> <Li> Equatorial Guinea </Li> <Li> Eritrea </Li> <Li> Ethiopia </Li> <Li> Gabon </Li> <Li> Gambia </Li> <Li> Ghana </Li> <Li> Guinea </Li> <Li> Guinea - Bissau </Li> <Li> Ivory Coast </Li> <Li> Kenya </Li> <Li> Lesotho </Li> <Li> Liberia </Li> <Li> Libya </Li> <Li> Madagascar </Li> <Li> Malawi </Li> <Li> Mali </Li> <Li> Mauritania </Li> <Li> Mauritius </Li> <Li> Morocco </Li> <Li> Mozambique </Li> <Li> Namibia </Li> <Li> Niger </Li> <Li> Nigeria </Li> <Li> Réunion </Li> <Li> Rwanda </Li> <Li> São Tomé and Príncipe </Li> <Li> Senegal </Li> <Li> Seychelles </Li> <Li> Sierra Leone </Li> <Li> Somalia </Li> <Li> South Africa </Li> <Li> South Sudan </Li> <Li> Sudan </Li> <Li> Swaziland </Li> <Li> Tanzania </Li> <Li> Togo </Li> <Li> Tunisia </Li> <Li> Uganda </Li> <Li> Zambia </Li> <Li> Zanzibar </Li> <Li> Zimbabwe </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> CONCACAF </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Anguilla </Li> <Li> Antigua and Barbuda </Li> <Li> Aruba </Li> <Li> Bahamas </Li> <Li> Barbados </Li> <Li> Belize </Li> <Li> Bermuda </Li> <Li> Bonaire </Li> <Li> British Virgin Islands </Li> <Li> Canada </Li> <Li> Cayman Islands </Li> <Li> Costa Rica </Li> <Li> Cuba </Li> <Li> Curaçao </Li> <Li> Dominica </Li> <Li> Dominican Republic </Li> <Li> El Salvador </Li> <Li> French Guiana </Li> <Li> Grenada </Li> <Li> Guadeloupe </Li> <Li> Guatemala </Li> <Li> Guyana </Li> <Li> Haiti </Li> <Li> Honduras </Li> <Li> Jamaica </Li> <Li> Martinique </Li> <Li> Mexico </Li> <Li> Montserrat </Li> <Li> Nicaragua </Li> <Li> Panama </Li> <Li> Puerto Rico </Li> <Li> Saint Kitts and Nevis </Li> <Li> Saint Lucia </Li> <Li> Saint Martin </Li> <Li> Saint Vincent and the Grenadines </Li> <Li> Sint Maarten </Li> <Li> Suriname </Li> <Li> Trinidad and Tobago </Li> <Li> Turks and Caicos Islands </Li> <Li> United States </Li> <Li> U.S. Virgin Islands </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> CONMEBOL </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Argentina </Li> <Li> Bolivia </Li> <Li> Brazil </Li> <Li> Chile </Li> <Li> Colombia </Li> <Li> Ecuador </Li> <Li> Paraguay </Li> <Li> Peru </Li> <Li> Uruguay </Li> <Li> Venezuela </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> OFC </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> American Samoa </Li> <Li> Cook Islands </Li> <Li> Fiji </Li> <Li> Kiribati * </Li> <Li> New Caledonia </Li> <Li> New Zealand </Li> <Li> Niue * </Li> <Li> Palau * </Li> <Li> Papua New Guinea </Li> <Li> Samoa </Li> <Li> Solomon Islands </Li> <Li> Tahiti </Li> <Li> Tonga </Li> <Li> Tuvalu </Li> <Li> Vanuatu </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> UEFA </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Albania </Li> <Li> Andorra </Li> <Li> Armenia </Li> <Li> Austria </Li> <Li> Azerbaijan </Li> <Li> Belarus </Li> <Li> Belgium </Li> <Li> Bosnia - Herzegovina </Li> <Li> Bulgaria </Li> <Li> Croatia </Li> <Li> Cyprus </Li> <Li> Czech Republic </Li> <Li> Denmark </Li> <Li> England </Li> <Li> Estonia </Li> <Li> Faroe Islands </Li> <Li> Finland </Li> <Li> France </Li> <Li> Georgia </Li> <Li> Germany </Li> <Li> Gibraltar </Li> <Li> Greece </Li> <Li> Hungary </Li> <Li> Iceland </Li> <Li> Israel </Li> <Li> Italy </Li> <Li> Kazakhstan </Li> <Li> Kosovo </Li> <Li> Latvia </Li> <Li> Liechtenstein </Li> <Li> Lithuania </Li> <Li> Luxembourg </Li> <Li> FYR Macedonia </Li> <Li> Malta </Li> <Li> Moldova </Li> <Li> Montenegro </Li> <Li> Netherlands </Li> <Li> Northern Ireland </Li> <Li> Norway </Li> <Li> Poland </Li> <Li> Portugal </Li> <Li> Republic of Ireland </Li> <Li> Romania </Li> <Li> Russia </Li> <Li> San Marino </Li> <Li> Scotland </Li> <Li> Serbia </Li> <Li> Slovakia </Li> <Li> Slovenia </Li> <Li> Spain </Li> <Li> Sweden </Li> <Li> Switzerland </Li> <Li> Turkey </Li> <Li> Ukraine </Li> <Li> Wales </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Defunct </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Czechoslovakia </Li> <Li> Saar </Li> <Li> West Germany </Li> <Li> East Germany </Li> <Li> Ireland </Li> <Li> Tanganyika </Li> <Li> North Vietnam </Li> <Li> South Vietnam </Li> <Li> North Yemen </Li> <Li> South Yemen </Li> <Li> United Arab Republic </Li> <Li> Soviet Union </Li> <Li> CIS </Li> <Li> Yugoslavia </Li> <Li> FR Yugoslavia / Serbia and Montenegro </Li> <Li> Netherlands Antilles </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Teams indicated in italics are associate / full members of their respective regional bodies but not members of FIFA . See also : List of women 's football teams </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> World cup competitions </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> List of world cups </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Team </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Association football <Ul> <Li> men </Li> <Li> men 's club </Li> <Li> women </Li> <Li> women 's club </Li> <Li> Viva </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Athletics <Ul> <Li> Continental Cup </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Australian rules football </Li> <Li> Badminton <Ul> <Li> men </Li> <Li> women </Li> <Li> mixed </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Baseball <Ul> <Li> men </Li> <Li> women </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Basketball <Ul> <Li> men </Li> <Li> women </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Beach soccer </Li> <Li> Boxing </Li> <Li> Bull riding </Li> <Li> Cricket <Ul> <Li> men ODI </Li> <Li> men Twenty20 </Li> <Li> women ODI </Li> <Li> women Twenty20 </Li> <Li> indoor </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Darts <Ul> <Li> PDC </Li> <Li> WDF </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Field hockey <Ul> <Li> men </Li> <Li> women </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Fencing </Li> <Li> Futsal <Ul> <Li> FIFA men </Li> <Li> AMF men </Li> <Li> AMF women </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Golf <Ul> <Li> men </Li> <Li> women </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Ice hockey </Li> <Li> Lacrosse <Ul> <Li> women </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Pool ( nine - ball ) </Li> <Li> Pitch and putt </Li> <Li> Rowing </Li> <Li> Motorsport <Ul> <Li> enduro </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Roll ball </Li> <Li> Pesäpallo </Li> <Li> Roller derby <Ul> <Li> men </Li> <Li> women </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Rugby league <Ul> <Li> men </Li> <Li> women </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Rugby union <Ul> <Li> men </Li> <Li> women </Li> <Li> sevens </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Quidditch </Li> <Li> Sepaktakraw </Li> <Li> Snooker </Li> <Li> Softball </Li> <Li> Tennis <Ul> <Li> men </Li> <Li> women </Li> <Li> mixed </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Touch football </Li> <Li> Volleyball <Ul> <Li> men </Li> <Li> women </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Water polo <Ul> <Li> men </Li> <Li> women </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Wrestling </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Individual </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Archery </Li> <Li> Canoe slalom </Li> <Li> Chess </Li> <Li> Cyclo - cross </Li> <Li> Diving </Li> <Li> Equestrian dressage </Li> <Li> Fencing </Li> <Li> Gymnastics <Ul> <Li> artistic </Li> <Li> rhythmic </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Mountain bike racing </Li> <Li> Orienteering </Li> <Li> Paralympic <Ul> <Li> summer </Li> <Li> winter </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Road bicycle racing <Ul> <Li> men </Li> <Li> women </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Sailing </Li> <Li> Show jumping </Li> <Li> Speedway motorcycle </Li> <Li> Sport shooting </Li> <Li> Swimming </Li> <Li> Ten - 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Grey 's Anatomy ( season 8 ) - wikipedia <H1> Grey 's Anatomy ( season 8 ) </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Grey 's Anatomy ( season 8 ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> DVD cover art for the eighth season of Grey 's Anatomy </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Starring </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Ellen Pompeo </Li> <Li> Sandra Oh </Li> <Li> Justin Chambers </Li> <Li> Chandra Wilson </Li> <Li> James Pickens , Jr . </Li> <Li> Sara Ramirez </Li> <Li> Eric Dane </Li> <Li> Chyler Leigh </Li> <Li> Kevin McKidd </Li> <Li> Jessica Capshaw </Li> <Li> Kim Raver </Li> <Li> Sarah Drew </Li> <Li> Jesse Williams </Li> <Li> Patrick Dempsey </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Country of origin </Th> <Td> United States </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> No. of episodes </Th> <Td> 24 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Release </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Original network </Th> <Td> ABC </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Original release </Th> <Td> September 22 , 2011 ( 2011 - 09 - 22 ) -- May 17 , 2012 ( 2012 - 05 - 17 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Season chronology </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> ← Previous Season 7 Next → Season 9 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> List of Grey 's Anatomy episodes </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The eighth season of the American television medical drama Grey 's Anatomy , commenced airing on the American Broadcasting Company ( ABC ) on September 22 , 2011 , with a special two - hour episode and ended on May 17 , 2012 with the eighth season having a total of 24 episodes . The season was produced by ABC Studios , in association with ShondaLand Production Company and The Mark Gordon Company , and overseen by showrunner Shonda Rhimes . </P> <P> This season follows the story - line of Meredith Grey ( Ellen Pompeo ) and Derek Shepherd ( Patrick Dempsey ) as they try to save their marriage and adopt Zola after Meredith tampered with the Alzheimer 's trial in the previous season . Miranda Bailey ( Chandra Wilson ) also struggles to forgive Meredith because Richard Webber ( James Pickens , Jr . ) takes the blame for Meredith and stepping down , and Owen Hunt ( Kevin McKidd ) takes his place as Chief of Surgery . Cristina Yang ( Sandra Oh ) decides to have an abortion , putting her relationship with Hunt at odds . Callie Torres ( Sara Ramirez ) and Arizona Robbins ( Jessica Capshaw ) co-parent their baby with Mark Sloan ( Eric Dane ) who continues to have an on / off relationship with Lexie Grey ( Chyler Leigh ) . Alex Karev ( Justin Chambers ) deals with the fallout of his decision to tell Owen about Meredith altering the Alzheimer 's trial , and becomes an outcast by the other residents . Teddy Altman ( Kim Raver ) marries Henry Burton ( Scott Foley ) , who later dies of a heart condition , leaving her devastated . </P> <P> The season hit the series ' low for ratings as it ended with an average of 10.92 million viewers ranking at no . 34 and in the 18 - 49 key demographic ranked at no . 12 . Loretta Devine garnered critical acclaim for her portrayal of Adele Webber and earned numerous nominations including the Primetime Emmy Awards for Outstanding Guest Actress in a Drama Series and the Critics ' Choice Television Awards . James Pickens , Jr. won Outstanding Supporting Actor at the NAACP Image Awards , and Chandra Wilson and Sandra Oh both received nominations for Outstanding Actress in a Drama . Stacy McKee was nominated for Humanitas Prize for writing White Wedding . Sara Ramirez was nominated at the 13th ALMA Awards for Favorite TV Supporting Actress . For the 38th People 's Choice Awards , the show was nominated for Favorite TV Drama , and Ellen Pompeo and Patrick Dempsey were respectively nominated for Favorite TV Drama Actress and Favorite TV Drama actor . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Plot </Li> <Li> 2 Cast <Ul> <Li> 2.1 Main cast </Li> <Li> 2.2 Recurring cast </Li> <Li> 2.3 Guest stars </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 Critical reception </Li> <Li> 4 Episodes </Li> <Li> 5 Ratings <Ul> <Li> 5.1 Live + SD ratings </Li> <Li> 5.2 Live + 7 Day ( DVR ) ratings </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 6 DVD release </Li> <Li> 7 References </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Plot ( edit ) </H2> <P> In season 8 , Meredith and Derek try to save their marriage after the fallout due to Meredith 's tampering of the Alzheimer 's trial in Season 7 . Their marital unrest , as well as Meredith 's professional fallout , threatens to destroy their chances of adopting Zola , but they eventually get full custody of her in episode 10 , `` Suddenly . '' After discovering the reason Meredith tampered with the trial was in attempt to deliver the drug to Adele and potentially cure her Alzheimer 's , Richard takes the blame , and steps down as Chief of Surgery . Owen is named the new Chief of Surgery ( episode 3 , `` Take the Lead '' ) , which leaves Miranda angry . She blames Meredith for destroying Richard 's career , as well as Meredith 's . </P> <P> April is named the new Chief resident , and struggles throughout the season to be taken seriously by the other residents , while also developing a much deeper friendship with Jackson until she finally has sex with him in episode 21 , `` Moment of Truth . '' Throughout the season , the fifth year surgical residents ( Meredith , Cristina , Alex , April , and Jackson ) prepare for their boards . Everyone passes , except for April , who gave her virginity to Jackson the night before the exam . </P> <P> Cristina chooses to terminate her pregnancy ( episode 1 , `` Free Falling '' ) , which Owen does not want because he wants to have children . He accompanies her to the abortion and supports her , but a huge rift has been made in their relationship . Owen ca n't accept that Cristina never wants to be a mother . Eventually , he cheats on Cristina ( episode 17 , `` One Step Too Far ) . Callie , Arizona , and Mark co-parent baby Sofia . Mark and Lexie attempt to move on from one another , but ca n't . Ben returns ( episode 4 `` What Is It About Men ? '' ) , after giving Miranda space to heal after being traumatized by the shooting in the season 6 finale , but is shocked and hurt to see that she is having a casual , but very physical , relationship with Eli . Miranda breaks things off with Eli , and eventually she and Ben reunite . In the season finale , `` Flight , '' they become engaged . Adele 's Alzheimer 's progresses rapidly and Richard chooses to have her placed in a care facility , Rose Ridge , the same one Ellis was in before she died . Adele falls in love with another dementia patient ( Episode 20 ) and the staff tell Richard he should not visit as much because it confuses her . Later in the season , he begins a romance with Catherine Avery . Lexie and Mark struggle to let each other go and attempt to date other people , but ca n't seem to move on . Tragically , they only confess their love to each other moments before Lexie 's death in episode 24 `` Flight . '' </P> <P> Teddy and her husband Henry ( Scott Foley ) , now deeply in love , adjust to life not only as newlyweds , but with Henry 's health finally stable , the two adjust to the changing dynamics of their relationship . Henry begins planning for a future , and tells Teddy he wants to go to medical school ( episode 8 `` Heart Shaped Box '' ) . Teddy balks at the prospect of Henry being in school for the next 10 years , and they have their first big fight . Before they can make up , however , Henry falls suddenly ill due to a new tumor , and his condition is revealed to be extremely serious . At the hospital , Teddy is forced to leave his side because of an emergent heart surgery , and asks that Cristina perform the surgery on Henry to save his life ( episode 9 `` Dark Was the Night '' ) . Teddy and Owen agree that it may be too much pressure for Cristina if she knows who she is operating on , so they drape Henry 's face in the OR before bringing Cristina in . Henry ca n't be saved and dies in surgery . Because Teddy is still in surgery , and worried about Henry , Owen decides to lie to her and imply that Henry made it through and is recovering . After she learns the truth , Teddy is devastated by Henry 's death . She hates Owen for lying to her , and the friendship between the two is over , until he fires her in the season finale and she moves on to another job . </P> <P> After the residents receive their board results , they weigh offers from other hospitals . When the season ends , Alex has accepted a fellowship at Johns Hopkins , Cristina has chosen to go to the Mayo Clinic , and Derek has been offered an endowment and an opportunity to continue Alzheimer 's research at Harvard , which sways Meredith 's decision to accept an elite fellowship at Brigham and Women 's Hospital in Boston . In the finale , Meredith , Cristina , Derek , Lexie , Arizona , and Mark board a small plane to fly to Boise , Idaho to perform a surgery separating conjoined twins . Alex was meant to be on the plane , but Arizona , furious at his decision to turn down the Seattle Grace pediatrics fellowship in favor of Johns Hopkins , Arizona boots him from the plane and takes his place . En route , the plane crashes . In `` Flight '' the six doctors and the pilot fight to survive . Derek 's hand is severely injured , as is Arizona 's leg . Lexie is trapped and crushed beneath part of the plane . She and Mark finally confess their love to each other , and within moments , she dies . Mere seconds later , Meredith arrives too late , and is devastated by her sister 's death . They soon realize that Mark has severe internal injuries . The season ends with the 5 remaining surgeons in peril , lost in the woods and not knowing when or if help will come . </P> <H2> Cast ( edit ) </H2> Main articles : List of Grey 's Anatomy cast members and List of Grey 's Anatomy characters <Table> <Tr> <Td> <H3> Main cast ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Ellen Pompeo as Meredith Grey </Li> <Li> Sandra Oh as Cristina Yang </Li> <Li> Justin Chambers as Alex Karev </Li> <Li> Chandra Wilson as Miranda Bailey </Li> <Li> James Pickens , Jr. as Richard Webber </Li> <Li> Sara Ramirez as Callie Torres </Li> <Li> Eric Dane as Mark Sloan </Li> <Li> Chyler Leigh as Lexie Grey </Li> <Li> Kevin McKidd as Owen Hunt </Li> <Li> Jessica Capshaw as Arizona Robbins </Li> <Li> Kim Raver as Teddy Altman </Li> <Li> Sarah Drew as April Kepner </Li> <Li> Jesse Williams as Jackson Avery </Li> <Li> Patrick Dempsey as Derek Shepherd </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <H3> Recurring cast ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Scott Foley as Henry Burton </Li> <Li> Loretta Devine as Adele Webber </Li> <Li> Jason George as Dr. Ben Warren </Li> <Li> Daniel Sunjata as Nurse Eli </Li> <Li> Debbie Allen as Catherine Avery </Li> <Li> Janora McDuffie as Social Worker Janet </Li> <Li> Holley Fain as Dr. Julia Canner </Li> <Li> Amanda Fuller as Intern Morgan Peterson </Li> <Li> Summer Glau as Nurse Emily Kovach </Li> <Li> Nicole Cummins as Paramedic Nicole </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <H3> Guest stars ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Debra Monk as Louise O'Malley </Li> <Li> Kate Walsh as Addison Montgomery </Li> <Li> Kate Burton as Ellis Grey </Li> <Li> Robert Baker as Dr. Charles Percy </Li> <Li> Alfre Woodard as Justine Campbell </Li> <Li> Stella Maeve as Lilly </Li> <Li> Caterina Scorsone as Amelia Shepherd </Li> <Li> Vanessa Marano as Holly Wheeler </Li> <Li> Jordan Belfi as Nick </Li> <Li> Cynthia Watros as Ms. Konner </Li> <Li> James LeGros as Pilot Jerry </Li> <Li> Holland Roden as Gretchen </Li> <Li> Rebecca Hazlewood as Dr. Mara Keaton </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Critical reception ( edit ) </H2> Poptimal's Tanya Lane stated that Ellen Pompeo gave one of her best performances in the season finale . <P> The season received mostly positive reviews . Tanner Stransky of Cinema Blend gave a fresh review to the season , `` Juxtaposed against that nightmare that launched season 8 's two - hour season premiere was exactly what the show does portray rather accurately ( most of the time ) - the relationship drama . '' </P> <P> Verne Gay of Newsday acknowledged the following for the show stating , `` Grey 's has had a good season and has an intensely loyal fan base to prove it . '' TV Fanatic reviewing the episode Free Falling wrote , `` This episode set the season in motion , and from the looks of it , it 's going to be good . '' </P> <P> Carrie Raisler of The A.V. Club gave a negative review to the season 's alternate reality episode , `` Just because a show is meant to be fun does n't mean it should n't have standards , and this episode just simply did n't measure up . '' </P> <P> Poptimal's Tanya Lane regarding the season finale wrote , `` Wow ... just wow . Grey 's Anatomy has once again managed to shock with its season finale . '' While she appreciated the `` realism and authenticity that Grey 's is known for '' , she found the episode was `` almost too much '' as it was `` extremely gory and difficult to watch , initially because of the grisly wounds '' but later because of the `` heavy and emotional things that transpired '' . She added that `` Ellen Pompeo gave one of her best performances when her character learned that her sister was dead . '' </P> <H2> Episodes ( edit ) </H2> Main article : List of Grey 's Anatomy episodes <P> The number in the `` No. in series '' column refers to the episode 's number within the overall series , whereas the number in the `` No. in season '' column refers to the episode 's number within this particular season . `` U.S. viewers in millions '' refers to the number of Americans in millions who watched the episodes live . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> No . overall </Th> <Th> No. in season </Th> <Th> Title </Th> <Th> Directed by </Th> <Th> Written by </Th> <Th> Original air date </Th> <Th> U.S. viewers ( millions ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 149 </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` Free Falling '' </Td> <Td> Rob Corn </Td> <Td> Tony Phelan & Joan Rater </Td> <Td> September 22 , 2011 ( 2011 - 09 - 22 ) </Td> <Td> 10.38 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="7"> A giant sinkhole opens up in the middle of Seattle , causing April to step up as Chief Resident . Meredith must deal with the professional ramifications of her actions last season while Cristina and Owen have yet to see eye to eye regarding their feelings for their unplanned pregnancy . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 150 </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` She 's Gone '' </Td> <Td> Tony Phelan </Td> <Td> Debora Cahn </Td> <Td> September 22 , 2011 ( 2011 - 09 - 22 ) </Td> <Td> 10.38 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="7"> The sinkhole crisis continues while Meredith and Derek maintain the rocky state of their relationship , which becomes a concern for the adoption counselor . Cristina makes a decision regarding her unplanned pregnancy and Alex realizes that he is the outcast after revealing Meredith 's dishonesty . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 151 </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` Take the Lead '' </Td> <Td> Chandra Wilson </Td> <Td> William Harper </Td> <Td> September 29 , 2011 ( 2011 - 09 - 29 ) </Td> <Td> 10.20 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="7"> The Chief makes a career - changing decision that shocks Seattle Grace Hospital , while Cristina and Owen try to find normalcy in their relationship . April continues to struggle in her new role as Chief Resident , and the 5th year residents are given their first solo surgeries , only to find out that even the most routine procedures are n't always easy . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 152 </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` What Is It About Men '' </Td> <Td> Tom Verica </Td> <Td> Stacy McKee </Td> <Td> October 6 , 2011 ( 2011 - 10 - 06 ) </Td> <Td> 8.70 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="7"> Ben returns and Miranda is skeptical of his arrival , until Ben realizes that she has finally moved on . A stampede at a comic convention causes the ER to be inundated with colorful costume - bearers . This episode centers largely on the men of Seattle Grace as opposed to focusing on the women . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 153 </Th> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> `` Love , Loss and Legacy '' </Td> <Td> Stephen Cragg </Td> <Td> Denise Hahn </Td> <Td> October 13 , 2011 ( 2011 - 10 - 13 ) </Td> <Td> 9.97 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="7"> Jackson 's mother , Dr. Catherine Avery , comes to Seattle Grace for a groundbreaking transplant surgery . Zola comes into the hospital . Alex and Arizona must deal with the confidentiality issue with Derek and Meredith . Teddy throws a house warming party . Eli and Miranda break up . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 154 </Th> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> `` Poker Face '' </Td> <Td> Kevin McKidd </Td> <Td> Peter Nowalk </Td> <Td> October 20 , 2011 ( 2011 - 10 - 20 ) </Td> <Td> 9.54 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="7"> April steps up as Chief Resident while managing a clinical trial . Callie and Cristina deal with a difficult spinal surgery while Alex and Teddy must find alternative ways to operate on a patient . Meredith struggles to follow her new rule of not talking to Derek about work while at the hospital . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 155 </Th> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> `` Put Me In , Coach '' </Td> <Td> Debbie Allen </Td> <Td> Jeannine Renshaw </Td> <Td> October 27 , 2011 ( 2011 - 10 - 27 ) </Td> <Td> 9.93 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="7"> In order to stress cooperation and teamwork , Owen enters the doctors into a softball league where they will compete against Seattle Presbyterian , the other hospital in Seattle . Derek and Lexie deliberate a treatment plan when a desperate mother of a girl with an inoperable brain tumor specifically seeks his help . Richard tries to repair Miranda and Meredith 's working relationship . Lexie becomes jealous over Mark dating a new woman , and Alex fights to keep Zola at Seattle Grace . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 156 </Th> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> `` Heart - Shaped Box '' </Td> <Td> Jessica Yu </Td> <Td> Austin Guzman </Td> <Td> November 3 , 2011 ( 2011 - 11 - 03 ) </Td> <Td> 9.52 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="7"> A medical miracle occurs , leaving the residents feeling inspired . Louise O'Malley returns to Seattle Grace after a surgery was botched by a different hospital , causing the residents to reminisce about all the times they had with George . Arizona makes friends with a new pediatric fellow , making Alex feel threatened . Teddy and Henry fight over Henry wanting to attend medical school . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 157 </Th> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> `` Dark Was the Night '' </Td> <Td> Allison Liddi - Brown </Td> <Td> Debora Cahn </Td> <Td> November 10 , 2011 ( 2011 - 11 - 10 ) </Td> <Td> 11.29 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="7"> Teddy brings Henry into the ER after finding him at home vomiting blood ; while Meredith gets news from Janet that she and Derek are n't going to get Zola back . Just as Teddy waits on Henry 's CT she is called onto another case , the case being Callie and Jackson 's spinal surgery , whose heart is now bleeding uncontrollably . After deciding to operate on Callie 's patient , Teddy decides to get Cristina to operate on Henry , with Dr. Webber and Lexie in with her , only not to tell her that it 's him . Meredith and Alex go to a neighboring hospital to help a new premature baby , since the hospital does n't have the equipment to save the baby 's life ; After believing that Henry is in the clear , Cristina finds that the tumor had gone into the heart ; after twenty minutes of performing CPR Cristina calls time of death , only moments later to find out it was Henry . After their ambulance breaks down , Alex and Meredith call Arizona , Mark , and Derek to see if they knew how to take care of the baby , only for the ambulance to crash while on the phone ; When Meredith and Alex step out , they see that a car with victims in it was what hit them . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 158 </Th> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> `` Suddenly '' </Td> <Td> Ron Underwood </Td> <Td> Stacy McKee </Td> <Td> January 5 , 2012 ( 2012 - 01 - 05 ) </Td> <Td> 12.12 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="7"> The ER is swamped by victims from the crash which involved a family car and Alex and Meredith 's ambulance . Alex and Meredith fight to save the lives of a family ; after realizing that telling Teddy about Henry 's death would stop her from saving her patient 's life , Owen decides to not tell Teddy until she is out of surgery . When Meredith and Alex get back to the hospital they try to save the family 's life , only for all but the father and the children of the family to die immediately . While operating on the youngest child of the family , Derek and Mark realize that they need help if they are going to save the child 's eye , only to call Mark 's ophthalmologist girlfriend , Julia , in to assist them , with Lexie assisting Derek . Arizona and Alex work to save the life of the baby that they brought from the hospital . Cristina struggles whether or not to tell Teddy about Henry in the middle of a critical surgery . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 159 </Th> <Td> 11 </Td> <Td> `` This Magic Moment '' </Td> <Td> Steve Robin </Td> <Td> Zoanne Clack </Td> <Td> January 12 , 2012 ( 2012 - 01 - 12 ) </Td> <Td> 10.71 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="7"> A risky surgery which involves conjoined twins has the doctors split into two teams . Meredith unwittingly finds herself acting as a buffer between Miranda and Ben , Alex is taught a lesson in the O.R. by Webber , and Teddy makes everyone in her O.R. uncomfortable when she has Cristina recount the events leading up to Henry 's death . Back at home , Derek and Meredith find joy in parenthood . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 160 </Th> <Td> 12 </Td> <Td> `` Hope for the Hopeless '' </Td> <Td> Mark Jackson </Td> <Td> Peter Nowalk </Td> <Td> January 19 , 2012 ( 2012 - 01 - 19 ) </Td> <Td> 9.42 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="7"> A pair of bickering sisters come in for a liver transplant performed by Richard , making it his 10,000 th surgery . Meredith must choose a new specialty , Derek and Lexie operate on a previously inoperable neuroblastoma , and Teddy and Cristina defy Owen and steal a case from Alex . Adele is brought to Seattle Grace after being found wandering the streets and the full extent of her Alzheimer 's is revealed . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 161 </Th> <Td> 13 </Td> <Td> `` If / Then '' </Td> <Td> Jeannot Szwarc </Td> <Td> William Harper </Td> <Td> February 2 , 2012 ( 2012 - 02 - 02 ) </Td> <Td> 9.71 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="7"> Meredith dreams of an alternative universe in which her mother , Ellis Grey , never had Alzheimer 's and is a more supportive and loving mother . This leads Meredith to be a happy version of herself , causing Seattle Grace to be completely different . She and Cristina are enemies while April is her best friend , who is sleeping with Meredith 's fiance , Alex , who is only with Meredith because of her family 's legacy . Owen has married Callie and they have 3 children , although they are not happy . Addison and Derek are expecting a child , only it is revealed that the baby is actually Mark 's , and Addison and Derek 's relationship is falling apart just as Derek 's own career is also stagnating . Lexie has become an orphan and a drug addict . It is revealed that George failed his boards and was never seen again while Izzie went insane after Denny 's death . Richard left Adele and married Ellis , and Meredith took Webber as her last name . The episode ends reminiscent of how Derek and Meredith first met . Throughout the entire episode all the couples that actually do exist seem to have connections , which includes Callie and Arizona , and also Yang and Owen . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 162 </Th> <Td> 14 </Td> <Td> `` All You Need Is Love '' </Td> <Td> Rob Corn </Td> <Td> Jeannine Renshaw </Td> <Td> February 9 , 2012 ( 2012 - 02 - 09 ) </Td> <Td> 10.27 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="7"> It 's Valentine 's Day at Seattle Grace and the ER fills with romantics . The singles , Lexie and Mark , are stuck on babysitting duty . Miranda and Ben 's plans are ruined when she is called away to a series of emergencies but Ben surprises her at the end of the day . Meanwhile , Owen and Cristina keep avoiding each other after their big fight . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 163 </Th> <Td> 15 </Td> <Td> `` Have You Seen Me Lately ? '' </Td> <Td> Tony Phelan </Td> <Td> Austin Guzman </Td> <Td> February 16 , 2012 ( 2012 - 02 - 16 ) </Td> <Td> 8.31 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="7"> <P> During marriage counselling sessions , Owen and Cristina are constantly engaging in heated arguments . Owen can not seem to move past the fact that Cristina does not want kids . Amelia arrives at Seattle Grace hoping to convince Derek to assist her with Erica 's ( A.J. Langer ) gliosarcoma . Lexie gets caught in between the two Shepherds , Meredith shows off her surgical skills , Alex learns the importance of people skills , Mark and Jackson teach Dr. Bailey a lesson , and the residents continue to prep for their oral boards . </P> This episode begins a crossover with Private Practice that concludes on `` You Break My Heart '' . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 164 </Th> <Td> 16 </Td> <Td> `` If Only You Were Lonely '' </Td> <Td> Susan Vaill </Td> <Td> Matt Byrne </Td> <Td> February 23 , 2012 ( 2012 - 02 - 23 ) </Td> <Td> 9.06 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="7"> A coffee shop explodes , flooding the ER with patients . Richard reassesses his living situation with Adele as she continues to deteriorate before his very eyes . Callie assists Meredith with studying for her boards , Lexie assists on a peds case with Arizona and Alex , and Mark encourages Jackson to relieve his stress . Meanwhile , Cristina 's suspicions get the better of her as she thinks Owen is cheating on her with a nurse . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 165 </Th> <Td> 17 </Td> <Td> `` One Step Too Far '' </Td> <Td> Edward Ornelas </Td> <Td> William Harper </Td> <Td> March 15 , 2012 ( 2012 - 03 - 15 ) </Td> <Td> 9.62 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="7"> Derek encourages a hesitant Meredith to work with him again in neurosurgery , but when she agrees the results are less than ideal ; Jackson 's mother , Catherine Avery , returns to Seattle Grace with a urology fellow and develops an interest in Richard ; and Cristina becomes increasingly suspicious of Owen 's every move . Meanwhile , Alex tries to deny everyone 's observations that Morgan may be falling for him . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 166 </Th> <Td> 18 </Td> <Td> `` The Lion Sleeps Tonight '' </Td> <Td> Mark Jackson </Td> <Td> Stacy McKee </Td> <Td> April 5 , 2012 ( 2012 - 04 - 05 ) </Td> <Td> 8.19 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="7"> A lion breaks loose in Seattle and leaves a trail of victims in its midst ; Lexie overhears Mark 's discussion about moving in with Julia ; Teddy begins to take steps towards coming to terms with Henry 's death ; Callie grills Arizona on her past lovers ; and Alex requests to be taken off Morgan 's preemie case when she becomes too dependent on him . Meanwhile , Meredith tries to be a support for Cristina as the tension between her and Owen hits a boiling point after Owen cheats on Christina . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 167 </Th> <Td> 19 </Td> <Td> `` Support System '' </Td> <Td> Allison Liddi - Brown </Td> <Td> Heather Mitchell </Td> <Td> April 12 , 2012 ( 2012 - 04 - 12 ) </Td> <Td> 8.85 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="7"> Cristina and Owen call in sick to work out their marriage at home , but in the end Owen moves out . Mark takes his appointment as interim chief very seriously , much to the attendings ' annoyance . Arizona , Callie and Miranda plan a special night for Teddy . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 168 </Th> <Td> 20 </Td> <Td> `` The Girl With No Name '' </Td> <Td> Ron Underwood </Td> <Td> Peter Nowalk </Td> <Td> April 19 , 2012 ( 2012 - 04 - 19 ) </Td> <Td> 9.82 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="7"> The doctors work on a Jane Doe , who turns out to be the subject of a case that gained national interest . Cristina proves to be in highest demand as the residents begin their interviews for post-residency positions at prospective hospitals while the attendings find ways to keep their best residents in Seattle . Richard is faced with an unsettling realization when he visits Adele at Rose Ridge . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 169 </Th> <Td> 21 </Td> <Td> `` Moment of Truth '' </Td> <Td> Chandra Wilson </Td> <Td> Zakiyyah Alexander </Td> <Td> April 26 , 2012 ( 2012 - 04 - 26 ) </Td> <Td> 9.45 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="7"> The residents travel to San Francisco for the oral boards . Sparks fly when Richard and Catherine ( Debbie Allen ) bump into each other at a hotel . Alex feels guilty about being away from the hospital as Tommy 's health takes a turn for the worse . April loses her virginity to Jackson . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 170 </Th> <Td> 22 </Td> <Td> `` Let the Bad Times Roll '' </Td> <Td> Kevin McKidd </Td> <Td> Matt Byrne </Td> <Td> May 3 , 2012 ( 2012 - 05 - 03 ) </Td> <Td> 9.24 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="7"> The residents agonize over their upcoming exam results ; Arizona 's childhood friend needs medical help ; the doctors try to help a patient who is missing one third of his skull ; Julia wants to start a family with Mark , causing Lexie to finally tell him how she feels . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 171 </Th> <Td> 23 </Td> <Td> `` Migration '' </Td> <Td> Stephen Cragg </Td> <Td> Mark Wilding & Jenna Bans </Td> <Td> May 10 , 2012 ( 2012 - 05 - 10 ) </Td> <Td> 9.82 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="7"> The 5th years make their final decisions regarding their post residency plans . Mark confides in Derek about being torn between Lexie and Julia . Arizona encourages a childhood friend to have surgery , and Ben plans something for Miranda , who is preoccupied with work . Meredith , Derek , Cristina , Mark , Lexie and Alex are scheduled to fly to assist in a surgery at a hospital in Boise , though Arizona takes Alex 's place after she discovers he is planning to leave Seattle Grace for Johns Hopkins Hospital . However , en route their plane crashes in the woods , leaving their fates unknown . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 172 </Th> <Td> 24 </Td> <Td> `` Flight '' </Td> <Td> Rob Corn </Td> <Td> Shonda Rhimes </Td> <Td> May 17 , 2012 ( 2012 - 05 - 17 ) </Td> <Td> 11.44 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="7"> After their plane crashes in the woods , the doctors fight to stay alive while trying to save their peers , but it is too late for Lexie . Mark makes a confession to her ; the future of Derek 's career may be in jeopardy ; Ben and Miranda make a decision about their future together ; Teddy gets a tempting offer ; Richard plans a dinner for the residents ; Owen fires Teddy to force her to move on from her husband 's death and discovers his doctors are missing . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Ratings ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Live + SD ratings ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> No. in series </Th> <Th> No. in season </Th> <Th> Episode </Th> <Th> Air date </Th> <Th> Time slot ( EST ) </Th> <Th> 18 -- 49 ( Rating / Share ) </Th> <Th> Viewers ( m ) </Th> <Th> 18 -- 49 Rank </Th> <Th> Rank out of Top 25 </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 149 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` Free Falling '' </Td> <Td> September 22 , 2011 ( 2011 - 09 - 22 ) </Td> <Td> Thursdays 9 : 00 P.M. </Td> <Th> 4.1 / 10 </Th> <Th> 10.38 </Th> <Th> 21 </Th> <Th> N / A </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 150 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` She 's Gone '' </Td> <Td> September 22 , 2011 ( 2011 - 09 - 22 ) </Td> <Th> 4.1 / 10 </Th> <Th> 10.38 </Th> <Th> 21 </Th> <Th> N / A </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 151 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` Take the Lead '' </Td> <Td> September 29 , 2011 ( 2011 - 09 - 29 ) </Td> <Th> 3.6 / 9 </Th> <Th> 10.20 </Th> <Th> 16 </Th> <Th> N / A </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 152 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` What Is It About Men '' </Td> <Td> October 6 , 2011 ( 2011 - 10 - 06 ) </Td> <Th> 3.1 / 8 </Th> <Th> 8.70 </Th> <Th> 24 </Th> <Th> N / A </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 153 </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> `` Love , Loss and Legacy '' </Td> <Td> October 13 , 2011 ( 2011 - 10 - 13 ) </Td> <Th> 3.6 / 9 </Th> <Th> 9.97 </Th> <Th> 16 </Th> <Th> N / A </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 154 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> `` Poker Face '' </Td> <Td> October 20 , 2011 ( 2011 - 10 - 20 ) </Td> <Th> 3.6 / 9 </Th> <Th> 9.54 </Th> <Th> 18 </Th> <Th> N / A </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 155 </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> `` Put Me In , Coach '' </Td> <Td> October 27 , 2011 ( 2011 - 10 - 27 ) </Td> <Th> 3.7 / 9 </Th> <Th> 9.93 </Th> <Th> 18 </Th> <Th> N / A </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 156 </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> `` Heart Shaped Box '' </Td> <Td> November 3 , 2011 ( 2011 - 11 - 03 ) </Td> <Th> 3.6 / 9 </Th> <Th> 9.52 </Th> <Th> 20 </Th> <Th> N / A </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 157 </Td> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> `` Dark Was the Night '' </Td> <Td> November 10 , 2011 ( 2011 - 11 - 10 ) </Td> <Th> 4.1 / 10 </Th> <Th> 11.29 </Th> <Th> 10 </Th> <Th> 20 </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 158 </Td> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> `` Suddenly '' </Td> <Td> January 5 , 2012 ( 2012 - 01 - 05 ) </Td> <Th> 4.5 / 11 </Th> <Th> 12.12 </Th> <Th> 5 </Th> <Th> 8 </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 159 </Td> <Td> 11 </Td> <Td> `` This Magic Moment '' </Td> <Td> January 12 , 2012 ( 2012 - 01 - 12 ) </Td> <Th> 3.8 / 10 </Th> <Th> 10.71 </Th> <Th> 11 </Th> <Th> 15 </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 160 </Td> <Td> 12 </Td> <Td> `` Hope for the Hopeless '' </Td> <Td> January 19 , 2012 ( 2012 - 01 - 19 ) </Td> <Th> 3.5 / 8 </Th> <Th> 9.42 </Th> <Th> 11 </Th> <Th> 21 </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 161 </Td> <Td> 13 </Td> <Td> `` If / Then '' </Td> <Td> February 2 , 2012 ( 2012 - 02 - 02 ) </Td> <Th> 3.6 / 9 </Th> <Th> 9.71 </Th> <Th> 8 </Th> <Th> 15 </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 162 </Td> <Td> 14 </Td> <Td> `` All You Need Is Love '' </Td> <Td> February 9 , 2012 ( 2012 - 02 - 09 ) </Td> <Th> 4.0 / 10 </Th> <Th> 10.27 </Th> <Th> 10 </Th> <Th> 22 </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 163 </Td> <Td> 15 </Td> <Td> `` Have You Seen Me Lately ? '' </Td> <Td> February 16 , 2012 ( 2012 - 02 - 16 ) </Td> <Th> 3.2 / 8 </Th> <Th> 8.31 </Th> <Th> 12 </Th> <Th> N / A </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 164 </Td> <Td> 16 </Td> <Td> `` If Only You Were Lonely '' </Td> <Td> February 23 , 2012 ( 2012 - 02 - 23 ) </Td> <Th> 3.1 / 8 </Th> <Th> 9.06 </Th> <Th> 15 </Th> <Th> N / A </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 165 </Td> <Td> 17 </Td> <Td> `` One Step Too Far '' </Td> <Td> March 15 , 2012 ( 2012 - 03 - 15 ) </Td> <Th> 3.0 / 8 </Th> <Th> 9.62 </Th> <Th> 6 </Th> <Th> 13 </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 166 </Td> <Td> 18 </Td> <Td> `` The Lion Sleeps Tonight '' </Td> <Td> April 5 , 2012 ( 2012 - 04 - 05 ) </Td> <Th> 2.8 / 8 </Th> <Th> 8.16 </Th> <Th> 13 </Th> <Th> N / A </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 167 </Td> <Td> 19 </Td> <Td> `` Support System '' </Td> <Td> April 12 , 2012 ( 2012 - 04 - 12 ) </Td> <Th> 2.9 / 8 </Th> <Th> 8.85 </Th> <Th> 14 </Th> <Th> 24 </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 168 </Td> <Td> 20 </Td> <Td> `` The Girl With No Name '' </Td> <Td> April 19 , 2012 ( 2012 - 04 - 19 ) </Td> <Th> 3.3 / 9 </Th> <Th> 9.82 </Th> <Th> 8 </Th> <Th> 13 </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 169 </Td> <Td> 21 </Td> <Td> `` Moment of Truth '' </Td> <Td> April 26 , 2012 ( 2012 - 04 - 26 ) </Td> <Th> 3.3 / 9 </Th> <Th> 9.45 </Th> <Th> 6 </Th> <Th> 16 </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 170 </Td> <Td> 22 </Td> <Td> `` Let the Bad Times Roll '' </Td> <Td> May 3 , 2012 ( 2012 - 05 - 03 ) </Td> <Th> 3.3 / 9 </Th> <Th> 9.24 </Th> <Th> 8 </Th> <Th> 24 </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 171 </Td> <Td> 23 </Td> <Td> `` Migration '' </Td> <Td> May 10 , 2012 ( 2012 - 05 - 10 ) </Td> <Th> 3.5 / 10 </Th> <Th> 9.82 </Th> <Th> 8 </Th> <Th> 23 </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 172 </Td> <Td> 24 </Td> <Td> `` Flight '' </Td> <Td> May 17 , 2012 ( 2012 - 05 - 17 ) </Td> <Th> 4.1 / 11 </Th> <Th> 11.44 </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th> 13 </Th> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Live + 7 Day ( DVR ) ratings ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> No. in Series </Th> <Th> No. in Season </Th> <Th> Episode </Th> <Th> Air Date </Th> <Th> Timeslot ( EST ) </Th> <Th> 18 -- 49 rating increase </Th> <Th> Viewers ( millions ) increase </Th> <Th> Total 18 - 49 </Th> <Th> Total viewers ( millions ) </Th> <Th> Ref </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 149 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` Free Falling '' </Td> <Td> September 22 , 2011 ( 2011 - 09 - 22 ) </Td> <Td> Thursdays 9 : 00 P.M. </Td> <Th> 1.7 </Th> <Th> 3.54 </Th> <Th> 5.8 </Th> <Th> 13.92 </Th> <Th> </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 150 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` She 's Gone '' </Td> <Td> September 22 , 2011 ( 2011 - 09 - 22 ) </Td> <Th> 1.7 </Th> <Th> 3.54 </Th> <Th> 5.8 </Th> <Th> 13.92 </Th> <Th> </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 151 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` Take the Lead '' </Td> <Td> September 29 , 2011 ( 2011 - 09 - 29 ) </Td> <Th> 1.5 </Th> <Th> 2.95 </Th> <Th> 5.1 </Th> <Th> 13.15 </Th> <Th> </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 152 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` What Is It About Men '' </Td> <Td> October 6 , 2011 ( 2011 - 10 - 06 ) </Td> <Th> 1.7 </Th> <Th> 3.29 </Th> <Th> 4.8 </Th> <Th> 11.99 </Th> <Th> </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 153 </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> `` Love , Loss and Legacy '' </Td> <Td> October 13 , 2011 ( 2011 - 10 - 13 ) </Td> <Th> 1.5 </Th> <Th> 2.93 </Th> <Th> 5.1 </Th> <Th> 12.90 </Th> <Th> </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 154 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> `` Poker Face '' </Td> <Td> October 20 , 2011 ( 2011 - 10 - 20 ) </Td> <Th> 1.6 </Th> <Th> 3.06 </Th> <Th> 5.2 </Th> <Th> 12.59 </Th> <Th> </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 155 </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> `` Put Me In , Coach '' </Td> <Td> October 27 , 2011 ( 2011 - 10 - 27 ) </Td> <Th> 1.6 </Th> <Th> 3.14 </Th> <Th> 5.3 </Th> <Th> 13.07 </Th> <Th> </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 156 </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> `` Heart Shaped Box '' </Td> <Td> November 3 , 2011 ( 2011 - 11 - 03 ) </Td> <Th> 1.6 </Th> <Th> 3.21 </Th> <Th> 5.2 </Th> <Th> 12.74 </Th> <Th> </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 157 </Td> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> `` Dark Was the Night '' </Td> <Td> November 10 , 2011 ( 2011 - 11 - 10 ) </Td> <Th> 1.5 </Th> <Th> 2.96 </Th> <Th> 5.6 </Th> <Th> 14.25 </Th> <Th> </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 158 </Td> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> `` Suddenly '' </Td> <Td> January 5 , 2012 ( 2012 - 01 - 05 ) </Td> <Th> 1.6 </Th> <Th> 2.96 </Th> <Th> 6.1 </Th> <Th> 15.08 </Th> <Th> </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 159 </Td> <Td> 11 </Td> <Td> `` This Magic Moment '' </Td> <Td> January 12 , 2012 ( 2012 - 01 - 12 ) </Td> <Th> 1.6 </Th> <Th> 3.00 </Th> <Th> 5.4 </Th> <Th> 13.71 </Th> <Th> </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 160 </Td> <Td> 12 </Td> <Td> `` Hope for the Hopeless '' </Td> <Td> January 19 , 2012 ( 2012 - 01 - 19 ) </Td> <Th> 1.7 </Th> <Th> 3.26 </Th> <Th> 5.2 </Th> <Th> 12.68 </Th> <Th> </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 161 </Td> <Td> 13 </Td> <Td> `` If / Then '' </Td> <Td> February 2 , 2012 ( 2012 - 02 - 02 ) </Td> <Th> 1.4 </Th> <Th> 2.91 </Th> <Th> 5.0 </Th> <Th> 12.62 </Th> <Th> </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 162 </Td> <Td> 14 </Td> <Td> `` All You Need Is Love '' </Td> <Td> February 9 , 2012 ( 2012 - 02 - 09 ) </Td> <Th> 1.6 </Th> <Th> 3.35 </Th> <Th> 5.6 </Th> <Th> 13.61 </Th> <Th> </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 163 </Td> <Td> 15 </Td> <Td> `` Have You Seen Me Lately ? '' </Td> <Td> February 16 , 2012 ( 2012 - 02 - 16 ) </Td> <Th> 1.5 </Th> <Th> 3.25 </Th> <Th> 4.7 </Th> <Th> 11.55 </Th> <Th> </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 164 </Td> <Td> 16 </Td> <Td> `` If Only You Were Lonely '' </Td> <Td> February 23 , 2012 ( 2012 - 02 - 23 ) </Td> <Th> 1.6 </Th> <Th> 3.14 </Th> <Th> 4.7 </Th> <Th> 12.20 </Th> <Th> </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 165 </Td> <Td> 17 </Td> <Td> `` One Step Too Far '' </Td> <Td> March 15 , 2012 ( 2012 - 03 - 15 ) </Td> <Th> 1.5 </Th> <Th> 2.83 </Th> <Th> 4.5 </Th> <Th> 12.45 </Th> <Th> </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 166 </Td> <Td> 18 </Td> <Td> `` The Lion Sleeps Tonight '' </Td> <Td> April 5 , 2012 ( 2012 - 04 - 05 ) </Td> <Th> 1.5 </Th> <Th> 3.01 </Th> <Th> 4.3 </Th> <Th> 11.18 </Th> <Th> </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 167 </Td> <Td> 19 </Td> <Td> `` Support System '' </Td> <Td> April 12 , 2012 ( 2012 - 04 - 12 ) </Td> <Th> 1.6 </Th> <Th> 3.10 </Th> <Th> 4.5 </Th> <Th> 11.93 </Th> <Th> </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 168 </Td> <Td> 20 </Td> <Td> `` The Girl With No Name '' </Td> <Td> April 19 , 2012 ( 2012 - 04 - 19 ) </Td> <Th> 1.5 </Th> <Th> 3.04 </Th> <Th> 4.8 </Th> <Th> 12.86 </Th> <Th> </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 169 </Td> <Td> 21 </Td> <Td> `` Moment of Truth '' </Td> <Td> April 26 , 2012 ( 2012 - 04 - 26 ) </Td> <Th> 1.4 </Th> <Th> 2.88 </Th> <Th> 4.7 </Th> <Th> 12.33 </Th> <Th> </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 170 </Td> <Td> 22 </Td> <Td> `` Let the Bad Times Roll '' </Td> <Td> May 3 , 2012 ( 2012 - 05 - 03 ) </Td> <Th> 1.5 </Th> <Th> 2.89 </Th> <Th> 4.8 </Th> <Th> 12.13 </Th> <Th> </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 171 </Td> <Td> 23 </Td> <Td> `` Migration '' </Td> <Td> May 10 , 2012 ( 2012 - 05 - 10 ) </Td> <Th> 1.4 </Th> <Th> 2.90 </Th> <Th> 4.9 </Th> <Th> 12.72 </Th> <Th> </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 172 </Td> <Td> 24 </Td> <Td> `` Flight '' </Td> <Td> May 17 , 2012 ( 2012 - 05 - 17 ) </Td> <Th> </Th> <Th> 2.53 </Th> <Th> 5.3 </Th> <Th> 13.98 </Th> <Th> </Th> </Tr> </Table> <H2> DVD release ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td_colspan="6"> Grey 's Anatomy : The Complete Eighth Season - Extraordinary Moments </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="3"> Set Details </Td> <Td_colspan="3"> Special Features </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="3"> <Ul> <Li> 24 Episodes ( 1 extended ) </Li> <Li> 6 - Disc Set </Li> <Li> English ( Dolby Digital 5.1 Surround ) </Li> <Li> Audio Commentaries </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td_colspan="3"> <Ul> <Li> A Journey Home With Kevin McKidd </Li> <Li> Extended Episode - `` If / Then '' </Li> <Li> Deleted Scenes </Li> <Li> In Stitches : Season Eight Outtakes </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="6"> Release Dates </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Region 1 </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> Region 2 </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> Region 4 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> September 4 , 2012 ( 2012 - 09 - 04 ) </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> December 3 , 2012 ( 2012 - 12 - 03 ) </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> October 17 , 2012 ( 2012 - 10 - 17 ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Full 2013 - 2014 TV Season Series Rankings '' . Deadline.com . May 22 , 2014 . Retrieved August 22 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ http://tvrecaps.ew.com/recap/greys-anatomy-season-8-premiere-recap/ </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ http://www.newsday.com/entertainment/tv/grey-s-anatomy-season-finale-review-1.3719837 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ http://www.tvfanatic.com/2011/09/greys-anatomy-review-free-falling/ </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ http://www.avclub.com/articles/greys-anatomy-ifthen,68767/ </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ http://poptimal.com/2012/05/greys-anatomy-season-finale-review-tears-and-gore-galore/#.T7u36flTadk Archived 2012 - 05 - 24 at the Wayback Machine . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Seidman , Robert ( September 23 , 2011 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' Big Bang Theory , ' ' The X Factor , ' ' Parks & Recreation ' and ' Whitney ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved September 23 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Gorman , Bill ( September 30 , 2011 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' X Factor , ' ' The Big Bang Theory , ' ' Grey 's Anatomy , ' ' The Office ' & ' The Secret Circle , ' ' Mentalist ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved October 1 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Seidman , Robert ( October 7 , 2011 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' X Factor , ' ' The Big Bang Theory , ' ' Grey 's Anatomy , ' ' The Office , ' ' Person of Interest , ' ' Parks & Rec ' Adjusted Up ; ' Private Practice ' Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved October 8 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Gorman , Bill ( October 14 , 2011 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' Big Bang Theory , ' ' Grey 's Anatomy , ' ' Office , ' ' Person Of Interest , ' ' X Factor ' Adjusted Up , ' Private Practice ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved October 15 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Seidman , Robert ( October 21 , 2011 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : World Series + ' Big Bang , ' ' Grey 's , ' ' Vampire Diaries ' Adjusted Up ; ' Rules , ' ' Private Practice ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved October 21 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Gorman , Bill ( October 28 , 2011 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : World Series Game 6 Finals + ' Big Bang , ' ' Vampire Diaries , ' ' Office , ' ' Person , ' Adjusted Up ; ' Rules , ' ' Secret Circle , ' ' Whitney , ' ' Prime Suspect ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved October 29 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Seidman , Robert ( November 4 , 2011 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' Big Bang Theory , ' ' The X Factor , ' ' Parks & Recreation , ' ' The Office , ' ' Vampire Diaries , ' ' Grey 's Anatomy ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved November 5 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Seidman , Robert ( November 11 , 2011 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' Big Bang Theory , ' ' Grey 's , ' ' Prime Suspect ' Adjusted Up ; ' Bones , ' ' Rules , ' ' Private Practice ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved November 11 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Gorman , Bill ( January 6 , 2012 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' The Vampire Diaries ' Adjusted Up ; ' Wipeout , ' ' Private Practice ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved January 7 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Seidman , Robert ( January 13 , 2012 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' Big Bang Theory ' Adjusted Up ; ' Private Practice ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved January 14 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Gorman , Bill ( January 20 , 2012 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' Big Bang Theory ' Tops ' American Idol ' 1st Half Hour ; ' Office , ' ' Mentalist , ' ' Grey 's ' Adj . Up ; ' Person , ' ' Rob , ' ' Parks ' Adj . Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved January 21 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Gorman , Bill ( February 3 , 2012 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' American Idol , ' ' Big Bang Theory , ' ' Grey 's Anatomy , ' ' Office , ' ' Mentalist ' Adjusted Up ; ' Rob ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Archived from the original on February 5 , 2012 . Retrieved February 3 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Seidman , Robert ( February 10 , 2012 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory , ' ' American Idol , ' ' Grey 's Anatomy , ' ' The Mentalist , ' ' Vampire Diaries ' Adjusted Up ; ' Rob , ' ' Private Practice , ' ' The Finder , ' ' Up All Night ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Archived from the original on February 13 , 2012 . Retrieved February 11 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Gorman , Bill ( February 17 , 2012 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' American Idol , ' ' Vampire Diaries , ' ' Grey 's Anatomy , ' ' Big Bang Theory , ' ' 30 Rock , ' ' Office ' Adjusted Up ; ' Person Of Interest , ' ' Mentalist , ' ' Secret Circle ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Archived from the original on April 10 , 2012 . Retrieved February 18 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Biel , Sara ( February 24 , 2012 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' Big Bang Theory , ' ' American Idol , ' ' The Mentalist ' Adjusted Up ; ' Rob , ' ' Private Practice , ' ' Up All Night ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Archived from the original on February 27 , 2012 . Retrieved February 25 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( March 16 , 2012 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' American Idol ' , ' The Office ' , ' Missing ' Adjusted Up , ' Private Practice ' Adjusted Down + NCAA Game Ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved March 17 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( April 6 , 2012 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' Big Bang Theory ' , ' American Idol ' , ' Person of Interest ' , ' Missing ' , ' Up All Night ' Adjusted Up ; ' Scandal ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved April 7 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( April 13 , 2012 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' The Office ' and ' American Idol ' Adjusted Up ; ' Scandal ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved April 13 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( April 20 , 2012 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' American Idol ' , ' Grey 's Anatomy ' , ' Awake ' & ' Missing ' Adjusted Up ; ' Scandal ' & ' Parks and Recreation ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved April 20 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( April 27 , 2012 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' Idol ' , ' Big Bang Theory ' , ' Grey 's ' , ' The Vampire Diaries ' , ' Mentalist ' & ' Missing ' Adjusted Up ; ' Scandal ' Adjusted DownDown '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved April 27 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 4 , 2012 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory ' , ' American Idol ' , ' Vampire Diaries ' , ' Grey 's Anatomy ' Adjusted Up ; ' Secret Circle ' , ' The Mentalist ' , ' Scandal ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved May 4 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 11 , 2012 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' Big Bang Theory ' , ' Idol ' , ' Vampire Diaries ' , ' Office ' , ' Secret Circle ' , ' Grey 's ' Adjusted Up ; ' Touch ' , ' Scandal ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved May 11 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( May 18 , 2012 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' American Idol ' , ' Grey 's Anatomy ' , ' 30 Rock ' Adjusted Up ; ' Touch ' , ' Scandal ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved May 18 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` TV Ratings Broadcast Top 25 : ' Two And A Half Men ' Tops ' Sunday Night Football ' For Week Ending September 25 , 2011 '' . TV by the Numbers . September 27 , 2011 . Retrieved May 1 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( October 4 , 2011 ) . `` TV Ratings Broadcast Top 25 : ' Two And A Half Men ' Falls Just Short of ' Sunday Night Football ' with Adults 18 - 49 , But Tops Everything in Viewing '' . Retrieved May 1 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( October 11 , 2011 ) . `` TV Ratings Broadcast Top 25 : ' Sunday Night Football , ' ' Two & A Half Men , ' ' Modern Family ' Top Week 's Adults 18 - 49 Ratings '' . Retrieved May 1 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( October 18 , 2011 ) . `` TV Ratings Broadcast Top 25 : ' Sunday Night Football , ' ' Two and a Half Men , ' ' Modern Family , ' ' NCIS ' Top Week # 4 Viewing '' . Retrieved May 1 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( October 25 , 2011 ) . `` TV Ratings Broadcast Top 25 : ' Sunday Night Football ' Beaten By ' Modern Family ' & ' Two and a Half Men ' In Week # 5 Among Adults 18 - 49 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 1 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( November 1 , 2011 ) . `` TV Ratings Broadcast Top 25 : ' Sunday Night Football ' & ' World Series ' Top Week # 6 Among Adults 18 - 49 '' . Retrieved May 1 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( November 8 , 2011 ) . `` TV Ratings Broadcast Top 25 : Ravens - Steelers , LSU - Alabama , ' Modern Family ' Top Week # 7 Among Adults 18 - 49 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 1 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Gorman , Bill ( November 15 , 2011 ) . `` TV Ratings Broadcast Top 25 : ' Sunday Night Football , ' ' Big Bang Theory ' Top Week No. 8 Among Adults 18 -- 49 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 15 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( January 10 , 2012 ) . `` TV Ratings Broadcast Top 25 : Lions - Saints Wildcard , ' Modern Family , ' ' NCIS ' Top Week 16 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 11 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Gorman , Bill ( January 18 , 2012 ) . `` TV Ratings Broadcast Top 25 : Broncos / Patriots , ' Simpsons , ' ' NCIS ' Top Week 17 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 19 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Seidman , Robert ( January 24 , 2012 ) . `` TV Ratings Broadcast Top 25 : Giants - 49ers , ' American Idol , ' ' Big Bang Theory ' Top Week 18 '' . Retrieved May 1 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Gorman , Bill ( February 7 , 2012 ) . `` TV Ratings Broadcast Top 25 : ' Super Bowl , ' ' The Voice ' Top Week 20 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 20 , 2014 . Retrieved February 7 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Gorman , Bill ( February 14 , 2012 ) . `` TV Ratings Broadcast Top 25 : ' Grammy Awards , ' ' The Voice , ' ' The Big Bang Theory ' Top Week 21 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on June 26 , 2012 . Retrieved February 14 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( February 22 , 2014 ) . `` TV Ratings Broadcast Top 25 : ' American Idol , ' ' The Voice , ' ' The Big Bang Theory ' and ' NCIS ' Top Week 22 '' . Archived from the original on June 11 , 2012 . Retrieved May 1 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( February 28 , 2012 ) . `` TV Ratings Broadcast Top 25 : ' Academy Awards ' Towers Over The Week , ' Big Bang Theory ' Is Top Scripted Show '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on June 10 , 2012 . Retrieved May 1 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( March 20 , 2012 ) . `` TV Ratings Broadcast Top 25 : ' American Idol , ' ' The Voice , ' ' Modern Family ' Top Week 26 Ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 20 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( April 10 , 2012 ) . `` TV Ratings Broadcast Top 25 : ' American Idol , ' ' Big Bang Theory ' , ' The Voice , ' and ' Person of Interest ' Top Week 29 Viewing '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 2 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( April 17 , 2012 ) . `` TV Ratings Broadcast Top 25 : ' American Idol ' , ' NCIS ' Top Week 30 Viewing '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 17 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( April 24 , 2012 ) . `` TV Ratings Broadcast Top 25 : ' American Idol ' , ' Modern Family ' Top Week 31 Viewing '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 24 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( May 1 , 2012 ) . `` TV Ratings Broadcast Top 25 : ' American Idol ' , ' Big Bang Theory ' Top Week 32 Viewing '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 1 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 8 , 2012 ) . `` TV Ratings Broadcast Top 25 : ' American Idol ' , ' The Big Bang Theory ' & ' NCIS ' Top Week 33 Viewing '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 8 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( May 15 , 2012 ) . `` TV Ratings Broadcast Top 25 : ' American Idol ' & ' NCIS ' Top Week 34 Viewing '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 15 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 22 , 2012 ) . `` TV Ratings Broadcast Top 25 : ' American Idol ' , ' NCIS ' Top Week 35 Viewing '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 22 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Gorman , Bill ( October 10 , 2011 ) . `` Live + 7 DVR Ratings : ' Modern Family ' Tops Absolute Gains , ' Supernatural ' Tops % Gains In Season 's Premiere Week '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 30 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Live + 7 DVR Ratings : ' Modern Family ' Tops Absolute Gains , ' Fringe ' Tops % Gains In Week # 2 '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( October 24 , 2011 ) . `` Live + 7 DVR Ratings : ' Modern Family ' Tops Absolute Gains , ' The Secret Circle ' Tops % Gains In Week 3 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 30 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Seldman , Robert ( October 31 , 2011 ) . `` Live + 7 DVR Ratings : ' Modern Family ' Tops Absolute Gains , ' Nikita ' Tops % Gains In Week 4 '' . Retrieved April 30 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Live + 7 DVR Ratings : ' Modern Family ' Tops Absolute Gains , ' Private Practice ' Tops % Gains In Week 5 '' . TV by the Numbers . November 7 , 2011 . Retrieved April 9 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Live + 7 DVR Ratings : ' Grey 's Anatomy , ' ' Big Bang Theory ' Top Absolute Gains , ' Supernatural ' Tops % Gains In Week 6 '' . TV by the Numbers . November 14 , 2011 . Retrieved April 9 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Live + 7 DVR Ratings : ' Modern Family ' Tops Absolute Gains , ' House ' Tops % Gains In Week 7 '' . TV by the Numbers . November 21 , 2011 . Retrieved April 9 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Live + 7 DVR Ratings : ' Two and a Half Men , ' ' House , ' ' Hawaii Five - 0 ' Top Absolute Gains , ' Fringe ' Tops % Gains In Week 8 '' . TV by the Numbers . November 29 , 2011 . Retrieved April 9 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Live + 7 DVR Ratings : ' Modern Family ' Tops Absolute Gains ; ' Pan Am ' Tops % Gains in Week 16 '' . TV by the Numbers . January 23 , 2012 . Retrieved April 9 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Live + 7 DVR Ratings : ' Modern Family ' Tops Absolute Gains ; ' Grimm ' Tops % Gains in Week 17 '' . TV by the Numbers . January 30 , 2012 . Retrieved April 9 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Live + 7 DVR Ratings : ' Modern Family ' Tops Absolute Gains ; ' Fringe ' Tops % Gains in Week 18 '' . TV by the Numbers . February 6 , 2012 . Archived from the original on February 8 , 2012 . Retrieved April 9 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Seldman , Robert ( February 21 , 2012 ) . `` Live + 7 DVR Ratings : ' Glee ' Tops Absolute Gains ; ' Grimm ' Tops % Gains in Week 20 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 20 , 2014 . Retrieved April 30 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( February 27 , 2012 ) . `` Live + 7 DVR Ratings : ' Modern Family ' Tops Absolute Ratings Gains ; ' Pan Am ' Tops % Gains in Week 21 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on June 25 , 2012 . Retrieved April 30 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Seldman , Robert ( March 5 , 2012 ) . `` Live + 7 DVR Ratings : ' Modern Family ' Tops Absolute Ratings Gains ; ' Fringe ' Tops % Gains in Week 22 '' . Retrieved April 30 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( March 12 , 2012 ) . `` Live + 7 DVR Ratings : ' Modern Family ' Still Tops Absolute Ratings Gains ; ' Grimm ' and ' Alcatraz ' Top % Gains in Week 23 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 30 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( April 2 , 2012 ) . `` Live + 7 DVR Ratings : `` Modern Family ' Tops Absolute Ratings Gain ; ' Nikita ' & ' Ringer ' Top % Gains in Week 26 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 30 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( April 23 , 2012 ) . `` Live + 7 DVR Ratings : ' New Girl ' Tops Absolute Ratings Gain , ' Fringe ' Tops % Gains , ' The Mentalist ' Tops Total Viewer Gains in Week 29 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 30 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( April 30 , 2012 ) . `` Live + 7 DVR Ratings : ' Modern Family ' Tops Absolute Ratings Gain , ' The Firm ' Tops % Gains , ' Modern Family ' Tops Total Viewer Gains in Week 30 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 30 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Live + 7 DVR Ratings : ' Modern Family ' Tops Absolute Ratings & Total Viewer Gains , ' Firm ' Tops % Gains in Week 31 '' . TV by the Numbers . May 7 , 2012 . Retrieved May 7 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Live + 7 DVR Ratings : ' Big Bang Theory ' Tops Absolute Ratings , ' Fringe ' Tops % Gains , ' The Mentalist ' Tops Total Viewer Gains in Week 32 '' . TV by the Numbers . May 14 , 2012 . Retrieved May 14 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Live + 7 DVR Ratings : ' Modern Family ' Leads Ratings and Viewership Gains , ' The Secret Circle ' Tops Percentage Increases '' . TV by the Numbers . May 21 , 2012 . Retrieved May 24 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Live + 7 DVR Ratings : ' Modern Family ' Again Leads Ratings and Viewerrship Gains , ' Grimm ' Ranks Number One In Percentage Increases '' . TV by the Numbers . May 29 , 2012 . Retrieved June 7 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( June 4 , 2012 ) . `` Live + 7 DVR Ratings : ' Modern Family ' Again Leads Ratings and Viewership Gains , ' Grimm ' Ranks Number One In Percentage Increases '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 30 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Grey 's Anatomy : The Complete Eighth Season '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved June 30 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Lambert , David ( May 4 , 2012 ) . `` Grey 's Anatomy - DVD Set is Scheduled for ' The Complete 8th Season ' '' . TV Shows on DVD . Retrieved May 5 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Grey 's Anatomy -- Season 8 ( DVD ) '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved October 2 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Grey 's Anatomy - Complete 8th Season '' . Ezy DVD . Archived from the original on November 29 , 2012 . Retrieved August 1 , 2012 . </Li> </Ol> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Grey 's Anatomy episodes </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Season 1 </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` A Hard Day 's Night '' </Li> <Li> `` If Tomorrow Never Comes '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Season 2 </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` Into You Like a Train '' </Li> <Li> `` It 's the End of the World '' </Li> <Li> `` As We Know It '' </Li> <Li> `` Losing My Religion '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Season 3 </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` Time Has Come Today '' </Li> <Li> `` I Am a Tree '' </Li> <Li> `` Great Expectations '' </Li> <Li> `` Wishin ' and Hopin ' '' </Li> <Li> `` Did n't We Almost Have It All ? 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By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> | [
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Mariska Hargitay - wikipedia <H1> Mariska Hargitay </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Mariska Hargitay </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Hargitay in November 2011 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> Mariska Magdolna Hargitay ( 1964 - 01 - 23 ) January 23 , 1964 ( age 54 ) Santa Monica , California , U.S. </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Alma mater </Th> <Td> University of California , Los Angeles </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Occupation </Th> <Td> Actress , director , executive producer </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Years active </Th> <Td> 1983 -- present </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Spouse ( s ) </Th> <Td> Peter Hermann ( m . 2004 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Children </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Parent ( s ) </Th> <Td> Mickey Hargitay Jayne Mansfield </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Relatives </Th> <Td> Jayne Marie Mansfield ( maternal half - sister ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Signature </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Mariska Magdolna Hargitay ( / məˈrɪʃkə ˈhɑːrɡɪteɪ / mə - RISH - kə HAR - ghih - tay ; born January 23 , 1964 ) is an American actress best known for her role as Detective / Sergeant / Lieutenant Olivia Benson on the NBC drama series Law & Order : Special Victims Unit , for which she has earned multiple awards and nominations , including winning a Primetime Emmy Award and Golden Globe Award . </P> <P> The daughter of bodybuilder and actor Mickey Hargitay and actress Jayne Mansfield , Hargitay made her film debut in the 1985 horror - comedy film Ghoulies and her major television debut in the 1986 adventure drama series Downtown . She appeared in numerous roles in film and television shows throughout the late 1980s and 1990s before being cast as Olivia Benson , a role that led to her founding the Joyful Heart Foundation , which provides support to women who have been sexually abused . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Early life </Li> <Li> 2 Career <Ul> <Li> 2.1 Law & Order : Special Victims Unit </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 Personal life <Ul> <Li> 3.1 Health problems </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 Charity work </Li> <Li> 5 Filmography <Ul> <Li> 5.1 Television </Li> <Li> 5.2 Film </Li> <Li> 5.3 Video games </Li> <Li> 5.4 Director </Li> <Li> 5.5 Producer </Li> <Li> 5.6 Music videos </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 6 Awards and accolades </Li> <Li> 7 Notes </Li> <Li> 8 References </Li> <Li> 9 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Early Life ( edit ) </H2> <P> Hargitay was born at St. John 's Hospital in Santa Monica , California , the daughter of actress and 1950s - era sex symbol Jayne Mansfield . Her father was the Hungarian - born former Mr. Universe Mickey Hargitay . Her first and middle names are Hungarian and refer to Mary Magdalene ( Mariska is a diminutive of Mary ) . Hargitay was raised Roman Catholic . She has two older brothers , Miklós and Zoltán , and three half - siblings , Jayne Marie Mansfield and Antonio `` Tony '' Cimber ( from her mother 's first and third marriages , respectively ) and Tina Hargitay ( from her father 's first marriage ) . </P> <P> Hargitay 's parents divorced in May 1963 , but a judge later found their Mexican divorce invalid . They reconciled a few months before Hargitay 's birth in January 1964 , but soon separated again . In August 1964 her mother successfully petitioned the court to rule the Mexican divorce legal . A few weeks later , Mansfield married the director Matt Cimber , who had directed her in a 1964 production of the William Inge play Bus Stop . On June 29 , 1967 , Mansfield was killed in an automobile accident on a stretch of U.S. Route 90 between New Orleans and Bay St. Louis , Mississippi . Her boyfriend , Sam Brody , and the driver were also killed . Asleep in the back of the vehicle , Hargitay , then three and a half years old , was left with a zigzag scar on one side of her head . Her brothers Miklós and Zoltán were also in the car , but escaped with minor injuries . After the death of their mother , the three siblings were raised by their father and his third wife , Ellen Siano . Hargitay dislikes comparisons with her famous mother and at age 18 said , `` My dad was Mr. Universe , so it would be fun for me to be Miss Universe . '' </P> <P> While a student at her Catholic secondary school , Marymount High School , Hargitay was active in cheerleading , student government , athletics , and the theater program . She enjoyed acting and enrolled at UCLA after graduation from high school in 1982 . That same year , Hargitay was crowned Miss Beverly Hills USA . By the time she was a freshman in college , Hargitay had an agent and several small roles to her credit . She attended UCLA School of Theater Film and Television ( where she was a member of Kappa Kappa Gamma ) . She left before completing her degree when she began her acting career . </P> <P> Hargitay attended Groundlings Theatre and School in Los Angeles . Her improv teacher was Kathy Griffin . Griffin stated in an interview , </P> <Dl> <Dd> `` We started class , and in the Groundlings curriculum , one of the first exercises you do is the cliched ' trust ' game . I made everyone stand in a circle , with me in the center , and I said , being onstage , you have to trust your fellow actors , especially when you 're an improviser . You 're going to be there for each other , and they 're going to be there for you . For example , I 'm going to fall back , knowing that you 'll catch me . Then I let myself fall backward , and sure enough , I was caught . Everyone gets out some nervous laughter , and then they all took turns doing it . By the time it got around to Mariska Hargitay , we 'd already done it with ten or eleven students , and they had clearly gotten the point . Then it was Mariska 's turn . ' Okay , Mariska , cross your arms in front of you and gently fall back , ' I said . She fell back and nobody caught her . She fell flat on her ass . I was horrified . This had never happened in one of my classes before . '' </Dd> </Dl> <H2> Career ( edit ) </H2> <P> In 1982 , after Hargitay was crowned Miss Beverly Hills USA , she then competed in the Miss California USA pageant the following year , placing fourth runner - up to Julie Hayek , who was later crowned Miss USA . In 1984 , she appeared in Ronnie Milsap 's music video for `` She Loves My Car '' . A year later she had a small role in the horror film , Ghoulies . </P> <P> Hargitay said in 1986 that she never thought about doing television until a role for the one - hour adventure drama series Downtown was offered . In 1988 , she had a recurring role as Carly Fixx in the soap opera Falcon Crest . She portrayed police officer Angela Garcia in the 1992 series Tequila and Bonetti , and appeared in an episode of the fourth season of Seinfeld . Two years later , Hargitay portrayed Didi Edelstein , the sexy next - door neighbor , in the 1995 sitcom Ca n't Hurry Love , which starred Nancy McKeon . In 1997 , Hargitay played detective Nina Echeverria on the drama series Prince Street , and had a recurring role as Cynthia Hooper during the fourth season of ER . Hargitay has appeared on numerous other television programs , including : Freddy 's Nightmares ; Ellen ; All - American Girl ; Baywatch ; Cracker ; Gabriel 's Fire ; In the Heat of the Night ; The Single Guy ; Wiseguy and thirtysomething . Her voice is featured on the 2005 video game True Crime : New York City . </P> <P> Hargitay also had a minor role in the 1995 film Leaving Las Vegas , and briefly replaced Gabrielle Fitzpatrick as Dulcea , in Mighty Morphin Power Rangers : The Movie , although her scenes were cut from the film and was let go when Fitzpatrick recovered from her surgery and returned to the film . </P> Hargitay on set of season 12 of Law & Order : SVU in August 2010 <P> In January 2007 she and her son , August , appeared in a Got Milk ? advertisement . </P> <H3> Law & Order : Special Victims Unit ( edit ) </H3> <P> Casting for the lead characters of NBC police procedural television drama series Law & Order : Special Victims Unit occurred in the spring of 1999 . Dick Wolf , along with officials from NBC and Studios USA , were at the final auditions for the two leads at Rockefeller Center . The last round had been narrowed down to six finalists . For the female lead -- Detective Olivia Benson -- Samantha Mathis , Reiko Aylesworth , and Hargitay were being considered . For the male role -- Detective Elliot Stabler -- the finalists were Tim Matheson , John Slattery , and Christopher Meloni . Meloni and Hargitay had auditioned in the final round together and after the actors left , there was a moment of dead silence , after which Wolf blurted out , `` Oh well . There 's no doubt who we should choose -- Hargitay and Meloni . '' The duo , who Wolf believed had the perfect chemistry from the first time he saw them together , were his first choice . Garth Ancier , then head of NBC Entertainment , agreed , and the rest of the panel assembled voiced their assent . Hargitay trained as a rape crisis advocate to prepare for the role of Benson . </P> <P> During the last months of her pregnancy in 2006 , she took maternity leave from SVU , and was temporarily replaced by Connie Nielsen . </P> <P> In May 2009 , after the show 's tenth season , Hargitay and Meloni 's contracts expired when they were reportedly making $375,000 -- $385,000 per episode . During negotiations in April for a new contract , the duo attempted to receive a percentage of the show 's profits as other high - profile Law and Order actors had done in the past . It was rumored that NBC threatened to replace Hargitay and Meloni if they persisted in their demands . However , two months later it was officially reported that both their contracts had been renewed for two more years . When the thirteenth season was about to air , initial reports indicated that Hargitay would appear in only the first 13 episodes . However , NBC chairman Bob Greenblatt later clarified that she would be in every episode of the season . </P> <P> As of August 2012 , Hargitay was earning approximately $400,000 -- $500,000 per episode . </P> <H2> Personal Life ( edit ) </H2> Hargitay in May 2007 <P> Hargitay speaks five languages : English , French , Hungarian , Spanish , and Italian . </P> <P> On August 28 , 2004 , in Santa Barbara , California , Hargitay married Peter Hermann , an actor whom she met on the set of Law & Order : SVU , on which he plays the recurring role of Defense Attorney Trevor Langan . On June 28 , 2006 , Hargitay gave birth to their son , August Miklos Friedrich Hermann , by an emergency caesarean section . In April 2011 , she and her husband adopted Amaya Josephine and attended her birth . In October 2011 , she and her husband adopted a baby boy , Andrew Nicolas Hargitay Hermann , who had been born in mid-2011 . </P> <P> Upon winning her Emmy on August 27 , 2006 , Hargitay made a point of thanking her father . On September 14 , 2006 , her father died from multiple myeloma in Los Angeles , California , at age 80 . </P> <H3> Health problems ( edit ) </H3> <P> In late December 2008 , Hargitay suffered a partially collapsed lung after taking a fall during a stunt on the set of SVU . She underwent surgery in January and returned to work shortly afterward . On March 3 , 2009 , she was hospitalized after suffering chest pains related to the injury . She missed one episode on SVU 's tenth season . </P> <H2> Charity work ( edit ) </H2> Hargitay reading Oh ! The Places You 'll Go ! by Dr. Seuss at the 2010 White House Easter Egg Roll <P> Hargitay is founder and president of the Joyful Heart Foundation , an organization established in 2004 to provide support to survivors of sexual assault , domestic violence , and child abuse . According to Hargitay , she was inspired by an encounter with a school of dolphins that surrounded her while she was swimming off the coast of Hawaii at the age of 15 . The encounter , which had ignited profound spiritual feelings within her , was one that Hargitay hoped to share with others . As of November 2010 , the Joyful Heart Foundation has sent over 5,000 women and children on therapeutic programs in New York , Los Angeles , and Hawaii , which combine yoga , meditation , massage , journaling , and swimming with dolphins . Hargitay said , </P> <P> I started getting fan mail from survivors who felt a connection to Olivia . In many of these letters , people would disclose their personal stories of abuse -- some for the very first time . I remember getting the sense that many were living in isolation with so much shame , but the shame belonged to the perpetrators . I wanted to help find a way to help people reclaim their lives and live them with a renewed sense of possibility and hope . And that 's what we work to do every day at Joyful Heart . </P> <P> According to Hargitay , the Foundation has raised $20 million and helped approximately 5,000 survivors as of April 2011 . Reference to the Joyful Heart Foundation was worked into episodes of Special Victims Unit , via a necklace containing two pendants representing the Foundation that Hargitay 's character began wearing in the show 's 13th season . </P> <P> Hargitay has worked with Michigan Police and Wayne County Prosecutor Kym Worthy to raise awareness about the statistics of untested rape kits . While planning to produce a documentary called Shelved , about the thousands of untested rape kits , Hargitay call this lack of testing `` the clearest and most shocking demonstration of how we regard these crimes in our country . </P> <P> Hargitay appeared in the 17th season of NBC 's The More You Know public service announcements in 2006 , and again in the spring of 2009 . She is an honorary board member director of the Multiple Myeloma Research Foundation . </P> <P> On September 27 , 2011 , Hargitay donated $100,000 to her alma mater , the UCLA School of Theater Film and Television for scholarship . </P> <P> In 2012 , Hargitay campaigned for the reauthorization of the Violence Against Women Act ( VAWA ) . </P> <P> On February 17 , 2012 , Hargitay made a donation of $35,800 to the Obama Victory Fund , the maximum individual contribution allowed by law at the time . </P> <H2> Filmography ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Television ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Year </Th> <Th> Title </Th> <Th> Role </Th> <Th> Notes </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1986 </Td> <Td> Downtown </Td> <Td> Jesse Smith </Td> <Td> 14 episodes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1988 </Td> <Td> In the Heat of the Night </Td> <Td> Audine Higgs </Td> <Td> Episode : `` ... And Then You Die '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1988 </Td> <Td> Freddy 's Nightmares </Td> <Td> Marsha Wildmon </Td> <Td> Episode : `` Freddy 's Tricks and Treats '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1988 </Td> <Td> Falcon Crest </Td> <Td> Carly Fixx </Td> <Td> 15 episodes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1989 </Td> <Td> Finish Line </Td> <Td> Lisa Karsh </Td> <Td> Television film </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1989 </Td> <Td> Baywatch </Td> <Td> Lisa Peters </Td> <Td> Episode : `` Second Wave '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1990 </Td> <Td> Wiseguy </Td> <Td> Debbie Vitale </Td> <Td> Episode : `` Romp '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1990 </Td> <Td> thirtysomething </Td> <Td> Courtney Dunn </Td> <Td> Episode : `` Fathers and Lovers '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1990 </Td> <Td> Booker </Td> <Td> Michelle Larkina </Td> <Td> Episode : `` Black Diamond Run '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1990 </Td> <Td> Gabriel 's Fire </Td> <Td> Carmen </Td> <Td> Episode : `` Windows '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1991 </Td> <Td> Adam - 12 </Td> <Td> Michelle Brown </Td> <Td> Episode : `` Anatomy of a Rape '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1992 </Td> <Td> Tequila and Bonetti </Td> <Td> Officer Angela Garcia </Td> <Td> 11 episodes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1992 </Td> <Td> Grapevine </Td> <Td> Katie </Td> <Td> Episode : `` The Katie and Adam Story '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1993 </Td> <Td> Hotel Room </Td> <Td> Diane </Td> <Td> Episode : `` Getting Rid of Robert '' Episode : `` Blackout '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1993 </Td> <Td> Blind Side </Td> <Td> Melanie </Td> <Td> Television film </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1993 </Td> <Td> Key West </Td> <Td> Laurel </Td> <Td> Episode : `` Less Moonlight '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1993 </Td> <Td> Seinfeld </Td> <Td> Melissa Shannon </Td> <Td> Episode : `` The Pilot '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Gambler V : Playing for Keeps </Td> <Td> Etta Place </Td> <Td> Television film </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1995 </Td> <Td> All - American Girl </Td> <Td> Jane </Td> <Td> Episode : `` Young Americans '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1995 -- 96 </Td> <Td> Ca n't Hurry Love </Td> <Td> Didi Edelstein </Td> <Td> 19 episodes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Ellen </Td> <Td> Dara </Td> <Td> Episode : `` The Mugging '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Single Guy , The The Single Guy </Td> <Td> Kate Conklin / The Mounted Cop </Td> <Td> Episode : `` Mounted Cop '' Episode : `` Kept Man '' Episode : `` The Virgin '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1997 </Td> <Td> Night Sins </Td> <Td> Paige Price </Td> <Td> Television film </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1997 </Td> <Td> Prince Street </Td> <Td> Det . Nina Echeverria </Td> <Td> 6 episodes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1997 </Td> <Td> Cracker </Td> <Td> Det . Penny Hatfield </Td> <Td> Episode : `` True Romance 1 '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1997 </Td> <Td> The Advocate 's Devil </Td> <Td> Rendi </Td> <Td> Television film </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1997 -- 98 </Td> <Td> ER </Td> <Td> Cynthia Hooper </Td> <Td> 13 episodes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1999 </Td> <Td> Love , American Style </Td> <Td> Wendy </Td> <Td> Segment : `` Love And The Blind Date '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1999 -- present </Td> <Td> Law & Order : Special Victims Unit </Td> <Td> Detective / Sergeant / Lieutenant Olivia Benson </Td> <Td> 423 episodes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2000 , 2005 </Td> <Td> Law & Order </Td> <Td> Detective Olivia Benson </Td> <Td> Episode : `` Entitled '' Episode : `` Fools For Love '' Episode : `` Flaw '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Plain Truth </Td> <Td> Ellie Harrison </Td> <Td> Television film </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2005 </Td> <Td> Law & Order : Trial by Jury </Td> <Td> Detective Olivia Benson </Td> <Td> Episode : `` Day '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Kathy Griffin : My Life on the D - List </Td> <Td> Herself </Td> <Td> Episode : `` Kathy with a Z '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2011 </Td> <Td> Barefoot Contessa </Td> <Td> Herself </Td> <Td> Episode : `` Sweet Charity '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2014 -- 16 </Td> <Td> Chicago P.D. </Td> <Td> Sergeant / Lieutenant Olivia Benson </Td> <Td> Episode : `` They 'll Have to Go Through Me '' Episode : `` The Number of Rats '' Episode : `` The Song of Gregory Williams Yates '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2015 </Td> <Td> Chicago Fire </Td> <Td> Episode : `` We Called Her Jellybean '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2015 </Td> <Td> The Jim Gaffigan Show </Td> <Td> Herself </Td> <Td> Episode : `` Maria '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2017 </Td> <Td> Nightcap </Td> <Td> Herself </Td> <Td> Episode : `` Guest in a Snake '' </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Film ( edit ) </H3> Hargitay attending the 60th Primetime Emmy Awards on September 21 , 2008 . She received eight consecutive Primetime Emmy Award nominations from 2004 to 2011 , winning once in 2006 . <Table> <Tr> <Th> Year </Th> <Th> Title </Th> <Th> Role </Th> <Th> Notes </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1985 </Td> <Td> Ghoulies </Td> <Td> Donna </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1986 </Td> <Td> Welcome to 18 </Td> <Td> Joey </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Jocks </Td> <Td> Nicole </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1988 </Td> <Td> Mr. Universe </Td> <Td> Herself </Td> <Td> ( Mickey Hargitay 's daughter ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1991 </Td> <Td> Hard Time Romance </Td> <Td> Anita </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1991 </Td> <Td> Perfect Weapon , The The Perfect Weapon </Td> <Td> Jennifer </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1991 </Td> <Td> Strawberry Road </Td> <Td> Jill Banner </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1993 </Td> <Td> Bank Robber </Td> <Td> Marisa Benoit </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1995 </Td> <Td> Leaving Las Vegas </Td> <Td> Hooker at Bar </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1999 </Td> <Td> Lake Placid </Td> <Td> Myra Okubo </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Perfume </Td> <Td> Darcy </Td> <Td> ( as Marishka Hargitay ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2006 </Td> <Td> Tales from Earthsea </Td> <Td> Tenar </Td> <Td> Voice </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2008 </Td> <Td> Love Guru , The The Love Guru </Td> <Td> Herself </Td> <Td> Cameo </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Video games ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Year </Th> <Th> Title </Th> <Th> Role </Th> <Th> Notes </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2005 </Td> <Td> True Crime : New York City </Td> <Td> Deena Dixon </Td> <Td> Voice </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Director ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Year </Th> <Th> Title </Th> <Th> Episodes </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2014 -- </Td> <Td> Law & Order : Special Victims Unit </Td> <Td> Criminal Stories ( 2014 ) <P> Padre Sandunguero ( 2015 ) </P> <P> A Misunderstanding ( 2016 ) </P> <P> Sheltered Outcasts ( 2016 ) </P> <P> Motherly Love ( 2017 ) </P> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Producer ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Year </Th> <Th> Title </Th> <Th> Notes </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2014 -- present </Td> <Td> Law & Order : Special Victims Unit </Td> <Td> seasons 15 , 16 , 17 , 18 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2017 </Td> <Td> I am Evidence </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Music videos ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Year </Th> <Th> Title </Th> <Th> Artist </Th> <Th> Role </Th> <Th> Ref </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1984 </Td> <Td> `` She Loves My Car '' </Td> <Td> Ronnie Milsap </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2015 </Td> <Td> `` Bad Blood '' </Td> <Td> Taylor Swift </Td> <Td> Justice </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Awards and accolades ( edit ) </H2> <P> Hargitay won an Emmy and Golden Globe for her role as Detective Olivia Benson . She received UCLA 's TFT Distinguished Alumni Award in 2011 and was honored at the school 's June commencement ceremony . Hargitay was awarded with the 2,511 th star of the Hollywood Walk of Fame on November 8 , 2013 . Her star is placed next to the star of her mother , which is located at 6328 Hollywood Boulevard . </P> <P> All awards and nominations are for the television show Law & Order : Special Victims Unit , except for the 2015 MTV Video Music Awards , won by Taylor Swift and all of the celebrities that appeared in the music video for her song `` Bad Blood '' . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Year </Th> <Th> Award </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th> Result </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2000 </Td> <Td> Satellite Awards </Td> <Td> Best Performance by an Actress in a Series , Drama </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Viewers for Quality Television Awards </Td> <Td> Best Actress in a Quality Drama Series </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> TV Guide Award </Td> <Td> Favorite Actress in a New Series </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Screen Actors Guild Awards </Td> <Td> Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Drama Series </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Gracie Allen Awards </Td> <Td> Individual Achievement for Best Female Lead - Drama - Series </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Emmy Awards </Td> <Td> Outstanding Lead Actress in a Drama Series </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2005 </Td> <Td> Golden Globe Award </Td> <Td> Best Performance by an Actress in a Television Series - Drama </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Emmy Awards </Td> <Td> Outstanding Lead Actress in a Drama Series </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2006 </Td> <Td> Screen Actors Guild Awards </Td> <Td> Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Drama Series </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Emmy Awards </Td> <Td> Outstanding Lead Actress in a Drama Series </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2007 </Td> <Td> TV Land Awards </Td> <Td> Favorite Lady Gumshoe </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Screen Actors Guild Awards </Td> <Td> Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Drama Series </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Emmy Awards </Td> <Td> Outstanding Lead Actress in a Drama Series </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2008 </Td> <Td> Emmy Awards </Td> <Td> Outstanding Lead Actress in a Drama Series </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2009 </Td> <Td> Screen Actors Guild Awards </Td> <Td> Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Drama Series </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> People 's Choice Awards </Td> <Td> Favorite Female TV Star </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Gracie Allen Awards </Td> <Td> Outstanding Female Lead - Drama Series </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Golden Globe Awards </Td> <Td> Best Performance by an Actress in a Television Series - Drama </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Emmy Awards </Td> <Td> Outstanding Lead Actress in a Drama Series </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Screen Actors Guild Awards </Td> <Td> Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Drama Series </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Emmy Awards </Td> <Td> Outstanding Lead Actress in a Drama Series </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> People 's Choice Awards </Td> <Td> Favorite TV Drama Actress </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2011 </Td> <Td> People 's Choice Awards </Td> <Td> Favorite TV Crime Fighter </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Screen Actors Guild Awards </Td> <Td> Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Drama Series </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Emmy Awards </Td> <Td> Outstanding Lead Actress in a Drama Series </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2012 </Td> <Td> Muse Awards </Td> <Td> New York Women in Film & Television </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> TV Guide Award </Td> <Td> Favorite Actress </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2013 </Td> <Td> Star on the Walk of Fame </Td> <Td> Television </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2014 </Td> <Td> People 's Choice Awards </Td> <Td> People 's Choice for Best Dramatic Actress </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Gracie Allen Awards </Td> <Td> Outstanding Female Actor in a Leading Role in a Drama </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> TV Guide Award </Td> <Td> Favorite Actress </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2015 </Td> <Td> People 's Choice Awards </Td> <Td> Favorite Crime Drama TV Actress </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> MTV Video Music Award </Td> <Td> Video of the Year </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2016 </Td> <Td> People 's Choice Awards </Td> <Td> Favorite Crime Drama TV Actress </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2017 </Td> <Td> People 's Choice Awards </Td> <Td> Favorite Crime Drama TV Actress </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Gracie Awards </Td> <Td> Actress in a Leading Role - Drama </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Notes ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Mariska Hargitay Biography '' . Encyclopedia of Biography. 2006 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Focus Forum '' . The Times - Picayune . Advance Publications . October 1 , 1995 . p . T14 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Inside the Actors Studio : Mariska Hargitay ( television production ) . The Actors Studio . September 22 , 2014 . Mariska says her own first name and the name of her father ; the interviewer , James Lipton , also says her full name near the start of the show . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Jayne shows new baby '' . The Cumberland News . Cumberland , Maryland . January 25 , 1964 . Retrieved November 27 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ A. Keeps , David ( December 10 , 1998 ) . `` Mariska Hargitay : Staying Sane When Life Is Moving Fast '' . Annie Daly . Good Housekeeping . Archived from the original on October 23 , 2011 . Retrieved August 12 , 2010 . Though she was raised Catholic and has a very strong faith , Hargitay calls herself a Christian who does n't go to church every Sunday . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Graydon , Carter E. ( June 7 , 1982 ) . `` People : Jun. 7 , 1982 '' . Time . Time Inc. p. 2 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Woliman Rusoff , Jane ( February 14 , 2001 ) . `` Jayne 's little girl kicks on '' . Herald Sun . The Herald and Weekly Times : H10 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Graydon , Carter E. ( June 7 , 1982 ) . `` People : Jun. 7 , 1982 '' . Time . Time Inc. p. 1 . Retrieved August 4 , 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Bruin Life 1983 , The Yearbook at UCLA '' . University of California , Los Angeles . Internet Archive. 1983 . Archived from the original on October 23 , 2011 . Retrieved July 22 , 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` NOTABLE ALUMNI ACTORS '' . UCLA School of Theater , Film and Television . Retrieved September 29 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Virtel , Louis ( March 4 , 2010 ) . `` Was Kathy Griffin 's Censored SVU Scene Payback from an Injured Mariska Hargitay ? '' . Movieline . PMC . Archived from the original on October 23 , 2011 . Retrieved October 22 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Gladstone , Mark ( January 10 , 1983 ) . `` New Rules Make Runner - up in Beauty Contest a Winner '' ( PDF ) . Los Angeles Times . Tribune Company . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on October 23 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Buck , Jerry ( January 7 , 1988 ) . `` Mariska Hargitay Joins ' Falcon Crest ' Cast '' . Chicago Tribune . Tribune Company . p. 4 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Mills , Bart ( August 12 , 1986 ) . `` Hargitay goes ` Downtown ' '' . Daily Breeze : C1 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Interview with David Yost Part 2 '' . Anime Festival Orlando 2010 . YouTube . Augusta 25 , 2010 . accessed August 10 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The hottest mom in Hollywood '' . Self . No . January 2007 . Condé Nast Publications . January 1 , 2007 . pp. 24 -- 25 . Archived from the original on February 22 , 2008 . Retrieved January 24 , 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Green , Susan ; Dawn , Randee ( 2009 ) . Law & Order : Special Victims Unit Unofficial Companion . BenBella Books , Inc. p. 11 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 933771 - 88 - 5 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Oglethorpe , Alice . `` Real American Heroes '' Shape , November 2010 , Page 186 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Silverman , Stephen ( January 25 , 2006 ) . `` Maternity Leave Looms for Mariska Hargitay '' . People . Time Inc . Retrieved January 24 , 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` SVU `` Replaces '' Benson `` . TV Guide . February 1 , 2006 . Archived from the original on October 23 , 2011 . Retrieved January 24 , 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Schneider , Michael ( June 29 , 2009 ) . `` Meloni , Hargitay seal deal with ' SVU ' '' . Variety . Reed Business Information . Archived from the original on October 23 , 2011 . Retrieved February 23 , 2010 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Martin , Denise ( June 29 , 2009 ) . `` ' Law & Order : SVU ' stars Christopher Meloni and Mariska Hargitay sign on for two more years '' . Los Angeles Times . Tribune Company . Archived from the original on October 23 , 2011 . Retrieved February 23 , 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( April 8 , 2009 ) . `` ' SVU ' exclusive : NBC to replace Chris and Mariska ? ! '' . Entertainment Weekly . Time Inc . Archived from the original on October 23 , 2011 . Retrieved February 23 , 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( May 14 , 2011 ) . `` Law & Order : SVU Scoop : Hargitay Inks New Deal , Jennifer Love Hewitt May Succeed Her '' . TVLine . PMC . Archived from the original on October 23 , 2011 . Retrieved May 14 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( August 1 , 2011 ) . `` ' Law & Order : SVU ' : Mariska Hargitay is n't going anywhere , NBC chief says '' . Zap2it . Archived from the original on October 23 , 2011 . Retrieved October 22 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Battaglio , Stephen ; Schneider , Michael ( August 26 , 2013 ) . `` What They Earn '' . TV Guide . pp. 16 - 20 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( April 20 , 2012 ) . `` ' Law & Order : SVU ' Star Mariska Hargitay Inks New Deal With Universal Television ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved April 20 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Diaz , Johnny ( November 13 , 2005 ) . `` Speaking volumes : Use of Spanish booms on network programs '' . The Boston Globe . The New York Times Company : N1 . Archived from the original on June 21 , 2006 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Law & Order 's Mariska Hargitay Gets Married '' . People . Time Inc . September 2 , 2004 . Archived from the original on December 31 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Ravitz , Justin ( October 19 , 2011 ) . `` Mariska Hargitay Adopts For Second Time in Six Months : New Details '' . Us Weekly . Archived from the original on November 27 , 2015 . Retrieved October 19 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Masterson , Lawrie ( September 17 , 2007 ) . `` Mum 's the word for Mariska '' . Sunday Herald Sun . The Herald and Weekly Times : X06 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kimpton , Roger ( Summer 2010 ) . `` Hollywood on the Palisades '' . Palisade : 13 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Triggs , Charlotte ( April 6 , 2011 ) . `` Mariska Hargitay Adopts a Baby '' . People . Time Inc . Archived from the original on December 31 , 2016 . Retrieved April 6 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Hubbard , Amy ( October 19 , 2011 ) . `` Mariska Hargitay adopts second baby in 6 months : Give ' em an ' A ' '' . Los Angeles Times . Tribune Company . Archived from the original on October 20 , 2011 . Retrieved October 19 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Triggs , Charlotte ( October 19 , 2011 ) . `` Mariska Hargitay Adopts Son Andrew Nicolas '' . People . Time Inc . Archived from the original on April 16 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Mariska Hargitay '' . Television Academy . Retrieved February 23 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Biography for Mariska Hargitay '' . Turner Classic Movies . Time Warner . Retrieved January 25 , 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bonawitz , Amy ( September 19 , 2006 ) . `` Actor Mickey Hargitay Dead At 80 '' . CBS News . CBS Corporation . Archived from the original on October 20 , 2011 . Retrieved September 20 , 2006 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ McLellan , Dennis ( September 20 , 2006 ) , `` Bodybuilder - actor Mickey Hargitay dies '' , Bangor Daily News , p. 25 , retrieved January 25 , 2010 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Mariska Hargitay Says `` Stunt '' Led to Partially Collapsed Lung `` . TVGuide . OpenGate Capital . May 19 , 2009 . Retrieved May 19 , 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Mariska Hargitay hospitalized for chest pains '' . Access Hollywood . March 4 , 2009 . Archived from the original on December 31 , 2016 . Retrieved March 5 , 2009 -- via Today . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Dos Santos , Kristin ; Megan Masters ( March 16 , 2009 ) . `` Exclusive ! SVU Boss : Mariska Hargitay Will Be Back This Season '' . E ! Online . Comcast . Archived from the original on October 23 , 2011 . Retrieved March 17 , 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Martin , Crystal . `` Behind the Scenes with Mariska Hargitay '' . Redbook . Hearst Corporation . Archived from the original on September 28 , 2011 . Retrieved January 24 , 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Guide : What 's Worth Watching '' . TV Guide : 8 . July 5 , 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Ross , Robyn ( February 19 , 2010 ) . `` SVU 's Mariska Hargitay Helps Trauma Survivors On - Screen and Off '' . TV Guide . Lionsgate . Archived from the original on February 23 , 2010 . Retrieved February 22 , 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Sonia Harmon , Kate Meyers and Susan Pocharski . `` Ladies Who Give Back '' , Ladies ' Home Journal ( April 2011 ) , pages 84 -- 85 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Keck , William . `` Ask Keck '' . TV Guide . November 7 , 2011 . Page 10 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 100 serial rapists identified by DNA among ignored rape kits '' . Russia Today . March 13 , 2014 . Retrieved February 14 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` NBC Universal 's `` The More You Know '' Launches Its 17th Season of Public Service Announcements with new Theme , New Look and New Faces '' ( PDF ) . The More You Know . NBC Universal . December 16 , 2005 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on July 3 , 2010 . Retrieved January 24 , 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The More You Know '' . The National Domestic Violence Hotline . Archived from the original on August 5 , 2011 . Retrieved August 5 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` MMRF Honorary Board of Directors '' . 2007 . Archived from the original on January 25 , 2010 . Retrieved January 24 , 2010 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Goldberg , Lesley ( September 27 , 2011 ) . `` ' Law & Order : SVU 's ' Mariska Hargitay Donates $100,000 to UCLA '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on September 28 , 2011 . Retrieved September 28 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Hargitay , Mariska ( April 26 , 2012 ) . `` Violence Against Women Act Helps Restore Lives '' . The Huffington Post </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Mariska Hargitay Political Campaign Contributions 2012 Election Cycle '' . CampaginMoney.com . Retrieved December 21 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The surreal music - video masterpiece in Mariska Hargitay 's past '' . the Bleader . Retrieved May 7 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Taylor Swift 's ' Bad Blood ' Video : Cindy Crawford , Mariska Hargitay , Ellen Pompeo Posters REVEALED ( SEE PICS ) '' . Fashion & Style . Archived from the original on May 20 , 2015 . Retrieved May 16 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Mariska Hargitay to join mum on Hollywood Walk of Fame '' . Hollywood.com . November 1 , 2013 . Retrieved October 31 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` All stars of the Bad Blod music video to win a Moon Man award '' . Instagram.com . November 17 , 2015 . Retrieved November 18 , 2015 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> D'Arminio , Aubry . Mariska Hargitay Biography . Allrovi ( All Media Guide ) . Circa 2007 . Accessed January 24 , 2010 . </Li> </Ul> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wikimedia Commons has media related to Mariska Hargitay . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ul> <Li> Official website </Li> <Li> Joyful Heart Foundation , founded by Hargitay </Li> <Li> Mariska Hargitay on IMDb </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Awards for Mariska Hargitay </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Golden Globe Award for Best Actress -- Television Series Drama </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Linda Cristal ( 1969 ) </Li> <Li> Peggy Lipton ( 1970 ) </Li> <Li> Patricia Neal ( 1971 ) </Li> <Li> Gail Fisher ( 1972 ) </Li> <Li> Lee Remick ( 1973 ) </Li> <Li> Angie Dickinson ( 1974 ) </Li> <Li> Lee Remick ( 1975 ) </Li> <Li> Susan Blakely ( 1976 ) </Li> <Li> Lesley Ann Warren ( 1977 ) </Li> <Li> Rosemary Harris ( 1978 ) </Li> <Li> Natalie Wood ( 1979 ) </Li> <Li> Yoko Shimada ( 1980 ) </Li> <Li> Linda Evans / Barbara Bel Geddes ( 1981 ) </Li> <Li> Joan Collins ( 1982 ) </Li> <Li> Jane Wyman ( 1983 ) </Li> <Li> Angela Lansbury ( 1984 ) </Li> <Li> Sharon Gless ( 1985 ) </Li> <Li> Angela Lansbury ( 1986 ) </Li> <Li> Susan Dey ( 1987 ) </Li> <Li> Jill Eikenberry ( 1988 ) </Li> <Li> Angela Lansbury ( 1989 ) </Li> <Li> Sharon Gless / Patricia Wettig ( 1990 ) </Li> <Li> Angela Lansbury ( 1991 ) </Li> <Li> Regina Taylor ( 1992 ) </Li> <Li> Kathy Baker ( 1993 ) </Li> <Li> Claire Danes ( 1994 ) </Li> <Li> Jane Seymour ( 1995 ) </Li> <Li> Gillian Anderson ( 1996 ) </Li> <Li> Christine Lahti ( 1997 ) </Li> <Li> Keri Russell ( 1998 ) </Li> <Li> Edie Falco ( 1999 ) </Li> <Li> Sela Ward ( 2000 ) </Li> <Li> Jennifer Garner ( 2001 ) </Li> <Li> Edie Falco ( 2002 ) </Li> <Li> Frances Conroy ( 2003 ) </Li> <Li> Mariska Hargitay ( 2004 ) </Li> <Li> Geena Davis ( 2005 ) </Li> <Li> Kyra Sedgwick ( 2006 ) </Li> <Li> Glenn Close ( 2007 ) </Li> <Li> Anna Paquin ( 2008 ) </Li> <Li> Julianna Margulies ( 2009 ) </Li> <Li> Katey Sagal ( 2010 ) </Li> <Li> Claire Danes ( 2011 ) </Li> <Li> Claire Danes ( 2012 ) </Li> <Li> Robin Wright ( 2013 ) </Li> <Li> Ruth Wilson ( 2014 ) </Li> <Li> Taraji P. Henson ( 2015 ) </Li> <Li> Claire Foy ( 2016 ) </Li> <Li> Elisabeth Moss ( 2017 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Drama Series </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Helen Hayes ( 1952 ) </Li> <Li> Loretta Young ( 1954 ) </Li> <Li> Loretta Young ( 1956 ) </Li> <Li> Loretta Young ( 1959 ) </Li> <Li> Barbara Stanwyck ( 1961 ) </Li> <Li> Barbara Stanwyck ( 1966 ) </Li> <Li> Barbara Bain ( 1967 ) </Li> <Li> Barbara Bain ( 1968 ) </Li> <Li> Barbara Bain ( 1969 ) </Li> <Li> Susan Hampshire ( 1970 ) </Li> <Li> Susan Hampshire ( 1971 ) </Li> <Li> Glenda Jackson ( 1972 ) </Li> <Li> Michael Learned ( 1973 ) </Li> <Li> Michael Learned ( 1974 ) </Li> <Li> Jean Marsh ( 1975 ) </Li> <Li> Michael Learned ( 1976 ) </Li> <Li> Lindsay Wagner ( 1977 ) </Li> <Li> Sada Thompson ( 1978 ) </Li> <Li> Mariette Hartley ( 1979 ) </Li> <Li> Barbara Bel Geddes ( 1980 ) </Li> <Li> Barbara Babcock ( 1981 ) </Li> <Li> Michael Learned ( 1982 ) </Li> <Li> Tyne Daly ( 1983 ) </Li> <Li> Tyne Daly ( 1984 ) </Li> <Li> Tyne Daly ( 1985 ) </Li> <Li> Sharon Gless ( 1986 ) </Li> <Li> Sharon Gless ( 1987 ) </Li> <Li> Tyne Daly ( 1988 ) </Li> <Li> Dana Delany ( 1989 ) </Li> <Li> Patricia Wettig ( 1990 ) </Li> <Li> Patricia Wettig ( 1991 ) </Li> <Li> Dana Delany ( 1992 ) </Li> <Li> Kathy Baker ( 1993 ) </Li> <Li> Sela Ward ( 1994 ) </Li> <Li> Kathy Baker ( 1995 ) </Li> <Li> Kathy Baker ( 1996 ) </Li> <Li> Gillian Anderson ( 1997 ) </Li> <Li> Christine Lahti ( 1998 ) </Li> <Li> Edie Falco ( 1999 ) </Li> <Li> Sela Ward ( 2000 ) </Li> <Li> Edie Falco ( 2001 ) </Li> <Li> Allison Janney ( 2002 ) </Li> <Li> Edie Falco ( 2003 ) </Li> <Li> Allison Janney ( 2004 ) </Li> <Li> Patricia Arquette ( 2005 ) </Li> <Li> Mariska Hargitay ( 2006 ) </Li> <Li> Sally Field ( 2007 ) </Li> <Li> Glenn Close ( 2008 ) </Li> <Li> Glenn Close ( 2009 ) </Li> <Li> Kyra Sedgwick ( 2010 ) </Li> <Li> Julianna Margulies ( 2011 ) </Li> <Li> Claire Danes ( 2012 ) </Li> <Li> Claire Danes ( 2013 ) </Li> <Li> Julianna Margulies ( 2014 ) </Li> <Li> Viola Davis ( 2015 ) </Li> <Li> Tatiana Maslany ( 2016 ) </Li> <Li> Elisabeth Moss ( 2017 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> VIAF : 61756676 </Li> <Li> LCCN : nr2002001211 </Li> <Li> ISNI : 0000 0001 1473 6009 </Li> <Li> BNF : cb14185376t ( data ) </Li> <Li> NKC : xx0151924 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mariska_Hargitay&oldid=836961989 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> 1964 births </Li> <Li> 20th - 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Dick Clark 's New Year 's Rockin ' Eve - wikipedia <H1> Dick Clark 's New Year 's Rockin ' Eve </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Dick Clark 's New Year 's Rockin ' Eve </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Also known as </Th> <Td> Dick Clark 's New Year 's Rockin ' Eve with Ryan Seacrest , Dick Clark 's Primetime New Year 's Rockin ' Eve with Ryan Seacrest </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Created by </Th> <Td> Dick Clark </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Presented by </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Dick Clark </Li> <Li> Ryan Seacrest </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Country of origin </Th> <Td> United States </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Original language ( s ) </Th> <Td> English </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> No. of episodes </Th> <Td> 46 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Production </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Executive producer ( s ) </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Ryan Seacrest </Li> <Li> Allen Shapiro </Li> <Li> Mike Mahan </Li> <Li> Barry Adelman </Li> <Li> Mark Bracco </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Producer ( s ) </Th> <Td> Larry Klein </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Location ( s ) </Th> <Td> Times Square , New York City , New York ( live segments ) various locations ( pre-recorded concert segments ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Camera setup </Th> <Td> Multi-camera </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Running time </Th> <Td> Primetime Part One : 120 minutes ( 8 : 00 -- 10 : 00 p.m. ) Primetime Part Two : 60 minutes ( 10 : 00 -- 11 : 00 p.m. ) Part One : 100 minutes ( 11 : 30 p.m. -- 1 : 10 a.m. ) Part Two : 65 minutes ( 1 : 10 - 2 : 15 a.m. ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Production company ( s ) </Th> <Td> Dick Clark Productions Ryan Seacrest Productions </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Release </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Original network </Th> <Td> NBC ( 1972 -- 73 ) ABC ( 1974 -- present ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Picture format </Th> <Td> 480i ( SDTV ) , 720p ( HDTV ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Original release </Th> <Td> December 31 , 1972 -- present </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Dick Clark 's New Year 's Rockin ' Eve ( NYRE ) is an annual New Year 's Eve television special broadcast by ABC . The special broadcasts primarily from New York City 's Times Square , and prominently features coverage of its annual ball drop event , along with live and pre-recorded musical performances by popular musicians from Times Square and Hollywood , respectively , in addition to live performances and coverage of festivities from New Orleans . </P> <P> Its creator and namesake was the entertainer Dick Clark , who conceived New Year 's Rockin ' Eve as a younger - skewing competitor to Guy Lombardo 's popular and long - running New Year 's Eve big band broadcasts on CBS . The first two editions , which were hosted by Three Dog Night and George Carlin , respectively , and featured Dick Clark assuming the role of Times Square reporter , were broadcast by NBC for 1973 and 1974 , respectively . In 1974 -- 75 , the program moved to its current home of ABC , and Clark assumed the role of host . </P> <P> Following the death of Guy Lombardo and the decline of the Royal Canadians ' special , New Year 's Rockin ' Eve grew in popularity , and became ingrained in pop culture -- even prompting Clark himself to make appearances on other programs in parody of his role . To this day , New Year 's Rockin ' Eve has consistently remained the highest - rated New Year 's Eve special broadcast by the United States ' major television networks ; its 2012 edition peaked at 22.6 million home viewers -- not including viewers watching from public locations , which were historically not measured by Nielsen . Dick Clark hosted New Year 's Rockin ' Eve annually from 1973 through 2004 , and served as a Times Square correspondent alongside Peter Jennings for ABC News 's special coverage of year 2000 celebrations . </P> <P> The complications of a stroke suffered by Clark in December 2004 had a major effect on his role in the special . After having Regis Philbin serve as a guest host for 2005 , Clark returned to the special for the 2006 edition : due to speech impediments resulting from his stroke , Clark ceded hosting duties to Ryan Seacrest , but still made limited appearances . The death of Dick Clark on April 18 , 2012 left Ryan Seacrest as the sole host of New Year 's Rockin ' Eve beginning with its 2012 -- 13 edition . Seacrest has most recently been joined by Jenny McCarthy as a correspondent from Times Square , with Ciara serving as the presenter of the Hollywood concert segments . Through its deal with Dick Clark Productions , New Year 's Rockin ' Eve will remain on ABC through at least 2024 . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Format </Li> <Li> 2 History <Ul> <Li> 2.1 Before Rockin ' Eve </Li> <Li> 2.2 Conception , premiere </Li> <Li> 2.3 Rise in popularity </Li> <Li> 2.4 ABC 2000 Today , 2001 primetime expansion </Li> <Li> 2.5 Dick Clark 's stroke , effects on Rockin ' Eve <Ul> <Li> 2.5. 1 Dick Clark 's return </Li> <Li> 2.5. 2 Ryan Seacrest becomes host </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2.6 2012 -- present <Ul> <Li> 2.6. 1 2012 : 40th anniversary </Li> <Li> 2.6. 2 2013 - 14 : after the death of Dick Clark </Li> <Li> 2.6. 3 2017 : New Orleans expansion , Mariah Carey incident </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 Specials </Li> <Li> 4 References </Li> <Li> 5 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Format ( edit ) </H2> <P> New Year 's Rockin ' Eve is primarily broadcast from Times Square in New York City , providing coverage of the New Year 's Eve festivities held there , culminating with the long - running ball drop leading to midnight and the New Year . The special also features pre-recorded segments featuring performances by popular musicians ; since the 2017 -- 18 edition , these concert segments ( branded since the 2014 - 15 edition as the `` Billboard Hollywood Party '' ) have been presented from a studio in Los Angeles by Ciara . Since the 2016 -- 17 edition , Lucy Hale has hosted additional coverage and performances from New Orleans . </P> <P> Since 2005 , Ryan Seacrest has hosted the live show outside in Times Square ( along with a celebrity correspondent , Jenny McCarthy since 2011 , providing additional reports from attendees ) . From his return and until his death , Dick Clark hosted a limited number of segments from Times Square Studios approaching midnight , but still participated in the countdown and his tradition of kissing his wife , Kari Wigton , at midnight . </P> <P> Since 2000 -- 01 's edition , coverage has begun with a segment airing in primetime : initially airing at 10 : 00 p.m. ET / PT , beginning with the 2012 - 13 edition , the show was extended to 8 : 00 p.m. ET / PT to accommodate musical retrospective specials that aired from the 2011 - 12 to 2013 - 14 editions . These specials primarily featured countdowns of archived music performances from the Dick Clark Productions library , including the top New Year 's Rockin ' Eve performances , and the `` 30 Greatest Women in Music '' . On the 2014 - 15 edition , the retrospective specials were dropped ; its two - hour block is now referred to as `` Part 1 '' of the Primetime portion of the program , with the 10 : 00 p.m. hour considered `` Part 2 '' . </P> <P> Following late local programming , the main New Year 's Rockin ' Eve broadcast begins at 11 : 30 p.m. ET / PT ; some stations may tape delay this segment in order to correspond to the local time zone . Since the 2016 - 17 edition , the live coverage from Times Square has been followed by live coverage of festivities in the Central Time Zone from New Orleans , including Jackson Square 's fleur - de-lis drop . After the conclusion of live coverage , the special continues into `` Part 2 '' , which features the remainder of the Hollywood concert segments . Part 2 runs into the early morning hours , and has run as late as 3 : 00 a.m. ET / PT in the past . </P> <H2> History ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Before Rockin ' Eve ( edit ) </H3> Guy Lombardo was a fixture on New Year 's Eve until his death in 1977 . <P> Prior to the premiere of New Year 's Rockin ' Eve , the most well - known New Year 's Eve program was the annual big band remote of bandleader Guy Lombardo and his Royal Canadians , broadcast from the ballroom of the Waldorf - Astoria Hotel . Guy Lombardo hosted 48 straight New Year 's Eve broadcasts on CBS until his death in 1977 , beginning on radio in 1928 ( and for a period , splitting with NBC Radio following midnight ET ) , and on CBS Television from 1956 to 1976 ( which also featured coverage of the ball drop in Times Square ) . Lombardo was also well known for his band 's performance of the song `` Auld Lang Syne '' at midnight , which helped make the standard synonymous with the New Year 's holiday in North America . </P> <H3> Conception , premiere ( edit ) </H3> <P> At the time , Dick Clark was well - known to viewers as the host of American Bandstand , a music series produced from the studios of Philadelphia television station WFIL - TV ( now WPVI - TV ) and broadcast by ABC ( which itself aired a New Year 's Eve special on December 31 , 1959 ) . </P> <P> In the 1970s , Clark felt that Guy Lombardo 's New Year 's specials were outdated and did not appeal well to younger viewers ; he believed that only older viewers would be interested in big band music accompanied by `` people dancing cheek - to - jowl in their tuxedos and funny hats . '' In response , he decided to produce a more youthful New Year 's Eve special of his own to compete . Clark 's new program would be known as New Year 's Rockin ' Eve , a name chosen to signify the major contrast between his special and the more formal atmosphere of Guy Lombardo 's special . The first edition , Three Dog Night 's New Year 's Rockin ' Eve 1973 , was aired by NBC on December 31 , 1972 and was hosted by the members of the rock band Three Dog Night . The special featured pre-recorded musical performances from the ballroom of the Queen Mary in Long Beach , California by Blood , Sweat & Tears , Helen Reddy , Al Green , and Three Dog Night . Clark served as a reporter from Times Square for live coverage of the ball drop and arrival of 1973 . The second special , New Year 's Rockin ' Eve 1974 , also on NBC , was hosted by comedian George Carlin and featured pre-recorded musical performances by The Pointer Sisters , Billy Preston , Linda Ronstadt and Tower of Power once again from the Queen Mary ballroom . Beginning with the 1975 edition , the program moved to ABC and Clark assumed hosting duties ; billed as Chicago 's New Year 's Rockin ' Eve 1975 and seen as part of ABC 's Wide World of Entertainment late - night block , the first ABC edition was headlined by the rock group Chicago , with guests The Beach Boys , The Doobie Brothers , Herbie Hancock and Olivia Newton - John , in segments pre-recorded at MGM Studios in Hollywood . </P> <H3> Rise in popularity ( edit ) </H3> Dick Clark , creator , host and namesake of the show . <P> After Guy Lombardo 's death in 1977 , CBS and the Royal Canadians attempted to continue their New Year 's Eve broadcasts from the Waldorf - Astoria for 1977 -- 78 . However , the effects of Lombardo 's absence led to a decline in viewership , allowing New Year 's Rockin ' Eve to overtake the Royal Canadians in viewership in only its fifth year on - air . The threat of the new special also prompted CBS to drop the Royal Canadians entirely in 1979 in favor of a new special , Happy New Year , America , which premiered for New Year 's Eve 1979 -- 80 . With its recent success , Clark began hoping that New Year 's Rockin ' Eve would become a television tradition of its own , lamenting that `` Lombardo would always win ( in New York ) because of the Waldorf and 35 years of tradition , but we finally got it wrested . '' Clark 's hopes soon became reality , as New Year 's Rockin ' Eve had displaced Guy Lombardo as the most popular and most - watched New Year 's Eve special on American television in the years following . </P> <P> The 1980 edition was co-hosted by Erin Moran and John Schneider of Happy Days and The Dukes of Hazzard respectively , and continued with Clark 's goal to showcase acts that represented the previous year by featuring Barry Manilow , Blondie , Chic , The Oak Ridge Boys , and the Village People as performers . The 1988 edition was co-hosted by China Beach cast members Marg Helgenberger and Brian Wimmer from the Cocoanut Grove club at the Ambassador Hotel . Mark Curry and Holly Robinson of the ABC sitcom Hangin ' with Mr. Cooper co-hosted for 1993 -- 94 , with segments at Walt Disney World featuring performances by acts such as Brooks and Dunn and Kiss , along with the marriage of two California firefighters , Laura Turpin and Bob Hutnyan . </P> <P> The 1994 -- 95 edition was co-hosted with Margaret Cho and Steve Harvey , and included musical performances from Melissa Etheridge , Hootie & the Blowfish and Salt - N - Pepa . </P> <P> The 1996 -- 97 edition was co-hosted by Stacey Dash and Donald Faison of the ABC comedy series Clueless , and included performances by Jann Arden , Kiss , `` Weird Al '' Yankovic , The Presidents of the United States of America , and The Tony Rich Project . This edition also marked the 25th anniversary of New Year 's Rockin ' Eve ; Clark marked this accomplishment by discussing the greatest challenges he had faced hosting the special ; including being unable to hear his director over the loud crowds of Times Square , harsh weather conditions , and a year where the emcee had to contend with a group of 30 nude attendees in the background . Clark aimed to continue hosting the special through the year 2000 . Ultimately , Clark hosted the program nearly uninterrupted through 2004 . </P> <P> The popularity of New Year 's Rockin ' Eve also resulted in Clark making appearances on other television series to reference his role . During a Y2K - themed short in The Simpsons ' 1999 Halloween special `` Treehouse of Horror X '' , Clark made a cameo appearance hosting a New Year 's Eve event in Springfield . The Y2K bug caused the emcee to melt , exposing him as a robot . In an interview following the episode 's airing with its writer , Ron Hauge , Clark said that the episode gave the `` biggest response '' he had ever gotten from anything he had ever done . Clark made a further appearance during the pilot episode of fellow Matt Groening series Futurama , `` Space Pilot 3000 '' , where Clark 's head ( as preserved in a jar ) hosts New Year 's Rockin ' Eve 3000 . In the 1994 film Forrest Gump , footage of Clark from the first edition of New Year 's Rockin ' Eve is seen on a television at a bar during a scene of the film taking place on New Year 's Eve in 1972 . New Year 's Rockin ' Eve was also the subject of an episode of the sitcom Friends , `` The One with the Routine '' , in which Ross and Monica Geller attend a taping of New Year 's Rockin ' Eve as audience members , trying to draw attention to themselves so they can get on - camera . </P> <H3> ABC 2000 Today , 2001 primetime expansion ( edit ) </H3> Main article : ABC 2000 Today ABC News provided coverage from Times Square and other locations as part of its ABC 2000 Today special . <P> On December 31 , 1999 , in lieu of New Year 's Rockin ' Eve , ABC News presented ABC 2000 Today , a day - long telecast hosted by Peter Jennings which , as part of a consortium of broadcasters , presented coverage of international festivities celebrating the arrival of the year 2000 . Clark joined Jennings and ABC News reporter Jack Ford as correspondents for coverage from Times Square . Unlike New Year 's Rockin ' Eve , festivities from Times Square were also broadcast live across the entire country instead of tape - delayed for the West Coast , since the special broadcast midnight festivities in other cities and time zones for the remainder of the night , as they had done throughout the day . </P> <P> Clark , Ford , and Jennings were among a total of more than 1,000 members of the ABC News division that were part of the broadcast . They were all under the direction of ABC 's Roger Goodman . The ABC 2000 Today telecast overall also received a Peabody Award . Reflecting on the event , Clark was enthusiastic about his participation , feeling that New Year 's Eve 2000 was one of the biggest nights he had ever spent in Times Square . </P> <P> New Year 's Rockin ' Eve returned to ABC the following New Year 's Eve for the arrival of 2001 . The 2000 -- 01 edition also introduced a new primetime hour at 10 : 00 p.m. ET / PT , which featured additional segments and music performances to lead into the main program . Clark felt positive about the program 's expansion into primetime -- believing that viewers , no matter where they were , wanted to know what was going on in Times Square on New Year 's Eve . Clark was joined by Fox & Friends anchor Steve Doocy , and Michelle Madison as reporters in Times Square . Comedian Wayne Brady hosted concert segments in Hollywood , which included performances by 98 Degrees , Baha Men , Boyz II Men , Lonestar , and Third Eye Blind among others . </P> <P> The 2002 edition of New Year 's Rockin ' Eve , its 30th edition , featured pre-recorded concert performances from tours by Aerosmith , Destiny 's Child , and Elton John during the primetime hour , followed by studio segments ( again hosted by Wayne Brady ) featuring performances by Blink - 182 , Bush , Busta Rhymes , Jessica Simpson , LFO , The O'Jays , and Pink . The primetime hour of New Year 's Rockin ' Eve 2002 was also preceded by ABC 2002 , a follow - up to the ABC 2000 special , hosted by Peter Jennings from the Rose Center for Earth and Space . The two - hour special featured a `` meaningful and reflective '' view on New Year 's celebrations from around the world , and also included performances by Arlo Guthrie , Sting , and U2 . Clark personally felt that 2002 , since it was the first in the wake of the September 11 attacks , was the most `` nerve - racking '' New Year 's Eve he had ever experienced . </P> <H3> Dick Clark 's stroke , effects on Rockin ' Eve ( edit ) </H3> Regis Philbin filled in for Dick Clark during New Year 's Rockin ' Eve 2005 . <P> On December 6 , 2004 , it was reported that Clark had been hospitalized after suffering from a minor stroke . Despite Clark indicating his participation in New Year 's Rockin ' Eve 2005 in a prepared statement , reports soon surfaced that the stroke may have been serious enough to prevent him from hosting at all . It was officially announced on December 14 that Dick Clark would not be hosting , and that Regis Philbin would fill in for Clark . In a statement , Clark said that he was thankful that Philbin was able to quickly step in on short notice to host the show , and hoped that he would do a good job . Philbin was optimistic about his role , considering it the `` best temp job ever . '' </P> <P> Various personalities paid tribute to Clark throughout the night on New Year 's Eve ; the New Year 's Rockin ' Eve broadcast featured special celebrity messages for Clark , and revelers in Times Square were seen with signs saluting Clark . During CNN 's coverage , revelers in Times Square told CNN 's Jason Carroll that Philbin was `` all right '' filling in for Clark ( but still had Anderson Cooper and Carroll too ) . Mayor Michael Bloomberg also spoke with Philbin on Clark 's absence during the show , noting that `` it is n't that we do n't like Regis , but we want ( Clark ) back next year . '' Philbin 's hosting received mixed reviews : Richard Huff of the New York Daily News noted that Philbin 's hosting was `` stiff '' at first , and suggested that he would have performed better if he had a co-host to interact with like his daytime talk show Live with Regis and Kelly . In conclusion , he considered Philbin 's performance to be `` suitable -- although not spectacular . '' Virginia Heffernan of The New York Times believed that Philbin was feeling `` surprisingly nervous '' in his role at host , and felt that `` rowdy crowds '' ( which Philbin chose to avoid by staying in the studio ) and the success of Rod Stewart 's career ( which Philbin pounced on to promote his new album , `` When You 're Smiling '' ) were bothering him . </P> Dick Clark 's return ( edit ) Ryan Seacrest joined New Year 's Rockin ' Eve as a co-host beginning on its 2006 edition . <P> In August 2005 , ABC announced that Dick Clark would return to New Year 's Rockin ' Eve for its 2006 edition , marking his first television appearance since the stroke . For that broadcast , it was also announced Clark would be joined by a new co-host , media personality and American Idol host Ryan Seacrest . Seacrest had previously hosted Fox 's competing New Year 's Eve Live -- which , ironically , would be hosted by Philbin that year . Speaking to USA Today , Seacrest reminisced on having watched New Year 's Rockin ' Eve in his childhood , stating that `` I knew when I was on other shows , I knew we were n't going to beat Dick Clark . He is New Year 's Eve . '' As a part of a long - term deal with Dick Clark Productions , Seacrest also became an executive producer for the special . In an interview with People Magazine in December 2005 , Seacrest revealed that while Clark had not completely recovered from the stroke , and that his speech was not exactly like how it was beforehand , Clark had made great progress since the original diagnosis . </P> <P> Alongside pre-recorded performances from Hollywood hosted by actress and pop singer Hilary Duff , the 2006 edition also featured a live performance by Mariah Carey directly inside Times Square -- the first such performance in the show 's history . Live performances from Times Square became a regular feature during future editions of New Year 's Rockin ' Eve . </P> <P> During the program , Clark made limited on - air appearances , but still conducted his traditional countdown , and also recollected on his recent experiences : </P> <Table> <Tr> <Td> `` </Td> <Td> Last year I had a stroke . It left me in bad shape . I had to teach myself how to walk and talk again . It 's been a long , hard fight . My speech is not perfect but I 'm getting there . </Td> <Td> '' </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Public curiosity over Clark 's condition and his return to television helped Dick Clark 's New Year 's Rockin ' Eve 2006 draw in over 20 million viewers throughout the night , and score a 7.1 audience share among the key demographic of 18 - to 49 - year - olds . Reaction to Clark 's appearance was mixed . While some TV critics ( including Tom Shales of The Washington Post , in an interview with the CBS Radio Network ) felt he was not in good enough shape to do the broadcast , stroke survivors and many of Clark 's fans praised the emcee for being a role model for people dealing with post-stroke recovery . The New York Times ' Brian Stelter compared Seacrest 's new role as co-host of Rockin ' Eve to being like a `` traffic cop '' , `` tossing to bands and correspondents and to Mr. Clark for the countdown . '' </P> Ryan Seacrest becomes host ( edit ) <P> Following the 2006 edition , Dick Clark Productions announced that Seacrest had agreed to remain a host for future editions of New Year 's Rockin ' Eve . As he was still afflicted with speech impediments that resulted from dysarthria , a lingering effect of his stroke , Clark 's role in the special was reduced ; he continued to make limited on - air appearances from Times Square Studios as co-host near midnight , and still conducted his traditional countdown , but Seacrest hosted the majority of the program outside in Times Square itself . </P> <P> The 2008 edition featured live performances from Times Square by Carrie Underwood , Miley Cyrus , and the Jonas Brothers . Fergie of The Black Eyed Peas hosted concert segments from Hollywood , which also featured performances by Akon , Natasha Bedingfield , Sean Kingston , OneRepublic , Plain White T 's , Taylor Swift and will.i.am . Seacrest 's increased role as host was recognized beginning on the 2009 edition , as the special was officially renamed Dick Clark 's New Year 's Rockin ' Eve with Ryan Seacrest . It featured live performances by the Jonas Brothers , Taylor Swift , and Lionel Richie , with Kellie Pickler serving as a correspondent . Hollywood segments featured performances by Fall Out Boy , Jesse McCartney , Natasha Bedingfield , Ne - Yo , The Pussycat Dolls , Solange , Robin Thicke and will.i.am . </P> <P> For its 2010 edition , headlining performances in Times Square included Daughtry , and Jennifer Lopez ( who infamously wore a dark - colored catsuit for her performance to mixed reviews ) , while Melissa Rycroft served as a correspondent . Fergie hosted concert segments on - location from Las Vegas , Nevada , featuring performances by her group The Black Eyed Peas , Colbie Caillat , Robin Thicke , Keri Hilson , Selena Gomez , Justin Bieber , David Guetta , and Orianthi . American Idol season 8 runner - up Adam Lambert stated that he was also reportedly scheduled to perform , but dropped from both Rockin ' Eve and a scheduled appearance on fellow ABC program Jimmy Kimmel Live ! in response to his controversial performance at the American Music Awards ( which are also produced by Dick Clark Productions ) . Neither ABC nor Dick Clark Productions ever confirmed whether or not Lambert had been booked at all , however . </P> <P> The 2011 edition featured live performances by Kesha , Taio Cruz and the supergroup NKOTBSB ( the combined Backstreet Boys and New Kids on the Block ) , and actress Jenny McCarthy served as a reporter from Times Square . Fergie reprised her role as host for the pre-recorded Hollywood segments , which included performances by Avril Lavigne ( which featured the world premiere of `` What the Hell '' , the first single from her then - upcoming album Goodbye Lullaby ) , Natasha Bedingfield ( who performed her latest single `` Strip Me '' ) , Jennifer Hudson , Ne - Yo , Train , Mike Posner , Willow Smith , Jason Derülo , Far East Movement , La Roux , Kesha , and Drake . Viewership for the 2011 edition peaked at around 19 million viewers . </P> <H3> 2012 -- Present ( edit ) </H3> 2012 : 40th anniversary ( edit ) Seacrest ( left ) and Clark on the set of New Year 's Rockin ' Eve 2012 . The 2012 edition marked Dick Clark 's final appearance on the program before his death on April 18 , 2012 . <P> The 2011 - 12 edition was once again hosted by Seacrest , with Clark co-hosting what would become his final appearance on the program . Fergie co-hosted for the sixth consecutive year for the pre-taped Hollywood segments , while comedian Jenny McCarthy returned for her second year corresponding from Times Square . Musical guests in Times Square included Lady Gaga ( who also joined Mayor Michael Bloomberg in activating the ball drop ) , Justin Bieber , Pitbull and Hot Chelle Rae . Performers in the Hollywood segments included Taio Cruz , Nicki Minaj , Blink - 182 , Florence + the Machine , LMFAO , Gym Class Heroes , OneRepublic ( at Disneyland ) , The Band Perry , will.i.am , Christina Perri , and Robin Thicke . To celebrate the 40th anniversary of the first edition of New Year 's Rockin ' Eve , the primetime portion of the show was preceded by a two - hour retrospective special focusing on memorable music performances from the show 's 40 - year history . </P> <P> New Year 's Rockin ' Eve 2012 brought ABC 's highest ratings on New Year 's Eve since ABC 2000 Today ; an average 8.4 million viewers watched the 40th anniversary retrospective , the primetime hour brought in 12.9 million viewers , and the first hour of the main broadcast peaked at 22.6 million viewers . These numbers excluded viewership from locations such as bars and New Year 's Eve parties , as Nielsen ratings do not account for out - of - home viewership ( however , the company announced on October 24 , 2016 that it would begin to offer out - of - home ratings data to broadcasters in April 2017 ) . </P> 2013 - 14 : after the death of Dick Clark ( edit ) <P> On April 18 , 2012 , Dick Clark died after suffering a heart attack following surgery to fix an enlarged prostate . Following Clark 's death , ABC declined to comment on future New Year 's coverage , nor did Dick Clark Productions comment on the future of the franchise . </P> <P> In August 2012 , ABC confirmed via a press release that New Year 's Rockin ' Eve would return for its 2012 -- 13 edition . The primetime hour of this edition was preceded by a two - hour tribute special , New Year 's Rockin ' Eve Celebrates Dick Clark . Clark 's legacy was also recognized by the Times Square Alliance , organizers of the ball drop : a triangular Waterford Crystal panel engraved with Dick Clark 's name was presented to his widow Kari Wigton , and installed on the ball . </P> <P> On October 23 , 2013 , Dick Clark Productions confirmed the 2013 -- 14 edition of New Year 's Rockin ' Eve , and announced that Ryan Seacrest had signed a multi-year deal of unspecified length to continue serving as host and executive producer of the special . Seacrest stated that he would `` forever be both sentimental and grateful '' about his involvement in the special , and that he was `` excited to work together to create new traditions and fun moments on the show that only live television can deliver . '' Fellow producer Allen Shapiro credited Seacrest 's involvement in New Year 's Rockin ' Eve for its `` extended and expanded '' success . That year , the special was aired in simulcast in Canada for first time by City , replacing its coverage of concert festivities at Toronto 's Nathan Phillips Square ( City continued to sponsor the event , however ) . While viewership was down by 5 % , New Year 's Rockin ' Eve was still the highest - rated among the New Year 's specials . </P> <P> On February 7 , 2014 , ABC announced that it had renewed both New Year 's Rockin ' Eve and the American Music Awards through 2024 and 2023 respectively . The 2016 edition featured One Direction 's final U.S. television appearance before their planned hiatus . That year , New Year 's Rockin ' Eve was once again the highest rated of the New Year 's Eve specials across the major networks ; for the late - night portion , while overall household viewership was down by 7 % , ratings in the 18 - 49 demographic were up by 3 % . </P> 2017 : New Orleans expansion , Mariah Carey incident ( edit ) Panic ! at the Disco rehearsing for their performance for the Allstate Fan Fest in New Orleans , which was featured during New Year 's Rockin ' Eve 2017 . <P> The 2017 edition expanded to feature coverage of New Year 's Eve festivities in New Orleans hosted by Lucy Hale , with performances by Jason Derulo and Panic ! at the Disco from the Sugar Bowl 's Allstate Fan Fest concert , and Jackson Square 's fleur - de-lis drop at midnight in the Central Time Zone . While household ratings for the late - night portion of the broadcast were down by 9 % in comparison to 2016 , New Year 's Rockin ' Eve was once again the highest - rated New Year 's special across the major networks , with a 9.0 rating in metered markets , and a 6.8 rating among adults 18 - 49 . </P> <P> Mariah Carey was one of the Times Square headliners for the 2017 edition . Her performance was notably marred by technical issues ; when opening with `` Emotions '' , Carey remarked throughout the song that she was unable to hear her backing track . On her second song , `` We Belong Together '' , she briefly sang the song without incident , but abruptly stopped -- revealing that she had been lip syncing . A representative of the singer claimed that Carey had alerted production staff that her in - ear monitors were not working , but that they refused to address the situation , and alleged that they were `` ( setting ) her up to fail . '' Dick Clark Productions denied any wrongdoing , stating that they `` had no involvement '' in the incident , and that the allegations by Carey 's management that they had intentionally sabotaged her performance were `` defamatory , outrageous and frankly absurd . '' </P> <P> New Jersey 's Casino Reinvestment Development Authority ( CRDA ) had announced plans for a live performance from Atlantic City 's Boardwalk Hall by an unannounced artist , but these plans fell through , citing `` scheduling conflicts and other considerations '' . The Philadelphia Inquirer reported that the CRDA 's contract to host the DCP - produced Miss America pageant in Atlantic City contained provisions allowing `` promotional accommodations '' for the city in other DCP - produced programming , such as New Year 's Rockin ' Eve and the Billboard Music Awards . Robert Mulcahy , chairman of the board for the CRDA , explained that Live Nation ( which was to fund the broadcast using cash left over from cancelled beach concerts ) were unable to find an act that met the approval of DCP , and added that local casinos declined to fund the performance , as they preferred to host their own parties rather than book major acts . </P> <P> Despite the previous year 's incident , Carey was subsequently invited to perform in Times Square again for New Year 's Rockin ' Eve 2018 , in what media outlets described as an attempt at `` redemption '' . The 2018 edition saw major ratings gains , especially in primetime ; the 8 : 00 - 10 : 00 p.m. primetime segment reached 10.5 million viewers with a 3.1 / 13 rating among 18 - 49s , and the 10 : 00 p.m. hour reached 15.7 million viewers and a 5.0 / 20 rating among 18 - 49s -- the highest ratings to date for the 10 : 00 p.m. segment . New Year 's Rockin ' Eve 's only major competitor on network television for 2018 was Fox 's Steve Harvey - hosted special , as NBC 's New Year 's Eve with Carson Daly was placed on hiatus due to a provisional , but cancelled plan to still air Sunday Night Football that night . </P> <H2> Specials ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th> No . </Th> <Th> Title </Th> <Th> Original air date </Th> <Th> U.S. viewers ( millions ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 41 </Th> <Td> `` 2013 '' </Td> <Td> December 31 , 2012 ( 2012 - 12 - 31 ) </Td> <Td> 9.35 ( 8 -- 10 pm ) / 13.26 ( 10 -- 11 pm ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="4"> <Ul> <Li> Headliners : Carly Rae Jepsen , Neon Trees , Psy and MC Hammer , and Taylor Swift </Li> <Li> Hollywood acts : Brandy , Flo Rida , Ellie Goulding , Jason Aldean , Justin Bieber , Karmin , OneRepublic , Pitbull and The Wanted . </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 42 </Th> <Td> `` 2014 '' </Td> <Td> December 31 , 2013 ( 2013 - 12 - 31 ) </Td> <Td> 7.52 ( 8 -- 10 pm ) / 12.18 ( 10 -- 11 pm ) / 22.8 ( 11 : 30 pm -- 12 : 37 am ) / 7.0 ( 1 : 09 -- 2 : 07 am ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="4"> <Ul> <Li> Headliners : Blondie , Icona Pop , Macklemore and Ryan Lewis , and Miley Cyrus . </Li> <Li> Hollywood acts : Ariana Grande , Capital Cities , Daughtry , Fall Out Boy , The Fray , Enrique Iglesias , Jason Derülo , Jennifer Hudson , and Robin Thicke . </Li> <Li> Additional acts : Billy Joel from Barclays Center ; Pitbull from Miami . </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 43 </Th> <Td> `` 2015 '' </Td> <Td> December 31 , 2014 ( 2014 - 12 - 31 ) </Td> <Td> 8.23 ( 8 -- 10 pm ) / 12.93 ( 10 -- 11 pm ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="4"> <Ul> <Li> Headliners : Magic ! , Idina Menzel , Florida Georgia Line , and Taylor Swift . </Li> <Li> Hollywood acts : Bastille , Charli XCX , Fergie , Idina Menzel , Iggy Azalea , Meghan Trainor , One Direction , Pentatonix , Ella Henderson , and Rixton . </Li> <Li> Additional acts : Gavin DeGraw and Lady Antebellum from Nashville ; Elton John from Barclays Center . </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 44 </Th> <Td> `` 2016 '' </Td> <Td> December 31 , 2015 ( 2015 - 12 - 31 ) </Td> <Td> 8.13 ( 8 -- 10 pm ) / 13.02 ( 10 -- 11 pm ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="4"> <Ul> <Li> Headliners : Carrie Underwood , Demi Lovato , Luke Bryan , Wiz Khalifa and Charlie Puth . </Li> <Li> Hollywood acts : Alessia Cara , Andy Grammer , DNCE , Ellie Goulding , Elle King , Fall Out Boy , Macklemore and Ryan Lewis , Nathan Sykes , Nick Jonas , Omi , One Direction , Pentatonix , Rachel Platten , Tove Lo , and Walk the Moon . </Li> <Li> Additional acts : Jimmy Buffett from Barclays Center . </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 45 </Th> <Td> `` 2017 '' </Td> <Td> December 31 , 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 31 ) </Td> <Td> 6.52 ( 8 -- 10 pm ) / 11.6 ( 10 -- 11 pm ) / 20.3 ( 11 : 30 pm -- 12 : 33 am ) / 7.2 ( 1 : 09 -- 2 : 07 am ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="4"> <Ul> <Li> Headliners : DNCE , Gloria Estefan and the cast of On Your Feet ! , Mariah Carey , and Thomas Rhett . </Li> <Li> Hollywood acts : Alessia Cara , Fifth Harmony , Flo Rida and Macy Kate , G - Eazy , Lukas Graham , Niall Horan , Martin Garrix , John Legend , Shawn Mendes , Mike Posner , Bebe Rexha , Emeli Sandé and Hailee Steinfeld </Li> <Li> Additional acts : Jason Derulo and Panic ! at the Disco from New Orleans ; Demi Lovato from Sint Maarten ; Lionel Richie from Las Vegas . </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 46 </Th> <Td> `` 2018 '' </Td> <Td> December 31 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 31 ) </Td> <Td> 10.52 ( 8 -- 10 pm ) / 15.80 ( 10 -- 11 pm ) / 25.6 ( 11 : 30 pm -- 12 : 31 am ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="4"> <Ul> <Li> Headliners : Camila Cabello , Mariah Carey , Nick Jonas , and Sugarland . </Li> <Li> Hollywood acts : BTS , Fitz and the Tantrums , Kane Brown , Kelly Clarkson , Khalid , Marshmello , Zedd , Alessia Cara , Florida Georgia Line , Bebe Rexha , Portugal . the Man , Hailee Steinfeld , Alesso , G Eazy , Halsey , Shawn Mendes and Charlie Puth </Li> <Li> Additional acts : Imagine Dragons and Walk the Moon from New Orleans ; Britney Spears from her Axis Theater residency in Las Vegas </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Levin , Gary ( 4 January 2012 ) . `` Nielsens : Clark 's ' Rockin ' Eve , ' football start year well '' . 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Retrieved 24 November 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Nick Jonas , Macklemore and More Join ' New Year 's Rockin ' Eve ' '' . Billboard . Retrieved 16 December 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Jimmy Buffett Will Play Brooklyn On New Year 's Eve '' . Gothamist . Archived from the original on 7 December 2015 . Retrieved 16 December 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( January 4 , 2016 ) . `` Thursday final ratings : New Year 's Eve numbers hold '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on January 2 , 2018 . Retrieved January 2 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Mariah Carey to Perform on ' Dick Clark 's New Year 's Rockin ' Eve With Ryan Seacrest 2017 ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 2 December 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Jason Derulo and Panic ! At the Disco to Perform at ' New Year 's Rockin ' Eve ' in New Orleans '' . Billboard . Retrieved 28 December 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( January 1 , 2017 ) . `` TV Ratings Saturday : ABC rules New Year 's Eve , but not by as much '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on January 2 , 2018 . Retrieved January 2 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` ABC 's New Year 's Rockin ' Eve Dominates Prime and Late Night - The Week 's # 1 Entertainment Telecast and ABC 's Highest Since the Oscars '' ( Press release ) . ABC . The Futon Critic . January 4 , 2017 . Retrieved January 2 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Ryan Seacrest and Jenny McCarthy Return to Host ' Dick Clark 's New Year 's Rockin ' Eve ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 02 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Imagine Dragons and Walk The Moon Added to New Orleans Lineup For ' Dick Clark 's New Year 's Rockin ' Eve 2018 ' '' . Billboard . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 16 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Camila Cabello , Nick Jonas & Sugarland to Perform in Times Square for Dick Clark 's New Year 's Rockin ' Eve '' . Billboard . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 08 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` BTS Reveal They 're Performing On ' Dick Clark 's New Year 's Rockin ' Eve 2018 ' '' . Billboard . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 12 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` BTS , Kelly Clarkson , and More to Perform at the Hollywood Party on New Year 's Rockin ' Eve ' ( Exclusive ) '' . Entertainment Tonight . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 12 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Britney Spears Joins ' Dick Clark 's New Year 's Rockin ' Eve 2018 ' Lineup '' . Billboard . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 21 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( January 3 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Wall rerun , ' The OT ' adjust up , ' Datetline ' and ' SEAL Team ' reruns down : Sunday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on January 3 , 2018 . Retrieved January 3 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Mitovich , Matt Webb ( January 1 , 2018 ) . `` Ratings : Ryan Seacrest 's Rockin ' Eve Hits All - Time Highs , Fox 's Steve Harvey a Big Improvement Over Pitbull '' . TVLine . Retrieved January 2 , 2018 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Feature Page for ABC 's Dick Clark 's New Year 's Rockin ' Eve with Ryan Seacrest 2014 </Li> <Li> Feature Page for ABC 's Dick Clark 's New Year 's Rockin ' Eve with Ryan Seacrest 2013 </Li> <Li> Archived Feature Page for ABC 's Dick Clark 's New Year 's Rockin ' Eve with Ryan Seacrest </Li> <Li> ABC 2000 Today : The Millennium on IMDb </Li> <Li> New Year 's Rockin ' Eve 2001 on IMDb </Li> <Li> New Year 's Rockin ' Eve 2002 on IMDb </Li> <Li> Primetime New Year 's Rockin ' Eve 2004 on IMDb </Li> <Li> Primetime New Year 's Rockin ' Eve 2005 on IMDb </Li> <Li> New Year 's Rockin ' Eve 2005 on IMDb </Li> <Li> New Year 's Rockin ' Eve 2006 on IMDb </Li> <Li> Primetime New Year 's Rockin ' Eve 2007 on IMDb </Li> <Li> New Year 's Rockin ' Eve 2008 on IMDb </Li> <Li> New Year 's Rockin ' Eve 2009 on IMDb </Li> <Li> Dick Clark 's New Year 's Rockin ' Eve with Ryan Seacrest 2010 on IMDb </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> New Year 's Eve and New Year 's Day </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Events </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> America 's Party </Li> <Li> First Night </Li> <Li> Hogmanay </Li> <Li> New Year 's Eve in London </Li> <Li> Objects dropped on New Year 's Eve </Li> <Li> Peach Drop </Li> <Li> Pelican Drop </Li> <Li> Réveillon de Copacabana </Li> <Li> Sydney New Year 's Eve </Li> <Li> The Possum Drop </Li> <Li> Times Square Ball </Li> <Li> Vienna New Year 's Concert </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Sports </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> College Football Playoff bowls <Ul> <Li> Rose </Li> <Li> Orange </Li> <Li> Sugar </Li> <Li> Fiesta </Li> <Li> Cotton </Li> <Li> Peach </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Citrus Bowl </Li> <Li> Gator Bowl </Li> <Li> Outback Bowl </Li> <Li> Tour de Ski </Li> <Li> Four Hills Tournament </Li> <Li> NHL Winter Classic </Li> <Li> Spengler Cup Final </Li> <Li> IIHF World U20 Championship </Li> <Li> Saint Silvester Road Race </Li> <Li> New Year Sprint </Li> <Li> Nos Galan road race </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Parades </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Tournament of Roses Parade </Li> <Li> London 's New Year 's Day Parade </Li> <Li> Florida Citrus Parade </Li> <Li> Mummers Parade </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Television </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> New Year 's Rockin ' Eve </Li> <Li> Fox 's New Year 's Eve with Steve Harvey </Li> <Li> New Year 's Eve with Carson Daly </Li> <Li> New Year Live </Li> <Li> CNN New Year 's Eve Live </Li> <Li> ¡ Feliz ! </Li> <Li> MTV New Year 's </Li> <Li> The Big Fat Quiz of the Year </Li> <Li> Bye Bye </Li> <Li> Dinner for One </Li> <Li> Happy New Year , America </Li> <Li> Hogmanay Live </Li> <Li> Hootenanny </Li> <Li> Kōhaku Uta Gassen </Li> <Li> Little Blue Light </Li> <Li> Only an Excuse ? </Li> <Li> Red Bull New Year No Limits </Li> <Li> Rudolph 's Shiny New Year </Li> <Li> Scotch and Wry </Li> <Li> Silvesterstadl </Li> <Li> `` Silvesterpunsch `` </Li> <Li> 2000 Today ( US , Ireland ) </Li> <Li> Happy New Year , Charlie Brown ! </Li> <Li> First Night 2013 with Jamie Kennedy </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Music </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` Auld Lang Syne '' </Li> <Li> `` Happy New Year '' </Li> <Li> `` What Are You Doing New Year 's Eve ? '' </Li> <Li> `` Levy - Dew '' </Li> <Li> `` New Year 's Day '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Related topics </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> New Year films </Li> <Li> Gregorian calendar </Li> <Li> Baby New Year </Li> <Li> Calennig </Li> <Li> Hogmanay </Li> <Li> Holiday season </Li> <Li> Leap second </Li> <Li> Guy Lombardo </Li> <Li> New Year 's resolution </Li> <Li> New Year tree </Li> <Li> Saint Sylvester 's Day </Li> <Li> Vasilopita </Li> <Li> Watchnight service </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dick_Clark%27s_New_Year%27s_Rockin%27_Eve&oldid=826078820 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> 1970s American television series </Li> <Li> 1972 American television series debuts </Li> <Li> 1980s American television series </Li> <Li> 1990s American television series </Li> <Li> 2000s American television series </Li> <Li> 2010s American television series </Li> <Li> American Broadcasting Company network shows </Li> <Li> NBC network shows </Li> <Li> American annual television specials </Li> <Li> English - language television programs </Li> <Li> New Year 's television specials </Li> <Li> Music television specials </Li> <Li> Television series by Dick Clark Productions </Li> <Li> Television series by Ryan Seacrest Productions </Li> <Li> Times Square </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Good articles </Li> <Li> Episode list using the default LineColor </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> Español </Li> <Li> Français </Li> <Li> Nederlands </Li> <Li> Português </Li> <Li> Simple English </Li> <Li> Türkçe </Li> <Li> 中文 </Li> </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 17 February 2018 , at 02 : 20 . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> | [
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Fifty Shades of Grey - wikipedia <H1> Fifty Shades of Grey </H1> Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the novel . For its film adaptation , see Fifty Shades of Grey ( film ) . For the novel series , see Fifty Shades trilogy . <Table> Fifty Shades of Grey <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> 2012 paperback cover </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Author </Th> <Td> E.L. James </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Country </Th> <Td> United Kingdom </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Language </Th> <Td> English </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Series </Th> <Td> Fifty Shades trilogy </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Genre </Th> <Td> Erotic romance </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Published </Th> <Td> 20 June 2011 ( Vintage Books ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Media type </Th> <Td> Print ( Hardcover , paperback ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Pages </Th> <Td> 514 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> ISBN </Th> <Td> 978 - 1 - 61213 - 028 - 6 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> OCLC </Th> <Td> 780307033 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Followed by </Th> <Td> Fifty Shades Darker </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Fifty Shades of Grey is a 2011 erotic romance novel by British author E.L. James , originally a Twilight fan fiction with Christian Grey as a non-vampire Edward Cullen and Anastasia Steele as a wan , gamine Bella Swan . It is the first instalment in the Fifty Shades trilogy that traces the deepening relationship between a college graduate , Anastasia Steele , and a young business magnate , Christian Grey . It is notable for its explicitly erotic scenes featuring elements of sexual practices involving bondage / discipline , dominance / submission , and sadism / masochism ( BDSM ) . Originally self - published as an ebook and a print - on - demand , publishing rights were acquired by Vintage Books in March 2012 . </P> <P> Fifty Shades of Grey has topped best - seller lists around the world , selling over 125 million copies worldwide by June 2015 . It has been translated into 52 languages , and set a record in the United Kingdom as the fastest - selling paperback of all time . Critical reception of the book , however , has tended towards the negative , with the quality of its prose generally seen as poor . Universal Pictures and Focus Features produced a film adaptation , which was released on 13 February 2015 and also received generally unfavourable reviews . </P> <P> The second and third volumes of the trilogy , Fifty Shades Darker and Fifty Shades Freed , were published in 2012 . Grey : Fifty Shades of Grey as Told by Christian , a version of Fifty Shades of Grey being told from Christian 's point of view , was published in June 2015 . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Plot </Li> <Li> 2 Background and publication </Li> <Li> 3 Reception <Ul> <Li> 3.1 Critical response </Li> <Li> 3.2 Controversy </Li> <Li> 3.3 Censorship </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 Media <Ul> <Li> 4.1 Film adaptation </Li> <Li> 4.2 Film soundtrack </Li> <Li> 4.3 Classical album </Li> <Li> 4.4 Parodies <Ul> <Li> 4.4. 1 In print </Li> <Li> 4.4. 2 In film </Li> <Li> 4.4. 3 Online </Li> <Li> 4.4. 4 On stage </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 5 See also </Li> <Li> 6 References </Li> <Li> 7 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Plot ( edit ) </H2> <P> Anastasia `` Ana '' Steele is a 21 - year - old college senior attending Washington State University in Vancouver , Washington . Her best friend is Katherine `` Kate '' Kavanagh , who writes for the college newspaper . Due to an illness , Kate is unable to interview 27 - year - old Christian Grey , a successful and wealthy Seattle entrepreneur , and asks Ana to take her place . Ana finds Christian attractive as well as intimidating . As a result , she stumbles through the interview and leaves Christian 's office believing it went poorly . Ana does not expect to meet Christian again , but he appears at the hardware store where she works . While he purchases various items including cable ties , masking tape , and rope , Ana informs Christian that Kate would like some photographs to illustrate her article about him . Christian gives Ana his phone number . Later , Kate urges Ana to call Christian and arrange a photo shoot with their photographer friend , José Rodriguez . </P> <P> The next day José , Kate , and Ana arrive for the photo shoot at the Heathman Hotel , where Christian is staying . Christian asks Ana out for coffee and asks if she is dating anyone , specifically José . Ana replies that she is not dating anyone . During the conversation , Ana learns that Christian is also single , but he says he is not romantic . Ana is intrigued but believes she is not attractive enough for Christian . Later , Ana receives a package from Christian containing first edition copies of Tess of the d'Urbervilles , which stuns her . Later that night , Ana goes out drinking with her friends and ends up drunk dialling Christian , who informs her that he will be coming to pick her up because of her inebriated state . Ana goes outside to get some fresh air , and José attempts to kiss her , but he is stopped by Christian 's arrival . Ana leaves with Christian , but not before she discovers that Kate has been flirting with Christian 's brother , Elliot . Later , Ana wakes to find herself in Christian 's hotel room , where he scolds her for not taking proper care of herself . Christian then reveals that he would like to have sex with her . He initially says that Ana will first have to fill in paperwork , but later goes back on this statement after making out with her in the elevator . </P> <P> Ana goes on a date with Christian , on which he takes her in his helicopter , Charlie Tango , to his apartment . Once there , Christian insists that she sign a non-disclosure agreement forbidding her from discussing anything they do together , which Ana agrees to sign . He also mentions other paperwork , but first takes her to his playroom full of BDSM toys and gear . There , Christian informs her that the second contract will be one of dominance and submission , and there will be no romantic relationship , only a sexual one . The contract even forbids Ana from touching Christian or making eye contact with him . At this point , Christian realises that Ana is a virgin and agrees to take her virginity without making her sign the contract . The two then have sex . The following morning , Ana and Christian again have sex . His mother arrives moments after their sexual encounter and is surprised by the meeting , having previously thought Christian was homosexual , because he was never seen with a woman . Christian later takes Ana out to eat , and he reveals that he lost his virginity at age 15 to one of his mother 's friends , Elena Lincoln , and that his previous dominant / submissive relationships failed due to incompatibility . Christian also reveals that in his first dominant / submissive relationship he was the submissive . Christian and Ana plan to meet again , and he takes Ana home , where she discovers several job offers and admits to Kate that she and Christian had sex . </P> <P> Over the next few days , Ana receives several packages from Christian . These include a laptop to enable her to research the BDSM lifestyle in consideration of the contract ; to communicate with him , since she has never previously owned a computer ; and to receive a more detailed version of the dominant / submissive contract . She and Christian email each other , with Ana teasing him and refusing to honour parts of the contract , such as only eating foods from a specific list . Ana later meets with Christian to discuss the contract and becomes overwhelmed by the potential BDSM arrangement and the potential of having a sexual relationship with Christian that is not romantic in nature . Because of these feelings , Ana runs away from Christian and does not see him again until her college graduation , where he is a guest speaker . During this time , Ana agrees to sign the dominant / submissive contract . Ana and Christian once again meet to further discuss the contract , and they go over Ana 's hard and soft limits . Christian spanks Ana for the first time , and the experience leaves her both enticed and slightly confused . This confusion is exacerbated by Christian 's lavish gifts and the fact that he brings her to meet his family . The two continue with the arrangement without Ana 's having yet signed the contract . After successfully landing a job with Seattle Independent Publishing ( SIP ) , Ana further bristles under the restrictions of the non-disclosure agreement and her complex relationship with Christian . The tension between Ana and Christian eventually comes to a head after Ana asks Christian to punish her in order to show her how extreme a BDSM relationship with him could be . Christian fulfils Ana 's request , beating her with a belt , and Ana realises they are incompatible . Devastated , she breaks up with Christian and returns to the apartment she shares with Kate . </P> <H2> Background and publication ( edit ) </H2> E.L. James in 2012 <P> The Fifty Shades trilogy was developed from a Twilight fan fiction series originally titled Master of the Universe and published episodically on fan - fiction websites under the pen name `` Snowqueen 's Icedragon '' . The piece featured characters named after Stephenie Meyer 's characters in Twilight , Edward Cullen and Bella Swan . After comments concerning the sexual nature of the material , James removed the story from the fan - fiction websites and published it on her own website , FiftyShades.com . Later she rewrote Master of the Universe as an original piece , with the principal characters renamed Christian Grey and Anastasia Steele and removed it from her website before publication . Meyer commented on the series , saying `` that 's really not my genre , not my thing ... Good on her -- she 's doing well . That 's great ! '' </P> <P> This reworked and extended version of Master of the Universe was split into three parts . The first , titled Fifty Shades of Grey , was released as an e-book and a print on demand paperback in May 2011 by The Writers ' Coffee Shop , a virtual publisher based in Australia . The second volume , Fifty Shades Darker , was released in September 2011 ; and the third , Fifty Shades Freed , followed in January 2012 . The Writers ' Coffee Shop had a restricted marketing budget and relied largely on book blogs for early publicity , but sales of the novel were boosted by word - of - mouth recommendation . The book 's erotic nature and perceived demographic of its fan base as being composed largely of married women over thirty led to the book being dubbed `` Mommy Porn '' by some news agencies . The book has also reportedly been popular among teenage girls and college women . By the release of the final volume in January 2012 , news networks in the United States had begun to report on the Fifty Shades trilogy as an example of viral marketing and of the rise in popularity of female erotica , attributing its success to the discreet nature of e-reading devices . Due to the heightened interest in the series , the license to the Fifty Shades trilogy was picked up by Vintage Books for re-release in a new and revised edition in April 2012 . The attention that the series has garnered has also helped to spark a renewed interest in erotic literature . Many other erotic works quickly became best - sellers following Fifty Shade 's success , while other popular works , such as Anne Rice 's The Sleeping Beauty trilogy , have been reissued ( this time without pseudonyms ) to meet the higher demand . </P> <P> On 1 August 2012 , Amazon UK announced that it had sold more copies of Fifty Shades of Grey than it had the entire Harry Potter series combined , making E.L. James its best - selling author , replacing J.K. Rowling , though worldwide the Harry Potter series sold more than 450 million copies compared with Fifty Shades of Grey 's sales of 60 million copies . </P> <H2> Reception ( edit ) </H2> <P> Fifty Shades of Grey has topped best - seller lists around the world , including those of the United Kingdom and the United States . The series had sold over 125 million copies worldwide by June 2015 and has been translated into 52 languages , and set a record in the United Kingdom as the fastest - selling paperback of all time . </P> <H3> Critical response ( edit ) </H3> <P> It has received mixed to negative reviews , with most critics noting poor literary qualities of the work . Salman Rushdie said about the book : `` I 've never read anything so badly written that got published . It made Twilight look like War and Peace . '' Maureen Dowd described the book in The New York Times as being written `` like a Bronte devoid of talent , '' and said it was `` dull and poorly written . '' Jesse Kornbluth of The Huffington Post said : `` As a reading experience , Fifty Shades ... is a sad joke , puny of plot '' . </P> <P> Princeton professor April Alliston wrote , `` Though no literary masterpiece , Fifty Shades is more than parasitic fan fiction based on the recent Twilight vampire series . '' Entertainment Weekly writer Lisa Schwarzbaum gave the book a `` B + '' rating and praised it for being `` in a class by itself . '' British author Jenny Colgan in The Guardian wrote `` It is jolly , eminently readable and as sweet and safe as BDSM ( bondage , discipline , sadism and masochism ) erotica can be without contravening the trade descriptions act '' and also praised the book for being `` more enjoyable '' than other `` literary erotic books '' . The Daily Telegraph noted that the book was `` the definition of a page - turner '' , noting that the book was both `` troubling and intriguing '' . A reviewer for the Ledger - Enquirer described the book as guilty fun and escapism , and that it `` also touches on one aspect of female existence ( female submission ) . And acknowledging that fact -- maybe even appreciating it -- should n't be a cause for guilt . '' The New Zealand Herald stated that the book `` will win no prizes for its prose '' and that `` there are some exceedingly awful descriptions , '' although it was also an easy read ; `` ( If you only ) can suspend your disbelief and your desire to -- if you 'll pardon the expression -- slap the heroine for having so little self respect , you might enjoy it . '' The Columbus Dispatch stated that , `` Despite the clunky prose , James does cause one to turn the page . '' Metro News Canada wrote that `` suffering through 500 pages of this heroine 's inner dialogue was torturous , and not in the intended , sexy kind of way '' . Jessica Reaves , of the Chicago Tribune , wrote that the `` book 's source material is n't great literature '' , noting that the novel is `` sprinkled liberally and repeatedly with asinine phrases '' , and described it as `` depressing '' . </P> <P> The book garnered some accolades . In December 2012 , it won both `` Popular Fiction '' and `` Book of the Year '' categories in the UK National Book Awards . In that same month , Publishers Weekly named E.L. James the ' Publishing Person of the Year ' , a decision whose criticism in the LA Times and the New York Daily News was referred to by and summarised in The Christian Science Monitor . Earlier , in April 2012 , when E.L. James was listed as one of Time magazine 's `` 100 Most Influential People in the World '' , Richard Lawson of The Atlantic Wire criticised her inclusion due to the trilogy 's fan fiction beginnings . </P> <H3> Controversy ( edit ) </H3> <P> Fifty Shades of Grey has attracted criticism due to its depictions of BDSM , with some BDSM participants stating that the book confuses BDSM with abuse and presents it as a pathology to be overcome , as well as showing incorrect and possibly dangerous BDSM techniques . </P> <P> Coinciding with the release of the book and its surprising popularity , injuries related to BDSM and sex toy use spiked dramatically . In 2012 , the year after the book was published , injuries requiring Emergency Room visits increased by over 50 % from 2010 ( the year before the book was published ) . This is speculated to be due to people unfamiliar with both the proper use of these toys and the safe practice of bondage and other `` kinky '' sexual fetishes attempting what they had read in the book . </P> <P> There has also been criticism against the fact that BDSM is part of the book . Archbishop Dennis Schnurr of Cincinnati said in an early February 2015 letter , `` The story line is presented as a romance ; however , the underlying theme is that bondage , dominance , and sadomasochism are normal and pleasurable . '' The feminist anti-pornography organisation Stop Porn Culture called for a boycott of the movie based on the book because of its sex scenes involving bondage and violence . By contrast , Timothy Laurie and Jessica Kean argue that `` film fleshes out an otherwise legalistic concept like ' consent ' into a living , breathing , and at times , uncomfortable interpersonal experience , '' and `` dramatises the dangers of unequal negotiation and the practical complexity of identifying one 's limits and having them respected . '' </P> <P> Several critics and scientists have expressed concern that the nature of the main couple 's relationship is not BDSM at all , but rather is characteristic of an abusive relationship . In 2013 , social scientist Professor Amy E. Bonomi published a study wherein the books were read by multiple professionals and assessed for characteristics of intimate partner violence , or IPV , using the CDC 's standards for emotional abuse and sexual violence . The study found that nearly every interaction between Ana and Christian was emotionally abusive in nature , including stalking , intimidation , and isolation . The study group also observed pervasive sexual violence within the CDC 's definition , including Christian 's use of alcohol to circumvent Ana 's ability to consent , and that Ana exhibits classic signs of an abused woman , including constant perceived threat , stressful managing , and altered identity . </P> <P> A second study in 2014 was conducted to examine the health of women who had read the series , compared with a control group that had never read any part of the novels . The results showed a correlation between having read at least the first book and exhibiting signs of an eating disorder , having romantic partners that were emotionally abusive and / or engaged in stalking behaviour , engaging in binge drinking in the last month , and having 5 or more sexual partners before age 24 . The authors could not conclude whether women already experiencing these `` problems '' were drawn to the series , or if the series influenced these behaviours to occur after reading by creating underlying context . The study 's lead researcher contends that the books romanticise dangerous behaviour and `` perpetuate dangerous abuse standards . '' The study was limited in that only women up to age 24 were studied , and no distinction was made among the reader sample between women who enjoyed the series and those that had a strong negative opinion of it , having only read it out of curiosity due to the media hype or other obligation . </P> <P> At the beginning of the media hype , Dr. Drew and sexologist Logan Levkoff discussed on The Today Show whether the book perpetuated violence against women ; Levkoff said that while that is an important subject , this trilogy had nothing to do with it -- this was a book about a consensual relationship . Dr. Drew commented that the book was `` horribly written '' in addition to being `` disturbing '' but stated that `` if the book enhances women 's real - life sex lives and intimacy , so be it . '' </P> <H3> Censorship ( edit ) </H3> <P> In March 2012 , branches of the public library in Brevard County , Florida , removed copies of Fifty Shades of Grey from their shelves , with an official stating that it did not meet the selection criteria for the library and that reviews for the book had been poor . A representative for the library stated that it was due to the book 's sexual content and that other libraries had declined to purchase copies for their branches . Deborah Caldwell - Stone of the American Library Association commented that `` If the only reason you do n't select a book is that you disapprove of its content , but there is demand for it , there 's a question of whether you 're being fair . In a public library there is usually very little that would prevent a book from being on the shelf if there is a demand for the information . '' Brevard County public libraries later made their copies available to their patrons due to public demand . </P> <P> In Macaé , Brazil , Judge Raphael Queiroz Campos ruled in January 2013 that bookstores throughout the city must either remove the series entirely from their shelves or ensure that the books are wrapped and placed out of the reach of minors . The judge stated that he was prompted to make such an order after seeing children reading them , basing his decision on a law stating that `` magazines and publications whose content is improper or inadequate for children and adolescents can only be sold if sealed and with warnings regarding their content '' . </P> <P> In February 2015 , the Malaysian Home Ministry banned the Fifty Shades of Grey books shortly after banning its film adaption after permitting them for three years in local bookstores , citing morality - related reasons . </P> <H2> Media ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Film adaptation ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Fifty Shades of Grey ( film ) Jamie Dornan and Dakota Johnson were cast in the roles of Christian Grey and Anastasia Steele , respectively . <P> A film adaptation of the book was produced by Focus Features , Michael De Luca Productions , and Trigger Street Productions , with Universal Pictures and Focus Features securing the rights to the trilogy in March 2012 . Universal is also the film 's distributor . Charlie Hunnam was originally cast in the role of Christian Grey alongside Dakota Johnson in the role of Anastasia Steele , but Hunnam gave up the part in October 2013 , with Jamie Dornan announced for the role on 23 October . </P> <P> The film was released on 13 February 2015 , and although popular at the box office , critical reactions were mixed to negative . </P> <H3> Film Soundtrack ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Fifty Shades of Grey : Original Motion Picture Soundtrack <P> E.L. James announced the film 's soundtrack would be released on 10 February 2015 . Prior to the soundtrack 's release , the first single , `` Earned It '' , by The Weeknd , was released on 24 December 2014 . On 7 January 2015 , the second single , `` Love Me like You Do '' by Ellie Goulding was released . Australian singer Sia released the soundtrack 's third single , `` Salted Wound '' , on 27 January 2015 . </P> <H3> Classical album ( edit ) </H3> <P> An album of songs selected by E.L. James was released on 11 September 2012 by EMI Classics under the title Fifty Shades of Grey : The Classical Album , and reached number four on the US Billboard classical music albums chart in October 2012 . A Seattle P-I reviewer favourably wrote that the album would appeal both to fans of the series and to `` those who have no intention of reading any of the Grey Shades '' . </P> <H3> Parodies ( edit ) </H3> <P> The Fifty Shades of Grey trilogy has inspired many parodies in print , in film , online , and on stage . In November 2012 , Universal Studios attempted to prevent the release of Fifty Shades of Grey : A XXX Adaptation , a pornographic film based on the novel , citing copyright and trademark infringement . Smash Pictures , the porn producer , later responded to the lawsuit with a counterclaim that `` much or all '' of the Fifty Shades material was placed in the public domain in its original Twilight - based form , but later capitulated and stopped production of their film . </P> In print ( edit ) <P> Amazon.com lists over 50 book parodies , e.g. : </P> <Ul> <Li> Fifty Shades of Oy Vey ( 2013 ) by E.L. Jamesbergstein </Li> <Li> Fifty Shames of Earl Grey ( 2012 ) by Fanny Merkin ( a.k.a. Andrew Shaffer ) </Li> </Ul> In film ( edit ) <Ul> <Li> Fifty Shades of Black ( 2016 ) </Li> </Ul> Online ( edit ) <Ul> <Li> Parodying the fan fiction origins of Fifty Shades of Grey , Ivy league MBA students have created Erotic FinFiction , a blog containing steamy entries written in business jargon . </Li> </Ul> On stage ( edit ) <P> Stage productions include : </P> <Ul> <Li> 50 Shades ! The Musical Parody </Li> <Li> Cuff Me : The Fifty Shades of Grey Musical Parody </Li> <Li> Spank ! The Fifty Shades Parody </Li> </Ul> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> United Kingdom portal </Li> <Li> 2010s portal </Li> <Li> Novels portal </Li> <Li> Pornography portal </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Maestra , a 2016 novel frequently compared to Fifty Shades of Grey </Li> <Li> BDSM in culture and media </Li> <Li> Sadism and masochism in fiction </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ Eakin , Marah . `` Holy crow ! Fifty Shades Of Grey is crazy similar to its Twilight origin story '' . News . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 08 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Universal Shifts ' 50 Shades ' Release Date to February 2015 '' . Variety . Retrieved 18 November 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Boog , Jason ( 21 November 2012 ) . `` The Lost History of Fifty Shades of Grey '' . Media bistro . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Fifty Shades of Grey : Stephenie Meyer Speaks Out '' . MTV . 29 May 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ ' 50 Shades of Grey , ' a Self - Published E-Book , Is the Future of Publishing . Lizzie Shurnick . The Daily Beast. 17 March 2012 . Retrieved 8 March 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bestseller Success Stories that Started Out as Self - Published Books . Ronald H. Balsom. 8 October 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bosman , Julie ( 20 March 2012 ) . `` Discreetly Digital , Erotic Novel Sets American Women Abuzz '' . The New York Times . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Goudreau , Jenna ( 19 March 2012 ) . `` Will Fifty Shades of Grey Make ' Mommy Porn ' The Next Big Thing ? '' . Forbes . Retrieved 7 May 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Fifty Shades of Grey author EL James reveals real - life secrets to her readers '' . The Belfast Telegraph . 4 July 2012 . Retrieved 8 July 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Lewak , Doree ( 11 July 2012 ) . `` The hot sex text '' . New York Post . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Erotic novel 50 Shades of Grey unites gals , unnerves some guys '' . Fox News . 14 March 2012 . Retrieved 7 May 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bennett - Smith , Meredith ( 15 March 2012 ) . `` 50 Shades of Grey : What is the appeal ? '' . The Christian Science Monitor . Retrieved 7 May 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Julie Bosman . Fifty Shades of Gray Hits a Sales Milestone . The New York Times . 27 February 2014 . page C3 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Fifty Shades of Grey '' Sales Hit 100 Million . Andy Lewis . The Hollywood Reporter. 16 February 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Publishing world is turned on by ' Fifty Shades of Grey ' '' . USA Today . 29 August 2012 . Archived from the original on 12 April 2013 . Retrieved 15 March 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Meredith , Charlotte ( 1 August 2012 ) , `` Fifty Shades of Grey becomes the bestselling book of all time '' , Daily Express , UK </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` EL James ' Fifty Shades of Grey tops New York Times list '' . UK : BBC . 11 March 2012 . Retrieved 31 May 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Erotic book Fifty Shades of Grey becomes UK bestseller '' . UK : BBC . 19 April 2012 . Retrieved 31 May 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Alex Stedman . `` ' Fifty Shades ' Spinoff ' Grey ' Stolen From Publisher ( Report ) '' . Variety . Retrieved 9 September 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Fifty Shades of Grey Release Date Pushed Back to February 13 , 2015 -- Just in Time for Valentine 's Day ! '' . E ! Online . 13 November 2013 . Retrieved 9 September 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bentley , Paul ( 18 June 2012 ) . `` Fifty Shades of Grey outstrips Harry Potter to become fastest selling paperback of all time '' . Daily Mail . London . 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( 14 February 2015 ) ' Fifty Shades of Grey ' : A Dominatrix 's View ( Guest Column ) . Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved on 27 February 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ ' Fifty Shades Of Grey ' Is n't A Movie About BDSM , And That 's A Problem . Huffingtonpost.com ( 16 February 2015 ) . Retrieved on 27 February 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Ingraham , Christopher . `` Sex Toy Injuries Surged after ' Fifty Shades of Grey 's was Published '' . The Washington Post . 10 February </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Fifty Shades of Grey is an ' assault on marriage ' , say bishops . CatholicHerald.co.uk ( 12 February 2015 ) . Retrieved on 27 February 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bishop : Seeing ' 50 Shades of Grey ' is a sin . Azcentral.com ( 13 February 2015 ) . Retrieved on 27 February 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Laurie , Timothy ; Kean , Jessica ( 2015 ) . `` Why consenting adults should see 50 Shades of Grey - and take their teens '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . 19 February </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bonomi , Amy E. ; Altenburger , Lauren E. ; Walton , Nicole L. ( September 2013 ) . `` '' Double crap ! '' Abuse and harmed identity in Fifty Shades of Grey `` . Journal of Women 's Health . Mary Ann Liebert , Inc. 22 ( 9 ) : 733 -- 744 . doi : 10.1089 / jwh. 2013.4344 . PMID 23931257 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bonomi , Amy E. ( 12 August 2013 ) . `` Is Fifty Shades triumphant for women ? Or further entrapping them ? '' . The Huffington Post . AOL . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bonomi , Amy E. ; Nemeth , Julianna M. ; Altenburger , Lauren E. ; Anderson , Melissa L. ; Snyder , Anastasia ; Dotto , Irma ( August 2014 ) . `` Fiction or not ? Fifty Shades is associated with health risks in adolescent and young adult females '' . Journal of Women 's Health . Mary Ann Liebert , Inc. 23 ( 9 ) : 720 -- 728 . doi : 10.1089 / jwh. 2014.4782 . PMID 25144515 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Fifty Shades : Exploring the Sexual Revolution '' . Newsweek Special Issue / Topix Media Lab Special # 13 . New York , NY : Topix Media Lab : Page 13 . 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Reading ' Fifty Shades ' linked to unhealthy behaviors '' . ScienceDaily . Retrieved 22 August 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Logan Levkoff on The Today Show -- Fifty Shades of Grey on YouTube </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Dr. Drew : 50 Shades of Grey pathological , poorly written '' . WTOP - FM . 22 May 2012 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Schwartz , Meredith ( 11 May 2012 ) . `` Florida County Pulls Fifty Shades of Grey From Shelves '' . Library Journal . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Clarke , Suzan ( 30 May 2012 ) . `` Florida County Library Lifts Ban on 50 Shades of Grey '' . ABC News . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` BRAZIL JUDGE ORDERS ' 50 SHADES OF GREY ' SEALED '' . Associated Press . Archived from the original on 23 February 2015 . Retrieved 18 January 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Brazil judge orders ' 50 Shades of Grey ' removed '' . USA Today . 18 January 2013 . Retrieved 1 March 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Brazilian bondage browsers tied down by court order '' . Global Legal Post . Retrieved 1 March 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` After movie , Malaysia also bans ' Fifty Shades ' books '' . Malay Mail . Archived from the original on 27 February 2015 . Retrieved 10 December 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Fleming , Mike ( 26 March 2012 ) . `` Universal Pictures and Focus Features win Fifty Shades of Grey '' . Deadline.com . PMC . Retrieved 7 May 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Miller , Julie ( 10 July 2012 ) . `` Fifty Shades of Grey Film Gets Oscar - Nominated Producers , Christian Grey -- Casting Inspiration '' . Vanity Fair ( online ) . Retrieved 12 August 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Fleming , Mike ( 26 March 2012 ) . `` Universal Pictures and Focus Features win Fifty Shades of Grey '' . Deadline.com . PMC . Retrieved 7 May 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Fifty Shades Of Grey Movie Casts Dakota Johnson In a Lead Role '' . EntertainmentWise ( Yahoo ! UK ) . Archived from the original on 5 January 2015 . Retrieved 8 September 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Rice , Lynette ( 2 September 2013 ) . `` ' Fifty Shades of Grey ' casts Dakota Johnson and Charlie Hunnam '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 3 September 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Charlie Hunnam : Quitting Fifty Shades of Grey Was `` Heartbreaking '' - Us Weekly `` . usmagazine.com. 21 July 2014 . Retrieved 27 January 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( 23 October 2013 ) . `` Jamie Dornan Will Play Christian Grey in ' Fifty Shades of Grey ' '' . Variety . Retrieved 24 October 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Fifty Shades of Grey Reviews '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved 13 February 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ James , EL ( 12 January 2015 ) . `` Movie Tie - in Edition Now Available & Soundtrack Coming Soon ! '' . Retrieved 12 January 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kozak , Oktay Ege ( 12 January 2015 ) . `` ' Fifty Shades Of Grey ' Soundtrack Features Beyoncé , The Rolling Stones , Frank Sinatra , Sia , And More '' . Indie Wire . Retrieved 12 January 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Zuckerman , Esther ( 24 December 2014 ) . `` Hear The Weeknd 's ' Earned It ' from ' Fifty Shades of Grey ' '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 12 January 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Strecker , Erin ( 7 January 2015 ) . `` Listen To Ellie Goulding 's Sexy New Song From ' Fifty Shades of Grey ' Soundtrack '' . Billboard . Retrieved 12 January 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Artists , Various ( 27 January 2015 ) . `` Fifty Shades of Grey ( Original Motion Picture Soundtrack ) '' . Apple . Archived from the original on 9 February 2015 . Retrieved 27 January 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Fifty Shades of Grey Classical Album Coming in August '' , Billboard.com , 7 August 2012 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Billboard Charts Top 5 Classical Music Albums '' . Classicalite . Retrieved 16 November 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Goodstein , Jack ( 15 September 2012 ) . `` Music Review : Fifty Shades of Grey : The Classical Album '' . Seattle PI . Retrieved 16 November 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 18 things you do n't know about Fifty Shades of Grey : The Parody Books Keep Coming '' . CBS News . 17 February 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Rachel Kramer Bussel ( 22 April 2015 ) . `` In the wake of 50 Shades of Grey , what 's even better than sex ? Ridiculous sex '' . Salon.com . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Gardner , Eriq ( 4 March 2013 ) . `` ' Fifty Shades ' Porn Parody Countersuit Claims Books Are In Public Domain ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Romano , Aja ( 12 March 2013 ) . `` '' Fifty Shades '' porn parody lost its lawsuit , but everyone wins `` . Daily Dot . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Jamesbergstein , E.L. ( 2013 ) . Fifty Shades of Oy Vey : A Parody . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Merkin , Fanny ; Shaffer , Andrew ( 2012 ) . Fifty Shames of Earl Grey : A Parody . ISBN 0 - 306 - 82199 - 0 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Edwards , Peter ( 17 December 2013 ) . `` Business students steam up spreadsheets with ' Fifty Shades of Grey ' treatment '' . The Star . Toronto . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Webster , Andy ( 14 March 2014 ) . `` If a Book Annoys You , Ridicule It in Song : ' 50 Shades ! The Musical ' Parodies That Erotic Best Seller '' . The New York Times . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Cuff Me : The Fifty Shades of Grey Musical Parody . Broadway.com . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 12 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Official author page </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Fifty Shades franchise by E.L. James </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Novels </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Original trilogy </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Fifty Shades of Grey </Li> <Li> Fifty Shades Darker </Li> <Li> Fifty Shades Freed </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Retold </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Grey : Fifty Shades of Grey as Told by Christian </Li> <Li> Darker : Fifty Shades Darker as Told by Christian </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Film series </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Films </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Fifty Shades of Grey </Li> <Li> Fifty Shades Darker </Li> <Li> Fifty Shades Freed </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Music </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Fifty Shades of Grey <Ul> <Li> `` Earned It '' </Li> <Li> `` Love Me like You Do '' </Li> <Li> `` Crazy in Love ( Remix ) '' </Li> <Li> `` I Put a Spell on You '' </Li> <Li> `` Haunted ( Michael Diamond Remix ) '' </Li> <Li> `` Beast of Burden '' </Li> <Li> `` I 'm on Fire '' </Li> <Li> `` Witchcraft '' </Li> <Li> `` I Know You '' </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Fifty Shades Darker <Ul> <Li> `` I Do n't Wanna Live Forever '' </Li> <Li> `` Not Afraid Anymore '' </Li> <Li> `` The Scientist '' </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Fifty Shades Freed <Ul> <Li> `` For You '' </Li> <Li> `` Capital Letters '' </Li> <Li> `` Heaven '' </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Parodies </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Fifty Shades of Oy Vey : A Parody </Li> <Li> Spank ! The Fifty Shades Parody </Li> <Li> Fifty Shades of Black </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fifty_Shades_of_Grey&oldid=828409293 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> 2011 British novels </Li> <Li> BDSM literature </Li> <Li> British erotic novels </Li> <Li> British novels adapted into films </Li> <Li> British romance novels </Li> <Li> Fan fiction works </Li> <Li> Novels set in Seattle </Li> <Li> Women 's erotica and pornography </Li> <Li> Works based on Twilight series </Li> <Li> Self - published books </Li> <Li> Fifty Shades </Li> <Li> Obscenity controversies in literature </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Use dmy dates from September 2015 </Li> <Li> EngvarB from December 2017 </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Azərbaycanca </Li> <Li> Български </Li> <Li> Català </Li> <Li> Cymraeg </Li> <Li> Dansk </Li> <Li> Eesti </Li> <Li> Ελληνικά </Li> <Li> Español </Li> <Li> فارسی </Li> <Li> Français </Li> <Li> 한국어 </Li> <Li> Հայերեն </Li> <Li> Bahasa Indonesia </Li> <Li> Italiano </Li> <Li> עברית </Li> <Li> Lietuvių </Li> <Li> മലയാളം </Li> <Li> Nederlands </Li> <Li> 日本 語 </Li> <Li> Napulitano </Li> <Li> Norsk </Li> <Li> ਪੰਜਾਬੀ </Li> <Li> Polski </Li> <Li> Português </Li> <Li> Română </Li> <Li> Русский </Li> <Li> Српски / srpski </Li> <Li> Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски </Li> <Li> Suomi </Li> <Li> Svenska </Li> <Li> Tagalog </Li> <Li> ไทย </Li> <Li> Türkçe </Li> <Li> Українська </Li> <Li> 中文 </Li> 27 more </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 2 March 2018 , at 10 : 55 . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> | [
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State governments of India - Wikipedia <H1> State governments of India </H1> <P> </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> India </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> This article is part of a series on the politics and government of India </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Constitution and law ( show ) <Ul> <Li> Constitutional amendment </Li> <Li> Basic structure doctrine </Li> <Li> Fundamental rights </Li> <Li> Human rights </Li> </Ul> <P> -- -- -- -- -- -- -- </P> <Ul> <Li> Code of Civil Procedure , 1908 </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dd> <Ul> <Li> Uniform civil code </Li> </Ul> </Dd> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> Code of Criminal Procedure , 1973 </Li> <Li> Indian Penal Code </Li> <Li> Law enforcement </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Government of India ( show ) <Ul> <Li> President ( Head of state ) ( List ) </Li> <Li> Vice president ( List ) </Li> </Ul> <P> -- -- -- -- -- -- -- Executive : </P> <Ul> <Li> Prime minister ( Head of government ) ( List ) </Li> <Li> Union Council of Ministers </Li> <Li> Cabinet secretary </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dd> <Ul> <Li> Secretaries : ( Defence Finance Foreign Home ) </Li> </Ul> </Dd> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> Civil services </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dd> <Ul> <Li> All India Services ( IAS IFS / IFoS IPS ) </Li> </Ul> </Dd> </Dl> <P> -- -- -- -- -- -- -- Legislature : </P> <Ul> <Li> Parliament </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dd> <Ul> <Li> Rajya Sabha ( Chairman ) </Li> <Li> Lok Sabha ( Speaker ) </Li> </Ul> </Dd> </Dl> <P> Judiciary : </P> <Ul> <Li> Supreme court ( Chief justice ) </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dd> <Ul> <Li> High courts ( Chief justices ) </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dd> <Ul> <Li> District courts </Li> </Ul> </Dd> </Dl> </Dd> </Dl> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Elections ( show ) Election commission : <Ul> <Li> Chief Election Commissioner ( Election commissioners ) <Dl> <Dd> <Ul> <Li> Recent general elections : 2009 </Li> <Li> 2014 </Li> <Li> 2019 </Li> </Ul> </Dd> <Dd> <Ul> <Li> Recent state elections : 2017 </Li> <Li> 2018 </Li> <Li> 2019 </Li> </Ul> </Dd> </Dl> </Li> </Ul> <P> -- -- -- -- -- -- -- Political parties </P> <Ul> <Li> National parties </Li> <Li> State parties </Li> </Ul> <P> National coalitions : </P> <Ul> <Li> National Democratic Alliance ( NDA ) </Li> <Li> United Progressive Alliance ( UPA ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Federalism ( show ) <Ul> <Li> Administrative divisions </Li> </Ul> <P> -- -- -- -- -- -- -- State governments </P> <Ul> <Li> Governors ( List ) </Li> <Li> Chief ministers ( List ) </Li> <Li> Chief secretary ( Principal secretaries ) </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dd> <Ul> <Li> Field - level officers </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dd> <Ul> <Li> Divisional commissioners </Li> <Li> District magistrates </Li> <Li> Sub-divisional magistrates </Li> </Ul> </Dd> </Dl> </Dd> </Dl> <P> Legislatures : </P> <Ul> <Li> Vidhan Sabha </Li> <Li> Vidhan Parishad </Li> </Ul> <P> -- -- -- -- -- -- -- Local governments : Rural bodies : </P> <Ul> <Li> District councils </Li> <Li> Block panchayats </Li> <Li> Gram Panchayats </Li> </Ul> <P> Urban bodies : </P> <Ul> <Li> Municipal corporations </Li> <Li> Municipal councils </Li> <Li> Nagar panchayats </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Other countries </Li> <Li> Atlas </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> State governments in India are the governments ruling States of India and the head of the council of ministers in a state is chief minister . Power is divided between the central government and state governments . While the central government handles military and external affairs etc. , whereas the state government deals with internal security ( through state police ) and other state issues . Income for the central government is from customs duty , excise tax , income tax etc. , while state government income comes from sales tax ( VAT ) , stamp duty , now these have been subsumed under SGST , GST -- components of GST . Each state has a legislative assembly . A state legislature that has one house , known as Vidhan Sabha or Legislative assembly , is a Unicameral legislature . </P> <P> A state legislature that has two houses known as Vidhan Sabha and Vidhan Parishad , is a bicameral legislature. The Vidhan Sabha is the lower house and corresponds to the Lok Sabha . The Vidhan Parishad is the upper house and corresponds to the Rajya Sabha . </P> <P> The Sarkaria Commission was set up to review the balance of power between states and the union . The central government can dissolve a state government in favour of President 's rule if necessary . The state of Jammu and Kashmir has higher autonomy compared to other states by virtue of Article 370 . </P> <H2> Contents </H2> <Ul> <Li> 1 Legislatures <Ul> <Li> 1.1 Powers and Functions </Li> <Li> 1.2 Membership and terms of office </Li> <Li> 1.3 Politics </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2 Executive </Li> <Li> 3 Judiciary </Li> <Li> 4 See also </Li> <Li> 5 References </Li> </Ul> <H2> Legislatures ( edit ) </H2> <P> For every state , there is a legislature , which consists of Governor and one House or , two Houses as the case may be. ( 1 ) In Bihar , Andhra Pradesh , Telangana , Jammu and Kashmir , Karnataka , Maharashtra and Uttar Pradesh , there are two Houses known as legislative council and legislative assembly . In the remaining states , there is only one House known as legislative assembly . Parliament may , by law , provide for abolition of an existing legislative council or for creation of one where it does not exist , if proposal is supported by a resolution of the legislative assembly concerned . </P> <P> The Legislative Council ( Vidhan Parishad ) of a state comprises not more than one third of total number of members in legislative assembly of the state and in no case fewer than 40 members ( Legislative Council of Jammu and Kashmir has 36 members vide Section 50 of the Constitution of Jammu and Kashmir ) . About one - third of members of the council are elected by members of legislative assembly from amongst persons who are not its members , one - third by electorates consisting of members of municipalities , district boards and other local authorities in the state , one - twelfth by electorate consisting of persons who have been , for at least three years , engaged in teaching in educational institutions within the state not lower in standard than secondary school and a further one - twelfth by registered graduates of more than three years ' standing . Remaining members are nominated by Governor from among those who have distinguished themselves in literature , science , art , cooperative movement and social service . Legislative councils are not subject to dissolution but one - third of their members retire every second year . </P> <P> The Legislative Assembly ( Vidhan Sabha ) of a state consists of not more than 500 and not fewer than 60 members ( Legislative Assembly of Sikkim has 32 members , while Puducherry has 32 , Goa and Mizoram have 40 seats each vide Article 371F of the Constitution ) chosen by direct election from territorial constituencies in the state . Demarcation of territorial constituencies is to be done in such a manner that the ratio between population of each constituency and number of seats allotted to it , as far as practicable , is the same throughout the state . Term of an assembly is five years unless it is dissolved earlier . </P> <H3> Powers and functions ( edit ) </H3> <P> State legislature have exclusive powers over subjects enumerated in List II of the Seventh Schedule of the Constitution and concurrent powers over those enumerated in List III . Financial powers of legislature include authorisation of all expenditure , taxation and borrowing by the state government . Legislative assembly alone has power to originate money bills . Legislative council can make only recommendations in respect of changes it considers necessary within a period of fourteen days of the receipt of money bills from Assembly . Assembly can accept or reject these recommendations . </P> <P> The Governor of a state may reserve any Bill for the consideration of the President . Bills relating to subjects like compulsory acquisition of property , measures affecting powers and position of High Courts and imposition of taxes on storage , distribution and sale of water or electricity in Inter-state River or river valley development projects should necessarily be so reserved . No Bills seeking to impose restrictions on inter-state trade can be introduced in a state legislature without previous sanction of the President . </P> <P> State legislatures , apart from exercising the usual power of financial control , use all normal parliamentary devices like questions , discussions , debates , adjournments and no - confidence motions and resolutions to keep a watch over day - to - day work of the executive . They also have their committees on estimates and public accounts to ensure that grants sanctioned by legislature are properly utilised . </P> <P> There is , overall , 4,120 assembly seats in states and Union Territories in India . Andhra Pradesh abolished its legislative council in 1984 , but has set up a new legislative Council following elections in 2007 . </P> <H3> Membership and terms of office ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> State </Th> <Th> Legislature type </Th> <Th_colspan="2"> Size </Th> <Th_colspan="2"> Current Term </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Lower </Th> <Th> Upper </Th> <Th> From </Th> <Th> To </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Andhra Pradesh </Td> <Td> Bicameral </Td> <Td> 175 </Td> <Td> 50 </Td> <Td> Jun 2014 </Td> <Td> Jun 2019 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Arunachal Pradesh </Td> <Td> Unicameral </Td> <Td> 60 </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> <Td> Jun 2014 </Td> <Td> Jun 2019 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Assam </Td> <Td> Unicameral </Td> <Td> 126 </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> <Td> May 2016 </Td> <Td> May 2021 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Bihar </Td> <Td> Bicameral </Td> <Td> 243 </Td> <Td> 75 </Td> <Td> Nov 2015 </Td> <Td> Nov 2020 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Chhattisgarh </Td> <Td> Unicameral </Td> <Td> 90 </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> <Td> Jan 2014 </Td> <Td> Jan 2019 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Delhi </Td> <Td> Unicameral </Td> <Td> 70 </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> <Td> Feb 2015 </Td> <Td> Feb 2020 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Goa </Td> <Td> Unicameral </Td> <Td> 40 </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> <Td> Mar 2017 </Td> <Td> Mar 2022 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Gujarat </Td> <Td> Unicameral </Td> <Td> 182 </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> <Td> Dec 2017 </Td> <Td> Dec 2022 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Haryana </Td> <Td> Unicameral </Td> <Td> 90 </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> <Td> Nov 2014 </Td> <Td> Nov 2019 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Himachal Pradesh </Td> <Td> Unicameral </Td> <Td> 68 </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> <Td> Dec 2017 </Td> <Td> Dec 2022 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Jammu and Kashmir </Td> <Td> Bicameral </Td> <Td> 87 </Td> <Td> 36 </Td> <Td> Dec 2014 </Td> <Td> Dec 2020 * * </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Jharkhand </Td> <Td> Unicameral </Td> <Td> 81 </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> <Td> Dec 2014 </Td> <Td> Dec 2019 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Karnataka </Td> <Td> Bicameral </Td> <Td> 224 </Td> <Td> 75 </Td> <Td> May 2018 </Td> <Td> May 2023 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Kerala </Td> <Td> Unicameral </Td> <Td> 140 </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> <Td> May 2016 </Td> <Td> May 2021 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Madhya Pradesh </Td> <Td> Unicameral </Td> <Td> 230 </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> <Td> Jan 2014 </Td> <Td> Jan 2019 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Maharashtra </Td> <Td> Bicameral </Td> <Td> 288 </Td> <Td> 78 </Td> <Td> Nov 2014 </Td> <Td> Nov 2019 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Manipur </Td> <Td> Unicameral </Td> <Td> 60 </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> <Td> Mar 2017 </Td> <Td> Mar 2022 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Meghalaya </Td> <Td> Unicameral </Td> <Td> 60 </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> <Td> Mar 2018 </Td> <Td> Mar 2023 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Mizoram </Td> <Td> Unicameral </Td> <Td> 40 </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> <Td> Dec 2013 </Td> <Td> Dec 2018 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Nagaland </Td> <Td> Unicameral </Td> <Td> 60 </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> <Td> Mar 2018 </Td> <Td> Mar 2023 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Odisha </Td> <Td> Unicameral </Td> <Td> 147 </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> <Td> Jun 2014 </Td> <Td> Jun 2019 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Puducherry </Td> <Td> Unicameral </Td> <Td> 30 </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> <Td> May 2016 </Td> <Td> May 2021 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Punjab </Td> <Td> Unicameral </Td> <Td> 117 </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> <Td> Mar 2017 </Td> <Td> Mar 2022 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Rajasthan </Td> <Td> Unicameral </Td> <Td> 200 </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> <Td> Jan 2014 </Td> <Td> Jan 2019 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Sikkim </Td> <Td> Unicameral </Td> <Td> 32 </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> <Td> May 2014 </Td> <Td> May 2019 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Tamil Nadu </Td> <Td> Unicameral </Td> <Td> 234 </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> <Td> May 2016 </Td> <Td> May 2021 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Telangana </Td> <Td> Bicameral </Td> <Td> 119 </Td> <Td> 40 </Td> <Td> Jun 2014 </Td> <Td> Jun 2019 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Tripura </Td> <Td> Unicameral </Td> <Td> 60 </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> <Td> Mar 2018 </Td> <Td> Mar 2023 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Uttar Pradesh </Td> <Td> Bicameral </Td> <Td> 403 </Td> <Td> 100 </Td> <Td> Mar 2017 </Td> <Td> Mar 2022 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Uttarakhand </Td> <Td> Unicameral </Td> <Td> 70 </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> <Td> Mar 2017 </Td> <Td> Mar 2022 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> West Bengal </Td> <Td> Unicameral </Td> <Td> 295 </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> <Td> May 2016 </Td> <Td> May 2021 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> * * For J&K Assembly Term is 6 Years </P> <H3> Politics ( edit ) </H3> Main article : List of recognised political parties in India <P> State Governments in India see the presence of both National and Regional Parties . As of 03 March 2018 , the National Democratic Alliance is in power in 21 states , the United Progressive Alliance is in power in 3 states and 1 union territory , rest of the states with regional parties . </P> <Ul> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H2> Executive ( edit ) </H2> <P> State Executive consists of Governor , Council of Ministers with Chief Minister as its head and Advocate General . The Governor of a State is appointed by the President for a term of five years and holds office during his pleasure . Only Indian citizens above 35 years of age are eligible for appointment to this office . Executive power of the State is vested in Governor . </P> <P> Council Of Ministers </P> <P> The Chief Minister is appointed by the Governor who also appoints other ministers on the advice of the Chief Minister . The Council of Ministers is collectively responsible to legislative assembly of the State . </P> <P> Council of Ministers with Chief Minister as head aids and advises Governor in exercise of his functions except in so far as he is by or under the Constitution required to exercise his functions or any of them in his discretion . In respect of Nagaland , Governor has special responsibility under Article 371 A of the Constitution with respect to law and order and even though it is necessary for him to consult Council of Ministers in matters relating to law and order , he can exercise his individual judgement as to the action to be taken . </P> <P> Similarly , in respect of Arunachal Pradesh , Governor has special responsibility under Article 371H of the Constitution with respect to law and order and in discharge of his functions in relation thereto . Governor shall , after consulting Council of Ministers , exercise his individual judgement as to the action to be taken . These are , however , temporary provisions if President , on receipt of a report from Governor or otherwise is satisfied that it is no longer necessary for Governor to have special responsibility with respect to law and order , he may so direct by an order . </P> <P> Likewise , in the Sixth Schedule which applies to tribal areas of Assam , Meghalaya , Tripura and Mizoram as specified in para 20 of that Schedule , discretionary powers are given to Governor in matters relating to sharing of royalties between district council and state government . Sixth Schedule vests additional discretionary powers in Governors of Mizoram and Tripura in almost all their functions ( except approving regulations for levy of taxes and money lending by non-tribal by district councils ) since December 1998 . In Sikkim , Governor has been given special responsibility for peace and social and economic advancement of different sections of population . </P> <P> All Governors while discharging such constitutional functions as appointment of Chief Minister of a State or sending a report to President about failure of constitutional machinery in a State or in respect of matters relating to assent to a Bill pass </P> <H2> Judiciary ( edit ) </H2> <P> State High courts have jurisdiction over the whole state , but report to the Supreme Court of India , which may override the high court 's judgements and rulings . </P> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> List of current Indian chief ministers </Li> <Li> Federalism in India </Li> <Li> Politics of India </Li> <Li> Principal Secretary ( India ) </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Glass ceilings in State Cabinets '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Election Commission of India '' . eci.nic.in . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment - Government of India '' ( PDF ) . socialjustice.nic.in . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Legislature '' . www.aplegislature.org . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Telangana State Portal / Members of Legislative Council '' . www.telangana.gov.in . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Polity : The States - Profile - Know India : National Portal of India '' . knowindia.gov.in . </Li> </Ol> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> State governments of India </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> State governments </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Andhra Pradesh </Li> <Li> Arunachal Pradesh </Li> <Li> Assam </Li> <Li> Bihar </Li> <Li> Chhattisgarh </Li> <Li> Goa </Li> <Li> Gujarat </Li> <Li> Haryana </Li> <Li> Himachal Pradesh </Li> <Li> Jammu and Kashmir </Li> <Li> Jharkhand </Li> <Li> Karnataka </Li> <Li> Kerala </Li> <Li> Madhya Pradesh </Li> <Li> Maharashtra </Li> <Li> Manipur </Li> <Li> Meghalaya </Li> <Li> Mizoram </Li> <Li> Nagaland </Li> <Li> Odisha </Li> <Li> Punjab </Li> <Li> Rajasthan </Li> <Li> Sikkim </Li> <Li> Tamil Nadu </Li> <Li> Telangana </Li> <Li> Tripura </Li> <Li> Uttar Pradesh </Li> <Li> Uttarakhand </Li> <Li> West Bengal </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> NCT </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Delhi </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Territories </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Andaman and Nicobar Islands </Li> <Li> Chandigarh </Li> <Li> Dadra and Nagar Haveli </Li> <Li> Daman and Diu </Li> <Li> Lakshadweep </Li> <Li> Puducherry </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=State_governments_of_India&oldid=854052187 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> State governments of India </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Use Indian English from May 2014 </Li> <Li> All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> Add links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 8 August 2018 , at 16 : 47 ( UTC ) . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> | [
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Green Bay , Wisconsin - wikipedia <H1> Green Bay , Wisconsin </H1> Jump to : navigation , search For the town , see Green Bay ( town ) , Wisconsin . <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Green Bay , Wisconsin </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> City </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Clockwise from top : Downtown Green Bay , Resch Center , Leo Frigo Memorial Bridge , Brown County Courthouse , Lambeau Field </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Td> Seal </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Nickname ( s ) : `` Titletown '' , `` Bayland '' , `` Bay City '' , `` Packerland '' , and `` Packer City '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Location of Green Bay in Brown County , Wisconsin . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Green Bay , Wisconsin Location in the United States </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Coordinates : 44 ° 30 ′ 48 '' N 88 ° 0 ′ 57 '' W / 44.51333 ° N 88.01583 ° W / 44.51333 ; - 88.01583 Coordinates : 44 ° 30 ′ 48 '' N 88 ° 0 ′ 57 '' W / 44.51333 ° N 88.01583 ° W / 44.51333 ; - 88.01583 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Country </Th> <Td> United States </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> State </Th> <Td> Wisconsin </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> County </Th> <Td> Brown </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Government </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Mayor </Th> <Td> Jim Schmitt </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Area </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> City </Th> <Td> 55.96 sq mi ( 144.94 km ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Land </Th> <Td> 45.47 sq mi ( 117.77 km ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Water </Th> <Td> 10.49 sq mi ( 27.17 km ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Elevation </Th> <Td> 581 ft ( 177 m ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Population ( 2010 ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> City </Th> <Td> 104,057 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Estimate ( 2016 ) </Th> <Td> 105,139 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Rank </Th> <Td> US : 272nd </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Density </Th> <Td> 2,288.5 / sq mi ( 883.6 / km ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Urban </Th> <Td> 206,520 ( US : 176th ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Metro </Th> <Td> 312,409 ( US : 158th ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Time zone </Th> <Td> Central ( UTC − 6 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Summer ( DST ) </Th> <Td> CDT ( UTC − 5 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> ZIP code </Th> <Td> 54301 - 08 , 54311 , 54313 , 54324 , 54344 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Area code </Th> <Td> 920 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> FIPS code </Th> <Td> 55 - 31000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> GNIS feature ID </Th> <Td> 1565801 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Website </Th> <Td> greenbaywi.gov </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Green Bay is a city in and the county seat of Brown County in the U.S. state of Wisconsin , at the head of Green Bay , a sub-basin of Lake Michigan , at the mouth of the Fox River . It is 581 feet ( 177 m ) above sea level and 112 miles ( 180 km ) north of Milwaukee . The population was 104,057 at the 2010 census . Green Bay is the third - largest city in the state of Wisconsin , after Milwaukee and Madison , and the third - largest city on Lake Michigan 's west shore , after Chicago and Milwaukee . Green Bay is home to the National Football League team Green Bay Packers . </P> <P> Green Bay is the principal city of the Green Bay Metropolitan Statistical Area , which covers Brown , Kewaunee , and Oconto counties ; the MSA had a combined population of 306,241 at the 2010 census . </P> <P> Green Bay is an industrial city with several meatpacking plants , paper mills , and a port on Green Bay , an arm of Lake Michigan known locally as `` the Bay of Green Bay '' . Green Bay hosts the Neville Public Museum , with exhibitions of art , history , and science ; the Children 's Museum ; and the University of Wisconsin -- Green Bay . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 History <Ul> <Li> 1.1 From the trading post La Baie des Puants to the town La Baie verte </Li> <Li> 1.2 The British take - over </Li> <Li> 1.3 After Independence </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2 Geography <Ul> <Li> 2.1 Climate </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 Demographics <Ul> <Li> 3.1 2010 census </Li> <Li> 3.2 2000 census </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 Government <Ul> <Li> 4.1 Law enforcement </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 5 Infrastructure <Ul> <Li> 5.1 Transportation <Ul> <Li> 5.1. 1 Railroads </Li> <Li> 5.1. 2 Airport </Li> <Li> 5.1. 3 Highways </Li> <Li> 5.1. 4 Local transit </Li> <Li> 5.1. 5 Water </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 5.2 Utilities <Ul> <Li> 5.2. 1 Electricity </Li> <Li> 5.2. 2 Water </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 5.3 Health care </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 6 Education <Ul> <Li> 6.1 Higher education </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 7 Public libraries </Li> <Li> 8 Religion </Li> <Li> 9 Sports </Li> <Li> 10 Arts and culture </Li> <Li> 11 Media and internet </Li> <Li> 12 Economy <Ul> <Li> 12.1 Industry </Li> <Li> 12.2 Largest employers </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 13 Points of interest <Ul> <Li> 13.1 Shopping <Ul> <Li> 13.1. 1 East Town Mall </Li> <Li> 13.1. 2 Green Bay Plaza </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 14 Notable people </Li> <Li> 15 Gallery </Li> <Li> 16 Buildings </Li> <Li> 17 Sister cities </Li> <Li> 18 Trivia </Li> <Li> 19 Notes </Li> <Li> 20 References </Li> <Li> 21 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> History ( edit ) </H2> <P> Samuel de Champlain , the founder of New France , commissioned Jean Nicolet to form a peaceful alliance with Native Americans in the western areas , whose unrest interfered with French fur trade , and to search for a shorter trade route to China through Canada . Nicolet and others had learned from other First Nations of the Ho - Chunk ( Winnebago ) people , who identified as `` People of the Sea '' , and believed they must reside on or near the Pacific Ocean . Champlain had also heard about natural resources in the area , including fertile soil , forests , and animals . Nicolet began his journey for this new land shortly before winter in 1634 . In what later became a French fur - trading route , he sailed up the Ottawa River , through Lake Nipissing and down the French River to Lake Huron , then through the straits of Michilimackinac into Lake Michigan . He is believed to have landed at Red Banks , near the site of the modern - day city of Green Bay , Wisconsin . </P> <H3> From the trading post La Baie des Puants to the town La Baie Verte ( edit ) </H3> <P> Nicolet founded a small trading post here in 1634 , originally named La Baye or La Baie des Puants ( French for `` the Bay of Stinking Waters '' ) . Nicolet 's settlement was one of the oldest European permanent settlements in America . </P> <P> When Nicolet arrived in the Green Bay area , he encountered the Menominee , as this was their territory . He also met the Ho - Chunk , also known as the Winnebago , a people who spoke a Sioux language . The Winnebago hunted , fished , and cultivated corn , bean , squash , and tobacco . Wild rice , which they had incorporated as a dietary staple , grew in abundance along the riverbanks . They regularly harvested and cooked this , along with a wide variety of nuts , berries , and edible roots of the woods . The tribe had clearly distinguished gender roles . The men typically hunted and fished for food , and the women processed game and other foods in cooking . They prepared and made clothing from the furs as well as using other parts of animals for tools , cord , etc . Women also had a role in the political process , as no action could be taken without agreement of half of the women . Nicolet stayed with this tribe for about a year , becoming an ally . He helped open up opportunities for trade and commerce with them before returning to Quebec . </P> <P> A few months after Nicolet returned to Quebec , Champlain died . His death halted other journeys to La Baie Verte ( French for `` The Green Bay '' ) . Père Claude Allouez sent Nicolas Perrot to La Baie . After this , the French avoided the area for some decades , because of the intensity of First Nations and European conflicts in the east . In 1671 , a Jesuit Mission was set up in the area . A fort was added in 1717 and gradually associated development took place . The town was incorporated in 1754 . As Great Britain took control of French areas during the Seven Years ' War , known as the French and Indian War in some areas of North America , this town came under British control in 1761 . The French ceded their North American lands East of the Mississippi River to the British following defeat in 1763 . </P> <P> The first permanent French settlers were Charles de Langlade and his family from Canada , who moved to Green Bay in 1765 , becoming the first European - American settlers in today 's Wisconsin . Langlade , called the `` Founder and Father of Wisconsin '' , was an Ottawa war chief with a French father . He is credited with planning the ambush of British General Braddock and George Washington in the French and Indian War . The Grignons , Porliers and Lawes , who followed , brought Canadian - French culture with them . Colorful `` jack - knife Judge '' Reaume dispensed British justice in the territory . These early French settlers set the tone for many who followed . </P> <H3> The British take - over ( edit ) </H3> File : Tourist 's Pocket Map Of Michigan ( Samuel Augustus Mitchell , 1835 ). jpg Green Bay and Lake Winnebago on the 1835 Tourist 's Pocket Map of Michigan among the `` Mennomonie '' villages of Wisconsin Territory <P> The British gradually took over Wisconsin during the French and Indian War , taking control of Green Bay in 1761 and gaining control of all of Wisconsin in 1763 . Like the French , the British were interested in little but the fur trade . One notable event in the fur trading industry in Wisconsin occurred in 1791 , when two free African Americans set up a fur trading post among the Menominee at present day Marinette . The first permanent settlers , mostly French Canadians , some Anglo - New Englanders and a few African American freedmen , arrived in Wisconsin while it was under British control . Charles Michel de Langlade is generally recognized as the first settler , establishing a trading post at Green Bay in 1745 , and moving there permanently in 1764 . Settlement began at Prairie du Chien around 1781 . The French residents at the trading post in what is now Green Bay , referred to the town as `` La Bey '' , however British fur traders referred to it as `` Green Bay '' , because the water and the shore assumed green tints in early spring . The old French title was gradually dropped , and the British name of `` Green Bay '' stuck . The region coming under British rule had virtually no adverse effect on the French residents as the British needed the cooperation of the French fur traders and the French fur traders needed the goodwill of the British . During the French occupation of the region licenses for fur trading had been issued scarcely and only to select groups of traders , whereas the British , in an effort to make as much money as possible from the region , issued licenses for fur trading freely , both to British and French residents . The fur trade in what is now Wisconsin reached its height under British rule , and the first self - sustaining farms in the state were established as well . From 1763 to 1780 , Green Bay was a prosperous community which produced its own foodstuff , built graceful cottages and held dances and festivities . </P> <H3> After independence ( edit ) </H3> <P> The Green Bay area was still under British control until the 1783 treaty formally ended the American Revolutionary War . Following the War of 1812 , which in part was over disputes related to the border with Canada , the United States built Fort Howard on the Fox River in 1816 to protect its northern border . Doty , Whitney , Arndt , Baird and Martin were among the many British - American settlers whose numbers pushed French culture into the background . As British settlers in the area came to outnumber the French , they referred to the town as `` Green Bay '' ( from the French : Baie Verte ) . </P> <P> The Erie Canal was completed in 1825 , linking New England with the Great Lakes . This led to the advance of Green Bay as a trading center . The end of the Black Hawk War in 1832 also gave impetus to settlement of the region . Most of the settlers were farmers from New England who began using the Erie Canal to pour into Wisconsin . As more and more New England settlers arrived , Green Bay developed into a trading center for this population . </P> Built in 1837 , the Hazelwood Historic House Museum is on the National Register of Historic Places and is now used as the Brown County Historical Society . <P> Wisconsin 's first newspaper , The Green Bay Intelligencer , was started in 1833 by Albert Ellis and John V. Suydam . The borough of Green Bay , created in 1838 , is the center of the present - day city . The borough combined the town of Astoria ( a company town of the American Fur Company ) , with Navarino , platted by Daniel Whitney . Before Wisconsin became a state in 1848 , its commerce was based on the fur trade , which became dominated by John Jacob Astor 's American Fur Company . After statehood , there was a shift away from fur trading toward lumbering . `` For a short time in 1860s and 1870s , iron smelting in charcoal kilns rivaled the timber industry while the port handled increasing amounts of fuel , feed , and lumber . Today 's major local industry had its start in 1865 when the first paper mill was built . '' </P> 1867 bird 's eye illustration of Green Bay <P> By 1850 the town had a population of 1,923 . The town was incorporated as the city of Green Bay in 1854 . The Green Bay Area Public School District was founded in 1856 . Throughout the 1850s , word spread of America 's cheap land and good soil , bringing in an influx of Belgian people , German , Scandinavian , Irish and Dutch immigrants , each adding to the culture . The greatest concentration of newcomers came from Belgium . They cleared the land to farm and build their homes . </P> <P> The railroad arrived in the 1860s . Chicago and Northwestern Railroad companies were formed , which allowed people and products to travel all over the state , increasing business and trade opportunities . The area was able to grow and enrich itself with the use of the river and the plentiful timber resources . This led to the paper industry becoming the major employer in Green Bay , and opened up the port for international trade . </P> <P> In 1934 , President Franklin D. Roosevelt came to Green Bay to honor its tercentenary . By 1950 , the city had a population of 52,735 . In 1964 , the Town of Preble was consolidated with the city of Green Bay . </P> <H2> Geography ( edit ) </H2> <P> Green Bay is in the northeastern part of Wisconsin at the mouth of the Fox River . Today , Interstate 43 meets U.S. Route 41 in Green Bay , about 90 miles ( 140 km ) north of Milwaukee . </P> <P> According to the United States Census Bureau , the city has a total area of 55.96 square miles ( 144.94 km ) , of which , 45.47 square miles ( 117.77 km ) is land and 10.49 square miles ( 27.17 km ) is water . </P> <H3> Climate ( edit ) </H3> <P> Green Bay has a humid continental climate ( Köppen climate classification Dfb ) , with some moderation due to the city 's proximity to Lake Michigan . Like other cities with this type of climate , there are four distinct seasons , often with severe or extreme variation between them in terms of temperature and precipitation . Green Bay experiences warm , humid , frequently hot summers and long , cold and snowy winters . The variance in temperature and precipitation between months is severe and often extreme . Tornadoes are rare in the Green Bay area , with the strongest being an F3 tornado that hit the community of Pittsfield on June 26 , 1969 . </P> <P> Monthly mean temperatures range from 16.6 ° F ( − 8.6 ° C ) in January to 69.1 ° F ( 20.6 ° C ) in July . In July , the warmest month , the average high temperature is 81.2 ° F ( 27.3 ° C ) . There are 6.1 days of 90 ° F ( 32 ° C ) + highs , 68 days where the high remains at or below freezing , and 19 days with sub-0 ° F ( − 18 ° C ) lows annually . From December to February , even during thaws , the temperature rarely reaches 50 ° F ( 10 ° C ) . Extremes have ranged from − 36 ° F ( − 38 ° C ) on January 21 , 1888 to 104 ° F ( 40 ° C ) on July 13 , 1936 . </P> <P> The wettest month in Green Bay is August , when 3.77 inches ( 95.8 mm ) of precipitation falls , mostly in the form of rainfall from thunderstorms . The driest month in Green Bay is February , when the majority of precipitation falls as low moisture - content snow due to cold , dry air . On average , 1.01 inches ( 25.7 mm ) of precipitation falls in February . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="14"> ( show ) Climate data for Green Bay , Wisconsin ( Austin Straubel Int'l ) , 1981 -- 2010 normals , extremes 1886 -- present </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Month </Th> <Th> Jan </Th> <Th> Feb </Th> <Th> Mar </Th> <Th> Apr </Th> <Th> May </Th> <Th> Jun </Th> <Th> Jul </Th> <Th> Aug </Th> <Th> Sep </Th> <Th> Oct </Th> <Th> Nov </Th> <Th> Dec </Th> <Th> Year </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Record high ° F ( ° C ) </Th> <Td> 56 ( 13 ) </Td> <Td> 65 ( 18 ) </Td> <Td> 82 ( 28 ) </Td> <Td> 89 ( 32 ) </Td> <Td> 99 ( 37 ) </Td> <Td> 101 ( 38 ) </Td> <Td> 104 ( 40 ) </Td> <Td> 100 ( 38 ) </Td> <Td> 97 ( 36 ) </Td> <Td> 88 ( 31 ) </Td> <Td> 74 ( 23 ) </Td> <Td> 64 ( 18 ) </Td> <Td> 104 ( 40 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Average high ° F ( ° C ) </Th> <Td> 24.3 ( − 4.3 ) </Td> <Td> 28.2 ( − 2.1 ) </Td> <Td> 39.2 ( 4 ) </Td> <Td> 53.9 ( 12.2 ) </Td> <Td> 66.0 ( 18.9 ) </Td> <Td> 75.3 ( 24.1 ) </Td> <Td> 79.8 ( 26.6 ) </Td> <Td> 77.7 ( 25.4 ) </Td> <Td> 69.9 ( 21.1 ) </Td> <Td> 56.6 ( 13.7 ) </Td> <Td> 42.2 ( 5.7 ) </Td> <Td> 28.5 ( − 1.9 ) </Td> <Td> 53.5 ( 11.9 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Average low ° F ( ° C ) </Th> <Td> 9.0 ( − 12.8 ) </Td> <Td> 12.4 ( − 10.9 ) </Td> <Td> 22.4 ( − 5.3 ) </Td> <Td> 33.8 ( 1 ) </Td> <Td> 44.0 ( 6.7 ) </Td> <Td> 54.1 ( 12.3 ) </Td> <Td> 58.4 ( 14.7 ) </Td> <Td> 56.9 ( 13.8 ) </Td> <Td> 48.5 ( 9.2 ) </Td> <Td> 37.7 ( 3.2 ) </Td> <Td> 26.9 ( − 2.8 ) </Td> <Td> 14.4 ( − 9.8 ) </Td> <Td> 34.9 ( 1.6 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Record low ° F ( ° C ) </Th> <Td> − 36 ( − 38 ) </Td> <Td> − 33 ( − 36 ) </Td> <Td> − 29 ( − 34 ) </Td> <Td> 7 ( − 14 ) </Td> <Td> 21 ( − 6 ) </Td> <Td> 32 ( 0 ) </Td> <Td> 40 ( 4 ) </Td> <Td> 38 ( 3 ) </Td> <Td> 24 ( − 4 ) </Td> <Td> 8 ( − 13 ) </Td> <Td> − 12 ( − 24 ) </Td> <Td> − 27 ( − 33 ) </Td> <Td> − 36 ( − 38 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Average precipitation inches ( mm ) </Th> <Td> 1.13 ( 28.7 ) </Td> <Td> 1.11 ( 28.2 ) </Td> <Td> 1.85 ( 47 ) </Td> <Td> 2.63 ( 66.8 ) </Td> <Td> 2.93 ( 74.4 ) </Td> <Td> 3.88 ( 98.6 ) </Td> <Td> 3.50 ( 88.9 ) </Td> <Td> 3.37 ( 85.6 ) </Td> <Td> 3.04 ( 77.2 ) </Td> <Td> 2.44 ( 62 ) </Td> <Td> 2.13 ( 54.1 ) </Td> <Td> 1.51 ( 38.4 ) </Td> <Td> 29.52 ( 749.8 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Average snowfall inches ( cm ) </Th> <Td> 13.0 ( 33 ) </Td> <Td> 9.9 ( 25.1 ) </Td> <Td> 8.1 ( 20.6 ) </Td> <Td> 2.9 ( 7.4 ) </Td> <Td> 0.2 ( 0.5 ) </Td> <Td> 0 ( 0 ) </Td> <Td> 0 ( 0 ) </Td> <Td> 0 ( 0 ) </Td> <Td> 0 ( 0 ) </Td> <Td> 0.2 ( 0.5 ) </Td> <Td> 4.0 ( 10.2 ) </Td> <Td> 13.1 ( 33.3 ) </Td> <Td> 51.4 ( 130.6 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Average precipitation days ( ≥ 0.01 in ) </Th> <Td> 9.9 </Td> <Td> 8.4 </Td> <Td> 10.6 </Td> <Td> 11.1 </Td> <Td> 11.4 </Td> <Td> 10.3 </Td> <Td> 10.4 </Td> <Td> 10.4 </Td> <Td> 9.7 </Td> <Td> 10.5 </Td> <Td> 10.0 </Td> <Td> 10.3 </Td> <Td> 123.0 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Average snowy days ( ≥ 0.1 in ) </Th> <Td> 9.6 </Td> <Td> 7.8 </Td> <Td> 6.9 </Td> <Td> 2.5 </Td> <Td> 0.1 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0.3 </Td> <Td> 3.8 </Td> <Td> 9.2 </Td> <Td> 40.2 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Average relative humidity ( % ) </Th> <Td> 74.0 </Td> <Td> 73.5 </Td> <Td> 72.8 </Td> <Td> 67.0 </Td> <Td> 65.9 </Td> <Td> 68.9 </Td> <Td> 71.3 </Td> <Td> 75.1 </Td> <Td> 76.5 </Td> <Td> 74.4 </Td> <Td> 76.9 </Td> <Td> 77.3 </Td> <Td> 72.8 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Mean monthly sunshine hours </Th> <Td> 146.7 </Td> <Td> 159.8 </Td> <Td> 198.6 </Td> <Td> 222.1 </Td> <Td> 285.1 </Td> <Td> 302.8 </Td> <Td> 314.5 </Td> <Td> 278.7 </Td> <Td> 205.2 </Td> <Td> 158.0 </Td> <Td> 107.4 </Td> <Td> 112.3 </Td> <Td> 2,491.2 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Percent possible sunshine </Th> <Td> 51 </Td> <Td> 55 </Td> <Td> 54 </Td> <Td> 55 </Td> <Td> 62 </Td> <Td> 65 </Td> <Td> 67 </Td> <Td> 64 </Td> <Td> 55 </Td> <Td> 46 </Td> <Td> 37 </Td> <Td> 41 </Td> <Td> 56 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="14"> Source : NOAA ( relative humidity and sun 1961 -- 1990 ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Demographics ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="4"> Historical population </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Census </Th> <Th> Pop . </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th> % ± </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1860 </Td> <Td> 2,276 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> -- </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1870 </Td> <Td> 4,698 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 106.4 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1880 </Td> <Td> 7,476 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 59.1 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1890 </Td> <Td> 9,069 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 21.3 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1900 </Td> <Td> 23,748 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 161.9 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1910 </Td> <Td> 25,216 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 6.2 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1920 </Td> <Td> 31,643 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 25.5 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1930 </Td> <Td> 37,407 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 18.2 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1940 </Td> <Td> 46,205 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 23.5 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1950 </Td> <Td> 52,735 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 14.1 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1960 </Td> <Td> 62,952 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 19.4 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1970 </Td> <Td> 87,829 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 39.5 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1980 </Td> <Td> 87,947 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0.1 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 96,466 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 9.7 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2000 </Td> <Td> 102,313 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 6.1 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 104,057 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1.7 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Est. 2016 </Td> <Td> 105,139 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1.0 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="4"> U.S. Decennial Census 2013 Estimate </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> 2010 Census ( edit ) </H3> <P> As of the census of 2010 , there were 104,057 people , 42,244 households , and 24,699 families residing in the city . The population density was 2,288.5 inhabitants per square mile ( 883.6 / km ) . There were 45,241 housing units at an average density of 995.0 per square mile ( 384.2 / km ) . The racial makeup of the city was 77.9 % White , 3.5 % African American , 4.1 % Native American , 4.0 % Asian , 0.1 % Pacific Islander , 7.2 % from other races , and 3.1 % from two or more races . Hispanic or Latino of any race were 13.4 % of the population . </P> <P> There were 42,244 households of which 31.4 % had children under the age of 18 living with them , 40.4 % were married couples living together , 12.5 % had a female householder with no husband present , 5.6 % had a male householder with no wife present , and 41.5 % were non-families. 32.4 % of all households were made up of individuals and 9.6 % had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older . The average household size was 2.39 and the average family size was 3.06 . </P> <P> The median age in the city was 33.7 years . 24.7 % of residents were under the age of 18 ; 11.7 % were between the ages of 18 and 24 ; 27.7 % were from 25 to 44 ; 24.5 % were from 45 to 64 ; and 11.3 % were 65 years of age or older . The gender makeup of the city was 49.4 % male and 50.6 % female . </P> <H3> 2000 Census ( edit ) </H3> <P> As of the census of 2000 , there were 102,313 people , 41,591 households , and 24,663 families residing in the city . The population density was 2,332.1 people per square mile ( 900.5 / km ) . There were 43,123 housing units at an average density of 982.9 per square mile ( 379.5 / km ) . The racial makeup of the city was 85.86 % White , 1.38 % African American , 3.28 % Native American , 3.76 % Asian , 0.04 % Pacific Islander , 3.72 % from other races , and 1.97 % from two or more races . Hispanic or Latino of any race were 7.13 % of the population . </P> <P> There were 41,591 households of which 30.6 % had children under the age of 18 living with them , 44.1 % were married couples living together , 10.8 % had a female householder with no husband present , and 40.7 % were non-families . About 31.6 % of all households were made up of individuals and 9.9 % had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older . The average household size was 2.40 and the average family size was 3.06 . </P> <P> In the city , the age distribution of the population shows 25.4 % under the age of 18 , 11.6 % from 18 to 24 , 31.7 % from 25 to 44 , 19.5 % from 45 to 64 , and 11.8 % who were 65 years of age or older . The median age was 33 years . For every 100 females there were 97.2 males . For every 100 females age 18 and over , there were 94.8 males . </P> <P> The median income for a household in the city was $38,820 , and the median income for a family was $48,678 . Males had a median income of $33,246 versus $23,825 for females . The per capita income for the city was $19,269 . About 7.4 % of families and 10.5 % of the population were below the poverty line , including 12.7 % of those under the age of 18 and 9.2 % of those 65 and older . </P> <H2> Government ( edit ) </H2> <P> Green Bay is governed by a mayor and a city council . The mayor is elected in a citywide vote . The city council consists of 12 members each elected from districts . </P> See also : List of mayors of Green Bay , Wisconsin <Table> <Tr> <Td> <Dl> <Dt> Mayors </Dt> </Dl> <Table> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> W.C.E. Thomas 1854 </Li> <Li> Francis X . Desnoyers 1855 </Li> <Li> H.E. Eastman 1856 , 1857 </Li> <Li> Burley Follett 1858 , 1863 </Li> <Li> Nathan Goodell 1859 , 1864 </Li> <Li> E.H. Ellis 1860 </Li> <Li> Henry S. Baird 1861 , 1862 </Li> <Li> M.P. Lindsley 1865 </Li> <Li> Charles D. Robinson 1866 , 1872 </Li> <Li> James S. Marshall 1868 </Li> <Li> Anton Klaus 1868 , 1869 , 1870 </Li> <Li> Alonzo Kimball 1871 , 1873 </Li> <Li> Dr. C.E. Crane 1874 , 1875 , 1877 , 1878 , 1879 </Li> <Li> F.S. Ellis 1876 </Li> <Li> J.C. Neville 1880 </Li> <Li> W.J. Abrams 1881 , 1883 , 1884 </Li> <Li> J.H.M. Wigman 1882 </Li> <Li> Charles Hartung 1885 , 1886 , 1887 </Li> <Li> Arthur C. Neville 1888 , 1889 </Li> <Li> James H. Elmore 1890 , 1891 , 1892 , 1893 , 1894 , 1895 </Li> <Li> Frank B. Desnoyers 1896 , 1897 , 1898 </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Simon J. Murphy , Jr. 1899 , 1900 , 1901 </Li> <Li> J.H. Tayler 1902 , 1903 </Li> <Li> Robert E. Minahan 1904 − 1907 </Li> <Li> Winford Abrams 1908 − 1916 </Li> <Li> Elmer S. Hall 1916 − 1920 </Li> <Li> Wenzel Wiesner 1921 − 1927 </Li> <Li> James H. McGillan 1927 − 1929 </Li> <Li> John V. Diener 1929 − 1937 </Li> <Li> John S. Farrell 1937 − 1938 </Li> <Li> Alex Biemeret 1938 − 1945 </Li> <Li> Dominic Olejniczak 1945 − 1955 </Li> <Li> Otto Rachals 1955 − 1959 </Li> <Li> Roman Denissen 1959 − 1965 </Li> <Li> Donald Tilleman 1965 − 1972 </Li> <Li> Harris Burgoyne 1972 − 1973 </Li> <Li> Thomas Atkinson 1973 − 1975 </Li> <Li> Michael Monfils 1975 − 1979 </Li> <Li> Samuel J. Halloin 1979 − 1995 </Li> <Li> Paul F. Jadin 1995 − 2003 </Li> <Li> James J. Schmitt 2003 − </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> City Hall W.C.E. Thomas , first mayor of Green Bay Chicago and North Western Railway Passenger Depot ( Green Bay ) Austin Straubel International Airport Brown County Courthouse . Weidner Center , part of UW -- Green Bay Cathedral of Saint Francis Xavier Lambeau Field Brown County Veterans Memorial Arena <P> Green Bay is represented by Mike Gallagher ( R ) in the United States House of Representatives , and by Ron Johnson ( R ) and Tammy Baldwin ( D ) in the United States Senate . Frank Lasee ( R ) , Robert Cowles ( R ) , and Dave Hansen ( D ) represent Green Bay in the Wisconsin State Senate , and David Steffen ( R ) , John Macco ( R ) , and Eric Genrich ( D ) represent Green Bay in the Wisconsin State Assembly . </P> <H3> Law enforcement ( edit ) </H3> <P> The Green Bay Police Department was established in on August 27 , 1857 , when the Green Bay Police Corps was established , and Henry Baird was named Chief of Police . The Green Bay Police Department provides many specialized services such as a Dive Team , Harbor Patrol , Motorcycle Patrol , and a S.W.A.T. Team . </P> <P> Since the establishment of the Green Bay Police Department , one officer has died in the line of duty . </P> <H2> Infrastructure ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Transportation ( edit ) </H3> Railroads ( edit ) <P> From 1896 to 1993 the city was the headquarters of the Green Bay and Western Railroad . In 1993 , the line was purchased by the Wisconsin Central . In 2001 , the WC was merged into the Canadian National Railway . The Chicago and North Western Railway also served Green Bay and its depot still stands . Green Bay was last served with a regular passenger train , the CNW 's Peninsula 400 , in 1971 . The CNW sold its trackage from Green Bay south to Sheboygan in 1987 to the Fox River Valley Railroad , which became part of the WC in 1993 . Green Bay also saw passenger service from the Milwaukee Road 's Chippewa - Hiawatha , which ran from Chicago into the upper peninsula of Michigan . Green Bay is also served by the Escanaba and Lake Superior Railroad . </P> Airport ( edit ) <P> Green Bay is served by Green Bay - Austin Straubel International Airport . Delta Airlines , American Airlines , and United Airlines all offer flights out of Green Bay . </P> Highways ( edit ) <Ul> <Li> I - 43 Northbound terminates at the northwestern side of Green Bay . Southbound continues to Manitowoc and Milwaukee . </Li> <Li> I - 41 Northbound terminates at the northwestern side of Green Bay . Southbound continues to Appleton and Milwaukee . </Li> <Li> US 41 travels towards Marinette , and south concurrently with I - 41 , continuing to Milwaukee . </Li> <Li> US 141 begins east of Green Bay in Bellevue , and continues north towards Crivitz . </Li> <Li> WIS 29 travels east towards Kewaunee , and west towards Shawano and Wausau . </Li> <Li> WIS 32 travels north towards Pulaski , and south towards Chilton and Milwaukee . </Li> <Li> WIS 54 travels east to Algoma , and west towards Seymour . </Li> <Li> WIS 57 travels north towards Sturgeon Bay , and south towards Milwaukee . </Li> <Li> WIS 172 begins at I - 43 and travels west to Hobart . </Li> </Ul> Local transit ( edit ) <P> Green Bay Metro provides mass transit bus service throughout Green Bay and the surrounding suburbs . </P> <P> Greyhound Lines , Jefferson Lines , Indian Trails , and Lamers Bus Lines provide intercity transportation from the central Green Bay Metro station which is downtown . </P> Water ( edit ) <P> Green Bay is served by the Port of Green Bay . The port handled 1.99 million tons of cargo in 2015 . The primary shipments into and out of the port include coal , limestone , salt , and cement . </P> <H3> Utilities ( edit ) </H3> Electricity ( edit ) <P> Green Bay is served by Wisconsin Public Service Corporation , which operates the J.P. Pulliam Generating Station within the city . </P> Water ( edit ) <P> Water service is provided to the city by the Green Bay Water Utility . </P> <P> Sewer service is provided by the Green Bay Metropolitan Sewerage District , also known as NEW Water . </P> <H3> Health care ( edit ) </H3> <P> Green Bay is the headquarters of Bellin Health and Prevea Health , regional health care providers . </P> <P> Green Bay is home to four hospitals : Aurora Baycare Medical Center , Bellin Hospital , St. Mary 's Hospital Medical Center , and St. Vincent Hospital . </P> <P> Green Bay is also home to the Milo C. Huempfner VA Outpatient Clinic , and Bellin Psychiatric Center and Willow Creek Behavioral Health , the city 's two psychiatric hospitals . </P> <H2> Education ( edit ) </H2> Main article : Green Bay Area Public School District <P> Green Bay is served by the Green Bay Area Public School District . It operates 25 elementary schools , two K - 8 schools , four middle schools , four high schools , and one alternative school in the city and surrounding area . Private schools in Green Bay include Notre Dame de la Baie Academy , Northeastern Wisconsin Lutheran High School , and Bay City Baptist School . </P> <H3> Higher education ( edit ) </H3> <P> Green Bay area colleges and universities : </P> <Ul> <Li> Bellin College of Nursing </Li> <Li> Concordia University Wisconsin , Green Bay Center </Li> <Li> College of Menominee Nation </Li> <Li> Lakeland College , Green Bay Center </Li> <Li> Medical College of Wisconsin -- Green Bay campus </Li> <Li> Northeast Wisconsin Technical College </Li> <Li> Rasmussen College </Li> <Li> University of Wisconsin - Green Bay </Li> </Ul> <H2> Public libraries ( edit ) </H2> <P> The Brown County Library ( BCL ) Central Branch is downtown in downtown Green Bay and has served as the county public library since 1968 . The Central Branch is the headquarters for the BCL system , which encompasses all public libraries in Brown County , including eight branch libraries and a bookmobile that regularly visits locations throughout the county . In 1994 , the Brown County Library was named Wisconsin Library of the Year . </P> <H2> Religion ( edit ) </H2> <P> In 2000 , the American Religion Data Archive reported Green Bay to be predominantly Catholic ( 71.5 % ) , with Lutherans composing an additional 16.4 % . The remaining 12 % is almost entirely made - up of other Protestant denominations . </P> <P> The Wisconsin Evangelical Lutheran Synod has four churches in Green Bay : St. Paul Lutheran Church , First Evangelical Lutheran Church , Beautiful Savior Lutheran Church , and Messiah Lutheran Church . </P> <P> The city is the seat of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Green Bay . The Cathedral of Saint Francis Xavier in Green Bay is the mother church of the Diocese . The diocese is in the province of the Archdiocese of Milwaukee . The Saint Joseph Oratory is in Green Bay . </P> <P> The Islamic Society of Wisconsin , Green Bay serves the Islamic community . The Green Bay Area Unitarian Universalist Fellowship is in the city . Congregation Cnesses Israel Temple , serving the area 's Jewish population , is on the city 's east side . </P> <H2> Sports ( edit ) </H2> The Resch Center <Table> <Tr> <Th> Club </Th> <Th> Sport </Th> <Th> Founded </Th> <Th> Current League </Th> <Th> Stadium </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Green Bay Packers </Td> <Td> Football </Td> <Td> 1919 </Td> <Td> National Football League </Td> <Td> Lambeau Field </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Green Bay Blizzard </Td> <Td> Indoor Football </Td> <Td> 2003 </Td> <Td> Indoor Football League </Td> <Td> Resch Center </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Green Bay Phoenix ( University of Wisconsin - Green Bay ) </Td> <Td> 15 Varsity teams </Td> <Td> 1965 </Td> <Td> Horizon League </Td> <Td> Resch Center , Kress Events Center , Aldo Santaga Stadium </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> St. Norbert Green Knights ( St. Norbert College ) </Td> <Td> 18 Varsity teams </Td> <Td> 1898 </Td> <Td> Midwest League </Td> <Td> Schneider Stadium , Mel Nicks Sports Complex , Schuldes Center , Cornerstone Community Ice Center </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Green Bay Bullfrogs </Td> <Td> Summer College baseball </Td> <Td> 2007 </Td> <Td> Northwoods League </Td> <Td> Joannes Stadium </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Green Bay Gamblers </Td> <Td> Junior Ice hockey </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> United States Hockey League </Td> <Td> Resch Center </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Other major sporting events in Green Bay include the Bellin Run and the Cellcom Green Bay Marathon . </P> <H2> Arts and culture ( edit ) </H2> The Meyer Theatre Downtown Green Bay CityDeck along the Fox River <P> The Meyer Theatre and the Hotel Northland are on the National Register of Historic Places . The Northland was once the largest hotel in Wisconsin . </P> <P> Daddy D Productions perform at Riverside Ballroom and Let Me Be Frank Productions perform at the Meyer Theatre . The Green Bay Civic Symphony performs at the Meyer Theatre , its home venue . The former Green Bay Symphony Orchestra disbanded after their 2014 -- 2015 season , after performing for over 100 years , citing financial difficulties . </P> <P> Performance venues in Green Bay include : Lambeau Field , Resch Center , Brown County Veterans Memorial Arena , Shopko Hall , Weidner Center , and the Meyer Theatre . </P> <P> The Artgarage and the Automotive Gallery are art galleries in the downtown area . </P> <P> Museums in the city include the Neville Public Museum and the Hazelwood Historic House Museum . </P> <P> Every summer , the downtown area plays host to ArtStreet , an art festival featuring studio displays , demonstrations , and live entertainment . Dine on the Deck is an event that allows patrons to dine on the CityDeck and features dishes from local restaurants . Taste on Broadway has live entertainment and dishes served by local restaurants who compete for awards . The Broadway Neighborhood association hosts a farmer 's market every Wednesday from May to October . </P> <H2> Media and internet ( edit ) </H2> See also : List of radio stations in Green Bay <P> Television stations in Green Bay are WBAY ( 2 ) , ( ABC ) ; WFRV ( 5 ) , ( CBS ) ; WLUK ( 11 ) , ( FOX ) ; WCWF ( 14 ) , ( CW ) ; WGBA ( 26 ) , ( NBC ) ; WACY ( 32 ) , ( MNT ) ; and WPNE ( 38 ) , a PBS affiliate . Green Bay is served by the Green Bay Press - Gazette . Another local newspaper , the Green Bay News - Chronicle , ceased publication in 2005 . </P> WBAY - TV studio . <P> The free public Wi - Fi system in the downtown Green Bay Broadway District went into operation in 2007 . </P> <H2> Economy ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Industry ( edit ) </H3> <P> Green Bay is known as the `` Toilet Paper Capital of the World '' because of the prevalence of the paper industry in the city . Northern Paper Company , Fort Howard Paper Company , and Hoberg Paper Company were among Green Bay 's first paper companies . Northern Paper Company offered the first splinter - free toilet paper in the early 1930s . The presence of the paper industry helped Green Bay avoid the worst effects of the Great Depression . Today , major paper producers include Georgia - Pacific , Procter & Gamble , and Steen - Macek Paper Company . </P> <P> Among the earliest packing companies in Green Bay were Acme Packing Company and Indian Packing Company , the namesake of the Green Bay Packers . Today , major meatpackers in the city include JBS S.A. ( formerly Packerland Packing ) and American Foods Group . </P> <H3> Largest employers ( edit ) </H3> <P> As of 2014 , the largest employers in the city were : </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> # </Th> <Th> Employer </Th> <Th> # of Employees </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Humana </Td> <Td> 3,167 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Oneida Nation of Wisconsin </Td> <Td> 2,690 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Schneider National </Td> <Td> 2,580 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Bellin Health </Td> <Td> 2,329 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> Georgia - Pacific </Td> <Td> 2,200 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> UnitedHealth Group </Td> <Td> 1,894 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> Aurora BayCare Medical Center </Td> <Td> 1,739 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> Wisconsin Public Service Corporation </Td> <Td> 1,497 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> American Foods Group </Td> <Td> 1,480 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> St. Vincent Hospital </Td> <Td> 1,467 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Other major employers include Associated Banc - Corp , Green Bay Area Public School District , Shopko , JBS USA , Expert Global Solutions , Walmart , Green Bay Packaging , Procter & Gamble , Schreiber Foods , the Green Bay Packers , Nature 's Way , HJ Martin and Son , and Nicolet National Bank . </P> <H2> Points of interest ( edit ) </H2> Modern - day Old City Stadium <Ul> <Li> Bay Beach Amusement Park </Li> <Li> Bay Beach Wildlife Sanctuary </Li> <Li> Brown County Veterans Memorial Arena </Li> <Li> City Stadium , former home of the Packers </Li> <Li> Cofrin Memorial Arboretum </Li> <Li> Fox River State Recreational Trail </Li> <Li> Green Bay Botanical Garden </Li> <Li> Joannes Stadium </Li> <Li> The Broadway District </Li> <Li> Lambeau Field , home of the Green Bay Packers </Li> <Li> Meyer Theatre </Li> <Li> National Railroad Museum in the Ashwaubenon suburb </Li> <Li> Neville Public Museum of Brown County </Li> <Li> Northeast Wisconsin Technical College </Li> <Li> NEW Zoo </Li> <Li> Packers Heritage Trail </Li> <Li> Resch Center , home of the Green Bay Blizzard and Green Bay Gamblers </Li> <Li> Weidner Center </Li> </Ul> <H3> Shopping ( edit ) </H3> Shopko store # 1 . <P> Green Bay has one enclosed shopping mall . The city is home to the first Shopko discount department store . </P> East town mall ( edit ) <P> Built in 1982 and remodeled three times , East Town Mall is an enclosed shopping center on Green Bay 's east side . East Town 's anchors are Hobby Lobby , Office Max , Petco , and Kohl 's . East Town has about 17 specialty shops . East Town Mall has seven Windspire vertical wind turbines outside of its main entrance that help reduce costs to the common area . East Town has been struggling with a declining number of shoppers . A New Jersey developer 's plans to purchase the mall was approved by the Green Bay City Council . </P> Green Bay Plaza ( edit ) <P> Built in 1960 , Green Bay Plaza is a large strip mall on Green Bay 's west side . It is anchored by Ross Dress for Less , Party City , T.J. Maxx , HomeGoods , Big Lots , Office Depot , and a Sears store . It contains specialty shops and restaurants . </P> <H2> Notable people ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> <Dl> <Dt> Politics </Dt> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> W.J. Abrams -- Wisconsin State Senator , Mayor of Green Bay </Li> <Li> David Agry -- Jurist and legislator </Li> <Li> Charles C.P. Arndt -- Wisconsin Territorial Legislator </Li> <Li> John Penn Arndt -- Wisconsin Territorial legislator </Li> <Li> William H. Bartran -- Wisconsin State Assemblyman and physician </Li> <Li> Robert C. Bassett -- U.S. Presidential advisor </Li> <Li> John W. Byrnes -- U.S. Representative from Wisconsin </Li> <Li> James R. Charneski -- Wisconsin State Assemblyman </Li> <Li> Ebenezer Childs -- Wisconsin Territorial legislator </Li> <Li> Paul F. Clark -- Nebraska State Representative </Li> <Li> Adolph A. Deering -- Wisconsin State Assemblyman </Li> <Li> Thomas A. Delaney -- Wisconsin State Assemblyman </Li> <Li> Jacob Dietrich -- Wisconsin State Assemblyman </Li> <Li> Gary T. Dilweg -- Wisconsin State Assemblyman </Li> <Li> Charles Doty , surveyor , military officer , Wisconsin State Assembly </Li> <Li> James Duane Doty -- U.S. Representative from Wisconsin </Li> <Li> W.F. Doyle -- Michigan State Senator </Li> <Li> Albert Gallatin Ellis -- Michigan and Wisconsin Territorial legislator </Li> <Li> Mark Green -- U.S. Representative </Li> <Li> John A. Gronouski -- U.S. Postmaster General </Li> <Li> Rosemary Hinkfuss -- Wisconsin State Assemblywoman </Li> <Li> John S. Horner -- Governor of Michigan Territory </Li> <Li> Timothy O. Howe -- U.S. Postmaster General </Li> <Li> Thomas R. Hudd -- U.S. Representative from Wisconsin </Li> <Li> James F. Hughes -- U.S. Representative from Wisconsin </Li> <Li> Alexander J. Irwin -- Wisconsin Territorial Legislator and businessman </Li> <Li> Robert Irwin , Jr . -- Michigan Territorial Legislator and businessman </Li> <Li> Joshua L. Johns -- U.S. Representative from Wisconsin </Li> <Li> Jay W. Johnson -- U.S. Representative from Wisconsin , Director of the U.S. Mint </Li> <Li> Fred F. Kaftan -- Wisconsin State Senator </Li> <Li> David M. Kelly -- Speaker of the Wisconsin State Assembly and Wisconsin State Senator </Li> <Li> Carol Kelso -- Wisconsin State Assemblywoman </Li> <Li> Gaines A. Knapp -- Wisconsin State Assemblyman </Li> <Li> Thomas F. Konop -- U.S. Representative from Wisconsin </Li> <Li> Gustav Kustermann -- U.S. Representative from Wisconsin </Li> <Li> Harvey Larsen -- Wisconsin State Assemblyman </Li> <Li> Barbara Lawton -- Lieutenant Governor of Wisconsin </Li> <Li> Joseph F. Loy -- Wisconsin State Senator </Li> <Li> John Macco -- Wisconsin State Assemblyman </Li> <Li> Stephen Mack , Jr. -- adventurer , founder of Rockton , Illinois </Li> <Li> Harold C. Malchow -- Wisconsin State Assemblyman </Li> <Li> John E. Martin -- Chief Justice of the Wisconsin Supreme Court </Li> <Li> Joseph Martin -- Wisconsin State Assemblyman </Li> <Li> Walter Melchior -- Wisconsin State Assemblyman </Li> <Li> Bernard N. Moran -- Wisconsin State Senator </Li> <Li> James T. Oliver -- Wisconsin State Assemblyman </Li> <Li> Ben Overton -- Chief Justice of the Florida Supreme Court </Li> <Li> John W. Reynolds , Jr . -- Governor of Wisconsin </Li> <Li> Samuel Ryan , Jr . -- Wisconsin State Assemblyman </Li> <Li> John Joseph Ryba -- Wisconsin State Assemblyman </Li> <Li> Parlan Semple -- Wisconsin State Assemblyman </Li> <Li> Jerome Van Sistine -- Wisconsin State Senator </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Dl> <Dt> Military </Dt> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> Steven E. Day -- U.S. Coast Guard admiral </Li> <Li> Admiral James H. Flatley -- World War II naval aviator </Li> <Li> Lawrence J. Fleming -- U.S. Air Force Major General </Li> <Li> George Clay Ginty -- Union Army general </Li> <Li> William Emery Merrill -- military engineer </Li> <Li> Dennis Murphy -- Medal of Honor recipient </Li> <Li> Austin Straubel -- World War II army aviator </Li> <Li> James R. Van Den Elzen -- U.S. Marine Corps general </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dt> Religion </Dt> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> Claude - Jean Allouez -- Jesuit missionary </Li> <Li> Anton Anderledy -- Superior General of the Society of Jesus </Li> <Li> Frank Joseph Dewane -- American prelate of the Roman Catholic Church </Li> <Li> Adam Maida -- Archbishop Emeritus of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Detroit </Li> <Li> Beth Moore -- evangelical </Li> <Li> Otto Tank and the Tank family </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Dl> <Dt> Sports </Dt> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> Nate Abrams -- NFL player </Li> <Li> Brett Favre -- NFL player </Li> <Li> John Anderson -- ESPN Sportscenter anchor , attended Southwest High School </Li> <Li> Ken Anderson -- professional wrestler known as Mr. Kennedy in WWE and Mr. Anderson in TNA </Li> <Li> Wayland Becker -- NFL player </Li> <Li> Tony Bennett -- University of Virginia men 's basketball coach and former NBA player for Charlotte Hornets , attended Preble High School </Li> <Li> Jason Berken -- MLB player </Li> <Li> Dan Buenning -- guard for NFL Chicago Bears , attended Bay Port High School </Li> <Li> Art Bultman -- NFL player for Brooklyn Dodgers and the Green Bay Packers </Li> <Li> George Whitney Calhoun -- co-founder of Green Bay Packers </Li> <Li> Dick Campbell -- NFL player </Li> <Li> Raymond Joseph Cannon -- U.S. Representative , MLB player , attorney for Jack Dempsey and accused players of Black Sox Scandal </Li> <Li> James Cook -- NFL player </Li> <Li> Jim Crowley -- one - fourth of University of Notre Dame 's legendary `` Four Horsemen '' backfield </Li> <Li> Jerry Daanen -- NFL player </Li> <Li> Darroll DeLaPorte -- NFL player </Li> <Li> Jay DeMerit -- soccer player , English Premier League and Major League Soccer , 2010 World Cup team , attended Bay Port High School </Li> <Li> Dutch Dwyer -- NFL player </Li> <Li> Riggie Dwyer -- NFL player </Li> <Li> Jim Flanigan -- NFL player for Chicago Bears , Green Bay Packers , San Francisco 49ers , and Philadelphia Eagles </Li> <Li> Ted Fritsch -- NFL player </Li> <Li> Ted Fritsch , Jr . -- NFL player </Li> <Li> Rebecca Giddens -- world champion canoer , Olympic medalist </Li> <Li> Scott Hansen -- NASCAR driver </Li> <Li> Roger Harring -- football coach , University of Wisconsin -- La Crosse </Li> <Li> Arnie Herber -- NFL player for Green Bay Packers and New York Giants , member of Pro Football Hall of Fame </Li> <Li> Jim Hobbins -- NFL player </Li> <Li> Fee Klaus -- professional football player </Li> <Li> Greg Knafelc -- NFL player </Li> <Li> Tod Kowalczyk -- head coach of University of Toledo men 's basketball team </Li> <Li> Bob Kroll -- NFL player </Li> <Li> Gary Kroner -- professional football player </Li> <Li> Curly Lambeau -- founder , player , and first coach of Green Bay Packers </Li> <Li> Wes Leaper -- NFL player </Li> <Li> Jim Magnuson -- MLB player </Li> <Li> Charlie Mathys -- NFL player for Hammond Pros and Green Bay Packers </Li> <Li> Terrie Miller -- Olympic athlete </Li> <Li> Dennis Murphy -- Medal of Honor recipient </Li> <Li> Brian Noble -- NFL player </Li> <Li> Drew Nowak -- NFL player </Li> <Li> Dominic Olejniczak -- Mayor of Green Bay , President and Chairman of Green Bay Packers </Li> <Li> Robert J. Parins - Wisconsin Circuit Court judge and President of the Green Bay Packers </Li> <Li> Joe Perrault -- Olympic athlete </Li> <Li> Ken Radick -- NFL player for Green Bay Packers and Brooklyn Dodgers </Li> <Li> Dick Rehbein -- NFL assistant coach </Li> <Li> Chester J. Roberts -- head coach of the Miami Redskins football and men 's basketball teams </Li> <Li> Chuck Sample -- NFL player </Li> <Li> Mary Sauer -- pole vaulter </Li> <Li> Joe Secord -- NFL player </Li> <Li> Lauren Sesselmann -- professional soccer player </Li> <Li> Walter Wellesley Smith ( 1905 -- 1982 ) -- Pulitzer Prize - winning sportswriter </Li> <Li> Aaron Stecker -- NFL player , attended Ashwaubenon High School </Li> <Li> Horst Stemke -- Olympic athlete </Li> <Li> Kevin Stemke -- NFL player </Li> <Li> Jerry Tagge -- NFL player </Li> <Li> Ron Vander Kelen -- MVP of 1963 Rose Bowl and NFL player </Li> <Li> Brad Voyles -- MLB player </Li> <Li> Cowboy Wheeler -- NFL player </Li> <Li> Charlie Whitehurst -- NFL player </Li> <Li> Bob Wickman -- Major League Baseball pitcher </Li> <Li> Paul Wilmet -- MLB player </Li> <Li> Eliot Wolf -- NFL executive </Li> <Li> Vince Workman -- NFL player </Li> <Li> Dick Zoll -- NFL player for Cleveland Rams and Green Bay Packers </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dt> Literature , music , arts </Dt> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> Karen Borca -- musician </Li> <Li> Eric Bray -- record producer </Li> <Li> Paul Gigot -- Pulitzer Prize - winning journalist </Li> <Li> Richard Gilliam -- fantasy author and editor </Li> <Li> Sally Anne Golden -- actress </Li> <Li> Thom Hazaert -- record producer , journalist , radio personality , film producer / director . Publicly credited with saving Slipknot / Stone Sour vocalist Corey Taylor 's life . </Li> <Li> Joel Hodgson -- creator and star of TV show Mystery Science Theater 3000 , graduated from Ashwaubenon High School in 1978 </Li> <Li> Jim Knipfel -- author </Li> <Li> Jeff Kurtenacker -- composer </Li> <Li> Doug Larson -- newspaper columnist </Li> <Li> Pat MacDonald -- singer in Timbuk3 </Li> <Li> Leo Ornstein -- composer , pianist , finished his life in Green Bay </Li> <Li> Dave Pirner -- lead singer of Soul Asylum </Li> <Li> Tony Shalhoub -- actor , star of films , stage and TV series Monk and Wings , attended Green Bay East High School </Li> <Li> Mona Simpson -- novelist and essayist ; younger sister of Steve Jobs , co-founder and CEO of Apple Inc. ; wife of Richard Appel , a writer for The Simpsons ; Homer Simpson 's mother is named after her </Li> <Li> Red Smith -- Pulitzer Prize - winning sportswriter </Li> <Li> Zack Snyder -- director of films Man of Steel , Dawn of the Dead ( 2004 version ) , 300 . </Li> <Li> Margaret Teele ( Margaret Poby ) -- actress , attended St. Joseph 's Academy ( now Notre Dame de la Baie Academy ) </Li> <Li> Louise Adeline Weitzel ( 1862 -- 1934 ) -- Pennsylvania Dutch poet </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dt> Inventors , business leaders </Dt> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> Leo Frigo -- civic and philanthropic leader </Li> <Li> John J. Gilman -- educator and inventor </Li> <Li> Augustin Grignon -- fur trader and businessman </Li> <Li> Alfred Lawson -- credited as inventor of the airliner </Li> <Li> James Mulva -- Chairman , President and Chief Executive Officer of ConocoPhilips </Li> <Li> Daniel Whitney -- businessman and pioneer </Li> </Ul> <H2> Gallery ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> <P> Hotel Northland </P> </Li> <Li> <P> South Village Historical District </P> </Li> <Li> <P> Adams Street </P> </Li> <Li> <P> Nicolet Bank </P> </Li> <Li> <P> Downtown Green Bay YMCA </P> </Li> <Li> <P> The Broadway District </P> </Li> <Li> <P> Large South Side home </P> </Li> <Li> <P> South Washington Street on the near east side of Green Bay </P> </Li> <Li> <P> The Northern Building </P> </Li> <Li> <P> Schreiber Foods Headquarters , downtown </P> </Li> <Li> <P> View of Downtown from the Fox River </P> </Li> <Li> <P> The east side of Green Bay </P> </Li> <Li> <P> British Railways LNER Class A4 No. 60008 `` Dwight D. Eisenhower '' on display at the National Railroad Museum </P> </Li> <Li> <P> Bay of Green Bay </P> </Li> <Li> <P> Thome Fountain , in Green Bay Botanical Garden </P> </Li> </Ul> <H2> Buildings ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Building </Th> <Th> Year Built </Th> <Th> Height </Th> <Th> Floors </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Lambeau Field </Td> <Td> 1957 </Td> <Td> 232 feet </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> St. Vincent Hospital </Td> <Td> 1957 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 10 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 400 Monroe Plaza </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 10 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Bellin Building </Td> <Td> 1915 </Td> <Td> 114 feet </Td> <Td> 9 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Hotel Northland </Td> <Td> 1924 </Td> <Td> 98 feet </Td> <Td> 9 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Bellin Hospital </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Flats on the Fox </Td> <Td> 2008 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Hyatt Regency Hotel </Td> <Td> 1984 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Mason Manor </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Metreau Apartments </Td> <Td> 2015 </Td> <Td> 80 feet </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> U.S. Bank Building </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Wisconsin Public Service </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Hampton Inn Downtown Green Bay </Td> <Td> 1973 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> YMCA </Td> <Td> 1924 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Green Bay State Office Building </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Watermark </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Sister cities ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Irapuato , Guanajuato , Mexico ( since 2006 ) </Li> </Ul> <H2> Trivia ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Green Bay featured in the 1992 TV Show `` Picket Fences '' , as being the point of origin of 400 school children to be bussed to Rome , Wisconsin . </Li> </Ul> <H2> Notes ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ Official records for Green Bay were kept at downtown from September 1886 to 15 August 1949 , and at Austin Straubel Int'l since 16 August 1949 . For more information , see ThreadEx . </Li> </Ol> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ `` US Gazetteer files : 2010 , 2000 , and 1990 '' . United States Census Bureau . 2011 - 02 - 12 . Retrieved 2011 - 04 - 23 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` US Gazetteer files 2010 '' . United States Census Bureau . Archived from the original on 2012 - 01 - 24 . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 18 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` American FactFinder '' . United States Census Bureau . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 18 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Population and Housing Unit Estimates '' . Retrieved June 9 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` American FactFinder '' . United States Census Bureau . Archived from the original on 2013 - 09 - 11 . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 31 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` US Board on Geographic Names '' . United States Geological Survey . 2007 - 10 - 25 . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 31 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Find a County '' . National Association of Counties . Archived from the original on 2011 - 05 - 31 . Retrieved 2011 - 06 - 07 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ METROPOLITAN STATISTICAL AREAS AND COMPONENTS Archived May 26 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine. , Office of Management and Budget , 2007 - 05 - 11 . Accessed 2008 - 07 - 30 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Jean Nicolet '' , Wisconsin History </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : City of Green Bay . `` City of Green Bay . '' www.ci.green-bay.wi.us. 5 Oct. 2008 < `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2009 - 02 - 13 . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 08. > </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Jean Nicolet '' , Enchanted Learning </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Green Bay History : 1600 - 1700 's '' . City of Green Bay . Retrieved August 23 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : City of Green Bay Archived 2009 - 02 - 13 at the Wayback Machine . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ ( 1 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Wisconsin , a Guide to the Badger State page 188 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Wisconsin Encyclopedia By Federal Writers ' Project of the Works Progress Administration , Jennifer L. Herman page 336 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Warren Gerds , A is for architecture : Hazelwood stands out in Greek Revival style , Press - Gazette , July 16 , 2009 , Accessed July 16 , 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Martin , Deborah Beaumont ; Beaumont , Sophie ( 1899 ) . Old Green Bay . New York : Cheltenham Press . Retrieved September 13 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Mayor Denissen Archived 2008 - 12 - 09 at the Wayback Machine . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ M. Kottek , J. Grieser , C. Beck , B. Rudolf , & F. Rubel , `` World Map of the Köppen - Geiger climate classification updated '' , Meteorologische Zeitschrift , Vol. 15 , No. 3 , 259 - 263 ( June 2006 ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Tornado History Project : Maps and Statistics '' . Tornadohistoryproject.com . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 09 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` NowData -- NOAA Online Weather Data '' . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 23 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Station Name : WI GREEN BAY '' . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 26 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` WMO Climate Normals for GREEN BAY / A. - STRAUBEL , WI 1961 -- 1990 '' . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 10 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ United States Census Bureau . `` Census of Population and Housing '' . Archived from the original on May 12 , 2015 . Retrieved August 22 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Population Estimates '' . United States Census Bureau . Archived from the original on 2014 - 05 - 22 . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 22 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Green Bay Police Department , WI '' . The Officer Down Memorial Page ( ODMP ) . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 09 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Airline Information - FlyGRB '' . Flygrb.com . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 09 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2016 - 03 - 16 . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 21 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Pulliam Power Plant '' . Wisconsin Public Service Corporation . Retrieved January 15 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Adam Rodewald ( January 6 , 2017 ) . `` Green Bay mom wants to rid fluoride from water '' . Green Bay Press - Gazette . Retrieved January 15 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Eric Peterson ( September 22 , 2016 ) . `` Researchers test water quality on Green Bay '' . WLUK - TV . Retrieved January 15 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Guy Boulton ( December 9 , 2014 ) . `` Integrated Health Network to add Hospital Sisters Health System , Prevea Health '' . Milwaukee Journal - Sentinel . Retrieved January 15 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Gabrielle Mays ( January 12 , 2017 ) . `` Green Bay police shows support for new mental health facility '' . WLUK - TV . Retrieved January 15 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Green Bay - Concordia University Wisconsin '' . Concordia University Wisconsin . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 09 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Green Bay Center '' . lakeland.edu . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 09 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kathleen Gallagher ( June 25 , 2012 ) . `` Medical College plans campuses in Green Bay , central Wisconsin '' . Milwaukee Journal - Sentinel . Retrieved July 21 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Amy Bailey ( August 22 , 2014 ) . `` Medical College of Wisconsin - Green Bay loses a partner '' . Green Bay - Press Gazette . Retrieved July 21 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Brown County Library : General Information Accessed 23 October 2011 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Association of Religion Data Archives - Quality Data on Religion '' . Thearda.com . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 09 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` St. Paul Lutheran Church & School - Our Mission '' . Stpaulgreenbay.com . Retrieved 9 September 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ RestartPC.com . `` First Lutherand Church : : About Us '' . Firstlutherangb.org . Retrieved 9 September 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ ( 2 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Messiah Lutheran Church '' . Archived from the original on 2016 - 10 - 09 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` WELS Location Search '' . Welslocator.locatorsearch.com . Retrieved 9 September 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Birth of a Team '' . Green Bay Packers . Retrieved January 15 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ City of Green Bay `` Hotel Northland '' </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Green Bay CVB '' . Green Bay CVB . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 09 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Green Bay Symphony Orchestra taking final bow '' . Greenbaypressgazette.com . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 09 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Artstreet - Mosaic Arts Inc '' . Mosaicartsinc.org . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 09 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The CityDeck - discover the excitement ! '' . Ci.green-bay.wi.us . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 09 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2016 - 03 - 14 . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 21 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Ryman , Richard ( October 12 , 2007 ) . `` Broadway District businesses go Wi - Fi '' . Green Bay Press - Gazette . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 09 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Green Bay CVB '' . Green Bay CVB . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 09 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Learn about Quilted Northern ® '' . Quiltednorthern.com . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 09 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Brian Tuohy ( December 3 , 2014 ) . `` Debt , Toilet Paper , and Scandals : How the Green Bay Packers Became a Non-Profit '' . Retrieved March 21 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Green Bay Paper Mill '' . Gp.com . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 09 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Procter & Gamble to slim down product lineup '' . Greenbaypressgazette.com . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 09 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Steen - Macek Paper Co Inc : Company Profile '' . Bloomberg.com . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 09 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Birth of a Team and a Legend '' . Green Bay Packers . Retrieved March 21 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` JBS '' . JBS USA . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 09 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` City of Green Bay 2014 Comprehensive Annual Financial Report '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved March 20 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Top Employers '' . Greenbaywi.gov . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 09 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Our History : Shopko '' . Shopko.com . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 09 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Wind Power is Coming '' ( PDF ) . Easttownmallgb.com . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 09 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Krumholz , Ben . `` Changes proposed for Green Bay 's East Town Mall '' . WLUK . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 19 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` W.J. Abrams ( 1829 - 1900 ) '' . City of Green Bay . Archived from the original on 2012 - 01 - 03 . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 30 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Martin , Deborah Beaumont ( 1913 ) . History of Brown County , Wisconsin : Past and Present , Volume 1 . S.J. Clarke publishing Company . p. 270 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ ' Wisconsin Blue Book 1960 , Biographical Sketch of A.A. Deering , pg. 32 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Welcome to the Historic Bellin Building '' . Bellinbuilding.com . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 09 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Greater Green Bay International Sister Cities Initiative '' . Ci.green-bay.wi.us . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 09 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wikimedia Commons has media related to Green Bay , Wisconsin . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Green Bay . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wikisource has the text of The New Student 's Reference Work article Green Bay , Wis ... </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ul> <Li> City of Green Bay </Li> <Li> Green Bay Area Chamber of Commerce </Li> <Li> Greater Green Bay Convention & Visitor Bureau </Li> <Li> Sanborn fire insurance maps : 1883 1887 1894 1900 1907 </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="3"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Green Bay metropolitan area , Wisconsin </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Core city </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Green Bay ° </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Largest municipalities over 10,000 in 2010 </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Allouez </Li> <Li> Ashwaubenon </Li> <Li> Bellevue </Li> <Li> De Pere ° </Li> <Li> Howard </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Municipalities under 10,000 in 2010 </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Abrams * </Li> <Li> Abrams </Li> <Li> Bay Settlement </Li> <Li> Denmark </Li> <Li> Dyckesville </Li> <Li> Green Bay * </Li> <Li> Hobart </Li> <Li> Humboldt * </Li> <Li> Lawrence * </Li> <Li> Ledgeview * </Li> <Li> Little Suamico * </Li> <Li> Pittsfield * </Li> <Li> Pulaski </Li> <Li> Red River * </Li> <Li> Rockland * </Li> <Li> Scott * </Li> <Li> Suamico </Li> <Li> Wrightstown ^ </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Counties </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Brown </Li> <Li> Kewaunee </Li> <Li> Oconto </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="3"> * town village ° city CDP unincorporated community ^ partial </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="3"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Municipalities and communities of Brown County , Wisconsin , United States </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="3"> County seat : Green Bay </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Cities </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> De Pere </Li> <Li> Green Bay </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Villages </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Allouez </Li> <Li> Ashwaubenon </Li> <Li> Bellevue </Li> <Li> Denmark </Li> <Li> Hobart </Li> <Li> Howard ‡ </Li> <Li> Pulaski ‡ </Li> <Li> Suamico </Li> <Li> Wrightstown ‡ </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Towns </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Eaton </Li> <Li> Glenmore </Li> <Li> Green Bay </Li> <Li> Holland </Li> <Li> Humboldt </Li> <Li> Lawrence </Li> <Li> Ledgeview </Li> <Li> Morrison </Li> <Li> New Denmark </Li> <Li> Pittsfield </Li> <Li> Rockland </Li> <Li> Scott </Li> <Li> Wrightstown </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> CDPs </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Dyckesville ‡ </Li> <Li> Greenleaf </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Unincorporated communities </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Anston </Li> <Li> Askeaton </Li> <Li> Bay Settlement </Li> <Li> Benderville </Li> <Li> Buckman </Li> <Li> Champion </Li> <Li> Chapel Ridge </Li> <Li> Coppens Corner </Li> <Li> Edgewater Beach </Li> <Li> Fontenoy </Li> <Li> Glenmore </Li> <Li> 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Governors </Li> <Li> Delegations </Li> <Li> Sports </Li> <Li> People </Li> <Li> Geography </Li> <Li> Tourist attractions </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Society </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Culture </Li> <Li> Crime </Li> <Li> Demographics </Li> <Li> Economy </Li> <Li> Education </Li> <Li> Politics </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Regions </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Apostle Islands </Li> <Li> Central Plain </Li> <Li> Central Wisconsin </Li> <Li> Chippewa Valley </Li> <Li> Door Peninsula </Li> <Li> Driftless Area </Li> <Li> Eastern Ridges and Lowlands </Li> <Li> Fox River Valley </Li> <Li> Great River Road </Li> <Li> Lake Superior Lowland </Li> <Li> Northern Highland </Li> <Li> Western Upland </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Major metropolitan areas ( pop . over 500,000 ) </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Chicago metropolitan area </Li> <Li> Madison metropolitan area </Li> <Li> Milwaukee metropolitan area </Li> <Li> Twin Cities metropolitan area </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Largest cities ( pop . over 50,000 ) </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Appleton </Li> <Li> Eau Claire </Li> <Li> Green Bay </Li> <Li> Janesville </Li> <Li> Kenosha </Li> <Li> La Crosse </Li> <Li> Madison </Li> <Li> Milwaukee </Li> <Li> Oshkosh </Li> <Li> Racine </Li> <Li> Waukesha </Li> <Li> West Allis </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Smaller cities ( pop . 15,000 to 50,000 ) </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Beaver Dam </Li> <Li> Beloit </Li> <Li> Brookfield </Li> <Li> Cudahy </Li> <Li> De Pere </Li> <Li> Fitchburg </Li> <Li> Fond du Lac </Li> <Li> Franklin </Li> <Li> Greenfield </Li> <Li> Hudson </Li> <Li> Kaukauna </Li> <Li> Manitowoc </Li> <Li> Marshfield </Li> <Li> Menasha </Li> <Li> Menomonie </Li> <Li> Mequon </Li> <Li> Middleton </Li> <Li> Muskego </Li> <Li> Neenah </Li> <Li> New Berlin </Li> <Li> Oak Creek </Li> <Li> Oconomowoc </Li> <Li> Onalaska </Li> <Li> River Falls </Li> <Li> Sheboygan </Li> <Li> South Milwaukee </Li> <Li> Stevens Point </Li> <Li> Sun Prairie </Li> <Li> Superior </Li> <Li> Watertown </Li> <Li> Wausau </Li> <Li> Wauwatosa </Li> <Li> West Bend </Li> <Li> Wisconsin Rapids </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Largest villages ( pop . over 15,000 ) </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Ashwaubenon </Li> <Li> Caledonia </Li> <Li> Germantown </Li> <Li> Howard </Li> <Li> Menomonee Falls </Li> <Li> Mount Pleasant </Li> <Li> Pleasant Prairie </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Counties </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Adams </Li> <Li> Ashland </Li> <Li> Barron </Li> <Li> Bayfield </Li> <Li> Brown </Li> <Li> Buffalo </Li> <Li> Burnett </Li> <Li> Calumet </Li> <Li> Chippewa </Li> <Li> Clark </Li> <Li> Columbia </Li> <Li> Crawford </Li> <Li> Dane </Li> <Li> Dodge </Li> <Li> Door </Li> <Li> Douglas </Li> <Li> Dunn </Li> <Li> Eau Claire </Li> <Li> Florence </Li> <Li> Fond du Lac </Li> <Li> Forest </Li> <Li> Grant </Li> <Li> Green </Li> <Li> Green Lake </Li> <Li> Iowa </Li> <Li> Iron </Li> <Li> Jackson </Li> <Li> Jefferson </Li> <Li> Juneau </Li> <Li> Kenosha </Li> <Li> Kewaunee </Li> <Li> La Crosse </Li> <Li> Lafayette </Li> <Li> 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<Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Td_colspan="1"> AFC East </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> AFC North </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> AFC South </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> AFC West </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Terry and Kim Pegula ( Buffalo Bills ) </Li> <Li> Stephen M. Ross ( Miami Dolphins ) </Li> <Li> Robert Kraft ( New England Patriots ) </Li> <Li> Woody Johnson ( New York Jets ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Steve Bisciotti ( Baltimore Ravens ) </Li> <Li> Mike Brown ( Cincinnati Bengals ) </Li> <Li> Jimmy and Dee Haslam ( Cleveland Browns ) </Li> <Li> Rooney family ( Pittsburgh Steelers ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Bob McNair ( Houston Texans ) </Li> <Li> Jim Irsay ( Indianapolis Colts ) </Li> <Li> Shahid Khan ( Jacksonville Jaguars ) </Li> <Li> KSA Industries ( Tennessee Titans ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Pat Bowlen ( Denver Broncos ) </Li> <Li> Clark Hunt ( Kansas City Chiefs ) </Li> <Li> Alex Spanos ( Los Angeles Chargers ) </Li> <Li> Mark and Carol Davis ( Oakland Raiders ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> National Football Conference </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Td_colspan="1"> NFC East </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> NFC North </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> NFC South </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> NFC West </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Jerry Jones ( Dallas Cowboys ) </Li> <Li> John Mara and Steve Tisch ( New York Giants ) </Li> <Li> Jeffrey Lurie ( Philadelphia Eagles ) </Li> <Li> Daniel Snyder ( Washington Redskins ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Virginia Halas McCaskey ( Chicago Bears ) </Li> <Li> Martha Firestone Ford ( Detroit Lions ) </Li> <Li> Green Bay Packers , Inc. ( governed by a Board of Directors ) ( Green Bay Packers ) </Li> <Li> Zygi Wilf ( Minnesota Vikings ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Arthur Blank ( Atlanta Falcons ) </Li> <Li> Jerry Richardson ( Carolina Panthers ) </Li> <Li> Tom Benson ( New Orleans Saints ) </Li> <Li> Glazer Family ( Tampa Bay Buccaneers ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Bill Bidwill ( Arizona Cardinals ) </Li> <Li> Stan Kroenke ( Los Angeles Rams ) </Li> <Li> Denise and John York ( San Francisco 49ers ) </Li> <Li> Paul Allen ( Seattle Seahawks ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> VIAF : 154202104 </Li> <Li> LCCN : n80139830 </Li> <Li> ISNI : 0000 0004 0430 0000 </Li> <Li> GND : 4692091 - 2 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Green_Bay,_Wisconsin&oldid=800500003 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> Cities in Brown County , Wisconsin </Li> <Li> Cities in Wisconsin </Li> <Li> Green Bay , Wisconsin </Li> <Li> Populated places on the Great Lakes </Li> <Li> Inland port cities and towns of the United States </Li> <Li> County seats in Wisconsin </Li> <Li> Green Bay Packers </Li> <Li> Green Bay metropolitan area </Li> <Li> Populated places established in 1634 </Li> <Li> Belgian - American culture in Wisconsin </Li> <Li> French mission settlements in North America </Li> <Li> 1634 establishments in the French colonial empire </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Webarchive template wayback links </Li> <Li> All articles with dead external links </Li> <Li> Articles with dead external links from September 2017 </Li> <Li> Articles with dead external links from February 2011 </Li> <Li> Articles with dead external links from September 2010 </Li> <Li> Coordinates on Wikidata </Li> <Li> All articles with unsourced statements </Li> <Li> Articles with unsourced statements from August 2017 </Li> <Li> Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers </Li> <Li> Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers </Li> <Li> Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers </Li> <Li> Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Wikivoyage </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> Afrikaans </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> Asturianu </Li> <Li> تۆرکجه </Li> <Li> Bân - lâm - gú </Li> <Li> Български </Li> <Li> Brezhoneg </Li> <Li> Català </Li> <Li> Cebuano </Li> <Li> Čeština </Li> <Li> Cymraeg </Li> <Li> Dansk </Li> <Li> Deutsch </Li> <Li> Diné bizaad </Li> <Li> Eesti </Li> <Li> Ελληνικά </Li> <Li> Español </Li> <Li> Esperanto </Li> <Li> فارسی </Li> <Li> Français </Li> <Li> Gaeilge </Li> <Li> Gàidhlig </Li> <Li> Galego </Li> <Li> 한국어 </Li> <Li> Հայերեն </Li> <Li> Bahasa Indonesia </Li> <Li> Interlingua </Li> <Li> Italiano </Li> <Li> עברית </Li> <Li> ქართული </Li> <Li> Kernowek </Li> <Li> Kiswahili </Li> <Li> Kreyòl ayisyen </Li> <Li> Lietuvių </Li> <Li> Malagasy </Li> <Li> मराठी </Li> <Li> Nederlands </Li> <Li> 日本 語 </Li> <Li> Norsk </Li> <Li> Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча </Li> <Li> Piemontèis </Li> <Li> Polski </Li> <Li> Português </Li> <Li> Română </Li> <Li> Русский </Li> <Li> Scots </Li> <Li> Simple English </Li> <Li> Српски / srpski </Li> <Li> Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски </Li> <Li> Suomi </Li> <Li> Svenska </Li> <Li> Tagalog </Li> <Li> ไทย </Li> <Li> Türkçe </Li> <Li> Українська </Li> <Li> اردو </Li> <Li> Tiếng Việt </Li> <Li> Volapük </Li> <Li> Winaray </Li> <Li> 中文 </Li> </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 13 September 2017 , at 23 : 06 . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . 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Hip bone - wikipedia <H1> Hip bone </H1> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Hip bone </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Position of the hip bones ( shown in red ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Details </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Identifiers </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Latin </Th> <Td> Os coxa ( e ) , os innominatum </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> MeSH </Th> <Td> D010384 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> TA </Th> <Td> A02. 5.01. 001 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> FMA </Th> <Td> 16585 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Anatomical terms of bone ( edit on Wikidata ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The hip bone ( os coxa , innominate bone , pelvic bone or coxal bone ) is a large flat bone , constricted in the center and expanded above and below . In some vertebrates ( including humans before puberty ) it is composed of three parts : the ilium , ischium , and the pubis . </P> <P> The two hip bones join at the pubic symphysis and together with the sacrum and coccyx ( the pelvic part of the spine ) comprise the skeletal component of the pelvis -- the pelvic girdle which surrounds the pelvic cavity . They are connected to the sacrum , which is part of the axial skeleton , at the sacroiliac joint . Each hip bone is connected to the corresponding femur ( thigh bone ) ( forming the primary connection between the bones of the lower limb and the axial skeleton ) through the large ball and socket joint of the hip . </P> <H2> Contents </H2> <Ul> <Li> 1 Structure <Ul> <Li> 1.1 Ilium </Li> <Li> 1.2 Ischium </Li> <Li> 1.3 Pubis </Li> <Li> 1.4 Pelvic Brim </Li> <Li> 1.5 False Pelvis </Li> <Li> 1.6 Development </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2 Function <Ul> <Li> 2.1 Muscle attachment </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 Clinical significance <Ul> <Li> 3.1 Fractures </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 In animals </Li> <Li> 5 Additional images </Li> <Li> 6 References </Li> <Li> 7 External links </Li> </Ul> <H2> Structure ( edit ) </H2> The skeleton of the human pelvis : 2 -- 4 . Hip bone ( os coxae ) 1 . Sacrum ( os sacrum ) , 2 . Ilium ( os ilium ) , 3 . Ischium ( os ischii ) 4 . Pubic bone ( os pubis ) ( 4a . corpus , 4b . ramus superior , 4c . ramus inferior , 4d . tuberculum pubicum ) 5 . Pubic symphysis , 6 . Acetabulum ( of the hip joint ) , 7 . Foramen obturatum , 8 . Coccyx / tailbone ( os coccygis ) Dotted . Linea terminalis of the pelvic brim <P> The hip bone is formed by three parts : ilium , ischium , and pubis . At birth , these three components are separated by hyaline cartilage . They join each other in a Y - shaped portion of cartilage in the acetabulum . By the end of puberty the three regions will have fused together , and by the age of 25 they will have ossified . The two hip bones join each other at the pubic symphysis . Together with the sacrum and coccyx , the hip bones form the pelvis . </P> <H3> Ilium ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Ilium ( bone ) <P> Ilium ( plural ilia ) is the uppermost and largest region . It makes up two fifths of the acetabulum . It is divisible into two parts : the body and the ala or wing of ilium ; the separation is indicated on the top surface by a curved line , the arcuate line , and on the external surface by the margin of the acetabulum . The body of ilium forms the sacroiliac joint with the sacrum . The edge of the wing of ilium forms the S - shaped iliac crest which is easily located through the skin . The iliac crest shows clear marks of the attachment of the three abdominal wall muscles . </P> <H3> Ischium ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Ischium <P> The ischium forms the lower and back part of the hip bone and is located below the ilium and behind the pubis . The ischium is the strongest of the three regions that form the hip bone . It is divisible into three portions : the body , the superior ramus , and the inferior ramus . The body forms approximately one - third of the acetabulum . </P> <P> The ischium forms a large swelling , the tuberosity of the ischium , also referred to colloquially as the `` sit bone '' . When sitting , the weight is frequently placed upon the ischial tuberosity . The gluteus maximus covers it in the upright posture , but leaves it free in the seated position . </P> <H3> Pubis ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Pubis ( bone ) <P> The pubic region or pubis is the ventral and anterior of the three parts forming the hip bone . It is divisible into a body , a superior ramus , and an inferior ramus . The body forms one - fifth of the acetabulum . The body forms the wide , strong , medial and flat portion of the pubic bone which unites with the other pubic bone in the pubic symphysis . The fibrocartilaginous pad which lies between the symphysial surfaces of the coxal bones , that secures the pubic symphysis , is called the interpubic disc . </P> <H3> Pelvic Brim ( edit ) </H3> <P> Is a continuous oval ridge of bone that runs along the pubic symphysis , pubic crests , arcuate lines , sacral alae , and sacral promontory . ( J Bridges ) </P> <H3> False pelvis ( edit ) </H3> <P> False Pelvis - Is that portion superior to the pelvic brim ; it is bounded by the alae of the ilia laterally and the sacral promontory and lumbar vertebrae posteriorly . ( J Bridges ) True Pelvis - is the region inferior to the pelvic brim that is almost entirely surrounded by bone . ( J Bridges ) Pelvic Inlet - Is the opening delineated by the pelvic brim . The widest dimension of the pelvic inlet is from left to right , that is , along the frontal plane . ( J Bridges ) Pelvic Outlet - Is the margin of the true pelvis . It is bounded anteriorly by the pubic arch , laterally by the ischia , and posteriorly by the sacrum and coccyx. ( J Bridges ) </P> <P> The superior pubic ramus is a part of the pubic bone which forms a portion of the obturator foramen . It extends from the body to the median plane where it articulates with its fellow of the opposite side . It is conveniently described in two portions : a medial flattened part and a narrow lateral prismoid portion . </P> <P> The inferior pubic ramus is thin and flat . It passes laterally and downward from the medial end of the superior ramus . It becomes narrower as it descends and joins with the inferior ramus of the ischium below the obturator foramen . </P> <H3> Development ( edit ) </H3> Plan of ossification of the hip bone . Left hip bone , external surface . <P> The hip bone is ossified from eight centers : three primary , one each for the ilium , ischium , and pubis , and five secondary , one each for the iliac crest , the anterior inferior spine ( said to occur more frequently in the male than in the female ) , the tuberosity of the ischium , the pubic symphysis ( more frequent in the female than in the male ) , and one or more for the Y - shaped piece at the bottom of the acetabulum . The centers appear in the following order : in the lower part of the ilium , immediately above the greater sciatic notch , about the eighth or ninth week of fetal life ; in the superior ramus of the ischium , about the third month ; in the superior ramus of the pubis , between the fourth and fifth months . At birth , the three primary centers are quite separate , the crest , the bottom of the acetabulum , the ischial tuberosity , and the inferior rami of the ischium and pubis being still cartilaginous . By the seventh or eighth year , the inferior rami of the pubis and ischium are almost completely united by bone . About the thirteenth or fourteenth year , the three primary centers have extended their growth into the bottom of the acetabulum , and are there separated from each other by a Y - shaped portion of cartilage , which now presents traces of ossification , often by two or more centers . One of these , the os acetabuli , appears about the age of twelve , between the ilium and pubis , and fuses with them about the age of eighteen ; it forms the pubic part of the acetabulum . The ilium and ischium then become joined , and lastly the pubis and ischium , through the intervention of this Y - shaped portion . At about the age of puberty , ossification takes place in each of the remaining portions , and they join with the rest of the bone between the twentieth and twenty - fifth years . Separate centers are frequently found for the pubic tubercle and the ischial spine , and for the crest and angle of the pubis . </P> <H2> Function ( edit ) </H2> The male pelvis , formed by left and right hip bones , sacrum , and coccyx . The female pelvis is wider than the male pelvis to accommodate childbirth . <H3> Muscle attachment ( edit ) </H3> <P> Several muscles attach to the hip bone including the internal muscles of the pelvic , abdominal muscles , back muscles , all the gluteal muscles , muscles of the lateral rotator group , hamstring muscles , two muscles from the anterior compartment of the thigh and even a single shoulder muscle . </P> <P> Abdominal muscles </P> <Ul> <Li> The abdominal external oblique muscle attaches to the iliac crest . </Li> <Li> The abdominal internal oblique muscle attaches to pecten pubis . </Li> <Li> The transversus abdominis muscle attaches to the pubic crest and pecten pubis via a conjoint tendon </Li> </Ul> <P> Back muscles </P> <Ul> <Li> The multifidus muscle in the sacral region attaches to the medial surface of posterior superior iliac spine , the posterior sacroiliac ligaments and several places to the sacrum . </Li> </Ul> <P> Gluteal muscles </P> <Ul> <Li> The gluteus maximus muscle arises from the posterior gluteal line of the inner upper ilium , and the rough portion of bone including the iliac crest , the fascia covering the gluteus medius ( gluteal aponeurosis ) , as well as the sacrum , coccyx , the erector spinae ( lumbodorsal fascia ) , the sacrotuberous ligament . </Li> <Li> The gluteus medius muscle : originates on the outer surface of the ilium between the iliac crest and the posterior gluteal line above , and the anterior gluteal line below . The gluteus medius also originates from the gluteal aponeurosis that covers its outer surface . </Li> <Li> Gluteus minimus muscle originates between the anterior and inferior gluteal lines , and from the margin of the greater sciatic notch . </Li> </Ul> <P> Lateral rotator group </P> <Ul> <Li> The piriformis muscle originates from the superior margin of the greater sciatic notch ( as well as the sacroiliac joint capsule and the sacrotuberous ligament and part of the spine and sacrum . </Li> <Li> The superior gemellus muscle arises from the outer surface of the ischial spine </Li> <Li> The obturator internus muscle arises from the inner surface of the antero - lateral wall of the hip bone , where it surrounds the greater part of the obturator foramen , being attached to the inferior rami of the pubis and ischium , and at the side to the inner surface of the hip bone below and behind the pelvic brim , reaching from the upper part of the greater sciatic foramen above and behind to the obturator foramen below and in front . It also arises from the pelvic surface of the obturator membrane except in the posterior part , from the tendinous arch , and to a slight extent from the obturator fascia , which covers the muscle . </Li> <Li> The inferior gemellus muscle arises from the upper part of the tuberosity of the ischium , immediately below the groove for the obturator internus tendon . </Li> <Li> The obturator externus muscle arises from the margin of bone immediately around the medial side of the obturator foramen , from the rami of the pubis , and the inferior ramus of the ischium ; it also arises from the medial two - thirds of the outer surface of the obturator membrane , and from the tendinous arch . </Li> </Ul> <P> Hamstrings </P> <Ul> <Li> The long head biceps femoris arises from the lower and inner impression on the back part of the tuberosity of the ischium , by a tendon common to it and the semitendinosus , and from the lower part of the sacrotuberous ligament ; </Li> <Li> The semitendinosus arises from the lower and medial impression on the tuberosity of the ischium , by a tendon common to it and the long head of the biceps femoris ; it also arises from an aponeurosis which connects the adjacent surfaces of the two muscles to the extent of about 7.5 cm. from their origin . </Li> <Li> The semimembranosus arises from the lower and medial impression on the tuberosity of the ischium </Li> </Ul> <P> Anterior compartment of thigh </P> <Ul> <Li> The rectus femoris muscle arises by two tendons : one , the anterior or straight , from the anterior inferior iliac spine ; the other , the posterior or reflected , from a groove above the rim of the acetabulum . </Li> <Li> The sartorius muscle arises by tendinous fibres from the anterior superior iliac spine , </Li> </Ul> <P> Shoulder muscles </P> <Ul> <Li> The latissimus dorsi muscle attaches to the iliac crest and several places on the spine and ribs . </Li> </Ul> <H2> Clinical significance ( edit ) </H2> <P> The proportions of the female hip bone may affect the ease of passage of the baby during childbirth . Pelvimetry is the assessment of the female pelvis in relation to the birth of a baby in order to detect an increased risk for obstructed labor . </P> <H3> Fractures ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Pelvic fracture <P> Fractures of the hip bone are termed pelvic fractures , and should not be confused with hip fractures , which are actually femoral fractures that occur in the proximal end of the femur . </P> <H2> In animals ( edit ) </H2> <P> The hip bone first appears in fishes , where it consists of a simple , usually triangular bone , to which the pelvic fin articulates . The hip bones on each side usually connect with each other at the forward end , and are even solidly fused in lungfishes and sharks , but they never attach to the vertebral column . </P> <P> In the early tetrapods , this early hip bone evolved to become the ischium and pubis , while the ilium formed as a new structure , initially somewhat rod - like in form , but soon adding a larger bony blade . The acetabulum is already present at the point where the three bones meet . In these early forms , the connection with the vertebral column is not complete , with a small pair of ribs connecting the two structures ; nonetheless the pelvis already forms the complete ring found in most subsequent forms . </P> <P> In practice , modern amphibians and reptiles have substantially modified this ancestral structure , based on their varied forms and lifestyles . The obturator foramen is generally very small in such animals , although most reptiles do possess a large gap between the pubis and ischium , referred to as the thyroid fenestra , which presents a similar appearance to the obturator foramen in mammals . In birds , the pubic symphysis is present only in the ostrich , and the two hip bones are usually widely separated , making it easier to lay large eggs . </P> <P> In therapsids , the hip bone came to rotate counter-clockwise , relatives to its position in reptiles , so that the ilium moved forward , and the pubis and ischium moved to the rear . The same pattern is seen in all modern mammals , and the thyroid fenestra and obturator foramen have merged to form a single space . The ilium is typically narrow and triangular in mammals , but is much larger in ungulates and humans , in which it anchors powerful gluteal muscles . Monotremes and marsupials also possess a fourth pair of bones , the prepubes or `` marsupial bones '' , which extend forward from the pubes , and help to support the abdominal muscles and , in marsupials , the pouch . In placental mammals , the pelvis as a whole is generally wider in females than in males , to allow for the birth of the young . </P> <P> The pelvic bones of cetaceans were formerly considered to be vestigial , but they are now known to play a role in sexual selection . </P> <H2> Additional images ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> <P> Female pelvis . </P> </Li> <Li> <P> Position of the hip bones ( shown in red ) . Animation . </P> </Li> <Li> <P> Right hip bone . Animation . </P> </Li> <Li> <P> Right hip bone . External surface . </P> </Li> <Li> <P> Right hip bone . Internal surface . </P> </Li> <Li> <P> Left hip - joint , opened by removing the floor of the acetabulum from within the pelvis . </P> </Li> <Li> <P> Hip bone. Medial view . </P> </Li> <Li> <P> Hip bone . Lateral view . </P> </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <P> This article incorporates text in the public domain from page 231 of the 20th edition of Gray 's Anatomy ( 1918 ) </P> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ Merriam Webster , http://www.merriam-webster.com/medical/hip+bone </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Bojsen - Møller , Finn ; Simonsen , Erik B. ; Tranum - Jensen , Jørgen ( 2001 ) . Bevægeapparatets anatomi ( Anatomy of the Locomotive Apparatus ) ( in Danish ) ( 12th ed . ) . pp. 237 -- 239 . ISBN 978 - 87 - 628 - 0307 - 7 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Gray 's Anatomy '' . 1918 . Archived from the original on 2009 - 12 - 22 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` pelvimetry '' at Dorland 's Medical Dictionary </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ TheFreeDictionary > hip fracture Citing : McGraw - Hill Concise Dictionary of Modern Medicine . Copyright 2002 </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Romer , Alfred Sherwood ; Parsons , Thomas S. ( 1977 ) . The Vertebrate Body . Philadelphia , PA : Holt - Saunders International . pp. 188 -- 192 . ISBN 0 - 03 - 910284 - X . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Dines , James P. , et al. `` Sexual selection targets cetacean pelvic bones . '' Evolution 68.11 ( 2014 ) : 3296 - 3306 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wikimedia Commons has media related to Hip bone . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ul> <Li> hip / hip % 20bones / bones3 at the Dartmouth Medical School 's Department of Anatomy </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Bones of the pelvis </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> General </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> sacrum </Li> <Li> coccyx </Li> <Li> hip bone </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Ilium </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> body </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> arcuate line </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> wing </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> gluteal lines </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> posterior </Li> <Li> anterior </Li> <Li> inferior </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> iliac spines </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> anterior superior </Li> <Li> anterior inferior </Li> <Li> posterior superior </Li> <Li> posterior inferior </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> other : </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> crest </Li> <Li> tuberosity </Li> <Li> tubercle </Li> <Li> fossa </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Ischium </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> body </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> ischial spine </Li> <Li> lesser sciatic notch </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> superior ramus </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> tuberosity of the ischium </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> inferior ramus </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> no substructures </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Pubis </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> body </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> pubic crest </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> superior ramus </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> pubic tubercle </Li> <Li> obturator crest </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> inferior ramus </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> pectineal line </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Compound </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> acetabulum <Ul> <Li> acetabular notch </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> iliopubic eminence / iliopectineal line </Li> <Li> linea terminalis </Li> <Li> ischiopubic ramus / pubic arch </Li> <Li> Foramina <Ul> <Li> obturator foramen </Li> <Li> greater sciatic foramen / greater sciatic notch </Li> <Li> lesser sciatic foramen </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Landmarks <Ul> <Li> pelvic inlet </Li> <Li> pelvic brim </Li> <Li> pelvic outlet </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ul> <Li> Anatomy portal </Li> </Ul> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hip_bone&oldid=861010162 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the 20th edition of Gray 's Anatomy ( 1918 ) </Li> <Li> Bones of the lower limb </Li> <Li> Bones of the pelvis </Li> <Li> Irregular bones </Li> <Li> Skeletal system </Li> <Li> Pelvis </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> CS1 Danish - language sources ( da ) </Li> <Li> All articles with dead external links </Li> <Li> Articles with dead external links from September 2016 </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> Afrikaans </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> Azərbaycanca </Li> <Li> বাংলা </Li> <Li> Башҡортса </Li> <Li> Bosanski </Li> <Li> Brezhoneg </Li> <Li> Català </Li> <Li> Čeština </Li> <Li> Ελληνικά </Li> <Li> Español </Li> <Li> Euskara </Li> <Li> فارسی </Li> <Li> Français </Li> <Li> Galego </Li> <Li> 한국어 </Li> <Li> Ido </Li> <Li> Italiano </Li> <Li> Latviešu </Li> <Li> Lietuvių </Li> <Li> Македонски </Li> <Li> Polski </Li> <Li> Português </Li> <Li> Русский </Li> <Li> Shqip </Li> <Li> Slovenščina </Li> <Li> کوردی </Li> <Li> Српски / srpski </Li> <Li> Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски </Li> <Li> Suomi </Li> <Li> Svenska </Li> <Li> தமிழ் </Li> <Li> Українська </Li> <Li> Tiếng Việt </Li> <Li> 中文 </Li> 26 more </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 24 September 2018 , at 15 : 36 ( UTC ) . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> | [
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Pak'nSave - Wikipedia <H1> Pak'nSave </H1> Jump to : navigation , search `` Pak'n Save '' redirects here . It is not to be confused with the supermarket chain in California , currently owned by Safeway Inc ... <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( February 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> PAK'nSAVE <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Type </Th> <Td> Private subsidiary </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Industry </Th> <Td> Retail </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Founded </Th> <Td> 1985 ; 32 years ago </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Headquarters </Th> <Td> Wellington , New Zealand </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Number of locations </Th> <Td> 57 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Parent </Th> <Td> Foodstuffs </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Website </Th> <Td> www.paknsave.co.nz </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Pak'nSave ( stylised PAK'nSAVE , originally PAK ' N SAVE ) is a New Zealand discount food warehouse chain owned by the Foodstuffs cooperative . </P> <P> Founded in 1985 , Pak'nSave was the last of the three major New Zealand supermarket chains ( the other two are Countdown and New World ) to be founded . As of September 2017 , there were 57 Pak'nSave stores operating across the North and South Islands of New Zealand . </P> <P> Pak'nSave's key policy is to provide everyday food and groceries at low prices , which they state in their current slogan ( as of March 2013 ) ' Our Policy : NZ 's Lowest Food Prices ' . Stores are large and have a no - frills environment , often with unlined interiors and concrete floors . Customers are left to pack their own bags , and charged for plastic bags in most stores . Many stores offer boxes set on or under a large desk where customers can pack their groceries for easier convenience . Pak'nSave is still the cheapest supermarket in New Zealand . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 History </Li> <Li> 2 Operations <Ul> <Li> 2.1 Competition </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 Marketing </Li> <Li> 4 Fuel discounts <Ul> <Li> 4.1 Fuel sites </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 5 Fundraising </Li> <Li> 6 References </Li> <Li> 7 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> History ( edit ) </H2> <P> Pak'nSave was developed following a trip by a group of Foodstuffs executives to the United States in 1985 . On that visit they saw Cub Foods , operated by SuperValu , Pak ' n Save operated by Safeway , and other box warehouse supermarkets . Foodstuffs then copied this format in New Zealand . The original Pak'nSave format was almost an identical copy of Safeway 's Pak ' n Save chain in northern California . </P> <P> The first store , styled `` PAK ' N SAVE '' , opened in June 1985 at Kaitaia in the North Island . </P> <H2> Operations ( edit ) </H2> Pak'nSave store in New Plymouth <P> As of September 2017 , there were 57 Pak'nSave stores across New Zealand . </P> <P> The name probably originates from the cost - saving practice of leaving customers to pack their own groceries , with checkout operators simply placing the products purchased back into a trolley . Pak'nSave provides the cardboard boxes used for shipping products to the store , or plastic supermarket bags can be purchased at the checkout for 10 cents . Customers are encouraged to purchase longer - lasting bags or to bring their own . </P> <P> The stores are laid out as supermarket aisles , but with minimalistic design , and often perpendicular to the checkout lanes rather than the traditional parallel found in other New Zealand supermarkets and retailers . Extra products that are not on shelves are stacked above the shelves on the pallets they were delivered in . meaning that the floor space can be used for retail and storage . The stores are supplied daily from their co-operative distributor Foodstuffs . </P> <P> Pak'nSave stores often buys stock in bulk . This process means that stores do n't offer a wide variety of brands and pack sizes as full - service supermarkets , with products often restricted to market leaders and store brands . A 2009 Consumer magazine survey noticed the lack of range especially in the pet food and toilet paper categories . </P> <P> Most stores have self checkout and some have self scanning facilities . Self - checkout facilities are small checkout for express ( 15 items or less ) purchases , where customers scan and bag their own groceries , with several self - checkouts monitored over by a single staff member for assistance and to clear any restricted transactions ( e.g. alcohol ) . Self - scanning facilities ( Shop n ' Go ) are where a pre-registered customer scans each item with a hand - held scanner as they put them in their trolley . This reduces waiting time at the checkout , with most customers only requiring to pay for the groceries , although random rescans do take place . All stores have conventional checkout operator scanning available . </P> <H3> Competition ( edit ) </H3> <P> Pak'nSave's main competitors are Countdown , owned by Progressive Enterprises , and Foodstuffs ' full - service supermarket , New World . </P> <P> In the annual Consumer magazine survey of supermarket prices , Pak'nSave has been named the country 's cheapest supermarket ( either unanimously or by majority of centres surveyed ) in all eleven surveys since the current survey methodology was adopted in 2003 . The latest survey was conducted in May 2013 , which was based on the purchase of forty common products , including food , non-alcoholic drinks , personal care and cleaning items ( but excluding meat , fresh fruit and vegetables due to quality comparison issues and alcohol due to local licensing rules and heavy discounting practises ) . In the survey , Pak'nSave was named cheapest in six of the seven centres surveyed ( north Auckland , south - east Auckland , Tauranga , Napier - Hastings , Christchurch and Dunedin ) , and was named second - cheapest in the remaining centre ( Wellington ) behind Countdown . </P> <P> Pak'nSave also came out the cheapest supermarkets in the 2001 and 2002 Consumer magazine surveys . These surveys were paper surveys where prices on 140 items were recorded by surveyors visiting the supermarket and recording the shelf prices . However , the method was prone to supermarkets cheating by temporarily marking down shelf prices while the surveyor was in store , and the method was scrapped in 2003 . Since then , the survey is conducted on only forty items , purchased by undercover surveyors through the checkouts and the prices taken from the till receipt , with the food purchased donated to local food banks . </P> <H2> Marketing ( edit ) </H2> <P> Pak'nSave is well known for its `` cut price '' television and print adverts utilising a stick figure , named `` Stickman '' , in black on a yellow background ( occasionally , the colour scheme is reversed , including during the 2011 Rugby World Cup and the 2012 Summer Olympics ) . The television adverts are voiced by comedian Paul Ego . </P> <P> In 2011 , the Stickman adverts were one of the finalists for Best Ad in the annual Fair Go Ad Awards , but ultimately lost ( by landslide ) to the New Zealand Lotteries Commission 's `` Wilson the Dog '' adverts . </P> <H2> Fuel discounts ( edit ) </H2> <P> Pak'nSave offers fuel discounts to shoppers for spending a qualifying amount on shopping . Pak'nSave stores with on - site Pak'nSave fuel filling stations offer vouchers to use at these stations . The Pak'nSave fuel vouchers are unique in that they can only be used at the fuel site associated with the store of purchase , whereas all other New Zealand supermarkets ' fuel discount vouchers operate at any participating station across the country . Stores without on - site Pak'nSave fuel filling stations offer vouchers for use at Mobil service stations ( before January 2013 , the vouchers were accepted at Mobil instead ) . Competition for fuel discounts has grown in the past few years , with cases of offering discounts of 50 cents per litre to customers when they spend at least $400 in store . The standard fuel price at the Pak'nSave pump can often be higher than that of neighbouring service stations , thereby partially negating the Pak'nSave discount . </P> <H3> Fuel sites ( edit ) </H3> <P> In December 2002 , the first Pak'nSave fuel site was opened at the Pak'nSave in Tamatea . It was originally owned by BP New Zealand and Foodstuffs . More fuel sites were opened in more Pak'nSave stores and New World joined for the fuel sites later . In 2012 , when BP New Zealand ended its contract with Foodstuffs , they changed ownership to Mobil and Foodstuffs . </P> <H2> Fundraising ( edit ) </H2> <P> In November 2015 Pak'nSave stores around New Zealand participated in the annual Movember fundraising effort , raising NZ $106,000 for Movember New Zealand . This was the largest sum ever raised by a New Zealand company for the charity . </P> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Pak'nSave wins price fight again '' . Bay of Plenty Times . 22 February 2015 . Retrieved 21 March 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Pak'nSave Wins the Supermarket Price Wars '' . Scoop. 5 November 2014 . Retrieved 21 March 2015 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Allen , Christine ( 5 August 2015 ) . `` Couple 's big gamble paid off '' . The Northern Advocate . Retrieved 25 March 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Store Map PAK'nSAVE '' . www.paknsave.co.nz . Retrieved 12 September 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Vass , Beck ( 11 September 2009 ) . `` Where to find the cheapest groceries '' . The New Zealand Herald . Retrieved 17 December 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Cheapest supermarket in the country revealed '' . The New Zealand Herald . 5 June 2013 . Retrieved 11 June 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Dearnaley , Matthew ( 5 September 2003 ) . `` Grocers scramble after ' skulduggery ' in survey '' . The New Zealand Herald . Retrieved 22 February 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Comedians freestyle through laughs '' . The Southland Times ( via Stuff.co.nz ) . 29 November 2012 . Retrieved 31 January 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Fair Go ad awards - 26 October '' . Television New Zealand . 26 October 2011 . Retrieved 23 February 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Pak ' N Save sets Movember record '' . Stuff . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 03 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Official website </Li> </Ul> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pak%27nSave&oldid=807800248 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> Supermarkets of New Zealand </Li> <Li> Catering and food service companies of New Zealand </Li> <Li> Retail companies established in 1985 </Li> <Li> Discount stores </Li> <Li> 1985 establishments in New Zealand </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Use New Zealand English from August 2015 </Li> <Li> All Wikipedia articles written in New Zealand English </Li> <Li> Use dmy dates from January 2013 </Li> <Li> Articles needing additional references from February 2012 </Li> <Li> All articles needing additional references </Li> <Li> Pages using deprecated image syntax </Li> <Li> All articles with unsourced statements </Li> <Li> Articles with unsourced statements from November 2016 </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> Русский </Li> </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 30 October 2017 , at 05 : 05 . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . 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Flora of India - Wikipedia <H1> Flora of India </H1> <P> </P> Lotus , the national flower of India <Table> <Tr> <Td> Part of a series on the </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Wildlife of India </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Biodiversity ( show ) <Ul> <Li> Flora </Li> <Li> Fauna </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dd> Lists </Dd> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> Amphibians </Li> <Li> Ants </Li> <Li> Birds </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Butterflies </Li> <Li> Fish </Li> <Li> Mammals </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Molluscs </Li> <Li> Moths </Li> <Li> Odonates </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Reptiles </Li> <Li> Spiders </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Endangered animals </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Protected areas ( show ) <Ul> <Li> Biosphere reserves </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Wildlife sanctuaries </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Conservation areas </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Private protected areas </Li> </Ul> Reserved and protected forests Conservation and community reserves <Ul> <Li> Communal forests </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dd> Lists </Dd> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> National parks </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Ramsar Sites </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Conservation ( show ) <Dl> <Dd> Projects </Dd> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> Tiger </Li> <Li> Elephant </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dd> Acts of Parliament </Dd> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> Indian Forest Act 1927 </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Wildlife Protection Act 1972 </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Wildlife Protection Act 2002 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Organisations ( show ) <Dl> <Dd> National </Dd> </Dl> Ministry of Environment and Forests <Ul> <Li> National Biodiversity Authority </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Indian Forest Service / Survey </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Forest Institute </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Wildlife Institute </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Tiger Conservation Authority </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Zoo Authority </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dd> International </Dd> </Dl> Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species ( CITES ) International Union for Conservation of Nature ( IUCN ) South Asian Zoo Association ( SAZARC ) World Association of Zoos and Aquariums ( WAZA ) World Society for the Protection of Animals ( WSPA ) World Wide Fund for Nature ( WWF ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Related topics ( show ) <Ul> <Li> Indian natural history </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Environmental issues </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Fossil parks </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Forestry </Li> <Li> Tourism </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dd> Lists </Dd> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> Ecoregions </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Botanical gardens </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Zoological gardens </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Portal </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The flora of India is one of the richest in the world due to the wide range of climate , topology and habitat in the country . There are estimated to be over 18,000 species of flowering plants in India , which constitute some 6 - 7 percent of the total plant species in the world . India is home to more than 50,000 species of plants , including a variety of endemics . The use of plants as a source of medicines has been an integral part of life in India from the earliest times . There are more than 3000 Indian plant species officially documented as possessing great medicinal potential . India is divided into eight main floristic regions : Western Himalayas , Eastern Himalayas , Assam , Indus plain , Ganges plain , the Deccan , Malabar and the Andaman Islands . </P> <H2> Contents </H2> <Ul> <Li> 1 Forests and wildlife resource </Li> <Li> 2 See also </Li> <Li> 3 References </Li> <Li> 4 External links </Li> </Ul> <H2> Forests and wildlife resource ( edit ) </H2> Mudumalai Wildlife Reserve in Tamil Nadu <P> In 1992 , around 7 , 43,534 km of land in the country was under forests and 92 percent of that belongs to the government . Only 22.7 percent is forested compared to the recommended 33 percent of the National Forest Policy Resolution 1952 . Majority of it are broad - leaved deciduous trees which comprise one - sixth sal and one - tenth teak . Coniferous types are found in the northern high altitude regions and comprise pines , junipers and deodars . India 's forest cover ranges from the tropical rainforest of the Andaman Islands , Western Ghats , and Northeast India to the coniferous forest of the Himalaya . Between these extremes lie the sal - dominated moist deciduous forest of eastern India ; teak - dominated dry deciduous forest of central and southern India ; and the babul - dominated thorn forest of the central Deccan and western Gangetic plain . Pine , fir , spruce , cedar , larch and cypress are the timber - yielding plants of which several also occur widely in the hilly regions of India </P> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Flora of the Indian epic period </Li> <Li> Indian Council of Forestry Research and Education </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ Majid , Husain ( 2014 - 01 - 01 ) . Geography of India . McGraw - Hill Education . p. 5.2 . ISBN 9789351343578 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Nag , Prithvish ; Sengupta , Smita ( 1992 - 01 - 01 ) . Geography of India . Concept Publishing Company . p. 79 . ISBN 9788170223849 . </Li> </Ol> <Ul> <Li> SPECIES CHECKLIST : Species Diversity in India ; ENVIS Centre : Wildlife & Protected Areas ( Secondary Database ) ; Wildlife Institute of India ( WII ) </Li> <Li> ENVIS Centre : Wildlife & Protected Areas ( Secondary Database ) ; Wildlife Institute of India ( WII ) </Li> <Li> Free EBOOK : Special Habitats and Threatened Plants of India ; Wildlife Institute of India ( WII ) </Li> <Li> ENVIS Centre on Conservation of Ecological Heritage and Sacred Sights of India ; ENVIS ; C.P.R. Environmental Education Centre is a Centre of Excellence of the Ministry of Environment and Forests , Government of India . </Li> </Ul> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wikimedia Commons has media related to Flora of India . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ul> <Li> List of Indian medicinal plants on the Biodiversity of India website . A list of 932 commercially traded Indian medicinal plants ( as per the ENVIS - FRLHT database ) and their taxonomic status . </Li> <Li> Hooker , J.D. Flora of British India Volume 1 </Li> <Li> Hooker , J.D. Flora of British India Volume 2 </Li> <Li> Hooker , J.D. Flora of British India Volume 3 </Li> <Li> Hooker , J.D. Flora of British India Volume 4 </Li> <Li> Hooker , J.D. Flora of British India Volume 5 </Li> <Li> Hooker , J.D. Flora of British India Volume 6 </Li> <Li> Flora of Andhra Pradesh By Sharfudding Khan </Li> <Li> Flora of Andhra Pradesh by RD Reddy </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Geography of India </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Climate </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Climate </Li> <Li> Climatic regions </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Geology </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Fossil Parks </Li> <Li> Geology of India </Li> <Li> Indian Plate </Li> <Li> Stones </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Landforms </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Beaches </Li> <Li> Canals </Li> <Li> Desert </Li> <Li> Extreme points </Li> <Li> Glaciers </Li> <Li> Islands </Li> <Li> Lakes </Li> <Li> Mountains </Li> <Li> Rivers </Li> <Li> Valleys </Li> <Li> Volcanoes </Li> <Li> Waterfalls </Li> <Li> Plains <Ul> <Li> Indo - Gangetic </Li> <Li> Eastern Coastal </Li> <Li> Western Coastal </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Regions </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> North India </Li> <Li> Northeast India </Li> <Li> East India </Li> <Li> South India </Li> <Li> West India </Li> <Li> Central India </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Subdivisions </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Autonomous administrative divisions </Li> <Li> States and territories </Li> <Li> Districts </Li> <Li> Cities </Li> <Li> Towns </Li> <Li> Municipalities </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Environment </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Biogeographic classification </Li> <Li> Ecoregions </Li> <Li> Fauna </Li> <Li> Flora </Li> <Li> Forests </Li> <Li> Issues </Li> <Li> Protected Areas </Li> <Li> Wildlife </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Flora of Asia </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Sovereign states </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Afghanistan </Li> <Li> Armenia </Li> <Li> Azerbaijan </Li> <Li> Bahrain </Li> <Li> Bangladesh </Li> <Li> Bhutan </Li> <Li> Brunei </Li> <Li> Cambodia </Li> <Li> China </Li> <Li> Cyprus </Li> <Li> East Timor ( Timor - Leste ) </Li> <Li> Egypt </Li> <Li> Georgia </Li> <Li> India </Li> <Li> Indonesia </Li> <Li> Iran </Li> <Li> Iraq </Li> <Li> Israel </Li> <Li> Japan </Li> <Li> Jordan </Li> <Li> Kazakhstan </Li> <Li> North Korea </Li> <Li> South Korea </Li> <Li> Kuwait </Li> <Li> Kyrgyzstan </Li> <Li> Laos </Li> <Li> Lebanon </Li> <Li> Malaysia </Li> <Li> Maldives </Li> <Li> Mongolia </Li> <Li> Myanmar </Li> <Li> Nepal </Li> <Li> Oman </Li> <Li> Pakistan </Li> <Li> Philippines </Li> <Li> Qatar </Li> <Li> Russia </Li> <Li> Saudi Arabia </Li> <Li> Singapore </Li> <Li> Sri Lanka </Li> <Li> Syria </Li> <Li> Tajikistan </Li> <Li> Thailand </Li> <Li> Turkey </Li> <Li> Turkmenistan </Li> <Li> United Arab Emirates </Li> <Li> Uzbekistan </Li> <Li> Vietnam </Li> <Li> Yemen </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> States with limited recognition </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Abkhazia </Li> <Li> Artsakh </Li> <Li> Northern Cyprus </Li> <Li> Palestine </Li> <Li> South Ossetia </Li> <Li> Taiwan </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Dependencies and other territories </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> British Indian Ocean Territory </Li> <Li> Christmas Island </Li> <Li> Cocos ( Keeling ) Islands </Li> <Li> Hong Kong </Li> <Li> Macau </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Flora_of_India&oldid=846651026 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> Flora of India </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Use dmy dates from March 2016 </Li> <Li> Use Indian English from March 2016 </Li> <Li> All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English </Li> <Li> All articles with dead external links </Li> <Li> Articles with dead external links from October 2017 </Li> <Li> Articles with permanently dead external links </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> ދިވެހިބަސް </Li> <Li> മലയാളം </Li> <Li> తెలుగు </Li> </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 20 June 2018 , at 02 : 50 ( UTC ) . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> | [
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Pike expedition - wikipedia <H1> Pike expedition </H1> Zebulon Pike 's Expedition ( 1806 - 1807 ) : A Chart of the Internal Part of Louisiana from An Account of Expeditions to the Sources of the Mississippi and through the Western Parts of Louisiana ... Philadelphia : C. & A. Conrad , 1810 <P> The Pike Expedition ( July 15 , 1806 -- July 1 , 1807 ) was a military party sent out by President Thomas Jefferson and authorized by the United States government to explore the south and west of the recent Louisiana Purchase . Roughly contemporaneous with the Lewis and Clark Expedition , it was led by United States Army Lieutenant Zebulon Pike , Jr. who was promoted to captain during the trip . It was the first official American effort to explore the western Great Plains and the Rocky Mountains in present - day Colorado . Pike contacted several Native American tribes during his travels and informed them of the new US rule over the territory . The expedition documented the United States ' discovery of Pikes Peak . After splitting up his men , Pike led the larger contingent to find the headwaters of the Red River . A smaller group returned safely to the US Army fort in St. Louis , Missouri before winter set in . </P> <P> Pike 's company made several errors and ended up in Spanish territory in present - day Southern Colorado , where the Americans built a fort to survive the winter . Captured by the Spanish and taken into Mexico in February , their travels through present - day New Mexico , Mexico , and Texas provided Pike with important data about Spanish military strength and civilian populations . Although he and most of his men were released because the nations were not at war , some of his soldiers were held in Mexican prisons for years , despite US objections . In 1810 , Pike published an account of his expeditions , which was so popular that it was translated into French , German , and Dutch for publication in Europe . </P> <H2> Contents </H2> <Ul> <Li> 1 Exploration <Ul> <Li> 1.1 Pike in Colorado </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2 Capture </Li> <Li> 3 Notes </Li> <Li> 4 References </Li> <Li> 5 Further reading </Li> <Li> 6 External links </Li> </Ul> <H2> Exploration ( edit ) </H2> Historical marker at the site of the Pawnee village visited by Pike in what is now Nebraska <P> On June 24 , 1806 , General James Wilkinson , commander of the Western Department , ordered Lieutenant Zebulon Pike , then age 27 , to lead an expedition to the western and southern areas of the Louisiana Purchase to map the terrain , contact the Native American peoples , and to find the headwaters of the Red River . Pike left Fort Bellefontaine near St. Louis , Missouri on July 15 with a detachment of 20 soldiers and 50 Osage hostages , freed for return to their people . The expedition followed the Missouri River and the Osage River to the Osage Nation village at the present - day border of Kansas and Missouri . On August 15 , Pike returned the hostages and parleyed with the natives . </P> <P> Striking northwest , the group made for the Pawnee territory on the Republican River in southern Nebraska . At the Pawnee village on September 29 , Pike met with the Pawnee tribal council . He announced the new protectorship of the United States government over the territory . He instructed the Pawnee to remove a Spanish flag from their village and to fly the American flag instead . </P> <P> The expeditionary force turned south and struck out across the prairie for the Arkansas River . After reaching it on October 14 , the party split in two . One group was led by Lieutenant James Biddle Wilkinson , son of the General . They traveled downstream along the length of the Arkansas to its mouth and back up the Mississippi , safely returning to St. Louis . </P> <P> Pike led the other , larger group upstream , to the west , toward the headwaters of the Arkansas . Upon traversing the Great Plains , Pike wrote , `` This vast plains of the western hemisphere may become in time as celebrated as the sandy deserts of Africa ; for I saw in my route , in various places , tracts of many leagues where the wind had thrown up the sand in all the fanciful form of the ocean 's rolling wave , and on which not a speck of vegetable matter existed . '' When Stephen Long led an expedition to the area in 1820 , he labeled the area on his map as the `` Great American Desert . '' </P> <H3> Pike in Colorado ( edit ) </H3> Photograph of a portion of a Colorado wayside marker located where the Medano Pass Primitive Road ( CR 599 ) joins Rt 69 , just south of Westcliffe : `` 1806 - 07 Lt. Zebulon Pike Southwestern Expedition '' , showing a map of routes taken by Pike 's group <P> On November 15 , Pike recorded the first sight of the distant mountain he called `` Grand Peak '' . It has since been called Pikes Peak in his honor . Pike tried to climb the peak , hoping to get a view of the surrounding area to record on maps , the 14,000 - foot summit . Pike 's group ascended a lesser summit nearby -- likely Mount Miller , which was named for Theodore Miller , one of the soldiers who accompanied Pike . With winter threatening , Pike pressed onward up the Arkansas , and on December 7 the party reached Royal Gorge , a spectacular canyon on the Arkansas at the base of the Rocky Mountains . </P> <P> Pike next intended to travel to the headwaters of the Red River and head downstream to the Mississippi and relative safety in the lowlands . But , the company had gotten confused in its bearings , and they made several blundering steps trying to find the river . They were not equipped for a mountain expedition , nor for hard winter weather . Heading north , the party found the South Fork of the Platte River and , following it upstream , came to what they thought were the headwaters of the Red . Turning back downstream , they returned to the point at which they had left the Arkansas originally . They had executed a large loop , taking weeks of precious travel time . </P> <P> Hungry , cold , and exhausted , the party headed south over the mountains . Several men were left behind as they dropped from fatigue , but Pike doggedly pressed on . By January 30 , he and the ten men still with him came to the Rio Grande at a point near Alamosa in present - day southern Colorado and then part of the Spanish empire . Pike mistook the Rio Grande for the Red River he had been seeking . Here , he built a fort and attempted to collect the rest of his men , who were strewn across miles of mountains behind him . </P> <H2> Capture ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( November 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> A reconstruction of Pike 's Stockade in what is now Colorado <P> On February 26 , in the night Pike and his remaining men were captured at their fort by Spanish soldiers from nearby Santa Fe . Arresting the party as spies , the Spanish collected the rest of his men who had been scattered in the mountains , and marched them all south . The Spanish took them through Santa Fe , Albuquerque , and El Paso to Los Coabos , the state capital of Chihuahua . Along the way , Pike 's party was treated with respect and celebrated by the Mexican locals , and Pike made careful notes of the military strength and civilian population . </P> <P> Chihuahua 's Governor Salcedo released Pike and most of his men , as they were military officers of a neighboring country , with whom Spain was not at war . He ordered the repatriation of Pike , but held some of the soldiers of his party in jail in Mexico for years . The Spanish military escorted Pike and some of his party back north , through San Antonio , Texas , arriving at the border with Louisiana at Natchitoches on July 1 , 1807 . </P> <P> The Spanish formally complained to the United States Department of State about the military expedition in its territory , but the government maintained that the party had been one of exploration only . Pike 's capture by the Spanish and travels through New Mexico , northern Mexico , and Texas , gave him more information about Spanish power than his expedition could have done . </P> <H2> Notes ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ Berry , Trey ; Pam Beasley ; Jeanne Clements ( eds . ) ( 2006 ) , The Forgotten Expedition , 1804 - 1805 : The Louisiana Purchase Journals of Dunbar and Hunter , Editors ' Introduction , p. xi </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Hart ; Hulbert , p. 57 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Hart ; Hulbert , pp. 86 -- 88 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Hart ; Hulbert , pp. 114 -- 115 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Terrell , John U. ( 1968 ) . Zebulon Pike : The Life and Times of an Adventurer , Weybright and Talley . p. 75 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Hollon , p. 111 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Hart ; Hulbert , p. 138 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Hart ; Hulbert , p. 144 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Buescher , John . `` Trailing Lewis and Clark . '' Teachinghistory.org . Accessed July 12 , 2011 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Hart , Stephen H. ; Hulbert , Archer B. , eds. ( 2006 ) . The Southwestern Journals of Zebulon Pike 1806 - 1807 . University of New Mexico . ISBN 0 - 8263 - 3389 - 3 . </Li> <Li> Hollon , W. Eugene ( 1949 ) . The Lost Pathfinder : Zebulon Montgomery Pike . University of Oklahoma . </Li> </Ul> <H2> Further reading ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Jackson , Donald Dean , ed . The Journals of Zebulon M. Pike , with Letters and Related Documents , University of Oklahoma Press , Norman , OK , 1966 </Li> <Li> Merk , Frederick , History of the Westward Movement , Knopf , New York , 1978 </Li> <Li> Nobles , Gregory H. , American Frontiers : Cultural Encounters and Continental Conquest , Hill and Wang , New York , 1997 </Li> <Li> Owsley , Frank L. , Jr. , and Gene A. Smith , Filibusters and Expansionists : Jeffersonian Manifest Destiny , 1800 -- 1821 , University of Alabama Press , Tuscaloosa , AL , 1997 </Li> </Ul> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Lake History.info : `` The Exploration of the Osage Valley by Zebulon Montgomery Pike and His Party in the Year 1806 '' , Lake History </Li> <Li> Zebulon Pike website </Li> <Li> Rick Brainard , `` 18th Century History - The Zebulon Pike Expedition of 1806 / 07 '' , History 1700s website </Li> <Li> `` Expedition of Zebulon Pike - The History of Texas : Zebulon Pike Expedition '' , Son Of The South website </Li> <Li> `` Zebulon Pike 's Expedition To The Southwest 1806 - 1807 '' , Santa Fe Trail Research official website </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Thomas Jefferson </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> 3rd President of the United States ( 1801 -- 1809 ) </Li> <Li> 2nd U.S. Vice President ( 1797 -- 1801 ) </Li> <Li> 1st U.S. Secretary of State ( 1790 -- 1793 ) </Li> <Li> U.S. Minister to France ( 1785 -- 1789 ) </Li> <Li> 2nd Governor of Virginia ( 1779 -- 1781 ) </Li> <Li> Delegate , Second Continental Congress ( 1775 -- 1776 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Founding documents of the United States </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> A Summary View of the Rights of British America ( 1774 ) </Li> <Li> Initial draft , Olive Branch Petition ( 1775 ) </Li> <Li> Declaration of the Causes and Necessity of Taking Up Arms ( 1775 ) </Li> <Li> 1776 Declaration of Independence <Ul> <Li> Committee of Five </Li> <Li> authored </Li> <Li> physical history </Li> <Li> `` All men are created equal '' </Li> <Li> `` Life , Liberty , and the pursuit of Happiness '' </Li> <Li> `` Consent of the governed '' </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 1786 Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom <Ul> <Li> freedom of religion </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> French Revolution </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Co-author , Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen ( 1789 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Presidency </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Inaugural Address ( 1801 </Li> <Li> 1805 ) </Li> <Li> Act Prohibiting Importation of Slaves </Li> <Li> Louisiana Purchase </Li> <Li> Lewis and Clark Expedition <Ul> <Li> Corps of Discovery </Li> <Li> timeline </Li> <Li> Empire of Liberty </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Red River Expedition </Li> <Li> Pike Expedition </Li> <Li> Cumberland Road </Li> <Li> Embargo Act of 1807 <Ul> <Li> Chesapeake -- Leopard affair </Li> <Li> Non-Intercourse Act of 1809 </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> First Barbary War </Li> <Li> Native American policy </Li> <Li> Marbury v. 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( 1997 documentary series ) </Li> <Li> Liberty 's Kids ( 2002 animated series ) </Li> <Li> John Adams ( 2008 miniseries ) </Li> <Li> Jefferson 's Garden ( 2015 play ) </Li> <Li> Hamilton ( 2015 musical ) </Li> <Li> Jefferson -- Eppes Trophy </Li> <Li> Wine bottles controversy </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Family </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Peter Jefferson ( father ) </Li> <Li> Jane Randolph Jefferson ( mother ) </Li> <Li> Lucy Jefferson Lewis ( sister ) </Li> <Li> Randolph Jefferson ( brother ) </Li> <Li> Isham Randolph ( grandfather ) </Li> <Li> William Randolph ( great - grandfather ) </Li> <Li> Martha Jefferson ( wife ) </Li> <Li> Martha Jefferson Randolph ( daughter ) </Li> <Li> Mary Jefferson Eppes ( daughter ) </Li> <Li> Harriet Hemings ( daughter ) </Li> <Li> Madison Hemings ( son ) </Li> <Li> Eston Hemings ( son ) </Li> <Li> Thomas J. Randolph ( grandson ) </Li> <Li> Francis Eppes ( grandson ) </Li> <Li> George W. Randolph ( grandson ) </Li> <Li> John Wayles Jefferson ( grandson ) </Li> <Li> Thomas Mann Randolph Jr. ( son - in - law ) </Li> <Li> John Wayles Eppes ( son - in - law ) </Li> <Li> John Wayles ( father - in - law ) </Li> <Li> Dabney Carr ( brother - in - law ) </Li> <Li> Dabney Carr ( nephew ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> ← John Adams </Li> <Li> James Madison → </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pike_expedition&oldid=844748421 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> History of United States expansionism </Li> <Li> 1806 in the United States </Li> <Li> 1807 in the United States </Li> <Li> Exploration of North America </Li> <Li> Pikes Peak </Li> <Li> North American expeditions </Li> <Li> Expeditions from the United States </Li> <Li> Red River of the South </Li> <Li> History of the Rocky Mountains </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Articles needing additional references from November 2012 </Li> <Li> All articles needing additional references </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> Deutsch </Li> <Li> Español </Li> <Li> Français </Li> <Li> Italiano </Li> <Li> Português </Li> </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 6 June 2018 , at 22 : 05 ( UTC ) . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> | [
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Automotive industry in the United Kingdom - wikipedia <H1> Automotive industry in the United Kingdom </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <P> The automotive industry in the United Kingdom is now best known for premium and sports car marques including Aston Martin , Bentley , Caterham Cars , Daimler , Jaguar , Lagonda , Land Rover , Lister Cars , Lotus , McLaren , MG , Mini , Morgan and Rolls - Royce . Volume car manufacturers with a major presence in the UK include Honda , Nissan , Toyota and Vauxhall Motors ( subsidiary of Adam Opel AG , subsidiary of the French automotive company Groupe PSA ) . Commercial vehicle manufacturers active in the UK include Alexander Dennis , Ford , GMM Luton ( owned by Adam Opel AG ) , Leyland Trucks ( owned by Paccar ) and London Taxis International ( owned by Geely ) . </P> <P> In 2008 the UK automotive manufacturing sector had a turnover of £ 52.5 billion , generated £ 26.6 billion of exports and produced around 1.45 million passenger vehicles and 203,000 commercial vehicles . In that year around 180,000 people were directly employed in automotive manufacturing in the UK , with a further 640,000 people employed in automotive supply , retail and servicing . This declined to 147,000 including supply industry in 2014 ( - 18 % ) The UK is a major centre for engine manufacturing and in 2008 around 3.16 million engines were produced in the country . The UK has a significant presence in auto racing and the UK motorsport industry currently employs around 38,500 people , comprises around 4,500 companies and has an annual turnover of around £ 6 billion . </P> <P> The origins of the UK automotive industry date back to the final years of the 19th century . By the 1950s the UK was the second - largest manufacturer of cars in the world ( after the United States ) and the largest exporter . However , in subsequent decades the industry experienced considerably lower growth than competitor nations such as France , Germany and Japan and by 2008 the UK was the 12th - largest producer of cars measured by volume . Since the early 1990s many British car marques have been acquired by foreign companies including BMW ( Mini and Rolls - Royce ) , SAIC ( MG ) , TATA ( Jaguar and Land Rover ) and Volkswagen Group ( Bentley ) . Rights to many currently dormant marques , including Austin , Riley , Rover and Triumph , are also owned by foreign companies . </P> <P> Famous and iconic British cars include the Aston Martin DB5 , Aston Martin V8 Vantage , Bentley 41⁄2 Litre , Jaguar E-Type , Land Rover Defender , Lotus Esprit , McLaren F1 , MGB , original two - door Mini , Range Rover , Rolls - Royce Phantom III and Rover P5 . Notable British car designers include David Bache , Laurence Pomeroy , John Polwhele Blatchley , Ian Callum , Colin Chapman , Alec Issigonis , Charles Spencer King and Gordon Murray . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 History <Ul> <Li> 1.1 1896 to 1900 </Li> <Li> 1.2 1900 to 1939 </Li> <Li> 1.3 1939 to 1955 </Li> <Li> 1.4 1955 to 1968 </Li> <Li> 1.5 1968 to 1987 </Li> <Li> 1.6 1987 to 2001 </Li> <Li> 1.7 2001 to 2011 </Li> <Li> 1.8 2011 to present </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2 Assembly plants </Li> <Li> 3 Production data <Ul> <Li> 3.1 Production forecast </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 Car design </Li> <Li> 5 Motorsport </Li> <Li> 6 Inactive marques </Li> <Li> 7 Dealership groups </Li> <Li> 8 See also </Li> <Li> 9 References </Li> <Li> 10 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> History ( edit ) </H2> <H3> 1896 to 1900 ( edit ) </H3> Frederick Simms in his Motor Scout , in June 1899 . <P> The inception of the British motor industry can be traced back to the late 1880s , when Frederick Simms , a London - based consulting engineer , became friends with Gottlieb Daimler , who had , in 1885 , patented a successful design for a high - speed petrol engine . Simms acquired the British rights to Daimler 's engine and associated patents and from 1891 successfully sold launches using these Cannstatt - made motors from Eel Pie Island in the Thames . In 1893 he formed The Daimler Motor Syndicate Limited for his various Daimler - related enterprises . </P> <P> In June 1895 Simms and his friend Evelyn Ellis promoted motorcars in the United Kingdom by bringing a Daimler - engined Panhard & Levassor to England and in July it completed , without police intervention , the first British long - distance motorcar journey from Southampton to Malvern . </P> <P> Simms ' documented plans to manufacture Daimler motors and Daimler Motor Carriages ( in Cheltenham ) were taken over , together with his company and its Daimler licences , by London company - promoter HJ Lawson . Lawson contracted to buy The Daimler Motor Syndicate Limited and all its rights and on 14 January 1896 formed and in February successfully floated in London The Daimler Motor Company Limited . It then purchased from a friend of Lawson a disused cotton mill in Coventry for car engine and chassis manufacture where , it is claimed , the UK 's first serial production car was made . </P> Daimler shooting brake 6 hp , twin - cylinder , 1526 cc engine , mounted at the front of the car , four - speed gearbox and chain drive manufactured Coventry 1897 in the UK 's first series production run Louwman Museum <P> The claim for the first all - British motor car is contested , but George Lanchester 's first cars of 1895 and 1896 did include French and German components . In 1891 Richard Stephens , a mining engineer from South Wales , returned from a commission in Michigan to establish a bicycle works in Clevedon , Somerset . Whilst in America he had seen the developments in motive power and by 1897 he had produced his first car . This was entirely of his own design and manufacture , including the two - cylinder engine , apart from the wheels which he bought from Starley in Coventry . This was probably the first all - British car and Stephens set up a production line , manufacturing in all , twelve vehicles , including four - and six - seater cars and hackneys , and nine - seater buses . </P> <P> Early motor vehicle development in the UK had been effectively stopped by a series of Locomotive Acts introduced during the 19th century which severely restricted the use of mechanically propelled vehicles on the public highways . Following intense advocacy by motor vehicle enthusiasts , including Harry J. Lawson of Daimler , the worst restrictions of these acts , ( the need for each vehicle to be accompanied by a crew of three , and a 2 mph ( 3.2 km / h ) speed limit in towns ) , was lifted by the Locomotives on Highways Act 1896 . Under this regulation , light locomotives ( those vehicles under 3 tons unladen weight ) were exempt from the previous restrictions , and a higher speed limit -- 14 mph ( 23 km / h ) was set for them . To celebrate the new freedoms Lawson organised the Emancipation Run held on 14 November 1896 , the day the new Act came into force . This occasion has been commemorated since 1927 by the annual London to Brighton Veteran Car Run . </P> <H3> 1900 to 1939 ( edit ) </H3> The Rolls - Royce 10 hp , which was the first car to be produced as a result of the agreement between Charles Rolls and Henry Royce . <P> The early British vehicles of the late 19th century relied mainly upon developments from Germany and France . By 1900 however , the first all - British 4 - wheel car had been designed and built by Herbert Austin as manager of The Wolseley Sheep Shearing Machine Company . In 1901 , backed by ( Vickers Limited ) brothers ' Colonel Tom ' and Albert Vickers , Austin started what became Wolseley Motors Limited in Birmingham and UK 's largest car manufacturer until Ford in 1913 . </P> <P> The great bulk of the pioneering car producers , many of them from the bicycle industry , got off to a shaky start . Of the 200 British makes of car that had been launched up until 1913 , only about 100 of the firms were still in existence . In 1910 UK vehicle production was 14,000 units . By 1913 Henry Ford had built a new factory in Manchester and was the leading UK producer , building 7310 cars that year , followed by Wolseley at 3000 , Humber ( making cars since 1898 in Coventry ) at 2500 , Rover ( Coventry car maker since 1904 ) at 1800 and Sunbeam ( producing cars since 1901 ) at 1700 , with the plethora of smaller producers bringing the 1913 total up to about 16,000 vehicles . Car production virtually came to an end during the war years 1914 -- 1918 , although the requirements of war production led to the development of new mass - production techniques in the motor industry . </P> A 1934 MG PA <P> By 1922 there were 183 motor companies in the UK , and by 1929 , following the slump years , there were 58 companies remaining . In 1929 production was dominated by Morris ( founded by William Morris in 1910 in Oxford ) and Austin ( founded by Herbert Austin in Birmingham in 1905 after he left Wolseley ) which between them produced around 60 % of total UK output . Singer ( Coventry motorcycle manufacturer started building cars in 1905 ) followed in third place that year with 15 % of production . </P> <P> In 1932 the UK overtook France to become Europe 's largest car producer ( a position which it retained until 1955 ) . In 1937 the UK produced 379,310 passenger cars and 113,946 commercial vehicles . To celebrate the granting of his peerage , William Morris upon becoming Viscount Nuffield , reorganised his motor vehicle companies in 1938 , which by then included not only Morris Motors and MG , but also Wolseley and Riley ( bicycle company founded in Coventry in 1890 and making cars since 1913 ) , into the Nuffield Organisation . In 1939 the top producers were Morris : 27 % , Austin : 24 % , Ford : 15 % , Standard ( founded in Coventry in 1903 ) : 13 % , Rootes ( which had acquired Humber and Sunbeam ) : 11 % , Vauxhall ( building cars since 1903 , acquired by GM in 1925 ) : 10 % . </P> <H3> 1939 to 1955 ( edit ) </H3> The Land Rover Series I , introduced in 1948 . <P> During the Second World War car production in the UK gave way to commercial and military vehicle production , and many motor vehicle plants were converted to aircraft and aero engine production . Following the war the government controlled the supply of steel , and priority was given to supplying foreign - revenue - raising export businesses . In 1947 steel was available only to businesses which exported at least 75 % of their production . This , coupled with the inevitably limited competition from continental Europe , and with demand for new vehicles in America and in Australia being greater than the American industry alone could supply , resulted in British vehicle exports reaching record levels and the UK became the world 's largest motor vehicle exporter . In 1937 the UK provided 15 % of world vehicle exports . By 1950 , a year in which 75 % of British car production and 60 % of its commercial vehicle production was exported , the UK provided 52 % of the world 's exported vehicles . </P> <P> This situation remained until the mid-1950s , by which time the American industry production had caught up with American demand , and European production was recovering . By 1952 the American owned producers in the UK ( Ford and GM 's Vauxhall ) had between them a 29 % share of the British market , which exceeded the share of either of the UK 's two top domestically owned manufacturers . It was in that context that Viscount Nuffield agreed to the merger of his company , the Nuffield Organisation , with Austin , to form the British Motor Corporation ( BMC ) . Thus BMC , comprising Austin , Morris , MG , Riley and Wolseley was formed in 1952 and commanded a 40 % share of the British market . German production was increasing yearly , and by 1953 it had exceeded that of France , and by 1956 it had overtaken that of the UK . </P> <H3> 1955 to 1968 ( edit ) </H3> Jaguar E-type ( introduced 1961 ) <P> By 1955 five companies produced 90 % of the UK 's motor vehicle output : BMC , Ford , Rootes , Standard - Triumph and Vauxhall . Of the dozen or so smaller producers Rover and Jaguar were strong niche producers . By 1960 the UK had dropped from being the world 's second largest motor vehicle producer into third place . Labour - intensive methods , and wide model ranges hindered opportunities to reduce manufacturing costs -- the UK 's unit costs were higher than those of their major Japanese , European and American competitors . Although rationalisation of motor vehicle companies had started , full integration did not occur . BMC continued to produce vehicles under the marque names of its incorporated companies , many of which competed with each other . Standard - Triumph 's attempts to reduce costs by embracing a modern volume production strategy almost led to their bankruptcy in 1960 , the result was that they were purchased by the commercial vehicle manufacturing company Leyland Motors . In 1966 , BMC and Jaguar came together , to form British Motor Holdings ( BMH ) . Leyland had achieved some sales success with Leyland - Triumph and in 1967 it acquired Rover . By 1966 the UK had slipped to become the world 's fourth largest motor vehicle producer . Following a gradual process which had begun in 1964 , Chrysler UK ( CUK ) had fully acquired Rootes by 1967 . </P> 1967 Mini ( introduced 1959 ) <P> In the context of BMC 's wide , complex , and expensive - to - produce model range , Ford 's conventionally designed Cortina challenging for the number one spot in the domestic market , and the heavy reliance of the British economy on motor vehicle production , in 1968 the Government brokered the merger of the successful Leyland - Triumph - Rover and the struggling BMH , to form Europe 's fourth - largest car maker , the British Leyland Motor Corporation ( BLMC ) . The new company announced its intention to invest in a new volume car range , and to equip its factories with the latest capital - intensive production methods . </P> <P> BMC 's Mini , designed by Alec Issigonis , had revolutionized the small car market in 1959 , and the car remained among the UK 's best selling cars for more than 20 years after its launch , the last version finally rolling off the production line on 4 October 2000 after a run of 41 years . The Rootes Group launched the similar - sized Hillman Imp four years later , but by the end of the 1960s Ford and Vauxhall had yet to launch a comparable product , and even with foreign imports slowly starting to gain ground on the British market , Italy 's Fiat 500 was one of the few comparable alternatives to the virtual monopoly of the Mini and Hillman Imp in this sector of the market . </P> <P> Also designed by Alec Issigonis was the Morris Minor , which was heavily updated in 1956 having originally gone into production in 1948 . It earned a reputation for low running costs , good reliability and competitive pricing , and continued to sell well throughout the 1960s in spite of the popularity of BMC 's 1100 / 1300 range which was launched in 1962 , The Morris Minor was also the first British car to reach one million in production in 1961 with this record number reached a special model of the Morris Minor was created and sent to all of the main dealerships under the name `` Morris Million '' . </P> <P> Ford 's competitor in this sector was the Anglia , which featured unconventional styling but was still one of the country 's most successful cars from its launch in 1959 up to the end of production in 1967 , after which it was replaced by the Escort . Other British competitors in this sector were the Vauxhall Viva and Hillman Minx . </P> <P> Larger family cars enjoyed strong sales in the 1960s , namely the Ford Cortina ( launched in 1962 ) , Austin / Morris 1800 ( 1964 ) and Vauxhall Victor ( 1957 ) . Later in the 1960s , the Rootes Group launched a new competitor in this growing sector of the market - the Hillman Hunter . </P> <P> The Rover P6 , launched in 1963 and the first winner of the European Car of the Year award , was arguably the most popular luxury model in the UK during the 1960s . </P> <P> The iconic Jaguar E-Type sports car , designed by Malcolm Sayer , with a top speed of 145 mph and the choice of a coupe or roadster bodystyle , was launched in 1961 and would remain in production until 1975 . Cheaper sports cars also enjoyed strong sales during the 1960s , including the MG B and Triumph Spitfire which were launched in the early part of the decade , and the Ford Capri which was launched just before the decade 's end . </P> <P> The 1960s saw a slow but sure increase in the popularity of foreign cars on the British market . Volkswagen of West Germany had imported the iconic Beetle to Britain since 1953 ; this car was first launched in 1937 as a `` people 's car '' for the German market under the Nazi regime . Its arrival on the UK market less than a decade after the end of World War II was met with hostility , with many examples being vandalised soon after being distributed , but it quickly became popular , with nearly 10,000 being sold in 1959 . Volkswagen also began importing examples of its people carrier and van models , and by 1963 had sold 100,000 cars in Britain. Renault of France had actually built UK market versions of its cars at a site in Acton , West London , from 1902 until 1962 , but its popularity actually increased after the end of UK production , helped by the arrival of the Renault 4 minicar in 1961 and the world 's first production hatchback model , the Renault 16 , in 1965 . By the end of the decade , it had launched a smaller hatchback model , the Renault 6 , and a mid-range saloon , the Renault 12 , and was continuing to grow in popularity . Renault 's French rival Peugeot also enjoyed success in the 1960s with its 404 saloon and even more so with its successor , the 504 , which was launched in 1968 . This set the scene for even more sales for foreign carmakers on the UK market during the next two decades , as their market share continued to grow . </P> <P> Japanese cars also started to appear on the UK market during the 1960s , although they were a rare on British roads until exploding in popularity during the early 1970s . The Daihatsu Compagno was the first Japanese car to be sold in Britain when imports began during 1964 . This car was not popular with British buyers and was withdrawn from sale within a few years , although Daihatsu would return to the UK market in the early 1980s . A year later , Toyota became the second Japanese carmaker to import cars to Britain . It was followed shortly afterwards by Nissan ( which used the Datsun brand for the UK market ) and Mazda . Honda was also enjoying great success on the motorcycle market by this stage , although it did n't start importing passenger cars to the UK until 1972 . </P> <H3> 1968 to 1987 ( edit ) </H3> The first - generation Range Rover , which was in production from 1970 to 1996 . <P> By 1968 UK motor vehicle production was dominated by four companies : BLMC , Chrysler ( UK ) , Ford , and Vauxhall ( GM ) . The Rootes Group had taken on the name Chrysler UK after its takeover by the American car giant Chrysler , which had also taken over French carmaker Simca . </P> <P> The national champion , BLMC ( British Leyland from 1968 ) , was handicapped in its attempts to modernise by internal rivalries . Unattractive new products ( particularly the Austin Allegro and Morris Marina ) which were widely criticised by the motoring press , retention of legacy marques and models , labour disputes , quality issues , supplier problems and inefficient use of new equipment thwarted the dream of efficient high volume production . Increased overseas competition , arising from lowered tariffs and membership of the European Union , and high unit costs , led to low profits , which in turn jeopardised investment plans . Although the cars continued to sell well in Britain , they were less popular on overseas markets . As well as that , the company often produced several cars to compete in the same market sector . For instance , it produced four competitors for the Ford Cortina at the same time - the Morris Marina , Austin Maxi , Triumph Dolomite and Leyland Princess . </P> <P> Japanese cars , particularly the Datsun badged cars built by Nissan enjoyed a strong surge in popularity during the first half of the 1970s , while French carmaker Renault and West German carmaker Volkswagen also enjoyed an upturn on the British market , helped by the arrival of well received new cars , particularly the Renault 5 in 1972 and Volkswagen Golf in 1974 . </P> <P> The fortunes of foreign carmakers on the British market were also assisted by the fact that most British manufacturers adopted the hatchback bodystyle , mostly featuring front - wheel drive , considerably later than their continental rivals . For instance , the arrival of the front - wheel drive Volkswagen Golf hatchback in 1974 came four years before any of the four British - based carmakers had launched an equivalent car . By the time the first small British - built hatchback , the Vauxhall Chevette , was launched in 1975 , the French Renault 5 had already been in production for three years . However , British Leyland 's larger Austin Maxi had been sold with a hatchback and front - wheel drive since its 1969 launch , although it sold similar - sized cars like the Morris Marina and Triumph Dolomite alongside it as a rear - wheel drive saloon alternative , with the Dolomite being sold further upmarket than the Marina . For buyers wanting six - cylinder and larger four - cylinder engines , the Princess was launched in 1975 . Chrysler launched the Alpine for this market sector in 1975 , featuring front wheel drive and a hatchback , but kept the Hunter in production alongside it until 1979 for buyers who still preferred rear - wheel drive and a saloon or estate bodystyle . </P> <P> At the luxury end of the market , British Leyland was actually one of the first manufacturers in the world to put a hatchback on an upmarket car when it launched the Rover SD1 in 1976 . This car signalled the beginning of rationalisation at British Leyland , with the SD1 replacing two model ranges - the Rover P6 and Triumph 2000 / 2500 . </P> <P> The popularity of Nissan 's range of Datsun - badged cars in the 1970s was largely down to their low prices , cheap running costs , good equipment levels and a reputation for better reliability than most British cars , although these cars also went on to gain a reputation for being prone to rust . </P> <P> BLMC 's share of the UK market dropped from 40 % to 32 % between 1971 and 1973 , with its new Morris Marina and Austin Allegro family cars selling well on the British market but not proving popular on many export markets , with the motoring media being critical of the styling of these new models as well as questions regarding the level of quality . </P> The Triumph Dolomite Sprint , in production from 1973 to 1980 . <P> By 1974 the UK 's position as a world motor vehicle manufacturer had dropped to sixth place . In 1974 , both BLMC and Chrysler UK appealed to the Government for financial help . The Government rejected the idea of a merger between the two companies , and instead Chrysler UK received a loan and BLMC was subjected to a series of studies to determine its future . The Government 's official BLMC enquiry , led by Lord Ryder , suggested that BLMC 's strategy was sound , but required huge Government investment to improve productivity by providing mechanisation and improving labour relations . </P> <P> Despite the effective nationalisation of BLMC as British Leyland ( BL ) in 1975 , the recovery never happened . Chrysler sold its European interests ( including those in the UK ) to Peugeot in 1978 , to allow it to concentrate on its own difficulties in America . The UK interests were renamed Peugeot - Talbot , with production of the Chrysler - developed cars continuing , with the last Rootes - developed car , the Avenger , being discontinued in 1981 . Peugeot also developed a saloon version of the Alpine called the Solara , and also launched the larger Tagora , which had been in development by Chrysler when it sold its European operations . It also replaced the entry - level Sunbeam with the Peugeot based Samba in 1981 . </P> <P> As in most other developed countries , the 1970s saw major changes to the cars produced in the UK . Front - wheel drive , which had been pioneered by BMC on several new models between 1959 and 1965 , now became a common feature on family cars after decades of producing only rear - wheel drive models . The hatchback bodystyle , which had debuted in Europe on the French Renault 16 in 1965 , became more popular , with many of Britain 's best selling cars being available with a hatchback by the early 1980s . </P> <P> Many Ford and Vauxhall models were also being produced at their parent company 's continental factories by 1980 . Ford had switched Capri and Granada production to Germany by this stage , while production of its new Fiesta supermini was divided between Britain , West Germany and a new plant in Spain from its 1976 launch . General Motors had not only decided to make its Vauxhall and Opel badged cars mechanically identical during the 1970s , but it had also imported some of its Vauxhall - badged cars from Opel factories in West Germany and Belgium , and its Corsa supermini ( Vauxhall Nova in the UK ) was solely assembled at a factory in Zaragoza , Spain , which opened in 1982 . British Leyland 's overseas outposts in countries like Italy ( where cars were produced under the Innocenti brand ) were gradually closed down or sold to other carmakers , so by the 1980s it was entirely a British - based operation . </P> The Austin Metro , which was introduced in 1980 <P> By the end of the 1970s Ford , Peugeot - Talbot and Vauxhall ( GM ) were well integrated with their parent companies ' other European operations . BL stood alone in the UK as an increasingly junior player . As part of the drive for increased productivity in the late 1970s , BL reduced its workforce and number of plants , and strived to centralise its management activities . The city of Coventry suffered particularly badly , with many thousands becoming unemployed after the closure of the Triumph car factory in the city in 1980 . </P> <P> In 1979 , BL struck a collaboration deal with Honda to share the development and production of a new mid-sized car ( Triumph Acclaim / Honda Ballade ) , which was launched in 1981 . The new car combined Honda engine and transmission designs with a BL body , as did its successor model - the Rover 200 Series - in 1984 . The next plan was to work on a new luxury car together , the end product being the Rover 800 Series , which arrived in 1986 . </P> <P> Although the UK political scene changed in 1979 with the election of the Thatcher government , the Government continued to support BL with funds for the development of a new mass - market model range ( Mini Metro , Maestro , Montego and another Honda collaboration the Rover 800 ) , which were all launched between 1980 and 1986 . The Metro was the most successful of these cars . </P> <P> Car assembly , with the exception of Jaguars , was concentrated into two central plants -- Longbridge and Cowley . In July 1986 BL was renamed the Rover Group . </P> <P> By the mid 1980s , front - wheel drive was now the rule rather than the exception on mass market cars , with most new models having a hatchback bodystyle as at least an option . Although Ford had adopted front - wheel drive for its new Spanish built Fiesta supermini in 1976 and the third generation Escort in 1980 , it had curiously retained rear - wheel drive for its larger Sierra ( the Cortina replacement ) in 1982 , although the Sierra did feature a hatchback bodystyle and was not available as a saloon until 1987 . In 1983 , it recognised the continuing demand for smaller and medium - sized family saloons by introducing the Orion , which was based on the Escort floorpan . </P> <P> The supermini sector had expanded rapidly since the early 1970s . BMC 's Mini had remained popular beyond its 20th anniversary , but successor organization British Leyland had started work on a more modern and practical alternative by the mid 1970s , the final result being the Austin Metro in 1980 - the new car featured more modern styling and a hatchback bodystyle . Chrysler Europe had axed the long - running Hillman Imp ( launched by the Rootes Group in 1963 ) in 1976 and replaced it with the Chrysler Sunbeam hatchback a year later . General Motors had already adopted this bodystyle with the Vauxhall Chevette ( which was also available as a saloon or estate ) and Ford with the Fiesta . Comparable foreign products like the Fiat 127 , Renault 5 and Volkswagen Polo were also proving popular in the UK . </P> <P> Ford had now divided its European operations between its British factories and other European plants in Spain , Belgium and West Germany . General Motors had started importing some of its West German and Belgian built Opel products to the UK to be badged as Vauxhalls , and by 1983 its Nova supermini ( badged as the Opel Corsa on the continent ) was built solely in its Spanish factory . Peugeot was dividing production of most of the Talbot badged vehicles between the Ryton plant near Coventry ( the Linwood plant in Scotland closed in 1981 ) and its French factories by the early 1980s , and started producing its own models at Coventry in 1985 after deciding to axe the Talbot marque due to falling sales . </P> <P> Foreign carmakers continued to gain ground on the British market during the 1980s , with the likes of Renault , Peugeot , Citroen ( France ) , Volvo ( Sweden ) , Volkswagen ( West Germany ) and Fiat ( Italy ) proving particularly popular . </P> <P> The Russian - built Lada , first sold in Britain in 1974 , also sold well in Britain despite its outdated Fiat - sourced design , with buyers mostly being attracted by its low price . By the late 1980s , with the four - wheel drive Niva and a front - wheel drive hatchback , the Samara , complimenting the long - running Riva , Lada sales in Britain had amounted to more than 30,000 a year ( some 1.5 % of the new car market ) , but tailed off after 1990 as a result of growing competition and a lack of new model launches . Imports to Britain finally ceased in 1997 due to Lada 's difficulties in meeting emissions requirements . Skoda also enjoyed similarly decent sales of its well - priced rear - engined saloon cars during the 1970s and 1980s , going from strength to strength in the 1990s following its takeover by Volkswagen and the launch of new model ranges with modern technology and styling . Zastava 's Yugo - badged cars , based on Fiat designs from the 1970s , also sold reasonably well in Britain during the 1980s , but the carmaker was forced to halt imports in 1992 due to sanctions imposed on Yugoslavia as a result of the civil war there . Polish carmaker FSO imported its version of the Fiat 125 to Britain from 1975 , later launching a hatchback model ( the Polonez ) alongside it . However , by 1998 , Skoda was the only Eastern European carmaker still importing cars to Britain , now competing with budget - priced Far Eastern cars from the likes of Daewoo , Kia , Hyundai and Proton . </P> <P> Nissan had axed the Datsun brand by 1984 and used its own name on all cars , and in 1986 opened a factory in Britain near Sunderland , which produced the mid-range Bluebird hatchbacks and saloons , although it was the Japanese - built Micra which was the company 's best - selling car in Britain during the 1980s . </P> <P> The decade also saw the arrival of purpose - built people carriers on the British market , starting with the Japanese Mitsubishi Space Wagon in 1984 , and then the market - leading Renault Espace in 1985 , but by the end of the decade this type of vehicle still had only a very small share of the British market and there were still no British - built people carriers available , although a few seven - seater estate models including Austin Rover 's Montege were being produced . </P> <P> The decade also saw a fall in demand for sports cars , perhaps due to the rising popularity of `` hot hatchbacks '' ( high performance versions of hatchback cars ) , and so a number of manufacturers pulled out of the sports car market . British Leyland finished production of its MG and Triumph sports cars early in the decade , with no replacement . General Motors had launched coupe versions of its Cavalier mid-range model in the 1970s , but did not produce any equivalent models of the MK2 Cavalier which arrived in 1981 . It did , however , continue to offer the German - built Opel Manta to British buyers until the end of production in 1988 , replacing it with the Calibra ( also built in Germany ) a year later . Ford had enjoyed success in the 1970s with its Capri coupe , but this declined in popularity after 1980 and when production ended in 1986 , there was no direct replacement . </P> <P> As well as the rebranding of the former Rootes Group and its eventual integration into Peugeot , the 1980s also saw the disappearance of several long - established car brands . Production of MG sports cars finished when the Abingdon factory closed in 1980 , although the brand was quickly revived on higher performance versions of the Metro , Maestro and Montego. 1980 also saw the closure of the Triumph factory at Canley , Coventry , although the marque survived until 1984 - the same year that the Morris marque was discontinued after more than 70 years . The Morris Ital 's successor , the Montego , was sold under the Austin and MG brands , while the Triumph Acclaim 's successor was sold as the Rover 200 Series . By 1988 , however , the Austin marque had also been phased out , with the former Austin - badged products now being incorporated into the Rover brand . </P> <P> General Motors enjoyed an upturn in Britain during the 1980s , as its Vauxhall - badged cars increased their market share and the company 's image also improved . At the beginning of 1980 , it replaced the Viva with a new front - wheel drive range of hatchback and estates - the Astra , which was built in Britain and also in Opel factories on the continent . The MK2 Cavalier was launched in 1981 , and became the company 's best selling car of the decade . Its replacement for the Chevette was the Nova , a rebadged version of the Spanish built Opel Corsa , which was launched in 1983 . The MK2 Astra was voted European Car of the Year shortly after its launch in 1984 , as was the flagship MK2 Carlton ( Opel Omega on the continent ) two years later . </P> <H3> 1987 to 2001 ( edit ) </H3> The Rover 600 Series , in production from 1993 to 1999 <P> In July 1986 , Nissan became the first Japanese carmaker to set up a production facility in Europe , when it opened a new plant in Sunderland . The plant initially produced the Bluebird and from 1990 its successor , the Primera , with the MK2 Micra joining it in 1992 . Toyota opened a new plant in Burnaston near Derby at the beginning of 1992 . </P> <P> Peugeot started production of the Peugeot 309 hatchback at Ryton ( originally a Rootes Group factory ) in October 1985 , followed by the Peugeot 405 two years later . During the 1990s , production of the 306 and 206 also began at Ryton . </P> <P> Honda 's venture with Austin Rover / Rover Group saw a number of different designs shared between the two marques . The venture came to an end in February 1994 when British Aerospace sold Rover Group to the German carmaker BMW for £ 800 million . The takeover meant that , for the first time in 112 years , the United Kingdom no longer had a British - owned volume car maker . BMW 's ownership of the Rover Group saw the development of several newer , more upmarket models , giving the British brand an image to match that of its parent company . BMW also revived the MG marque in 1995 on a new affordable sports car , the MGF , as well as strengthening Land Rover 's position in the off - roader market . In March 2000 BMW controversially announced the break - up of the Rover Group . It retained the rights to the Mini marque , while selling Land Rover to Ford . The MG and Rover marques were sold to the Phoenix Consortium , who branded the remains of the group as MG Rover and concentrated all production at the Longbridge plant . After the split from Rover , Honda continued making the Civic range in the UK at a new plant in Swindon . </P> The Bentley Arnage , in production from 1998 to 2009 <P> Ford acquired Aston Martin for an undisclosed sum in September 1987 and Jaguar for US $2.38 billion in November 1989 . Production of the new small Jaguar , the X type , started at Halewood in late 2000 . By the end of the century , Ford had also acquired Land Rover . </P> <P> In 1998 Vickers plc put Rolls - Royce Motors , including Bentley , up for auction . Volkswagen Group won the auction with a bid of US $780 million , but Rolls - Royce plc , which had the right to block a transfer of the Rolls - Royce name to non-British owners , agreed to sell the rights to BMW for US $65 million . It was subsequently agreed that control of the Rolls - Royce marque would pass from Volkswagen to BMW in 2003 . </P> <P> In 1995 , Ford finally entered the decade - old people carrier market with its Galaxy , which was built in Portugal alongside the identical Volkswagen Sharan and Seat Alhambra as part of a venture between Ford and Volkswagen . Vauxhall entered this sector of the market a year later with the American - built Sintra , but this was not popular with British buyers and was discontinued after just three years when the smaller , German - built Zafira was launched , and proved far more popular than Vauxhall 's original entry into the MPV market . </P> <P> The affordable sports car market enjoyed a revival in the 1990s after going into virtual hibernation in the 1980s . Sparked by the popularity of the Japanese - built Mazda MX - 5 after its launch in 1989 , Rover began development on a new sports car in the early 1990s , finally launching the MG F two - seater roadster in 1995 , 15 years after the demise of the last volume MG sports cars . The 1996 Lotus Elise also enjoyed relatively strong sales in this market sector , as did the Vauxhall VX220 ( based on the Elise ) which was launched in 2000 . Ford , which had exited the sports car market by 1987 with the demise of the Capri to concentrate on faster versions of its best - selling hatchbacks and saloons , returned to this market sector in 1994 with the American - built Probe , and then enjoyed more success with its smaller Puma between 1997 and 2002 . </P> <H3> 2001 to 2011 ( edit ) </H3> The Lotus Evora , which was launched in 2008 <P> In May 2000 Ford announced that passenger car assembly as its Dagenham plant would cease in 2002 , ending 90 years of Ford passenger car assembly in the UK . At the same time Ford announced that it would invest US $500 million in the expansion of a diesel engine factory at the site , making Dagenham its largest diesel engine center worldwide and creating about 500 new jobs to offset the 1,900 lost in vehicle assembly . In December 2004 Ford announced a further investment of £ 169 million in the Dagenham plant , increasing annual output to one million diesel engines . </P> <P> The closure of Vauxhall 's Luton car assembly plant in March 2003 left Ellesmere Port as the sole Vauxhall assembly plant remaining in the UK . General Motors also retained the former Bedford works in Luton for producing vans such as the Vivaro and the Movano as well as Renault and Nissan badged variants . In April 2007 , it was confirmed that the Ellesmere Port would produce the next generation Astra from 2010 . </P> <P> Losses at Jaguar led to closure of the company 's Browns Lane plant in Coventry in 2004 . Spare capacity at Halewood allowed Land Rover Freelander production to be transferred there in 2006 . </P> <P> MG Rover spent the early part of the 2000s investigating possible ventures with other carmakers in order to develop a new range of cars . Proposed links with foreign organisations including Malaysian carmaker Proton failed to materialise , and by late 2004 Chinese carmaker SAIC Motor had shown an interest in taking over the Longbridge - based firm -- which was now hundreds of millions of pounds in debt . Talks broke down and the firm went into receivership in April 2005 with the loss of more than 6,000 jobs . Three months later , the firm 's assets were purchased by another Chinese carmaker -- Nanjing Automobile -- and Longbridge partially re-opened over the summer of 2007 with an initial workforce of around 250 preparing to restart production of the MG TF which was relaunched in August 2008 . </P> The Aston Martin DBS V12 , in production since 2007 <P> In April 2006 Peugeot closed its Ryton plant and moved 206 production to Slovakia . In 2007 , Ford sold Aston Martin to a British - led Consortium backed by Middle East investors , retaining a small stake in the company and agreeing to continue the supply of components including engines . In 2008 Ford sold Jaguar Land Rover to Tata Motors of India for £ 1.15 billion . In November 2009 , Dutch sportscar maker Spyker Cars announced that it would be moving production from Zeewolde to Whitley , Coventry , and UK production began in February 2010 . </P> <P> In March 2010 McLaren Automotive unveiled its MP4 - 12C model , alongside plans to produce around 4,000 cars per year at its Woking factory by the middle of the decade . At the Paris Motor Show in September 2010 Lotus Cars unveiled five new models due to go on sale by 2016 , alongside plans for an investment of £ 770 million over 10 years , the complete redevelopment of its Hethel factory and an increase in production from under 3,000 cars per year to 6,000 to 7,000 . In December 2010 it was announced that Renault had sold its remaining 25 % shareholding in its eponymous Formula 1 team to Lotus Cars , and that the team would be renamed Lotus Renault in 2011 . </P> <H3> 2011 to present ( edit ) </H3> The MG 6 , which entered production in the UK in 2011 <P> In January 2011 BMW announced that it would be extending the Mini range with the launch of two new two - door sports crossover vehicles based on the Mini Paceman concept car , with a coupe version to enter production in 2011 and a roadster in 2012 . In March 2011 Jaguar Land Rover announced that it would be hiring an additional 1,500 staff at its Halewood plant , and signed over £ 2 billion of supply contracts with UK - based companies , to enable production of its new Range Rover Evoque model . In April 2011 the MG Motor subsidiary of SAIC Motor announced that mass production had resumed at the Longbridge plant , as the first MG 6 to be produced in the United Kingdom came off the production line . In May 2011 Jaguar unveiled plans to build the C - X75 petrol - electric hybrid supercar in the UK from 2013 , with production to be in association with Williams F1 ; Jaguar announced the cancellation of the project in December 2012 due to the ongoing global economic crisis . </P> <P> In May 2011 , Aston Martin Lagonda confirmed that it was planning to revive the Lagonda marque , with the launch of two or three new models . In an interview with Reuters in the same month , Carl - Peter Forster , the Chief Executive of Tata Motors , revealed that Jaguar Land Rover would be investing over £ 5 billion in product development over the succeeding five years . </P> <P> In June , Nissan announced that the replacement for its Qashqai model would be designed and built in the UK , in a total investment of £ 192 million safeguarding around 6,000 jobs . In June BMW announced an investment of £ 500 million in the UK over the subsequent three years as part of an expansion of the Mini range to seven models . In September 2011 , Jaguar Land Rover confirmed that it would be investing £ 355 million in the construction of a new engine plant near Wolverhampton , to manufacture a new family of four - cylinder petrol and diesel engines . Later in the same month it was announced that the Jensen marque would be revived , with a new version of the Interceptor to be built by CPP Holdings at the former Jaguar factory Browns Lane in Coventry . In November , Toyota announced plans to make the UK its sole European manufacturing base for hatchback versions of its next C - segment family car , resulting in the investment of over £ 100 million in its Burnaston plant and the creation of around 1,500 new jobs . </P> <P> In September 2013 it was announced that a new National Automotive Innovation Campus would be built at the University of Warwick 's main campus at a cost of £ 100 million , with £ 45 million to be contributed by Jaguar Land Rover . </P> <P> In the half - year from January to June 2014 , the UK had its best year in new car sales in 9 years . 1.28 million new cars were sold during the period , a rise of 10 % compared to the same period in 2013 . In 2014 , more than 1.5 million cars were produced , the highest since 2007 . </P> <H2> Assembly plants ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Company </Th> <Th> Parent company </Th> <Th> Parent headquarters </Th> <Th> Plant </Th> <Th> Models produced </Th> <Th> Production ( latest figures ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> AC Cars </Td> <Td> AC Cars </Td> <Td> United Kingdom </Td> <Td> West Norwood </Td> <Td> AC MKVI </Td> <Td> n / a </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Alexander Dennis </Td> <Td> Alexander Dennis </Td> <Td> United Kingdom </Td> <Td> Falkirk </Td> <Td> Enviro 200Dart , Enviro300 , Enviro400 </Td> <Td> n / a </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Alexander Dennis </Td> <Td> Alexander Dennis </Td> <Td> United Kingdom </Td> <Td> Guildford </Td> <Td> Javelin chassis , R - Series chassis , Enviro300 chassis </Td> <Td> n / a </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Ariel </Td> <Td> Ariel </Td> <Td> United Kingdom </Td> <Td> Crewkerne </Td> <Td> Ariel Atom </Td> <Td> 70 ( 2013 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Ascari Cars </Td> <Td> Ascari Cars </Td> <Td> United Kingdom </Td> <Td> Banbury </Td> <Td> Ascari Ecosse , Ascari A10 </Td> <Td> n / a </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Aston Martin Lagonda </Td> <Td> Aston Martin Lagonda </Td> <Td> United Kingdom </Td> <Td> Gaydon </Td> <Td> One - 77 , Cygnet , DB9 , DBS , Vantage , Virage , Vanquish , Rapide </Td> <Td> 5,323 ( 2010 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Bentley Motors </Td> <Td> Volkswagen Group </Td> <Td> Germany </Td> <Td> Crewe </Td> <Td> Azure , Brooklands Coupé , Continental Flying Spur , Continental GT , Mulsanne </Td> <Td> 10,014 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Briggs Automotive Company </Td> <Td> Briggs Automotive Company </Td> <Td> United Kingdom </Td> <Td> Liverpool </Td> <Td> BAC Mono </Td> <Td> n / a </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Bristol Cars </Td> <Td> Bristol Cars </Td> <Td> United Kingdom </Td> <Td> Filton </Td> <Td> Blenheim , Fighter , Blenheim Speedster </Td> <Td> n / a </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Caterham Cars </Td> <Td> Caterham Cars </Td> <Td> United Kingdom </Td> <Td> Dartford </Td> <Td> R400 , CSR260 </Td> <Td> 435 ( 2003 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Dennis Eagle </Td> <Td> Ros Roca </Td> <Td> Spain </Td> <Td> Warwick </Td> <Td> Duo , One Pass , Beta 2 </Td> <Td> n / a </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Ginetta Cars </Td> <Td> LNT Automotive </Td> <Td> United Kingdom </Td> <Td> Leeds </Td> <Td> G40 , G40J , G40R , G50 , G55 , G55 GT3 , G60 </Td> <Td> n / a </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> GM Manufacturing Luton </Td> <Td> Adam Opel AG </Td> <Td> Germany </Td> <Td> Luton </Td> <Td> Opel / Vauxhall Vivaro , Renault Trafic , Nissan Primastar </Td> <Td> 77,836 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Honda of the UK Manufacturing </Td> <Td> Honda Motor Company </Td> <Td> Japan </Td> <Td> Swindon </Td> <Td> CR - V , Jazz , Civic Wagon , Civic Type - R , Civic </Td> <Td> 134,146 ( 2016 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Jaguar Land Rover </Td> <Td> Tata Motors </Td> <Td> India </Td> <Td> Castle Bromwich </Td> <Td> XF , XJ , XK F - Type </Td> <Td> 54,030 ( Includes Halewood production ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Jaguar Land Rover </Td> <Td> Tata Motors </Td> <Td> India </Td> <Td> Halewood </Td> <Td> Land Rover Freelander 2 , Range Rover Evoque </Td> <Td> see JLR Castle Bromwich and Solihull </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Jaguar Land Rover </Td> <Td> Tata Motors </Td> <Td> India </Td> <Td> Solihull </Td> <Td> Defender , Discovery 4 , Range Rover Sport , Range Rover </Td> <Td> 234,647 ( Includes Halewood production ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Leyland Trucks </Td> <Td> Paccar </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> Leyland </Td> <Td> DAF CF , DAF LF , DAF XF </Td> <Td> 17,478 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> LTI </Td> <Td> Geely </Td> <Td> China </Td> <Td> Coventry </Td> <Td> TX4 </Td> <Td> 2,346 ( 2003 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Lotus Cars </Td> <Td> Proton Holding </Td> <Td> Malaysia </Td> <Td> Hethel </Td> <Td> Elise , Exige , Lotus Evora </Td> <Td> 2,935 ( Lotus + GM ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> McLaren Automotive </Td> <Td> McLaren Group </Td> <Td> United Kingdom </Td> <Td> Woking </Td> <Td> MP4 - 12C , P1 , P1 GTR , 570S , 650S , 675LT , 540C , 570GT </Td> <Td> 10,000 ( total to 2016 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> MG Motor </Td> <Td> SAIC Motor </Td> <Td> China </Td> <Td> Longbridge </Td> <Td> MG 6 , MG 3 </Td> <Td> n / a </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Mini </Td> <Td> BMW </Td> <Td> Germany </Td> <Td> Cowley , Oxford </Td> <Td> Clubman , Convertible , Coupé , Roadster , Hardtop / Hatch </Td> <Td> 210,973 ( 2016 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Morgan Motor Company </Td> <Td> Morgan Motor Company </Td> <Td> United Kingdom </Td> <Td> Malvern </Td> <Td> Morgan Aero 8 , Morgan Plus 4 </Td> <Td> 1000 ( 2003 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Nissan UK </Td> <Td> Nissan Motor Company </Td> <Td> Japan </Td> <Td> Sunderland </Td> <Td> Juke , Leaf , Note , Qashqai </Td> <Td> 507,444 ( 2016 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Noble Automotive </Td> <Td> Noble Automotive </Td> <Td> United Kingdom </Td> <Td> Barwell </Td> <Td> Noble M12 , Noble M14 </Td> <Td> n / a </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Optare </Td> <Td> Ashok Leyland </Td> <Td> India </Td> <Td> Leeds </Td> <Td> Solo , Alero </Td> <Td> n / a </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Plaxton </Td> <Td> Alexander Dennis </Td> <Td> United Kingdom </Td> <Td> Scarborough </Td> <Td> Panther , Paragon , Profile , Primo , Centro </Td> <Td> n / a </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Plaxton </Td> <Td> Alexander Dennis </Td> <Td> United Kingdom </Td> <Td> Sheffield </Td> <Td> Cheetah , Pronto , Beaver </Td> <Td> n / a </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Rolls - Royce Motor Cars </Td> <Td> BMW </Td> <Td> Germany </Td> <Td> Goodwood </Td> <Td> Ghost , Phantom , Phantom Coupé , Phantom Drophead Coupé </Td> <Td> 3,538 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Sunbeam </Td> <Td> Sunbeam Motor Car Company </Td> <Td> United Kingdom </Td> <Td> Coventry </Td> <Td> City EV , Electra EV </Td> <Td> n / a </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Toyota Manufacturing UK </Td> <Td> Toyota Motor Corporation </Td> <Td> Japan </Td> <Td> Burnaston </Td> <Td> Avensis , Auris </Td> <Td> 180,425 ( 2016 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> TVR Motor Company </Td> <Td> TVR Motor Company </Td> <Td> United Kingdom </Td> <Td> Blackpool </Td> <Td> Sagaris , Tuscan , T350 , Tamora </Td> <Td> 871 ( 2003 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Wrightbus </Td> <Td> Wrightbus </Td> <Td> United Kingdom </Td> <Td> Ballymena </Td> <Td> Wright Eclipse , Wright Solar , Wright Pulsar </Td> <Td> n / a </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Vauxhall Motors </Td> <Td> Adam Opel AG </Td> <Td> Germany </Td> <Td> Ellesmere Port </Td> <Td> Opel Astra / Vauxhall Astra </Td> <Td> 118,112 ( 2016 ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> There are numerous small companies manufacturing a small number of cars such as David Brown Automotive , Lister Cars , Lightning Car Company and Atalanta Motors </P> <Ul> <Li> <P> Vauxhall Ellesmere Port , a Vauxhall Motors assembly plant in Ellesmere Port </P> </Li> <Li> <P> The GM Manufacturing Luton plant in Luton </P> </Li> <Li> <P> Goodwood plant , the main assembly plant for Rolls - Royce Motor Cars </P> </Li> <Li> <P> Halewood Body & Assembly , a Jaguar Land Rover assembly plant in Halewood </P> </Li> <Li> <P> Plant Oxford in Cowley , Oxford , the main assembly plant for the Mini range </P> </Li> </Ul> <H2> Production data ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td_colspan="10"> key </Td> <Td_colspan="40"> Cars </Td> <Td_colspan="40"> Commercial vehicles </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> UK Motor Vehicle Production by year 1910 to 1980 -- cars and commercial vehicles ( 1,000 units ) <Tr> <Td_colspan="10"> Year </Td> <Td_colspan="20"> 200 </Td> <Td_colspan="20"> 400 </Td> <Td_colspan="20"> 600 </Td> <Td_colspan="20"> 800 </Td> <Td_colspan="20"> 1000 </Td> <Td_colspan="20"> 1200 </Td> <Td_colspan="20"> 1400 </Td> <Td_colspan="20"> 1600 </Td> <Td_colspan="20"> 1800 </Td> <Td_colspan="20"> 2000 </Td> <Td_colspan="20"> 2200 </Td> <Td_colspan="10"> Total </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="10"> 1910 </Td> <Td_colspan="220"> split not available </Td> <Td_colspan="10"> 14 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="10"> 1920 </Td> <Td_colspan="220"> split not available </Td> <Td_colspan="10"> 70 * </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="10"> 1930 </Td> <Td_colspan="17"> 170 </Td> <Td_colspan="7"> 67 </Td> <Td_colspan="196"> </Td> <Td_colspan="10"> 237 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="10"> 1940 </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="13"> 132 </Td> <Td_colspan="205"> </Td> <Td_colspan="10"> 134 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="10"> 1950 </Td> <Td_colspan="52"> 523 </Td> <Td_colspan="26"> 263 </Td> <Td_colspan="142"> </Td> <Td_colspan="10"> 785 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="10"> 1960 </Td> <Td_colspan="135"> 1,353 </Td> <Td_colspan="46"> 458 </Td> <Td_colspan="39"> </Td> <Td_colspan="10"> 1,811 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="10"> 1970 </Td> <Td_colspan="164"> 1,641 </Td> <Td_colspan="46"> 458 </Td> <Td_colspan="10"> </Td> <Td_colspan="10"> 2,098 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="10"> 1980 </Td> <Td_colspan="92"> 924 </Td> <Td_colspan="39"> 389 </Td> <Td_colspan="89"> </Td> <Td_colspan="10"> 1,312 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> ( * estimated figure ) </P> <Table> UK Motor Vehicle Production by year 1990 to 2013 -- cars and commercial vehicles ( 1,000 units ) <Tr> <Td_colspan="10"> Year </Td> <Td_colspan="20"> 200 </Td> <Td_colspan="20"> 400 </Td> <Td_colspan="20"> 600 </Td> <Td_colspan="20"> 800 </Td> <Td_colspan="20"> 1000 </Td> <Td_colspan="20"> 1200 </Td> <Td_colspan="20"> 1400 </Td> <Td_colspan="20"> 1600 </Td> <Td_colspan="20"> 1800 </Td> <Td_colspan="20"> 2000 </Td> <Td_colspan="10"> Total </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="10"> </Td> <Td_colspan="130"> 1,296 </Td> <Td_colspan="27"> 270 </Td> <Td_colspan="43"> </Td> <Td_colspan="10"> 1,566 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="10"> 1991 </Td> <Td_colspan="124"> 1,237 </Td> <Td_colspan="22"> 217 </Td> <Td_colspan="54"> </Td> <Td_colspan="10"> 1,454 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="10"> </Td> <Td_colspan="129"> 1,292 </Td> <Td_colspan="25"> 248 </Td> <Td_colspan="46"> </Td> <Td_colspan="10"> 1,540 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="10"> </Td> <Td_colspan="138"> 1,376 </Td> <Td_colspan="19"> 193 </Td> <Td_colspan="43"> </Td> <Td_colspan="10"> 1,569 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="10"> </Td> <Td_colspan="147"> 1,467 </Td> <Td_colspan="23"> 228 </Td> <Td_colspan="30"> </Td> <Td_colspan="10"> 1,695 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="10"> 1995 </Td> <Td_colspan="153"> 1,532 </Td> <Td_colspan="23"> 233 </Td> <Td_colspan="24"> </Td> <Td_colspan="10"> 1,765 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="10"> </Td> <Td_colspan="169"> 1,686 </Td> <Td_colspan="24"> 238 </Td> <Td_colspan="7"> </Td> <Td_colspan="10"> 1,924 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="10"> </Td> <Td_colspan="170"> 1,698 </Td> <Td_colspan="24"> 238 </Td> <Td_colspan="6"> </Td> <Td_colspan="10"> 1,936 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="10"> 1998 </Td> <Td_colspan="175"> 1,748 </Td> <Td_colspan="23"> 227 </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="10"> 1,976 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="10"> 1999 </Td> <Td_colspan="179"> 1,787 </Td> <Td_colspan="19"> 186 </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="10"> 1,973 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="10"> 2000 </Td> <Td_colspan="164"> 1,641 </Td> <Td_colspan="17"> 172 </Td> <Td_colspan="19"> </Td> <Td_colspan="10"> 1,814 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="10"> </Td> <Td_colspan="149"> 1,492 </Td> <Td_colspan="19"> 193 </Td> <Td_colspan="32"> </Td> <Td_colspan="10"> 1,685 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="10"> 2002 </Td> <Td_colspan="163"> 1,630 </Td> <Td_colspan="19"> 191 </Td> <Td_colspan="18"> </Td> <Td_colspan="10"> 1,821 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="10"> 2003 </Td> <Td_colspan="166"> 1,658 </Td> <Td_colspan="19"> 189 </Td> <Td_colspan="15"> </Td> <Td_colspan="10"> 1,846 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="10"> </Td> <Td_colspan="165"> 1,647 </Td> <Td_colspan="21"> 209 </Td> <Td_colspan="14"> </Td> <Td_colspan="10"> 1,856 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="10"> 2005 </Td> <Td_colspan="160"> 1,596 </Td> <Td_colspan="21"> 207 </Td> <Td_colspan="19"> </Td> <Td_colspan="10"> 1,802 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="10"> 2006 </Td> <Td_colspan="144"> 1,442 </Td> <Td_colspan="21"> 208 </Td> <Td_colspan="35"> </Td> <Td_colspan="10"> 1,650 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="10"> 2007 </Td> <Td_colspan="153"> 1,535 </Td> <Td_colspan="22"> 216 </Td> <Td_colspan="25"> </Td> <Td_colspan="10"> 1,750 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="10"> 2008 </Td> <Td_colspan="145"> 1,447 </Td> <Td_colspan="20"> 203 </Td> <Td_colspan="35"> </Td> <Td_colspan="10"> 1,650 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="10"> 2009 </Td> <Td_colspan="99"> 999 </Td> <Td_colspan="9"> 91 </Td> <Td_colspan="92"> </Td> <Td_colspan="10"> 1,090 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="10"> </Td> <Td_colspan="127"> 1,270 </Td> <Td_colspan="12"> 123 </Td> <Td_colspan="61"> </Td> <Td_colspan="10"> 1,393 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="10"> 2011 </Td> <Td_colspan="134"> 1,344 </Td> <Td_colspan="12"> 121 </Td> <Td_colspan="54"> </Td> <Td_colspan="10"> 1,465 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="10"> 2012 </Td> <Td_colspan="146"> 1,465 </Td> <Td_colspan="11"> 112 </Td> <Td_colspan="43"> </Td> <Td_colspan="10"> 1,577 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="10"> 2013 </Td> <Td_colspan="151"> 1,510 </Td> <Td_colspan="9"> 88 </Td> <Td_colspan="40"> </Td> <Td_colspan="10"> 1,597 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="10"> 2014 </Td> <Td_colspan="153"> 1,528 </Td> <Td_colspan="7"> 71 </Td> <Td_colspan="40"> </Td> <Td_colspan="10"> 1,599 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="10"> 2015 </Td> <Td_colspan="154"> 1,588 </Td> <Td_colspan="9"> 94 </Td> <Td_colspan="37"> </Td> <Td_colspan="10"> 1,682 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="10"> 2016 </Td> <Td_colspan="172"> 1,722 </Td> <Td_colspan="9"> 94 </Td> <Td_colspan="19"> </Td> <Td_colspan="10"> 1,817 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Production forecast ( edit ) </H3> <P> The Financial Times has forecast that annual UK vehicle production will exceed its historic peak level ( achieved in 1972 ) by 2017 . Their forecasted production levels for 2014 to 2017 are : 2014 : 1,724,000 units ; 2015 : 1,864,000 units ; 2016 : 1,993,000 units and 2017 : 2,062,000 units . </P> <H2> Car design ( edit ) </H2> Ford 's Dunton Technical Centre in Laindon , Essex is the largest automotive research and development facility in the UK <P> The UK has a strong design and technical base , with several foreign companies basing some of their research and development resource in the UK , including : </P> <Ul> <Li> Ford Dunton Technical Centre , Essex </Li> <Li> General Motors Millbrook Proving Ground , Bedfordshire </Li> <Li> Nissan Design Europe , London </Li> <Li> Nissan Technical Centre Europe , Cranfield </Li> <Li> SAIC Motor UK Technical Centre , Birmingham </Li> </Ul> <P> Independent designers and design companies include : </P> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This section is incomplete . ( August 2014 ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ul> <Li> Gordon Murray Design </Li> <Li> International Automotive Design </Li> <Li> Ogle Design </Li> <Li> Peter Stevens Designs </Li> <Li> Shado ( Stephen Harper ) </Li> </Ul> <H2> Motorsport ( edit ) </H2> Main article : Motorsport in the United Kingdom The McLaren Technology Centre in Woking , the home of McLaren Racing <P> It has been estimated that there are about 4,000 companies in the UK involved in the manufacturing industry related to motorsport . </P> <P> Formula One motor racing has made its home in the UK , the following eight of the twelve teams competing in the 2013 season are based there : </P> <Ul> <Li> Caterham F1 -- Hingham , Norfolk </Li> <Li> Force India -- Silverstone , Northamptonshire </Li> <Li> Lotus F1 -- Enstone , Oxfordshire </Li> <Li> McLaren -- Woking , Surrey </Li> <Li> Marussia F1 -- Banbury , Oxfordshire </Li> <Li> Mercedes AMG Formula One Team -- Brackley , Northamptonshire </Li> <Li> Red Bull Racing -- Milton Keynes , Buckinghamshire </Li> <Li> Williams F1 -- Grove , Oxfordshire </Li> </Ul> <P> Formula One engine suppliers : </P> <Ul> <Li> Cosworth -- Northampton , Northamptonshire </Li> <Li> Mercedes AMG High Performance Powertrains -- Brixworth , Northamptonshire </Li> </Ul> <P> Other major motorsports teams and organisations : </P> <Ul> <Li> Lister Cars - Cambridge , England </Li> <Li> Carlin Motorsport - Farnham , England </Li> <Li> Ford World Rally Team -- Cumbria , England </Li> <Li> M - Sport -- Cockermouth , Cumbria </Li> <Li> Prodrive -- Banbury , Oxfordshire ( Runs Aston Martin Racing , formerly Subaru 's WRC Team and Ford Performance Vehicles ) </Li> <Li> RML Group - Wellingborough , England </Li> <Li> Strakka Racing - Northamptonshire , England </Li> <Li> Sumo Power - Rye , East Sussex , England </Li> <Li> MG X-Power ( Now Defunct ) </Li> <Li> MG Rover Motorsport ( Now Defunct ) </Li> <Li> Team Dynamics - Pershore , England </Li> <Li> Triple Eight Race Engineering </Li> </Ul> <H2> Inactive marques ( edit ) </H2> Main article : List of car manufacturers of the United Kingdom <P> Currently inactive British automotive marques include : Allard , Alvis , Armstrong Siddeley , Austin , Autovia , Dawson , DeLorean , Gilbern , Gordon - Keeble , Healey , Hillman , Humber , Jensen , Jowett , Lanchester , Lea - Francis , Morris , Napier , Reliant , Riley , Rover , Singer , Standard , Sterling , Sunbeam , Sunbeam - Talbot , Talbot , Triumph , TVR , Vanden Plas , Wolseley Motors Limited . </P> <H2> Dealership groups ( edit ) </H2> <P> There has been significant consolidation of car dealerships in the UK , leading to several large and notable dealership groups . As of 2012 , Pendragon PLC is the largest with a turnover of GB £ 3.47 billion . </P> <Ul> <Li> Arnold Clark Automobiles </Li> <Li> Carcraft </Li> <Li> Ford Retail Group </Li> <Li> Group 1 Automotive ( US owned group ) </Li> <Li> Inchcape plc </Li> <Li> Jardine Motors Group ( part of Hong Kong based Jardine Matheson ) </Li> <Li> JCT600 Ltd </Li> <Li> Listers Group </Li> <Li> Lookers </Li> <Li> Mercedes - Benz Retail Group ( owned by Daimler AG ) </Li> <Li> H.R. Owen </Li> <Li> Pendragon PLC </Li> <Li> Perrys Motor Sales </Li> <Li> Robins & Day ( owned by PSA Peugeot Citroën ) </Li> <Li> Stoneacre Motor Group </Li> <Li> Sytner Group ( owned by US company Penske Corporation ) </Li> <Li> Vertu Motors </Li> <Li> Marshall Motor Group </Li> </Ul> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> List of automobile manufacturers </Li> <Li> The Society of Motor Manufacturers and Traders </Li> <Li> List of car manufacturers of the United Kingdom </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Motor Industry Facts 2010 '' ( PDF ) . SMMT . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 27 November 2010 . Retrieved 28 February 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ http://www.automotivecouncil.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/UK-Automotive-Sector-Core-Briefing-January-2016.pdf </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Industry '' . Motorsport Industry Association . 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BBC News . 17 April 2007 . Retrieved 21 April 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Hakim , Danny ( 18 September 2004 ) . `` Ford Increases Expectations for Revenue '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2 December 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Britten , Nick ( 18 September 2004 ) . `` Post-war beacon of hope snuffed out '' . London : The Telegraph . Retrieved 2 December 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Proton shut the door on MG Rover '' . Autocar. 20 August 2004 . Retrieved 21 April 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Phoenix drops plans to develop new car models with Proton '' . New Straits Times . 25 August 2004 . Retrieved 21 April 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Harrison , Michael ( 19 April 2006 ) . `` Peugeot to close Ryton with 2,300 job losses '' . London : The Independent . Retrieved 2 December 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Tran , Mark ( 8 June 2006 ) . `` Unions call for Peugeot boycott '' . London : The Guardian . Retrieved 2 December 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ MacAlister , Terry ( 12 March 2007 ) . `` Ford sells Aston Martin '' . London : The Guardian . Retrieved 2 December 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Aston Martin sold to UK - led group '' . BBC News . 12 March 2007 . Retrieved 2 December 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Timmons , Heather ( 26 March 2008 ) . `` Ford Sells Land Rover and Jaguar to Tata '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 1 December 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Tata buys Jaguar in £ 1.15 bn deal '' . BBC News . 26 March 2008 . Retrieved 1 December 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Ruddick , Graham ( 20 November 2009 ) . `` Spyker relocates from Holland to Coventry '' . London : The Telegraph . Retrieved 14 May 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Cooper , Matthew ( 9 February 2010 ) . `` Dutch car - maker Spyker Cars begins UK production '' . London : The Independent . Retrieved 14 May 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` McLaren unveil supercar to take on Ferrari '' . Reuters. 18 March 2010 . Retrieved 14 May 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` McLaren to build £ 150,000 12C supercar in Britain '' . London : The Telegraph . 18 March 2010 . Retrieved 14 May 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Knapman , Chris ( 1 October 2010 ) . `` Paris Motor Show 2010 : five new models from Lotus '' . London : The Telegraph . Retrieved 14 May 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Renault F1 team to be renamed Lotus Renault GP in 2011 '' . BBC Sport. 8 December 2010 . Retrieved 14 May 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Mini to build 2 - door sporty crossover '' . Detroit Free Press . 10 January 2011 . Retrieved 14 May 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Mini Paceman Concept Confirmed for Production '' . The Miami Herald . 12 January 2011 . Retrieved 14 May 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Jaguar announces £ 2bn supply contracts for Evoque model '' . BBC News . 2 March 2011 . Archived from the original on 19 May 2011 . Retrieved 29 May 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Ruddick , Graham ( 23 April 2011 ) . `` Jaguar plans UK expansion set to create 1,000 jobs '' . London : The Telegraph . Archived from the original on 12 July 2011 . Retrieved 29 May 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` New MG Sports Rolls Out of Longbridge Plant '' . Sky News . 13 April 2011 . Retrieved 14 May 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Jaguar to build £ 700,000 hybrid supercar with Williams '' . BBC News . 6 May 2011 . Archived from the original on 13 May 2011 . Retrieved 14 May 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Jaguar 's hybrid supercar to enter production '' . London : The Independent on Sunday . 6 May 2011 . Retrieved 14 May 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Mark Tisshaw ( 2012 - 12 - 11 ) . `` Jaguar C - X75 axed '' . Autocar . Retrieved 12 October 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Aston to launch ' two or three Lagonda models ' -- Bez '' . Car Magazine . 19 May 2011 . Retrieved 29 May 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Jones , Rhys ( 6 May 2011 ) . `` Tata 's Jaguar Land Rover seeks China auto partner '' . Reuters . Retrieved 14 May 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Ruddick , Graham ( 8 June 2011 ) . `` Nissan to build new Qashqai in Britain , saving 6,000 jobs '' . London : The Telegraph . Retrieved 23 October 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Nissan to invest US $315 million in UK Qashqai update '' . Reuters. 8 June 2011 . Retrieved 23 October 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Reiter , Chris ( 9 June 2011 ) . `` BMW Plans to Invest 500 Million Pounds for Mini Assembly '' . Bloomberg . Retrieved 23 October 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` BMW to invest £ 500 million in UK on new Mini '' . Reuters. 9 June 2011 . Retrieved 23 October 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Tata 's Jaguar Land Rover picks UK for new plant '' . Reuters. 19 September 2011 . Retrieved 23 October 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bowater , Donna ( 19 September 2011 ) . `` Jaguar Land Rover confirms new UK plant '' . London : The Telegraph . Retrieved 23 October 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Knapman , Chris ( 20 September 2011 ) . `` New Jensen Interceptor to be built in Britain '' . London : The Telegraph . Retrieved 23 October 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Massey , Ray ( 21 September 2011 ) . `` The Interceptor reborn : Jensen 's iconic car is back with a £ 200,000 price tag '' . London : Daily Mail . Retrieved 28 October 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` New Jensen Interceptor '' . Auto Express . 20 September 2011 . Retrieved 28 October 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Toyota announces 1,500 new jobs for Burnaston factory '' . BBC News . 24 November 2011 . Retrieved 1 December 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Toyota to build new hatch in UK '' . Autocar. 24 November 2011 . Retrieved 1 December 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` £ 100m investment boost for Warwick University '' . The Independent . 25 September 2013 . Retrieved 12 October 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` University of Warwick £ 100m car centre ' will secure jobs ' '' . BBC . 24 September 2013 . Retrieved 12 October 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` UK car production at seven - year high . '' BBC . 23 January 2015 . Retrieved 24 January 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Ariel Atom 3.5 '' . Motor Sport. 28 February 2013 . Retrieved 6 August 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Aston Martin announces new shareholders '' ( Press release ) . Aston Martin . 12 March 2007 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` UK Automotive Industry in 2004 : Eighth Report of Session 2003 -- 04 '' ( PDF ) . UK House of Commons Trade and Industry Committee . 20 July 2004 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 20 June 2007 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Company Profile '' . Vauxhall . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` UK car production at seven - year high '' . BBC News . BBC . 23 January 2015 . Retrieved 4 April 2015 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` 17 year high for British car manufacturing as global demand hits record levels '' . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Bill Mccarthy ( 24 July 2008 ) . `` Jaguar Land Rover is here to stay '' . Coventry Telegraph . Midland Newspapers . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 30 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Tata Motors completes acquisition of Jag , Land Rover '' . Thomson Reuters. 2 June 2008 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Jaguar Land Rover '' . Tata Sons . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 30 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` World Motor Vehicle Production : Ford '' ( PDF ) . International Organization of Motor Vehicle Manufacturers . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 10 September 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 29 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Leyland Trucks ' Product Range '' . Leyland Trucks . Archived from the original on 19 January 2007 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` World Motor Vehicle Production : Paccar '' ( PDF ) . International Organization of Motor Vehicle Manufacturers . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 10 September 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 29 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 10,000 CARS IN FIVE YEARS '' . cars.mclaren.com . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 02 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Milmo , Dan ( 9 January 2012 ) . `` Rolls - Royce hits new sales record on Asian demand '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 21 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ UK Companies House . Company reg.no . SC492037 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Wood , J. ( 1996 ) . Motor Industry of Britain Centenary Book . London : Eclat . ISBN 0 - 9523912 - 5 - 2 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Motor Vehicle Production '' . UK National Statistics . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Motor Industry facts 2011 '' ( PDF ) . The Society of Motor Manufacturers and Traders . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 14 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Car production increases by 5.8 % '' . UK National Statistics . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` UK car manufacturing achieves all - time record exports in 2012 '' . Society of Motor Manufacturers and Traders . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` UK car manufacturing hits six - year high '' . Society of Motor Manufacturers and Traders . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Weak demand hampers 2013 CV manufacturing '' . Society of Motor Manufacturers and Traders . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` UK car manufacturing defies export challenges with year of growth '' . Society of Motor Manufacturers and Traders . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` CV manufacturing returns to growth in December '' . Society of Motor Manufacturers and Traders . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Best year in a decade for British car manufacturing as exports reach record high '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Commercial vehicle production rises by a third in 2015 '' . Society of Motor Manufacturers and Traders . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` European exports fuel commercial vehicle production in 2016 '' . Society of Motor Manufacturers and Traders . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Financial Times Feb ' 13 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Back to the future for Ford '' . The Engineer. 26 October 2007 . Retrieved 12 June 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Forty years of Ford at Dunton '' . BBC . Retrieved 15 August 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Millbrook Proving Ground '' . Millbrook . Archived from the original on 23 July 2014 . Retrieved 15 August 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Design Bases '' . Nissan . Retrieved 15 August 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Nissan Technical Centre '' . Cranfield Technology Park . Archived from the original on 19 August 2014 . Retrieved 15 August 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` About SMTC UK '' . SAIC Motor . Retrieved 15 August 2014 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Motor manufacturing industry moves up a gear '' . London : Daily Telegraph . 30 November 2006 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Willard , Tony ( 2003 ) . Insider Guide to Easy Car Buying : Spend a Tenner Save a Grand . UK : MotorBooks International . p. 17 . ISBN 9781610590501 . Retrieved 19 January 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` MT Top 200 sees dealers driving consolidation '' . Motor Trader. 13 November 2012 . Archived from the original on 19 January 2015 . Retrieved 16 January 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bennett , Jeremy . `` Marshall joins the £ 1bn turnover club '' . Archived from the original on 19 January 2015 . Retrieved 18 January 2015 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> The Society of Motor Manufacturers and Traders </Li> <Li> The British Motor Industry Heritage Trust </Li> <Li> Dodge RAM </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Automotive industry in the United Kingdom </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Manufacturing in the United Kingdom </Li> <Li> Economy of the United Kingdom </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Companies and marques </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Commercial vehicle producers </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Current </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Alexander Dennis <Ul> <Li> Plaxton </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Dennis Eagle </Li> <Li> Arrival </Li> <Li> IBC Vehicles </Li> <Li> JCB </Li> <Li> Leyland Trucks </Li> <Li> London Taxi Company </Li> <Li> Mellor Coachcraft </Li> <Li> Optare </Li> <Li> Smith Electric Vehicles </Li> <Li> Stevens </Li> <Li> Wrightbus </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Former </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Albion </Li> <Li> AEC </Li> <Li> Bedford </Li> <Li> Bristol </Li> <Li> Charles H Roe </Li> <Li> Clough , Smith </Li> <Li> Commer </Li> <Li> Daimler </Li> <Li> ERF </Li> <Li> Foden </Li> <Li> Ford <Ul> <Li> Southampton plant </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Guy </Li> <Li> Hallford </Li> <Li> Jensen </Li> <Li> Karrier </Li> <Li> LDV </Li> <Li> Modec </Li> <Li> Scammell </Li> <Li> Seddon Atkinson </Li> <Li> Sentinel </Li> <Li> Shelvoke & Drewry </Li> <Li> Straker - 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Royce </Th> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="13"> Rolls - Royce Limited </Td> <Td_colspan="21"> Rolls - Royce Limited & Bentley </Td> <Td_colspan="4"> Rolls - Royce Motors </Td> <Td_colspan="9"> Rolls - Royce Motors ( Vickers ) </Td> <Td_colspan="3"> BMW & VW Group </Td> <Td_colspan="4"> BMW </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Bentley </Th> <Td_colspan="5"> </Td> <Td_colspan="5"> </Td> <Td_colspan="5"> Bentley </Td> <Td_colspan="7"> Volkswagen Group </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Armstrong Siddeley </Th> <Td_colspan="4"> </Td> <Td_colspan="5"> Siddeley - Deasy </Td> <Td_colspan="5"> Armstrong Whitworth </Td> <Td_colspan="16"> Armstrong Siddeley </Td> <Td_colspan="4"> Bristol Siddeley </Td> <Td_colspan="10"> Rolls - Royce Limited </Td> <Td_colspan="12"> Rolls - Royce plc </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Aston Martin </Th> <Td_colspan="5"> </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> </Td> <Td_colspan="18"> Aston Martin </Td> <Td_colspan="22"> Aston Martin Lagonda </Td> <Td_colspan="8"> Ford PAG </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> Aston Martin Lagonda </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Lagonda </Th> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="22"> Lagonda </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Jaguar </Th> <Td_colspan="5"> </Td> <Td_colspan="5"> </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> </Td> <Td_colspan="12"> SS Cars </Td> <Td_colspan="7"> Jaguar </Td> <Td_colspan="3"> Jaguar & Daimler </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> BMH </Td> <Td_colspan="7"> BLMC / British Leyland </Td> <Td_colspan="4"> Jaguar & Daimler </Td> <Td_colspan="9"> Ford ( PAG ) </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> Tata </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Daimler </Th> <Td_colspan="5"> Daimler </Td> <Td_colspan="10"> BSA </Td> <Td_colspan="15"> BSA </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Lanchester </Th> <Td_colspan="15"> Lanchester </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Rover </Th> <Td_colspan="1"> </Td> <Td_colspan="22"> Rover Company </Td> <Td_colspan="9"> Rover Company </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> Rover Company </Td> <Td_colspan="4"> Austin Rover Group & Land Rover Group ( BL plc ) </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> Rover Group ( BAe ) </Td> <Td_colspan="3"> Rover Group ( BMW ) </Td> <Td_colspan="3"> MG Rover Group ( PVH ) </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Land Rover </Th> <Td_colspan="5"> </Td> <Td_colspan="5"> </Td> <Td_colspan="5"> </Td> <Td_colspan="5"> </Td> <Td_colspan="3"> </Td> <Td_colspan="4"> Ford ( PAG ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Alvis </Th> <Td_colspan="5"> </Td> <Td_colspan="5"> </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> </Td> <Td_colspan="21"> Alvis </Td> <Td_colspan="9"> BAE Systems </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Standard </Th> <Td_colspan="1"> </Td> <Td_colspan="21"> Standard </Td> <Td_colspan="8"> Standard Triumph </Td> <Td_colspan="4"> Leyland Motors </Td> <Td_colspan="9"> British Motor Heritage </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Triumph </Th> <Td_colspan="5"> </Td> <Td_colspan="5"> Dawson </Td> <Td_colspan="12"> Triumph </Td> <Td_colspan="9"> BMW </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Riley </Th> <Td_colspan="19"> Riley </Td> <Td_colspan="7"> Nuffield Organisation </Td> <Td_colspan="7"> BMC </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> BMH </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> MG </Th> <Td_colspan="5"> </Td> <Td_colspan="5"> </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> </Td> <Td_colspan="8"> Morris Garages ( MG ) </Td> <Td_colspan="3"> Rover Group ( BMW ) </Td> <Td_colspan="3"> MG Rover Group ( PVH ) </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> SAIC & NAC </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> SAIC </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Morris </Th> <Td_colspan="5"> </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> </Td> <Td_colspan="12"> Morris </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> Morris </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Wolseley </Th> <Td_colspan="18"> Wolseley </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Austin </Th> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="21"> Austin </Td> <Td_colspan="3"> Austin </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Vanden Plas </Th> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="21"> Vanden Plas </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Mini </Th> <Td_colspan="5"> </Td> <Td_colspan="5"> </Td> <Td_colspan="5"> </Td> <Td_colspan="5"> </Td> <Td_colspan="5"> </Td> <Td_colspan="5"> </Td> <Td_colspan="4"> </Td> <Td_colspan="6"> BMW </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Princess </Th> <Td_colspan="5"> </Td> <Td_colspan="5"> </Td> <Td_colspan="5"> </Td> <Td_colspan="5"> </Td> <Td_colspan="5"> </Td> <Td_colspan="4"> </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> BMC </Td> <Td_colspan="5"> </Td> <Td_colspan="3"> </Td> <Td_colspan="3"> BLMC / British Leyland </Td> <Td_colspan="4"> </Td> <Td_colspan="5"> </Td> <Td_colspan="5"> </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Austin - Healey </Th> <Td_colspan="5"> </Td> <Td_colspan="5"> </Td> <Td_colspan="5"> </Td> <Td_colspan="5"> </Td> <Td_colspan="5"> </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> </Td> <Td_colspan="10"> Austin ( BMC ) & Donald Healey </Td> <Td_colspan="4"> </Td> <Td_colspan="5"> </Td> <Td_colspan="5"> </Td> <Td_colspan="5"> </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Jensen </Th> <Td_colspan="5"> </Td> <Td_colspan="5"> </Td> <Td_colspan="5"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="21"> Jensen Motors </Td> <Td_colspan="5"> Britcar Holdings </Td> <Td_colspan="9"> Jensen Cars </Td> <Td_colspan="3"> </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Reliant </Th> <Td_colspan="5"> </Td> <Td_colspan="5"> </Td> <Td_colspan="5"> </Td> <Td_colspan="3"> </Td> <Td_colspan="19"> Reliant </Td> <Td_colspan="15"> Reliant </Td> <Td_colspan="3"> </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Bond </Th> <Td_colspan="5"> </Td> <Td_colspan="5"> </Td> <Td_colspan="5"> </Td> <Td_colspan="5"> </Td> <Td_colspan="4"> </Td> <Td_colspan="13"> Bond </Td> <Td_colspan="3"> </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> AC </Th> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="54"> AC Cars ( several ownership & company name changes ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Argyll </Th> <Td_colspan="16"> Argyll </Td> <Td_colspan="4"> </Td> <Td_colspan="5"> </Td> <Td_colspan="5"> </Td> <Td_colspan="5"> </Td> <Td_colspan="4"> </Td> <Td_colspan="6"> Argyll </Td> <Td_colspan="5"> </Td> <Td_colspan="5"> </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Bristol Cars </Th> <Td_colspan="5"> </Td> <Td_colspan="5"> </Td> <Td_colspan="5"> </Td> <Td_colspan="5"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="34"> Bristol Cars </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Caterham </Th> <Td_colspan="5"> </Td> <Td_colspan="5"> </Td> <Td_colspan="5"> </Td> <Td_colspan="5"> </Td> <Td_colspan="5"> </Td> <Td_colspan="5"> </Td> <Td_colspan="5"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="19"> Caterham </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Crossley </Th> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="16"> Crossley </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="5"> </Td> <Td_colspan="5"> </Td> <Td_colspan="5"> </Td> <Td_colspan="5"> </Td> <Td_colspan="5"> </Td> <Td_colspan="5"> </Td> <Td_colspan="5"> </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Dutton </Th> <Td_colspan="5"> </Td> <Td_colspan="5"> </Td> <Td_colspan="5"> </Td> <Td_colspan="5"> </Td> <Td_colspan="5"> </Td> <Td_colspan="5"> </Td> <Td_colspan="5"> </Td> <Td_colspan="9"> Dutton </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="9"> Dutton </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Ginetta </Th> <Td_colspan="5"> </Td> <Td_colspan="5"> </Td> <Td_colspan="5"> </Td> <Td_colspan="5"> </Td> <Td_colspan="5"> </Td> <Td_colspan="3"> </Td> <Td_colspan="28"> Ginetta </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Gordon - Keeble </Th> <Td_colspan="5"> </Td> <Td_colspan="5"> </Td> <Td_colspan="5"> </Td> <Td_colspan="5"> </Td> <Td_colspan="5"> </Td> <Td_colspan="3"> </Td> <Td_colspan="3"> Peerless & Warwick </Td> <Td_colspan="3"> Gordon - Keeble </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> </Td> <Td_colspan="5"> </Td> <Td_colspan="5"> </Td> <Td_colspan="5"> </Td> <Td_colspan="5"> </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Jowett </Th> <Td_colspan="3"> </Td> <Td_colspan="25"> Jowett </Td> <Td_colspan="3"> Blackburn </Td> <Td_colspan="4"> </Td> <Td_colspan="5"> </Td> <Td_colspan="5"> </Td> <Td_colspan="5"> </Td> <Td_colspan="5"> </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Lea - Francis </Th> <Td_colspan="1"> </Td> <Td_colspan="30"> Lea - Francis </Td> <Td_colspan="4"> </Td> <Td_colspan="5"> </Td> <Td_colspan="5"> </Td> <Td_colspan="5"> </Td> <Td_colspan="5"> </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Lotus </Th> <Td_colspan="5"> </Td> <Td_colspan="5"> </Td> <Td_colspan="5"> </Td> <Td_colspan="5"> </Td> <Td_colspan="5"> </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> </Td> <Td_colspan="17"> Lotus </Td> <Td_colspan="5"> General Motors Europe </Td> <Td_colspan="8"> Proton </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> McLaren </Th> <Td_colspan="5"> </Td> <Td_colspan="5"> </Td> <Td_colspan="5"> </Td> <Td_colspan="5"> </Td> <Td_colspan="5"> </Td> <Td_colspan="5"> </Td> <Td_colspan="5"> </Td> <Td_colspan="5"> </Td> <Td_colspan="4"> </Td> <Td_colspan="12"> McLaren </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Marcos </Th> <Td_colspan="5"> </Td> <Td_colspan="5"> </Td> <Td_colspan="5"> </Td> <Td_colspan="5"> </Td> <Td_colspan="5"> </Td> <Td_colspan="3"> </Td> <Td_colspan="8"> Marcos </Td> <Td_colspan="3"> </Td> <Td_colspan="11"> Marcos </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> </Td> <Td_colspan="3"> Marcos </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Morgan </Th> <Td_colspan="4"> </Td> <Td_colspan="52"> Morgan </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Napier </Th> <Td_colspan="12"> Napier </Td> <Td_colspan="3"> </Td> <Td_colspan="5"> </Td> <Td_colspan="5"> </Td> <Td_colspan="5"> </Td> <Td_colspan="5"> </Td> <Td_colspan="5"> </Td> <Td_colspan="5"> </Td> <Td_colspan="5"> </Td> <Td_colspan="5"> </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Turner </Th> <Td_colspan="5"> </Td> <Td_colspan="5"> </Td> <Td_colspan="5"> </Td> <Td_colspan="5"> </Td> <Td_colspan="5"> </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> </Td> <Td_colspan="7"> Turner </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="5"> </Td> <Td_colspan="5"> </Td> <Td_colspan="5"> </Td> <Td_colspan="5"> </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> TVR </Th> <Td_colspan="5"> </Td> <Td_colspan="5"> </Td> <Td_colspan="5"> </Td> <Td_colspan="5"> </Td> <Td_colspan="3"> </Td> <Td_colspan="30"> TVR </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Westfield </Th> <Td_colspan="5"> </Td> <Td_colspan="5"> </Td> <Td_colspan="5"> </Td> <Td_colspan="5"> </Td> <Td_colspan="5"> </Td> <Td_colspan="5"> </Td> <Td_colspan="5"> </Td> <Td_colspan="5"> </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> </Td> <Td_colspan="12"> Westfield </Td> <Td_colspan="3"> Potenza Sports Cars </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> GTM </Th> <Td_colspan="5"> </Td> <Td_colspan="5"> </Td> <Td_colspan="5"> </Td> <Td_colspan="5"> </Td> <Td_colspan="5"> </Td> <Td_colspan="5"> </Td> <Td_colspan="3"> </Td> <Td_colspan="20"> GTM </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Vauxhall </Th> <Td_colspan="1"> </Td> <Td_colspan="10"> Vauxhall Motors </Td> <Td_colspan="32"> General Motors </Td> <Td_colspan="12"> General Motors Europe </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> Opel </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Vulcan </Th> <Td_colspan="1"> </Td> <Td_colspan="13"> Vulcan </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> </Td> <Td_colspan="5"> </Td> <Td_colspan="5"> </Td> <Td_colspan="5"> </Td> <Td_colspan="5"> </Td> <Td_colspan="5"> </Td> <Td_colspan="5"> </Td> <Td_colspan="5"> </Td> <Td_colspan="5"> </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Hillman </Th> <Td_colspan="3"> </Td> <Td_colspan="10"> Hillman </Td> <Td_colspan="4"> Humber </Td> <Td_colspan="17"> Rootes </Td> <Td_colspan="5"> Chrysler Europe ( Chrysler ) </Td> <Td_colspan="17"> Peugeot ( PSA ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Humber </Th> <Td_colspan="13"> Humber </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Singer </Th> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="26"> Singer </Td> <Td_colspan="6"> Rootes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Sunbeam </Th> <Td_colspan="10"> Sunbeam </Td> <Td_colspan="7"> S.T.D. Motors </Td> <Td_colspan="3"> Rootes </Td> <Td_colspan="6"> ( as Sunbeam - Talbot ) Rootes </Td> <Td_colspan="8"> Rootes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Talbot </Th> <Td_colspan="1"> </Td> <Td_colspan="9"> Talbot </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Marque </Th> <Th_colspan="5"> 1900s </Th> <Th_colspan="5"> 1910s </Th> <Th_colspan="5"> 1920s </Th> <Th_colspan="5"> 1930s </Th> <Th_colspan="5"> 1940s </Th> <Th_colspan="5"> 1950s </Th> <Th_colspan="5"> 1960s </Th> <Th_colspan="5"> 1970s </Th> <Th_colspan="5"> 1980s </Th> <Th_colspan="5"> 1990s </Th> <Th_colspan="5"> 2000s </Th> <Th_colspan="1"> 2010s </Th> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Economy of the United Kingdom </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Companies </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Co-operatives </Li> <Li> Employee - owned companies </Li> <Li> FTSE 100 Index </Li> <Li> FTSE 250 Index </Li> <Li> FTSE Fledgling Index </Li> <Li> FTSE SmallCap Index </Li> <Li> Government - owned companies </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Currency , governance , regulation </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Bank of England <Ul> <Li> Governor of the Bank of England </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Budget </Li> <Li> Company law </Li> <Li> Competition Commission </Li> <Li> Department for Business , Energy and Industrial Strategy </Li> <Li> Financial Conduct Authority </Li> <Li> Gilts </Li> <Li> HM Revenue and Customs </Li> <Li> HM Treasury <Ul> <Li> Chancellor of the Exchequer </Li> <Li> Debt Management Office </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Monetary Policy Committee </Li> <Li> Office for Budget Responsibility </Li> <Li> Office of Fair Trading </Li> <Li> Pound sterling <Ul> <Li> Banknotes </Li> <Li> Coinage </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Taxation </Li> <Li> UK Statistics Authority </Li> <Li> UK Trade & Investment </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> History </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Chronological </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 1659 -- 1849 Navigation Acts </Li> <Li> Agricultural Revolution </Li> <Li> Industrial Revolution </Li> <Li> Panic of 1796 -- 97 </Li> <Li> 1815 -- 46 Corn Laws </Li> <Li> New Imperialism 1830s -- 1945 </Li> <Li> Second Industrial Revolution 1860s -- 1914 </Li> <Li> 1873 -- 79 Long Depression </Li> <Li> 1926 general strike </Li> <Li> 1929 -- 39 Great Depression </Li> <Li> 1948 -- 52 Marshall Plan </Li> <Li> 1974 Three - Day Week </Li> <Li> 1979 Winter of Discontent </Li> <Li> 1986 Big Bang </Li> <Li> 1992 Black Wednesday </Li> <Li> Late - 2000s recession </Li> <Li> 2008 bank rescue package </Li> <Li> 2009 bank rescue package </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Recurrent </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Economic geography </Li> <Li> Free trade </Li> <Li> Gold standard </Li> <Li> Recessions and recoveries </Li> <Li> National champions policy </Li> <Li> Economic liberalism </Li> <Li> Privatisation </Li> <Li> Nationalisation </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Nations , regions , cities </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> England </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Atlantic Gateway </Li> <Li> Birmingham <Ul> <Li> Big City Plan </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Bristol </Li> <Li> Cornwall </Li> <Li> Croydon <Ul> <Li> Croydon Vision 2020 </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Devon </Li> <Li> Expansion plans for Milton Keynes </Li> <Li> Fishing </Li> <Li> Leeds </Li> <Li> List of counties by GVA </Li> <Li> Liverpool </Li> <Li> London <Ul> <Li> East London Tech City </Li> <Li> London Plan </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> M4 corridor </Li> <Li> M11 Corridor </Li> <Li> Manchester </Li> <Li> Reading </Li> <Li> Sheffield </Li> <Li> Silicon Fen </Li> <Li> Thames Gateway </Li> <Li> Tourism </Li> <Li> Transport </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> N. 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Los Angeles Dodgers - wikipedia <H1> Los Angeles Dodgers </H1> Jump to : navigation , search `` Dodgers '' redirects here . For other uses , see Dodger ( disambiguation ) . <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Los Angeles Dodgers </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> 2018 Los Angeles Dodgers season </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Established in 1883 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Based in Los Angeles since 1958 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Team logo </Td> <Td> Cap insignia </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Major league affiliations </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> National League ( 1890 -- present ) <Ul> <Li> West Division ( 1969 -- present ) </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> American Association ( 1884 -- 1889 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Current uniform </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Retired numbers </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> 19 </Li> <Li> 20 </Li> <Li> 24 </Li> <Li> 32 </Li> <Li> 39 </Li> <Li> 42 </Li> <Li> 53 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Colors </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Dodger blue , white , red </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Name </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Los Angeles Dodgers ( 1958 -- present ) </Li> <Li> Brooklyn Dodgers ( 1932 -- 1957 ) </Li> <Li> Brooklyn Robins ( 1914 -- 1931 ) </Li> <Li> Brooklyn Superbas ( 1913 ) </Li> <Li> Brooklyn Trolley Dodgers ( 1911 -- 1912 ) </Li> <Li> Brooklyn Superbas ( 1899 -- 1910 ) </Li> <Li> Brooklyn Bridegrooms ( 1896 -- 1898 ) </Li> <Li> Brooklyn Grooms ( 1891 -- 1895 ) </Li> <Li> Brooklyn Bridegrooms ( 1888 -- 1890 ) </Li> <Li> Brooklyn Grays ( 1885 -- 1887 ) </Li> <Li> Brooklyn Atlantics ( 1884 ) </Li> </Ul> ( 1932 is the first year in which the nickname appeared on the uniforms of the Brooklyn Base Ball Club ) . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Other nicknames </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> The Boys In Blue , The Blue Crew , Los Doyers </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Ballpark </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Dodger Stadium ( 1962 -- present ) </Li> <Li> Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum ( 1958 -- 1961 ) </Li> <Li> Roosevelt Stadium ( Jersey City , New Jersey ) ( 1956 -- 1957 ) </Li> <Li> Ebbets Field ( Brooklyn ) ( 1913 -- 1957 ) </Li> <Li> Washington Park ( II ) ( Brooklyn ) ( 1898 -- 1912 ) </Li> <Li> Eastern Park ( Brooklyn ) ( 1891 -- 1897 ) </Li> <Li> Ridgewood Park ( Brooklyn ) : Sunday games only ( 1886 -- 1889 ) </Li> <Li> Washington Park ( I ) ( Brooklyn ) ( 1884 -- 1890 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Major league titles </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> World Series titles ( 6 ) </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 1955 </Li> <Li> 1959 </Li> <Li> 1963 </Li> <Li> 1965 </Li> <Li> 1981 </Li> <Li> 1988 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> NL Pennants ( 22 ) </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 1890 </Li> <Li> 1899 </Li> <Li> 1900 </Li> <Li> 1916 </Li> <Li> 1920 </Li> <Li> 1941 </Li> <Li> 1947 </Li> <Li> 1949 </Li> <Li> 1952 </Li> <Li> 1953 </Li> <Li> 1955 </Li> <Li> 1956 </Li> <Li> 1959 </Li> <Li> 1963 </Li> <Li> 1965 </Li> <Li> 1966 </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> 1977 </Li> <Li> 1978 </Li> <Li> 1981 </Li> <Li> 1988 </Li> <Li> 2017 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> AA Pennants ( 1 ) </Th> <Td> 1889 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> West Division titles ( 16 ) </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> 1977 </Li> <Li> 1978 </Li> <Li> 1981 </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> 1985 </Li> <Li> 1988 </Li> <Li> 1995 </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> 2008 </Li> <Li> 2009 </Li> <Li> 2013 </Li> <Li> 2014 </Li> <Li> 2015 </Li> <Li> 2016 </Li> <Li> 2017 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Wild card berths ( 2 ) </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> 2006 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Front office </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Owner ( s ) </Th> <Td> Guggenheim Baseball Management </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Manager </Th> <Td> Dave Roberts </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> General Manager </Th> <Td> Farhan Zaidi </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> President of Baseball Operations </Th> <Td> Andrew Friedman </Td> </Tr> </Table> Jeff Pfeffer , 1916 Brooklyn Robins <P> The Los Angeles Dodgers are an American professional baseball team based in Los Angeles , California . The Dodgers compete in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) as a member club of the National League ( NL ) West division . Established in 1883 in Brooklyn , New York , the team moved to Los Angeles before the 1958 season . They played for four seasons at the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum before moving to their current home of Dodger Stadium in 1962 . </P> <P> The Dodgers as a franchise have won six World Series titles and 22 National League pennants. 11 NL MVP award winners have played for the Dodgers , winning a total of 13 MVP Awards , Eight Cy Young Award winners have pitched for the Dodgers , winning a total of twelve Cy Young Awards . The team has also produced 18 Rookie of the Year Award winners , twice as many as the next closest team , including four consecutive from 1979 to 1982 and five consecutive from 1992 to 1996 . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 History </Li> <Li> 2 Team history <Ul> <Li> 2.1 Brooklyn Dodgers </Li> <Li> 2.2 Jackie Robinson </Li> <Li> 2.3 Move to Los Angeles </Li> <Li> 2.4 Los Angeles Dodgers </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 Other historical notes <Ul> <Li> 3.1 Historical records and firsts </Li> <Li> 3.2 Origin of the nickname </Li> <Li> 3.3 Uniforms </Li> <Li> 3.4 Asian players </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 Rivalries <Ul> <Li> 4.1 San Francisco Giants </Li> <Li> 4.2 Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim </Li> <Li> 4.3 Historical rivalry <Ul> <Li> 4.3. 1 New York Yankees </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 5 Fan support </Li> <Li> 6 Radio and television </Li> <Li> 7 Management </Li> <Li> 8 Achievements <Ul> <Li> 8.1 Baseball Hall of Famers </Li> <Li> 8.2 Ford C. Frick Award recipients </Li> <Li> 8.3 Team captains </Li> <Li> 8.4 Retired numbers </Li> <Li> 8.5 Awards </Li> <Li> 8.6 Team records </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 9 Personnel <Ul> <Li> 9.1 Current roster </Li> <Li> 9.2 Presidents </Li> <Li> 9.3 Managers </Li> <Li> 9.4 General Managers </Li> <Li> 9.5 Public address announcers / organists </Li> <Li> 9.6 Other </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 10 Minor league affiliations <Ul> <Li> 10.1 Minor league rosters </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 11 See also </Li> <Li> 12 References </Li> <Li> 13 Further reading </Li> <Li> 14 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> History ( edit ) </H2> <P> In the early 20th century , the team , then known as the Robins , won league pennants in 1916 and 1920 , losing the World Series both times , first to Boston and then Cleveland . In the 1930s , the team changed its name to the Dodgers , named after the Brooklyn pedestrians who dodged the streetcars in the city . In 1941 , the Dodgers captured their third National League pennant , only to lose to the New York Yankees . This marked the onset of the Dodgers -- Yankees rivalry , as the Dodgers would face them in their next six World Series appearances . Led by Jackie Robinson , the first black Major League Baseball player of the modern era ; and three - time National League Most Valuable Player Roy Campanella , also signed out of the Negro Leagues , the Dodgers captured their first World Series title in 1955 by defeating the Yankees for the first time , a story notably described in the 1972 book The Boys of Summer . </P> <P> Following the 1957 season the team left Brooklyn . In just their second season in Los Angeles , the Dodgers won their second World Series title , beating the Chicago White Sox in six games in 1959 . Spearheaded by the dominant pitching style of Sandy Koufax and Don Drysdale , the Dodgers captured three pennants in the 1960s and won two more World Series titles , sweeping the Yankees in four games in 1963 , and edging the Minnesota Twins in seven in 1965 . The 1963 sweep was their second victory against the Yankees , and their first against them as a Los Angeles team . The Dodgers won four more pennants in 1966 , 1974 , 1977 and 1978 , but lost in each World Series appearance . They went on to win the World Series again in 1981 , thanks in part to pitching sensation Fernando Valenzuela . The early 1980s were affectionately dubbed `` Fernandomania . '' In 1988 , another pitching hero , Orel Hershiser , again led them to a World Series victory , aided by one of the most memorable home runs of all time , by their injured star outfielder Kirk Gibson coming off the bench to pinch hit with two outs in the bottom of the ninth inning of game 1 , in his only appearance of the series . </P> <P> The Dodgers share a fierce rivalry with the San Francisco Giants , the oldest rivalry in baseball , dating back to when the two franchises played in New York City . Both teams moved west for the 1958 season . The Brooklyn Dodgers and Los Angeles Dodgers have collectively appeared in the World Series 19 times , while the New York Giants and San Francisco Giants have collectively appeared 20 times and have been invited 21 times . The Giants have won two more World Series ( 8 ) ; the Dodgers have won 22 National League pennants , while the Giants hold the record with 23 . Although the two franchises have enjoyed near equal success , the city rivalries are rather lopsided and in both cases , a team 's championships have predated to the other 's first one in that particular location . When the two teams were based in New York , the Giants won five World Series championships , and the Dodgers one . After the move to California , the Dodgers have won five in Los Angeles , the Giants have won three in San Francisco . </P> <H2> Team history ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Brooklyn Dodgers ( edit ) </H3> Main article : History of the Brooklyn Dodgers <P> The Dodgers were founded in 1883 as the Brooklyn Atlantics , taking the name of a defunct team that had played in Brooklyn before them . The team joined the American Association in 1884 and won the AA championship in 1889 before joining the National League in 1890 . They promptly won the NL Championship their first year in the League . The team was known alternatively as the Bridegrooms , Grooms , Superbas , Robins , and Trolley Dodgers before officially becoming the Dodgers in the 1930s . </P> <P> In Brooklyn , the Dodgers won the NL pennant several times ( 1890 , 1899 , 1900 , 1916 , 1920 , 1941 , 1947 , 1949 , 1952 , 1953 , 1955 , 1956 ) and the World Series in 1955 . After moving to Los Angeles , the team won National League pennants in 1959 , 1963 , 1965 , 1966 , 1974 , 1977 , 1978 , 1981 , 1988 , and 2017 , with World Series championships in 1959 , 1963 , 1965 , 1981 and 1988 . In all , the Dodgers have appeared in 19 World Series : 9 in Brooklyn and 10 in Los Angeles . </P> <H3> Jackie Robinson ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Jackie Robinson <P> For most of the first half of the 20th century , no Major League Baseball team employed an African American player . Jackie Robinson became the first African American to play for a Major League Baseball team when he played his first major league game on April 15 , 1947 , as a member of the Brooklyn Dodgers . This was mainly due to general manager Branch Rickey 's efforts . The deeply religious Rickey 's motivation appears to have been primarily moral , although business considerations were also a factor . Rickey was a member of The Methodist Church , the antecedent denomination to The United Methodist Church of today , which was a strong advocate for social justice and active later in the American Civil Rights Movement . </P> <P> This event was the harbinger of the integration of professional sports in the United States , the concomitant demise of the Negro Leagues , and is regarded as a key moment in the history of the American Civil Rights movement . Robinson was an exceptional player , a speedy runner who sparked the team with his intensity . He was the inaugural recipient of the Rookie of the Year award , which is now named the Jackie Robinson Award in his honor . The Dodgers ' willingness to integrate , when most other teams refused to , was a key factor in their 1947 -- 1956 success . They won six pennants in those 10 years with the help of Robinson , three - time MVP Roy Campanella , Cy Young Award winner Don Newcombe , Jim Gilliam and Joe Black . Robinson would eventually go on to become the first African - American elected to the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1962 . </P> <H3> Move to Los Angeles ( edit ) </H3> Former Dodger greats who played in both Brooklyn and Los Angeles adorn the exterior of Dodger Stadium . <P> Real estate businessman Walter O'Malley acquired majority ownership of the Dodgers in 1950 , when he bought the 25 percent share of co-owner Branch Rickey and became allied with the widow of the another equal partner , Mrs. John L. Smith . Before long , he was working to buy new land in Brooklyn to build a more accessible and better arrayed ballpark than Ebbets Field . Beloved as it was , Ebbets Field was no longer well - served by its aging infrastructure and the Dodgers could no longer sell out the park even in the heat of a pennant race , despite largely dominating the National League from 1946 to 1957 . </P> <P> O'Malley wanted to build a new , state of the art stadium in Brooklyn . But City Planner Robert Moses and New York politicians refused to grant him the eminent domain authority required to build pursuant to O'Malley's plans . To put pressure on the city , during the 1955 season , O'Malley announced that the team would play seven regular season games and one exhibition game at Jersey City 's Roosevelt Stadium in 1956 . Moses and the City considered this an empty threat , and did not believe O'Malley would go through with moving the team from New York City . </P> <P> After teams began to travel to and from games by air instead of train , it became possible to include locations in the far west . Los Angeles officials attended the 1956 World Series looking to the Washington Senators to move to the West Coast . When O'Malley heard that LA was looking for a club , he sent word to the Los Angeles officials that he was interested in talking . LA offered him what New York would not : a chance to buy land suitable for building a ballpark , and own that ballpark , giving him complete control over all revenue streams . When the news came out , NYC Mayor Robert F. Wagner , Jr. and Moses made an offer to build a ballpark on the World 's Fair Grounds in Queens that would be shared by the Giants and Dodgers . However , O'Malley was interested in his park only under his conditions , and the plans for a new stadium in Brooklyn seemed like a pipe dream . O'Malley decided to move the Dodgers to California , convincing Giants owner Horace Stoneham to move to San Francisco instead of Minneapolis to keep another team on the West Coast to ease approval of the moves . There was no turning back : the Dodgers were heading for Hollywood . </P> <P> The Dodgers played their final game at Ebbets Field on September 24 , 1957 , which the Dodgers won 2 -- 0 over the Pittsburgh Pirates . </P> <P> New York would remain a one - team town with the New York Yankees until 1962 , when Joan Payson founded the New York Mets and brought National League baseball back to the city . The blue background used by the Dodgers , would be adopted by the Mets , honoring their New York NL forebears with a blend of Dodgers blue and Giants orange . </P> <H3> Los Angeles Dodgers ( edit ) </H3> Main article : History of the Los Angeles Dodgers <P> The Dodgers were the first Major League Baseball team to ever play in Los Angeles . On April 18 , 1958 , the Dodgers played their first LA game , defeating the former New York and now new San Francisco Giants , 6 -- 5 , before 78,672 fans at the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum . Catcher Roy Campanella , left partially paralyzed in an off - season accident , was never able to play in Los Angeles . </P> The 1959 World Series was played partially at the LA Coliseum while Dodger Stadium was being built . <P> Construction on Dodger Stadium was completed in time for Opening Day 1962 . With its clean , simple lines and its picturesque setting amid hills and palm trees , the ballpark quickly became an icon of the Dodgers and their new California lifestyle . O'Malley was determined that there would not be a bad seat in the house , achieving this by cantilevered grandstands that have since been widely imitated . More importantly for the team , the stadium 's spacious dimensions , along with other factors , gave defense an advantage over offense and the Dodgers moved to take advantage of this by assembling a team that would excel with its pitching . </P> <P> Since moving to Los Angeles , the Dodgers have won 10 more National League Championships and five World Series rings . </P> <H2> Other historical Notes ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Historical records and firsts ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> First baseball team to win championships in different leagues in consecutive years ( 1889 -- 1890 ) </Li> <Li> First television broadcast ( 1939 ) </Li> <Li> First use of batting helmets ( 1941 ) </Li> <Li> First MLB team to employ and start an African - American player in the 20th century ( Jackie Robinson , 1947 ) </Li> <Li> First MLB team to have numbers on the front of their uniforms ( 1952 ) </Li> <Li> First West Coast team ( 1958 ) -- along with the San Francisco Giants </Li> <Li> First MLB team to allow a female sports journalist into a locker room ( Anita Martini , 1974 ) </Li> <Li> Largest home - opener attendance : 78,672 ( 1958 ) ( since broken by the Colorado Rockies in 1993 ) </Li> <Li> Largest single game attendance : 93,103 ( 1959 ) and 115,300 ( 2008 ) * World Record </Li> <Li> First MLB team to open an office in Asia ( 1998 ) </Li> <Li> Longest MLB record for home start going 13 -- 0 ( 2009 ) </Li> <Li> North American record for the buying of a sports team ( $2 billion , 2012 ) </Li> <Li> First MLB team to employ a female lead trainer ( Sue Falsone , 2012 ) </Li> </Ul> <H3> Origin of the nickname ( edit ) </H3> <P> The Dodgers ' official history reports that the term `` Trolley Dodgers '' was attached to the Brooklyn ballclub due to the complex maze of trolley cars that weaved its way through the borough of Brooklyn . </P> <P> In 1892 , the city of Brooklyn ( Brooklyn was an independent city until annexed by New York City in 1898 ) began replacing its slow - moving , horse - drawn trolley lines with the faster , more powerful electric trolley lines . Within less than three years , by the end of 1895 , electric trolley accidents in Brooklyn had resulted in more than 130 deaths and maimed well over 500 people . Brooklyn 's high - profile , the significant number of widely reported accidents , and a trolley strike in early 1895 , combined to create a strong association in the public 's mind between Brooklyn and trolley dodging . </P> <P> Sportswriters started using the name `` trolley dodgers '' to refer to the Brooklyn team early in the 1895 season . The name was shortened to , on occasion , the `` Brooklyn Dodgers '' as early as 1898 . </P> <P> Sportswriters in the early 20th century began referring to the Dodgers as the `` Bums '' , in reference to the team 's fans and possibly because of the `` street character '' nature of Jack Dawkins , the `` Artful Dodger '' in Charles Dickens ' Oliver Twist . Newspaper cartoonist Willard Mullin used a drawing of famous clown Emmett Kelly to depict `` Dem Bums '' : the team would later use `` Weary Willie '' in promotional images , and Kelly himself was a club mascot during the 1950s . </P> <P> Other team names used by the franchise were the Atlantics , Grays , Grooms , Bridegrooms , Superbas and Robins . All of these nicknames were used by fans and sportswriters to describe the team , but not in any official capacity . The team 's legal name was the Brooklyn Base Ball Club . However , the Trolley Dodger nickname was used throughout this period , simultaneously with these other nicknames , by fans and sportswriters of the day . The team did not use the name in any formal sense until 1932 , when the word `` Dodgers '' appeared on team jerseys . The `` conclusive shift '' came in 1933 , when both home and road jerseys for the team bore the name `` Dodgers '' . </P> <P> Examples of how the many popularized names of the team were used are available from newspaper articles before 1932 . A New York Times article describing a game in 1916 starts out : `` Jimmy Callahan , pilot of the Pirates , did his best to wreck the hopes the Dodgers have of gaining the National League pennant '' , but then goes on to comment : `` the only thing that saved the Superbas from being toppled from first place was that the Phillies lost one of the two games played '' . What is interesting about the use of these two nicknames is that most baseball statistics sites and baseball historians generally now refer to the pennant - winning 1916 Brooklyn team as the Robins . A 1918 New York Times article uses the nickname in its title : `` Buccaneers Take Last From Robins '' , but the subtitle of the article reads : `` Subdue The Superbas By 11 To 4 , Making Series An Even Break '' . </P> <P> Another example of the use of the many nicknames is found on the program issued at Ebbets Field for the 1920 World Series , which identifies the matchup in the series as `` Dodgers vs. Indians '' despite the fact that the Robins nickname had been in consistent use for around six years . The `` Robins '' nickname was derived from the name of their Hall of Fame manager , Wilbert Robinson , who led the team from 1914 to 1931 . </P> <H3> Uniforms ( edit ) </H3> The Dodgers ' home uniform has remained relatively unchanged for 70 years <P> The Dodgers ' uniform has remained relatively unchanged since the 1930s . The home jersey is white with `` Dodgers '' written in script across the chest in Dodger Blue . The road jersey is gray with `` Los Angeles '' written in script across the chest in Dodger Blue . The word `` Dodgers '' was first used on the front of the team 's home jersey in 1933 ; the uniform was then white with red pinstripes and a stylized `` B '' on the left shoulder . The Dodgers also wore green outlined uniforms and green caps throughout the 1937 season but reverted to blue the following year . </P> <P> The current design was created in 1939 , and has remained the same ever since with only cosmetic changes . In 1952 , the home uniform added a red uniform number under the `` Dodgers '' script . The road jersey also has a red uniform number under the script . When the franchise moved from Brooklyn to Los Angeles , the city name on the road jersey changed , and the stylized `` B '' was replaced with the interlocking `` LA '' on the caps in 1958 . In 1970 , the Dodgers removed the city name from the road jerseys and had `` Dodgers '' on both the home and away uniforms . The city script returned to the road jerseys in 1999 , and the tradition - rich Dodgers flirted with an alternate uniform for the first time since 1944 ( when all - blue satin uniforms were introduced ) . These 1999 alternate jerseys had a royal blue top with the `` Dodgers '' script in white across the chest , and the red number on the front . These were worn with white pants and a new cap with silver brim , top button and Dodger logo . These alternates proved unpopular and the team abandoned them after only one season . In 2014 , the Dodgers introduced an alternate road jersey : a gray version with the `` Dodgers '' script instead of the city name . </P> <Ul> <Li> <P> Current logo using `` Dodgers '' Script </P> </Li> <Li> <P> Los Angeles Dodgers Script on Dodger Blue </P> </Li> </Ul> <H3> Asian players ( edit ) </H3> Chan Ho Park <P> The Dodgers have been groundbreaking in their signing of players from Asia ; mainly , Japan , South Korea , and Taiwan . Former owner Peter O'Malley began reaching out in 1980 by starting clinics in China and South Korea , building baseball fields in two Chinese cities , and in 1998 becoming the first major league team to open an office in Asia . The Dodgers were the second team to start a Japanese player in recent history , pitcher Hideo Nomo , the first team to start a South Korean player , pitcher Chan Ho Park , and the first Taiwanese player , Chin - Feng Chen . In addition , they were the first team to send out three Asian pitchers , from different Asian countries , in one game : Park , Hong - Chih Kuo of Taiwan , and Takashi Saito of Japan . In the 2008 season , the Dodgers had the most Asian players on its roster of any major league team with five . They included Japanese pitchers Takashi Saito and Hiroki Kuroda ; South Korean pitcher Chan Ho Park ; and Taiwanese pitcher Hong - Chih Kuo and infielder Chin - Lung Hu . In 2005 , the Dodgers ' Hee Seop Choi became the first Asian player to compete in the Home Run Derby . For the 2013 season , the Dodgers signed starting pitcher Hyun - Jin Ryu with a six - year , $36 million contract , after posting a bid of nearly $27 million to acquire him from the KBO 's Hanhwa Eagles . For the 2016 season , the Dodgers signed starting pitcher Kenta Maeda with an eight - year , $25 million contract , after posting a bid of $20 million to acquire him from the NPB 's Hiroshima Toyo Carp . </P> <H2> Rivalries ( edit ) </H2> <P> The Dodgers ' rivalry with the San Francisco Giants dates back to the 19th century , when the two teams were based in New York ; the rivalry with the New York Yankees took place when the Dodgers were based in New York , but was revived with their East Coast / West Coast World Series battles in 1963 , 1977 , 1978 , and 1981 . The Dodgers rivalry with the Philadelphia Phillies also dates back to their days in New York , but was most fierce during the 1970s , 1980s , and 2000s . The Dodgers also had a heated rivalry with the Cincinnati Reds during the 1970s , 1980s and early 1990s . The rivalry with the Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim and the San Diego Padres dates back to the Angels ' and Padres ' respective inaugural seasons ( Angels in 1961 , Padres in 1969 ) . Regional proximity is behind the rivalries with both the Angels and the Padres . </P> <H3> San Francisco Giants ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Dodgers -- Giants rivalry <P> The Dodgers -- Giants rivalry is one of the longest - standing rivalries in American baseball . </P> <P> The feud between the Dodgers and the San Francisco Giants began in the late 19th century when both clubs were based in New York City , with the Dodgers playing in Brooklyn and the Giants playing at the Polo Grounds in Manhattan . After the 1957 season , Dodgers owner Walter O'Malley moved the team to Los Angeles for financial and other reasons . Along the way , he managed to convince Giants owner Horace Stoneham -- who was considering moving his team to Minnesota -- to preserve the rivalry by bringing his team to California as well . New York baseball fans were stunned and heartbroken by the move . Given that the cities of Los Angeles and San Francisco have been bitter rivals in economic , cultural , and political arenas for over a century and a half , the new venue in California became fertile ground for its transplantation . </P> <P> Each team 's ability to endure for over a century while moving across an entire continent , as well as the rivalry 's leap from a cross-city to a cross-state engagement , have led to the rivalry being considered one of the greatest in sports history . </P> <P> Unlike many other historic baseball match - ups in which one team remains dominant for most of their history , the Dodgers -- Giants rivalry has exhibited a persistent balance in the respective successes of the two teams . While the Giants have more wins in franchise history , and lead all NL teams with 23 National League pennants , the Dodgers are second , having won 21 ; the Giants have won eight World Series titles , while the Dodgers have won six . The 2010 World Series was the Giants ' first championship since moving to California , while the Dodgers had won five World Series titles since their move , their last title coming in the 1988 World Series . </P> <H3> Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Freeway Series <P> This rivalry refers to a series of games played with the Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim . The Freeway Series takes its name from the massive freeway system in the greater Los Angeles metropolitan area , the home of both teams ; one could travel from one team 's stadium to the other simply by traveling along Interstate 5 . The term is akin to Subway Series which refers to meetings between New York City baseball teams . The term `` Freeway Series '' also inspired the official name of the regions ' NHL rivalry : the Freeway Face - Off </P> <H3> Historical rivalry ( edit ) </H3> New York Yankees ( edit ) Main articles : Dodgers -- Yankees rivalry and Subway Series <P> The Dodgers -- Yankees rivalry is one of the most well - known rivalries in Major League Baseball . The two teams have met eleven times in the World Series , more times than any other pair from the American and National Leagues . The initial significance was embodied in the two teams ' proximity in New York City , when the Dodgers initially played in Brooklyn . After the Dodgers moved to Los Angeles in 1958 , the rivalry retained its significance as the two teams represented the dominant cities on each coast of the United States , and since the 1980s , the two largest cities in the United States . </P> <P> Although the rivalry 's significance arose from the two teams ' numerous World Series meetings , the Yankees and Dodgers have not met in the World Series since 1981 . They would not play each other in a non-exhibition game until 2004 , when they played a three - game interleague series . Their last meeting was in September 2016 , when the Dodgers won two out of three games in New York . </P> <H2> Fan support ( edit ) </H2> A fan waves a rally towel during the 2008 NLCS <P> The Dodgers have a loyal fanbase , evidenced by the fact that the Dodgers were the first MLB team to attract more than 3 million fans in a season ( in 1978 ) , and accomplished that feat six more times before any other franchise did it once . The Dodgers drew at least 3 million fans for 15 consecutive seasons from 1996 to 2010 , the longest such streak in all of MLB . On July 3 , 2007 , Dodgers management announced that total franchise attendance , dating back to 1901 , had reached 175 million , a record for all professional sports . In 2007 , the Dodgers set a franchise record for single - season attendance , attracting over 3.8 million fans . In 2009 , the Dodgers led MLB in total attendance . The Dodger baseball cap is consistently in the top three in sales . During the 2011 - 2012 season , Frank McCourt , the owner of the Dodgers at that time , was going through a rough divorce with his wife over who should be the owner of the Dodger team . Instead , Frank McCourt paid $131 million to his wife as part of the divorce settlement . As a result , the team payroll was financially low for a big - budget team crippling the Dodgers in the free - agent market . Collectively , the team performance waned due to the distracting drama in the front office resulting in low attendance numbers . </P> <P> Given the team 's proximity to Hollywood , numerous celebrities can often be seen attending home games at Dodger Stadium . Celebrities such as co-owner Magic Johnson , Mary Hart , Larry King , Tiger Woods , Alyssa Milano and Shia LaBeouf are known to sit at field box seats behind home plate where they sign autographs for fellow Dodger fans . Actor Bryan Cranston is a lifelong Dodger fan . </P> <P> The Dodgers set the world record for the largest attendance for a single baseball game during an exhibition game against the Boston Red Sox on March 28 , 2008 at the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum in honor of the Dodgers 50th anniversary , with 115,300 fans in attendance . All proceeds from the game benefited the official charity of the Dodgers , ThinkCure ! which supports cancer research at Children 's Hospital Los Angeles and City of Hope . Primarily Dodgers fans are from their own location in southern California and also parts of southern Nevada ; however there are also strong pockets of Dodger support in Mexico and throughout Asia , and their away games throughout the US will usually attract substantial numbers of expat and traveling fans . </P> <H2> Radio and television ( edit ) </H2> Main article : List of Los Angeles Dodgers broadcasters Hall of Fame Dodgers broadcaster Vin Scully <P> Vin Scully had called Dodgers games from 1950 to 2016 . His longtime partners were Jerry Doggett ( 1956 -- 1987 ) and Ross Porter ( 1977 -- 2004 ) . In 1976 , he was selected by Dodgers fans as the Most Memorable Personality ( on the field or off ) in the team 's history . He is also a recipient of the Baseball Hall of Fame 's Ford C. Frick Award for broadcasters ( inducted in 1982 ) . Unlike the modern style in which multiple sportscasters have an on - air conversation ( usually with one functioning as play - by - play announcer and the other ( s ) as color commentator ) , Scully , Doggett and Porter generally called games solo , trading with each other inning - by - inning . In the 1980s and 1990s , Scully would call the entire radio broadcast except for the third and seventh inning , allowing the other Dodger commentators to broadcast an inning . </P> <P> When Doggett retired after the 1987 season , he was replaced by Hall - of - Fame Dodgers pitcher Don Drysdale , who previously broadcast games for the California Angels and Chicago White Sox . Drysdale died in his hotel room following a heart attack before a game in Montreal in 1993 . This was a difficult broadcast for Scully and Porter who could not mention it on - air until Drysdale 's family had been notified and the official announcement made . He was replaced by former Dodgers outfielder Rick Monday . Porter 's tenure ended after the 2004 season , after which the format of play - by - play announcers and color commentators was installed , led by Monday and newcomer Charley Steiner . Scully , however , continued to announce solo . </P> <P> Scully called roughly 100 games per season ( all home games and road games in California and Arizona ) for both flagship radio station KLAC and on television for SportsNet LA . Scully was simulcast for the first three innings of each of his appearances , then announced only for the TV audience . If Scully was calling the game , Steiner took over play - by - play on radio beginning with the fourth inning , with Monday as color commentator . If Scully was not calling the game , Steiner and Orel Hershiser called the entire game on television while Monday and Kevin Kennedy did the same on radio . In the event the Dodgers were in post-season play , Scully called the first three and last three innings of the radio broadcast alone and Steiner and Monday handled the middle innings . Vin Scully retired from calling games in 2016 . His tenure with the Dodgers was the longest with any single sports team at 67 years . </P> <P> The Dodgers also broadcast on radio in Spanish , and the play - by - play is voiced by another Frick Award winner , Jaime Jarrín , who has been with the Dodgers since 1959 . The color analyst for some games is former Dodger pitcher Fernando Valenzuela , for whom Jarrin once translated post-game interviews . The Spanish - language radio flagship station is KTNQ . </P> <H2> Management ( edit ) </H2> Main article : List of Los Angeles Dodgers owners and executives <Ul> <Li> Owner : Guggenheim Baseball Management <Ul> <Li> Chairman / Controlling Partner : Mark Walter </Li> <Li> Partner : Earvin `` Magic '' Johnson </Li> <Li> Partner : Peter Guber </Li> <Li> Partner : Todd Boehly </Li> <Li> Partner : Robert `` Bobby '' Patton , Jr . </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> President / chief executive officer : Stan Kasten </Li> <Li> President of Baseball Operations : Andrew Friedman </Li> <Li> General Manager : Farhan Zaidi </Li> </Ul> <H2> Achievements ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Baseball Hall of Famers ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="1"> Los Angeles Dodgers Hall of Famers </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="1"> Affiliation according to the National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Table> Brooklyn Grooms / Superbas / Robins / Dodgers <Tr> <Td> <P> Dave Bancroft Dan Brouthers Roy Campanella Max Carey Kiki Cuyler Leo Durocher Burleigh Grimes </P> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> <P> Ned Hanlon Billy Herman Waite Hoyt Hughie Jennings Willie Keeler Joe Kelley George Kelly </P> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> <P> Tony Lazzeri Freddie Lindstrom Ernie Lombardi Al López Heinie Manush Rabbit Maranville Rube Marquard Tommy McCarthy </P> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> <P> Joe McGinnity Joe Medwick Pee Wee Reese Jackie Robinson Wilbert Robinson Duke Snider Casey Stengel </P> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> <P> Dazzy Vance Arky Vaughan Lloyd Waner Paul Waner John Montgomery Ward Zack Wheat Hack Wilson </P> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> Los Angeles Dodgers <Tr> <Td> <P> Walter Alston Jim Bunning Gary Carter </P> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> <P> Don Drysdale Rickey Henderson Sandy Koufax Tommy Lasorda </P> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> <P> Greg Maddux Juan Marichal Pedro Martínez </P> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> <P> Eddie Murray Walter O'Malley Mike Piazza Frank Robinson </P> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> <P> Don Sutton Joe Torre Hoyt Wilhelm </P> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ul> <Li> Players and managers listed in bold are depicted on their Hall of Fame plaques wearing a Dodgers , Robins , Superbas , Grooms , or Bridegrooms cap insignia . </Li> <Li> -- depicted on Hall of Fame plaque without a cap or cap insignia due to not wearing a cap or playing when caps had no insignia ; Hall of Fame recognizes Brooklyn / Los Angeles as `` Primary Team '' </Li> <Li> -- Walter O'Malley was inducted as an Executive / Pioneer for his contributions to baseball as owner of the Dodgers . He is depicted on his plaque without a cap . </Li> <Li> -- inducted as player , also managed Dodgers or was player - manager </Li> <Li> -- inducted as manager , also played for Dodgers or was player - manager </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Ford C. Frick Award recipients ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Los Angeles Dodgers Ford C. Frick Award recipients </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Affiliation according to the National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Td> <P> Red Barber </P> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> <P> Ernie Harwell </P> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> <P> Jaime Jarrín </P> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> <P> Vin Scully </P> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ul> <Li> Names in bold received the award based primarily on their work as broadcasters for the Dodgers . </Li> <Li> * Played as Dodgers </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Team captains ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Leo Durocher 1938 -- 1941 </Li> <Li> Pee Wee Reese 1950 -- 1958 </Li> <Li> Duke Snider 1962 </Li> <Li> Maury Wills 1963 -- 1966 </Li> <Li> Davey Lopes 1978 -- 1979 </Li> </Ul> <H3> Retired numbers ( edit ) </H3> See also : List of Major League Baseball retired numbers <Table> <Tr> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Pee Wee Reese SS Coach Retired July 1 , 1984 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Tommy Lasorda Coach , Mgr , GM Retired August 15 , 1997 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Duke Snider CF Retired July 6 , 1980 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Jim Gilliam 2B , 3B Coach Retired October 10 , 1978 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Don Sutton Retired August 14 , 1998 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Walter Alston Mgr Retired June 5 , 1977 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Sandy Koufax Retired June 4 , 1972 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Roy Campanella Retired June 4 , 1972 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Jackie Robinson 2B Retired June 4 , 1972 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Don Drysdale Retired July 1 , 1984 </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Hall of Famer Sandy Koufax <P> Koufax , Campanella , and Robinson were the first Dodgers to have their numbers retired , in a ceremony at Dodger Stadium on June 4 , 1972 . This was the year in which Koufax was inducted into the Baseball Hall of Fame ; Robinson and Campanella were already Hall - of - Famers . </P> <P> Alston 's number was retired in the year following his retirement as the Dodgers manager , six years before he was inducted into the Hall of Fame . </P> <P> Gilliam died suddenly in 1978 after a 28 - year career with the Dodgers organization . The Dodgers retired his number two days after his death , prior to Game 1 of the 1978 World Series . He is the only non-Hall - of - Famer to have his number retired by the Dodgers . </P> <P> Beginning in 1980 , the Dodgers have retired the numbers of longtime Dodgers ( Snider , Reese , Drysdale , Lasorda , and Sutton ) during the seasons in which each was inducted into the Hall of Fame . </P> <P> In 1997 , 50 years after he broke the color barrier and 25 years after the Dodgers retired his number , Robinson 's No. 42 was retired throughout Major League Baseball . Robinson is the only major league baseball player to have this honor bestowed upon him . Starting in the 2007 season , Jackie Robinson Day ( April 15 , commemorating Opening Day of Robinson 's rookie season of 1947 ) has featured many or all players and coaches wearing the number 42 as a tribute to Robinson . </P> <P> The Dodgers have not issued the number 34 since the departure of Fernando Valenzuela in 1991 , although it has not been officially retired . </P> <H3> Awards ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Los Angeles Dodgers award winners and league leaders <H3> Team records ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Los Angeles Dodgers team records <H2> Personnel ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Current roster ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="10"> Los Angeles Dodgers 2018 spring training roster <Ul> <Li> view </Li> <Li> talk </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="4"> 40 - man roster </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> Non-roster invitees </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> Coaches / Other </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <P> Pitchers </P> <Ul> <Li> -- Scott Alexander </Li> <Li> 52 Pedro Báez </Li> <Li> -- Dylan Baker </Li> <Li> 64 Walker Buehler </Li> <Li> 54 Tony Cingrani </Li> <Li> 46 Josh Fields </Li> <Li> 62 Wilmer Font </Li> <Li> 63 Yimi García </Li> <Li> 44 Rich Hill </Li> <Li> 74 Kenley Jansen </Li> <Li> 22 Clayton Kershaw </Li> <Li> -- Tom Koehler </Li> <Li> 36 Adam Liberatore </Li> <Li> 18 Kenta Maeda </Li> <Li> -- Henry Owens </Li> <Li> 58 Edward Paredes </Li> <Li> 99 Hyun - jin Ryu </Li> <Li> -- Dennis Santana </Li> <Li> 48 Brock Stewart </Li> <Li> 68 Ross Stripling </Li> <Li> 7 Julio Urías </Li> <Li> 57 Alex Wood </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> <P> Catchers </P> <Ul> <Li> 15 Austin Barnes </Li> <Li> 65 Kyle Farmer </Li> <Li> 9 Yasmani Grandal </Li> </Ul> <P> Infielders </P> <Ul> <Li> 35 Cody Bellinger </Li> <Li> 11 Logan Forsythe </Li> <Li> 70 Tim Locastro </Li> <Li> 5 Corey Seager </Li> <Li> 25 Rob Segedin </Li> <Li> 10 Justin Turner </Li> </Ul> <P> Outfielders </P> <Ul> <Li> 14 Enrique Hernández </Li> <Li> -- Matt Kemp </Li> <Li> 31 Joc Pederson </Li> <Li> 66 Yasiel Puig </Li> <Li> 3 Chris Taylor </Li> <Li> 47 Trayce Thompson </Li> <Li> 60 Andrew Toles </Li> <Li> 61 Alex Verdugo </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> <P> Pitchers </P> <Ul> <Li> -- Pat Venditte </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <P> </P> <P> </P> <P> </P> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> <P> Manager </P> <Ul> <Li> 30 Dave Roberts </Li> </Ul> <P> Coaches </P> <Ul> <Li> -- Brant Brown ( assistant hitting ) </Li> <Li> 82 Steve Cilladi ( bullpen catcher ) </Li> <Li> 8 Bob Geren ( bench ) </Li> <Li> 40 Rick Honeycutt ( pitching ) </Li> <Li> -- Danny Lehman ( game planning and communications ) </Li> <Li> 27 George Lombard ( first base ) </Li> <Li> -- Luis Ortiz ( assistant hitting ) </Li> <Li> -- Mark Prior ( bullpen ) </Li> <Li> 12 Turner Ward ( hitting ) </Li> <Li> 45 Chris Woodward ( third base ) </Li> <Li> 7 Steve Yeager ( catching ) </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <P> </P> <P> 39 active , 0 inactive , 1 non-roster invitees </P> <P> 7 - or 10 - day disabled list * Not on active roster Suspended list Roster , coaches , and NRIs updated January 4 , 2018 Transactions Depth Chart → All MLB rosters </P> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Presidents ( edit ) </H3> Main article : List of Los Angeles Dodgers owners and executives <Ul> <Li> Charlie Byrne 1883 -- 1897 </Li> <Li> Charles Ebbets 1898 -- 1925 </Li> <Li> Edward McKeever 1925 -- 1925 ( interim ) </Li> <Li> Wilbert Robinson 1925 -- 1929 </Li> <Li> Frank B. York 1930 -- 1932 </Li> <Li> Stephen McKeever 1933 -- 1938 </Li> <Li> Larry MacPhail 1939 -- 1942 </Li> <Li> Branch Rickey 1943 -- 1950 </Li> <Li> Walter O'Malley 1950 -- 1970 </Li> <Li> Peter O'Malley 1970 -- 1997 </Li> <Li> Bob Graziano 1998 -- 2004 </Li> <Li> Jamie McCourt 2004 -- 2009 </Li> <Li> Dennis Mannion 2009 -- 2010 </Li> <Li> Stan Kasten 2012 -- present </Li> </Ul> <H3> Managers ( edit ) </H3> Main article : List of Los Angeles Dodgers managers <P> Since 1884 , the Dodgers have used a total of 31 Managers , the most current being Dave Roberts , who was appointed following the 2015 postseason , after the departure of Don Mattingly . </P> <P> Over the nearly 43 years from 1954 to mid-1996 , the Dodgers employed only two managers , Walter Alston and Tommy Lasorda , both of whom are in the Hall of Fame . During this entire time period of extraordinary stability , the Dodgers were family owned by Walter O'Malley and then his son Peter O'Malley . It was during this era that the Dodgers won 11 of their 21 pennants , and all six of their World Series championships . </P> <P> The managers of the Los Angeles Dodgers ( 1958 -- present ) are as follows : </P> <Ul> <Li> Walter Alston ( 1958 -- 1976 ) ( in Brooklyn since 1954 ) </Li> <Li> Tommy Lasorda ( 1976 -- 1996 ) </Li> <Li> Bill Russell ( 1996 -- 1998 ) </Li> <Li> Glenn Hoffman ( 1998 ) </Li> <Li> Davey Johnson ( 1999 -- 2000 ) </Li> <Li> Jim Tracy ( 2001 -- 2005 ) </Li> <Li> Grady Little ( 2006 -- 2007 ) </Li> <Li> Joe Torre ( 2008 -- 2010 ) </Li> <Li> Don Mattingly ( 2011 -- 2015 ) </Li> <Li> Dave Roberts ( 2016 -- present ) </Li> </Ul> <H3> General Managers ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Larry MacPhail ( 1938 -- 1942 ) </Li> <Li> Branch Rickey ( 1943 -- 1950 ) </Li> <Li> Buzzie Bavasi ( 1950 -- 1968 ) </Li> <Li> Fresco Thompson ( 1968 ) </Li> <Li> Al Campanis ( 1968 -- 1987 ) </Li> <Li> Fred Claire ( 1987 -- 1998 ) </Li> <Li> Tommy Lasorda ( 1998 ) </Li> <Li> Kevin Malone ( 1999 -- 2001 ) </Li> <Li> Dave Wallace ( 2001 ) </Li> <Li> Dan Evans ( 2001 -- 2004 ) </Li> <Li> Paul DePodesta ( 2004 -- 2005 ) </Li> <Li> Ned Colletti ( 2005 -- 2014 ) </Li> <Li> Farhan Zaidi ( 2014 -- present ) </Li> </Ul> <H3> Public address announcers / organists ( edit ) </H3> <P> From the Dodgers ' move to Los Angeles from Brooklyn in 1958 , the Dodgers employed a handful of well - known public address announcers ; the most famous of which was John Ramsey , who served as the PA voice of the Dodgers from 1958 until his retirement in 1982 ; as well as announcing at other venerable Los Angeles venues , including the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum and Sports Arena , and the Forum . Ramsey died in 1990 . </P> <P> From 1958 to 1982 , Doug Moore , a local businessman ; Philip Petty , an Orange County Superior Court Judge ; and Dennis Packer ; served as back - up voices for John Ramsey for the Dodgers , California Angels , Los Angeles Chargers , USC football and Los Angeles Rams . Packer was Ramsey 's primary backup for the Los Angeles Lakers and Los Angeles Kings until Ramsey 's retirement from the Forum in 1978 . Thereafter , Packer became the public address announcer for the Lakers , Kings , indoor soccer and indoor tennis events at the Forum . </P> <P> Nick Nickson , a radio broadcaster for the Los Angeles Kings , replaced John Ramsey as the Dodger Stadium public address announcer in 1983 and served in that capacity through the 1989 season to work with the Kings full - time . </P> <P> Dennis Packer and Pete Arbogast were emulators of John Ramsey , using the same stentorian style of announcing Ramsey was famous for . Packer and Arbogast shared the stadium announcing chores for the 1994 FIFA World Cup matches at the Rose Bowl . Arbogast won the Dodgers job on the day that Ramsey died on January 25 , 1990 , by doing a verbatim imitation of Ramsey 's opening and closing remarks that were standard at each game . His replacement , in 1993 was Mike Carlucci , who remained as the Dodgers ' PA voice until 2003 to concentrate on his voiceover and acting career along with his Olympics announcing duties . </P> <P> Through 2014 , the Dodgers public address announcer was Eric Smith , who also announces for the Los Angeles Clippers and USC Trojans . </P> <P> On April 3 , 2015 the Dodgers announced that former radio broadcaster Todd Leitz would become their new public address announcer . Leitz was an anchor and news reporter in Los Angeles at KNX 1070 AM for 10 years , and a news reporter at KABC 790 for two years . </P> <P> During their time in Brooklyn , stadium organist Gladys Gooding became so well - known that fans would joke that she was `` the only Dodger who played every game without an error '' . Until 2015 , Nancy Bea enjoyed a similar level of popularity behind the Dodger Stadium keyboard . Her replacement and current organist is Dieter Ruehle , who also plays at Staples Center for Los Angeles Kings and Los Angeles Lakers games . </P> <H3> Other ( edit ) </H3> <P> Vin Scully is permanently honored in the Hall 's `` Scribes & Mikemen '' exhibit as a result of winning the Ford C. Frick Award in 1982 . As with all Frick Award recipients , he is not officially considered an inducted member of the Hall of Fame . </P> <P> Sue Falsone , served as the first female physical therapist in Major League baseball , and from 2012 to 2013 , was the first female head athletic trainer . </P> <H2> Minor league affiliations ( edit ) </H2> Main article : List of Los Angeles Dodgers minor league affiliates <Table> <Tr> <Th> Level </Th> <Th> Team </Th> <Th> League </Th> <Th> Location </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> AAA </Td> <Td> Oklahoma City Dodgers </Td> <Td> Pacific Coast League </Td> <Td> Oklahoma City , Oklahoma </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> AA </Td> <Td> Tulsa Drillers </Td> <Td> Texas League </Td> <Td> Tulsa , Oklahoma </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Advanced A </Td> <Td> Rancho Cucamonga Quakes </Td> <Td> California League </Td> <Td> Rancho Cucamonga , California </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Great Lakes Loons </Td> <Td> Midwest League </Td> <Td> Midland , Michigan </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Rookie </Td> <Td> Ogden Raptors </Td> <Td> Pioneer League </Td> <Td> Ogden , Utah </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> AZL Dodgers </Td> <Td> Arizona League </Td> <Td> Phoenix , Arizona </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> DSL Dodgers 1 </Td> <Td> Dominican Summer League </Td> <Td> Santo Domingo , Dominican Republic </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> DSL Dodgers 2 </Td> <Td> Dominican Summer League </Td> <Td> Santo Domingo , Dominican Republic </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Minor league rosters ( edit ) </H3> Further information : Los Angeles Dodgers minor league players <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Greater Los Angeles portal </Li> <Li> Baseball portal </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> 1994 in baseball </Li> <Li> Dodger Dog </Li> <Li> List of Los Angeles Dodgers broadcasters </Li> <Li> List of Los Angeles Dodgers managers </Li> <Li> List of Los Angeles Dodgers seasons </Li> <Li> List of World Series champions </Li> <Li> Los Angeles Dodgers all - time roster </Li> <Li> Roy Campanella Award </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Dressed to the Nines uniform database '' . National Baseball Hall of Fame . Retrieved October 8 , 2008 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Bernado , Leonard ; Weiss , Jennifer ( 2006 ) . Brooklyn By Name : From Bedford - Stuyvesant to Flatbush Avenue , And From Ebbetts Field To Williamsburg . New York : New York University Press . p. 81 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Dodgers Timeline '' . Los Angeles Dodgers . Retrieved September 22 , 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Chase , Chris , ed. ( 9 February 2015 ) . `` Strange - but - true origin stories of 19 sports team names '' . USA Today . Retrieved 25 October 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` About The Los Angeles Dodgers '' . viptickets.com . Retrieved April 15 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Branch Rickey , 83 , Dies in Missouri '' . The New York Times . Retrieved December 29 , 2008 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Brooklyn Dodgers ( 1890 - 1957 ) '' . www.sportsecyclopedia.com . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Mets Timeline Mets.com : History '' . MLB.com . Retrieved 2013 - 01 - 27 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Dodgers Timeline '' . Los Angeles Dodgers . Retrieved April 9 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Brown , Peter Jensen . `` The Grim Reality of the `` Trolley Dodgers '' `` . Early Sports and Pop - Culture History Blog . Retrieved 9 April 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ The Christian Work . 60 : 10 . January 2 , 1896 . Missing or empty title = ( help ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Notes of the Diamond '' . The Scranton Tribune . May 11 , 1895 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Current Sporting Notes '' . Evening Star ( Washington DC ) . April 25 , 1898 . Retrieved 9 April 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Brooklyn Ball Parks '' . BrooklynBallParks.com . Retrieved October 9 , 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Buccaneers Rout Sleepy Superbas '' ( PDF ) . New York Times . September 14 , 1916 . Retrieved October 8 , 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Buccaneers Take Last From Robins '' ( PDF ) . New York Times . May 19 , 1918 . Retrieved October 8 , 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` File : 1920 World Series program. jpg -- Wikimedia Commons '' . Commons.wikimedia.org . Retrieved March 29 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Wilbert Robinson '' . Baseball-statistics.com . August 8 , 1934 . Retrieved March 29 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Brooklyn Dodgers Uniform History </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Baxter , Kevin ( April 16 , 2008 ) . `` Dodgers lead the league in Asian players '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on April 21 , 2008 . Retrieved April 17 , 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Baseball 's top 10 rivalries '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` In Depth : Baseball 's Most Intense Rivalries '' . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Murphy , Robert ( 2009 ) . After many a summer : the passing of the Giants and Dodgers and a golden age in New York baseball . New York : Sterling . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4027 - 6068 - 6 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Sullivan , Neil J. ( 1987 ) . The Dodgers move west : the transfer of the Brooklyn baseball franchise to Los Angeles . New York : Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 504366 - 9 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The ten greatest rivalries '' . ESPN . January 3 , 2000 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Caple , Jim ( September 16 , 2002 ) . `` Giants - Dodgers best rivalry in baseball '' . ESPN . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Beard , Donald ( March 30 , 2005 ) . `` Giants - Dodgers Covers a Lot of Ground '' . The Washington Post . p . H5 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Leach , Matthew ( October 17 , 2011 ) . `` Take flight : Homers send Cards to Fall Classic '' . Major League Baseball . Retrieved October 17 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Nightengale , Bob ( June 25 , 2010 ) . `` Oscars of interleague : Stars coming out for Yankees - Dodgers '' . USA Today . p . C4 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Ballparks of Baseball : MLB Attendance '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Jayson Addcox ( July 4 , 2007 ) . `` Dodgers surpass attendance milestone '' . MLB.com . Retrieved February 15 , 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` MLB Shatters Attendance Record '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` MLB Attendance -- Major League Baseball Attendance -- ESPN '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Top - Selling Caps '' . The New York Times . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Frank McCourt to pay ex-wife $131 M '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Dodgers ' 2011 home attendance : Down 627,181 '' . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Vin Scully Retrospective '' . Los Angeles Dodgers . Retrieved February 12 , 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Smith , Claire ( July 7 , 1993 ) . `` Dodgers ' Death Brings Out the Best '' . New York Times . Retrieved February 26 , 2009 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Jackson , Tony ( March 18 , 2012 ) . `` Vin Scully trims ' 12 travel schedule '' . ESPNLosAngeles.com . Retrieved June 4 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Pucin , Diane ( December 13 , 2008 ) . `` Charley Steiner will do radio only for the Dodgers '' . Los Angeles Dodgers . Retrieved February 12 , 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Orange County Register '' . Orange County Register . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Dodgers hire Leitz as new PA announcer '' . </Li> </Ol> <H2> Further reading ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Red Barber , Rhubarb in the Catbird Seat </Li> <Li> Stanley Cohen , Dodgers ! The First 100 Years </Li> <Li> Robert W. Creamer , Stengel : His Life and Times </Li> <Li> D'Agostino , Dennis ; Bonnie Crosby ( 2007 ) . Through a Blue Lens : The Brooklyn Dodgers Photographs of Barney Stein , 1937 -- 1957 . Triumph Books . ISBN 1 - 57243 - 952 - 1 . </Li> <Li> Steve Delsohn , True Blue : The Dramatic History of the Los Angeles Dodgers , Told By the Men Who Lived It </Li> <Li> Carl Erskine and Vin Scully , Tales From the Dodger Dugout : Extra Innings </Li> <Li> Harvey Froemmer , New York City Baseball </Li> <Li> Steve Garvey , `` My Bat Boy Days : Lessons I Learned from the Boys of Summer '' </Li> <Li> Cliff Gewecke , Day by Day in Dodgers History </Li> <Li> Andrew Goldblatt , The Giants and the Dodgers : Four Cities , Two Teams , One Rivalry </Li> <Li> Richard Goldstein , Superstars and Screwballs : 100 Years of Brooklyn Baseball </Li> <Li> Peter Golenbock , Bums : An Oral History of the Brooklyn Dodgers </Li> <Li> Doris Kearns Goodwin , Wait Till Next Year : A Memoir </Li> <Li> Frank Graham , The Brooklyn Dodgers : An Informal History </Li> <Li> Orel Hershiser with Jerry B. Jenkins , Out of the Blue </Li> <Li> Donald Honig , The Los Angeles Dodgers : Their First quarter Century </Li> <Li> Roger Kahn , The Boys of Summer </Li> <Li> Roger Kahn , The Era 1947 -- 1957 : When the Yankees , the Giants and the Dodgers Ruled the World </Li> <Li> Mark Langill , The Los Angeles Dodgers </Li> <Li> Tommy Lasorda with David Fisher , The Artful Dodger </Li> <Li> Jane Leavy , Sandy Koufax : A Lefty 's Legacy </Li> <Li> Joseph McCauley , Ebbets Field : Brooklyn 's Baseball Shrine </Li> <Li> William McNeil , The Dodgers Encyclopedia </Li> <Li> Tom Meany ( editor ) , The Artful Dodgers </Li> <Li> Andrew Paul Mele , A Brooklyn Dodgers Reader </Li> <Li> John J. Monteleone ( editor ) , Branch Rickey 's Little Blue Book </Li> <Li> Thomas Oliphant , Praying for Gil Hodges : A Memoir of the 1955 World Series and One Family 's Love of the Brooklyn Dodgers </Li> <Li> David Plaut , Chasing October : The Dodgers - Giants Pennant Race of 1962 </Li> <Li> Carl E. Prince , Brooklyn 's Dodgers : The Bums , The Borough and The Best of Baseball </Li> <Li> Jackie Robinson , I Never Had It Made </Li> <Li> Gene Schoor , The Complete Dodgers Record Book </Li> <Li> Gene Schoor , The Pee Wee Reese Story </Li> <Li> Duke Snider with Bill Gilbert , The Duke of Flatbush </Li> <Li> Michael Shapiro , The Last Good Season : Brooklyn , The Dodgers , and Their Final Pennant Race Together </Li> <Li> Glen Stout , The Dodgers : 120 Years of Dodgers Baseball </Li> <Li> Neil J. Sullivan , The Dodgers Move West </Li> <Li> Jules Tygiel , Baseball 's Great Experiment : Jackie Robinson and His Legacy </Li> <Li> John Weaver , Los Angeles : The Enormous Village , 1781 -- 1981 </Li> </Ul> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wikimedia Commons has media related to Los Angeles Dodgers . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Los Angeles Dodgers official website <Ul> <Li> Current records and standings </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Los Angeles Dodgers Baseball Reference </Li> <Li> The Hardball Times Article on the 1960s Los Angeles Dodgers in The Hardball Times . </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Los Angeles Dodgers </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Formerly the Brooklyn Robins and the Brooklyn Dodgers . Based in Los Angeles , California </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Franchise </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> History in Brooklyn </Li> <Li> History in Los Angeles </Li> <Li> Seasons </Li> <Li> Award winners </Li> <Li> Records </Li> <Li> No - hitters </Li> <Li> Players </Li> <Li> First - round draft picks </Li> <Li> Managers </Li> <Li> Owners and executives </Li> <Li> Coaches </Li> <Li> Broadcasters </Li> <Li> Los Angeles Dodgers Radio Network </Li> <Li> SportsNet LA </Li> <Li> Hall of Famers </Li> <Li> Opening Day starting pitchers </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Ballparks </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Washington Park </Li> <Li> Eastern Park </Li> <Li> Ridgewood Park </Li> <Li> Washington Park </Li> <Li> Ebbets Field </Li> <Li> Roosevelt Stadium </Li> <Li> Proposed domed stadium </Li> <Li> Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum </Li> <Li> Dodger Stadium </Li> <Li> Spring training : Whittington Park </Li> <Li> Majestic Park </Li> <Li> Barrs Field </Li> <Li> Tinker Field </Li> <Li> Clearwater Athletic Field </Li> <Li> City Island Ball Park </Li> <Li> Gran Stadium de La Habana </Li> <Li> Holman Stadium </Li> <Li> Camelback Ranch </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Culture </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Dodger Dog </Li> <Li> The First </Li> <Li> Rick Monday saves the American flag </Li> <Li> Chavez Ravine </Li> <Li> Dodger blue </Li> <Li> `` I Love L.A. '' </Li> <Li> Roy Campanella Award </Li> <Li> Historic Dodgertown </Li> <Li> Vin Scully </Li> <Li> Tommy Lasorda </Li> <Li> Nancy Bea </Li> <Li> Hilda Chester </Li> <Li> 2011 bankruptcy </Li> <Li> 42 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Lore </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Chronicle - Telegraph Cup </Li> <Li> 1955 World Series </Li> <Li> Fernandomania </Li> <Li> Kirk Gibson 's 1988 World Series home run </Li> <Li> Sandy Koufax 's perfect game </Li> <Li> 1946 NL tie - breaker series </Li> <Li> 1951 NL tie - breaker series <Ul> <Li> `` Shot Heard ' Round the World '' </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 1959 NL tie - breaker series </Li> <Li> 1962 NL tie - breaker series </Li> <Li> 1980 NL West tie - breaker game </Li> <Li> Orel Hershiser 's scoreless innings streak </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Rivalries </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> San Francisco Giants </Li> <Li> Los Angeles Angels </Li> <Li> New York Yankees <Ul> <Li> Subway Series </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Hall of Fame members </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Walter Alston </Li> <Li> Roy Campanella </Li> <Li> Don Drysdale </Li> <Li> Leo Durocher </Li> <Li> Burleigh Grimes </Li> <Li> Willie Keeler </Li> <Li> Sandy Koufax </Li> <Li> Vin Scully </Li> <Li> Tommy Lasorda </Li> <Li> Walter O'Malley </Li> <Li> Pee Wee Reese </Li> <Li> Branch Rickey </Li> <Li> Jackie Robinson </Li> <Li> Wilbert Robinson </Li> <Li> Duke Snider </Li> <Li> Don Sutton </Li> <Li> Dazzy Vance </Li> <Li> Zack Wheat </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Key personnel </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Owner : Guggenheim Baseball Management </Li> <Li> President : Stan Kasten </Li> <Li> President of Baseball Operations : Andrew Friedman </Li> <Li> General Manager : Farhan Zaidi </Li> <Li> Manager : Dave Roberts </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> World Series Championships ( 6 ) </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 1955 </Li> <Li> 1959 </Li> <Li> 1963 </Li> <Li> 1965 </Li> <Li> 1981 </Li> <Li> 1988 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> League pennants ( 23 ) </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> American Association : 1889 </Li> <Li> National League : 1890 </Li> <Li> 1899 </Li> <Li> 1900 </Li> <Li> 1916 </Li> <Li> 1920 </Li> <Li> 1941 </Li> <Li> 1947 </Li> <Li> 1949 </Li> <Li> 1952 </Li> <Li> 1953 </Li> <Li> 1955 </Li> <Li> 1956 </Li> <Li> 1959 </Li> <Li> 1963 </Li> <Li> 1965 </Li> <Li> 1966 </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> 1977 </Li> <Li> 1978 </Li> <Li> 1981 </Li> <Li> 1988 </Li> <Li> 2017 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Division titles ( 16 ) </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> 1977 </Li> <Li> 1978 </Li> <Li> 1981 ( first half ) </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> 1985 </Li> <Li> 1988 </Li> <Li> 1995 </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> 2008 </Li> <Li> 2009 </Li> <Li> 2013 </Li> <Li> 2014 </Li> <Li> 2015 </Li> <Li> 2016 </Li> <Li> 2017 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Wild card berths ( 2 ) </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> 2006 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Minor league affiliates </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> AAA : Oklahoma City Dodgers </Li> <Li> AA : Tulsa Drillers </Li> <Li> A Adv. : Rancho Cucamonga Quakes </Li> <Li> A : Great Lakes Loons </Li> <Li> Rookie Adv. : Ogden Raptors </Li> <Li> Rookie : AZL Dodgers </Li> <Li> DSL Dodgers 1 </Li> <Li> DSL Dodgers 2 </Li> <Li> Minor League Rosters </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Seasons ( 136 ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1880s </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 1880 1881 1882 1883 </Li> <Li> 1884 </Li> <Li> 1885 </Li> <Li> 1886 </Li> <Li> 1887 </Li> <Li> 1888 </Li> <Li> 1889 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1890s </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 1890 </Li> <Li> 1891 </Li> <Li> 1892 </Li> <Li> 1893 </Li> <Li> 1894 </Li> <Li> 1895 </Li> <Li> 1896 </Li> <Li> 1897 </Li> <Li> 1898 </Li> <Li> 1899 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1900s </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 1900 </Li> <Li> 1901 </Li> <Li> 1902 </Li> <Li> 1903 </Li> <Li> 1904 </Li> <Li> 1905 </Li> <Li> 1906 </Li> <Li> 1907 </Li> <Li> 1908 </Li> <Li> 1909 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1910s </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 1910 </Li> <Li> 1911 </Li> <Li> 1912 </Li> <Li> 1913 </Li> <Li> 1914 </Li> <Li> 1915 </Li> <Li> 1916 </Li> <Li> 1917 </Li> <Li> 1918 </Li> <Li> 1919 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1920s </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 1920 </Li> <Li> 1921 </Li> <Li> 1922 </Li> <Li> 1923 </Li> <Li> 1924 </Li> <Li> 1925 </Li> <Li> 1926 </Li> <Li> 1927 </Li> <Li> 1928 </Li> <Li> 1929 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1930s </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 1930 </Li> <Li> 1931 </Li> <Li> 1932 </Li> <Li> 1933 </Li> <Li> 1934 </Li> <Li> 1935 </Li> <Li> 1936 </Li> <Li> 1937 </Li> <Li> 1938 </Li> <Li> 1939 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1940s </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 1940 </Li> <Li> 1941 </Li> <Li> 1942 </Li> <Li> 1943 </Li> <Li> 1944 </Li> <Li> 1945 </Li> <Li> 1946 </Li> <Li> 1947 </Li> <Li> 1948 </Li> <Li> 1949 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1950s </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 1950 </Li> <Li> 1951 </Li> <Li> 1952 </Li> <Li> 1953 </Li> <Li> 1954 </Li> <Li> 1955 </Li> <Li> 1956 </Li> <Li> 1957 </Li> <Li> 1958 </Li> <Li> 1959 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1960s </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 1960 </Li> <Li> 1961 </Li> <Li> 1962 </Li> <Li> 1963 </Li> <Li> 1964 </Li> <Li> 1965 </Li> <Li> 1966 </Li> <Li> 1967 </Li> <Li> 1968 </Li> <Li> 1969 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1970s </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 1970 </Li> <Li> 1971 </Li> <Li> 1972 </Li> <Li> 1973 </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> 1976 </Li> <Li> 1977 </Li> <Li> 1978 </Li> <Li> 1979 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1980s </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 1980 </Li> <Li> 1981 </Li> <Li> 1982 </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> 1984 </Li> <Li> 1985 </Li> <Li> 1986 </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> 1988 </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1990s </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> 1993 </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> 1995 </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 2000s </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> 2005 </Li> <Li> 2006 </Li> <Li> 2007 </Li> <Li> 2008 </Li> <Li> 2009 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 2010s </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> 2011 </Li> <Li> 2012 </Li> <Li> 2013 </Li> <Li> 2014 </Li> <Li> 2015 </Li> <Li> 2016 </Li> <Li> 2017 </Li> <Li> 2018 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Links to related articles </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Los Angeles Dodgers managers </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> George Taylor ( 1884 ) </Li> <Li> Charlie Hackett ( 1885 ) </Li> <Li> Charlie Byrne ( 1885 -- 1887 ) </Li> <Li> Bill McGunnigle ( 1888 -- 1890 ) </Li> <Li> John Montgomery Ward ( 1891 -- 1892 ) </Li> <Li> Dave Foutz ( 1893 -- 1896 ) </Li> <Li> Billy Barnie ( 1897 -- 1898 ) </Li> <Li> Charles Ebbets ( 1898 ) </Li> <Li> Mike Griffin ( 1898 ) </Li> <Li> Ned Hanlon ( 1899 -- 1905 ) </Li> <Li> Patsy Donovan ( 1906 -- 1908 ) </Li> <Li> Harry Lumley ( 1909 ) </Li> <Li> Bill Dahlen ( 1910 -- 1913 ) </Li> <Li> Wilbert Robinson ( 1914 -- 1931 ) </Li> <Li> Max Carey ( 1932 -- 1933 ) </Li> <Li> Casey Stengel ( 1934 -- 1936 ) </Li> <Li> Burleigh Grimes ( 1937 -- 1938 ) </Li> <Li> Leo Durocher ( 1939 -- 1946 ) </Li> <Li> Clyde Sukeforth ( 1947 ) </Li> <Li> Burt Shotton ( 1947 ) </Li> <Li> Leo Durocher ( 1948 ) </Li> <Li> Ray Blades ( 1948 ) </Li> <Li> Burt Shotton ( 1948 -- 1950 ) </Li> <Li> Chuck Dressen ( 1951 -- 1953 ) </Li> <Li> Walter Alston ( 1954 -- 1976 ) </Li> <Li> Tommy Lasorda ( 1976 -- 1996 ) </Li> <Li> Bill Russell ( 1996 -- 1998 ) </Li> <Li> Glenn Hoffman ( 1998 ) </Li> <Li> Davey Johnson ( 1999 -- 2000 ) </Li> <Li> Jim Tracy ( 2001 -- 2005 ) </Li> <Li> Grady Little ( 2006 -- 2007 ) </Li> <Li> Joe Torre ( 2008 -- 2010 ) </Li> <Li> Don Mattingly ( 2011 -- 2015 ) </Li> <Li> Dave Roberts ( 2016 -- ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Los Angeles Dodgers general managers </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Brooklyn Dodgers ( 1932 -- 1957 ) </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> MacPhail </Li> <Li> Rickey </Li> <Li> Bavasi </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Los Angeles Dodgers ( 1958 -- present ) </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Bavasi </Li> <Li> Thompson </Li> <Li> Campanis </Li> <Li> Claire </Li> <Li> Lasorda </Li> <Li> Malone </Li> <Li> Wallace </Li> <Li> Evans </Li> <Li> DePodesta </Li> <Li> Colletti </Li> <Li> Zaidi </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Los Angeles Dodgers retired numbers </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> 1 Pee Wee Reese </Li> <Li> 2 Tommy Lasorda </Li> <Li> 4 Duke Snider </Li> <Li> 19 Jim Gilliam </Li> <Li> 20 Don Sutton </Li> <Li> 24 Walter Alston </Li> <Li> 32 Sandy Koufax </Li> <Li> 39 Roy Campanella </Li> <Li> 42 Jackie Robinson </Li> <Li> 53 Don Drysdale </Li> <Li> MIC Vin Scully </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Championship Navigation Boxes </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Brooklyn Bridegrooms 1889 American Association Champions </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Oyster Burns </Li> <Li> Bob Caruthers </Li> <Li> Bob Clark </Li> <Li> Hub Collins </Li> <Li> Pop Corkhill </Li> <Li> Dave Foutz </Li> <Li> Mickey Hughes </Li> <Li> Tom Lovett </Li> <Li> Darby O'Brien </Li> <Li> George Pinkney </Li> <Li> Germany Smith </Li> <Li> Adonis Terry </Li> <Li> Joe Visner </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Manager : Bill McGunnigle </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Brooklyn Bridegrooms 1890 National League Champions </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Oyster Burns </Li> <Li> Bob Caruthers </Li> <Li> Bob Clark </Li> <Li> Hub Collins </Li> <Li> Pop Corkhill </Li> <Li> Tom Daly </Li> <Li> Patsy Donovan </Li> <Li> Dave Foutz </Li> <Li> Mickey Hughes </Li> <Li> Tom Lovett </Li> <Li> Darby O'Brien </Li> <Li> George Pinkney </Li> <Li> Germany Smith </Li> <Li> Adonis Terry </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Manager : Bill McGunnigle </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Brooklyn Superbas 1899 National League Champions </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> John Anderson </Li> <Li> Doc Casey </Li> <Li> Bill Dahlen </Li> <Li> Tom Daly </Li> <Li> Jack Dunn </Li> <Li> Duke Farrell </Li> <Li> Jay Hughes </Li> <Li> Hughie Jennings </Li> <Li> Fielder Jones </Li> <Li> Willie Keeler </Li> <Li> Joe Kelley </Li> <Li> Brickyard Kennedy </Li> <Li> Dan McGann </Li> <Li> Deacon McGuire </Li> <Li> Doc McJames </Li> <Li> Joe Yeager </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Manager : Ned Hanlon </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Brooklyn Superbas 1900 National League Champions </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Lave Cross </Li> <Li> Bill Dahlen </Li> <Li> Tom Daly </Li> <Li> Gene DeMontreville </Li> <Li> Jack Dunn </Li> <Li> Duke Farrell </Li> <Li> Harry Howell </Li> <Li> Hughie Jennings </Li> <Li> Fielder Jones </Li> <Li> Willie Keeler </Li> <Li> Joe Kelley </Li> <Li> Brickyard Kennedy </Li> <Li> Frank Kitson </Li> <Li> Joe McGinnity </Li> <Li> Deacon McGuire </Li> <Li> Jerry Nops </Li> <Li> Jimmy Sheckard </Li> <Li> Gus Weyhing </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Manager : Ned Hanlon </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Brooklyn Dodgers 1955 World Series champions </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Dl> <Dd> 1 Pee Wee Reese </Dd> <Dd> 4 Duke Snider </Dd> <Dd> 6 Carl Furillo </Dd> <Dd> 8 George Shuba </Dd> <Dd> 10 Rube Walker </Dd> <Dd> 12 Frank Kellert </Dd> <Dd> 14 Gil Hodges </Dd> <Dd> 15 Sandy Amorós </Dd> <Dd> 17 Carl Erskine </Dd> <Dd> 18 Jim Hughes </Dd> <Dd> 19 Jim Gilliam </Dd> <Dd> 23 Don Zimmer </Dd> <Dd> 30 Billy Loes </Dd> <Dd> 32 Sandy Koufax </Dd> <Dd> 34 Russ Meyer </Dd> <Dd> 36 Don Newcombe </Dd> <Dd> 37 Ed Roebuck </Dd> <Dd> 39 Roy Campanella ( NL MVP ) </Dd> <Dd> 40 Roger Craig </Dd> <Dd> 41 Clem Labine </Dd> <Dd> 42 Jackie Robinson </Dd> <Dd> 43 Don Hoak </Dd> <Dd> 45 Johnny Podres ( World Series MVP ) </Dd> <Dd> 46 Don Bessent </Dd> <Dd> 48 Karl Spooner </Dd> <Dd> 54 Dixie Howell </Dd> </Dl> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Dl> <Dt> Manager </Dt> <Dd> 24 Walter Alston </Dd> </Dl> <Dl> <Dt> Coaches </Dt> <Dd> 22 Billy Herman </Dd> <Dd> 31 Jake Pitler </Dd> <Dd> 33 Joe Becker </Dd> </Dl> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Dl> <Dd> Regular season </Dd> <Dd> Dodgers -- Yankees rivalry </Dd> <Dd> Subway Series </Dd> </Dl> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Los Angeles Dodgers 1959 World Series champions </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Dl> <Dd> 2 Don Demeter </Dd> <Dd> 4 Duke Snider </Dd> <Dd> 5 Norm Larker </Dd> <Dd> 6 Carl Furillo </Dd> <Dd> 8 Ron Fairly </Dd> <Dd> 9 Wally Moon </Dd> <Dd> 14 Gil Hodges </Dd> <Dd> 16 Danny McDevitt </Dd> <Dd> 19 Jim Gilliam </Dd> <Dd> 20 Rip Repulski </Dd> <Dd> 22 Johnny Podres </Dd> <Dd> 23 Don Zimmer </Dd> <Dd> 29 Chuck Essegian </Dd> <Dd> 30 Maury Wills </Dd> <Dd> 32 Sandy Koufax </Dd> <Dd> 35 Johnny Klippstein </Dd> <Dd> 38 Roger Craig </Dd> <Dd> 40 Stan Williams </Dd> <Dd> 41 Clem Labine </Dd> <Dd> 43 Charlie Neal </Dd> <Dd> 44 Johnny Roseboro </Dd> <Dd> 45 Chuck Churn </Dd> <Dd> 51 Larry Sherry ( World Series MVP ) </Dd> <Dd> 53 Don Drysdale </Dd> <Dd> 58 Joe Pignatano </Dd> </Dl> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Dl> <Dt> Manager </Dt> <Dd> 24 Walter Alston </Dd> </Dl> <Dl> <Dt> Coaches </Dt> <Dd> 1 Pee Wee Reese </Dd> <Dd> 7 Chuck Dressen </Dd> <Dd> 31 Greg Mulleavy </Dd> <Dd> 33 Joe Becker </Dd> </Dl> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Dl> <Dd> Regular season </Dd> </Dl> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Los Angeles Dodgers 1963 World Series champions </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Dl> <Dd> 3 Willie Davis </Dd> <Dd> 6 Ron Fairly </Dd> <Dd> 8 Johnny Roseboro </Dd> <Dd> 9 Wally Moon </Dd> <Dd> 11 Ken McMullen </Dd> <Dd> 12 Tommy Davis </Dd> <Dd> 14 Bill Skowron </Dd> <Dd> 15 Bob Miller </Dd> <Dd> 16 Ron Perranoski </Dd> <Dd> 19 Jim Gilliam </Dd> <Dd> 20 Al Ferrara </Dd> <Dd> 22 Johnny Podres </Dd> <Dd> 23 Marv Breeding </Dd> <Dd> 25 Frank Howard </Dd> <Dd> 30 Maury Wills </Dd> <Dd> 32 Sandy Koufax ( CYA , NL MVP , and World Series MVP ) </Dd> <Dd> 34 Dick Calmus </Dd> <Dd> 35 Doug Camilli </Dd> <Dd> 39 Ken Rowe </Dd> <Dd> 44 Dick Tracewski </Dd> <Dd> 45 Pete Richert </Dd> <Dd> 53 Don Drysdale </Dd> </Dl> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Dl> <Dt> Manager </Dt> <Dd> 24 Walter Alston </Dd> </Dl> <Dl> <Dt> Coaches </Dt> <Dd> 2 Leo Durocher </Dd> <Dd> 27 Pete Reiser </Dd> <Dd> 31 Greg Mulleavy </Dd> <Dd> 33 Joe Becker </Dd> </Dl> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Dl> <Dd> Regular season </Dd> <Dd> Dodgers -- Yankees rivalry </Dd> </Dl> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Los Angeles Dodgers 1965 World Series champions </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Dl> <Dd> 3 Willie Davis </Dd> <Dd> 5 Jim Lefebvre ( NL ROY ) </Dd> <Dd> 6 Ron Fairly </Dd> <Dd> 8 Johnny Roseboro </Dd> <Dd> 9 Wally Moon </Dd> <Dd> 10 Jeff Torborg </Dd> <Dd> 11 John Kennedy </Dd> <Dd> 15 Bob Miller </Dd> <Dd> 16 Ron Perranoski </Dd> <Dd> 19 Jim Gilliam </Dd> <Dd> 21 Jim Brewer </Dd> <Dd> 22 Johnny Podres </Dd> <Dd> 23 Claude Osteen </Dd> <Dd> 28 Wes Parker </Dd> <Dd> 30 Maury Wills </Dd> <Dd> 31 Don LeJohn </Dd> <Dd> 32 Sandy Koufax ( CYA and World Series MVP ) </Dd> <Dd> 39 Howie Reed </Dd> <Dd> 41 Lou Johnson </Dd> <Dd> 43 Willie Crawford </Dd> <Dd> 44 Dick Tracewski </Dd> <Dd> 53 Don Drysdale </Dd> </Dl> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Dl> <Dt> Manager </Dt> <Dd> 24 Walter Alston </Dd> </Dl> <Dl> <Dt> Coaches </Dt> <Dd> 18 Preston Gómez </Dd> <Dd> 19 Jim Gilliam </Dd> <Dd> 33 Danny Ozark </Dd> <Dd> 36 Lefty Phillips </Dd> </Dl> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Dl> <Dd> Regular season </Dd> </Dl> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Los Angeles Dodgers 1981 World Series champions </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Dl> <Dd> 6 Steve Garvey </Dd> <Dd> 7 Steve Yeager ( World Series MVP ) </Dd> <Dd> 8 Reggie Smith </Dd> <Dd> 10 Ron Cey ( World Series MVP ) </Dd> <Dd> 12 Dusty Baker </Dd> <Dd> 14 Mike Scioscia </Dd> <Dd> 15 Davey Lopes </Dd> <Dd> 16 Rick Monday </Dd> <Dd> 18 Bill Russell </Dd> <Dd> 21 Jay Johnstone </Dd> <Dd> 28 Pedro Guerrero ( World Series MVP ) </Dd> <Dd> 30 Derrel Thomas </Dd> <Dd> 34 Fernando Valenzuela </Dd> <Dd> 35 Bob Welch </Dd> <Dd> 37 Bobby Castillo </Dd> <Dd> 38 Dave Goltz </Dd> <Dd> 41 Jerry Reuss </Dd> <Dd> 44 Ken Landreaux </Dd> <Dd> 46 Burt Hooton ( NLCS MVP ) </Dd> <Dd> 48 Dave Stewart </Dd> <Dd> 49 Tom Niedenfuer </Dd> <Dd> 51 Terry Forster </Dd> <Dd> 52 Steve Sax </Dd> <Dd> 57 Steve Howe </Dd> </Dl> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Dl> <Dt> Manager </Dt> <Dd> 2 Tommy Lasorda </Dd> </Dl> <Dl> <Dt> Coaches </Dt> <Dd> 11 Manny Mota </Dd> <Dd> 29 Ron Perranoski </Dd> <Dd> 33 Danny Ozark </Dd> <Dd> 54 Monty Basgall </Dd> <Dd> 58 Mark Cresse </Dd> </Dl> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Dl> <Dd> Regular season </Dd> <Dd> National League Division Series </Dd> <Dd> National League Championship Series </Dd> <Dd> Dodgers -- Yankees rivalry </Dd> </Dl> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Los Angeles Dodgers 1988 World Series champions </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Dl> <Dd> 3 Steve Sax </Dd> <Dd> 5 Mike Marshall </Dd> <Dd> 7 Alfredo Griffin </Dd> <Dd> 9 Mickey Hatcher </Dd> <Dd> 10 Dave Anderson </Dd> <Dd> 12 Danny Heep </Dd> <Dd> 14 Mike Scioscia </Dd> <Dd> 17 Rick Dempsey </Dd> <Dd> 21 Tracy Woodson </Dd> <Dd> 22 Franklin Stubbs </Dd> <Dd> 23 Kirk Gibson </Dd> <Dd> 26 Alejandro Peña </Dd> <Dd> 29 Ricky Horton </Dd> <Dd> 30 John Tudor </Dd> <Dd> 31 John Shelby </Dd> <Dd> 33 Jeff Hamilton </Dd> <Dd> 37 Mike Davis </Dd> <Dd> 38 José González </Dd> <Dd> 47 Jesse Orosco </Dd> <Dd> 49 Tim Belcher </Dd> <Dd> 50 Jay Howell </Dd> <Dd> 51 Brian Holton </Dd> <Dd> 54 Tim Leary </Dd> <Dd> 55 Orel Hershiser ( World Series MVP ) </Dd> </Dl> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Dl> <Dt> Manager </Dt> <Dd> 2 Tommy Lasorda </Dd> </Dl> <Dl> <Dt> Coaches </Dt> <Dd> 8 Joey Amalfitano </Dd> <Dd> 11 Manny Mota </Dd> <Dd> 13 Joe Ferguson </Dd> <Dd> 16 Ron Perranoski </Dd> <Dd> 18 Bill Russell </Dd> <Dd> 35 Ben Hines </Dd> <Dd> 58 Mark Cresse </Dd> </Dl> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Dl> <Dd> Regular season </Dd> <Dd> National League Championship Series </Dd> </Dl> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Major League Baseball ( 2018 ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> American League </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> East </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Baltimore Orioles </Li> <Li> Boston Red Sox </Li> <Li> New York Yankees </Li> <Li> Tampa Bay Rays </Li> <Li> Toronto Blue Jays </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Central </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Chicago White Sox </Li> <Li> Cleveland Indians </Li> <Li> Detroit Tigers </Li> <Li> Kansas City Royals </Li> <Li> Minnesota Twins </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> West </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Houston Astros </Li> <Li> Los Angeles Angels </Li> <Li> Oakland Athletics </Li> <Li> Seattle Mariners </Li> <Li> Texas Rangers </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> National League </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> East </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Atlanta Braves </Li> <Li> Miami Marlins </Li> <Li> New York Mets </Li> <Li> Philadelphia Phillies </Li> <Li> Washington Nationals </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Central </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Chicago Cubs </Li> <Li> Cincinnati Reds </Li> <Li> Milwaukee Brewers </Li> <Li> Pittsburgh Pirates </Li> <Li> St. Louis Cardinals </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> West </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Arizona Diamondbacks </Li> <Li> Colorado Rockies </Li> <Li> Los Angeles Dodgers </Li> <Li> San Diego Padres </Li> <Li> San Francisco Giants </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Postseason </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> World Series <Ul> <Li> Champions </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> NL <Ul> <Li> NL Champions </Li> <Li> NLCS </Li> <Li> NLDS </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> AL <Ul> <Li> AL Champions </Li> <Li> ALCS </Li> <Li> ALDS </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Wild Card Game </Li> <Li> Appearances </Li> <Li> Streaks </Li> <Li> Droughts </Li> <Li> Series </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Steroid usage </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Drug policy <Ul> <Li> suspensions </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Mitchell Report </Li> <Li> Juiced </Li> <Li> Vindicated </Li> <Li> Biogenesis baseball scandal </Li> <Li> BALCO scandal </Li> <Li> Game of Shadows </Li> <Li> Barry Bonds perjury case </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Miscellaneous </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> All - Star Game </Li> <Li> World Baseball Classic </Li> <Li> International games </Li> <Li> Records </Li> <Li> Awards </Li> <Li> Retired numbers </Li> <Li> Hall of Fame </Li> <Li> Executive Management <Ul> <Li> Winter Meetings </Li> <Li> Hot stove league </Li> <Li> Transactions </Li> <Li> MLB drafts <Ul> <Li> First year player </Li> <Li> Rule 5 </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Players Association </Li> <Li> TV contracts </Li> <Li> Highest paid players </Li> <Li> Luxury tax </Li> <Li> Instant replay </Li> <Li> MLB logo <Ul> <Li> MLB team uniforms </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Minor League Baseball </Li> <Li> History <Ul> <Li> AL </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Seasons </Li> <Li> Tie - breakers <Ul> <Li> Tie - breaking procedures </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Rivalries </Li> <Li> Interleague play </Li> <Li> Schedule </Li> <Li> Stadiums </Li> <Li> Civil Rights Game </Li> <Li> Jackie Robinson Day </Li> <Li> Spring training </Li> <Li> Opening Day </Li> <Li> Lockouts / strikes </Li> <Li> Mascots </Li> <Li> MLB.com </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Timeline </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Timeline of Major League Baseball <Ul> <Li> History of team nicknames </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Dead - ball era </Li> <Li> Live - ball era </Li> <Li> Golden age of baseball </Li> <Li> Relocation of the 1950s -- 60s </Li> <Li> Expansion <Ul> <Li> 1961 </Li> <Li> 1962 </Li> <Li> 1969 </Li> <Li> 1977 </Li> <Li> 1993 </Li> <Li> 1998 </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Commissioner : Rob Manfred </Li> <Li> League Presidents <Ul> <Li> NL </Li> <Li> AL </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> National League </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Organization </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Parent league : Major League Baseball </Li> <Li> Partner league : American League </Li> <Li> Honorary president : Bill Giles </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Current teams </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> East </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Atlanta Braves </Li> <Li> Miami Marlins </Li> <Li> New York Mets </Li> <Li> Philadelphia Phillies </Li> <Li> Washington Nationals </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Central </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Chicago Cubs </Li> <Li> Cincinnati Reds </Li> <Li> Milwaukee Brewers </Li> <Li> Pittsburgh Pirates </Li> <Li> St. Louis Cardinals </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> West </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Arizona Diamondbacks </Li> <Li> Colorado Rockies </Li> <Li> Los Angeles Dodgers </Li> <Li> San Diego Padres </Li> <Li> San Francisco Giants </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Former , relocated , and disestablished teams </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 19th - century National League teams </Li> <Li> Boston Beaneaters / Braves ( 1883 -- 1952 ) </Li> <Li> Milwaukee Braves ( 1953 -- 1965 ) </Li> <Li> Brooklyn Dodgers ( 1883 -- 1957 ) </Li> <Li> New York Giants ( 1883 -- 1957 ) </Li> <Li> Houston Colt . 45s / Astros ( 1962 -- 2012 ) </Li> <Li> Montreal Expos ( 1969 -- 2004 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Championship play </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> List of champions </Li> <Li> Championship Series </Li> <Li> Division Series </Li> <Li> Wild Card winners </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Related articles </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Professional baseball </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="3"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Sports teams based in Greater Los Angeles </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Baseball </Th> <Td> <Dl> <Dt> MLB </Dt> <Dd> Los Angeles Angels </Dd> <Dd> Los Angeles Dodgers </Dd> <Dt> CL </Dt> <Dd> Inland Empire 66ers </Dd> <Dd> Lake Elsinore Storm </Dd> <Dd> Lancaster JetHawks </Dd> <Dd> Rancho Cucamonga Quakes </Dd> <Dt> PL </Dt> <Dd> High Desert Yardbirds </Dd> <Dd> Hollywood Stars </Dd> </Dl> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Basketball </Th> <Td> <Dl> <Dt> NBA </Dt> <Dd> Los Angeles Clippers </Dd> <Dd> Los Angeles Lakers </Dd> <Dt> WNBA </Dt> <Dd> Los Angeles Sparks </Dd> <Dt> G League </Dt> <Dd> Agua Caliente Clippers </Dd> <Dd> South Bay Lakers </Dd> <Dt> ABA </Dt> <Dd> Los Angeles Slam </Dd> <Dd> Oceanside A-Team </Dd> <Dd> Orange County Novastars </Dd> </Dl> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> American football </Th> <Td> <Dl> <Dt> NFL </Dt> <Dd> Los Angeles Chargers </Dd> <Dd> Los Angeles Rams </Dd> <Dt> WFA </Dt> <Dd> Pacific Warriors </Dd> <Dd> West Coast Lightning </Dd> <Dt> IWFL </Dt> <Dd> California Quake </Dd> <Dt> LFL </Dt> <Dd> Los Angeles Temptation </Dd> </Dl> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Ice hockey </Th> <Td> <Dl> <Dt> NHL </Dt> <Dd> Anaheim Ducks </Dd> <Dd> Los Angeles Kings </Dd> <Dt> AHL </Dt> <Dd> Ontario Reign </Dd> </Dl> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Soccer </Th> <Td> <Dl> <Dt> MLS </Dt> <Dd> LA Galaxy </Dd> <Dd> Los Angeles FC </Dd> <Dt> NASL </Dt> <Dd> California United FC </Dd> <Dt> USL </Dt> <Dd> LA Galaxy II </Dd> <Dd> Orange County SC </Dd> <Dt> PDL </Dt> <Dd> FC Golden State Force </Dd> <Dd> Orange County SC U-23 </Dd> <Dd> Southern California Seahorses </Dd> <Dd> Ventura County Fusion </Dd> <Dt> NPSL </Dt> <Dd> City of Angels FC </Dd> <Dd> Deportivo Coras USA </Dd> <Dd> Orange County FC </Dd> <Dd> Oxnard Guerreros FC </Dd> <Dd> Temecula FC </Dd> <Dt> MASL </Dt> <Dd> Ontario Fury </Dd> <Dt> UWS </Dt> <Dd> Santa Clarita Blue Heat </Dd> <Dd> So Cal Crush FC </Dd> </Dl> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Roller derby </Th> <Td> <Dl> <Dt> WFTDA </Dt> <Dd> Angel City Derby Girls </Dd> <Dd> Ventura County Derby Darlins </Dd> <Dd> West Coast Derby Knockouts </Dd> <Dt> RDCL </Dt> <Dd> Los Angeles Derby Dolls </Dd> </Dl> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Rugby </Th> <Td> <Dl> <Dt> SCRFU </Dt> <Dd> Back Bay RFC </Dd> <Dd> Belmont Shore RFC </Dd> <Dd> Los Angeles RFC </Dd> <Dd> Santa Monica Rugby Club </Dd> </Dl> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Team tennis </Th> <Td> <Dl> <Dt> WTT </Dt> <Dd> Orange County Breakers </Dd> </Dl> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Ultimate </Th> <Td> <Dl> <Dt> AUDL </Dt> <Dd> Los Angeles Aviators </Dd> </Dl> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> College athletics ( NCAA Div . I ) </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Cal State Fullerton </Li> <Li> Cal State Northridge </Li> <Li> Long Beach State </Li> <Li> Loyola Marymount </Li> <Li> Pepperdine </Li> <Li> UC Irvine </Li> <Li> UC Riverside </Li> <Li> UCLA </Li> <Li> USC </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Venues </Th> <Td> <Dl> <Dt> Current </Dt> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> Anaheim Convention Center </Li> <Li> Angel Stadium </Li> <Li> Citizens Business Bank Arena </Li> <Li> Dodger Stadium </Li> <Li> The Forum </Li> <Li> Galen Center </Li> <Li> Honda Center </Li> <Li> Long Beach Arena </Li> <Li> Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum </Li> <Li> Pauley Pavilion </Li> <Li> Rose Bowl </Li> <Li> Staples Center </Li> <Li> StubHub Center </Li> <Li> Walter Pyramid </Li> <Li> Breakers Stadium at the Newport Beach Tennis Club </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dt> Former </Dt> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> Gilmore Field </Li> <Li> Gilmore Stadium </Li> <Li> Grand Olympic Auditorium </Li> <Li> Los Angeles Memorial Sports Arena </Li> <Li> Pan-Pacific Auditorium </Li> <Li> Wrigley Field </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dt> Future </Dt> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> Banc of California Stadium ( scheduled to open in 2018 ) </Li> <Li> Los Angeles Stadium at Hollywood Park ( scheduled to open in 2020 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Rivalries </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Freeway Series </Li> <Li> Freeway Face - Off </Li> <Li> Lakers -- Clippers rivalry </Li> <Li> UCLA -- USC rivalry </Li> <Li> Los Angeles Derby </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="3"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Sports teams based in California </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Australian rules football </Th> <Td> <Dl> <Dt> USAFL </Dt> <Dd> Golden Gate Roos </Dd> <Dd> Los Angeles Dragons </Dd> <Dd> Orange County Bombers </Dd> <Dd> Sacramento Suns </Dd> <Dd> San Diego Lions </Dd> </Dl> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Baseball </Th> <Td> <Dl> <Dt> MLB </Dt> <Dd> Los Angeles Angels </Dd> <Dd> Los Angeles Dodgers </Dd> <Dd> Oakland Athletics </Dd> <Dd> San Diego Padres </Dd> <Dd> San Francisco Giants </Dd> <Dt> PCL </Dt> <Dd> Fresno Grizzlies </Dd> <Dd> Sacramento River Cats </Dd> <Dt> CL </Dt> <Dd> Inland Empire 66ers </Dd> <Dd> Lake Elsinore Storm </Dd> <Dd> Lancaster JetHawks </Dd> <Dd> Modesto Nuts </Dd> <Dd> Rancho Cucamonga Quakes </Dd> <Dd> San Jose Giants </Dd> <Dd> Stockton Ports </Dd> <Dd> Visalia Rawhide </Dd> <Dt> PA </Dt> <Dd> Pittsburg Diamonds </Dd> <Dd> San Rafael Pacifics </Dd> <Dd> Sonoma Stompers </Dd> <Dd> Vallejo Admirals </Dd> <Dt> CWL </Dt> <Dd> Canada A 's </Dd> <Dd> Palm Desert Coyotes </Dd> <Dd> Palm Springs Chill </Dd> <Dd> Palm Springs POWER </Dd> <Dt> PL </Dt> <Dd> Bakersfield Train Robbers </Dd> <Dd> California City Whiptails </Dd> <Dd> High Desert Yardbirds </Dd> <Dd> Hollywood Stars </Dd> <Dd> Monterey Amberjacks </Dd> <Dt> GWL </Dt> <Dd> Chico Heat </Dd> <Dd> Lincoln Potters </Dd> <Dd> San Francisco Seals </Dd> <Dd> Yuba - Sutter Gold Sox </Dd> </Dl> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Basketball </Th> <Td> <Dl> <Dt> NBA </Dt> <Dd> Golden State Warriors </Dd> <Dd> Los Angeles Clippers </Dd> <Dd> Los Angeles Lakers </Dd> <Dd> Sacramento Kings </Dd> <Dt> WNBA </Dt> <Dd> Los Angeles Sparks </Dd> <Dt> G League </Dt> <Dd> Agua Caliente Clippers </Dd> <Dd> Santa Cruz Warriors </Dd> <Dd> South Bay Lakers </Dd> </Dl> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> American football </Th> <Td> <Dl> <Dt> NFL </Dt> <Dd> Los Angeles Chargers </Dd> <Dd> Los Angeles Rams </Dd> <Dd> Oakland Raiders </Dd> <Dd> San Francisco 49ers </Dd> </Dl> <Dl> <Dt> WFA </Dt> <Dd> Central Cal War Angels </Dd> <Dd> Inland Empire Ravens </Dd> <Dd> Kern County Crusaders </Dd> <Dd> Los Angeles Warriors </Dd> <Dd> San Diego Surge </Dd> <Dd> Ventura County Wolfpack </Dd> </Dl> <Dl> <Dt> IWFL </Dt> <Dd> Carson Bobcats </Dd> <Dd> North County Stars </Dd> <Dd> Sacramento Sirens </Dd> <Dt> LFL </Dt> <Dd> Los Angeles Temptation </Dd> </Dl> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Ice hockey </Th> <Td> <Dl> <Dt> NHL </Dt> <Dd> Anaheim Ducks </Dd> <Dd> Los Angeles Kings </Dd> <Dd> San Jose Sharks </Dd> <Dt> AHL </Dt> <Dd> Bakersfield Condors 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<Tr> <Th> National League </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Brooklyn Dodgers </Li> <Li> New York Giants </Li> <Li> New York Mets </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Stadiums </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Dodgers </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Ebbets Field </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Giants </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Polo Grounds </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Mets </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Shea Stadium </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Yankees </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Yankee Stadium </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Rivalries </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Bridegrooms -- Giants </Li> <Li> Giants -- Yankees </Li> <Li> Dodgers -- Yankees </Li> <Li> Mets -- Yankees </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> World Series </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Bridegrooms -- Giants </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 1889 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Giants -- Yankees </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 1921 </Li> <Li> 1922 </Li> <Li> 1923 </Li> <Li> 1936 </Li> <Li> 1937 </Li> <Li> 1951 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Dodgers -- 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The Westing game - wikipedia <H1> The Westing game </H1> <Table> <Tr> <Td> This is the current revision of this page , as edited by Space - Age Meat ( talk contribs ) at 21 : 18 , 22 August 2017 ( Reverted 1 edit by 107.77. 169.3 ( talk ) to last revision by 2602 : 304 : B127 : 7050 : CD5F : F2C8 : 4F5D : 50BD . ( TW ) ) . The present address ( URL ) is a permanent link to this version . </Td> </Tr> </Table> Revision as of 21 : 18 , 22 August 2017 by Space - Age Meat ( talk contribs ) ( Reverted 1 edit by 107.77. 169.3 ( talk ) to last revision by 2602 : 304 : B127 : 7050 : CD5F : F2C8 : 4F5D : 50BD . ( TW ) ) ( diff ) ← Previous revision Latest revision ( diff ) Newer revision → ( diff ) Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This article consists almost entirely of a plot summary . It should be expanded to provide more balanced coverage that includes real - world context . Please edit the article to focus on discussing the work rather than merely reiterating the plot . ( April 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> The Westing Game <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> First edition </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Author </Th> <Td> Ellen Raskin </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Country </Th> <Td> United States </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Genre </Th> <Td> Mystery </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Publisher </Th> <Td> E.P. Dutton </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Publication date </Th> <Td> 1978 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Pages </Th> <Td> 216 pg </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> ISBN </Th> <Td> 0 - 525 - 47137 - 5 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> OCLC </Th> <Td> 53292898 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> LC Class </Th> <Td> PZ7. R1817 We 2003 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The Westing Game is a mystery novel written by Ellen Raskin and published by Dutton in 1978 . It won the Newbery Medal recognizing the year 's most distinguished contribution to American children 's literature . The story involves 16 seemingly unrelated heirs of reclusive businessman Sam Westing and his challenge to figure out the secret of his death . The heirs must figure out who killed Mr. Westing by clues in Mr. Westing 's will . </P> <P> The Westing Game was ranked number nine among all - time children 's novels in a survey published by School Library Journal in 2012 . It has been adapted as the 1997 feature film Get a Clue ( also distributed as The Westing Game ) . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Premise </Li> <Li> 2 Characters <Ul> <Li> 2.1 Pair One </Li> <Li> 2.2 Pair Two </Li> <Li> 2.3 Pair Three </Li> <Li> 2.4 Pair Four </Li> <Li> 2.5 Pair Five </Li> <Li> 2.6 Pair Six </Li> <Li> 2.7 Pair Seven </Li> <Li> 2.8 Pair Eight </Li> <Li> 2.9 Other characters </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 Epilogue </Li> <Li> 4 Other media </Li> <Li> 5 References </Li> <Li> 6 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Premise ( edit ) </H2> <P> Sunset Towers is a new apartment building on Lake Michigan , north of Milwaukee and just down the shore from the mansion owned by reclusive self - made millionaire Samuel W. Westing . ( Despite the name , Sunset Towers faces east -- into the sunrise . ) </P> <P> As the story opens , a man named Barney Northrup is selling apartments to a carefully selected group of tenants . It soon emerges that most of the tenants -- regardless of age or occupation -- are named as heirs in Westing 's will . The will is structured as a puzzle , with the 16 heirs challenged to find the solution . Each of the eight pairs , assigned seemingly at random , is given $10,000 cash and a different set of baffling clues . The pair that solves the mystery will inherit Westing 's entire $200 million fortune and control of his company . </P> <H2> Characters ( edit ) </H2> <P> Windy Windkloppel was an extremely rich businessman who made his fortune in paper products . He was very patriotic and never smoked , drank , or gambled . He was also Barney Northrup , Sam Westing , Sandy McSouthers , and Julian Eastman . </P> <H3> Pair one ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Jacob `` Jake '' Wexler is a Jewish podiatrist , and a bookie on the side . He is married to Grace Wexler , whom he loves , but he also knows that she might never be happy with their life or financial situation . Jake is the father of Angela Wexler and Turtle Wexler . </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Madame Sun Lin Hoo is the much - younger Chinese immigrant wife of James Shin Hoo . She barely speaks English and can usually be found working in Mr. Hoo 's restaurant . It is rumored that Mr. Hoo married her for her 100 Year old sauce recipe . Madame Hoo also steals various items throughout the story in order to sell them and buy a trip back to China . Madame Hoo is the step - mother of Doug Hoo . Madame Hoo is not playing the game . </Li> </Ul> <H3> Pair two ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Judge J.J. Ford , an intelligent and serious African - American woman in her forties , is suspicious of the game created by Sam Westing ( who paid for her college education ) . Instead of winning , her goal is to discover the past of every heir . She prefers to work on her own , but uses her partner 's ear for gossip to her advantage . She harbors long - standing guilt over her debt to Mr. Westing . </Li> <Li> Alexander `` Sandy '' McSouthers was a doorman at Sunset Towers . That was his disguise , as he was actually one of the five identities of Sam Westing . His desecription says that he previously worked at Westing Paper Products Corporation and claims to have been fired by Sam Westing himself for attempting to organize the workers . McSouthers is notable for his knowledge of Sunset Towers ' gossip . </Li> </Ul> <H3> Pair three ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Grace Wexler , married to Jake Wexler and mother of Angela and Turtle , is a self - centered woman who is obsessed with her own image . She favors Angela while largely ignoring Turtle . She claims to be Mr. Westing 's niece , and she purports her name as Grace Windsor Wexler , although it is actually Gracie Windkloppel Wexler. Grace wants to be an interior designer . </Li> <Li> James Shin `` Jimmy '' Hoo is a middle - aged Chinese man , owner of Shin Hoo 's restaurant and former entrepreneur , as well as Madame Hoo 's husband and Doug 's father . He claims Mr. Westing stole his patent for the disposable diaper and appears bitter and moody for this reason . He suffers from ulcers , and he can often be seen yelling at his son to study . </Li> </Ul> <H3> Pair four ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Tabitha - Ruth Wexler , known as Turtle or `` Alice '' , is a highly intelligent 13 - year - old girl . She is very protective of her long , dark braid of hair and kicks anyone who pulls it . She excels at playing the stock market . She is very fond of both Sandy McSouthers and her partner Flora Baumbach , and she also loves her family , even though her sister Angela seems to be favored . She has a slight crush on Doug Hoo . </Li> <Li> Flora Baumbach is a shy 60 - year - old dressmaker who becomes a maternal figure to her partner , Turtle . Her daughter , Rosalie , had Down syndrome and died of pneumonia at age 19 . Her husband disappeared , and it is unknown whether he died or if there was a divorce . Flora is kind to everyone , and prefers to see the best in people . Turtle refers to her as `` Baba , '' while she refers to Turtle as `` Alice . '' At the end , she becomes friends with Julian Eastman and therefore Sam Westing himself . </Li> </Ul> <H3> Pair five ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Christos `` Chris '' Theodorakis is a 15 - year - old paraplegic teenage boy who uses a wheelchair due to a degenerative muscle disease . He is very intelligent and enjoys birdwatching . His brother , Theo , is very protective of him . Chris 's disease causes muscle spasms and affects his speech , but he is much more observant than he lets on -- in part because he is often dismissed by others . Chris also develops a temporary friendship with Sydelle Pulaski . </Li> <Li> Dr. Denton Deere is a 25 - year - old medical intern . He is engaged to Angela . Dr. Deere is arrogant and extremely proud of the medical industry . He has an obsession with giving diagnoses to almost everyone . He later becomes a neurologist , gaining fame for his treatment of Chris 's condition . </Li> </Ul> <H3> Pair six ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Berthe Erica Crow , usually referred to as simply Crow , is an extremely religious 57 - year - old woman . Tight and introverted , she works as a cleaning woman for Sunset Towers , while also operating a downtown soup kitchen for the homeless . She plays a major role in Westing 's plot , as it is revealed that she was formerly Mr. Westing 's wife . </Li> <Li> Otis J. Amber is a 62 - year - old `` delivery boy . '' Even outside of the game , he is often seen with Berthe Erica Crow , in part because he is actually a private investigator whom Sam Westing tasked with watching Crow . He assists Berthe with her soup kitchen . At the beginning of the story , he tells the tale of the bloody bet a boy once made involving the Westing mansion , which becomes an eerie theme throughout the book , using two words : `` purple waves . '' </Li> </Ul> <H3> Pair seven ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Theo Theodorakis is a smart high school student , and very loyal to his family . He is protective of his brother Chris , and works hard in his parents ' coffee shop . He is interested in becoming a writer , and also becomes friends with his partner , Doug Hoo . </Li> <Li> Doug Hoo , son of Jimmy Hoo , is a high school track star , one of the best mile - runners in the state . Running is his passion , but his father often criticizes him for not studying . At the end , he wins two Olympic gold medals and sets the 1500m record as well </Li> </Ul> <H3> Pair eight ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Angela Wexler is a beautiful 20 - year - old girl : fair , blonde , and very pretty . She is considered the ' perfect ' daughter , often getting more attention than her sister Turtle . However , people only acknowledge her as an attractive object to be married to Dr. Denton Deere , and not an intelligent woman in her own right . Throughout the book , Angela grows in her independence and her distaste for being objectified . Not that many characters realize that she is scared of not obeying Grace 's every command . She wants to do more than sitting still and looking pretty . </Li> <Li> Sydelle Pulaski is a mysterious character who seems to have no connection to Mr. Westing or the other heirs . No one pays any attention to her , so she tries hard to be noticed . She seems to have an affinity for Chris Theodorakis . Eventually , it is revealed that she truly does not have a connection to Sam Westing , as Westing 's lawyer mistakenly recruited her instead of a woman named Sybil Pulaski . </Li> </Ul> <H3> Other characters ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Barney Northrup is a mysterious figure who sells all of the apartments in Sunset Towers to the various heirs . After this , he is rarely seen by any of the tenants . </Li> <Li> Julian R. Eastman runs Westing Paper Products in Mr. Westing 's absence . He was a witness to Mr. Westing 's will . </Li> <Li> Dr. Sidney Sikes is a good friend of Samuel Westing , and a witness to his will . Has no role in the game . </Li> <Li> Edgar J. Plum is the lawyer in charge of handling Samuel Westing 's estate . He is very young and fairly incompetent . Has no role in the game . </Li> <Li> Mr. and Mrs. Theodorakis run the Sunset Towers coffee shop and do not take part in the game , though both their sons Chris and Theo do . </Li> </Ul> <H2> Epilogue ( edit ) </H2> <P> The epilogue of the story is told in the book 's last three chapters , which depicts the heirs growing older and more successful , many of them changing their lives as a result of the game . </P> <Ul> <Li> Crow and Otis Amber fall in love and are married , both leaving their jobs at Sunset Towers to work at Crow 's soup kitchen , which many of the heirs leave donations to . Both die within a week of one another after several years of life together . </Li> <Li> Flora Baumbach leaves the dressmaking business a few years after the game 's conclusion , becoming Turtle 's close friend and later Alice 's nanny . </Li> <Li> Denton Deere and Angela Wexler both question their life choices and ultimately separate . Denton becomes a neurologist due to his success in treating Chris Theodorakis ' disease , and Angela returns to medical school to become a surgeon . Five years after the game 's conclusion , the two are reunited , marry , and have a daughter named Alice . </Li> <Li> Judge Ford agrees to finance Chris ' education in homage to her mentor , Sam Westing . She is elected to the US Court of Appeals and later the Supreme Court . </Li> <Li> Sunny Hoo ultimately never leaves her husband and adopts the nickname `` Sunny . '' She becomes fluent in English , and becomes James ' secretary in his new company . After he dies she finally takes her trip to China , but returns to take up the family business . </Li> <Li> James Hoo leaves the restaurant business and gives `` Hoo 's on First '' to Grace . He patents his shoe - sole idea and becomes a multimillionaire , and moves out of Sunset Towers with his family . He dies briefly before the book 's conclusion , and is succeeded in the company by his wife . </Li> <Li> Doug Hoo wins his first Olympic gold medal and set a new record for the 1500 - meter run shortly after the game ends , and goes on to win two more . Retiring from athletics , he becomes a popular sports announcer . </Li> <Li> Chris Theodorakis is ultimately able to manage the effects of his disease thanks to Denton 's extensive research . However , he remains unable to walk and uses a wheelchair for the rest of his life . His college education is financed by Judge Ford , and he meets a girl named Shirley during his first year . The two later marry and become professors at the local university . Chris discovers and names a new breed of parrot ( the `` something - Christos parrot '' ) during an expedition in Central America . </Li> <Li> Sydelle Pulaski returns to her old job at Schultz Sausages and discovers that Mr. Schultz has a crush on her . She later marries him . The pair move to Hawaii , though Sydelle stays in touch with Angela . She gives up using crutches to get attention but requires the use of them on various occasions near the end of the novel . </Li> <Li> Jake Wexler becomes unsatisfied with his job as a podiatrist , quits , and is recommended to a political position by Judge Ford . He becomes the Chairman of the State Gambling Commission and then the Wisconsin State Crime Commissioner , though the jobs give him little time to spend with his wife . </Li> <Li> Grace Wexler takes control of Jimmy Hoo 's restaurant , renaming it `` Hoo 's on First '' and giving it a theme of local sports stars . It gets rave reviews . The success of `` Hoo 's on First '' ultimately results in a chain of ten such restaurants , the latest of which allows her to work close to her husband in the state capital of Madison . </Li> <Li> Theo Thedorakis attends a literary college , becoming an assistant to the reporter who writes the article about Doug 's first gold medal . He later becomes a novelist . His first novel does not sell well , but at the book 's end he has almost finished his second book . Theo marries Turtle , though they agree not to have children lest the children inherit Chris ' disease . Theo and Chris ' parents move to Florida after retiring from their coffee shop business . </Li> <Li> Turtle Wexler , having solved the game by discovering Sam Westing 's secret life , is dedicated to becoming his successor -- and , ultimately , the president of Westing Paper Products . She takes on the nickname of T.R. , attends college early ( she is only 18 in her second year of college ) , and makes over $5 million in the stock market . Turtle marries Theo and begins teaching Angela and Denton 's daughter Alice how to play chess . </Li> <Li> Sandy McSouthers , who supposedly died after the game 's conclusion , is revealed as Samuel Westing , Barney Northrup , and ( primarily ) Julian Eastman . He becomes Turtle Wexler 's mentor , pays for her expensive education , and plays chess with her every Saturday , although she tells people she is `` at the library . '' He dies on the Fourth of July . </Li> <Li> Sam Westing , died from old age and was not murdered . </Li> </Ul> <H2> Other media ( edit ) </H2> <P> The Westing Game , adapted by Darian Lindle and directed by Terry Brino - Dean , was first produced at Prime Stage Theatre in Pittsburgh in 2009 . The script is published by Dramatic Publishing . </P> <P> Get A Clue , adapted by Dylan Kelsey Hadley and directed by Terence H. Winkless was produced for television in 1997 . </P> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Newbery Medal & Honor Books , 1922 -- Present '' . Association for Library Service to Children . Retrieved 11 January 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bird , Elizabeth ( July 7 , 2012 ) . `` Top 100 Chapter Book Poll Results '' . A Fuse # 8 Production . Blog . School Library Journal ( blog.schoollibraryjournal.com ) . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 28 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Novels portal </Li> <Li> Children 's literature portal </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> The Westing Game manuscript online at UW Madison </Li> <Li> The Westing Game on IMDb </Li> <Li> The Game learning guide , analysis , quotes , & teacher resources </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="3"> Awards </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Preceded by Bridge to Terabithia </Td> <Td> Newbery Medal recipient 1979 </Td> <Td> Succeeded by A Gathering of Days : A New England Girl 's Journal </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Westing_Game&oldid=796754091 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> Newbery Medal - winning works </Li> <Li> 1978 American novels </Li> <Li> American children 's novels </Li> <Li> Children 's mystery novels </Li> <Li> Novels by Ellen Raskin </Li> <Li> American novels adapted into films </Li> <Li> Novels set in Wisconsin </Li> <Li> E.P. Dutton books </Li> <Li> 1978 children 's books </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Articles to be expanded from April 2017 </Li> <Li> All articles to be expanded </Li> <Li> Articles needing additional references from January 2011 </Li> <Li> All articles needing additional references </Li> <Li> Pages to import images to Wikidata </Li> <Li> All articles with unsourced statements </Li> <Li> Articles with unsourced statements from October 2015 </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> Article </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> More </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> Simple English </Li> </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 22 August 2017 , at 21 : 18 . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> | [
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The Chronicles of Narnia - wikipedia <H1> The Chronicles of Narnia </H1> `` Narnia '' redirects here . For other uses , see Narnia ( disambiguation ) . This article is about the book series . For the film series , see The Chronicles of Narnia ( film series ) . <P> </P> <Table> The Chronicles of Narnia <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> The Chronicles of Narnia boxed set </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> ( in publication order ) </Li> <Li> The Lion , the Witch and the Wardrobe ( 1950 ) </Li> <Li> Prince Caspian ( 1951 ) </Li> <Li> The Voyage of the Dawn Treader ( 1952 ) </Li> <Li> The Silver Chair ( 1953 ) </Li> <Li> The Horse and His Boy ( 1954 ) </Li> <Li> The Magician 's Nephew ( 1955 ) </Li> <Li> The Last Battle ( 1956 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Author </Th> <Td> C.S. Lewis </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Illustrator </Th> <Td> Pauline Baynes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Country </Th> <Td> United Kingdom </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Language </Th> <Td> English </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Genre </Th> <Td> Fantasy Children 's literature </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Publisher </Th> <Td> HarperCollins </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Published </Th> <Td> 16 October 1950 -- 4 September 1956 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Media type </Th> <Td> Print ( hardcover and paperback ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The Chronicles of Narnia is a series of seven fantasy novels by C.S. Lewis . It is considered a classic of children 's literature and is the author 's best - known work , having sold over 100 million copies in 47 languages . Written by Lewis , illustrated by Pauline Baynes , and originally published in London between 1950 and 1956 , The Chronicles of Narnia has been adapted several times , complete or in part , for radio , television , the stage , and film . </P> <P> Set in the fictional realm of Narnia , a fantasy world of magic , mythical beasts , and talking animals , the series narrates the adventures of various children who play central roles in the unfolding history of that world . Except in The Horse and His Boy , the protagonists are all children from the real world , magically transported to Narnia , where they are called upon by the lion Aslan to protect Narnia from evil and restore the throne to its rightful line . The books span the entire history of Narnia , from its creation in The Magician 's Nephew to its eventual destruction in The Last Battle . </P> <P> Inspiration for the series was taken from multiple sources ; in addition to adapting numerous traditional Christian themes , Lewis freely borrowed characters and ideas from Greek and Roman mythology as well as from traditional British and Irish fairy tales . </P> <P> The books have profoundly influenced adult and children 's fantasy literature since World War II . Lewis 's exploration of themes not usually present in children 's literature , such as religion , as well as the books ' perceived treatment of issues including race and gender , has caused some controversy . </P> <H2> Contents </H2> <Ul> <Li> 1 Background and conception <Ul> <Li> 1.1 Name </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2 Publication history </Li> <Li> 3 Books <Ul> <Li> 3.1 The Lion , the Witch and the Wardrobe ( 1950 ) </Li> <Li> 3.2 Prince Caspian : The Return to Narnia ( 1951 ) </Li> <Li> 3.3 The Voyage of the Dawn Treader ( 1952 ) </Li> <Li> 3.4 The Silver Chair ( 1953 ) </Li> <Li> 3.5 The Horse and His Boy ( 1954 ) </Li> <Li> 3.6 The Magician 's Nephew ( 1955 ) </Li> <Li> 3.7 The Last Battle ( 1956 ) </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 Reading order </Li> <Li> 5 Main characters <Ul> <Li> 5.1 Aslan </Li> <Li> 5.2 Pevensie family <Ul> <Li> 5.2. 1 Lucy Pevensie </Li> <Li> 5.2. 2 Edmund Pevensie </Li> <Li> 5.2. 3 Susan Pevensie </Li> <Li> 5.2. 4 Peter Pevensie </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 5.3 Eustace Scrubb </Li> <Li> 5.4 Jill Pole </Li> <Li> 5.5 Digory Kirke </Li> <Li> 5.6 Polly Plummer </Li> <Li> 5.7 ( Mr ) Tumnus </Li> <Li> 5.8 Prince Caspian / Caspian X </Li> <Li> 5.9 Trumpkin </Li> <Li> 5.10 Reepicheep </Li> <Li> 5.11 Puddleglum </Li> <Li> 5.12 Shasta / Cor </Li> <Li> 5.13 Aravis </Li> <Li> 5.14 Bree </Li> <Li> 5.15 King Tirian </Li> <Li> 5.16 Antagonists <Ul> <Li> 5.16. 1 White Witch / Jadis </Li> <Li> 5.16. 2 King Miraz </Li> <Li> 5.16. 3 Lady of the Green Kirtle </Li> <Li> 5.16. 4 Prince Rabadash of Calormen </Li> <Li> 5.16. 5 Shift the Ape </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 5.17 Title characters </Li> <Li> 5.18 Appearances of main characters </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 6 Narnian universe <Ul> <Li> 6.1 Inhabitants </Li> <Li> 6.2 Geography </Li> <Li> 6.3 Cosmology </Li> <Li> 6.4 History </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 7 Influences <Ul> <Li> 7.1 Lewis 's life </Li> <Li> 7.2 Influences from mythology and cosmology </Li> <Li> 7.3 Influences from literature </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 8 Influences on other works <Ul> <Li> 8.1 Influences on literature </Li> <Li> 8.2 Influences on popular culture </Li> <Li> 8.3 Influences on music </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 9 Christian themes </Li> <Li> 10 Criticism <Ul> <Li> 10.1 Accusations of gender stereotyping </Li> <Li> 10.2 Accusations of racism </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 11 Adaptations of The Chronicles of Narnia <Ul> <Li> 11.1 Television </Li> <Li> 11.2 Radio </Li> <Li> 11.3 Stage </Li> <Li> 11.4 Film </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 12 See also </Li> <Li> 13 Notes </Li> <Li> 14 References </Li> <Li> 15 Further reading </Li> <Li> 16 External links </Li> </Ul> <H2> Background and conception ( edit ) </H2> <P> Although Lewis originally conceived what would become The Chronicles of Narnia in 1939 ( the picture of a Faun with parcels in a snowy wood has a history dating to 1914 ) , he did not finish writing the first book The Lion , the Witch and the Wardrobe until 1949 . The Magician 's Nephew , the penultimate book to be published , but the last to be written , was completed in 1954 . Lewis did not write the books in the order in which they were originally published , nor were they published in their current chronological order of presentation . The original illustrator , Pauline Baynes , created pen and ink drawings for the Narnia books that are still used in the editions published today . Lewis was awarded the 1956 Carnegie Medal for The Last Battle , the final book in the saga . Fellow children 's author Roger Lancelyn Green first referred to the series as The Chronicles of Narnia , in March 1951 , after he had read and discussed with Lewis his recently completed fourth book The Silver Chair , originally entitled Night under Narnia . </P> <P> Lewis described the origin of The Lion , the Witch and the Wardrobe in an essay entitled `` It All Began with a Picture '' : </P> <Dl> <Dd> The Lion all began with a picture of a Faun carrying an umbrella and parcels in a snowy wood . This picture had been in my mind since I was about sixteen . Then one day , when I was about forty , I said to myself : ' Let 's try to make a story about it . ' </Dd> </Dl> <P> Shortly before the start of World War II , many children were evacuated to the English countryside in anticipation of attacks on London and other major urban areas by Nazi Germany . As a result , on 2 September 1939 , three school girls , Margaret , Mary and Katherine , came to live at The Kilns in Risinghurst , Lewis 's home three miles east of Oxford city centre . Lewis later suggested that the experience gave him a new appreciation of children and in late September he began a children 's story on an odd sheet of paper which has survived as part of another manuscript : </P> <Dl> <Dd> This book is about four children whose names were Ann , Martin , Rose and Peter . But it is most about Peter who was the youngest . They all had to go away from London suddenly because of Air Raids , and because Father , who was in the Army , had gone off to the War and Mother was doing some kind of war work . They were sent to stay with a kind of relation of Mother 's who was a very old professor who lived all by himself in the country . </Dd> </Dl> <P> In `` It All Began With a Picture '' C.S. Lewis continues : </P> <Dl> <Dd> At first I had very little idea how the story would go . But then suddenly Aslan came bounding into it . I think I had been having a good many dreams of lions about that time . Apart from that , I do n't know where the Lion came from or why he came . But once he was there , he pulled the whole story together , and soon he pulled the six other Narnian stories in after him . </Dd> </Dl> <P> The manuscript for The Lion , the Witch and the Wardrobe was complete by the end of March 1949 . </P> <H3> Name ( edit ) </H3> <P> The name Narnia is based on Narni , Italy , written in Latin as Narnia . Green wrote : </P> <Dl> <Dd> When Walter Hooper asked ( C.S. Lewis ) where he found the word ' Narnia ' , Lewis showed him Murray 's Small Classical Atlas , ed . G.B. Grundy ( 1904 ) , which he acquired when he was reading the classics with Mr Kirkpatrick at Great Bookham ( 1914 -- 1917 ) . On plate 8 of the Atlas is a map of ancient Italy . Lewis had underscored the name of a little town called Narnia , simply because he liked the sound of it . Narnia -- or ' Narni ' in Italian -- is in Umbria , halfway between Rome and Assisi . </Dd> </Dl> <H2> Publication history ( edit ) </H2> <P> The Chronicles of Narnia 's seven books have been in continuous publication since 1956 , selling over 100 million copies in 47 languages and with editions in Braille . </P> <P> The first five books were originally published in the United Kingdom by Geoffrey Bles . The first edition of The Lion , the Witch and the Wardrobe was released in London on 16 October 1950 . Although three more books , Prince Caspian , The Voyage of the Dawn Treader and The Horse and His Boy , were already complete , they were not released immediately at that time , but appeared ( along with The Silver Chair ) one at a time in each of the subsequent years ( 1951 -- 1954 ) . The last two books ( The Magician 's Nephew and The Last Battle ) were published in the United Kingdom originally by The Bodley Head in 1955 and 1956 . </P> <P> In the United States , the publication rights were first owned by Macmillan Publishers , and later by HarperCollins . The two issued both hardcover and paperback editions of the series during their tenure as publishers , while at the same time Scholastic , Inc. produced paperback versions for sale primarily through direct mail order , book clubs , and book fairs. Harper Collins also published several one - volume collected editions containing the full text of the series . As noted below ( see reading order ) , the first American publisher , Macmillan , numbered the books in publication sequence , but when Harper Collins won the rights in 1994 , at the suggestion of Lewis 's stepson they used the series ' internal chronological order . Scholastic switched the numbering of its paperback editions in 1994 to mirror that of Harper Collins . </P> <H2> Books ( edit ) </H2> <P> The seven books that make up The Chronicles of Narnia are presented here in order of original publication date : </P> <H3> The Lion , the Witch and the Wardrobe ( 1950 ) ( edit ) </H3> Main article : The Lion , the Witch and the Wardrobe <P> The Lion , the Witch and the Wardrobe , completed by the end of March 1949 and published by Geoffrey Bles in the United Kingdom on 16 October 1950 , tells the story of four ordinary children : Peter , Susan , Edmund , and Lucy Pevensie , who have been evacuated to the English countryside from London in 1940 following the outbreak of World War II . They discover a wardrobe in Professor Digory Kirke 's house that leads to the magical land of Narnia . The Pevensie children help Aslan , a talking lion , save Narnia from the evil White Witch , who has reigned over the land of Narnia for a century of perpetual winter with no Christmas . The children become kings and queens of this new - found land and establish the Golden Age of Narnia , leaving a legacy to be rediscovered in later books . </P> <H3> Prince Caspian : the return to Narnia ( 1951 ) ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Prince Caspian <P> Completed after Christmas 1949 and published on 15 October 1951 , Prince Caspian : The Return to Narnia tells the story of the Pevensie children 's second trip to Narnia . They are drawn back by the power of Susan 's horn , blown by Prince Caspian to summon help in his hour of need . Narnia , as they knew it , is no more , as 1,300 years have passed and their castle is in ruins , while all Narnians have retreated so far within themselves that only Aslan 's magic can wake them . Caspian has fled into the woods to escape his uncle , Miraz , who has usurped the throne . The children set out once again to save Narnia . </P> <H3> The Voyage of the Dawn Treader ( 1952 ) ( edit ) </H3> Main article : The Voyage of the Dawn Treader <P> Written between January and February 1950 and published on 15 September 1952 , The Voyage of the Dawn Treader sees Edmund and Lucy Pevensie , along with their priggish cousin , Eustace Scrubb , return to Narnia . Once there , they join Caspian 's voyage on the ship Dawn Treader to find the seven lords who were banished when Miraz took over the throne . This perilous journey brings them face to face with many wonders and dangers as they sail toward Aslan 's country at the edge of the world . </P> <H3> The Silver Chair ( 1953 ) ( edit ) </H3> Main article : The Silver Chair <P> Completed at the beginning of March 1951 and published 7 September 1953 , The Silver Chair is the first Narnia book not involving the Pevensie children , focusing instead on Eustace . Several months after The Voyage of the Dawn Treader Aslan calls Eustace back to Narnia along with his classmate Jill Pole . They are given four signs to aid them in the search for Prince Caspian 's son Rilian , who disappeared ten years earlier on a quest to avenge his mother 's death . Fifty years have passed in Narnia ; Eustace is still a child , but Caspian , barely an adult in The Voyage of the Dawn Treader , is now an old man . Eustace and Jill , with the help of Puddleglum the Marsh - wiggle , face danger and betrayal on their quest to find Rilian . </P> <H3> The Horse and his Boy ( 1954 ) ( edit ) </H3> Main article : The Horse and His Boy <P> Begun in March and completed at the end of July 1950 , The Horse and His Boy was published on 6 September 1954 . The story takes place during the reign of the Pevensies in Narnia , an era which begins and ends in the last chapter of The Lion , the Witch and the Wardrobe . A young boy named Shasta and a talking horse named Bree , both of whom are in bondage in the country of Calormen , are the protagonists . By `` chance '' , they meet and plan their return to Narnia and freedom . Along the way they meet Aravis and her talking horse Hwin who are also fleeing to Narnia . </P> <H3> The Magician 's Nephew ( 1955 ) ( edit ) </H3> Main article : The Magician 's Nephew <P> Completed in February 1954 and published by Bodley Head in London on 2 May 1955 , the prequel The Magician 's Nephew brings the reader back to the origins of Narnia where we learn how Aslan created the world and how evil first entered it . Digory Kirke and his friend Polly Plummer stumble into different worlds by experimenting with magic rings made by Digory 's uncle . In the dying world of Charn they awaken Queen Jadis , and they witness the creation of Narnian world ( where Jadis later becomes the White Witch ) . Many long - standing questions about the world are answered as a result . The story is set in 1900 , when Digory was a 12 - year - old boy . He is a middle - aged professor by the time he hosts the Pevensie children in The Lion , the Witch and the Wardrobe 40 years later . </P> <H3> The Last Battle ( 1956 ) ( edit ) </H3> Main article : The Last Battle <P> Completed in March 1953 and published 4 September 1956 , The Last Battle chronicles the end of the world of Narnia . Jill and Eustace return to save Narnia from Shift , an ape , who tricks Puzzle , a donkey , into impersonating the lion Aslan , precipitating a showdown between the Calormenes and King Tirian . This leads to the end of Narnia , revealing the true Narnia to which Aslan brings them . </P> <H2> Reading order ( edit ) </H2> <P> Fans of the series often have strong opinions over the order in which the books should be read . The issue revolves around the placement of The Magician 's Nephew and The Horse and His Boy in the series . Both are set significantly earlier in the story of Narnia than their publication order and fall somewhat outside the main story arc connecting the others . The reading order of the other five books is not disputed . </P> A 1970 Collier - Macmillan edition paperback boxed set ( cover art by Roger Hane ) , where the books are presented in order of original publication <Table> <Tr> <Th> Original publication order </Th> <Th> Harper Collins order ( internally chronological ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> The Lion , the Witch and the Wardrobe </Td> <Td> The Magician 's Nephew </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Prince Caspian </Td> <Td> The Lion , the Witch and the Wardrobe </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> The Voyage of the Dawn Treader </Td> <Td> The Horse and His Boy </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> The Silver Chair </Td> <Td> Prince Caspian </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> The Horse and His Boy </Td> <Td> The Voyage of the Dawn Treader </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> The Magician 's Nephew </Td> <Td> The Silver Chair </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> The Last Battle </Td> <Td> The Last Battle </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> When first published , the books were not numbered . The first American publisher , Macmillan , enumerated them according to their original publication order , while some early British editions specified the internal chronological order . When Harper Collins took over the series rights in 1994 , they adopted the internal chronological order . To make the case for the internal chronological order , Lewis 's stepson , Douglas Gresham , quoted Lewis 's 1957 reply to a letter from an American fan who was having an argument with his mother about the order : </P> <Dl> <Dd> I think I agree with your ( chronological ) order for reading the books more than with your mother 's . The series was not planned beforehand as she thinks . When I wrote The Lion I did not know I was going to write any more . Then I wrote P. Caspian as a sequel and still did n't think there would be any more , and when I had done The Voyage I felt quite sure it would be the last , but I found I was wrong . So perhaps it does not matter very much in which order anyone read them . I 'm not even sure that all the others were written in the same order in which they were published . </Dd> </Dl> <P> In the 2005 Harper Collins adult editions of the books , the publisher cites this letter to assert Lewis 's preference for the numbering they adopted by including this notice on the copyright page : </P> <Dl> <Dd> Although The Magician 's Nephew was written several years after C.S. Lewis first began The Chronicles of Narnia , he wanted it to be read as the first book in the series . Harper Collins is happy to present these books in the order in which Professor Lewis preferred . </Dd> </Dl> <P> Paul Ford cites several scholars who have weighed in against this view , and continues , `` most scholars disagree with this decision and find it the least faithful to Lewis 's deepest intentions '' . Scholars and readers who appreciate the original order believe that Lewis was simply being gracious to his youthful correspondent and that he could have changed the books ' order in his lifetime had he so desired . They maintain that much of the magic of Narnia comes from the way the world is gradually presented in The Lion , the Witch and the Wardrobe -- that the mysterious wardrobe , as a narrative device , is a much better introduction to Narnia than The Magician 's Nephew , where the word `` Narnia '' appears in the first paragraph as something already familiar to the reader . Moreover , they say , it is clear from the texts themselves that The Lion , the Witch and the Wardrobe was intended to be read first . When Aslan is first mentioned in The Lion , the Witch and the Wardrobe , for example , the narrator says that `` None of the children knew who Aslan was , any more than you do '' -- which is nonsensical if one has already read The Magician 's Nephew . Other similar textual examples are also cited . </P> <P> Doris Meyer , author of C.S. Lewis in Context and Bareface : A guide to C.S. Lewis , writes that rearranging the stories chronologically `` lessens the impact of the individual stories '' and `` obscures the literary structures as a whole '' . Peter Schakel devotes an entire chapter to this topic in his book Imagination and the Arts in C.S. Lewis : Journeying to Narnia and Other Worlds , and in Reading with the Heart : The Way into Narnia he writes : </P> <Dl> <Dd> The only reason to read The Magician 's Nephew first ( ... ) is for the chronological order of events , and that , as every story teller knows , is quite unimportant as a reason . Often the early events in a sequence have a greater impact or effect as a flashback , told after later events which provide background and establish perspective . So it is ( ... ) with the Chronicles . The artistry , the archetypes , and the pattern of Christian thought all make it preferable to read the books in the order of their publication . </Dd> </Dl> <H2> Main characters ( edit ) </H2> Further information : List of The Chronicles of Narnia characters <H3> Aslan ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Aslan <P> Aslan , the Great Lion , is the eponymous lion of The Lion , the Witch and the Wardrobe , and his role in Narnia is developed throughout the remaining books . He is also the only character to appear in all seven books . Aslan is a talking lion , the King of Beasts , son of the Emperor - Over-the - Sea . He is a wise , compassionate , magical authority ( both temporal and spiritual ) who serves as mysterious and benevolent guide to the human children who visit , as well as being the guardian and saviour of Narnia . C.S. Lewis described Aslan as an alternative version of Jesus as the form in which Christ might have appeared in an alternative reality . </P> <H3> Pevensie family ( edit ) </H3> <P> The four Pevensie siblings are the main human protagonists of The Chronicles of Narnia . Varying combinations of some or all of them appear in five of the seven novels . They are introduced in The Lion , the Witch and the Wardrobe ( although we do not learn their surname until The Voyage of the Dawn Treader ) , and eventually become Kings and Queens of Narnia reigning as a tetrarchy . Although introduced in the series as children , the siblings grow up into adults while reigning in Narnia . They go back to being children once they get back to their own world , but feature as adults in The Horse and His Boy during their Narnian reign . </P> <P> All four appear in The Lion , the Witch , and the Wardrobe and Prince Caspian ; in the latter , however , Aslan tells Peter and Susan that they will not return , as they are getting too old . Susan , Lucy , and Edmund appear in The Horse and His Boy -- Peter is said to be away fighting giants on the other side of Narnia . Lucy and Edmund appear in The Voyage of the Dawn Treader , where Aslan tells them , too , that they are getting too old . Peter , Edmund , and Lucy appear as Kings and Queens in Aslan 's Country in The Last Battle ; Susan does not . Asked by a child in 1958 if he would please write another book entitled `` Susan of Narnia '' so that the entire Pevensie family would be reunited , C.S. Lewis replied : `` I am so glad you like the Narnian books and it was nice of you to write and tell me . There 's no use just asking me to write more . When stories come into my mind I have to write them , and when they do n't I ca n't ! ... '' </P> Lucy Pevensie ( edit ) Main article : Lucy Pevensie <P> Lucy is the youngest of the four Pevensie siblings . Of all the Pevensie children , Lucy is the closest to Aslan , and of all the human characters who visit Narnia , Lucy is perhaps the one who believes in Narnia the most . In The Lion , the Witch , and the Wardrobe she initiates the story by entering Narnia through the wardrobe , and ( with Susan ) witnesses Aslan 's execution and resurrection . She is named Queen Lucy the Valiant . In Prince Caspian she is the first to see Aslan when he comes to guide them . In The Voyage of the Dawn Treader , it is Lucy who breaks the spell of invisibility on the Dufflepuds . As an adult in The Horse and His Boy she helps fight the Calormenes at Anvard . Although a minor character in The Last Battle , much of the closing chapter is seen from her point of view . </P> Edmund Pevensie ( edit ) Main article : Edmund Pevensie <P> Edmund is the second child to enter Narnia in The Lion , the Witch , and the Wardrobe , where he falls under the White Witch 's spell from eating the Turkish Delight she gave him . Instantiating that book 's Christian theme of betrayal , repentance , and subsequent redemption via blood sacrifice , he betrays his siblings to the White Witch , but quickly realizes her true nature and her evil intentions , and is redeemed by the sacrifice of Aslan 's life . He is named King Edmund the Just . In Prince Caspian and The Voyage of the Dawn Treader he supports Lucy ; in The Horse and His Boy he leads the Narnian delegation to Calormen and , later , the Narnian army breaking the siege at Anvard . </P> Susan Pevensie ( edit ) Main article : Susan Pevensie <P> In The Lion , the Witch , and the Wardrobe Susan accompanies Lucy to see Aslan die and rise again . She is named Queen Susan the Gentle . In Prince Caspian , however , she is the last of the four to believe and follow Lucy when the latter is called by Aslan to guide them . As an adult queen in The Horse and His Boy she is courted by Prince Rabadash of Calormen but refuses his marriage proposal , and his angry response leads the story to its climax . In The Last Battle , we are told that she has stopped believing in Narnia and remembers it only as a childhood game . </P> Peter Pevensie ( edit ) Main article : Peter Pevensie <P> Peter is the eldest of the Pevensies . In The Lion , the Witch , and the Wardrobe he kills a Talking Wolf to save Susan , and leads the Narnian army against the White Witch . Aslan names him High King , and he is known as Peter the Magnificent . In Prince Caspian he duels the usurper King Miraz to restore Caspian 's throne . In The Last Battle it is Peter whom Aslan entrusts with the duty of closing the door on Narnia for the final time . </P> <H3> Eustace Scrubb ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Eustace Scrubb <P> Eustace Clarence Scrubb is a cousin of the Pevensies , and a classmate of Jill Pole at their school Experiment House . He is portrayed at first as a brat and a bully , but comes to improve his nasty behaviour when his greed turns him into a dragon for a while . His distress at having to live as a dragon causes him to reflect upon how horrible he has been , and he soon becomes a better person so Aslan changes him back into a boy . In the later books , Eustace comes across as a much nicer person , although he is still rather grumpy and argumentative . Nonetheless , he becomes a hero along with Jill Pole when the pair succeed in freeing the lost Prince Rilian from the clutches of an evil witch . He appears in The Voyage of the Dawn Treader , The Silver Chair , and The Last Battle . </P> <H3> Jill Pole ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Jill Pole <P> Jill Pole is not related to any of the other children who enter Narnia . She is a classmate and neighbour of Eustace Scrubb . She appears in The Silver Chair , where she is the viewpoint character for most of the action , and returns in The Last Battle . In The Silver Chair Eustace introduces her to the Narnian world , where Aslan gives her the task of memorising a series of signs that will help her and Eustace on their quest to find Caspian 's lost son . In The Last Battle she and Eustace accompany King Tirian in his ill - fated defence of Narnia against the Calormenes . </P> <H3> Digory Kirke ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Digory Kirke <P> Digory Kirke is the character referred to in the title of The Magician 's Nephew . He first appears as a minor character in The Lion , the Witch and the Wardrobe , known only as `` The Professor '' , who hosts the Pevensie children when they are evacuated from London and defends Lucy 's story of having found a country in the back of the wardrobe . In The Magician 's Nephew the young Digory , thanks to his uncle 's magical experimentation , inadvertently brings Jadis from her dying homeworld of Charn to the newly - created world of Narnia ; to fix his mistake Aslan sends him to fetch a magical apple which will protect Narnia and heal his dying mother . He returns in The Last Battle . </P> <H3> Polly Plummer ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Polly Plummer <P> Polly Plummer appears in The Magician 's Nephew and The Last Battle . She is the next - door neighbour of the young Digory Kirke . She is tricked by a wicked magician ( who is Digory 's uncle ) into touching a magic ring which transports her to the Wood between the Worlds and leaves her there stranded . The wicked uncle persuades Digory to follow her with a second magic ring that has the power to bring her back . This sets up the pair 's adventures into other worlds , and they witness the creation of Narnia as described in The Magician 's Nephew . </P> <H3> ( Mr ) Tumnus ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Mr. Tumnus <P> Tumnus , called `` Mr Tumnus '' by Lucy , is a faun who is featured prominently in The Lion , the Witch and the Wardrobe and also appears in The Horse and His Boy and The Last Battle . He is the first creature Lucy meets in Narnia , as well as the first Narnian to be introduced in the series ; he invites her to his home with the intention of betraying her to Jadis , but quickly repents and befriends her . In The Horse and His Boy he devises the Narnian delegation 's plan of escape from Calormen . He returns for a brief dialogue at the end of The Last Battle . Tumnus is the faun in the snowy wood the mental image of which , according to Lewis , was the initial inspiration for the entire Narnia series . </P> <H3> Prince Caspian / Caspian X ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Caspian X <P> Prince Caspian , later to become King Caspian X of Narnia , Lord of Cair Paravel and Emperor of The Lone Islands -- also called `` Caspian the Seafarer '' and `` Caspian the Navigator '' -- is the title character of the second book in the series , first introduced as the young nephew and heir of King Miraz of Narnia . Prince Caspian : The Return to Narnia is set 1300 years after the rule of High King Peter and his siblings , when Old Narnians have been driven into hiding by Caspian 's ancestors the Telmarines . Caspian is also a central character in The Voyage of the Dawn Treader , and appears briefly at the beginning and end of The Silver Chair . </P> <H3> Trumpkin ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Trumpkin <P> Trumpkin the Dwarf is the narrator of several chapters of Prince Caspian ; he is one of Caspian 's rescuers and a leading figure in the `` Old Narnian '' rebellion , and accompanies the Pevensie children from the ruins of Cair Paravel to the Old Narnian camp . In The Voyage of the Dawn Treader we learn that Caspian has made him his Regent in Narnia while he is away at sea , and he appears briefly in this role ( now elderly and very deaf ) in The Silver Chair . </P> <H3> Reepicheep ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Reepicheep <P> Reepicheep the Mouse is the leader of the Talking Mice of Narnia in Prince Caspian . Utterly fearless , infallibly courteous , obsessed with honour , he is badly wounded in the final battle but healed by Lucy and Aslan . In The Voyage of the Dawn Treader his role is greatly expanded ; he becomes a visionary as well as a warrior , and ultimately his willing self - exile to Aslan 's Country breaks the enchantment on the last three of the Lost Lords , thus achieving the final goal of the quest . Lewis identified Reepicheep as `` specially '' exemplifying the latter book 's theme of `` the spiritual life '' . </P> <H3> Puddleglum ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Puddleglum <P> Puddleglum the Marsh - wiggle guides Eustace and Jill on their quest in The Silver Chair . Though always comically pessimistic , he provides the voice of reason and as such intervenes critically in the climactic enchantment scene . </P> <H3> Shasta / Cor ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Shasta ( Narnia ) <P> Shasta , later known as Cor of Archenland , is the principal character in The Horse and His Boy . Born the eldest son and heir of King Lune of Archenland , and elder twin of Prince Corin , Cor was kidnapped as an infant and raised as a fisherman 's son in the country of Calormen . Learning that he is about to be sold into slavery at the beginning of The Horse and His Boy , Shasta escapes to freedom , saves Archenland and Narnia from invasion , learns of his true identity , and is restored to his heritage . Shasta grows up to become King of Archenland , marries the Calormene Tarkheena Aravis , and fathers the next ( and most famous ) king of Archenland , Ram the Great . </P> <H3> Aravis ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Aravis <P> Aravis , daughter of Kidrash Tarkaan , is a character in The Horse and His Boy . Escaping a forced betrothal to the loathsome Ahoshta , she joins Shasta on his journey and inadvertently overhears a plot by Rabadash , crown prince of Calormen , to invade Archenland . She later marries Shasta , now known as Prince Cor , and becomes queen of Archenland at his side . </P> <H3> Bree ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Bree ( Narnia ) <P> Bree ( Breehy - hinny - brinny - hoohy - hah ) is Shasta 's mount and mentor in The Horse and His Boy . A Talking Horse of Narnia , he wandered into Calormen as a foal and was captured . He first appears as a Calormene nobleman 's war - horse ; when the nobleman buys Shasta as a slave , Bree organises and carries out their joint escape . Though friendly , he is also vain and a braggart until his encounter with Aslan late in the story . </P> <H3> King Tirian ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Tirian <P> The last King of Narnia is the viewpoint character for much of The Last Battle . Having rashly killed a Calormene for mistreating a Narnian Talking Horse , he is imprisoned by the villainous ape Shift but released by Eustace and Jill . Together they fight faithfully to the last and are welcomed into Aslan 's Kingdom . </P> <H3> Antagonists ( edit ) </H3> White Witch / Jadis ( edit ) Main article : White Witch <P> Jadis , commonly known during her rule of Narnia as the White Witch , is the main villain of The Lion , The Witch and the Wardrobe and The Magician 's Nephew -- the only antagonist to appear in more than one Narnia book . In The Lion , the Witch , and the Wardrobe , she is the witch responsible for the freezing of Narnia resulting in the Hundred Year Winter ; she turns her enemies into statues and kills Aslan on the Stone Table , but is killed by him in battle after his resurrection . In The Magician 's Nephew she is wakened from a magical sleep by Digory in the dead world of Charn and inadvertently brought to Victorian London before being transported to Narnia , where she steals an apple to grant her the gift of immortality . </P> King Miraz ( edit ) Main article : Miraz <P> King Miraz is the lead villain of Prince Caspian . Prior to the book 's opening he has killed King Caspian IX , father of the titular Prince Caspian , and usurped his throne as king of the Telmarine colonizers in Narnia . He raises Caspian as his heir , but seeks to kill him after his own son is born . As the story progresses he leads the Telmarine war against the Old Narnian rebellion ; he is defeated in single combat by Peter and then murdered by one of his own lords . </P> Lady of the Green Kirtle ( edit ) Main article : Lady of the Green Kirtle <P> The Lady of the Green Kirtle is the lead villain of The Silver Chair , and is also referred to in that book as `` the Queen of Underland '' or simply as `` the Witch '' . She rules an underground kingdom through magical mind - control . Prior to the events of The Silver Chair she has murdered Caspian 's Queen and then seduced and abducted his son Prince Rilian . She encounters the protagonists on their quest and sends them astray . Confronted by them later , she attempts to enslave them magically ; when that fails , she attacks them in the form of a serpent and is killed . </P> Prince Rabadash of Calormen ( edit ) Main article : Rabadash <P> Prince Rabadash , heir to the throne of Calormen , is the primary antagonist of The Horse and His Boy . Hot - headed , arrogant , and entitled , he brings Susan Pevensie , with a small retinue including Edmund Pevensie , to Calormen in the hope of marrying her . When the Narnians escape his clutches , he attacks Archenland with the intention of establishing a base from which to raid Narnia and take Susan back , but his plan is foiled by Shasta and Aravis warning the Archenlanders . He is captured by Edmund and transformed into a donkey by Aslan as a punishment . </P> Shift the ape ( edit ) Main article : Shift ( Narnia ) <P> Shift is the most prominent villain of The Last Battle . He is an elderly Talking Ape -- Lewis does not specify what kind of ape , but Pauline Baynes ' illustrations depict him as a chimpanzee . He persuades the naïve donkey Puzzle to pretend to be Aslan ( wearing a lion - skin ) in order to seize control of Narnia , and proceeds to cut down the forests , enslave the other Talking Beasts , and invite the Calormenes to invade . He loses control of the situation due to over-indulging in alcohol , and is eventually swallowed up by the evil Calormene god Tash . </P> <H3> Title characters ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> The Magician 's Nephew -- Digory Kirke </Li> <Li> The Lion , the Witch and the Wardrobe -- Aslan , Jadis </Li> <Li> The Horse and His Boy -- Bree , Shasta </Li> <Li> Prince Caspian -- Prince Caspian </Li> </Ul> <H3> Appearances of main characters ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Character </Th> <Th_colspan="8"> Book </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> The Lion , the Witch and the Wardrobe ( 1950 ) </Th> <Th> Prince Caspian : The Return to Narnia ( 1951 ) </Th> <Th> The Voyage of the Dawn Treader ( 1952 ) </Th> <Th> The Silver Chair ( 1953 ) </Th> <Th> The Horse and His Boy ( 1954 ) </Th> <Th> The Magician 's Nephew ( 1955 ) </Th> <Th> The Last Battle ( 1956 ) </Th> <Th> Total <P> Appearances </P> </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Aslan </Th> <Td_colspan="7"> Major </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Peter Pevensie </Th> <Td_colspan="2"> Major </Td> <Td_colspan="4"> </Td> <Td> Minor </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Susan Pevensie </Th> <Td_colspan="2"> Major </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td> Minor </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Edmund Pevensie </Th> <Td_colspan="3"> Major </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Minor </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Minor </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Lucy Pevensie </Th> <Td_colspan="3"> Major </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Minor </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Minor </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Eustace Scrubb </Th> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> Major </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td> Major </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Jill Pole </Th> <Td_colspan="3"> </Td> <Td> Major </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td> Major </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Digory Kirke </Th> <Td> Minor </Td> <Td_colspan="4"> </Td> <Td> Major </Td> <Td> Minor </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Polly Plummer </Th> <Td_colspan="5"> </Td> <Td> Major </Td> <Td> Minor </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> ( Mr ) Tumnus </Th> <Td> Major </Td> <Td_colspan="3"> </Td> <Td> Minor </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Minor </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Prince / King Caspian </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> Major </Td> <Td> Minor </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td> Cameo </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Trumpkin the Dwarf </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> Major </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Minor </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td> Cameo </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Reepicheep the Mouse </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> Minor </Td> <Td> Major </Td> <Td_colspan="3"> </Td> <Td> Minor </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Puddleglum </Th> <Td_colspan="3"> </Td> <Td> Major </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td> Cameo </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Shasta ( Prince / King Cor ) </Th> <Td_colspan="4"> </Td> <Td> Major </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Cameo </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Aravis Tarkheena </Th> <Td_colspan="4"> </Td> <Td> Major </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Cameo </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Bree </Th> <Td_colspan="4"> </Td> <Td> Major </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Cameo </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> King Tirian </Th> <Td_colspan="6"> </Td> <Td> Major </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Jadis ( The White Witch ) </Th> <Td> Major </Td> <Td_colspan="4"> </Td> <Td> Major </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> King Miraz </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> Major </Td> <Td_colspan="5"> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> The Lady of the Green Kirtle </Th> <Td_colspan="3"> </Td> <Td> Major </Td> <Td_colspan="3"> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Prince Rabadash </Th> <Td_colspan="4"> </Td> <Td> Major </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Shift the Ape </Th> <Td_colspan="6"> </Td> <Td> Major </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Narnian universe ( edit ) </H2> Main article : Narnia ( world ) A map by David Bedell of the fictional universe of the Narnian world . <P> The main setting of The Chronicles of Narnia is the world of Narnia constructed by Lewis and , in The Magician 's Nephew , the world containing the city of Charn . The Narnian and Charnian worlds are themselves posited as just two in a multiverse of countless worlds that includes our own universe , the main protagonists ' world of origin . Passage between these worlds is possible , though rare , and may be accomplished by various means . Narnia itself is described as populated by a wide variety of creatures , most of which would be recognisable to those familiar with European mythologies and British and Irish fairy tales . </P> <H3> Inhabitants ( edit ) </H3> <Dl> <Dd> See also : Narnia creatures and List of The Chronicles of Narnia characters </Dd> </Dl> <P> Lewis 's stories are populated with two distinct types of character : Humans originating from the reader 's world of Earth , and Narnian creatures and their descendants created by Aslan . This is typical of works that involve parallel universes . The majority of characters from the reader 's world serve as the protagonists of the various books , although some are only mentioned in passing depending on chronology . Lewis does not limit himself to a single source of inspiration ; instead , he borrows from many sources , including ancient Greek and German mythology , as well as Celtic literature . </P> <H3> Geography ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> See also : Narnian places <P> The Chronicles of Narnia describes the world in which Narnia exists as one major landmass encircled by an ocean . Narnia 's capital sits on the eastern edge of the landmass on the shores of the Great Eastern Ocean . This ocean contains the islands explored in The Voyage of the Dawn Treader . On the main landmass Lewis places the countries of Narnia , Archenland , Calormen , and Telmar , along with a variety of other areas that are not described as countries . The author also provides glimpses of more fantastic locations that exist in and around the main world of Narnia , including an edge and an underworld . </P> <P> There are several maps of the Narnian universe available , including what many consider the `` official '' one , a full - colour version published in 1972 by the books ' illustrator , Pauline Baynes . This is currently out of print , although smaller copies can be found in the most recent HarperCollins 2006 hardcover edition of The Chronicles of Narnia . Two other maps were produced as a result of the popularity of the 2005 film The Chronicles of Narnia : The Lion , the Witch and the Wardrobe . One , the `` Rose Map of Narnia '' , is based loosely on Baynes ' map and has Narnian trivia printed on the reverse . The other , made in a monochromatic , archaic style reminiscent of maps of Tolkien 's Middle - earth , is available in print and in an interactive version on the DVD of the movie . The latter map depicts only the country Narnia and not the rest of Lewis 's world . </P> <H3> Cosmology ( edit ) </H3> <P> A recurring plot device in The Chronicles is the interaction between the various worlds that make up the Narnian multiverse . A variety of methods are used to initiate these cross-overs which generally serve to introduce characters to the land of Narnia . The Cosmology of Narnia is not as internally consistent as that of Lewis 's contemporary Tolkien 's Middle - earth , but suffices given the more fairy tale atmosphere of the work . During the course of the series we learn in passing , that the world of Narnia is flat and geocentric and has different stars from those of Earth , and that the passage of time does not correspond directly to the passage of time in our world . </P> <H3> History ( edit ) </H3> <Dl> <Dd> See also : Narnian timeline and History of Narnia </Dd> </Dl> <P> The Chronicles cover the entire history of the world of Narnia , describing the process by which it was created , offering snapshots of life in Narnia as its history unfolds , and how it is ultimately destroyed . As is often the case in a children 's series , children themselves , usually from our world , play a prominent role in all of these events . The history of Narnia is generally divided into the following periods : creation and the period shortly afterwards , the rule of the White Witch , the Golden Age , the invasion and rule of the Telmarines , their subsequent defeat by Caspian X , the rule of King Caspian and his descendants , and the destruction of Narnia . Like many stories , the narrative is not necessarily always presented in chronological order . </P> <H2> Influences ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Lewis 's life ( edit ) </H3> <P> Lewis 's early life has parallels with The Chronicles of Narnia . At the age of seven , he moved with his family to a large house on the edge of Belfast . Its long hallways and empty rooms inspired Lewis and his brother to invent make - believe worlds whilst exploring their home , an activity reflected in Lucy 's discovery of Narnia in The Lion , the Witch and the Wardrobe . Like Caspian and Rilian , Lewis lost his mother at an early age , spending much of his youth in English boarding schools similar to those attended by the Pevensie children , Eustace Scrubb , and Jill Pole . During World War II many children were evacuated from London and other urban areas because of German air raids . Some of these children , including one named Lucy ( Lewis 's goddaughter ) stayed with him at his home The Kilns near Oxford , just as the Pevensies stayed with The Professor in The Lion , the Witch and the Wardrobe . </P> <H3> Influences from mythology and cosmology ( edit ) </H3> <P> Drew Trotter , president of the Center for Christian Study , noted that the producers of the film The Chronicles of Narnia : The Lion , the Witch , and the Wardrobe felt that the books ' plots adhere to the archetypal `` monomyth '' pattern as detailed in Joseph Campbell 's The Hero with a Thousand Faces . </P> <P> Lewis was widely read in medieval Celtic literature , an influence reflected throughout the books , and most strongly in The Voyage of the Dawn Treader . The entire book imitates one of the immrama , a type of traditional Old Irish tale that combines elements of Christianity and Irish mythology to tell the story of a hero 's sea journey to the Otherworld . Medieval Ireland also had a tradition of High Kings ruling over lesser kings and queens or princes , as in Narnia . Lewis 's term `` Cair , '' as in Cair Paravel , also mirrors `` Caer '' , or `` fortress '' in the Welsh language . Reepicheep 's small boat is a coracle , a type of vessel traditionally used in the Celtic regions of the British Isles . Some creatures in the book such as the one - footed Dufflepuds reflect elements of Greek , Roman and Medieval mythology while other Narnian creatures are borrowed from Greek and Germanic mythology : for example , centaurs from the former and dwarfs from the latter . </P> <P> Michael Ward 's 2008 book Planet Narnia proposes that each of the seven books related to one of the seven moving heavenly bodies or `` planets '' known in the Middle Ages according to the Ptolemaic geocentric model of cosmology ( a theme to which Lewis returned habitually throughout his work ) . At that time , each of these heavenly bodies was believed to have certain attributes , and Ward contends that these attributes were deliberately but subtly used by Lewis to furnish elements of the stories of each book : </P> <Dl> <Dd> In The Lion ( the child protagonists ) become monarchs under sovereign Jove ; in Prince Caspian they harden under strong Mars ; in The `` Dawn Treader '' they drink light under searching Sol ; in The Silver Chair they learn obedience under subordinate Luna ; in The Horse and His Boy they come to love poetry under eloquent Mercury ; in The Magician 's Nephew they gain life - giving fruit under fertile Venus ; and in The Last Battle they suffer and die under chilling Saturn . </Dd> </Dl> <P> Lewis 's interest in the literary symbolism of medieval and Renaissance astrology is more overtly referenced in other works such as his study of medieval cosmology The Discarded Image , and in his early poetry as well as in Space Trilogy . Narnia scholar Paul F. Ford finds Ward 's assertion that Lewis intended The Chronicles to be an embodiment of medieval astrology implausible , though Ford addresses an earlier ( 2003 ) version of Ward 's thesis ( also called Planet Narnia , published in the Times Literary Supplement ) . Ford argues that Lewis did not start with a coherent plan for the books , but Ward 's book answers this by arguing that the astrological associations grew in the writing : </P> <Dl> <Dd> Jupiter was ... ( Lewis 's ) favourite planet , part of the `` habitual furniture '' of his mind ... The Lion was thus the first example of that `` idea that he wanted to try out '' . Prince Caspian and The `` Dawn Treader '' naturally followed because Mars and Sol were both already connected in his mind with the merits of the Alexander technique ... at some point after commencing The Horse and His Boy he resolved to treat all seven planets , for seven such treatments of his idea would mean that he had `` worked it out to the full '' . </Dd> </Dl> <P> A quantitative analysis on the imagery in the different books of The Chronicles gives mixed support to Ward 's thesis : The Voyage of the Dawn Treader , The Silver Chair , The Horse and His Boy , and The Magician 's Nephew do indeed employ concepts associated with , respectively , Sol , Luna , Mercury , and Venus , far more often than chance would predict , but The Lion , the Witch , and the Wardrobe , Prince Caspian , and The Last Battle fall short of statistical correlation with their proposed planets . </P> <H3> Influences from literature ( edit ) </H3> <P> George MacDonald 's Phantastes ( 1858 ) influenced the structure and setting of `` The Chronicles '' . It was a work that was `` a great balm to the soul '' . </P> <P> The White Witch in The Lion , the Witch , and the Wardrobe shares many features , both of appearance and character , with the villainous Duessa of Edmund Spenser 's Faerie Queene , a work Lewis studied in detail . Like Duessa , she falsely styles herself Queen ; she leads astray the erring Edmund with false temptations ; she turns people into stone as Duessa turns them into trees . Both villains wear opulent robes and deck their conveyances out with bells . In The Magician 's Nephew Jadis takes on echoes of Satan from John Milton 's Paradise Lost : she climbs over the wall of the paradisal garden in contempt of the command to enter only by the gate , and proceeds to tempt Digory as Satan tempted Eve , with lies and half - truths . Similarly , the Lady of the Green Kirtle in The Silver Chair recalls both the snake - woman Errour in The Faerie Queene and Satan 's transformation into a snake in Paradise Lost . </P> <P> Lewis read Edith Nesbit 's children 's books as a child and was greatly fond of them . He described The Lion , the Witch , and the Wardrobe around the time of its completion as `` a children 's book in the tradition of E. Nesbit '' . The Magician 's Nephew in particular bears strong resemblances to Nesbit 's The Story of the Amulet ( 1906 ) . This novel focuses on four children living in London who discover a magic amulet . Their father is away and their mother is ill , as is the case with Digory . They manage to transport the queen of ancient Babylon to London and she is the cause of a riot ; likewise , Polly and Digory transport Queen Jadis to London , sparking a very similar incident . </P> <H2> Influences on other works ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Influences on literature ( edit ) </H3> <P> The Chronicles of Narnia has been a significant influence on both adult and children 's fantasy literature in the post-World War II era . In 1976 , the scholar Susan Cornell Poskanzer praised Lewis for his `` strangely powerful fantasies '' . Poskanzer argued that children could relate to Narnia books because the heroes and heroines were realistic characters , each with their own distinctive voice and personality . Furthermore , the protagonists become powerful kings and queens who decide the fate of kingdoms , while the adults in the Narnia books tended to be buffoons , which by inverting the normal order of things was pleasing to many youngsters . However , Poskanzer criticized Lewis for what she regarded as scenes of gratuitous violence , which she felt were upsetting to children . Poskanzer also noted Lewis presented his Christian message subtly enough as to avoid boring children with overt sermonizing . </P> <P> Examples include : </P> <P> Philip Pullman 's fantasy series , His Dark Materials , is seen as a response to The Chronicles . Pullman is a self - described atheist who wholly rejects the spiritual themes that permeate The Chronicles , yet his series nonetheless addresses many of the same issues and introduces some similar character types , including talking animals . In another parallel , the first books in each series -- Pullman 's Northern Lights and The Lion , the Witch , and the Wardrobe -- both open with a young girl hiding in a wardrobe . </P> <P> Neil Gaiman 's young - adult horror novella Coraline has been compared to The Lion , the Witch , and the Wardrobe , as both books involve young girls travelling to magical worlds through doors in their new houses and fighting evil with the help of talking animals . His Sandman comic book series also features a Narnia - like `` dream island '' in its story arc entitled A Game of You . When the island is unmade by its creator Morpheus , the inhabitants march into the shadow of his cloak in a scene visually similar to Aslan 's judgement of the inhabitants of Narnia in The Last Battle . </P> <P> Bill Willingham 's comic book series Fables makes reference at least twice to a king called `` The Great Lion '' , a thinly veiled reference to Aslan . The series avoids explicitly referring to any characters or works that are not in the public domain . </P> <P> The novel Bridge to Terabithia by Katherine Paterson has Leslie , one of the main characters , reveal to Jesse her love of Lewis 's books , subsequently lending him The Chronicles of Narnia so that he can learn how to behave like a king . Her book also features the island name `` Terabithia '' , which sounds similar to Terebinthia , a Narnian island that appears in Prince Caspian and The Voyage of the Dawn Treader . Katherine Paterson herself acknowledges that Terabithia is likely to be derived from Terebinthia : </P> <P> I thought I had made it up . Then , rereading The Voyage of the Dawn Treader by C.S. Lewis , I realized that I had probably gotten it from the island of Terebinthia in that book . However , Lewis probably got that name from the Terebinth tree in the Bible , so both of us pinched from somewhere else , probably unconsciously . '' </P> <P> Science - fiction author Greg Egan 's short story `` Oracle '' depicts a parallel universe in which an author nicknamed Jack ( Lewis 's nickname ) has written novels about the fictional `` Kingdom of Nesica '' , and whose wife is dying of cancer , paralleling the death of Lewis 's wife Joy Davidman . Several Narnian allegories are also used to explore issues of religion and faith versus science and knowledge . </P> <P> Lev Grossman 's New York Times best - seller The Magicians is a contemporary dark fantasy about an unusually gifted young man obsessed with Fillory , the magical land of his favourite childhood books . Fillory is a thinly veiled substitute for Narnia , and clearly the author expects it to be experienced as such . Not only is the land home to many similar talking animals and mythical creatures , it is also accessed through a grandfather clock in the home of an uncle to whom five English children are sent during World War II . Moreover , the land is ruled by two Aslan - like rams named Ember and Umber , and terrorised by The Watcherwoman . She , like the White Witch , freezes the land in time . The book 's plot revolves heavily around a place very like the `` wood between the worlds '' from The Magician 's Nephew , an interworld waystation in which pools of water lead to other lands . This reference to The Magician 's Nephew is echoed in the title of the book . </P> <P> J.K. Rowling , author of the Harry Potter series , has said that she was a fan of the works of Lewis as a child , and cites the influence of The Chronicles on her work : `` I found myself thinking about the wardrobe route to Narnia when Harry is told he has to hurl himself at a barrier in King 's Cross Station -- it dissolves and he 's on platform Nine and Three - Quarters , and there 's the train for Hogwarts . '' Nevertheless , she is at pains to stress the differences between Narnia and her world : `` Narnia is literally a different world '' , she says , `` whereas in the Harry books you go into a world within a world that you can see if you happen to belong . A lot of the humour comes from collisions between the magic and the everyday worlds . Generally there is n't much humour in the Narnia books , although I adored them when I was a child . I got so caught up I did n't think CS Lewis was especially preachy . Reading them now I find that his subliminal message is n't very subliminal . '' New York Times writer Charles McGrath notes the similarity between Dudley Dursley , the obnoxious son of Harry 's neglectful guardians , and Eustace Scrubb , the spoiled brat who torments the main characters until he is redeemed by Aslan . </P> <H3> Influences on popular culture ( edit ) </H3> <P> As with any popular long - lived work , contemporary culture abounds with references to the lion Aslan , travelling via wardrobe and direct mentions of The Chronicles . Examples include : </P> <P> Charlotte Staples Lewis , a character first seen early in the fourth season of the TV series Lost , is named in reference to C.S. Lewis . Lost producer Damon Lindelof said that this was a clue to the direction the show would take during the season . The book Ultimate Lost and Philosophy , edited by William Irwin and Sharon Kaye , contains a comprehensive essay on Lost plot motifs based on The Chronicles . </P> <P> The second SNL Digital Short by Andy Samberg and Chris Parnell features a humorous nerdcore hip hop song titled Chronicles of Narnia ( Lazy Sunday ) , which focuses on the performers ' plan to see The Chronicles of Narnia : The Lion , the Witch and the Wardrobe at a cinema . It was described by Slate magazine as one of the most culturally significant Saturday Night Live skits in many years , and an important commentary on the state of rap . Swedish Christian power metal band Narnia , whose songs are mainly about the Chronicles of Narnia or the Bible , feature Aslan on all their album covers . In anticipation of the 9 December 2005 premiere of the film The Chronicles of Narnia : The Lion , the Witch and the Wardrobe , various Christian artists released a collection of songs based on The Chronicles of Narnia . </P> <P> During interviews , the primary creator of the Japanese anime and gaming series Digimon has said that he was inspired and influenced by The Chronicles of Narnia . </P> <H3> Influences on music ( edit ) </H3> <P> The Roar of Love is a 1980 concept album by Christian band 2nd Chapter of Acts based on The Lion , the Witch and the Wardrobe . </P> <P> The song `` Further Up , Further In '' from the album Room to Roam by The Waterboys is heavily influenced by The Chronicles of Narnia , with the title coming from a passage in The Last Battle . C.S. Lewis is acknowledged in the liner notes as an influence . </P> <H2> Christian themes ( edit ) </H2> Main article : Religion in The Chronicles of Narnia <P> A convert to Christianity in later life , Lewis had authored a number of works on Christian apologetics and other literature with Christian - based themes before writing the Narnia books . The character Aslan is widely accepted by literary academia as being based on Jesus Christ . Lewis did not initially plan to incorporate Christian theological concepts into his Narnia stories . Lewis maintained that the Narnia books were not allegorical , preferring to term their Christian aspects a `` supposition '' . </P> <P> The Chronicles have , consequently , a large Christian following , and are widely used to promote Christian ideas . However , some Christians object that The Chronicles promote `` soft - sell paganism and occultism '' due to recurring pagan imagery and themes . </P> <H2> Criticism ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Accusations of gender stereotyping ( edit ) </H3> <P> In later years , both Lewis and the Chronicles have been criticised ( often by other authors of fantasy fiction ) for gender role stereotyping , though other authors have defended Lewis in this area . For example , Lucy gets a healing potion and a dagger , while Peter gets a sword . Most allegations of sexism centre on the description of Susan Pevensie in The Last Battle when Lewis writes that Susan is `` no longer a friend of Narnia '' and interested `` in nothing nowadays except nylons and lipstick and invitations '' . </P> <P> Philip Pullman , inimical to Lewis on many fronts , calls the Narnia stories `` monumentally disparaging of women '' . His interpretation of the Susan passages reflects this view : </P> <P> Susan , like Cinderella , is undergoing a transition from one phase of her life to another . Lewis did n't approve of that . He did n't like women in general , or sexuality at all , at least at the stage in his life when he wrote the Narnia books . He was frightened and appalled at the notion of wanting to grow up . </P> <P> In fantasy author Neil Gaiman 's short story `` The Problem of Susan '' ( 2004 ) , an elderly woman , Professor Hastings , deals with the grief and trauma of her entire family 's death in a train crash . Although the woman 's maiden name is not revealed , details throughout the story strongly imply that this character is the elderly Susan Pevensie . The story is written for an adult audience and deals with issues of sexuality and violence and through it Gaiman presents a critique of Lewis 's treatment of Susan . </P> <P> Other writers , including fan - magazine editor Andrew Rilstone , oppose this view , arguing that the `` lipsticks , nylons and invitations '' quote is taken out of context . They maintain that in The Last Battle , Susan is excluded from Narnia explicitly because she no longer believes in it . At the end of The Last Battle Susan is still alive with her ultimate fate unspecified . Moreover , in The Horse and His Boy , Susan 's adulthood and sexual maturity are portrayed in a positive light , and therefore argued to be unlikely reasons for her exclusion from Narnia . </P> <P> Lewis supporters also cite the positive roles of women in the series , including Jill Pole in The Silver Chair , Aravis Tarkheena in The Horse and His Boy , Polly Plummer in The Magician 's Nephew , and particularly Lucy Pevensie in The Lion , the Witch and the Wardrobe . Alan Jacobs , an English professor at Wheaton College , asserts that Lucy is the most admirable of the human characters and that generally the girls come off better than the boys throughout the series ( Jacobs , 2008 : 259 ) . In her contribution to The Chronicles of Narnia and Philosophy , Karin Fry , an Assistant Professor of Philosophy at the University of Wisconsin , Stevens Point , notes that `` the most sympathetic female characters in The Chronicles are consistently the ones who question the traditional roles of women and prove their worth to Aslan through actively engaging in the adventures just like the boys . '' Fry goes on to say : </P> <P> The characters have positive and negative things to say about both male and female characters , suggesting an equality between sexes . However , the problem is that many of the positive qualities of the female characters seem to be those by which they can rise above their femininity ... The superficial nature of stereotypical female interests is condemned . </P> <H3> Accusations of racism ( edit ) </H3> <P> In addition to sexism , Pullman and others have also accused the Narnia series of fostering racism . Over the alleged racism in The Horse and His Boy , newspaper editor Kyrie O'Connor wrote : </P> <P> It 's just too dreadful . While the book 's storytelling virtues are enormous , you do n't have to be a bluestocking of political correctness to find some of this fantasy anti-Arab , or anti-Eastern , or anti-Ottoman . With all its stereotypes , mostly played for belly laughs , there are moments you 'd like to stuff this story back into its closet . </P> <P> Gregg Easterbrook , writing in The Atlantic , calls the Calormenes `` standins for Muslims '' , while novelist Philip Hensher raises specific concerns that a reader might gain the impression Islam is a `` Satanic cult '' . In rebuttal to this charge , at an address to a C.S. Lewis conference , Dr. Devin Brown argued that there are too many dissimilarities between the Calormene religion and Islam , particularly in the areas of polytheism and human sacrifice , for Lewis 's writing to be regarded as critical of Islam . </P> <P> Nicholas Wanberg has argued , echoing claims by Mervyn Nicholson , that accusations of racism in the books are `` an oversimplification '' , but he asserts that the stories employ beliefs about human aesthetics , including equating dark skin with ugliness , that have been traditionally associated with racist thought . </P> <P> Critics also argue whether Lewis 's work presents a positive or negative view of colonialism . Nicole DuPlessis favors the anticolonial view , claiming `` the negative effects of colonial exploitations and the themes of animals ' rights and responsibility to the environment are emphasized in Lewis ' construction of a community of living things . Through the negative examples of illegitimate rulers , Lewis constructs the ' correct ' relationship between humans and nature , providing examples of rulers like Caspian who fulfill their responsibilities to the environment . '' Clare Etcherling counters with her claim that `` those ' illegitimate ' rulers are often very dark - skinned '' and that the only `` legitimate rulers are those sons and daughters of Adam and Eve who adhere to Christian conceptions of morality and stewardship -- either white English children ( such as Peter ) or Narnians who possess characteristics valued and cultivated by the British ( such as Caspian ) . '' </P> <H2> Adaptations of the Chronicles of Narnia ( edit ) </H2> Main article : Adaptations of The Chronicles of Narnia <H3> Television ( edit ) </H3> <P> Various books from The Chronicles of Narnia have been adapted for television over the years , including : </P> <P> The Lion , the Witch and the Wardrobe was first adapted in 1967 . Comprising ten episodes of thirty minutes each , the screenplay was written by Trevor Preston , and directed by Helen Standage . Unlike subsequent adaptations , it is currently unavailable to purchase for home viewing . The book was adapted again in 1979 , this time as an animated cartoon co-produced by Bill Meléndez and the Children 's Television Workshop , with a screenplay by David D. Connell . Winner of the 1979 Emmy award for Outstanding Animated Program , it was one of the first major made - for - television feature - length animated films . Many of the characters ' voices in the British TV release were re-recorded by British actors and actresses with the exception of the characters Aslan , Peter , Susan , and Lucy . </P> <P> Between 1988 and 1990 , the first four books ( as published ) were adapted by the BBC as four television serials . They were also aired in America on the PBS / Disney show WonderWorks . They were nominated for a total of 14 Emmy awards , including `` Outstanding Children 's Program '' , and a number of BAFTA awards including Best Children 's Programme ( Entertainment / Drama ) in 1988 , 1989 and 1990 . The serials were later edited into three feature - length films ( the second of which combined Prince Caspian and The Voyage of the Dawn Treader into one ) and released on VHS and DVD . </P> <H3> Radio ( edit ) </H3> <P> A critically acclaimed BBC Radio 4 dramatisation was produced in the 1980s , starring Maurice Denham as Professor Kirke . Collectively titled Tales of Narnia , the programs covered the entire series with a running time of approximately 15 hours . In Great Britain , BBC Audiobooks release both audio cassette and compact disc versions of the series . </P> <P> Between 1998 and 2002 Focus on the Family produced radio dramatisations of the entire series through its Radio Theatre program . Over one hundred performers took part including Paul Scofield as the storyteller and David Suchet as Aslan . Accompanied by an original orchestral score and cinema - quality digital sound design , the series was hosted by Lewis 's stepson Douglas Gresham and ran for just over 22 hours . Recordings of the entire adaptation were released on compact disc between 1999 -- 2003 . </P> <H3> Stage ( edit ) </H3> <P> Many stage adaptations of The Lion , the Witch and the Wardrobe have been produced over the years . </P> <P> In 1984 , Vanessa Ford Productions presented The Lion , the Witch and the Wardrobe at London 's Westminster Theatre . Adapted by Glyn Robbins , the play was directed by Richard Williams and designed by Marty Flood . The production was later revived at Westminster and The Royalty Theatre and went on tour until 1997 . Productions of other tales from The Chronicles were also staged , including The Voyage of the Dawn Treader ( 1986 ) , The Magician 's Nephew ( 1988 ) and The Horse and His Boy ( 1990 ) . </P> <P> In 1997 , Trumpets Inc. , a Filipino Christian theatre and musical production company , produced a musical rendition of `` The Lion , The Witch and The Wardrobe '' that Douglas Gresham , Lewis 's stepson ( and co-producer of the Walden Media film adaptations ) , has openly declared that he feels is the closest to Lewis 's intent . The book and lyrics were written by Jaime del Mundo and Luna Inocian , while the music was composed by Lito Villareal . </P> <P> The Royal Shakespeare Company premiered The Lion , the Witch and the Wardrobe in Stratford - upon - Avon in 1998 . The novel was adapted as a musical production by Adrian Mitchell , with music by Shaun Davey . The show was originally directed by Adrian Noble and designed by Anthony Ward , with the revival directed by Lucy Pitman - Wallace . Well received by audiences , the production was periodically re-staged by the RSC for several years afterwards . Limited engagements were subsequently undertaken at the Barbican Theatre in London and at Sadler 's Wells . This adaptation also toured the United States in the early 2000s . </P> <H3> Film ( edit ) </H3> Main article : The Chronicles of Narnia ( film series ) The premiere of The Chronicles of Narnia : Prince Caspian in 2008 <P> Sceptical that any cinematic adaptation could render the more fantastical elements and characters of the story realistically , Lewis never sold the film rights to the Narnia series . In answering a letter with a question posed by a child in 1957 , asking if the Narnia series could please be on television , C.S. Lewis wrote back : `` They 'd be no good on TV . Humanized beasts ca n't be presented to the eye without at once becoming either hideous or ridiculous . I wish the idiots who run the film world ( would ) realize that there are stories ( which ) are for the ear alone . '' Only after seeing a demo reel of CGI animals did Douglas Gresham , Lewis 's stepson and literary executor , and the films ' co-producer , give approval for a film adaptation . </P> <P> The first novel adapted was The Lion , the Witch and the Wardrobe as The Chronicles of Narnia : The Lion , the Witch and the Wardrobe released in December 2005 . Produced by Walden Media and distributed by Walt Disney Pictures , the film was directed by Andrew Adamson , with a screenplay by Ann Peacock , Stephen McFeely and Christopher Markus . The movie was a critical and box - office success , grossing over $745 million worldwide . Disney and Walden Media then co-produced a sequel The Chronicles of Narnia : Prince Caspian , released in May 2008 , which grossed over $419 million worldwide . </P> <P> In December 2008 Disney pulled out of financing the remainder of the Chronicles of Narnia film series . Already in pre-production at the time , 20th Century Fox and Walden Media eventually co-produced The Chronicles of Narnia : The Voyage of the Dawn Treader , which was released in December 2010 going on to gross over $415 million worldwide . </P> <P> In May 2012 , producer Douglas Gresham confirmed that Walden Media 's contract with the C.S. Lewis Estate had expired , and that there was a moratorium on producing any Narnia films outside of Walden Media . On 1 October 2013 , it was announced that the C.S. Lewis Company had entered into an agreement with the Mark Gordon Company to jointly develop and produce The Chronicles of Narnia : The Silver Chair . On 26 April 2017 , Joe Johnston was hired to direct the film . In October Johnston said filming is expected to begin in late 2018 . </P> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Narnia portal </Li> <Li> Children 's literature portal </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Outline of Narnia </Li> </Ul> <H2> Notes ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ `` CS Lewis , Chronicles of Narnia author , honoured in Poets ' corner '' . The Telegraph . Retrieved 24 February 2013 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` CS Lewis to be honoured in Poets ' Corner '' . BBC News . Retrieved 23 November 2012 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Roger Lancelyn Green & Walter Hooper , C.S. Lewis : A Biography : fully revised & expanded edition . ( 2002 ) , pp. 302 -- 307 . ISBN 0 - 00 - 715714 - 2 </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : C.S. Lewis . On Stories : And Other Essays on Literature. 1982 , p. 53 . ISBN 0 - 15 - 668788 - 7 </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Ford , Paul ( 2005 ) . Companion to Narnia : A Complete Guide to the Magical World of C.S. Lewis 's The Chronicles of Narnia ( Revised ed . ) . San Francisco : Harper . ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 079127 - 8 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Green & Hooper , 2002 , p. 311 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Ford , 2005 , p. 106 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Owen Dudley Edwards . British Children 's Fiction in the Second World War . 2007 , p. 129 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7486 - 1650 - 3 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Green & Hooper , 2002 , p. 303 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ C.S. Lewis . On Stories : And Other Essays on Literature. 1982 , p. xix & 53 . ISBN 0 - 15 - 668788 - 7 . `` It All Began with a Picture '' is reprinted there from the Radio Times , 15 July 1960 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Green & Hooper , 2002 , p. 306 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kelly , Clint ( 2006 ) . `` Dear Mr. Lewis '' . Response. 29 ( 1 ) . Retrieved 22 September 2008 . The seven books of Narnia have sold more than 100 million copies in 30 languages , nearly 20 million in the last 10 years alone </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Edward , Guthmann ( 11 December 2005 ) . `` ' Narnia ' tries to cash in on dual audience '' . SFGate . Archived from the original on 15 May 2012 . Retrieved 22 September 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Glen H. GoodKnight. ( 2010 ) . Narnia Editions & Translations . Last updated 3 August 2010 Archived 3 March 2011 at the Wayback Machine ... Retrieved 6 September 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Peter J. Schakel , The Way Into Narnia , William B. Eerdmans , 2005 , p 13 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Ford , 2005 , p 464 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Green & Hooper , 2002 , p. 307 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Green & Hooper , 2002 , p. 309 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Green & Hooper , 2002 , p. 310 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Green & Hooper , 2002 , p. 313 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Green & Hooper , 2002 , p. 314 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Dorsett , Lyle ( 1995 ) . Marjorie Lamp Mead , ed . C.S. Lewis : Letters to Children . Touchstone . ISBN 978 - 0 - 684 - 82372 - 0 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Ford , 2005 , p xxiii -- xxiv . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Brady , Erik ( 1 December 2005 ) . `` A closer look at the world of Narnia '' . USA Today . Retrieved 21 September 2008 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Schakel , Peter ( 1979 ) . Reading with the Heart : The Way into Narnia . Grand Rapids : Erdmans . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8028 - 1814 - 0 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Rilstone , Andrew . `` What Order Should I Read the Narnia Books in ( And Does It Matter ? ) '' . The Life and Opinions of Andrew Rilstone , Gentleman . Archived from the original on 30 November 2005 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ See Walter Hooper 's C.S. Lewis : A Companion and Guide </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Private collection , Patricia Baird </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Letter to Anne Jenkins , 5 March 1961 , in Hooper , Walter ( 2007 ) . The Collected Letters of C.S. Lewis , Volume III . HarperSanFrancisco . p. 1245 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 081922 - 4 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Ford , 2005 , p. 490 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Ford , 2005 , p. 491 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Lewis , C.S. ( 1990 ) . Surprised by Joy . Fount Paperbacks . p. 14 . ISBN 0 - 00 - 623815 - 7 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Wilson , Tracy V. ( 7 December 2005 ) . `` How Narnia Works '' . HowStuffWorks . Retrieved 28 October 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Trotter , Drew ( 11 November 2005 ) . `` What Did C.S. Lewis Mean , and Does It Matter ? '' . Leadership U. Retrieved 28 October 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Huttar , Charles A. ( 22 September 2007 ) . `` '' Deep lies the sea - longing `` : inklings of home ( 1 ) '' . Mythlore / The Free Library . Retrieved 28 March 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Duriez , Colin ( 2004 ) . A Field Guide to Narnia . InterVarsity Press . p. 80 , 95 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Ward , Michael ( 2008 ) . Planet Narnia : The Seven Heavens in the Imagination of C.S. Lewis . New York : Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 531387 - 1 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Ward , 2008 , p237 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Ward , 2008 , p222 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Barrett , Justin L. ( 2010 ) . `` Some Planets In Narnia : a quantitative investigation of the Planet Narnia thesis '' ( PDF ) . Seven : an Anglo - American literary review ( Wheaton College ) . Retrieved 28 April 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Into The Wardrobe : C.S. Lewis and the Narnia Chronicles , Downing , David C. 2005 pp12 -- 13 ISBN 978 - 0 - 7879 - 7890 - 7 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Hardy , Elizabeth Baird ( 2007 ) . Milton , Spenser and The Chronicles of Narnia : literary sources for the C.S. Lewis novels . McFarland & Company , Inc . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7864 - 2876 - 2 . pp20 -- 25 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Hardy , 2007 , pp30 -- 34 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Hardy , 2007 , pp38 -- 41 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Lindskoog , Kathryn Ann ( 1997 ) . Journey into Narnia : C.S. Lewis 's Tales Explored . Hope Publishing House . p. 87 . ISBN 0 - 932727 - 89 - 1 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Walsh , Chad ( 1974 ) . C.S. Lewis : Apostle to the Skeptics . Norwood Editions . p. 10 . ISBN 0 - 88305 - 779 - 4 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Lindskoog , 1997 </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Poskanzer , Susan Cornell `` Thoughts on C.S. Lewis and the Chronicles of Narnia '' pages 523 - 526 from Language Arts , Volume 53 , Issue # 5 , May 1976 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Miller , `` Far From Narnia The New Yorker , 26 December 2005 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Cathy Young , `` A Secular Fantasy -- The flawed but fascinating fiction of Philip Pullman '' , Reason Magazine ( March 2008 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Peter Hitchens , `` This is the most dangerous author in Britain '' , The Mail on Sunday ( 27 January 2002 ) , p. 63 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Chattaway , Peter T . `` The Chronicles of Atheism , Christianity Today </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bridge to Terabithia , 2005 Harper Trophy edition , section `` Questions for Katherine Paterson . '' </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Egan , Greg . `` Oracle '' , 12 November 2000 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Publishers Weekly blog Decatur Book Festival : Fantasy and its practice `` PWxyz Archived 11 September 2010 at the Wayback Machine . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Renton , Jennie . `` The story behind the Potter legend '' . Sydney Morning Herald . Retrieved 10 October 2006 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ McGrath , Charles ( 13 November 2005 ) . `` The Narnia Skirmishes '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 29 May 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Jensen , Jeff , ( 20 February 2008 ) `` ' Lost ' : Mind - Blowing Scoop From Its Producers '' , Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 29 October 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Irwin , William ( 2010 ) . Ultimate Lost and Philosophy Volume 35 of The Blackwell Philosophy and Pop Culture Series . John Wiley and Sons . p. 368 . ISBN 9780470632291 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Josh Levin ( 23 December 2005 ) . `` The Chronicles of Narnia Rap '' . Slate . Retrieved 19 December 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Brennan , Herbie ( 2010 ) . Through the Wardrobe : Your Favorite Authors on C.S. Lewis 's Chronicles of Narnia . BenBella Books . p. 6 . ISBN 9781935251682 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Narnia '' . Encyclopedia Metallum . Retrieved 15 December 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Digimon RPG '' . Gamers Hell . Retrieved 26 July 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Carpenter , The Inklings , p. 42 - 45 . See also Lewis 's own autobiography Surprised by Joy </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Jerry Root ; Wayne Martindale ( 12 March 2012 ) . The Quotable Lewis . Tyndale House Publishers , Inc . pp. 59 -- . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4143 - 5674 - 7 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Paul Friskney ( 2005 ) . Sharing the Narnia Experience : A Family Guide to C.S. Lewis 's the Lion , the Witch , and the Wardrobe . Standard Publishing . pp. 12 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7847 - 1773 - 8 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Chattaway , Peter T `` Narnia ' baptizes ' -- and defends -- pagan mythology '' Canadian Christianity </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kjos Narnia : Blending Truth and Myth Crossroad , December 2005 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Hurst , Josh ( 5 December 2005 ) . `` Nine Minutes of Narnia Nine Minutes of Narnia '' . Christianity Today Movies . Archived from the original on 12 March 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Lewis , the Sneaky Pagan Archived 26 May 2011 at the Wayback Machine . ChristianityToday , 1 June 2004 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The paganism of Narnia '' . Canadian Christianity . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ See essay `` Is Theism Important ? '' in C.S. Lewis ( 15 September 2014 ) . God in the Dock . Wm . B. Eerdmans Publishing . pp. 186 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8028 - 7183 - 1 . , edited by Walter Hooper </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Ezard , John ( 3 June 2002 ) . `` Narnia books attacked as racist and sexist '' . The Guardian . Archived from the original on 8 February 2015 . Retrieved 26 March 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Pullman `` The Darkside of Narnia '' The Cumberland River Lamppost , 2 September 2001 </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Hank Wagner ; Christopher Golden ; Stephen R. Bissette ( 28 October 2008 ) . Prince of Stories : The Many Worlds of Neil Gaiman . St. Martin 's Press . pp. 395 -- . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4299 - 6178 - 3 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Problem of Susan '' can be found in : Neil Gaiman ( 9 February 2010 ) . Fragile Things : Short Fictions and Wonders . HarperCollins . ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 051523 - 2 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Problem of Susan '' RJ Anderson , 30 August 2005 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Lipstick on My Scholar '' Andrew Rilstone , 30 November 2005 </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Chapter 13 : No Longer a Friend of Narnia : Gender in Narnia The Chronicles of Narnia and Philosophy : The Lion , the Witch and the Worldview Edited by Gregory Bassham and Jerry L. Walls ; Open Court , Chicago and La Salle , Illinois , 2005 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Pullman attacks Narnia film plans '' BBC News , 16 October 2005 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kyrie O'Connor , `` 5th Narnia book may not see big screen '' IndyStar.com , 1 December 2005 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ October 2001 of The Atlantic </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Philip Hensher , `` Do n't let your children go to Narnia : C.S. Lewis 's books are racist and misogynist '' Discovery Institute , 1 March 1999 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Keynote Address at The 12th Annual Conference of The C.S. Lewis and Inklings Society Calvin College , 28 March 2009 Are The Chronicles of Narnia Sexist and Racist ? NarniaWeb </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Wanberg , Nicholas ( 2013 ) . `` Noble and Beautiful : Race and Human Aesthetics in C.S. Lewis 's The Chronicles of Narnia '' . Fafnir : Nordic Journal of Science Fiction and Fantasy Research . 1 ( 3 ) . Retrieved 28 October 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ DuPlessis , Nicole . `` EcoLewis : Conversationism and Anticolonialism in the Chronicles of Narnia . '' Wild Things : Children 's Culture and Ecocriticism . Ed . Sidney I. Dobrin and Kenneth B. Kidd . Detroit : Wayne State University Press , 2004 . pp. 125 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Echterling , Clare . `` Postcolonial Ecocriticism , Classic Children 's Literature , and the Imperial - Environmental Imagination in The Chronicles of Narnia . '' The Journal of the Midwest Modern Language Association , vol. 49 , no . 1 , 2016 , pp. 102 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Wonderworks Family Movie Series '' . movieretriever.com . Archived from the original on 3 April 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Children 's Nominations 1988 '' . BAFTA . Retrieved 31 March 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Children 's Nominations 1989 '' . BAFTA . Retrieved 31 March 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Children 's Nominations 1990 '' . BAFTA . Retrieved 31 March 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Wright , Greg . `` Reviews by Greg Wright -- Narnia Radio Broadcast '' . Archived from the original on 10 July 2005 . Retrieved 31 March 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Garceau , Scott ; Garceau , Therese ( 14 October 2012 ) . `` The Stepson of Narnia '' . Philstar . The Philippine Star . Retrieved 9 July 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Simpson , Paul ( 2013 ) . A Brief Guide to C.S. Lewis : From Mere Christianity to Narnia. Little , Brown Book Group . ISBN 978 - 0762450763 . Retrieved 9 July 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Cavendish , Dominic ( 21 November 1998 ) . `` Theatre : The Lion , The Witch And The Wardrobe '' . The Independent . Retrieved 31 March 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Melia , Liz ( 9 December 2002 ) . `` Engaging fairytale is sure to enchant all '' . BBC . Retrieved 31 March 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ A general dislike of cinema can be seen in Collected Letters , Vol. 2 , a letter to his brother Warren on 3 March 1940 , p. 361 ; see also All My Road Before Me , 1 June 1926 , p. 405 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Patricia Baird , private collection </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Sanford , James ( 24 December 2008 ) . `` Disney No Longer Under Spell of Narnia '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Disney opts out of 3rd ' Narnia ' film '' . Orlando Business Journal . 29 December 2008 . Retrieved 27 March 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Gresham Shares Plans for Next Narnia Film '' . NarniaWeb . Retrieved 19 November 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( 1 October 2013 ) . `` Mark Gordon Producing Fourth ' Narnia ' Movie '' . Variety . Retrieved 3 November 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( 26 April 2017 ) . `` ' Captain America ' Director Joe Johnston Boards ' Narnia ' Revival ' The Silver Chair ' ( Exclusive ) '' . Variety . Retrieved 3 November 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Silver Chair to Begin Filming 2018 , Johnston Says '' . NarniaWeb . Retrieved 3 November 2017 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Anderson , R.J. `` The Problem of Susan '' , Parabolic Reflections 30 August 2005 </Li> <Li> Chattaway , Peter T. `` Narnia ' baptises ' -- and defends -- pagan mythology '' , Canadian Christianity , 2005 </Li> <Li> Ezard , John . `` Narnia books attacked as racist and sexist '' , The Guardian , 3 June 2002 </Li> <Li> Gaiman , Neil , `` The Problem of Susan '' , Flights : Extreme Visions of Fantasy Volume II ( ed. by Al Sarrantonio ) , New American Library , New York , 2004 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 451 - 46099 - 8 </Li> <Li> GoodKnight , Glen H. ( 2010 ) . Narnia Editions & Translations . Last updated 3 August 2010 . Retrieved 9 -- 6 -- 10 </Li> <Li> Gopnik , Adam ( 2005 ) . `` Prisoner of Narnia '' . The New Yorker . </Li> <Li> Green , Jonathon `` The recycled image '' , Times and Reasons , 2007 </Li> <Li> Green , Roger Lancelyn & Hooper , Walter . C.S. Lewis : A Biography . Fully revised & expanded edition . HarperCollins , 2002 . ISBN 0 - 00 - 715714 - 2 </Li> <Li> Grossman , Lev J.K. Rowling Hogwarts And All , Time Vol. 166 -- Issue = 4 ( 25 July 2005 ) </Li> <Li> Goldthwaite , John , The Natural History of Make - believe : A Guide to the Principal Works of Britain , Europe and America : OUP 1996 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 503806 - 4 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 503806 - 4 </Li> <Li> Hensher , Philip `` Do n't let your children go to Narnia : C.S. Lewis 's books are racist and misogynist '' , The Independent , 4 December 1998 </Li> <Li> Holbrook , David , The Skeleton in the Wardrobe : C.S. Lewis 's Fantasies -- A Phenomenological Study : Bucknell University Press , 1991 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 8387 - 5183 - 1 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 8387 - 5183 - 1 </Li> <Li> Drama : ' Narnia ' A Children 's Musical , Stephen Holden , New York Times , 5 October 1986 </Li> <Li> Hurst , Josh `` Nine Minutes of Narnia '' , Christianity Today , 2005 </Li> <Li> Jacobs , Tom ( 2004 ) . Remembering a Master Mythologist and His Connection to Santa Barbara . Santa Barbara : Santa Barbara News - Press . ISBN . Archived from the original on 2004 - 06 - 17 . </Li> <Li> Kjos , Berit Narnia : Blending Truth and Myth , Kjos Ministries , 2005 </Li> <Li> Moynihan , Martin ( ed . ) The Latin Letters of C.S. Lewis : C.S. Lewis and Don Giovanni Calabria , St. Augustine 's Press , 1009 , ISBN 978 - 1 - 890318 - 34 - 5 </Li> <Li> Martindale , Wayne ; Root , Jerry The Quotable Lewis , Tyndale House , 1990 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 8423 - 5115 - 7 </Li> <Li> Miller , Laura `` Far From Narnia , The New Yorker </Li> <Li> O'Connor , Kyrie `` 5th Narnia book may not see big screen '' Houston Chronicle , 1 December 2005 </Li> <Li> Meghan O'Rourke The Lion King : C.S. Lewis 's Narnia is n't simply a Christian allegory , Meghan O'Rourke , Slate magazine , 9 December 2005 </Li> <Li> Paterson , Katherine Katherine Paterson : On Her Own Words , Walden Media , 2006 </Li> <Li> Pearce , Joseph Literary Giants , Literary Catholics , Ignatius Press , 2004 , ISBN 978 - 1 - 58617 - 077 - 6 </Li> <Li> Pullman , Philip `` The Darkside of Narnia '' , The Guardian , 1 October 1998 </Li> <Li> Ward , Michael Planet Narnia : The Seven Heavens in the Imagination of C.S. Lewis , Oxford University Press , 2008 </Li> </Ul> <H2> Further reading ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Bruner , Kurt & Ware , Jim Finding God in the Land of Narnia , Tyndale House Publishers , 2005 </Li> <Li> Bustard , Ned The Chronicles of Narnia Comprehension Guide , Veritas Press , 2004 </Li> <Li> Duriez , Colin A Field Guide to Narnia . InterVarsity Press , 2004 </Li> <Li> Downing , David Into the Wardrobe : C.S. Lewis and the Narnia Chronicles , Jossey - Bass , 2005 </Li> <Li> Gormley , Beatrice ( 2005 ) . C.S. Lewis : The Man behind Narnia . Grand Rapids , MI : Eerdmans Books for young readers . ISBN 0 - 8028 - 5301 - 3 . </Li> <Li> Hein , Rolland Christian Mythmakers : C.S. Lewis , Madeleine L'Engle , J.R.R. Tolkien , George MacDonald , G.K. Chesterton , & Others Second Edition , Cornerstone Press Chicago , 2002 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 940895 - 48 - 5 </Li> <Li> Jacobs , Alan The Narnian : The Life and Imagination of C.S. Lewis , HarperSanFrancisco , 2005 </Li> <Li> McIntosh , Kenneth Following Aslan : A Book of Devotions for Children , Anamchara Books , 2006 </Li> <Li> Ward , Michael Planet Narnia : The Seven Heavens in the Imagination of C.S. Lewis , Oxford University Press , 2008 </Li> </Ul> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wikiquote has quotations related to : The Chronicles of Narnia </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ul> <Li> Bibliowiki has original media or text related to this article : The Chronicles of Narnia ( in the public domain in Canada ) </Li> <Li> C.S. Lewis entry at BBC Religions </Li> <Li> The secret of the wardrobe BBC News , 18 November 2005 </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> The Chronicles of Narnia by C.S. Lewis </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Books </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> The Lion , the Witch and the Wardrobe </Li> <Li> Prince Caspian </Li> <Li> The Voyage of the Dawn Treader </Li> <Li> The Silver Chair </Li> <Li> The Horse and His Boy </Li> <Li> The Magician 's Nephew </Li> <Li> The Last Battle </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Adaptations </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> The Lion , the Witch and the Wardrobe ( 1967 TV serial ) </Li> <Li> The Lion , the Witch and the Wardrobe ( 1979 film ) </Li> <Li> The Chronicles of Narnia ( TV series ) <Ul> <Li> The Lion , the Witch and the Wardrobe </Li> <Li> Prince Caspian / The Voyage of the Dawn Treader </Li> <Li> The Silver Chair </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> List of actors </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Film series </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> The Lion , the Witch and the Wardrobe <Ul> <Li> Soundtrack </Li> <Li> Game </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Prince Caspian <Ul> <Li> Soundtrack </Li> <Li> Game </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> The Voyage of the Dawn Treader <Ul> <Li> Soundtrack </Li> <Li> Game </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Cast list </Li> <Li> Music </Li> <Li> Accolades </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Characters </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Aravis </Li> <Li> Aslan </Li> <Li> Mr. and Mrs. Beaver </Li> <Li> Bree </Li> <Li> Caspian </Li> <Li> Centaurs </Li> <Li> Coriakin </Li> <Li> Digory </Li> <Li> Drinian </Li> <Li> Edmund </Li> <Li> Emeth </Li> <Li> Eustace </Li> <Li> The Cabby and Nellie </Li> <Li> Hwin </Li> <Li> Jill </Li> <Li> Lady of the Green Kirtle </Li> <Li> Lucy </Li> <Li> Maugrim </Li> <Li> Miraz </Li> <Li> Peter </Li> <Li> Polly </Li> <Li> Puddleglum </Li> <Li> Rabadash </Li> <Li> Ramandu </Li> <Li> Ramandu 's daughter </Li> <Li> Reepicheep </Li> <Li> Rilian </Li> <Li> Seven Great Lords of Narnia </Li> <Li> Shasta / Cor </Li> <Li> Shift </Li> <Li> Susan </Li> <Li> Tash </Li> <Li> Telmarines </Li> <Li> Tirian </Li> <Li> Trumpkin </Li> <Li> Mr. Tumnus </Li> <Li> White Witch </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Places </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Narnia ( world ) </Li> <Li> Anvard </Li> <Li> Archenland </Li> <Li> Aslan 's Country </Li> <Li> Aslan 's How </Li> <Li> Cair Paravel </Li> <Li> Calormen </Li> <Li> Charn </Li> <Li> Lantern Waste </Li> <Li> Miraz 's Castle </Li> <Li> Narnia ( country ) </Li> <Li> Underland </Li> <Li> Wood between the Worlds </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> General </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Battles <Ul> <Li> First Battle of Beruna </Li> <Li> Second Battle of Beruna </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Creatures </Li> <Li> Dawn Treader </Li> <Li> Deplorable Word </Li> <Li> Hundred - Year Winter </Li> <Li> Religion </Li> <Li> Tisroc </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Category </Li> <Li> Portal </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Works by C.S. 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Clavicle - wikipedia <H1> Clavicle </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> ( hide ) This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This article 's lead section does not adequately summarize key points of its contents . Please consider expanding the lead to provide an accessible overview of all important aspects of the article . Please discuss this issue on the article 's talk page . ( June 2015 ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2009 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Clavicle ( collarbone ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Collarbone ( shown in red ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Human collarbone </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Details </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Identifiers </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Latin </Th> <Td> Clavicula </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> MeSH </Th> <Td> D002968 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> TA </Th> <Td> A02. 4.02. 001 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> FMA </Th> <Td> 13321 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Anatomical terms of bone ( edit on Wikidata ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The clavicle or collarbone is a long bone that serves as a strut between the shoulder blade and the sternum or breastbone . There are two clavicles , one on the left and one on the right . The clavicle is the only long bone in the body that lies horizontally . Together with the shoulder blade it makes up the shoulder girdle . It is a palpable bone and in people who have less fat in this region , the location of the bone is clearly visible , as it creates a bulge in the skin . It receives its name from the Latin : clavicula ( `` little key '' ) because the bone rotates along its axis like a key when the shoulder is abducted . The clavicle is the most commonly fractured bone . It can easily be fractured due to impacts to the shoulder from the force of falling on outstretched arms or by a direct hit . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Structure <Ul> <Li> 1.1 Medial end </Li> <Li> 1.2 Lateral end </Li> <Li> 1.3 Shaft <Ul> <Li> 1.3. 1 Medial two - thirds of the shaft </Li> <Li> 1.3. 2 Lateral third of the shaft </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 1.4 Development </Li> <Li> 1.5 Variation </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2 Functions <Ul> <Li> 2.1 Muscle </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 Clinical significance <Ul> <Li> 3.1 Collarbone fracture </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 Other animals <Ul> <Li> 4.1 In dinosaurs </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 5 Additional images </Li> <Li> 6 See also </Li> <Li> 7 References </Li> <Li> 8 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Structure ( edit ) </H2> <P> The collarbone is a large doubly curved long bone that connects the arm to the trunk of the body . Located directly above the first rib it acts as a strut to keep the scapula in place so that the arm can hang freely . Medially , it articulates with the manubrium of the sternum ( breastbone ) at the sternoclavicular joint . At its lateral end it articulates with the acromion , a process of the scapula ( shoulder blade ) at the acromioclavicular joint . It has a rounded medial end and a flattened lateral end . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Right clavicle -- from below , and from above </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Left clavicle -- from above , and from below </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> From the roughly pyramidal sternal end , each collarbone curves laterally and anteriorly for roughly half its length . It then forms an even larger posterior curve to articulate with the acromion of the scapula . The flat acromial end of the collarbone is broader than the sternal end . The acromial end has a rough inferior surface that bears a ridge , the trapezoid line , and a slight rounded projection , the conoid tubercle ( above the coracoid process ) . These surface features are attachment sites for muscles and ligaments of the shoulder . </P> <P> It can be divided into three parts : medial end , lateral end and shaft . </P> <H3> Medial end ( edit ) </H3> <P> The medial end is quadrangular and articulates with the clavicular notch of the manubrium of the sternum to form the sternoclavicular joint . The articular surface extends to the inferior aspect for attachment with the first costal cartilage . </P> <P> It gives attachments to : </P> <Ul> <Li> fibrous capsule joint , all around </Li> <Li> articular disc , superoposteriorly </Li> <Li> interclavicular ligament , superiorly </Li> </Ul> <H3> Lateral end ( edit ) </H3> <P> The lateral end is flat from above downward . It bears a facet for attachment to the acromion process of the scapula , forming the acromioclavicular joint . The area surrounding the joint gives an attachment to the joint capsule . The anterior border is concave forward and posterior border is convex backward . </P> <H3> Shaft ( edit ) </H3> <P> The shaft is divided into the medial two - thirds and the lateral one third . The medial part is thicker than the lateral . </P> Medial two - thirds of the shaft ( edit ) <P> The medial two - thirds of the shaft has four surfaces and no borders . </P> <Ol> <Li> The anterior surface is convex forward and gives origin to the pectoralis major . </Li> <Li> The posterior surface is smooth and gives origin to the sternohyoid muscle at its medial end . </Li> <Li> The superior surface is rough at its medial part and gives origin to the sternocleidomastoid muscle . </Li> <Li> The inferior surface has an oval impression inferior to its medial end for the costoclavicular ligament and is called costal tuberosity . At the lateral side of the inferior surface , there is a subclavian groove for insertion of the subclavius muscle . At the lateral side of the subclavian groove , the nutrient foramen lies . The medial part is quadrangular in shape where it makes a joint with the manubrium of the sternum at the sternoclavicular joint . The margins of the subclavian groove give attachment to the clavipectoral fascia . </Li> </Ol> Lateral third of the shaft ( edit ) <P> The lateral third of the shaft has two borders and two surfaces . </P> <Ul> <Li> the anterior border is concave forward and gives origin to the deltoid muscle . </Li> <Li> the posterior border is convex and gives attachment to the trapezius muscle . </Li> <Li> the superior surface is subcutaneous . </Li> <Li> the inferior surface has a ridge called the trapezoid line and a tubercle ; the conoid tubercle for attachment with the trapezoid and the conoid ligament , part of the coracoclavicular ligament that serves to connect the collarbone with the coracoid process of the scapula . </Li> </Ul> <H3> Development ( edit ) </H3> <P> The collarbone is the first bone to begin the process of ossification ( laying down of minerals onto a preformed matrix ) during development of the embryo , during the fifth and sixth weeks of gestation . However , it is one of the last bones to finish ossification at about 21 -- 25 years of age . A study measuring 748 males and 252 females saw a difference in collarbone length between age groups 18 -- 20 and 21 -- 25 of about 6 and 5 mm ( 0.24 and 0.20 in ) for males and females respectively . Its lateral end is formed by intramembranous ossification while medially it is formed by endochondral ossification . It consists of a mass of cancellous bone surrounded by a compact bone shell . The cancellous bone forms via two ossification centres , one medial and one lateral , which fuse later on . The compact forms as the layer of fascia covering the bone stimulates the ossification of adjacent tissue . The resulting compact bone is known as a periosteal collar . </P> <P> Even though it is classified as a long bone , the collarbone has no medullary ( bone marrow ) cavity like other long bones , though this is not always true . It is made up of spongy cancellous bone with a shell of compact bone . It is a dermal bone derived from elements originally attached to the skull . </P> <H3> Variation ( edit ) </H3> <P> The shape of the clavicle varies more than most other long bones . It is occasionally pierced by a branch of the supraclavicular nerve . In males it is thicker and more curved and the sites of muscular attachments are more pronounced . The left clavicle is usually longer and not as strong as the right clavicle . In males the clavicle is larger , longer , heavier and generally more massive than that of females . Clavicle form is a reliable criterion for sex determination . </P> <P> The collarbones are sometimes partly or completely absent in cleidocranial dysostosis . </P> <P> The levator claviculae muscle , present in 2 -- 3 % of people , originates on the transverse processes of the upper cervical vertebrae and is inserted in the lateral half of the clavicle . </P> <H2> Functions ( edit ) </H2> <P> The collarbone serves several functions : </P> <Ul> <Li> It serves as a rigid support from which the scapula and free limb suspended ; an arrangement that keeps the upper limb away from the thorax so that the arm has maximum range of movement . Acting as a flexible , crane - like strut , it allows the scapula to move freely on the thoracic wall . </Li> <Li> Covering the cervicoaxillary canal , it protects the neurovascular bundle that supplies the upper limb . </Li> <Li> Transmits physical impacts from the upper limb to the axial skeleton . </Li> </Ul> <H3> Muscle ( edit ) </H3> <P> Muscles and ligaments that attach to the collarbone include : </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Attachment on collarbone </Th> <Th> Muscle / Ligament </Th> <Th> Other attachment </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Superior surface and anterior border </Td> <Td> Deltoid muscle </Td> <Td> deltoid tubercle , anteriorly on the lateral third </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Superior surface </Td> <Td> Trapezius muscle </Td> <Td> posteriorly on the lateral third </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Inferior surface </Td> <Td> Subclavius muscle </Td> <Td> subclavian groove </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Inferior surface </Td> <Td> Conoid ligament ( the medial part of the coracoclavicular ligament ) </Td> <Td> conoid tubercle </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Inferior surface </Td> <Td> Trapezoid ligament ( the lateral part of the coracoclavicular ligament ) </Td> <Td> trapezoid line </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Anterior border </Td> <Td> Pectoralis major muscle </Td> <Td> medial third ( rounded border ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Posterior border </Td> <Td> Sternocleidomastoid muscle ( clavicular head ) </Td> <Td> superiorly , on the medial third </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Posterior border </Td> <Td> Sternohyoid muscle </Td> <Td> inferiorly , on the medial third </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Posterior border </Td> <Td> Trapezius muscle </Td> <Td> lateral third </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Clinical significance ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Acromioclavicular dislocation ( `` AC Separation '' ) </Li> <Li> Degeneration of the clavicle </Li> <Li> Osteolysis </Li> <Li> Sternoclavicular dislocations </Li> </Ul> <P> A vertical line drawn from the mid-clavicle called the mid-clavicular line is used as a reference in describing cardiac apex beat during medical examination . It is also useful for evaluating an enlarged liver , and for locating the gallbladder which is between the mid-clavicular line and the transpyloric plane . </P> <H3> Collarbone fracture ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Clavicle fracture <P> Clavicle fractures ( colloquially , a broken collarbone ) occur as a result of injury or trauma . The most common type of fractures occur when a person falls horizontally on the shoulder or with an outstretched hand . A direct hit to the collarbone will also cause a break . In most cases , the direct hit occurs from the lateral side towards the medial side of the bone . Fractures of the clavicle typically occur at the angle , where the greatest change in direction of the bone occurs . This results in the sternocleidomastoid muscle lifting the medial aspect superiorly , which can result in perforation of the overlying skin . </P> <H2> Other animals ( edit ) </H2> <P> The clavicle first appears as part of the skeleton in primitive bony fish , where it is associated with the pectoral fin ; they also have a bone called the cleithrum . In such fish , the paired clavicles run behind and below the gills on each side , and are joined by a solid symphysis on the fish 's underside . They are , however , absent in cartilaginous fish and in the vast majority of living bony fish , including all of the teleosts . </P> <P> The earliest tetrapods retained this arrangement , with the addition of a diamond - shaped interclavicle between the base of the clavicles , although this is not found in living amphibians . The cleithrum disappeared early in the evolution of reptiles , and is not found in any living amniotes , but the interclavicle is present in most modern reptiles , and also in monotremes . In modern forms , however , there are a number of variations from the primitive pattern . For example , crocodilians and salamanders lack clavicles altogether ( although crocodilians do retain the interclavicle ) , while in turtles , they form part of the armoured plastron . </P> <P> The interclavicle is absent in marsupials and placental mammals . In many mammals , the clavicles are also reduced , or even absent , to allow the scapula greater freedom of motion , which may be useful in fast - running animals . </P> <P> Though a number of fossil hominin ( humans and chimpanzees ) clavicles have been found , most of these are mere segments offering limited information on the form and function of the pectoral girdle . One exception is the clavicle of AL 333x6 / 9 attributed to Australopithecus afarensis which has a well - preserved sternal end . One interpretation of this specimen , based on the orientation of its lateral end and the position of the deltoid attachment area , suggests that this clavicle is distinct from those found in extant apes ( including humans ) , and thus that the shape of the human shoulder dates back to less than 3 to 4 million years ago . However , analyses of the clavicle in extant primates suggest that the low position of the scapula in humans is reflected mostly in the curvature of the medial portion of the clavicle rather than the lateral portion . This part of the bone is similar in A. afarensis and it is thus possible that this species had a high shoulder position similar to that in modern humans . </P> <H3> In dinosaurs ( edit ) </H3> <P> In dinosaurs the main bones of the pectoral girdle were the scapula ( shoulder blade ) and the coracoid , both of which directly articulated with the clavicle . The clavicle was present in saurischian dinosaurs but largely absent in ornithischian dinosaurs . The place on the scapula where it articulated with the humerus ( upper bone of the forelimb ) is the called the glenoid . The clavicles fused in some theropod dinosaurs to form a furcula , which is the equivalent to a wishbone . </P> <P> In birds , the clavicles and interclavicle have fused to form a single Y - shaped bone , the furcula or `` wishbone '' which evolved from the clavicles found in coelurosaurian theropods . </P> <H2> Additional images ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Position of collarbone ( shown in red ) . Animation . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Shape of collarbone ( left ) . Animation . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Pectoral girdle -- front </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Diagram of the human shoulder joint </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Muscles of the neck . Anterior view . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> This article uses anatomical terminology ; for an overview , see Anatomical terminology . <Ul> <Li> Clavicle fracture </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Busy Bones '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ medind.nic.in </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Moore , Keith L. ; Dalley , Arthur F. ( 1999 ) . Clinically Oriented Anatomy ( 4th ed . ) . Lippincott Williams & Wilkins . ISBN 978 - 0 - 683 - 06141 - 3 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ medchrome.com - web.archive.org medchrome.com - `` Clinical Anatomy of Clavicle Medchrome '' </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Romer , Alfred Sherwood ; Parsons , Thomas S. ( 1977 ) . The Vertebrate Body . Philadelphia , PA : Holt - Saunders International . pp. 184 -- 186 . ISBN 0 - 03 - 910284 - X . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Larson , Susan G. ( 2009 ) . `` Evolution of the Hominin Shoulder : Early Homo '' . In Grine , Frederick E. ; Fleagle , John G. ; Leakey , Richard E. The First Humans - Origin and Early Evolution of the Genus Homo . Springer . p. 66 . doi : 10.1007 / 978 - 1 - 4020 - 9980 - 9 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4020 - 9979 - 3 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Martin , A.J. ( 2006 ) . Introduction to the Study of Dinosaurs . Second Edition . Oxford , Blackwell Publishing . pg. 299 - 300 . ISBN 1 - 4051 - 3413 - 5 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wikimedia Commons has media related to Clavicula . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Bones of the arm </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Shoulder girdle , clavicle </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> conoid tubercle </Li> <Li> trapezoid line </Li> <Li> costal tuberosity </Li> <Li> subclavian groove </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Scapula </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> fossae ( subscapular , supraspinatous , infraspinatous ) </Li> <Li> notches ( suprascapular , great scapular ) </Li> <Li> glenoid cavity </Li> <Li> tubercles ( infraglenoid , supraglenoid ) </Li> <Li> spine of scapula </Li> <Li> acromion </Li> <Li> coracoid process </Li> <Li> angles ( superior , inferior , lateral ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Humerus </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> upper extremity : necks ( anatomical , surgical ) </Li> <Li> tubercles ( greater , lesser ) </Li> <Li> bicipital groove </Li> <Li> body : radial sulcus </Li> <Li> deltoid tuberosity </Li> <Li> lower extremity : capitulum </Li> <Li> trochlea </Li> <Li> epicondyles ( lateral , medial ) </Li> <Li> supracondylar ridges ( lateral , medial ) </Li> <Li> fossae ( radial , coronoid , olecranon ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Forearm </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Radius </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> near elbow ( head , tuberosity ) </Li> <Li> near wrist ( ulnar notch , styloid process , Lister 's tubercle ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Ulna </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> near elbow ( tuberosity , olecranon , coronoid process , radial notch , trochlear notch ) </Li> <Li> near wrist ( styloid process ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Hand </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Carpal bones </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> scaphoid </Li> <Li> lunate </Li> <Li> triquetral </Li> <Li> pisiform </Li> <Li> trapezium </Li> <Li> trapezoid </Li> <Li> capitate </Li> <Li> hamate <Ul> <Li> hamulus </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Metacarpal bones </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 1st </Li> <Li> 2nd </Li> <Li> 3rd </Li> <Li> 4th </Li> <Li> 5th </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Phalanges </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> proximal </Li> <Li> intermediate </Li> <Li> distal </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> GND : 4179759 - 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Register ( sociolinguistics ) - wikipedia <H1> Register ( sociolinguistics ) </H1> Jump to : navigation , search For the phonological term , see Register ( phonology ) . For other uses , see Register ( disambiguation ) . <Table> <Tr> <Th> Sociolinguistics </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Key concepts </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Code - switching </Li> <Li> Diglossia </Li> <Li> Language change </Li> <Li> Language ideology </Li> <Li> Language planning </Li> <Li> Multilingualism </Li> <Li> Prestige </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Areas of study </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Accent </Li> <Li> Dialect </Li> <Li> Register </Li> <Li> Discourse analysis </Li> <Li> Language varieties </Li> <Li> Linguistic description </Li> <Li> Pragmatics </Li> <Li> Variation </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> People </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Sociolinguists </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Related fields </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Applied linguistics </Li> <Li> Historical linguistics </Li> <Li> Linguistic anthropology </Li> <Li> Sociocultural linguistics </Li> <Li> Sociology of language </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Linguistics portal </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> In linguistics , a register is a variety of a language used for a particular purpose or in a particular social setting . For example , when speaking in a formal setting , an English speaker may be more likely to use features of prescribed grammar than in an informal setting -- such as pronouncing words ending in - ing with a velar nasal instead of an alveolar nasal ( e.g. `` walking '' , not `` walkin ' '' ) , choosing more formal words ( e.g. father vs. dad , child vs. kid , etc . ) , and refraining from using words considered nonstandard , such as ai n't . </P> <P> As with other types of language variation , there tends to be a spectrum of registers rather than a discrete set of obviously distinct varieties -- numerous registers could be identified , with no clear boundaries between them . Discourse categorisation is a complex problem , and even in the general definition of `` register '' given above ( language variation defined by use not user ) , there are cases where other kinds of language variation , such as regional or age dialect , overlap . Consequent to this complexity , scholarly consensus has not been reached for the definitions of terms including `` register '' , `` field '' or `` tenor '' ; different scholars ' definitions of these terms are often in direct contradiction of each other . Additional terms including diatype , genre , text types , style , acrolect , mesolect , basilect , sociolect and ethnolect among many others , may be used to cover the same or similar ground . Some prefer to restrict the domain of the term `` register '' to a specific vocabulary ( Wardhaugh , 1986 ) ( which one might commonly call slang , jargon , argot or cant ) , while others argue against the use of the term altogether . These various approaches with their own `` register '' , or set of terms and meanings , fall under disciplines including sociolinguistics , stylistics , pragmatics or systemic functional grammar . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 History and use </Li> <Li> 2 Register being formality scale </Li> <Li> 3 ISO standard </Li> <Li> 4 Diatype </Li> <Li> 5 See also </Li> <Li> 6 References </Li> <Li> 7 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> History and use ( edit ) </H2> <P> The term register was first used by the linguist Thomas Bertram Reid in 1956 , and brought into general currency in the 1960s by a group of linguists who wanted to distinguish among variations in language according to the user ( defined by variables such as social background , geography , sex and age ) , and variations according to use , `` in the sense that each speaker has a range of varieties and choices between them at different times '' ( Halliday et al. , 1964 ) . The focus is on the way language is used in particular situations , such as legalese or motherese , the language of a biology research lab , of a news report , or of the bedroom . </P> <P> M.A.K. Halliday and R. Hasan ( 1976 ) interpret register to be `` the linguistic features which are typically associated with a configuration of situational features -- with particular values of the field , mode and tenor ... '' . Field for them is `` the total event , in which the text is functioning , together with the purposive activity of the speaker or writer ; includes subject - matter as one of the elements '' . Mode is `` the function of the text in the event , including both the channel taken by language -- spoken or written , extempore or prepared -- and its genre , rhetorical mode , as narrative , didactic , persuasive , ' phatic communion ' , etc . '' The tenor refers to `` the type of role interaction , the set of relevant social relations , permanent and temporary , among the participants involved '' . These three values -- field , mode and tenor -- are thus the determining factors for the linguistic features of the text . `` The register is the set of meanings , the configuration of semantic patterns , that are typically drawn upon under the specified conditions , along with the words and structures that are used in the realization of these meanings . '' Register , in the view of M.A.K. Halliday and R. Hasan , is one of the two defining concepts of text . `` A text is a passage of discourse which is coherent in these two regards : it is coherent with respect to the context of situation , and therefore consistent in register ; and it is coherent with respect to itself , and therefore cohesive . '' </P> <H2> Register being formality scale ( edit ) </H2> <P> One of the most analyzed areas where the use of language is determined by the situation is the formality scale . Especially in language teaching , the term `` register '' often forms a shorthand for formal / informal style , although this is an aging definition . Linguistics textbooks may use the term `` tenor '' instead ( Halliday 1978 ) , but increasingly prefer the term `` style '' -- `` we characterise styles as varieties of language viewed from the point of view of formality '' ( Trudgill , 1992 ) -- while defining `` registers '' more narrowly as specialist language use related to a particular activity , such as academic jargon . There is very little agreement as to how the spectrum of formality should be divided . </P> <P> In one prominent model , Martin Joos ( 1961 ) describes five styles in spoken English : </P> <Ul> <Li> Frozen : Also referred to as static register . Printed unchanging language , such as Biblical quotations , often contains archaisms . Examples are the Pledge of Allegiance of the United States of America and other `` static '' vocalizations . The wording is exactly the same every time it is spoken . </Li> <Li> Formal : One - way participation ; no interruption ; technical vocabulary or exact definitions are important ; includes presentations or introductions between strangers . </Li> <Li> Consultative : Two - way participation ; background information is provided -- prior knowledge is not assumed . `` Back - channel behavior '' such as `` uh huh '' , `` I see '' , etc. is common . Interruptions are allowed . Examples include teacher / student , doctor / patient , expert / apprentice , etc . </Li> <Li> Casual : In - group friends and acquaintances ; no background information provided ; ellipsis and slang common ; interruptions common . This is common among friends in a social setting . </Li> <Li> Intimate : Non-public ; intonation more important than wording or grammar ; private vocabulary . Also includes non-verbal messages . This is most common among family members and close friends . </Li> </Ul> <H2> ISO standard ( edit ) </H2> <P> The ISO has defined standard ISO 12620 on Data Category Registry . This is a registry for registering linguistic terms used in various fields of translation , computational linguistics and natural language processing and defining mappings both between different terms and the same terms used in different systems . The registers identified are : </P> <Ul> <Li> bench - level register </Li> <Li> dialect register </Li> <Li> facetious register </Li> <Li> formal register </Li> <Li> in house register </Li> <Li> ironic register </Li> <Li> neutral register </Li> <Li> slang register </Li> <Li> taboo register </Li> <Li> technical register </Li> <Li> vulgar register </Li> </Ul> <H2> Diatype ( edit ) </H2> <P> The term diatype is sometimes used to describe language variation which is determined by its social purpose ( Gregory 1967 ) . In this formulation , language variation can be divided into two categories : dialect , for variation according to user , and diatype for variation according to use ( e.g. the specialised language of an academic journal ) . This definition of diatype is very similar to those of register . </P> <P> The distinction between dialect and diatype is not always clear ; in some cases a language variety may be understood as both a dialect and a diatype . </P> <P> Diatype is usually analysed in terms of field , the subject matter or setting ; tenor , the participants and their relationships ; and mode , the channel of communication , such as spoken , written or signed . </P> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Child - directed speech </Li> <Li> Diglossia </Li> <Li> Elderspeak </Li> <Li> Honorific speech in Japanese </Li> <Li> Korean speech levels </Li> <Li> Literary language </Li> <Li> Prestige ( sociolinguistics ) </Li> <Li> Tone ( literature ) </Li> <Li> Vernacular </Li> <Li> Code - switching </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ ISO 12620 Data Category : register </Li> </Ol> <Ul> <Li> Gregory , M. ( 1967 ) , `` Aspects of Varieties Differentiation '' , Journal of Linguistics 3 : 177 -- 197 . </Li> <Li> Halliday , M.A.K. and R. Hasan ( 1976 ) , Cohesion in English , London : Longman . </Li> <Li> Halliday , M.A.K. ( 1964 ) , `` Comparison and translation '' , in M.A.K. Halliday , M. McIntosh and P. Strevens , The linguistic sciences and language teaching , London : Longman . </Li> <Li> Halliday , M.A.K. ( 1978 ) , Language as Social Semiotic : the social interpretation of language and meaning , Edward Arnold : London . </Li> <Li> Joos , M. ( 1961 ) , The Five Clocks , New York : Harcourt , Brace and World . </Li> <Li> Quirk , R. , Greenbaum S. , Leech G. , and Svartvik J. ( 1985 ) , A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language , Longman , Harcourt . </Li> <Li> Reid , T.B. ( 1956 ) , `` Linguistics , structuralism , philology '' , Archivum Linguisticum 8 . </Li> <Li> Swales , J. ( 1990 ) , Genre Analysis . English in Academic and Research Settings , Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . </Li> <Li> Trosborg , A. ( 1997 ) , `` Text Typology : Register , Genre and Text Type '' , in Text Typology and Translation. 3 -- 23 . ( ed : Anna Trosborg ) , John Benjamins Publishing Company . </Li> <Li> Trudgill , P. ( 1992 ) , Introducing language and society . London : Penguin . </Li> <Li> Wardhaugh , R. ( 1986 ) , Introduction to Sociolinguistics ( 2nd ed . ) , Cambridge : Blackwell </Li> <Li> Werlich , E. ( 1982 ) , A Text Grammar of English , Heidelberg : Quelle & Meyer . </Li> </Ul> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Dr. Wheeler 's Spectrum of Formality and Informality </Li> <Li> Persistent Identifier of ' register ' from the ISO </Li> </Ul> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Register_(sociolinguistics)&oldid=814103299 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> Systemic functional linguistics </Li> <Li> Discourse analysis </Li> <Li> Grammar </Li> <Li> Language varieties and styles </Li> <Li> Diglossia </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> All articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases </Li> <Li> Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from September 2013 </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> Afrikaans </Li> <Li> Brezhoneg </Li> <Li> Català </Li> <Li> Cymraeg </Li> <Li> Deutsch </Li> <Li> Español </Li> <Li> Esperanto </Li> <Li> Euskara </Li> <Li> فارسی </Li> <Li> Français </Li> <Li> Gaelg </Li> <Li> 贛 語 </Li> <Li> 한국어 </Li> <Li> हिन्दी </Li> <Li> Bahasa Indonesia </Li> <Li> Íslenska </Li> <Li> Italiano </Li> <Li> עברית </Li> <Li> Kiswahili </Li> <Li> Latina </Li> <Li> Magyar </Li> <Li> Bahasa Melayu </Li> <Li> Nederlands </Li> <Li> 日本 語 </Li> <Li> Piemontèis </Li> <Li> Português </Li> <Li> Română </Li> <Li> Simple English </Li> <Li> Svenska </Li> <Li> Tagalog </Li> <Li> Walon </Li> <Li> 中文 </Li> </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 6 December 2017 , at 22 : 26 . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> | [
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Little Brown jug ( college football trophy ) - wikipedia <H1> Little Brown jug ( college football trophy ) </H1> Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Little Brown Jug . Not to be confused with The Brown Jug . <Table> Michigan -- Minnesota football rivalry <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Michigan Wolverines Minnesota Golden Gophers </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> First meeting </Th> <Td> October 17 , 1892 Minnesota 14 , Michigan 6 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Latest meeting </Th> <Td> November 4 , 2017 Michigan 33 , Minnesota 10 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Trophy </Th> <Td> Little Brown Jug </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Statistics </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Meetings total </Th> <Td> 103 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> All - time series </Th> <Td> Michigan leads 75 -- 25 -- 3 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Largest victory </Th> <Td> Michigan , 58 -- 0 ( 2011 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Longest win streak </Th> <Td> Michigan , 16 ( 1987 -- 2004 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Current win streak </Th> <Td> Michigan , 2 ( 2015 -- present ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The Michigan -- Minnesota football rivalry is an American college football rivalry between the Michigan Wolverines football team of the University of Michigan and Minnesota Golden Gophers football team of the University of Minnesota . The Little Brown Jug is an earthenware jug that serves as a trophy awarded to the winner of the game . It is one of the oldest and most played rivalries in American college football , dating to 1892 . The Little Brown Jug is the most regularly exchanged rivalry trophy in college football , the oldest trophy game in FBS college football , and the second oldest rivalry trophy overall , next to the 1899 Territorial Cup ( which did not become a travelling / exchange trophy until 2001 ) , contested between Arizona and Arizona State ( which did not become a four - year college until 1925 ) . </P> <P> Both universities are founding members of the Big Ten Conference . As a result of the Big Ten not playing a complete round - robin schedule , Michigan and Minnesota occasionally did not play . In 2011 , with the conference 's initiation of divisional play , Michigan and Minnesota were both placed in the Big Ten 's Legends division under the new two - division alignment . 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Through the end of the 2017 season , Michigan leads the series , 75 -- 25 -- 3 . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Series history <Ul> <Li> 1.1 Pre-Brown Jug </Li> <Li> 1.2 1903 game </Li> <Li> 1.3 Other notable games </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2 Accomplishments by the two rivals </Li> <Li> 3 Game results </Li> <Li> 4 References <Ul> <Li> 4.1 Additional sources </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 5 Bibliography </Li> <Li> 6 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Series History ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Pre-brown jug ( edit ) </H3> <P> The teams met for the first time in 1892 in Minneapolis , with Minnesota prevailing 14 -- 6 . Michigan and Minnesota played five more games over the next decade , Michigan winning four of those five . </P> <H3> 1903 game ( edit ) </H3> Photograph of the `` Michigan Jug '' ( which was neither little nor brown ) from the 1909 Michiganensian <P> The earthenware jug , originally used by Michigan coach Fielding H. Yost , is painted with the victories of each team . The name most likely originates in the 1869 song of the same name by Joseph Winner . </P> <P> After Yost took over coaching the Wolverines in 1901 , the team went on to win 28 straight games . In the meantime , Minnesota assembled one of the best teams in school history , so Gopher fans were excited about possibly ending the Wolverines ' streak . </P> <P> When Yost and the team came into Minneapolis for the 1903 game , student manager Thomas B. Roberts was told to purchase something to carry water . Yost was somewhat concerned that Gopher fans might contaminate his water supply . Roberts purchased a five - gallon jug for 30 ¢ from a local variety store . </P> <P> Twenty thousand fans watched the matchup between the two teams in an overflowing Northrop Field . Minnesota held the fabled `` point - a-minute '' squad to just one touchdown , but had n't yet managed to score a touchdown of their own . Finally , late in the second half , the Gophers reached the endzone to tie the game at 6 . As clouds from an impending storm hung overhead , pandemonium struck when Minnesota fans stormed the field in celebration . Eventually the game had to be called with two minutes remaining . The Wolverines walked off the field , leaving the jug behind in the locker room of the University of Minnesota Armory . </P> <P> The next day custodian Oscar Munson brought the jug to L.J. Cooke , head of the Minnesota athletics department , and declared in a thick Scandinavian accent : `` Yost left his yug . '' Exactly how Munson came to possess the jug is a bit of a mystery . Some accounts say that Munson purposely stole the jug in the chaos that ended the game , although most believe it was accidentally left behind . Thomas Roberts , writing in 1956 , stated that the jug had served its purpose , so he intentionally left it sitting on the field . </P> Replica of the Little Brown Jug on display in Ann Arbor , Michigan in 2007 . The real jug is kept in storage . <P> Still , Cooke and Munson were excited to have this little bit of memorabilia , proceeding to paint it brown ( it had originally been putty - colored and currently is painted half blue , which is Michigan 's color ) and commemorate the day by writing `` Michigan Jug -- ; Captured by Oscar , October 31 , 1903 '' on the side along with the score `` Michigan 6 , Minnesota 6 '' . Of course , in the spirit of the moment , Minnesota 's score was written many times larger than that of Michigan . </P> <P> When the two schools met in football again in 1909 , Cooke and the Minnesota team captain decided that playing for the jug `` might be material to build up a fine tradition between the two institutions . '' When presented with this idea , Yost and Michigan 's captain agreed , and the jug thus became the traveling trophy it is today . Michigan took home the jug in 1909 and 1910 . Minnesota and Michigan met up again in 1919 after Michigan rejoined the Big Ten Conference , marking the first year that Minnesota won the jug outright . </P> <H3> Other notable games ( edit ) </H3> The 2003 edition of the battle for the Little Brown Jug . This particular game was famous for being the biggest comeback in Michigan football history . <P> `` The Battle of Giants '' occurred in 1940 , with undefeated Minnesota facing undefeated Michigan on November 9 , 1940 . Minnesota won 7 -- 6 . Minnesota went on to go 8 -- 0 and win the national championship . In 1977 , Minnesota stunned # 1 Michigan 16 -- 0 , it was the only loss of the regular season for the Wolverines as they advanced to ( and lost ) the 1978 Rose Bowl to the Washington Huskies . </P> <P> In 1986 , Minnesota was regarded as an easy victory for # 2 Michigan as a 25 - point underdog . With two minutes to go and the game tied at 17 , Minnesota quarterback Rickey Foggie scrambled to put Chip Lohmiller in position to kick the winning field goal . The Gophers took home the Little Brown Jug from Michigan for the first time since 1977 . Similarly , it was Michigan 's only loss in the regular season on their way to losing the 1987 Rose Bowl . </P> <P> The 2003 game was one of the most highly anticipated Michigan -- Minnesota matchups in years . This was the 100th Anniversary of the 1903 game . The Little Brown Jug was featured on the cover of the Michigan Football Media Guide . Minnesota was ranked # 17 and Michigan was ranked # 20 with the game at Hubert H. Humphrey Metrodome . Down 28 -- 7 , Michigan put together a comeback in the fourth quarter to win 38 -- 35 . Michigan advanced to ( and lost ) the 2004 Rose Bowl . The next season , in another highly anticipated game , # 14 Michigan came back again in the fourth quarter to defeat # 13 Minnesota 27 -- 24 . Michigan advanced to ( and lost ) the 2005 Rose Bowl . In 2013 , the 2003 game was singled out as one of the biggest setbacks to the Gopher Football team rebuilding since their last Big Ten Championship in 1967 . </P> <P> Michigan has dominated the series in the last four decades , during which Minnesota has held the jug only four times . On October 8 , 2005 , Minnesota claimed the jug for the first time since 1986 , defeating Michigan 23 -- 20 on a last second field goal in Ann Arbor , Michigan . The Wolverines grabbed the trophy right back the next year on September 30 , with a 28 -- 14 victory in Minneapolis . </P> <P> Michigan won all 12 meetings with Minnesota at the Hubert H. Humphrey Metrodome , which the Gophers shared with the Minnesota Twins and Minnesota Vikings from 1982 through 2008 . The Wolverines made their first visit to TCF Bank Stadium in 2012 . </P> <H2> Accomplishments by the two rivals ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Team </Th> <Th> Michigan </Th> <Th> Minnesota </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> National titles </Td> <Td> 11 </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Bowl appearances </Td> <Td> 45 </Td> <Td> 19 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> CFP appearances </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Postseason bowl record </Td> <Td> 21 -- 24 </Td> <Td> 7 -- 12 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Rose Bowl Game appearances </Td> <Td> 20 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Rose Bowl Game wins </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Big Ten Division titles </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Big Ten titles </Td> <Td> 42 </Td> <Td> 18 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Consensus All - Americans </Td> <Td> 81 </Td> <Td> 33 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Heisman Trophies </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> All - time program record </Td> <Td> 935 -- 334 -- 36 </Td> <Td> 677 -- 501 -- 44 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> All - time win percentage </Td> <Td> . 730 </Td> <Td> . 571 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Game results ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> Michigan victories </Td> <Td> Minnesota victories </Td> <Td> Tie games </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> No . </Th> <Th> Date </Th> <Th> Location </Th> <Th> Winner </Th> <Th> Score </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1892 </Td> <Td> Minneapolis , MN </Td> <Td> Minnesota </Td> <Td> 14 -- 6 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1893 </Td> <Td> Ann Arbor , MI </Td> <Td> Minnesota </Td> <Td> 34 -- 20 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1895 </Td> <Td> Ann Arbor , MI </Td> <Td> Michigan </Td> <Td> 20 -- 0 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1896 </Td> <Td> Minneapolis , MN </Td> <Td> Michigan </Td> <Td> 6 -- 4 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> 1897 </Td> <Td> Ann Arbor , MI </Td> <Td> Michigan </Td> <Td> 14 -- 0 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 1902 </Td> <Td> Ann Arbor , MI </Td> <Td> Michigan </Td> <Td> 23 -- 6 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> 1903 </Td> <Td> Minneapolis , MN </Td> <Td> Tie </Td> <Td> 6 -- 6 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> 1909 </Td> <Td> Minneapolis , MN </Td> <Td> Michigan </Td> <Td> 15 -- 6 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> 1910 </Td> <Td> Ann Arbor , MI </Td> <Td> Michigan </Td> <Td> 6 -- 0 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> 1919 </Td> <Td> Ann Arbor , MI </Td> <Td> Minnesota </Td> <Td> 34 -- 7 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 11 </Td> <Td> 1920 </Td> <Td> Minneapolis , MN </Td> <Td> Michigan </Td> <Td> 3 -- 0 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 12 </Td> <Td> 1921 </Td> <Td> Ann Arbor , MI </Td> <Td> Michigan </Td> <Td> 38 -- 0 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 13 </Td> <Td> 1922 </Td> <Td> Minneapolis , MN </Td> <Td> Michigan </Td> <Td> 16 -- 7 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 14 </Td> <Td> 1923 </Td> <Td> Ann Arbor , MI </Td> <Td> Michigan </Td> <Td> 10 -- 0 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 15 </Td> <Td> 1924 </Td> <Td> Minneapolis , MN </Td> <Td> Michigan </Td> <Td> 13 -- 0 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 16 </Td> <Td> 1925 </Td> <Td> Ann Arbor , MI </Td> <Td> Michigan </Td> <Td> 35 -- 0 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 17 </Td> <Td> 1926 </Td> <Td> Ann Arbor , MI </Td> <Td> Michigan </Td> <Td> 20 -- 0 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 18 </Td> <Td> 1926 </Td> <Td> Minneapolis , MN </Td> <Td> Michigan </Td> <Td> 7 -- 6 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 19 </Td> <Td> 1927 </Td> <Td> Ann Arbor , MI </Td> <Td> Minnesota </Td> <Td> 13 -- 7 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 20 </Td> <Td> 1929 </Td> <Td> Minneapolis , MN </Td> <Td> Michigan </Td> <Td> 7 -- 6 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 21 </Td> <Td> 1930 </Td> <Td> Ann Arbor , MI </Td> <Td> Michigan </Td> <Td> 7 -- 0 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 22 </Td> <Td> 1931 </Td> <Td> Ann Arbor , MI </Td> <Td> Michigan </Td> <Td> 6 -- 0 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 23 </Td> <Td> 1932 </Td> <Td> Minneapolis , MN </Td> <Td> Michigan </Td> <Td> 3 -- 0 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 24 </Td> <Td> 1933 </Td> <Td> Ann Arbor , MI </Td> <Td> Tie </Td> <Td> 0 -- 0 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 25 </Td> <Td> 1934 </Td> <Td> Minneapolis , MN </Td> <Td> Minnesota </Td> <Td> 34 -- 0 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 26 </Td> <Td> 1935 </Td> <Td> Ann Arbor , MI </Td> <Td> Minnesota </Td> <Td> 40 -- 0 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 27 </Td> <Td> 1936 </Td> <Td> Minneapolis , MN </Td> <Td> Minnesota </Td> <Td> 26 -- 0 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 28 </Td> <Td> 1937 </Td> <Td> Ann Arbor , MI </Td> <Td> Minnesota </Td> <Td> 39 -- 6 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 29 </Td> <Td> 1938 </Td> <Td> Minneapolis , MN </Td> <Td> Minnesota </Td> <Td> 7 -- 6 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 30 </Td> <Td> 1939 </Td> <Td> Ann Arbor , MI </Td> <Td> Minnesota </Td> <Td> 20 -- 7 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 31 </Td> <Td> 1940 </Td> <Td> Minneapolis , MN </Td> <Td> Minnesota ( # 2 ) </Td> <Td> 7 -- 6 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 32 </Td> <Td> 1941 </Td> <Td> Ann Arbor , MI </Td> <Td> Minnesota ( # 1 ) </Td> <Td> 7 -- 0 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 33 </Td> <Td> 1942 </Td> <Td> Minneapolis , MN </Td> <Td> Minnesota ( # 13 ) </Td> <Td> 16 -- 14 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 34 </Td> <Td> 1943 </Td> <Td> Ann Arbor , MI </Td> <Td> Michigan ( # 10 ) </Td> <Td> 49 -- 6 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 35 </Td> <Td> 1944 </Td> <Td> Minneapolis , MN </Td> <Td> Michigan </Td> <Td> 28 -- 13 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 36 </Td> <Td> 1945 </Td> <Td> Ann Arbor , MI </Td> <Td> Michigan ( # 10 ) </Td> <Td> 26 -- 0 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 37 </Td> <Td> 1946 </Td> <Td> Minneapolis , MN </Td> <Td> Michigan ( # 13 ) </Td> <Td> 21 -- 0 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 38 </Td> <Td> 1947 </Td> <Td> Ann Arbor , MI </Td> <Td> Michigan ( # 1 ) </Td> <Td> 13 -- 6 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 39 </Td> <Td> 1948 </Td> <Td> Minneapolis , MN </Td> <Td> Michigan ( # 1 ) </Td> <Td> 27 -- 14 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 40 </Td> <Td> 1949 </Td> <Td> Ann Arbor , MI </Td> <Td> Michigan ( # 12 ) </Td> <Td> 14 -- 7 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 41 </Td> <Td> 1950 </Td> <Td> Minneapolis , MN </Td> <Td> Tie </Td> <Td> 7 -- 7 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 42 </Td> <Td> 1951 </Td> <Td> Ann Arbor , MI </Td> <Td> Michigan </Td> <Td> 54 -- 27 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 43 </Td> <Td> 1952 </Td> <Td> Ann Arbor , MI </Td> <Td> Michigan ( # 19 ) </Td> <Td> 21 -- 0 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 44 </Td> <Td> 1953 </Td> <Td> Minneapolis , MN </Td> <Td> Minnesota </Td> <Td> 22 -- 0 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 45 </Td> <Td> 1954 </Td> <Td> Ann Arbor , MI </Td> <Td> Michigan </Td> <Td> 34 -- 0 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 46 </Td> <Td> 1955 </Td> <Td> Minneapolis , MN </Td> <Td> Michigan ( # 1 ) </Td> <Td> 14 -- 13 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 47 </Td> <Td> 1956 </Td> <Td> Ann Arbor , MI </Td> <Td> Minnesota </Td> <Td> 20 -- 7 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 48 </Td> <Td> 1957 </Td> <Td> Minneapolis , MN </Td> <Td> Michigan ( # 20 ) </Td> <Td> 24 -- 7 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 49 </Td> <Td> 1958 </Td> <Td> Ann Arbor , MI </Td> <Td> Michigan </Td> <Td> 20 -- 19 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 50 </Td> <Td> 1959 </Td> <Td> Minneapolis , MN </Td> <Td> Michigan </Td> <Td> 14 -- 6 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 51 </Td> <Td> 1960 </Td> <Td> Ann Arbor , MI </Td> <Td> Minnesota ( # 6 ) </Td> <Td> 10 -- 0 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 52 </Td> <Td> 1961 </Td> <Td> Minneapolis , MN </Td> <Td> Minnesota ( # 6 ) </Td> <Td> 23 -- 20 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th> No . </Th> <Th> Date </Th> <Th> Location </Th> <Th> Winner </Th> <Th> Score </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 53 </Td> <Td> 1962 </Td> <Td> Ann Arbor , MI </Td> <Td> Minnesota </Td> <Td> 17 -- 0 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 54 </Td> <Td> 1963 </Td> <Td> Minneapolis , MN </Td> <Td> Minnesota </Td> <Td> 6 -- 0 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 55 </Td> <Td> 1964 </Td> <Td> Ann Arbor , MI </Td> <Td> Michigan </Td> <Td> 19 -- 12 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 56 </Td> <Td> 1965 </Td> <Td> Minneapolis , MN </Td> <Td> Minnesota </Td> <Td> 14 -- 13 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 57 </Td> <Td> 1966 </Td> <Td> Ann Arbor , MI </Td> <Td> Michigan </Td> <Td> 49 -- 0 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 58 </Td> <Td> 1967 </Td> <Td> Minneapolis , MN </Td> <Td> Minnesota </Td> <Td> 20 -- 15 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 59 </Td> <Td> 1968 </Td> <Td> Ann Arbor , MI </Td> <Td> Michigan ( # 12 ) </Td> <Td> 33 -- 20 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 60 </Td> <Td> 1969 </Td> <Td> Minneapolis , MN </Td> <Td> Michigan </Td> <Td> 35 -- 9 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 61 </Td> <Td> 1970 </Td> <Td> Ann Arbor , MI </Td> <Td> Michigan ( # 5 ) </Td> <Td> 39 -- 13 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 62 </Td> <Td> 1971 </Td> <Td> Minneapolis , MN </Td> <Td> Michigan ( # 3 ) </Td> <Td> 35 -- 7 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 63 </Td> <Td> 1972 </Td> <Td> Ann Arbor , MI </Td> <Td> Michigan ( # 5 ) </Td> <Td> 42 -- 0 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 64 </Td> <Td> 1973 </Td> <Td> Minneapolis , MN </Td> <Td> Michigan ( # 4 ) </Td> <Td> 34 -- 7 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 65 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Ann Arbor , MI </Td> <Td> Michigan ( # 3 ) </Td> <Td> 49 -- 0 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 66 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Minneapolis , MN </Td> <Td> Michigan ( # 7 ) </Td> <Td> 28 -- 21 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 67 </Td> <Td> 1976 </Td> <Td> Ann Arbor , MI </Td> <Td> Michigan ( # 1 ) </Td> <Td> 45 -- 0 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 68 </Td> <Td> 1977 </Td> <Td> Minneapolis , MN </Td> <Td> Minnesota </Td> <Td> 16 -- 0 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 69 </Td> <Td> 1978 </Td> <Td> Ann Arbor , MI </Td> <Td> Michigan ( # 8 ) </Td> <Td> 42 -- 10 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 70 </Td> <Td> 1979 </Td> <Td> Ann Arbor , MI </Td> <Td> Michigan ( # 11 ) </Td> <Td> 31 -- 21 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 71 </Td> <Td> 1980 </Td> <Td> Minneapolis , MN </Td> <Td> Michigan </Td> <Td> 37 -- 14 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 72 </Td> <Td> 1981 </Td> <Td> Minneapolis , MN </Td> <Td> Michigan ( # 15 ) </Td> <Td> 34 -- 13 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 73 </Td> <Td> 1982 </Td> <Td> Ann Arbor , MI </Td> <Td> Michigan ( # 20 ) </Td> <Td> 52 -- 14 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 74 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Minneapolis , MN </Td> <Td> Michigan ( # 9 ) </Td> <Td> 58 -- 10 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 75 </Td> <Td> 1984 </Td> <Td> Ann Arbor , MI </Td> <Td> Michigan </Td> <Td> 31 -- 7 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 76 </Td> <Td> 1985 </Td> <Td> Minneapolis , MN </Td> <Td> Michigan ( # 8 ) </Td> <Td> 48 -- 7 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 77 </Td> <Td> 1986 </Td> <Td> Ann Arbor , MI </Td> <Td> Minnesota </Td> <Td> 20 -- 17 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 78 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Minneapolis , MN </Td> <Td> Michigan </Td> <Td> 30 -- 20 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 79 </Td> <Td> 1988 </Td> <Td> Ann Arbor , MI </Td> <Td> Michigan ( # 14 ) </Td> <Td> 22 -- 7 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 80 </Td> <Td> 1989 </Td> <Td> Minneapolis , MN </Td> <Td> Michigan ( # 3 ) </Td> <Td> 49 -- 15 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 81 </Td> <Td> 1990 </Td> <Td> Ann Arbor , MI </Td> <Td> Michigan ( # 16 ) </Td> <Td> 35 -- 18 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 82 </Td> <Td> 1991 </Td> <Td> Minneapolis , MN </Td> <Td> Michigan ( # 4 ) </Td> <Td> 52 -- 6 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 83 </Td> <Td> 1992 </Td> <Td> Ann Arbor , MI </Td> <Td> Michigan ( # 3 ) </Td> <Td> 63 -- 13 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 84 </Td> <Td> 1993 </Td> <Td> Minneapolis , MN </Td> <Td> Michigan </Td> <Td> 58 -- 7 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 85 </Td> <Td> 1994 </Td> <Td> Ann Arbor , MI </Td> <Td> Michigan ( # 19 ) </Td> <Td> 38 -- 22 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 86 </Td> <Td> 1995 </Td> <Td> Ann Arbor , MI </Td> <Td> Michigan ( # 9 ) </Td> <Td> 52 -- 17 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 87 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Minneapolis , MN </Td> <Td> Michigan ( # 10 ) </Td> <Td> 44 -- 10 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 88 </Td> <Td> 1997 </Td> <Td> Ann Arbor , MI </Td> <Td> Michigan ( # 4 ) </Td> <Td> 24 -- 3 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 89 </Td> <Td> 1998 </Td> <Td> Minneapolis , MN </Td> <Td> Michigan ( # 22 ) </Td> <Td> 15 -- 10 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 90 </Td> <Td> 2001 </Td> <Td> Ann Arbor , MI </Td> <Td> Michigan ( # 12 ) </Td> <Td> 31 -- 10 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 91 </Td> <Td> 2002 </Td> <Td> Minneapolis , MN </Td> <Td> Michigan ( # 13 ) </Td> <Td> 41 -- 24 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 92 </Td> <Td> 2003 </Td> <Td> Minneapolis , MN </Td> <Td> Michigan ( # 20 ) </Td> <Td> 38 -- 35 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 93 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Ann Arbor , MI </Td> <Td> Michigan ( # 14 ) </Td> <Td> 27 -- 24 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 94 </Td> <Td> 2005 </Td> <Td> Ann Arbor , MI </Td> <Td> Minnesota </Td> <Td> 23 -- 20 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 95 </Td> <Td> 2006 </Td> <Td> Minneapolis , MN </Td> <Td> Michigan ( # 6 ) </Td> <Td> 28 -- 14 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 96 </Td> <Td> 2007 </Td> <Td> Ann Arbor , MI </Td> <Td> Michigan ( # 19 ) </Td> <Td> 34 -- 10 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 97 </Td> <Td> 2008 </Td> <Td> Minneapolis , MN </Td> <Td> Michigan </Td> <Td> 29 -- 6 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 98 </Td> <Td> 2011 </Td> <Td> Ann Arbor , MI </Td> <Td> Michigan ( # 19 ) </Td> <Td> 58 -- 0 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 99 </Td> <Td> 2012 </Td> <Td> Minneapolis , MN </Td> <Td> Michigan </Td> <Td> 35 -- 13 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 100 </Td> <Td> 2013 </Td> <Td> Ann Arbor , MI </Td> <Td> Michigan ( # 19 ) </Td> <Td> 42 -- 13 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 101 </Td> <Td> 2014 </Td> <Td> Ann Arbor , MI </Td> <Td> Minnesota </Td> <Td> 30 -- 14 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 102 </Td> <Td> 2015 </Td> <Td> Minneapolis , MN </Td> <Td> Michigan ( # 15 ) </Td> <Td> 29 -- 26 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 103 </Td> <Td> 2017 </Td> <Td> Ann Arbor , MI </Td> <Td> Michigan </Td> <Td> 33 -- 10 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="9"> Series : Michigan leads 75 -- 25 -- 3 </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Note : Michigan and Minnesota played twice in 1926 ( on October 16 in Ann Arbor and on November 20 in Minneapolis ) due to conference scheduling issues for Minnesota . </P> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ Official 2007 NCAA Division I Football Records Book ( PDF ) . National Collegiate Athletic Association . 2007 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2008 - 06 - 25 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Report : U-M , MSU to play in Big Ten ' East ' '' . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Michigan 's water worries were start of `` Jug '' series `` . Spokesman - Review . ( Spokane , Washington ) . Associated Press . October 21 , 1960 . p. 16 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ MCCOLLOUGH , J. BRADY -- 1903 Team Manager Tells Tale of the ' Jug ' . Michigan Daily , October 9 , 2003 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Account from Michigan Football Student Manager Tommy Roberts . The Grand Rapids Press Oct. 18 , 1959 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` History and Philosophy of Reserver Officer Training . '' University of Minnesota ROTC Alumni Society . `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2005 - 09 - 11 . Retrieved 2006 - 03 - 03 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Dooley , Greg . `` The ( True ) Origins of The Little Brown Jug Rivalry '' . MVictors.com . Retrieved 2 November 2012 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Hunt , Bob -- Both teams leave 2003 game in past Michigan Daily , October 7 , 2004 </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Neff , Craig -- Bo Tries On A Tie , Gets A Boot . Sports Illustrated , November 24 , 1986 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Angel , Brett -- Large crowd witnesses large Michigan comeback . Minnesota Daily , October 13 , 2003 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Michigan Football Media Guide , 2003 season </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Hunt , Bob -- Both teams leave 2003 game in past Archived 2007 - 09 - 30 at the Wayback Machine ... Michigan Daily , October 8 , 2004 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Gophers allow 28 -- 7 lead to escape Associated Press , October 10 , 2003 . `` John Navarre directed the biggest comeback in Michigan history and put the Wolverines back into the thick of the Big Ten race . '' </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Fuller , Marcus R. -- Gophers football : 10 years ago , Michigan changed everything Pioneer Press , October 4 , 2013 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Reusse , Patrick -- Patrick Reusse from Oct. 10 , 2003 : For a while , we actually believed . Star Tribune , October 2 , 2013 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Scoggins , Chip -- Reliving one fateful night in Gophers football Star Tribune , October 3 , 2013 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Michigan Wolverines Index '' . Sports-References.com . Retrieved 18 November 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Minnesota Golden Gophers Index '' . Sports-Reference.com . Retrieved 2 December 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` NCAA Football Championship History '' . NCAA.com . Retrieved 18 November 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Minnesota Championships '' . GopherSports.com . Retrieved 2 December 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Michigan Bowl History '' . CollegeFootballPoll.com . Retrieved 26 November 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Minnesota Bowl History '' . CollegeFootballPoll.com . Retrieved 30 November 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Divisional Rankings '' . ESPN.go.com . Retrieved 18 November 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Michigan Wolverines All - America Selections '' . Sports-Reference.com . Retrieved 26 November 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Minnesota All - America Selections '' . Sports-Reference.com . Retrieved 30 November 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Past Heisman Trophy Winners '' . NationalChamps.net . Retrieved 18 November 2014 . </Li> </Ol> <H3> Additional sources ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Woodford , John . `` The Little Brown Jug '' . Michigan Today . Archived from the original on 2004 - 10 - 21 . Retrieved 2004 - 10 - 09 . </Li> <Li> `` The Little Brown Jug -- Minnesota vs. Michigan '' . GopherSports.com . Retrieved 2004 - 10 - 09 . </Li> <Li> Weintraub , Sandy ( 2003 - 10 - 09 ) . `` Little Brown Jug endures century '' . The Daily Orange . Archived from the original on 2004 - 09 - 09 . Retrieved 2004 - 10 - 08 . </Li> <Li> `` Series History : Minnesota vs. Michigan '' . College Football Data Warehouse . Archived from the original on 2007 - 09 - 30 . Retrieved 2007 - 02 - 27 . </Li> </Ul> <H2> Bibliography ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Gruver , Edward ( 2002 ) , Nitschke . Lanham : Taylor Trade Publishing . ISBN 1 - 58979 - 127 - 4 </Li> </Ul> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wikimedia Commons has media related to Little Brown Jug . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ul> <Li> MGoBlue 's Michigan - Minnesota : The Little Brown Jug Series page </Li> <Li> Little Brown Jug Lore </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Michigan Wolverines football </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Venues </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Washtenaw County Fairgrounds ( 1883 -- 1892 ) </Li> <Li> Regents Field ( 1893 -- 1905 ) </Li> <Li> Ferry Field ( 1906 -- 1926 ) </Li> <Li> Michigan Stadium ( 1927 -- present ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Bowls & rivalries </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Bowl games </Li> <Li> Chicago ( defunct ) </Li> <Li> Michigan State ( Paul Bunyan Trophy ) </Li> <Li> Minnesota ( Little Brown Jug ) </Li> <Li> Notre Dame </Li> <Li> Ohio State ( The Ten Year War ) </Li> <Li> Illinois </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Culture & lore </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Early years </Li> <Li> Yost era </Li> <Li> Kipke years </Li> <Li> Crisler years </Li> <Li> Oosterbaan years </Li> <Li> Elliott years </Li> <Li> The Ten Year War </Li> <Li> Snow Bowl </Li> <Li> 1969 Ohio State game </Li> <Li> 1973 Ohio State game </Li> <Li> Miracle at Michigan </Li> <Li> 2006 Ohio State game </Li> <Li> 2007 Appalachian State game </Li> <Li> Biff </Li> <Li> `` The Victors '' </Li> <Li> Marching band </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> People </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Head coaches </Li> <Li> Trainers </Li> <Li> Players </Li> <Li> All - Americans </Li> <Li> NFL draftees </Li> <Li> Statistical leaders </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Seasons </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 1879 </Li> <Li> 1880 </Li> <Li> 1881 </Li> <Li> 1882 </Li> <Li> 1883 </Li> <Li> 1884 </Li> <Li> 1885 </Li> <Li> 1886 </Li> <Li> 1887 </Li> <Li> 1888 </Li> <Li> 1889 </Li> <Li> 1890 </Li> <Li> 1891 </Li> <Li> 1892 </Li> <Li> 1893 </Li> <Li> 1894 </Li> <Li> 1895 </Li> <Li> 1896 </Li> <Li> 1897 </Li> <Li> 1898 </Li> <Li> 1899 </Li> <Li> 1900 </Li> <Li> 1901 </Li> <Li> 1902 </Li> <Li> 1903 </Li> <Li> 1904 </Li> <Li> 1905 </Li> <Li> 1906 </Li> <Li> 1907 </Li> <Li> 1908 </Li> <Li> 1909 </Li> <Li> 1910 </Li> <Li> 1911 </Li> <Li> 1912 </Li> <Li> 1913 </Li> <Li> 1914 </Li> <Li> 1915 </Li> <Li> 1916 </Li> <Li> 1917 </Li> <Li> 1918 </Li> <Li> 1919 </Li> <Li> 1920 </Li> <Li> 1921 </Li> <Li> 1922 </Li> <Li> 1923 </Li> <Li> 1924 </Li> <Li> 1925 </Li> <Li> 1926 </Li> <Li> 1927 </Li> <Li> 1928 </Li> <Li> 1929 </Li> <Li> 1930 </Li> <Li> 1931 </Li> <Li> 1932 </Li> <Li> 1933 </Li> <Li> 1934 </Li> <Li> 1935 </Li> <Li> 1936 </Li> <Li> 1937 </Li> <Li> 1938 </Li> <Li> 1939 </Li> <Li> 1940 </Li> <Li> 1941 </Li> <Li> 1942 </Li> <Li> 1943 </Li> <Li> 1944 </Li> <Li> 1945 </Li> <Li> 1946 </Li> <Li> 1947 </Li> <Li> 1948 </Li> <Li> 1949 </Li> <Li> 1950 </Li> <Li> 1951 </Li> <Li> 1952 </Li> <Li> 1953 </Li> <Li> 1954 </Li> <Li> 1955 </Li> <Li> 1956 </Li> <Li> 1957 </Li> <Li> 1958 </Li> <Li> 1959 </Li> <Li> 1960 </Li> <Li> 1961 </Li> <Li> 1962 </Li> <Li> 1963 </Li> <Li> 1964 </Li> <Li> 1965 </Li> <Li> 1966 </Li> <Li> 1967 </Li> <Li> 1968 </Li> <Li> 1969 </Li> <Li> 1970 </Li> <Li> 1971 </Li> <Li> 1972 </Li> <Li> 1973 </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> 1976 </Li> <Li> 1977 </Li> <Li> 1978 </Li> <Li> 1979 </Li> <Li> 1980 </Li> <Li> 1981 </Li> <Li> 1982 </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> 1984 </Li> <Li> 1985 </Li> <Li> 1986 </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> 1988 </Li> <Li> 1989 </Li> <Li> 1990 </Li> <Li> 1991 </Li> <Li> 1992 </Li> <Li> 1993 </Li> <Li> 1994 </Li> <Li> 1995 </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> 1997 </Li> <Li> 1998 </Li> <Li> 1999 </Li> <Li> 2000 </Li> <Li> 2001 </Li> <Li> 2002 </Li> <Li> 2003 </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> 2005 </Li> <Li> 2006 </Li> <Li> 2007 </Li> <Li> 2008 </Li> <Li> 2009 </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> 2011 </Li> <Li> 2012 </Li> <Li> 2013 </Li> <Li> 2014 </Li> <Li> 2015 </Li> <Li> 2016 </Li> <Li> 2017 </Li> <Li> 2018 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> National championship seasons in bold </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Michigan Wolverines rivalries </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Football </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Illinois </Li> <Li> Michigan State </Li> <Li> Minnesota </Li> <Li> Notre Dame </Li> <Li> Ohio State </Li> <Li> Chicago ( defunct ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Basketball </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Duke </Li> <Li> Michigan State </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Other </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Michigan State ( hockey ) </Li> <Li> Michigan State ( soccer ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Minnesota Golden Gophers football </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Venues </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Athletic Park ( 1892 -- 1898 ) </Li> <Li> University of Minnesota Armory ( 1892 -- 1898 ) </Li> <Li> Northrop Field ( 1899 -- 1923 ) </Li> <Li> Memorial Stadium ( 1924 -- 1981 ) </Li> <Li> Hubert H. 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Duluth </Li> <Li> St. Cloud State </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Big Ten Conference football rivalries </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Conference </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Illinois -- Michigan </Li> <Li> Illinois -- Northwestern </Li> <Li> Illinois -- Ohio State </Li> <Li> Illinois -- Purdue </Li> <Li> Indiana -- Michigan State </Li> <Li> Indiana -- Purdue </Li> <Li> Iowa -- Minnesota </Li> <Li> Iowa -- Nebraska </Li> <Li> Iowa -- Wisconsin </Li> <Li> Maryland -- Penn State </Li> <Li> Maryland -- Rutgers </Li> <Li> Michigan -- Michigan State </Li> <Li> Michigan -- Minnesota </Li> <Li> Michigan -- Ohio State </Li> <Li> Michigan State -- Ohio State </Li> <Li> Michigan State -- Penn State </Li> <Li> Minnesota -- Nebraska </Li> <Li> Minnesota -- Penn State </Li> <Li> Minnesota -- Wisconsin </Li> <Li> Nebraska -- Wisconsin </Li> <Li> Ohio State -- Penn State </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Non-conference </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Alabama -- Penn State </Li> <Li> Chicago -- Michigan </Li> <Li> Chicago -- Purdue </Li> <Li> Colorado -- Nebraska </Li> <Li> Illinois -- Missouri </Li> <Li> Indiana -- Kentucky </Li> <Li> Iowa -- Iowa State </Li> <Li> Johns Hopkins -- Maryland </Li> <Li> Kansas -- Nebraska </Li> <Li> Kansas State -- Nebraska </Li> <Li> Maryland -- Navy </Li> <Li> Maryland -- Virginia </Li> <Li> Maryland -- West Virginia </Li> <Li> Miami -- Nebraska </Li> <Li> Michigan State -- Notre Dame </Li> <Li> Michigan -- Notre Dame </Li> <Li> Missouri -- Nebraska </Li> <Li> Nebraska -- Oklahoma </Li> <Li> Nebraska -- Texas </Li> <Li> Northwestern -- Notre Dame </Li> <Li> Notre Dame -- Purdue </Li> <Li> Penn State -- Pittsburgh </Li> <Li> Penn State -- Syracuse </Li> <Li> Penn State -- Temple </Li> <Li> Penn State -- West Virginia </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Little_Brown_Jug_(college_football_trophy)&oldid=822160851 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> College football rivalries in the United States </Li> <Li> Michigan Wolverines football </Li> <Li> Minnesota Golden Gophers football </Li> <Li> Big Ten Conference rivalries </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> All articles with dead external links </Li> <Li> Articles with dead external links from January 2018 </Li> <Li> Articles with permanently dead external links </Li> <Li> Webarchive template wayback links </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> 中文 </Li> </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 24 January 2018 , at 19 : 23 . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - 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Habeas corpus in the United States - wikipedia <H1> Habeas corpus in the United States </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <P> Habeas corpus ( / ˈheɪbiəs ˈkɔːrpəs / ) is a recourse in law challenging the reasons or conditions of a person 's confinement under color of law . A petition for habeas corpus is filed with a court that has jurisdiction over the custodian , and if granted , a writ is issued directing the custodian to bring the confined person before the court for examination into those reasons or conditions . The Suspension Clause of the United States Constitution specifically included the English common law procedure in Article One , Section 9 , clause 2 , which demands that `` The privilege of the writ of habeas corpus shall not be suspended , unless when in cases of rebellion or invasion the public safety may require it . '' </P> <P> United States law affords persons the right to petition the federal courts for a writ of habeas corpus . Individual states also afford persons the ability to petition their own state court systems for habeas corpus pursuant to their respective constitutions and laws when held or sentenced by state authorities . </P> <P> Federal habeas review did not extend to those in state custody until almost a century after the nation 's founding . During the Civil War and Reconstruction , as later during the War on Terrorism , the right to petition for a writ of habeas corpus was substantially curtailed for persons accused of engaging in certain conduct . In reaction to the former , and to ensure state courts enforced federal law , a Reconstruction Act for the first time extended the right of federal court habeas review to those in the custody of state courts ( prisons and jails ) , expanding the writ essentially to all imprisoned on American soil . The federal habeas statute that resulted , with substantial amendments , is now at 28 U.S.C. § 2241 . For many decades , the great majority of habeas petitions reviewed in federal court have been filed by those imprisoned in federal prisons by state courts for state crimes ( e.g. , murder , rape , robbery , etc . ) , since in the American system , crime has historically been a matter of state law . </P> <P> The privilege of habeas corpus is not a right against unlawful arrest , but rather a right to be released from imprisonment after such arrest . If one believes the arrest is without legal merit and subsequently refuses to come willingly , he still may be guilty of resisting arrest , which can sometimes be a crime in and of itself ( even if the initial arrest itself was illegal ) depending on the state . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Origin </Li> <Li> 2 Federal law </Li> <Li> 3 Suspension during the Civil War <Ul> <Li> 3.1 Presidential suspension of habeas corpus </Li> <Li> 3.2 Congressional suspension of habeas corpus </Li> <Li> 3.3 In the Confederacy </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 Suspension during Reconstruction </Li> <Li> 5 Suspension in the Philippines </Li> <Li> 6 Habeas corpus during World War II </Li> <Li> 7 Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act </Li> <Li> 8 Habeas corpus in the 21st Century </Li> <Li> 9 Differences in post-trial actions </Li> <Li> 10 Federal habeas corpus statistics <Ul> <Li> 10.1 Number of cases </Li> <Li> 10.2 Types of cases in which petitions are filed </Li> <Li> 10.3 Success rates </Li> <Li> 10.4 Disposition time </Li> <Li> 10.5 Filing rates </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 11 References </Li> <Li> 12 Further reading </Li> <Li> 13 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Origin ( edit ) </H2> <P> Habeas corpus derives from the English common law where the first recorded usage was in 1305 , in the reign of King Edward I of England . The procedure for the issuing of writs of habeas corpus was first codified by the Habeas Corpus Act 1679 , following judicial rulings which had restricted the effectiveness of the writ . A previous act had been passed in 1640 to overturn a ruling that the command of the Queen was a sufficient answer to a petition of habeas corpus . Winston Churchill , in his chapter on the English Common Law in The Birth of Britain , explains the process thus : </P> <P> Only the King had a right to summon a jury . Henry ( II ) accordingly did not grant it to private courts ... But all this was only a first step . Henry also had to provide means whereby the litigant , eager for royal justice , could remove his case out of the court of his lord into the court of the King . The device which Henry used was the royal writ ... and any man who could by some fiction fit his own case to the wording of one of the royal writs might claim the King 's justice . </P> <P> The writ of habeas corpus was issued by a superior court in the name of the Monarch , and commanded the addressee ( a lower court , sheriff , or private subject ) to produce the prisoner before the Royal courts of law . Petitions for habeas corpus could be made by the prisoner himself or by a third party on his behalf , and as a result of the Habeas Corpus Acts could be made regardless of whether the court was in session , by presenting the petition to a judge . </P> <P> The 1679 Act remains important in 21st century cases . This Act and the historical body of British practice that relies upon it has been used to interpret the habeas rights granted by the United States Constitution , while taking into account the understanding of the writ held by the framers of the Constitution . </P> <H2> Federal law ( edit ) </H2> <P> The Suspension Clause of Article I does not expressly establish a right to the writ of habeas corpus ; rather , it prevents Congress from restricting it . There has been much scholarly debate over whether the Clause positively establishes a right under the federal constitution , merely exists to prevent Congress from prohibiting state courts from granting the writ , or protects a pre-existing common law right enforceable by federal judges . However , in the cases of Immigration and Naturalization Service v. St. Cyr ( 2001 ) , and Boumediene v. Bush ( 2008 ) the U.S. Supreme Court suggested that the Suspension Clause protects `` the writ as it existed in 1789 , '' that is , as a writ which federal judges could issue in the exercise of their common law authority . </P> <P> Regardless of whether the writ is positively guaranteed by the constitution , habeas corpus was first established by statute in the Judiciary Act of 1789 . This statutory writ applied only to those held in custody by officials of the executive branch of the federal government and not to those held by state governments , which independently afford habeas corpus pursuant to their respective constitutions and laws . From 1789 until 1866 , the federal writ of habeas corpus was largely restricted to prisoners in federal custody , at a time when no direct appeals from federal criminal convictions were provided for by law . Habeas corpus remained the only means for judicial review of federal capital convictions until 1889 , and the only means for review of federal convictions for other `` infamous crimes '' until 1891 . Until 1983 the writ of habeas corpus remained the only way that decisions of military courts could be reviewed by the Supreme Court . </P> <P> The authority of federal courts to review the claims of prisoners in state custody was not clearly established until Congress adopted a statute ( 28 U.S.C. § 2254 ) granting federal courts that authority in 1867 , as part of the post-Civil War Reconstruction . The U.S. Supreme Court in the case of Waley v. Johnson ( 1942 ) interpreted this authority broadly to allow the writ to be used to challenge convictions or sentences in violation of a defendant 's constitutional rights where no other remedy was available . </P> <P> The U.S. Congress grants federal district courts , the Supreme Court , and all Article III federal judges , acting in their own right , jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 2241 to issue writs of habeas corpus to release prisoners held by any government entity within the country from custody , subject to certain limitations , if the prisoner -- </P> <Ul> <Li> Is in custody under or by color of the authority of the United States or is committed for trial before some court thereof ; or </Li> <Li> Is in custody for an act done or omitted in pursuance of an Act of Congress , or an order , process , judgment or decree court or judge of the United States ; or </Li> <Li> Is in custody in violation of the Constitution or laws or treaties of the United States ; or </Li> <Li> Being a citizen of a foreign state and domiciled therein is in custody for an act done or omitted under any alleged right , title , authority , privilege , protection , or exemption claimed under the commission , order or sanction of any foreign state , or under color thereof , the validity and effect of which depend upon the law of nations ; or </Li> <Li> It is necessary to bring said persons into court to testify or for trial . </Li> </Ul> <P> In 1950s and 1960s , decisions by the Warren Court greatly expanded the use and scope of the federal writ largely due to the `` constitutionalizing '' of criminal procedure by applying the Bill of Rights , in part , to state courts using the incorporation doctrine . This afforded state prisoners many more opportunities to claim that their convictions were unconstitutional , which provided grounds for habeas corpus relief . In the last thirty years , decisions by the Burger and Rehnquist Courts have somewhat narrowed the writ . The Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act of 1996 ( AEDPA ) further limited the use of the federal writ by imposing a one - year statute of limitations and dramatically increasing the federal judiciary 's deference to decisions previously made in state court proceedings either on appeal or in a state court habeas corpus action . </P> <P> One of AEDPA 's most controversial changes is the requirement that any constitutional right invoked to vacate a state court conviction rooted in a mistake of law by the state court must have `` resulted in a decision that was contrary to , or involved an unreasonable application of , clearly established Federal law , as determined by the Supreme Court of the United States . '' Thus , a U.S. Court of Appeals must ignore its own precedents and affirm a state court decision contrary to its precedents , if the U.S. Supreme Court has never squarely addressed a particular issue of federal law . </P> <H2> Suspension during the Civil war ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Presidential suspension of habeas corpus ( edit ) </H3> <P> On April 27 , 1861 , the right of habeas corpus was unilaterally suspended by President Abraham Lincoln in Maryland during the American Civil War . Lincoln had received word that anti-war Maryland officials intended to destroy the railroad tracks between Annapolis and Philadelphia , which was a vital supply line for the army preparing to fight the south . ( Indeed , soon after , the Maryland legislature would simultaneously vote to stay in the Union and to close these rail lines , in an apparent effort to prevent war between its northern and southern neighbors . ) Lincoln did not issue a sweeping order ; it only applied to the Maryland route . Lincoln chose to suspend the writ over a proposal to bombard Baltimore , favored by his General - in - Chief Winfield Scott . Lincoln was also motivated by requests by generals to set up military courts to rein in his political opponents , `` Copperheads , '' or Peace Democrats , so named because they did not want to resort to war to force the southern states back into the Union , as well as to intimidate those in the Union who supported the Confederate cause . Congress was not yet in session to consider a suspension of the writs ; however , when it came into session it failed to pass a bill favored by Lincoln to sanction his suspensions . During this period one sitting U.S. Congressman from the opposing party , as well as the mayor , police chief , entire Board of Police , and the city council of Baltimore were arrested without charge and imprisoned indefinitely without trial . </P> <P> Lincoln 's action was rapidly challenged in court and overturned by the U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals in Maryland ( led by the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court , Roger B. Taney ) in Ex Parte Merryman . Chief Justice Taney ruled the suspension unconstitutional , stating that only Congress could suspend habeas corpus . Lincoln and his Attorney General Edward Bates not only ignored the Chief Justice 's order , but when Lincoln 's dismissal of the ruling was criticized in an editorial by prominent Baltimore newspaper editor Frank Key Howard , they had the editor also arrested by federal troops without charge or trial . Ironically , the troops imprisoned Howard , who was Francis Scott Key 's grandson , in Fort McHenry , which , as he noted , was the same fort where the Star Spangled Banner had been waving `` o'er the land of the free '' in his grandfather 's song . ( In 1863 , Howard wrote about his experience as a `` political prisoner '' at Fort McHenry in the book Fourteen Months in the American Bastille ; two of the publishers selling the book were then arrested . ) </P> <P> When Congress convened in July 1861 it failed to support Lincoln 's unilateral suspension of habeas corpus . A joint resolution was introduced into the Senate to approve of the president 's suspension of the writ of habeas corpus , but filibustering by Senate Democrats , who did not support it , and opposition to its imprecise wording by Sen. Lyman Trumbull prevented a vote on the resolution before the end of the first session , and the resolution was not taken up again . Sen. Trumbull himself introduced a bill to suspend habeas corpus , but failed on getting a vote before the end of the first session . </P> <P> Shortly thereafter , on September 17 , 1861 , the day the Maryland legislature was to reconvene , Lincoln imprisoned one third of the members of the Maryland General Assembly without charges or hearings in further defiance of the Chief Justice 's ruling . Thus , the legislative session had to be cancelled . </P> <P> On February 14 , 1862 , the war was firmly in progress and Lincoln ordered most prisoners released , putting an end to court challenges for the time being . He again suspended habeas corpus on his own authority in September that same year , however , in response to resistance to his calling up of the militia . </P> <H3> Congressional suspension of habeas corpus ( edit ) </H3> <P> When Congress met again in December 1862 , the House of Representatives passed a bill indemnifying the president for his suspension of habeas corpus . The Senate amended the bill , and the compromise reported out of the conference committee altered it to remove the indemnity and to suspend habeas corpus on Congress 's own authority . That bill , the Habeas Corpus Suspension Act , was signed into law March 3 , 1863 . Lincoln exercised his powers under it in September , suspending habeas corpus throughout the Union in any case involving prisoners of war , spies , traitors , or military personnel , The suspension of habeas corpus remained in effect until Andrew Johnson revoked it on December 1 , 1865 . </P> <P> General Ambrose E. Burnside had former - Congressman Clement Vallandigham arrested in May 1863 for continuing to express sympathy for the Confederate cause after having been warned to cease doing so . Vallandigham was tried by a military tribunal and sentenced to two years in a military prison . Lincoln quickly commuted his sentence to banishment to the Confederacy . Vallandigham appealed his sentence , arguing that the Enrollment Act did not authorize his trial by a military tribunal rather than in ordinary civilian courts , that he was not ordinarily subject to court martial , and that Gen. Burnside could not expand the jurisdiction of military courts on his own authority . The Supreme Court did not address the substance of Vallandigham 's appeal , instead denying that it possessed the jurisdiction to review the proceedings of military tribunals without explicit congressional authorization . </P> <P> In 1864 , Lambdin P. Milligan and four others were accused of planning to steal Union weapons and invade Union prisoner - of - war camps and were sentenced to hang by a military court . However , their execution was not set until May 1865 , so they were able to argue the case after the war ended . In Ex parte Milligan ( 1866 ) , the U.S. Supreme Court decided that Congress 's 1863 suspension of the writ did not empower the President to try to convict citizens before military tribunals where the civil courts were open and operational . This was one of the key Supreme Court Cases of the American Civil War that dealt with wartime civil liberties and martial law . </P> <H3> In the Confederacy ( edit ) </H3> <P> In the Confederacy , Jefferson Davis also suspended habeas corpus and imposed martial law . This was in part to maintain order and spur industrial growth in the South to compensate for the economic loss inflicted by its secession . </P> <H2> Suspension during Reconstruction ( edit ) </H2> Main article : Civil Rights Act of 1871 <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( July 2011 ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wikisource has original text related to this article : Ku Klux Klan Act of 1871 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wikisource has original text related to this article : Proclamation 201 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Following the end of the Civil War , numerous groups arose in the South to oppose Reconstruction , including the Ku Klux Klan . In response , Congress passed the Enforcement Acts in 1870 -- 71 . One of these , the Civil Rights Act of 1871 , permitted the president to suspend habeas corpus if conspiracies against federal authority were so violent that they could not be checked by ordinary means . That same year , President Ulysses S. Grant suspended the writ of habeas corpus in nine South Carolina counties ; the Act 's sunset clause ended that suspension with the close of the next regular session of Congress . </P> <H2> Suspension in the philippines ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( July 2011 ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> In response to continuing unrest , the Philippine Commission availed itself of an option in the Philippine Organic Act of 1902 , 32 Stat. 692 , and on January 31 , 1905 , requested that Governor - General Luke Edward Wright suspend the writ of habeas corpus . He did so the same day , and habeas corpus was suspended until he revoked his proclamation on October 15 , 1905 . The suspension gave rise to the United States Supreme Court case Fischer v. Baker , 203 U.S. 174 ( 1906 ) . </P> <H2> Habeas corpus during world war II ( edit ) </H2> <P> Immediately following the attack on Pearl Harbor , the governor of Hawaii , Joseph Poindexter , invoked the Hawaiian Organic Act , 31 Stat. 141 ( 1900 ) , suspended habeas corpus , and declared martial law . Hawaii was governed by Lieutenant Generals Walter Short , Delos Emmons , and Robert C. Richardson , Jr. for the remainder of the war . In Duncan v. Kahanamoku , 327 U.S. 304 ( 1946 ) , the United States Supreme Court held that the declaration of martial law did not permit the trial of civilians in military tribunals for offenses unrelated to the military ( in this case , public drunkenness ) . </P> <P> In 1942 , eight German saboteurs , including two U.S. citizens , who had secretly entered the United States to attack its civil infrastructure as part of Operation Pastorius were convicted by a secret military tribunal set up by President Franklin D. Roosevelt . In Ex parte Quirin ( 1942 ) , the U.S. Supreme Court decided that the writ of habeas corpus did not apply , and that the military tribunal had jurisdiction to try the saboteurs , due to their status as unlawful combatants . </P> <P> The period of martial law in Hawaii ended in October 1944 . It was held in Duncan v. Kahanamoku ( 1946 ) that although the initial imposition of martial law in December 1941 may have been lawful , due to the Pearl Harbor attack and threat of imminent invasion , by 1944 the imminent threat had receded and civilian courts could again function in Hawaii . The Organic Act therefore did not authorize the military to continue to keep civilian courts closed . </P> <P> After the end of the war , several German prisoners held in American - occupied Germany petitioned the District Court for the District of Columbia for a writ of habeas corpus . In Johnson v. Eisentrager ( 1950 ) the U.S. Supreme Court decided that the American court system had no jurisdiction over German war criminals who had been captured in Germany , and had never entered U.S. soil . </P> <H2> Antiterrorism and Effective death penalty Act ( edit ) </H2> <P> In 1996 , following the Oklahoma City bombing , Congress passed ( 91 -- 8 in the Senate , 293 -- 133 in the House ) and President Clinton signed into law the Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act of 1996 ( AEDPA ) . The AEDPA was intended to `` deter terrorism , provide justice for victims , provide for an effective death penalty , and for other purposes . '' The AEDPA introduced one of the few limitations on habeas corpus . For the first time , its Section 101 set a statute of limitations of one year following conviction for prisoners to seek the writ . The Act limits the power of federal judges to grant relief unless the state court 's adjudication of the claim has resulted in a decision that </P> <Ol> <Li> Is contrary to , or has involved an unreasonable application of clearly established federal law as determined by the Supreme Court of the United States ; or </Li> <Li> Has resulted in a decision that was based on an unreasonable determination of the facts in light of the evidence presented in the state court proceeding . </Li> </Ol> <P> It barred second or successive petitions generally but with several exceptions . Petitioners who had already filed a federal habeas petition were required first to secure authorization from the appropriate United States Court of Appeals , to ensure that such an exception was at least facially made out . </P> <H2> Habeas corpus in the 21st century ( edit ) </H2> <P> The November 13 , 2001 , Presidential Military Order purported to give the President of the United States the power to detain non-citizens suspected of connection to terrorists or terrorism as enemy combatants . As such , that person could be held indefinitely , without charges being filed against him or her , without a court hearing , and without legal counsel . Many legal and constitutional scholars contended that these provisions were in direct opposition to habeas corpus , and the United States Bill of Rights and , indeed , in Hamdi v. Rumsfeld ( 2004 ) the U.S. Supreme Court re-confirmed the right of every American citizen to access habeas corpus even when declared to be an enemy combatant . The Court affirmed the basic principle that habeas corpus could not be revoked in the case of a citizen . </P> <P> In Hamdan v. Rumsfeld ( 2006 ) Salim Ahmed Hamdan petitioned for a writ of habeas corpus , challenging that the military commissions set up by the Bush administration to try detainees at Guantanamo Bay `` violate both the UCMJ and the four Geneva Conventions . '' In a 5 - 3 ruling the Court rejected Congress 's attempts to strip the court of jurisdiction over habeas corpus appeals by detainees at Guantánamo Bay . Congress had previously passed the Department of Defense Appropriations Act , 2006 which stated in Section 1005 ( e ) , `` Procedures for Status Review of Detainees Outside the United States '' : </P> <P> ( 1 ) Except as provided in section 1005 of the Detainee Treatment Act of 2005 , no court , justice , or judge shall have jurisdiction to hear or consider an application for a writ of habeas corpus filed by or on behalf of an alien detained by the Department of Defense at Guantanamo Bay , Cuba . </P> <P> ( 2 ) The jurisdiction of the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit on any claims with respect to an alien under this paragraph shall be limited to the consideration of whether the status determination ... was consistent with the standards and procedures specified by the Secretary of Defense for Combatant Status Review Tribunals ( including the requirement that the conclusion of the Tribunal be supported by a preponderance of the evidence and allowing a rebuttable presumption in favor of the Government 's evidence ) , and to the extent the Constitution and laws of the United States are applicable , whether the use of such standards and procedures to make the determination is consistent with the Constitution and laws of the United States . </P> <P> On September 29 , the U.S. House and Senate approved the Military Commissions Act of 2006 , a bill which suspended habeas corpus for any alien determined to be an `` unlawful enemy combatant engaged in hostilities or having supported hostilities against the United States '' by a vote of 65 - 34 . ( This was the result on the bill to approve the military trials for detainees ; an amendment to remove the suspension of habeas corpus failed 48 - 51 . ) President Bush signed the Military Commissions Act of 2006 ( MCA ) into law on October 17 , 2006 . With the MCA 's passage , the law altered the language from `` alien detained ... at Guantanamo Bay '' : </P> <P> Except as provided in section 1005 of the Detainee Treatment Act of 2005 , no court , justice , or judge shall have jurisdiction to hear or consider an application for a writ of habeas corpus filed by or on behalf of an alien detained by the United States who has been determined by the United States to have been properly detained as an enemy combatant or is awaiting such determination . '' § 1005 ( e ) ( 1 ) , 119 Stat. 2742 . </P> <P> The Supreme Court ruled in Boumediene v. Bush that the MCA amounts to an unconstitutional encroachment on habeas corpus rights , and established jurisdiction for federal courts to hear petitions for habeas corpus from Guantanamo detainees tried under the Act . Under the MCA , the law restricted habeas appeals for only those aliens detained as enemy combatants , or awaiting such determination . Left unchanged was the provision that , after such determination is made , it is subject to appeal in federal courts , including a review of whether the evidence warrants the determination . If the status was upheld , then their imprisonment was deemed lawful ; if not , then the government could change the prisoner 's status to something else , at which point the habeas restrictions no longer applied . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wikinews has related news : President Bush signed into law the Military Commissions Act of 2006 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> There is , however , no legal time limit which would force the government to provide a Combatant Status Review Tribunal hearing . Prisoners were , but are no longer , legally prohibited from petitioning any court for any reason before a CSRT hearing takes place . </P> <P> In January 2007 , Attorney General Alberto Gonzales told the Senate Judiciary Committee that in his opinion : `` There is no express grant of habeas in the Constitution . There 's a prohibition against taking it away . '' He was challenged by Sen. Arlen Specter who asked him to explain how it is possible to prohibit something from being taken away , without first being granted . Robert Parry wrotes in the Baltimore Chronicle & Sentinel : </P> <P> Applying Gonzales 's reasoning , one could argue that the First Amendment does n't explicitly say Americans have the right to worship as they choose , speak as they wish or assemble peacefully . Ironically , Gonzales may be wrong in another way about the lack of specificity in the Constitution 's granting of habeas corpus rights . Many of the legal features attributed to habeas corpus are delineated in a positive way in the Sixth Amendment ... </P> <P> The Department of Justice has taken the position in litigation that the Military Commissions Act of 2006 does not amount to a suspension of the writ of habeas corpus . The U.S. Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit agreed in a 2 - 1 decision , on February 20 , 2007 , which the U.S. Supreme Court initially declined to review . The U.S. Supreme Court then reversed its decision to deny review and took up the case in June 2007 . In June 2008 , the court ruled 5 - 4 that the act did suspend habeas and found it unconstitutional . </P> <P> On June 7 , 2007 , the Habeas Corpus Restoration Act of 2007 was approved by the Senate Judiciary Committee with an 11 -- 8 vote split along party lines , with all but one Republican voting against it . Although the Act would restore statutory habeas corpus to enemy combatants , it would not overturn the provisions of the AEDPA which set a statute of limitations on habeas corpus claims from ordinary civilian federal and state prisoners . </P> <P> On June 11 , 2007 , a federal appeals court ruled that Ali Saleh Kahlah al - Marri , a legal resident of the United States , could not be detained indefinitely without charge . In a two - to - one ruling by the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit , the Court held the President of the United States lacks legal authority to detain al - Marri without charge ; all three judges ruled that al - Marri is entitled to traditional habeas corpus protections which give him the right to challenge his detainment in a U.S. Court . </P> <P> In July 2008 , the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit ruled that `` if properly designated an enemy combatant pursuant to the legal authority of the President , such persons may be detained without charge or criminal proceedings for the duration of the relevant hostilities . '' </P> <P> On October 7 , 2008 , U.S. District Judge Ricardo M. Urbina ruled that 17 Uyghurs , Muslims from China 's northwestern Xinjiang region , must be brought to appear in his court in Washington , DC , three days later : `` Because the Constitution prohibits indefinite detentions without cause , the continued detention is unlawful . '' </P> <P> On January 21 , 2009 , President Barack Obama issued an executive order regarding the Guantanamo Bay Naval Base and the individuals held there . This order stated that the detainees `` have the constitutional privilege of the writ of habeas corpus . '' </P> Regarding U.S. Citizens accused of supporting terrorism , senator Lindsey Graham has stated before the senate , `` When they say , ' I want my lawyer , ' you tell them : ' Shut up . You do n't get a lawyer . You are an enemy combatant , and we are going to talk to you about why you joined Al Qaeda . ' '' <P> -- U.S. Senator Lindsey Graham , 2011 </P> <P> Following the December 1 , 2011 , vote by the United States Senate to reject an NDAA amendment proscribing the indefinite detention of U.S. citizens , the ACLU has argued that the legitimacy of Habeas Corpus is threatened : `` The Senate voted 38 - 60 to reject an important amendment ( that ) would have removed harmful provisions authorizing the U.S. military to pick up and imprison without charge or trial civilians , including American citizens , anywhere in the world ... We 're disappointed that , despite robust opposition to the harmful detention legislation from virtually the entire national security leadership of the government , the Senate said ' no ' to the Udall amendment and ' yes ' to indefinite detention without charge or trial . '' The New York Times has stated that the vote leaves the constitutional rights of U.S. citizens `` ambiguous , '' with some senators including Carl Levin and Lindsey Graham arguing that the Supreme Court had already approved holding Americans as enemy combatants , and other senators , including Dianne Feinstein and Richard Durbin , asserting the opposite . </P> <P> On April 20 , 2015 , a New York Supreme Court justice issued an order to `` show cause & writ of habeas corpus '' in a proceeding on behalf of two chimpanzees used in research at the State University of New York at Stony Brook . The justice , Barbara Jaffe , amended her order later in the day by striking the reference to habeas corpus . </P> <H2> Differences in post-trial actions ( edit ) </H2> <P> Habeas corpus is an action often taken after sentencing by a defendant who seeks relief for some perceived error in his criminal trial . There are a number of such post-trial actions and proceedings , their differences being potentially confusing , thus bearing some explanation . Some of the most common are an appeal to which the defendant has as a right , a writ of certiorari , a writ coram nobis and a writ of habeas corpus . </P> <P> An appeal to which the defendant has a right can not be abridged by the court which is , by designation of its jurisdiction , obligated to hear the appeal . In such an appeal , the appellant feels that some error has been made in his trial , necessitating an appeal . A matter of importance is the basis on which such an appeal might be filed : generally appeals as a matter of right may only address issues which were originally raised in trial ( as evidenced by documentation in the official record ) . Any issue not raised in the original trial may not be considered on appeal and will be considered waived via estoppel . A convenient test for whether a petition is likely to succeed on the grounds of error is confirming that </P> <Ol> <Li> a mistake was indeed made </Li> <Li> an objection to that mistake was presented by counsel and </Li> <Li> that mistake negatively affected the defendant 's trial . </Li> </Ol> <P> A writ of certiorari , otherwise known simply as cert , is an order by a higher court directing a lower court to send record of a case for review , and is the next logical step in post-trial procedure . While states may have similar processes , a writ of cert is usually only issued , in the United States , by the Supreme Court , although some states retain this procedure . Unlike the aforementioned appeal , a writ of cert is not a matter of right . A writ of cert will have to be petitioned for , the higher court issuing such writs on limited bases according to constraints such as time . In another sense , a writ of cert is like an appeal in its constraints ; it too may only seek relief on grounds raised in the original trial . </P> <P> A petition for a writ of error coram nobis or error coram vobis challenges a final judgment in a criminal proceeding . Use of this type of petition varies from jurisdiction to jurisdiction , but is usually limited to situations where it was not possible to raise this issue earlier on direct appeal . These petitions focus on issues outside the original premises of the trial , i.e. , issues that require new evidence or those that could not otherwise be raised by direct appeal or writs of cert . These often fall in two logical categories : ( 1 ) that the trial lawyer was ineffectual or incompetent or ( 2 ) that some constitutional right has been violated . </P> <H2> Federal habeas corpus statistics ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Number of cases ( edit ) </H3> <P> In 2004 , there were about 19,000 non-capital federal habeas corpus petitions filed and there were about 210 capital federal habeas corpus petitions filed in U.S. District Court . The vast majority of these were from state prisoners , not from those held in federal prisons . There are about 60 habeas corpus cases filed in the U.S. Supreme Court 's original jurisdiction each year . The U.S. Courts of Appeal do not have original jurisdiction over habeas corpus petitions . </P> <H3> Types of cases in which petitions are filed ( edit ) </H3> <P> In 1992 , less than 1 % of federal habeas corpus petitions involved death penalty sentences , although 21 % involved life sentences . At that time about 23 % had been convicted of homicide , about 39 % had been convicted of other serious violent crimes , about 27 % had been convicted of serious non-violent crimes , and about 12 % were convicted of other offenses . These are almost exclusively state offenses and thus petitions filed by state prisoners . </P> <P> Exhaustion of state - court remedies often takes five to ten years after a conviction , so only state prisoners facing longer prison sentences are able to avail themselves of federal habeas corpus rights without facing a summary dismissal for failure to exhaust state remedies . The lack of state remedies to exhaust also means that the timeline for federal death penalty habeas review is much shorter than the timeline for state death penalty habeas review ( which can drag on literally for decades ) . </P> <P> In 2004 , the percentage of federal habeas corpus petitions involving state death sentences was still about 1 % of the total . </P> <H3> Success rates ( edit ) </H3> <P> About 63 % of issues raised in habeas corpus petitions by state court prisoners are dismissed on procedural grounds at the U.S. District Court level , and about 35 % of those issues are dismissed based on the allegations in the petition on the merits ( on the merits has a different meaning than what it 's used for here ) . About 2 % are either `` remanded '' to a state court for further proceedings ( which poses an interesting problem of federalism -- the federal court usually issues a writ to the state prison to release the prisoner , but only if the state court does not hold a certain proceeding within a certain time ) , or , far less frequently , resolved favorably to the prisoner on the merits outright . About 57 % of habeas corpus issues dismissed on procedural grounds in 1992 were dismissed for a failure to exhaust state remedies . </P> <P> Success rates are not uniform , however . James Liebman , Professor of Law at Columbia Law School , stated in 1996 that his study found that when habeas corpus petitions in death penalty cases were traced from conviction to completion of the case that there was `` a 40 percent success rate in all capital cases from 1978 to 1995 . '' Similarly , a study by Ronald Tabek in a law review article puts the success rate in habeas corpus cases involving death row inmates even higher , finding that between `` 1976 and 1991 , approximately 47 % of the habeas petitions filed by death row inmates were granted . '' Most habeas corpus petitioners in death penalty cases are represented by attorneys , but most habeas corpus petitioners in non-death penalty cases represent themselves . This is because federal funds are not available to non-capital state habeas petitioners to pay for attorneys unless there is good cause , there being no federal right to counsel in such matters . However , in state capital cases , the federal government provides funding for the representation of all capital habeas petitioners . </P> <P> Thus , about 20 % of successful habeas corpus petitions involve death penalty cases . </P> <P> These success rates predate major revisions in habeas corpus law that restricted the availability of federal habeas corpus relief when AEDPA was adopted in 1996 , over a decade ago . Post-AEDPA , the great disparity in success rates remains , however , with the federal courts ' overturning of state capital cases a major reason that many states have been unable to carry out a majority of capital sentences imposed and have long backlog lists . </P> <H3> Disposition time ( edit ) </H3> <P> The time required to adjudicate habeas corpus petitions varies greatly based upon factors including the number of issues raised , whether the adjudication is on procedural grounds or on the merits , and the nature of the claims raised . </P> <P> In 1992 , U.S. District Courts took an average of two and a half years to adjudicate habeas corpus petitions in death penalty cases raising multiple issues that were resolved on the merits , about half of that time - length for other multiple issue homicide cases , and about nine months in cases resolved on procedural grounds . </P> <P> AEDPA was designed to reduce the disposition times of federal habeas corpus petitions . But AEDPA has a little impact in non-capital cases , where a majority of cases are dismissed on procedural grounds , very few prisoners prevail and most prisoners are not represented by attorneys . The disposition time in capital cases has actually increased 250 % from the time of AEDPA 's passage to 2004 . </P> <H3> Filing rates ( edit ) </H3> <P> In 1991 , the average number of federal habeas corpus petitions filed in the United States was 14 per 1,000 people in state prison , but this ranged greatly from state to state from a low of 4 per 1,000 in Rhode Island to a high of 37 per 1,000 in Missouri . </P> <P> The Anti-Terrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act of 1996 ( AEDPA ) produced a brief surge in the number of habeas corpus filings by state prisoners , as deadlines imposed by the act encouraged prisoners to file sooner than they might have otherwise done so , but this had run its course by 2000 , and by 2004 , habeas corpus petition filing rates per 1,000 prisoners was similar to pre-AEDPA filing rates . </P> <P> There was a temporary surge in habeas corpus petitions filed by federal prisoners in 2005 as a result of the Booker decision by the U.S. Supreme Court . </P> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ Larson , Aaron . `` What is Habeas Corpus '' . ExpertLaw.com . Retrieved 1 May 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ See Erwin Chemerinsky , Federal Jurisdiction , Section 15.2 ( 5th ed. 2007 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ 533 U.S. 289 ( 2001 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ 553 U.S. 723 ( 2008 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` FindLaw - Cases and Codes '' . findlaw.com . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ 28 U.S.C. § 2254 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ 316 U.S. 101 ( 1942 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ 28 U.S.C. § 2241 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` FindLaw - Cases and Codes '' . findlaw.com . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Teaching American History in Maryland -- Documents for the Classroom : Arrest of the Maryland Legislature , 1861 '' . Maryland State Archives . 2005 . Archived from the original on January 11 , 2008 . Retrieved February 6 , 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Goodwin , Doris Kearns Team of Rivals : The Political Genius of Abraham Lincoln ( 2005 ) ISBN 0 - 684 - 82490 - 6 p. 354 - 355 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Neely , p. 7 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ George Clarke Sellery , Lincoln 's suspension of habeas corpus as viewed by Congress ( Ph. D. Dissertation , University of Wisconsin -- Madison , 1907 ) , 11 -- 26 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` A time liberties were n't priority '' . tribunedigital - baltimoresun . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ 17 F. Cas. 144 ( C.C.D. Md. 1861 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Goodwin , p. 355 </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Howard , F.K. ( Frank Key ) ( 1863 ) . Fourteen Months in American Bastiles . London : H.F. Mackintosh . Retrieved 18 August 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Congressional Globe , Thirty - Seventh Congress , First Session ( 1861 ) , pp. 40 -- 50 , 64 -- 71 , 127 , 137 -- 44 , 177 , 180 , 208 , 217 , 220 , 234 -- 35 , 288 -- 97 , 332 -- 36 , 391 -- 95 , 451 -- 54 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Congressional Globe , Thirty - Seventh Congress , First Session ( 1861 ) , pp. 336 -- 43 , 364 , 372 -- 82 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ William C. Harris , Lincoln and the Border States : Preserving the Union ( University Press of Kansas , 2011 ) p 71 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Amnesty to Political or State Prisoners </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Proclamation 94 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Congressional Globe , Thirty - Seventh Congress , Third Session ( 1862 -- 63 ) , pp. 14 , 20 -- 22 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Congressional Globe , Thirty - Seventh Congress , Third Session ( 1862 -- 63 ) , pp. 529 -- 54 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Congressional Globe , Thirty - Seventh Congress , Third Session ( 1862 -- 63 ) , pp. 1354 -- 58 , 1435 -- 38 , 1459 -- 79 , 1489 -- 94 , 1532 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Pub . L. 37 - 81 , 12 Stat. 755 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Proclamation 104 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Proclamation 148 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Ex parte Vallandigham , 68 U.S. ( 1 Wall . ) 243 ( 1864 ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ 71 U.S. 2 ( 1866 ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Heidler , D.S. , Heidler , J.T. , Coles , D.J. , Encyclopedia of the American Civil War : a political , social and military history ( 2000 ) ISBN 0 - 393 - 04758 - X p. 441 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Proclamation 201 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Fisher v. Baker , 203 U.S. 174 , 179 -- 81 ( U.S. Supreme Court 1906 ) ... </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Habeas Corpus Suspension '' . onecl . , n1784 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ 317 U.S. 1 ( 1942 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ 327 U.S. 304 ( 1946 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ 339 U.S. 763 ( 1950 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ 542 U.S. 507 ( 2004 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ 548 U.S. 557 ( 2006 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Bill Text - 109th Congress ( 2005 - 2006 ) - THOMAS ( Library of Congress ) '' . loc.gov . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Klein , Rick ( 29 September 2006 ) . `` Senate 's passage of detainee bill gives Bush a win : Democrats say GOP capitulate '' . Boston Globe . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Bill Summary & Status - 109th Congress ( 2005 - 2006 ) - S. AMDT. 5087 - THOMAS ( Library of Congress ) '' . loc.gov . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/07pdf/06-1195.pdf </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ San Francisco Chronicle , Gonzales says the Constitution does n't guarantee habeas corpus , January 24 , 2007 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Gonzales Questions Habeas Corpus '' . baltimorechronicle.com . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Object not found ! '' ( PDF ) . uscourts.gov . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Al Odah v. United States , 476 F. 3d 981 ( D.C. Cir. 2007 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Greenhouse , Linda ( 2008 - 06 - 13 ) . `` Justices , 5 - 4 , Back Detainee Appeals for Guantánamo '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2008 - 06 - 19 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Panel OKs Bill For Guantanamo Detainees '' . CBS News . 2007 - 06 - 07 . Archived from the original on 2007 - 06 - 14 . Retrieved 2008 - 06 - 30 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Al - Marri and the power to imprison U.S. citizens without charges '' . Salon.com. 2008 - 07 - 16 . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 16 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` U.S. judge orders Chinese Muslims at Guantanamo freed '' . Reuters . October 8 , 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2009 - 01 - 30 . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 27 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Savage , Charlie ( 1 December 2001 ) . `` Senate Declines to Clarify Rights of American Qaeda Suspects Arrested in U.S. '' The New York Times . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Khaki , Ategah ( 29 November 2011 ) . `` Senate Rejects Amendment Banning Indefinite Detention '' . ACLU Blog of Rights . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Savage , Charlie ( 1 December 2011 ) . `` Senate Declines to Clarify Rights of American Qaeda Suspects Arrested in U.S. '' The New York Times . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Apes are people too ? NY judge grants human rights to chimpanzees '' . rt.com. 2015 - 04 - 21 . Retrieved 2015 - 04 - 22 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Grimm , David ( 2015 - 04 - 20 ) . `` Updated : Judge 's ruling grants legal right to research chimps '' . Retrieved 2015 - 04 - 22 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Smith , Kyle ( 29 December 2015 ) . `` Habeas Corpus Petitions in California State Court '' . Retrieved 13 March 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Habeas Corpus Studies '' . 1 April 1996 -- via NYTimes.com . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Readings - The New Speed - Up In Habeas Corpus Appeals - The Execution - FRONTLINE - PBS '' . pbs.org . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Page Not Found '' . uscourts.gov . Archived from the original on 2007 - 07 - 05 . </Li> </Ol> <Ul> <Li> Federal Habeas Corpus Review ( United States Department of Justice 1995 ) </Li> <Li> Federal Habeas Corpus Relief ( Congressional Research Service 2006 ) </Li> </Ul> <H2> Further reading ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Wert Justin J. Habeas Corpus in America : The Politics of Individual Rights ( University Press of Kansas ; 2011 ) 296 pages ; how presidents , Congress , interest groups , legal scholars , and others have shaped it . </Li> </Ul> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <P> Media related to Habeas corpus in the United States at Wikimedia Commons </P> <Ul> <Li> Petition for Habeas Corpus April 16 , 1843 From Texas Tides </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Criminal procedure ( investigation ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Criminal investigation </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Arrest warrant </Li> <Li> Search warrant </Li> <Li> Probable cause </Li> <Li> Knock - and - announce </Li> <Li> Exigent circumstance </Li> <Li> Reasonable suspicion </Li> <Li> Search and seizure </Li> <Li> Search of persons </Li> <Li> Arrest </Li> <Li> Detention </Li> <Li> Right to silence </Li> <Li> Miranda warning </Li> <Li> Arguido </Li> <Li> Suspect </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Criminal prosecution </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Statute of limitations </Li> <Li> Nolle prosequi </Li> <Li> Bill of attainder </Li> <Li> Precognition </Li> <Li> Grand jury </Li> <Li> Indictment </Li> <Li> Ex post facto law </Li> <Li> Criminal jurisdiction </Li> <Li> Deferred prosecution agreement </Li> <Li> Extradition </Li> <Li> Habeas corpus </Li> <Li> Bail </Li> <Li> Inquisitorial system </Li> <Li> Adversarial system </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Charges and pleas </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Alford plea </Li> <Li> Arraignment </Li> <Li> Information </Li> <Li> Indictment </Li> <Li> Plea </Li> <Li> Peremptory plea </Li> <Li> Nolo contendere </Li> <Li> Plea bargain </Li> <Li> Presentence investigation </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Related areas </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Criminal defenses </Li> <Li> Criminal law </Li> <Li> Evidence </Li> <Li> Legal abuse </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Criminal justice portal </Li> <Li> Law portal </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Wiktionary </Li> <Li> Wikibooks </Li> <Li> Wikiquote </Li> <Li> WikiSource </Li> <Li> Wikimedia Commons </Li> <Li> Wikinews </Li> <Li> Wikiversity </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Habeas_corpus_in_the_United_States&oldid=834116611 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> United States habeas corpus law </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Wikipedia articles needing clarification from September 2009 </Li> <Li> Articles to be expanded from July 2011 </Li> <Li> All articles to be expanded </Li> <Li> Articles using small message boxes </Li> <Li> All articles with unsourced statements </Li> <Li> Articles with unsourced statements from September 2007 </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> Wikimedia Commons </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> Add links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 4 April 2018 , at 01 : 05 . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . 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No Exit ( the Vampire Diaries ) - wikipedia <H1> No Exit ( the Vampire Diaries ) </H1> Jump to : navigation , search This article is about an episode of TV series The Vampire Diaries . For other uses , see No Exit . <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> `` No Exit '' </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> The Vampire Diaries episode </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Episode no . </Th> <Td> Season 5 Episode 14 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Directed by </Th> <Td> Michael Allowitz </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Written by </Th> <Td> Brian Young </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Production code </Th> <Td> 2J7514 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Original air date </Th> <Td> February 27 , 2014 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Guest appearance ( s ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Olga Fonda ( Nadia ) </Li> <Li> Michael Malarkey ( Enzo ) </Li> <Li> Rick Cosnett ( Wes Maxfield ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Episode chronology </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Td> ← Previous `` Total Eclipse of the Heart '' </Td> <Td> Next → `` Gone Girl '' </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> The Vampire Diaries ( season 18 ) List of The Vampire Diaries episodes </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> `` No Exit '' is the 14th episode of the fifth season of the American series The Vampire Diaries and the series ' 103rd episode overall . `` No Exit '' was originally aired on February 27 , 2014 , on The CW . The episode was written by Brian Young and directed by Michael Allowitz . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Plot </Li> <Li> 2 Feature music </Li> <Li> 3 Reception <Ul> <Li> 3.1 Ratings </Li> <Li> 3.2 Reviews </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 Notes </Li> <Li> 5 References </Li> <Li> 6 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Plot ( edit ) </H2> <P> Enzo ( Michael Malarkey ) and Damon ( Ian Somerhalder ) turn people on vampires so that Damon can feed on since now , after Wes ' ( Rick Cosnett ) injection , he craves on vampire blood and not human . The two of them try to leave the last victim 's house when Wes appears with travelers who spell the house so vampires will not be able to get out . Wes informs them that he wants to make one last test ; how long can Damon last before he attacks his friend to feed on . </P> <P> Katherine ( Nina Dobrev ) , still pretending to be Elena , tries to get closer to Stefan ( Paul Wesley ) so they can be back together . When Caroline ( Candice Accola ) arrives and tells them about Damon , Stefan wants to find him and Katherine offers to go with him . Caroline warns him that it is weird for him to be so close to `` Elena '' after everything that happened but he reassures her that they are just friends . Before Stefan and Katherine go , Caroline gets a phone call from Tyler ( Michael Trevino ) who tells her that he worries about Matt ( Zach Roerig ) , who is vanished for two days , and that Nadia ( Olga Fonda ) was compelling him . Katherine hears Caroline 's conversation with Tyler and she calls Nadia to ask if everything is fine . When Nadia tells her that Matt found out that she is not Elena , Katherine asks her to kill him . Caroline leaves to go to Tyler 's while Katherine and Stefan leave to find Damon . </P> <P> Caroline gets to Tyler 's and they try to find out why Nadia would compel Matt and what does she want from him . The two of them feel awkward because of what happened between Caroline and Klaus ( Joseph Morgan ) . At the same time , Matt tries to convince Nadia that she does not have to kill him and all he has to do is to convince his friends that he is fine . Matt returns home with Nadia and acts like everything is fine . He tells Tyler and Caroline that Nadia is not compelling him and that they just have fun together but Caroline is not really supportive of that . They both depart , leaving Matt and Nadia alone . </P> <P> Katherine and Stefan are on the road in search of Damon and Katherine tries to seduce Stefan . She breaks the car so they can stay at a hotel she had seen till the car is ready . While being there , Enzo calls Stefan to inform him about the situation he and Damon are but Katherine answers who asks him to text her the address . Stefan goes to get the car and Katherine calls Nadia to tell her that she plans to lead Stefan on killing Damon to save her . Stefan gets back and before they leave the hotel , Katherine gets closer to him and kisses him . He kisses her back but he stops because `` Elena '' has just broken up with Damon and it is not right . </P> <P> Enzo chains Damon on a chair in an attempt to prevent him of attacking him . Wes shoots Enzo to make him bleed , so Damon will not be able to resist . Damon breaks the chains and attacks Enzo who tries to tell him to stop . Damon chokes at Enzo 's blood and Wes appears to tell him that it is because he had travelers to spell on it . He offers Enzo to go with him so he will not be killed by Damon since the spell will not last forever . Enzo does not want to go but Damon convinces him to do it because if he stays he will kill him . Enzo leaves with Wes and Damon stays alone , trapped in the house . </P> <P> Nadia checks that finally vervain is out of Matt 's system so she can compel him again but before she makes him forget , Matt tries to warn Caroline about Katherine taking over Elena 's body . He kisses Nadia who kisses him back and while they are kissing , he tries to text Caroline . He manages to write `` Help K '' and send it to Caroline before Nadia sees him and stops him . She is hurt by his behavior and trying to fool her , so she compels him and starts to exit the house . Caroline , who got the text , meets Nadia at the door and asks her what is she planning and they start fighting . Tyler gets there in time to stop Nadia from killing Caroline and he fights Nadia who runs away . </P> <P> Katherine and Stefan arrive at the house where Damon is but Damon warns them to not get into the house because they will not be able to get out and he will attack them . They tell him that they do not afraid of him and they both enter the house . Katherine , to help Damon fight his urge , cuts her hand with a class and provokes him with her blood telling him that he can fight it . Damon starts feeding on her , Stefan tells him to stop and Katherine kicks a stake towards Stefan telling him that Damon is going to kill her . Stefan , instead of taking the stake , he takes a piece of class and cuts himself to distract Damon . Damon leaves Katherine and Stefan snaps his head . </P> <P> Katherine and Stefan bring Damon back to Mystic Falls and Katherine arranges immediately to meet Nadia . Katherine is happy because , despite that her plan to kill Damon did not work , she had a moment with Stefan . She stops smiling when Nadia tells her that she was bitten by Tyler Lockwood . </P> <P> Damon wakes up chained on the Salvatore house 's basement . Stefan is there and Damon tries to warn him that because of his cravings , one day he will kill him but Stefan tells him that they will find a solution . Damon points to Stefan that `` Elena '' provoked him to feed on her and then she kicked a stake towards him so he will kill him . Stefan does not believe that Elena would want that , he locks Damon up and gets upstairs where Caroline is . The two of them discuss what happened between Stefan and `` Elena '' and Caroline also tells him about Nadia and Matt and the text he sent to her . From Matt 's text , who used `` K '' and not `` E '' , they put the pieces together and they realize that Katherine is in Elena 's body . </P> <H2> Feature Music ( edit ) </H2> <P> In the `` No Exit '' episode we can hear the songs : </P> <Ul> <Li> `` Radioactive '' by Imagine Dragons </Li> <Li> `` You Belong Here '' by Leagues </Li> <Li> `` Fleur Blanche '' by Örsten </Li> <Li> `` Poisonous Spider '' by Company </Li> </Ul> <H2> Reception ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Ratings ( edit ) </H3> <P> In its original American broadcast , `` No Exit '' was watched by 2.03 million ; down by 0.13 from the previous episode . </P> <H3> Reviews ( edit ) </H3> <P> `` No Exit '' received mixed to negative reviews with many hoping that now that Katherine 's secret was revealed , the show will `` kick in '' . </P> <P> Carrie Raisler from The A.V. Club gave a B rate to the episode saying that it was a filler episode : `` this path to realization ( finding out that Katherine is in Elena 's body ) basically creates a filler episode , a way to move the story to the place it needs to be for the inevitable big confrontation in the future ( ... ) Katherine taking over Elena 's life was an incredibly inspired storyline , and watching it unfold has been delightful , but sooner or later , someone had to figure out what was going on . To spend an episode almost solely focused on making that happen is a good thing . '' </P> <P> Alyse Wax of Fearnet writes : `` I miss the bad - assery this show used to have . Julie Plec took it all with her and stuffed it into The Originals . ( ... ) All of the awesome , violent , supernatural drama has been replaced with standard who 's - sleeping - with - who nonsense , ever since the original vampires got their own show . I guess Klaus really took the bad - assery with him . Well , now everyone knows that `` Elena '' is really Katherine , so hopefully the crazy shit will kick in . '' </P> <P> Caroline Preece from Den of Geek gave a negative review saying that season five of the show has been the worst by far . `` ( The show ) stopped being a fast - paced , well - written vampire show and became a long - running soap that happened to have mythical creatures in it . That 's not what any of us signed up for but , with the Katherine storyline presumably on its way out now that Stefan and Caroline have figured out the deceit and Nadia has a dreaded werewolf bite to contend with , maybe the next half - arsed arc will be better ? Let 's hope so because , since we all know how fantastically entertaining this show can be at its best , there is always a glimmer of hope that it can return to form . '' </P> <P> Stephanie Hall from K Site TV said that overall the episode left her a feeling that this was an off week of the show . `` '' No Exit '' was an uncharacteristically odd episode of The Vampire Diaries that primarily served to stall the impending solutions of this run of episodes ' two most pressing issues : Katherine and Damon . While it did bring our heroes a step closer to solving both of these problems , the ways in which it did so were not delivered with as much metaphoric bang as could be hoped . '' </P> <P> Matt Richenthal of TV Fanatic rated the episode with only 1.3 / 5 saying that it was one boring hour of television and that the writers recycles scenes and stories from previous episodes / seasons . `` We knew from the moment Katherine inhabited Elena 's body that she would eventually be found out . What other alternative possibly existed ? So we 've been waiting and waiting and waiting for that moment for weeks and that 's exactly what tonight 's episode felt like . '' </P> <H2> Notes ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> The episode was dedicated to Sarah Jones , who lost her life on February 20 , 2014 on a train accident while being on set . </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ Bell , Crystal ( February 27 , 2014 ) . `` The Vampire Diaries Music : Songs From Season 5 , Episode 14 -- `` No Exit '' `` . Wet Paint . Retrieved March 3 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( February 28 , 2014 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory ' , ' Scandal ' , ' Grey 's Anatomy ' , ' American Idol ' & ' Parks & Recreation ' Adjusted Up ; ' The Millers ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 28 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Raisler , Carrie ( February 27 , 2014 ) . `` The Vampire Diaries : `` No Exit '' `` . The A.V. Club . Retrieved March 3 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Wax , Alyse ( February 28 , 2014 ) . `` TV Recap : ' The Vampire Diaries ' Episode 514 - ' No Exit ' '' . Fearnet . Retrieved March 3 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Preece , Caroline ( March 3 , 2014 ) . `` The Vampire Diaries season 5 episode 14 review : No Exit '' . Den of Geek . Retrieved March 3 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Hall , Stephanie ( March 4 , 2014 ) . `` The Vampire Diaries # 5.14 `` No Exit '' Recap & Review `` . K Site TV . Retrieved March 6 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Richenthal , Matt ( February 28 , 2014 ) . `` The Vampire Diaries Review : Starving for Suspense '' . TV Fanatic . Retrieved March 3 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Somerhalder , Ian ( February 27 , 2014 ) . `` Tonights episode of the Vampire Diaries is dedicated in loving memory of our Cosmic Sister Sarah Jones whom we lost last week - pls watch2nite '' . Twitter . Retrieved March 3 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Koplowitz , Howard ( February 21 , 2014 ) . `` ' Vampire Diaries ' Crew Member , Sarah Jones , Dies In ' Midnight Rider ' Train Accident '' . IBTimes . Retrieved March 3 , 2014 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> List of The Vampire Diaries episodes on IMDb </Li> <Li> Afterbuzz 's discussion about `` No Exit '' on YouTube </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> The Vampire Diaries </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Episodes </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Season 1 </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` Pilot '' </Li> <Li> `` The Night of the Comet '' </Li> <Li> `` Friday Night Bites '' </Li> <Li> `` Family Ties '' </Li> <Li> `` You 're Undead to Me '' </Li> <Li> `` Lost Girls '' </Li> <Li> `` Haunted '' </Li> <Li> `` 162 Candles '' </Li> <Li> `` History Repeating '' </Li> <Li> `` The Turning Point '' </Li> <Li> `` Bloodlines '' </Li> <Li> `` Unpleasantville '' </Li> <Li> `` Children of the Damned '' </Li> <Li> `` Fool Me Once '' </Li> <Li> `` A Few Good Men '' </Li> <Li> `` There Goes the Neighborhood '' </Li> <Li> `` Let the Right One In '' </Li> <Li> `` Under Control '' </Li> <Li> `` Miss Mystic Falls '' </Li> <Li> `` Blood Brothers '' </Li> <Li> `` Isobel '' </Li> <Li> `` Founder 's Day '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Season 2 </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` The Return '' </Li> <Li> `` Brave New World '' </Li> <Li> `` Bad Moon Rising '' </Li> <Li> `` Memory Lane '' </Li> <Li> `` Kill or Be Killed '' </Li> <Li> `` Plan B '' </Li> <Li> `` Masquerade '' </Li> <Li> `` Rose '' </Li> <Li> `` Katerina '' </Li> <Li> `` The Sacrifice '' </Li> <Li> `` By the Light of the Moon '' </Li> <Li> `` The Descent '' </Li> <Li> `` Daddy Issues '' </Li> <Li> `` Crying Wolf '' </Li> <Li> `` The Dinner Party '' </Li> <Li> `` The House Guest '' </Li> <Li> `` Know Thy Enemy '' </Li> <Li> `` The Last Dance '' </Li> <Li> `` Klaus '' </Li> <Li> `` The Last Day '' </Li> <Li> `` The Sun Also Rises '' </Li> <Li> `` As I Lay Dying '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Season 3 </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` The Birthday '' </Li> <Li> `` The Hybrid '' </Li> <Li> `` The End of the Affair '' </Li> <Li> `` Disturbing Behavior '' </Li> <Li> `` The Reckoning '' </Li> <Li> `` Smells Like Teen Spirit '' </Li> <Li> `` Ghost World '' </Li> <Li> `` Ordinary People '' </Li> <Li> `` Homecoming '' </Li> <Li> `` The New Deal '' </Li> <Li> `` Our Town '' </Li> <Li> `` The Ties That Bind '' </Li> <Li> `` Bringing Out the Dead '' </Li> <Li> `` Dangerous Liaisons '' </Li> <Li> `` All My Children '' </Li> <Li> `` The Departed '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Season 4 </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` Growing Pains '' </Li> <Li> `` Memorial '' </Li> <Li> `` The Rager '' </Li> <Li> `` The Five '' </Li> <Li> `` The Killer '' </Li> <Li> `` We All Go a Little Mad Sometimes '' </Li> <Li> `` My Brother 's Keeper '' </Li> <Li> `` We 'll Always Have Bourbon Street '' </Li> <Li> `` O Come , All Ye Faithful '' </Li> <Li> `` After School Special '' </Li> <Li> `` Catch Me If You Can '' </Li> <Li> `` A View to a Kill '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Season 5 </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` I Know What You Did Last Summer '' </Li> <Li> `` True Lies '' </Li> <Li> `` Original Sin '' </Li> <Li> `` For Whom the Bell Tolls '' </Li> <Li> `` Monster 's Ball '' </Li> <Li> `` Handle with Care '' </Li> <Li> `` Death and the Maiden '' </Li> <Li> `` Dead Man on Campus '' </Li> <Li> `` The Cell '' </Li> <Li> `` Fifty Shades of Grayson '' </Li> <Li> `` 500 Years of Solitude '' </Li> <Li> `` The Devil Inside '' </Li> <Li> `` Total Eclipse of the Heart '' </Li> <Li> `` No Exit '' </Li> <Li> `` Gone Girl '' </Li> <Li> `` While You Were Sleeping '' </Li> <Li> `` Rescue Me '' </Li> <Li> `` Resident Evil '' </Li> <Li> `` Man on Fire '' </Li> <Li> `` What Lies Beneath '' </Li> <Li> `` Promised Land '' </Li> <Li> `` Home '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Season 6 </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` I 'll Remember '' </Li> <Li> `` Yellow Ledbetter '' </Li> <Li> `` Welcome to Paradise '' </Li> <Li> `` Black Hole Sun '' </Li> <Li> `` The World Has Turned and Left Me Here '' </Li> <Li> `` The More You Ignore Me , the Closer I Get '' </Li> <Li> `` Do You Remember the First Time ? '' </Li> <Li> `` Fade Into You '' </Li> <Li> `` I Alone '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Season 7 </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` Gods and Monsters '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Season 8 </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` I Was Feeling Epic '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Characters </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Elena Gilbert </Li> <Li> Katherine Pierce </Li> <Li> Stefan Salvatore </Li> <Li> Damon Salvatore </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Related </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Awards and nominations </Li> <Li> Novel series </Li> <Li> L.J. Smith </Li> <Li> Original Vampires </Li> <Li> The Originals <Ul> <Li> episodes <Ul> <Li> season 1 </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> characters </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=No_Exit_(The_Vampire_Diaries)&oldid=792625837 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> 2014 American television episodes </Li> <Li> The Vampire Diaries ( season 5 ) episodes </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> Add links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 27 July 2017 , at 16 : 56 . </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> | [
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John Deere Classic - wikipedia <H1> John Deere Classic </H1> <Table> John Deere Classic <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Tournament information </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Location </Th> <Td> Silvis , Illinois , U.S. </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Established </Th> <Td> 1971 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Course ( s ) </Th> <Td> TPC Deere Run </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Par </Th> <Td> 71 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Length </Th> <Td> 7,257 yards ( 6,636 m ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Tour ( s ) </Th> <Td> PGA Tour </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Format </Th> <Td> Stroke play </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Prize fund </Th> <Td> $ 5.8 million </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Month played </Th> <Td> July </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Tournament record score </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Aggregate </Th> <Td> 257 Michael Kim ( 2018 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> To par </Th> <Td> − 27 as above </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Current champion </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Michael Kim </Td> </Tr> </Table> TPC Deere Run Location in the United States TPC Deere Run Location in Illinois <P> The John Deere Classic is a professional golf tournament on the PGA Tour . It is played annually in July , the week before the British Open , at TPC Deere Run in the Quad Cities community of Silvis , Illinois . </P> <P> The tournament began as the Quad Cities Open in 1971 and was a `` satellite event '' on the PGA Tour . It became an official tour event in 1972 . Ed McMahon served as tournament host from 1975 to 1979 . Title sponsors have included Miller Brewing Company ( 1982 -- 85 ) , Hardee 's ( 1986 -- 94 ) and John Deere ( since 1999 ) . </P> <P> From the event 's inception in 1971 through 1974 , it was played at Crow Valley Country Club in Davenport , Iowa . It then moved to Oakwood Country Club in Coal Valley , Illinois from 1975 to 1999 . Beginning in 2000 , the event has been at the TPC at Deere Run in Silvis . </P> <P> In 2005 and 2006 , the tournament generated more media coverage because of the sponsor 's exemptions given to teenager Michelle Wie . In 2005 , the tournament 's storyline also revolved around Sean O'Hair , whose win qualified him to play in The Open the following week and was a significant part of his PGA Tour Rookie of the Year season . The 2013 edition saw Jordan Spieth , two weeks shy of his 20th birthday , become the first teenager to win on the PGA Tour since 1931 . </P> <P> In order to help attract players who will compete in the following week 's British Open , since 2008 the John Deere Classic has sponsored a charter flight that leaves the Quad Cities on Sunday night and arrives in Britain the next morning . </P> <P> Since the introduction of the Open Qualifying Series , the John Deere Classic is a final chance for a player not already exempt to earn entry into The Open if he finished in the top five . </P> <H2> Contents </H2> <Ul> <Li> 1 Sponsor 's exemptions for Michelle Wie </Li> <Li> 2 Winners </Li> <Li> 3 Multiple winners </Li> <Li> 4 References </Li> <Li> 5 External links </Li> </Ul> <H2> Sponsor 's exemptions for Michelle Wie ( edit ) </H2> <P> Michelle Wie first received a sponsor 's exemption to play in the John Deere Classic in 2005 , part of her effort to make the cut in a men 's professional golf event . The tournament attracted thousands of visitors as fans flocked to see the 15 - year - old Wie play . She posted a 70 ( − 1 ) in the first round and was four - under for the tournament after 32 holes , but then had a double bogey and bogey on successive holes . Wie finished with two pars to shoot 141 ( − 1 ) and missed the cut by two strokes . </P> <P> Wie received a sponsor 's exemption again in 2006 ; it was her first men 's event with a cut since making the cut in a men 's tournament for the first time earlier that year in Korea . She finished the first round at 77 ( + 6 ) , well behind the projected cut line of − 2 . In the moderate afternoon heat ( 88 ° F ( 31 ° C ) ) of the second day , she fell two strokes further behind after a double bogey at the 9th hole and withdrew from the tournament , citing heat exhaustion . After receiving treatment at the course medical trailer , Wie departed in an ambulance , as required by state law . </P> <H2> Winners ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Year </Th> <Th> Player </Th> <Th> Country </Th> <Th> Score </Th> <Th> To par </Th> <Th> Margin of victory </Th> <Th> Runner ( s ) - up </Th> <Th> Winner 's share ( $ ) </Th> <Th> Purse ( $ ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="9"> John Deere Classic </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2018 </Td> <Td> Michael Kim </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> 257 </Td> <Td> − 27 </Td> <Td> 8 strokes </Td> <Td> Bronson Burgoon Joel Dahmen Francesco Molinari Sam Ryder </Td> <Td> 1,044,000 </Td> <Td> 5,800,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2017 </Td> <Td> Bryson DeChambeau </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> 266 </Td> <Td> − 18 </Td> <Td> 1 stroke </Td> <Td> Patrick Rodgers </Td> <Td> 1,008,000 </Td> <Td> 5,600,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2016 </Td> <Td> Ryan Moore </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> 262 </Td> <Td> − 22 </Td> <Td> 2 strokes </Td> <Td> Ben Martin </Td> <Td> 864,000 </Td> <Td> 4,800,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2015 </Td> <Td> Jordan Spieth ( 2 ) </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> 264 </Td> <Td> − 20 </Td> <Td> Playoff </Td> <Td> Tom Gillis </Td> <Td> 846,000 </Td> <Td> 4,700,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2014 </Td> <Td> Brian Harman </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> 262 </Td> <Td> − 22 </Td> <Td> 1 stroke </Td> <Td> Zach Johnson </Td> <Td> 846,000 </Td> <Td> 4,700,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2013 </Td> <Td> Jordan Spieth </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> 265 </Td> <Td> − 19 </Td> <Td> Playoff </Td> <Td> David Hearn Zach Johnson </Td> <Td> 828,000 </Td> <Td> 4,600,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2012 </Td> <Td> Zach Johnson </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> 264 </Td> <Td> − 20 </Td> <Td> Playoff </Td> <Td> Troy Matteson </Td> <Td> 828,000 </Td> <Td> 4,600,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2011 </Td> <Td> Steve Stricker ( 3 ) </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> 262 </Td> <Td> − 22 </Td> <Td> 1 stroke </Td> <Td> Kyle Stanley </Td> <Td> 810,000 </Td> <Td> 4,500,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Steve Stricker ( 2 ) </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> 258 </Td> <Td> − 26 </Td> <Td> 2 strokes </Td> <Td> Paul Goydos </Td> <Td> 792,000 </Td> <Td> 4,400,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2009 </Td> <Td> Steve Stricker </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> 264 </Td> <Td> − 20 </Td> <Td> 3 strokes </Td> <Td> Zach Johnson Brett Quigley Brandt Snedeker </Td> <Td> 774,000 </Td> <Td> 4,300,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2008 </Td> <Td> Kenny Perry </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> 268 </Td> <Td> − 16 </Td> <Td> Playoff </Td> <Td> Brad Adamonis Jay Williamson </Td> <Td> 756,000 </Td> <Td> 4,200,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2007 </Td> <Td> Jonathan Byrd </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> 266 </Td> <Td> − 18 </Td> <Td> 1 stroke </Td> <Td> Tim Clark </Td> <Td> 738,000 </Td> <Td> 4,100,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2006 </Td> <Td> John Senden </Td> <Td> Australia </Td> <Td> 265 </Td> <Td> − 19 </Td> <Td> 1 stroke </Td> <Td> J.P. Hayes </Td> <Td> 720,000 </Td> <Td> 4,000,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2005 </Td> <Td> Sean O'Hair </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> 268 </Td> <Td> − 16 </Td> <Td> 1 stroke </Td> <Td> Robert Damron Hank Kuehne </Td> <Td> 720,000 </Td> <Td> 4,000,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Mark Hensby </Td> <Td> Australia </Td> <Td> 268 </Td> <Td> − 16 </Td> <Td> Playoff </Td> <Td> John E. Morgan </Td> <Td> 684,000 </Td> <Td> 3,800,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2003 </Td> <Td> Vijay Singh </Td> <Td> Fiji </Td> <Td> 268 </Td> <Td> − 16 </Td> <Td> 4 strokes </Td> <Td> Jonathan Byrd J.L. Lewis Chris Riley </Td> <Td> 630,000 </Td> <Td> 3,500,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2002 </Td> <Td> J.P. Hayes </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> 262 </Td> <Td> − 22 </Td> <Td> 4 strokes </Td> <Td> Robert Gamez </Td> <Td> 540,000 </Td> <Td> 3,000,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> David Gossett </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> 265 </Td> <Td> − 19 </Td> <Td> 1 stroke </Td> <Td> Briny Baird </Td> <Td> 504,000 </Td> <Td> 2,800,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2000 </Td> <Td> Michael Clark II </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> 265 </Td> <Td> − 19 </Td> <Td> Playoff </Td> <Td> Kirk Triplett </Td> <Td> 468,000 </Td> <Td> 2,600,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1999 </Td> <Td> J.L. Lewis </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> 261 </Td> <Td> − 19 </Td> <Td> Playoff </Td> <Td> Mike Brisky </Td> <Td> 360,000 </Td> <Td> 2,000,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="9"> Quad City Classic </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1998 </Td> <Td> Steve Jones </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> 263 </Td> <Td> − 17 </Td> <Td> 1 stroke </Td> <Td> Scott Gump </Td> <Td> 279,000 </Td> <Td> 1,550,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> David Toms </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> 265 </Td> <Td> − 15 </Td> <Td> 3 strokes </Td> <Td> Brandel Chamblee Robert Gamez Jimmy Johnston </Td> <Td> 243,000 </Td> <Td> 1,350,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Ed Fiori </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> 268 </Td> <Td> − 12 </Td> <Td> 2 strokes </Td> <Td> Andrew Magee </Td> <Td> 216,000 </Td> <Td> 1,200,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1995 </Td> <Td> D.A. Weibring ( 3 ) </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> 197 ^ </Td> <Td> − 13 </Td> <Td> 1 stroke </Td> <Td> Jonathan Kaye </Td> <Td> 180,000 </Td> <Td> 1,000,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="9"> Hardee 's Golf Classic </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Mark McCumber </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> 265 </Td> <Td> − 15 </Td> <Td> 1 stroke </Td> <Td> Kenny Perry </Td> <Td> 180,000 </Td> <Td> 1,000,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> David Frost ( 2 ) </Td> <Td> South Africa </Td> <Td> 259 </Td> <Td> − 21 </Td> <Td> 7 strokes </Td> <Td> Payne Stewart D.A. Weibring </Td> <Td> 180,000 </Td> <Td> 1,000,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> David Frost </Td> <Td> South Africa </Td> <Td> 266 </Td> <Td> − 14 </Td> <Td> 3 strokes </Td> <Td> Tom Lehman Loren Roberts </Td> <Td> 180,000 </Td> <Td> 1,000,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1991 </Td> <Td> D.A. Weibring ( 2 ) </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> 267 </Td> <Td> − 13 </Td> <Td> 1 stroke </Td> <Td> Paul Azinger Peter Jacobsen </Td> <Td> 180,000 </Td> <Td> 1,000,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Joey Sindelar </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> 268 </Td> <Td> − 12 </Td> <Td> Playoff </Td> <Td> Willie Wood </Td> <Td> 180,000 </Td> <Td> 1,000,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Curt Byrum </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> 268 </Td> <Td> − 12 </Td> <Td> 1 stroke </Td> <Td> Bill Britton Brian Tennyson </Td> <Td> 126,000 </Td> <Td> 700,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Blaine McCallister </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> 261 </Td> <Td> − 19 </Td> <Td> 3 strokes </Td> <Td> Dan Forsman </Td> <Td> 108,000 </Td> <Td> 600,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Kenny Knox </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> 265 </Td> <Td> − 15 </Td> <Td> 1 stroke </Td> <Td> Gil Morgan </Td> <Td> 90,000 </Td> <Td> 500,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1986 </Td> <Td> Mark Wiebe </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> 268 </Td> <Td> − 12 </Td> <Td> 1 stroke </Td> <Td> Curt Byrum </Td> <Td> 72,000 </Td> <Td> 400,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="9"> Lite Quad Cities Open </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1985 </Td> <Td> Dan Forsman </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> 267 </Td> <Td> − 13 </Td> <Td> 1 stroke </Td> <Td> Bob Tway </Td> <Td> 54,000 </Td> <Td> 300,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="9"> Miller High Life QCO </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1984 </Td> <Td> Scott Hoch ( 2 ) </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> 266 </Td> <Td> − 14 </Td> <Td> 5 strokes </Td> <Td> George Archer Vance Heafner Dave Stockton </Td> <Td> 36,000 </Td> <Td> 200,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Danny Edwards </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> 266 </Td> <Td> − 14 </Td> <Td> Playoff </Td> <Td> Morris Hatalsky </Td> <Td> 36,000 </Td> <Td> 200,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1982 </Td> <Td> Payne Stewart </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> 268 </Td> <Td> − 12 </Td> <Td> 2 strokes </Td> <Td> Brad Bryant Pat McGowan </Td> <Td> 36,000 </Td> <Td> 200,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="9"> Quad Cities Open </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1981 </Td> <Td> Dave Barr </Td> <Td> Canada </Td> <Td> 270 </Td> <Td> − 10 </Td> <Td> Playoff </Td> <Td> Woody Blackburn Frank Conner Dan Halldorson Victor Regalado </Td> <Td> 36,000 </Td> <Td> 200,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1980 </Td> <Td> Scott Hoch </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> 266 </Td> <Td> − 14 </Td> <Td> 3 strokes </Td> <Td> Curtis Strange </Td> <Td> 36,000 </Td> <Td> 200,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="9"> Ed McMahon - Jaycees Quad Cities Open </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1979 </Td> <Td> D.A. Weibring </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> 266 </Td> <Td> − 14 </Td> <Td> 2 strokes </Td> <Td> Calvin Peete </Td> <Td> 36,000 </Td> <Td> 200,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1978 </Td> <Td> Victor Regalado </Td> <Td> Mexico </Td> <Td> 269 </Td> <Td> − 15 </Td> <Td> 1 stroke </Td> <Td> Fred Marti </Td> <Td> 30,000 </Td> <Td> 150,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1977 </Td> <Td> Mike Morley </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> 267 </Td> <Td> − 17 </Td> <Td> 1 stroke </Td> <Td> Bob Murphy Victor Regalado </Td> <Td> 25,000 </Td> <Td> 125,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1976 </Td> <Td> John Lister </Td> <Td> New Zealand </Td> <Td> 268 </Td> <Td> − 16 </Td> <Td> 2 strokes </Td> <Td> Fuzzy Zoeller </Td> <Td> 20,000 </Td> <Td> 100,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Roger Maltbie </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> 275 </Td> <Td> − 9 </Td> <Td> 1 stroke </Td> <Td> Dave Eichelberger </Td> <Td> 15,000 </Td> <Td> 75,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="9"> Quad Cities Open </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Dave Stockton </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> 271 </Td> <Td> − 13 </Td> <Td> 1 stroke </Td> <Td> Bruce Fleisher </Td> <Td> 20,000 </Td> <Td> 100,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1973 </Td> <Td> Sam Adams </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> 268 </Td> <Td> − 16 </Td> <Td> 3 strokes </Td> <Td> Dwight Nevil Kermit Zarley </Td> <Td> 20,000 </Td> <Td> 100,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1972 </Td> <Td> Deane Beman ( 2 ) </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> 279 </Td> <Td> − 5 </Td> <Td> 1 stroke </Td> <Td> Tom Watson </Td> <Td> 20,000 </Td> <Td> 100,000 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Dl> <Dt> As a satellite event </Dt> </Dl> <P> Quad Cities Open </P> <Ul> <Li> 1971 -- Deane Beman -- United States </Li> </Ul> <P> ^ Indicates weather - shortened to 54 holes Note : Green highlight indicates scoring records . Main sources </P> <H2> Multiple winners ( edit ) </H2> <P> Through 2016 , six men have won the John Deere Classic more than once . </P> <Ul> <Li> 3 wins <Ul> <Li> D.A. Weibring : 1979 , 1991 , 1995 </Li> <Li> Steve Stricker : 2009 , 2010 , 2011 </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2 wins <Ul> <Li> Deane Beman : 1971 , 1972 </Li> <Li> Scott Hoch : 1980 , 1984 </Li> <Li> David Frost : 1992 , 1993 </Li> <Li> Jordan Spieth : 2013 , 2015 </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Tournament at a glance '' . John Deere Classic . 2012 . Archived from the original on July 7 , 2012 . Retrieved July 10 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : History : John Deere Classic </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Inside the course : TPC Deere Run '' . PGA Tour . July 9 , 2012 . Archived from the original on July 12 , 2012 . Retrieved July 10 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Jordan Spieth , 19 , takes John Deere '' . ESPN . July 14 , 2013 . Retrieved July 14 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Sherman , Ed ( July 8 , 2008 ) . `` John Deere Classic finds novel way to attract players '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved July 14 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Hoggard , Rex ( July 4 , 2011 ) . `` Air Deere draws Open crowd to John Deere '' . Golf Channel . Retrieved July 14 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Michelle Wie scorecard : 2005 John Deere Classic '' . Yahoo Sports . Retrieved July 10 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Michelle Wie scorecard : 2006 John Deere Classic '' . Yahoo Sports . Retrieved July 10 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Wie withdraws due to heat exhaustion at John Deere Classic '' . PGA Tour . July 14 , 2006 . Archived from the original on July 16 , 2006 . Retrieved July 10 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ John Deere Classic -- Winners -- at pgatour.com </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ John Deere Classic -- Winners Archived 2014 - 07 - 14 at the Wayback Machine . -- at golfobserver.com ( 1972 -- 2009 ) </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Official website </Li> <Li> Coverage on the PGA Tour 's official site </Li> <Li> TPC Deere Run </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> PGA Tour events </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Major championships </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Masters Tournament </Li> <Li> PGA Championship </Li> <Li> U.S. Open </Li> <Li> The Open Championship ( British Open ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Other tournaments </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Safeway Open </Li> <Li> CIMB Classic </Li> <Li> CJ Cup </Li> <Li> WGC - HSBC Champions </Li> <Li> Sanderson Farms Championship </Li> <Li> Shriners Hospitals for Children Open </Li> <Li> Mayakoba Golf Classic </Li> <Li> RSM Classic </Li> <Li> Sentry Tournament of Champions </Li> <Li> Sony Open in Hawaii </Li> <Li> CareerBuilder Challenge </Li> <Li> Farmers Insurance Open </Li> <Li> Waste Management Phoenix Open </Li> <Li> AT&T Pebble Beach Pro-Am </Li> <Li> Genesis Open </Li> <Li> WGC - Mexico Championship </Li> <Li> Puerto Rico Open </Li> <Li> The Honda Classic </Li> <Li> Arnold Palmer Invitational </Li> <Li> The Players Championship </Li> <Li> Valspar Championship </Li> <Li> WGC - Dell Technologies Match Play </Li> <Li> Corales Puntacana Resort and Club Championship </Li> <Li> Valero Texas Open </Li> <Li> RBC Heritage </Li> <Li> Zurich Classic of New Orleans </Li> <Li> Wells Fargo Championship </Li> <Li> AT&T Byron Nelson </Li> <Li> Charles Schwab Challenge </Li> <Li> Memorial Tournament </Li> <Li> RBC Canadian Open </Li> <Li> Travelers Championship </Li> <Li> Rocket Mortgage Classic </Li> <Li> 3M Open </Li> <Li> John Deere Classic </Li> <Li> Barbasol Championship </Li> <Li> WGC - FedEx St. Jude Invitational </Li> <Li> Reno - Tahoe Tournament </Li> <Li> Wyndham Championship </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> FedEx Cup playoff events </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> The Northern Trust </Li> <Li> BMW Championship </Li> <Li> Tour Championship </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Team events </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Ryder Cup </Li> <Li> Presidents Cup </Li> <Li> World Cup </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Unofficial money events </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Hero World Challenge </Li> <Li> QBE Shootout </Li> <Li> CVS Health Charity Classic </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Former events </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> List of former events </Li> <Li> Fall Series </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> All events are listed in chronological order . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> John Deere </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Vehicles </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 4020 Tractor </Li> <Li> 5220 Tractor </Li> <Li> 9630 Tractor </Li> <Li> Buck ATV </Li> <Li> DB120 Planter </Li> <Li> Gator ATV </Li> <Li> Military Robot </Li> <Li> Snowmobiles </Li> <Li> Other Tractors </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Divisions </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Chamberlain ( Australia ) </Li> <Li> Lanz Bulldog ( Germany ) </Li> <Li> Leyland Deere ( India ) ( 50 % ) </Li> <Li> Matbro Forklifts </Li> <Li> Nortrax Heavy Equipment </Li> <Li> StarFire GPS </Li> <Li> Timberjack Forestry </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> People </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> John Deere </Li> <Li> Hans W. Becherer </Li> <Li> John Rusling Block </Li> <Li> George Peek </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Other </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Country Song </Li> <Li> Golf Tournament </Li> <Li> Museum </Li> <Li> Pavilion </Li> <Li> Supreme Court Case </Li> <Li> TV Show </Li> <Li> Video Game </Li> <Li> World Headquarters </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Coordinates : 41 ° 28 ′ 37 '' N 90 ° 23 ′ 31 '' W / 41.477 ° N 90.392 ° W / 41.477 ; - 90.392 </P> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_Deere_Classic&oldid=852767348 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> PGA Tour events </Li> <Li> Golf in Illinois </Li> <Li> Golf in Iowa </Li> <Li> Sports in the Quad Cities </Li> <Li> Tourist attractions in Rock Island County , Illinois </Li> <Li> Recurring sporting events established in 1971 </Li> <Li> John Deere </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Webarchive template wayback links </Li> <Li> Coordinates not on Wikidata </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> Français </Li> <Li> Nederlands </Li> <Li> 日本 語 </Li> <Li> Norsk </Li> <Li> Svenska </Li> <Li> 中文 </Li> </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 31 July 2018 , at 06 : 42 ( UTC ) . </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> | [
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Covalent bond - wikipedia <H1> Covalent bond </H1> Jump to : navigation , search `` Covalent '' redirects here . For other uses , see Covalent ( disambiguation ) . A covalent bond forming H ( right ) where two hydrogen atoms share the two electrons <P> A covalent bond , also called a molecular bond , is a chemical bond that involves the sharing of electron pairs between atoms . These electron pairs are known as shared pairs or bonding pairs , and the stable balance of attractive and repulsive forces between atoms , when they share electrons , is known as covalent bonding . For many molecules , the sharing of electrons allows each atom to attain the equivalent of a full outer shell , corresponding to a stable electronic configuration . </P> <P> Covalent bonding includes many kinds of interactions , including σ - bonding , π - bonding , metal - to - metal bonding , agostic interactions , bent bonds , and three - center two - electron bonds . The term covalent bond dates from 1939 . The prefix co - means jointly , associated in action , partnered to a lesser degree , etc. ; thus a `` co-valent bond '' , in essence , means that the atoms share `` valence '' , such as is discussed in valence bond theory . </P> <P> In the molecule H 2 , the hydrogen atoms share the two electrons via covalent bonding . Covalency is greatest between atoms of similar electronegativities . Thus , covalent bonding does not necessarily require that the two atoms be of the same elements , only that they be of comparable electronegativity . Covalent bonding that entails sharing of electrons over more than two atoms is said to be delocalized . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 History </Li> <Li> 2 Types of covalent bonds </Li> <Li> 3 Covalent structures </Li> <Li> 4 One - and three - electron bonds </Li> <Li> 5 Resonance <Ul> <Li> 5.1 Aromaticity </Li> <Li> 5.2 Hypervalence </Li> <Li> 5.3 Electron - deficiency </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 6 Quantum mechanical description <Ul> <Li> 6.1 Covalency from atomic contribution to the electronic density of states </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 7 See also </Li> <Li> 8 References </Li> <Li> 9 Sources </Li> <Li> 10 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> History </H2> Early concepts in covalent bonding arose from this kind of image of the molecule of methane . Covalent bonding is implied in the Lewis structure by indicating electrons shared between atoms . <P> The term covalence in regard to bonding was first used in 1919 by Irving Langmuir in a Journal of the American Chemical Society article entitled `` The Arrangement of Electrons in Atoms and Molecules '' . Langmuir wrote that `` we shall denote by the term covalence the number of pairs of electrons that a given atom shares with its neighbors . '' </P> <P> The idea of covalent bonding can be traced several years before 1919 to Gilbert N. Lewis , who in 1916 described the sharing of electron pairs between atoms . He introduced the Lewis notation or electron dot notation or Lewis dot structure , in which valence electrons ( those in the outer shell ) are represented as dots around the atomic symbols . Pairs of electrons located between atoms represent covalent bonds . Multiple pairs represent multiple bonds , such as double bonds and triple bonds . An alternative form of representation , not shown here , has bond - forming electron pairs represented as solid lines . </P> <P> Lewis proposed that an atom forms enough covalent bonds to form a full ( or closed ) outer electron shell . In the diagram of methane shown here , the carbon atom has a valence of four and is , therefore , surrounded by eight electrons ( the octet rule ) , four from the carbon itself and four from the hydrogens bonded to it . Each hydrogen has a valence of one and is surrounded by two electrons ( a duet rule ) -- its own one electron plus one from the carbon . The numbers of electrons correspond to full shells in the quantum theory of the atom ; the outer shell of a carbon atom is the n = 2 shell , which can hold eight electrons , whereas the outer ( and only ) shell of a hydrogen atom is the n = 1 shell , which can hold only two . </P> <P> While the idea of shared electron pairs provides an effective qualitative picture of covalent bonding , quantum mechanics is needed to understand the nature of these bonds and predict the structures and properties of simple molecules . Walter Heitler and Fritz London are credited with the first successful quantum mechanical explanation of a chemical bond ( molecular hydrogen ) in 1927 . Their work was based on the valence bond model , which assumes that a chemical bond is formed when there is good overlap between the atomic orbitals of participating atoms . </P> <H2> Types of covalent bonds </H2> <P> Atomic orbitals ( except for s orbitals ) have specific directional properties leading to different types of covalent bonds . Sigma ( σ ) bonds are the strongest covalent bonds and are due to head - on overlapping of orbitals on two different atoms . A single bond is usually a σ bond . Pi ( π ) bonds are weaker and are due to lateral overlap between p ( or d ) orbitals . A double bond between two given atoms consists of one σ and one π bond , and a triple bond is one σ and two π bonds . </P> <P> Covalent bonds are also affected by the electronegativity of the connected atoms which determines the chemical polarity of the bond . Two atoms with equal electronegativity will make nonpolar covalent bonds such as H -- H. An unequal relationship creates a polar covalent bond such as with H − Cl . However polarity also requires geometric asymmetry , or else dipoles may cancel out resulting in a non-polar molecule . </P> <H2> Covalent structures </H2> <P> There are several types of structures for covalent substances , including individual molecules , molecular structures , macromolecular structures and giant covalent structures . Individual molecules have strong bonds that hold the atoms together , but there are negligible forces of attraction between molecules . Such covalent substances are usually gases , for example , HCl , SO , CO , and CH . In molecular structures , there are weak forces of attraction . Such covalent substances are low - boiling - temperature liquids ( such as ethanol ) , and low - melting - temperature solids ( such as iodine and solid CO ) . Macromolecular structures have large numbers of atoms linked by covalent bonds in chains , including synthetic polymers such as polyethylene and nylon , and biopolymers such as proteins and starch . Network covalent structures ( or giant covalent structures ) contain large numbers of atoms linked in sheets ( such as graphite ) , or 3 - dimensional structures ( such as diamond and quartz ) . These substances have high melting and boiling points , are frequently brittle , and tend to have high electrical resistivity . Elements that have high electronegativity , and the ability to form three or four electron pair bonds , often form such large macromolecular structures . </P> <H2> One - and three - electron bonds </H2> <P> Bonds with one or three electrons can be found in radical species , which have an odd number of electrons . The simplest example of a 1 - electron bond is found in the dihydrogen cation , H + 2 . One - electron bonds often have about half the bond energy of a 2 - electron bond , and are therefore called `` half bonds '' . However , there are exceptions : in the case of dilithium , the bond is actually stronger for the 1 - electron Li + 2 than for the 2 - electron Li . This exception can be explained in terms of hybridization and inner - shell effects . </P> Comparison of the electronic structure of the three - electron bond to the conventional covalent bond . <P> The simplest example of three - electron bonding can be found in the helium dimer cation , He + 2 . It is considered a `` half bond '' because it consists of only one shared electron ( rather than two ) ; in molecular orbital terms , the third electron is in an anti-bonding orbital which cancels out half of the bond formed by the other two electrons . Another example of a molecule containing a 3 - electron bond , in addition to two 2 - electron bonds , is nitric oxide , NO . The oxygen molecule , O can also be regarded as having two 3 - electron bonds and one 2 - electron bond , which accounts for its paramagnetism and its formal bond order of 2 . Chlorine dioxide and its heavier analogues bromine dioxide and iodine dioxide also contain three - electron bonds . </P> <P> Molecules with odd - electron bonds are usually highly reactive . These types of bond are only stable between atoms with similar electronegativities . </P> <H2> Resonance </H2> Main article : Resonance ( chemistry ) <P> There are situations whereby a single Lewis structure is insufficient to explain the electron configuration in a molecule , hence a superposition of structures are needed . The same two atoms in such molecules can be bonded differently in different structures ( a single bond in one , a double bond in another , or even none at all ) , resulting in a non-integer bond order . The nitrate ion is one such example with three equivalent structures . The bond between the nitrogen and each oxygen is a double bond in one structure and a single bond in the other two , so that the average bond order for each N -- O interaction is 2 + 1 + 1 / 3 = 4 / 3 . </P> <P> </P> <H3> Aromaticity </H3> Main article : Aromaticity <P> In organic chemistry , when a molecule with a planar ring obeys Hückel 's rule , where the number of π electrons fit the formula 4n + 2 ( where n is an integer ) , it attains extra stability and symmetry . In benzene , the prototypical aromatic compound , there are 6 π bonding electrons ( n = 1 , 4n + 2 = 6 ) . These occupy three delocalized π molecular orbitals ( molecular orbital theory ) or form conjugate π bonds in two resonance structures that linearly combine ( valence bond theory ) , creating a regular hexagon exhibiting a greater stabilization than the hypothetical 1 , 3 , 5 - cyclohexatriene . </P> <P> In the case of heterocyclic aromatics and substituted benzenes , the electronegativity differences between different parts of the ring may dominate the chemical behaviour of aromatic ring bonds , which otherwise are equivalent . </P> <H3> Hypervalence </H3> Main article : Hypervalent molecule <P> Certain molecules such as xenon difluoride and sulfur hexafluoride have higher co-ordination numbers than would be possible due to strictly covalent bonding according to the octet rule . This is explained by the three - center four - electron bond ( `` 3c -- 4e '' ) model which interprets the molecular wavefunction in terms of non-bonding highest occupied molecular orbitals in molecular orbital theory and ionic - covalent resonance in valence bond theory . </P> <H3> Electron - deficiency </H3> Main article : Electron deficiency <P> In three - center two - electron bonds ( `` 3c -- 2e '' ) three atoms share two electrons in bonding . This type of bonding occurs in electron deficient compounds like diborane . Each such bond ( 2 per molecule in diborane ) contains a pair of electrons which connect the boron atoms to each other in a banana shape , with a proton ( nucleus of a hydrogen atom ) in the middle of the bond , sharing electrons with both boron atoms . In certain cluster compounds , so - called four - center two - electron bonds also have been postulated . </P> <H2> Quantum mechanical description </H2> Main article : Chemical bonding model <P> After the development of quantum mechanics , two basic theories were proposed to provide a quantum description of chemical bonding : valence bond ( VB ) theory and molecular orbital ( MO ) theory . A more recent quantum description is given in terms of atomic contributions to the electronic density of states . </P> <H3> Covalency from atomic contribution to the electronic density of states </H3> <P> In COOP , COHP and BCOOP , evaluation of bond covalency is dependent on the basis set . To overcome this issue , an alternative formulation of the bond covalency can be provided in this way . </P> <P> The center mass cm ( n , l , m , m ) of an atomic orbital n , l , m , m ⟩ , with quantum numbers n , l , m , m , for atom A is defined as </P> <Dl> <Dd> c m A ( n , l , m l , m s ) = ∫ E 0 E 1 E g n , l , m l , m s ⟩ A ( E ) d E ∫ E 0 E 1 g n , l , m l , m s ⟩ A ( E ) d E ( \ displaystyle cm ^ ( \ mathrm ( A ) ) ( n , l , m_ ( l ) , m_ ( s ) ) = ( \ frac ( \ int \ limits _ ( E_ ( 0 ) ) \ limits ^ ( E_ ( 1 ) ) Eg_ ( n , l , m_ ( l ) , m_ ( s ) \ rangle ) ^ ( \ mathrm ( A ) ) \ left ( E \ right ) dE ) ( \ int \ limits _ ( E_ ( 0 ) ) \ limits ^ ( E_ ( 1 ) ) g_ ( n , l , m_ ( l ) , m_ ( s ) \ rangle ) ^ ( \ mathrm ( A ) ) \ left ( E \ right ) dE ) ) ) </Dd> </Dl> <P> where gA n , l , m , m ⟩ ( E ) is the contribution of the atomic orbital n , l , m , m ⟩ of the atom A to the total electronic density of states g ( E ) of the solid </P> <Dl> <Dd> g ( E ) = ∑ A ∑ n , l ∑ m l , m s g n , l , m l , m s ⟩ A ( E ) ( \ displaystyle g \ left ( E \ right ) = \ sum _ ( \ mathrm ( A ) ) \ sum _ ( n , l ) \ sum _ ( m_ ( l ) , m_ ( s ) ) ( g_ ( n , l , m_ ( l ) , m_ ( s ) \ rangle ) ^ ( \ mathrm ( A ) ) \ left ( E \ right ) ) ) </Dd> </Dl> <P> where the outer sum runs over all atoms A of the unit cell . The energy window ( E , E ) is chosen in such a way that it encompasses all relevant bands participating in the bond . If the range to select is unclear , it can be identified in practice by examining the molecular orbitals that describe the electron density along the considered bond . </P> <P> The relative position C of the center mass of n , l ⟩ levels of atom A with respect to the center mass of n , l ⟩ levels of atom B is given as </P> <Dl> <Dd> C n A l A , n B l B = − c m A ( n A , l A ) − c m B ( n B , l B ) ( \ displaystyle C_ ( n_ ( \ mathrm ( A ) ) l_ ( \ mathrm ( A ) ) , n_ ( \ mathrm ( B ) ) l_ ( \ mathrm ( B ) ) ) = - \ left cm ^ ( \ mathrm ( A ) ) ( n_ ( \ mathrm ( A ) ) , l_ ( \ mathrm ( A ) ) ) - cm ^ ( \ mathrm ( B ) ) ( n_ ( \ mathrm ( B ) ) , l_ ( \ mathrm ( B ) ) ) \ right ) </Dd> </Dl> <P> where the contributions of the magnetic and spin quantum numbers are summed . According to this definition , the relative position of the A levels with respect to the B levels is </P> <Dl> <Dd> C A , B = − c m A − c m B ( \ displaystyle C_ ( \ mathrm ( A , B ) ) = - \ left cm ^ ( \ mathrm ( A ) ) - cm ^ ( \ mathrm ( B ) ) \ right ) </Dd> </Dl> <P> where , for simplicity , we may omit the dependence from the principal quantum number n in the notation referring to C . </P> <P> In this formalism , the greater the value of C , the higher the overlap of the selected atomic bands , and thus the electron density described by those orbitals gives a more covalent A -- B bond . The quantity C is denoted as the covalency of the A -- B bond , which is specified in the same units of the energy E . </P> <H2> See also </H2> <Ul> <Li> Bonding in solids </Li> <Li> Bond order </Li> <Li> Coordinate covalent bond , also known as a dipolar bond or a dative covalent bond </Li> <Li> Covalent bond classification ( or LXZ notation ) </Li> <Li> Covalent radius </Li> <Li> Disulfide bond </Li> <Li> Hybridization </Li> <Li> Hydrogen bond </Li> <Li> Ionic bond </Li> <Li> Linear combination of atomic orbitals </Li> <Li> Metallic bonding </Li> <Li> Noncovalent bonding </Li> <Li> Resonance ( chemistry ) </Li> </Ul> <H2> References </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ Campbell , Neil A. ; Williamson , Brad ; Heyden , Robin J. ( 2006 ) . Biology : Exploring Life . Boston , MA : Pearson Prentice Hall . ISBN 0 - 13 - 250882 - 6 . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 05 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ March , Jerry ( 1992 ) . Advanced Organic Chemistry : Reactions , Mechanisms , and Structure . John Wiley & Sons . ISBN 0 - 471 - 60180 - 2 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Gary L. Miessler ; Donald Arthur Tarr ( 2004 ) . Inorganic Chemistry . Prentice Hall . ISBN 0 - 13 - 035471 - 6 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Merriam - Webster -- Collegiate Dictionary ( 2000 ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Chemical Bonds '' . Hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 09 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Langmuir , Irving ( 1919 - 06 - 01 ) . `` The Arrangement of Electrons in Atoms and Molecules '' . Journal of the American Chemical Society . 41 ( 6 ) : 868 -- 934 . doi : 10.1021 / ja02227a002 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Lewis , Gilbert N. ( 1916 - 04 - 01 ) . `` The atom and the molecule '' . Journal of the American Chemical Society . 38 ( 4 ) : 762 -- 785 . doi : 10.1021 / ja02261a002 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Heitler , W. ; London , F. ( 1927 ) . `` Wechselwirkung neutraler Atome und homöopolare Bindung nach der Quantenmechanik '' ( Interaction of neutral atoms and homeopolar bonds according to quantum mechanics ) . Zeitschrift für Physik. 44 ( 6 -- 7 ) : 455 -- 472 . Bibcode : 1927ZPhy ... 44 ... 455H . doi : 10.1007 / bf01397394 . English translation in Hettema , H. ( 2000 ) . Quantum Chemistry : Classic Scientific Papers . World Scientific . p. 140 . ISBN 978 - 981 - 02 - 2771 - 5 . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 05 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Stranks , D.R. ; Heffernan , M.L. ; Lee Dow , K.C. ; McTigue , P.T. ; Withers , G.R.A. ( 1970 ) . Chemistry : A structural view . Carlton , Vic. : Melbourne University Press . p. 184 . ISBN 0 - 522 - 83988 - 6 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Weinhold , F. ; Landis , C. ( 2005 ) . Valency and Bonding . Cambridge . pp. 96 -- 100 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 83128 - 8 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Harcourt , Richard D. , ed. ( 2015 ) . `` Chapter 2 : Pauling `` 3 - Electron Bonds '' , 4 - Electron 3 - Centre Bonding , and the Need for an `` Increased - Valence '' Theory `` . Bonding in Electron - Rich Molecules : Qualitative Valence - Bond Approach via Increased - Valence Structures . Springer . ISBN 9783319166766 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Pauling , L. ( 1960 ) . The Nature of the Chemical Bond . Cornell University Press . pp. 340 -- 354 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Cammarata , Antonio ; Rondinelli , James M. ( 21 September 2014 ) . `` Covalent dependence of octahedral rotations in orthorhombic perovskite oxides '' . Journal of Chemical Physics. 141 ( 11 ) : 114704 . Bibcode : 2014JChPh. 141k4704C . doi : 10.1063 / 1.4895967 . PMID 25240365 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Hughbanks , Timothy ; Hoffmann , Roald ( 2002 - 05 - 01 ) . `` Chains of trans - edge - sharing molybdenum octahedra : metal - metal bonding in extended systems '' . Journal of the American Chemical Society . 105 ( 11 ) : 3528 -- 3537 . doi : 10.1021 / ja00349a027 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Dronskowski , Richard ; Bloechl , Peter E. ( 2002 - 05 - 01 ) . `` Crystal orbital Hamilton populations ( COHP ) : energy - resolved visualization of chemical bonding in solids based on density - functional calculations '' . The Journal of Physical Chemistry . 97 ( 33 ) : 8617 -- 8624 . doi : 10.1021 / j100135a014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Grechnev , Alexei ; Ahuja , Rajeev ; Eriksson , Olle ( 2003 - 01 - 01 ) . `` Balanced crystal orbital overlap population -- a tool for analysing chemical bonds in solids '' . Journal of Physics : Condensed Matter. 15 ( 45 ) : 7751 . Bibcode : 2003JPCM ... 15.7751 G . doi : 10.1088 / 0953 - 8984 / 15 / 45 / 014 . ISSN 0953 - 8984 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> Sources </H2> <Ul> <Li> `` Covalent bonding -- Single bonds '' . chemguide. 2000 . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 05 . </Li> <Li> `` Electron Sharing and Covalent Bonds '' . Department of Chemistry University of Oxford . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 05 . </Li> <Li> `` Chemical Bonds '' . Department of Physics and Astronomy , Georgia State University . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 05 . </Li> </Ul> <H2> External links </H2> <Ul> <Li> Covalent Bonds and Molecular Structure </Li> <Li> Structure and Bonding in Chemistry -- Covalent Bonds </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Chemical bonds </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Intramolecular ( strong ) </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Covalent </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> By symmetry </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Sigma ( σ ) </Li> <Li> Pi ( π ) </Li> <Li> Delta ( δ ) </Li> <Li> Phi ( φ ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> By multiplicity </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 1 ( single ) </Li> <Li> 2 ( double ) </Li> <Li> 3 ( triple ) </Li> <Li> 4 ( quadruple ) </Li> <Li> 5 ( quintuple ) </Li> <Li> 6 ( sextuple ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Miscellaneous </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Agostic </Li> <Li> Bent </Li> <Li> Coordinate ( dipolar ) </Li> <Li> Pi backbond </Li> <Li> Charge - shift </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Hapticity </Li> <Li> Conjugation </Li> <Li> Hyperconjugation </Li> <Li> Antibonding </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Resonant </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Electron deficiency <Ul> <Li> 3c -- 2e </Li> <Li> 4c -- 2e </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Hypercoordination <Ul> <Li> 3c -- 4e </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Aromaticity <Ul> <Li> möbius </Li> <Li> super </Li> <Li> sigma </Li> <Li> homo </Li> <Li> spiro </Li> <Li> σ - 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Cistercian architecture - wikipedia <H1> Cistercian architecture </H1> Jump to : navigation , search Abbey church of Santa Maria Arabona , Italy . The `` architecture of light '' of Acey Abbey represents the pure style of Cistercian architecture , intended for the utilitarian purposes of liturgical celebration . <P> Cistercian architecture is a style of architecture associated with the churches , monasteries and abbeys of the Roman Catholic Cistercian Order . It was headed by Abbot Bernard of Clairvaux ( d . 1153 ) , who believed that churches should avoid superfluous ornamentation so as not to distract from the religious life . Cistercian architecture was simple and utilitarian . Although images of religious subjects were allowed in very limited instances , such as the crucifix , many of the more elaborate figures that commonly adorned medieval churches were not . Their capacity for distracting monks was criticised in a famous letter by Bernard . Early Cistercian architecture shows a transition between Romanesque and Gothic architecture . Later abbeys were also constructed in Renaissance and Baroque styles , though by then simplicity is rather less evident . </P> <P> In terms of construction , buildings were made where possible of smooth , pale , stone . Columns , pillars and windows fell at the same base level , and if plastering was done at all , it was kept extremely simple . The sanctuary kept a simple style of proportion of 1 : 2 at both elevation and floor levels . To maintain the appearance of ecclesiastical buildings , Cistercian sites were constructed in a pure , rational style ; and may be counted among the most beautiful relics of the Middle Ages . </P> <P> Most Cistercian abbeys and churches were built in remote valleys far from cities and populated areas , and this isolation and need for self - sustainability bred an innovativeness among the Cistercians . Many Cistercian establishments display early examples of hydraulic engineering and waterwheels . After stone , the two most important building materials were wood and metal . The Cistercians were careful in the management and conservation of their forests ; they were also skilled metallurgists , and their skill with metal has been associated directly with the development of Cistercian architecture , and the spread of Gothic architecture as a whole . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Theological principles </Li> <Li> 2 Construction <Ul> <Li> 2.1 Engineering </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 Legacy </Li> <Li> 4 See also </Li> <Li> 5 Notes </Li> <Li> 6 References </Li> <Li> 7 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Theological principles ( edit ) </H2> Cistercian architecture was applied based on rational principles . <P> In the mid-12th century , one of the leading churchmen of his day , the Benedictine Abbot Suger of Saint - Denis , united elements of Norman architecture with elements of Burgundian architecture ( rib vaults and pointed arches respectively ) , creating the new style of Gothic architecture . This new `` architecture of light '' was intended to raise the observer `` from the material to the immaterial '' -- it was , according to the 20th century French historian Georges Duby , a `` monument of applied theology '' . St Bernard saw much of church decoration as a distraction from piety , and in one of his letters he condemned the more vigorous forms of early 12th century decoration : </P> <P> But in the cloister , in the sight of the reading monks , what is the point of such ridiculous monstrosity , the strange kind of shapely shapelessness ? Why these unsightly monkeys , why these fierce lions , why the monstrous centaurs , why semi-humans , why spotted tigers , why fighting soldiers , why trumpeting huntsmen ? ... In short there is such a variety and such a diversity of strange shapes everywhere that we may prefer to read the marbles rather than the books . </P> <P> These sentiments were repeated frequently throughout the Middle Ages , and the builders of the Cistercian monasteries had to adopt a style that observed the numerous rules inspired by Bernard 's austere aesthetics . However , the order itself was receptive to the technical improvements of Gothic principles of construction and played an important role in its spread across Europe . </P> <P> This new Cistercian architecture embodied the ideals of the order , and was in theory at least utilitarian and without superfluous ornament . The same `` rational , integrated scheme '' was used across Europe to meet the largely homogeneous needs of the order , along with similar prescriptions in the liturgy and music . Various buildings , including the chapter - house to the east and the dormitories above , were grouped around a cloister , and were sometimes linked to the transept of the church itself by a night stair . Usually Cistercian churches were cruciform , with a short presbytery to meet the liturgical needs of the brethren , small chapels in the transepts for private prayer , and an aisled nave that was divided roughly in the middle by a screen to separate the monks from the lay brothers . </P> <P> The mother house of the order , Cîteaux Abbey , had in fact developed the most advanced style of painting , at least in illuminated manuscripts , during the first decades of the 12th century , playing an important part in the development of the image of the Tree of Jesse . However , Bernard of Clairvaux quickly gained influence in the order . Since he was strongly hostile to imagery , painting ceased and was finally banned altogether , probably from the revised rules approved in 1154 . Crucifixes were allowed , and later some painting and decoration crept back in . </P> <H2> Construction ( edit ) </H2> Plan of the church of Fontenay Abbey <P> The building projects of the Church in the High Middle Ages showed an ambition for the colossal , with vast amounts of stone being quarried , and the same was true of the Cistercian projects . Foigny Abbey was 98 metres ( 322 ft ) long , and Vaucelles Abbey was 132 metres ( 433 ft ) long . Monastic buildings came to be constructed entirely of stone , right down to the most humble of buildings . In the 12th and 13th centuries , Cistercian barns consisted of a stone exterior , divided into nave and aisles either by wooden posts or by stone piers . </P> <P> The Cistercians acquired a reputation in the difficult task of administering the building sites for abbeys and cathedrals . St Bernard 's own brother , Achard , is known to have supervised the construction of many abbeys , such as Himmerod Abbey in the Rhineland . Others were Raoul at Saint - Jouin - de-Marnes , who later became abbot there ; Geoffrey d'Aignay , sent to Fountains Abbey in 1133 ; and Robert , sent to Mellifont Abbey in 1142 . On one occasion the Abbot of La Trinité at Vendôme loaned a monk named John to the Bishop of Le Mans , Hildebert de Lavardin , for the building of a cathedral ; after the project was completed , John refused to return to his monastery . </P> <P> The Cistercians `` made it a point of honour to recruit the best stonecutters '' , and as early as 1133 , St Bernard was hiring workers to help the monks erect new buildings at Clairvaux . It is from the 12th century Byland Abbey in Yorkshire that the oldest recorded example of architectural tracing is found . Tracings were architectural drawings incised and painted in stone , to a depth of 2 -- 3 mm , showing architectural detail to scale . The first tracing in Byland illustrates a west rose window , while the second depicts the central part of that same window . Later , an illustration from the latter half of the 16th century would show monks working alongside other craftsmen in the construction of Schönau Abbey . </P> <P> Because of the variety found in Cistercian communities , French historian Marcel Aubert concluded that , while there was a Cistercian spirit in architecture , there was never a Cistercian architectural style . </P> <H3> Engineering ( edit ) </H3> The Cistercians made extensive use of waterwheel technology . <P> The Cistercian order was quite innovative in developing techniques of hydraulic engineering for monasteries established in remote valleys . In Spain , one of the earliest surviving Cistercian houses , the Real Monasterio de Nuestra Senora de Rueda in Aragon , is a good example of such early hydraulic engineering , using a large waterwheel for power and an elaborate water circulation system for central heating . Much of this practicality in Cistercian architecture , and indeed in the construction itself , was made possible by the order 's own technological inventiveness . The Cistercians are known to have been skilled metallurgists , and as the historian Alain Erlande - Brandenburg writes : </P> <P> The quality of Cistercian architecture from the 1120s onwards is related directly to the Order 's technological inventiveness . They placed importance on metal , both the extraction of the ore and its subsequent processing . At the abbey of Fontenay the forge is not outside , as one might expect , but inside the monastic enclosure : metalworking was thus part of the activity of the monks and not of the lay brothers. ... It is probable that this experiment spread rapidly ; Gothic architecture can not be understood otherwise . </P> <P> Much of the progress of architecture depended on the mastery of metal , from its extraction to the cutting of the stone , especially in relation to the quality of the metal tools used in construction . Metal was also used extensively by Gothic architects from the 12th century on , in tie rods across arches and later in the reinforced stone of the Rayonnant style . The other building material , wood , was in short supply after the drastic deforestation of the 10th and 11th centuries . The Cistercians acted with particular care in the careful management and conservation of their forests . </P> <H2> Legacy ( edit ) </H2> Fountains Abbey - a UNESCO World Heritage Site <P> The Cistercian abbeys of Fontenay in France , Fountains in England , Alcobaça in Portugal , Poblet in Spain and Maulbronn in Germany are today recognised as UNESCO World Heritage Sites . </P> <P> The abbeys of France and England are fine examples of Romanesque and Gothic architecture . The architecture of Fontenay has been described as `` an excellent illustration of the ideal of self - sufficiency '' practised by the earliest Cistercian communities . The abbeys of 12th century England were stark and undecorated -- a dramatic contrast with the elaborate churches of the wealthier Benedictine houses -- yet to quote Warren Hollister , `` even now the simple beauty of Cistercian ruins such as Fountains and Rievaulx , set in the wilderness of Yorkshire , is deeply moving '' . </P> <P> In the purity of architectural style , the beauty of materials and the care with which the Alcobaça Monastery was built , Portugal possesses one of the most outstanding and best preserved examples of Early Gothic . Poblet Monastery , one of the largest in Spain , is considered similarly impressive for its austerity , majesty , and the fortified royal residence within . </P> <P> The fortified Maulbronn Abbey in Germany is considered `` the most complete and best - preserved medieval monastic complex north of the Alps '' . The Transitional Gothic style of its church had a major influence in the spread of Gothic architecture over much of northern and central Europe , and the abbey 's elaborate network of drains , irrigation canals and reservoirs has since been recognised as having `` exceptional '' cultural interest . </P> <P> In Poland , the former Cistercian monastery of Pelplin Cathedral is an important example of Brick Gothic . Wąchock abbey is one of the most valuable examples of Polish Romanesque architecture . The largest Cistercian complex , the Abbatia Lubensis ( Lubiąż , Poland ) , is a masterpiece of baroque architecture and the second largest Christian architectural complex in the world . </P> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> List of Cistercian monasteries </Li> </Ul> <H2> Notes ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ Bernard 's letter </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Cistercians in the British Isles '' . Catholic Encyclopedia . NewAdvent.org . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 03 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Toman , p 8 - 9 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Toman , p 9 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Toman , p 14 </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Toman , p 10 </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Harpham , p 39 '' </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Lalor , p 1 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Lalor , p 1 , 38 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Dodwell , 211 - 214 </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Erlande - Brandenburg , p 32 - 34 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Erlande - Brandenburg , p 28 </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Erlande - Brandenburg , p 50 </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Erlande - Brandenburg , p 101 </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Erlande - Brandenburg , p 78 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Quoted in Jamroziak , Emilia ( 2013 ) . The Cistercian Order in Medieval Europe , 1090 - 1500 . Routledge . p. 159 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 73638 - 1 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Woods , p 34 - 35 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Erlande - Brandenburg , p 116 - 117 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Erlande - Brandenburg , p 116 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Erlande - Brandenburg , p 117 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Erlande - Brandenburg , p 114 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Erlande - Brandenburg , p 114 - 115 </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Cistercian Abbey of Fontenay ( No. 165 ) '' . UNESCO World Heritage Sites list . unesco.org . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 07 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Studley Royal Park including the Ruins of Fountains Abbey ( No. 372 ) '' . UNESCO World Heritage Sites list . unesco.org . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 07 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Monastery of Alcobaça ( No. 505 ) '' . UNESCO World Heritage Sites list . unesco.org . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 07 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Poblet Monastery ( No. 518 ) '' . UNESCO World Heritage Sites list . unesco.org . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 07 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Maulbronn Monastery Complex ( No. 546 ) '' . UNESCO World Heritage Sites list . unesco.org . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 07 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Hollister , p 210 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Toman , p 289 </Li> </Ol> <Ul> <Li> This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain : Chisholm , Hugh , ed. ( 1911 ) . `` Abbey / Cistercian '' . Encyclopædia Britannica. 1 ( 11th ed . ) . Cambridge University Press . pp. 16 -- 17 . </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Coomans , Th. ( 2013 ) ; ' Cistercian Architecture or Architecture of the Cistercians ? ' in : The Cambridge Companion to the Cistercian Order ed. by M. Birkedal Bruun , Cambridge University Press , p. 151 - 169 , ISBN 978 - 1 - 107 - 00131 - 2 . </Li> <Li> Dodwell , C.R. ( 1993 ) ; The Pictorial Arts of the West , 800 - 1200 , Yale UP , ISBN 0 - 300 - 06493 - 4 . </Li> <Li> Erlande - Brandenburg , Alain ( 1995 ) . The Cathedral Builders of the Middle Ages . ' New Horizons ' series . Thames & Hudson Ltd . ISBN 978 - 0 - 500 - 30052 - 7 . </Li> <Li> Hollister , C. Warren ( 1966 ) . The Making of England , 55 BC to 1399 . Volume I of A History of England , edited by Lacey Baldwin Smith ( Sixth Edition , 1992 ed . ) . Lexington , MA . ISBN 0 - 669 - 24457 - 0 . </Li> <Li> Kinder , T.N. ( 2002 ) , Cistercian Europe : Architecture of Contemplation , Cistercian Publications , 400 p . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8790 - 7391 - 6 . </Li> <Li> Lalor , Brian , ed. ( 2003 ) . The Encyclopedia of Ireland . Gill and Macmillan . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7171 - 3000 - 9 ... </Li> <Li> Toman , Rolf , ed. ( 2007 ) . The Art of Gothic : Architecture , Sculpture , Painting . photography by Achim Bednorz . Tandem Verlag GmbH . ISBN 978 - 3 - 8331 - 4676 - 3 . </Li> <Li> Woods , Thomas ( 2005 ) , How the Catholic Church Built Western Civilization , ISBN 0 - 89526 - 038 - 7 . </Li> </Ul> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Photos of Cistercian Monasteries in Spain </Li> <Li> Cistercian art in Europe ( in French ) </Li> </Ul> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cistercian_architecture&oldid=838700364 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> Architectural styles </Li> <Li> Medieval French architecture </Li> <Li> Cistercian Order </Li> <Li> Romanesque architecture </Li> <Li> Gothic architecture </Li> <Li> Christian monastic architecture </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference </Li> <Li> Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica </Li> <Li> Articles with French - language external links </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> Català </Li> <Li> Español </Li> <Li> Français </Li> <Li> Italiano </Li> <Li> Português </Li> </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 28 April 2018 , at 19 : 04 . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> | [
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Swan song - wikipedia <H1> Swan song </H1> Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Swan song ( disambiguation ) . `` The singing swan '' ( 1655 ) by Reinier van Persijn . <P> The swan song ( ancient Greek : κύκνειον ᾆσμα ; Latin : carmen cygni ) is a metaphorical phrase for a final gesture , effort , or performance given just before death or retirement . The phrase refers to an ancient belief that swans ( Cygnus spp . ) sing a beautiful song just before their death , having been silent ( or alternatively , not so musical ) during most of their lifetime . This belief , whose basis in actuality is long - debated , had become proverbial in ancient Greece by the 3rd century BC , and was reiterated many times in later Western poetry and art . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Origin and description </Li> <Li> 2 Controversy </Li> <Li> 3 Post-classical cultural references </Li> <Li> 4 Idiom </Li> <Li> 5 References </Li> <Li> 6 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Origin and description ( edit ) </H2> <P> In Greek mythology , the swan was a bird consecrated to Apollo , and it was therefore considered a symbol of harmony and beauty and its limited capabilities as a singer were sublimated to those of songbirds . </P> <P> Aesop 's fable of `` The Swan and the Goose '' incorporates the swan song legend as saving its life when it was caught by mistake instead of the goose , but was recognized by its song . There is a subsequent reference in Aeschylus ' Agamemnon ( verses 1444 -- 5 ) from 458 BC . In that play , Clytemnestra compares the dead Cassandra to a swan who has `` sung her last final lament '' . Plato 's Phaedo ( 84d ) records Socrates saying that , although swans sing in early life , they do not do so as beautifully as before they die . Furthermore , Aristotle noted in his History of Animals ( 615b ) that swans `` are musical , and sing chiefly at the approach of death '' . By the third century BC the belief had become a proverb . </P> <P> Ovid mentions it in `` The Story of Picus and Canens '' ( Metamorphoses , book XIV : 320 -- 396 ) : `` There , she poured out her words of grief , tearfully , in faint tones , in harmony with sadness , just as the swan sings once , in dying , its own funeral song . '' The swan was also described as a singer in the works of the poets Virgil and Martial . </P> <H2> Controversy ( edit ) </H2> <P> The most familiar European swan , the mute swan ( Cygnus olor ) , although not actually mute , is known neither for musicality nor to vocalize as it dies . This has led some to criticize swan song beliefs since antiquity , one of the earliest being Pliny the Elder : in 77 AD , Natural History ( book 10 , chapter xxxii : olorum morte narratur flebilis cantus , falso , ut arbitror , aliquot experimentis ) , states : `` observation shows that the story that the dying swan sings is false . '' Peterson et al. note that Cygnus olor is `` not mute but lacks bugling call , merely honking , grunting , and hissing on occasion . '' </P> <P> However , the whooper swan ( Cygnus cygnus ) , a winter visitor to parts of the eastern Mediterranean , does possess a ' bugling ' call , and has been noted for issuing a drawn - out series of notes as its lungs collapse upon expiry , both being a consequence of an additional tracheal loop within its sternum . This was proposed by naturalist Peter Pallas as the basis for the legend . Both mute and whooper swans appear to be represented in ancient Greek and Egyptian art . </P> <P> The whooper swan 's nearest relatives , the trumpeter and tundra swans , share its musical tracheal loop . Zoologist D.G. Elliot reported in 1898 that a tundra swan he had shot and wounded in flight began a long glide down whilst issuing a series of `` plaintive and musical '' notes that `` sounded at times like the soft running of the notes of an octave '' . </P> <H2> Post-classical cultural references ( edit ) </H2> <P> Chaucer wrote of `` The Ialous swan , ayens his deth that singeth . '' Leonardo da Vinci noted `` The swan is white without spot , and it sings sweetly as it dies , that song ending its life . '' </P> <P> In Shakespeare 's The Merchant of Venice , Portia exclaims `` Let music sound while he doth make his choice ; Then , if he lose , he makes a swan - like end , / Fading in music . '' Similarly , in Othello , the dying Emilia exclaims , `` I will play the swan , / And die in music . '' </P> <P> The well - known Orlando Gibbons madrigal `` The Silver Swan '' states the legend thus : </P> <Table> <Tr> <Td> `` </Td> <Td> <Dl> <Dd> The silver Swan , who living had no Note , </Dd> <Dd> when Death approached , unlocked her silent throat . </Dd> <Dd> Leaning her breast against the reedy shore , </Dd> <Dd> thus sang her first and last , and sang no more : </Dd> <Dd> `` Farewell , all joys ! O Death , come close mine eyes ! </Dd> <Dd> `` More Geese than Swans now live , more Fools than Wise . '' </Dd> </Dl> </Td> <Td> '' </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> `` The Swan Song '' ( `` Schwanengesang '' ) is the nickname of the 1733 Baroque Concerto written by Georg Philipp Telemann : Concerto in D minor for oboe , strings and continuo . The concerto of Telemann begins with a sad part ( adagio ) later a glad part ( allegro ) , the singing of the swan itself , another sad part ( death ) , and finally a hopeful end . </P> <P> According to the Oxford English Dictionary , the English phrase `` swan song '' or `` swan - song '' borrows from the German schwanen ( ge ) sang or schwanenlied . The Scottish cleric John Willison , in one of his Scripture Sermons , 1747 , proposes a verse from Psalm 48 as a `` swan - song '' for the faithful . </P> <P> Danish painter Nicolai Abildgaard painted Ossian synger sin Svanesang , or Ossian sings his swan song , in 1780 -- 1782 . </P> <P> Samuel Taylor Coleridge made comic use of the legend when he quipped ironically : </P> <Table> <Tr> <Td> `` </Td> <Td> Swans sing before they die -- ' t were no bad thing <P> Should certain persons die before they sing . </P> </Td> <Td> '' </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Tennyson 's poem `` The Dying Swan '' is a poetic evocation of the beauty of the supposed song and so full of detail as to imply that he had actually heard it : </P> <Table> <Tr> <Td> `` </Td> <Td> <Dl> <Dd> The wild swan 's death - hymn took the soul </Dd> <Dd> Of that waste place with joy </Dd> <Dd> Hidden in sorrow : at first to the ear </Dd> <Dd> The warble was low , and full and clear ; ... </Dd> <Dd> But anon her awful jubilant voice , </Dd> <Dd> With a music strange and manifold , </Dd> <Dd> Flow 'd forth on a carol free and bold ; </Dd> <Dd> As when a mighty people rejoice </Dd> <Dd> With shawms , and with cymbals , and harps of gold ... </Dd> </Dl> </Td> <Td> '' </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Tennyson 's poem was an inspiration for the ballet The Dying Swan created for Anna Pavlova in 1905 and danced to the music of Le cygne by the French composer Camille Saint - Saëns . </P> <P> The band Led Zeppelin 's record label for the second half of their career was Swan Song Records . Their first five releases were on Atlantic records , the next five were on Swan Song Records . </P> <P> In the television show Supernatural , the twenty second episode of the fifth season is given the title Swan Song . </P> <P> Swan Song is one of the last tracks on singer Lana Del Rey 's album Honeymoon . </P> <H2> Idiom ( edit ) </H2> <P> By extension , `` swan song '' has become an idiom referring to a final theatrical or dramatic appearance , or any final work or accomplishment . For example , an athlete that wins a championship or breaks records in their final season are sometimes said to have had a `` swan song season . '' </P> <P> Examples : </P> <Ul> <Li> Derek Jeter 's walk - off hit in his final game at Yankee Stadium . </Li> <Li> Nico Rosberg retiring five days after winning his only World Drivers ' Championship in 2016 . </Li> <Li> Peyton Manning winning the Super Bowl in his last season . </Li> <Li> Kobe Bryant dropping 60 points in his final game . </Li> <Li> Xavi winning La Liga , Copa del Rey , and UEFA Champions League during his last season for FC Barcelona . </Li> <Li> Andy Pettitte throwing his first complete game in 7 years in his final start . By being credited with the win , he evened his 2013 record to 11 -- 11 , ensuring he finished his career having never recorded a losing season . </Li> <Li> Ned Jarrett winning the 1965 NASCAR title and then surprisingly retiring . </Li> <Li> Raymond Borque winning the Stanley Cup in 2001 , his final season in the NHL . </Li> <Li> Tom Searle from Architects writing Memento Mori as his final song before he died of cancer in 2016 . </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ Aesop ( 1998 ) . The Complete Fables . Penguin Classics . ISBN 0 - 14 - 044649 - 4 . , p. 127 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Arnott , W. Geoffrey ( October 1977 ) . `` Swan Songs '' . Greece & Rome . 24 ( 2 ) : 149 -- 153 . JSTOR 642700 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Brazil , Mark ( 2003 ) . The Whooper Swan . T & AD Poyser . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7136 - 6570 - 3 . pp. 64 -- 65 . ( Online version ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Ovid . `` Metamorphoses ( Kline ) 14 , the Ovid Collection , Univ. of Virginia E-Text Center ; Bk XIV : 320 -- 396 : The transformation of Picus '' . University of Virginia . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Arnott , W. Geoffrey ( 2007 ) . Birds in the Ancient World from A to Z . Routledge . ISBN 0 - 203 - 94662 - 6 . pp. 182 -- 184 . ( Online version ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Peterson , Roger Tory ; Guy Mountfort ; P.A.D. Hollum ; P.A.D. Hollom ( 2001 ) . A Field Guide to the Birds of Britain and Europe . Houghton Mifflin Field Guides . ISBN 0 - 618 - 16675 - 0 . , p. 49 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Johnsgard , Paul A. ( January 2013 ) . `` The Swans of Nebraska '' . Prairie Fire . USA . Retrieved 21 January 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Skeat , Walter W. ( 1896 ) . Chaucer : the Minor Poems . Clarendon Press . , p. 86 ( Online version ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ da Vinci , Leonardo . The Notebooks of Leonardo da Vinci , Complete . Google . ( ( 1 ) ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ The Merchant of Venice , Act 3 Scene 2 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Othello , Act 5 Scene 2 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ James Manheim . `` Georg Philipp Telemann : Funeral Music for Garlieb Sillem '' . AllMusic . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` swan , n '' . Oxford English Dictionary . June 2011 . Retrieved 3 August 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` www.the-highway.com '' . Retrieved 3 August 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Sal 217B '' . Statens Museum for Kunst website . Retrieved 8 February 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Tennyson , `` The Dying Swan , '' The Early poems of Alfred Lord Tennyson ( Project Gutenberg text ) , search on `` shawm . '' This and other sources assert not merely that the swan sings , but that the song is beautiful . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Matthew Naughtin , Ballet Music : A Handbook , p. 210 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` swansong -- definition of swansong in English from the Oxford dictionary '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Waldstein , David ( September 25 , 2014 ) . `` Night 's Hero : Who Else ? '' . The New York Times . Retrieved April 12 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Benson , Andrew ( December 2 , 2016 ) . `` Nico Rosberg retires : World champion quits Formula 1 five days after title win '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved April 12 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Marchand , Andrew ( September 29 , 2013 ) . `` Andy Pettitte : A day ' I 'll never forget ' '' . ESPN . ESPN Internet Ventures . Retrieved April 12 , 2017 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> The dictionary definition of swan song at Wiktionary </Li> </Ul> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Swan_song&oldid=837116112 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> Legends </Li> <Li> Swans </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Use dmy dates from May 2012 </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> Afrikaans </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> Čeština </Li> <Li> Dansk </Li> <Li> Deutsch </Li> <Li> Español </Li> <Li> Esperanto </Li> <Li> Français </Li> <Li> Italiano </Li> <Li> עברית </Li> <Li> Magyar </Li> <Li> Nederlands </Li> <Li> Norsk </Li> <Li> Norsk nynorsk </Li> <Li> Português </Li> <Li> Suomi </Li> <Li> Svenska </Li> <Li> اردو </Li> 9 more </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 18 April 2018 , at 20 : 23 . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> | [
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Harry Potter - wikipedia <H1> Harry Potter </H1> Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the series of novels . For other uses , including related topics and derivative works , see Harry Potter ( disambiguation ) . For the character in the series , see Harry Potter ( character ) . For the film adaptations , see Harry Potter ( film series ) . <Table> Harry Potter <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> The Harry Potter logo , used first in American editions of the novel series and later in films </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> The Philosopher 's Stone ( 1997 ) </Li> <Li> The Chamber of Secrets ( 1998 ) </Li> <Li> The Prisoner of Azkaban ( 1999 ) </Li> <Li> The Goblet of Fire ( 2000 ) </Li> <Li> The Order of the Phoenix ( 2003 ) </Li> <Li> The Half - Blood Prince ( 2005 ) </Li> <Li> The Deathly Hallows ( 2007 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Author </Th> <Td> J.K. Rowling </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Country </Th> <Td> United Kingdom </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Language </Th> <Td> English </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Genre </Th> <Td> Fantasy , drama , young adult fiction , mystery , thriller , Bildungsroman </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Publisher </Th> <Td> Bloomsbury Publishing ( UK ) Scholastic ( US ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Published </Th> <Td> 26 June 1997 -- 21 July 2007 ( initial publication ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Media type </Th> <Td> Print ( hardback & paperback ) Audiobook E-book ( as of March 2012 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> No. of books </Th> <Td> 7 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Website </Th> <Td> www.pottermore.com </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Harry Potter is a series of fantasy novels written by British author J.K. Rowling . The novels chronicle the life of a young wizard , Harry Potter , and his friends Hermione Granger and Ron Weasley , all of whom are students at Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry . The main story arc concerns Harry 's struggle against Lord Voldemort , a dark wizard who intends to become immortal , overthrow the wizard governing body known as the Ministry of Magic , and subjugate all wizards and muggles ( non-magical people ) . </P> <P> Since the release of the first novel , Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone , on 26 June 1997 , the books have found immense popularity , critical acclaim , and commercial success worldwide . They have attracted a wide adult audience as well as younger readers , and are often considered cornerstones of modern young adult literature . The series has also had its share of criticism , including concern about the increasingly dark tone as the series progressed , as well as the often gruesome and graphic violence it depicts . As of February 2018 , the books have sold more than 500 million copies worldwide , making them the best - selling book series in history , and have been translated into eighty languages . The last four books consecutively set records as the fastest - selling books in history , with the final instalment selling roughly eleven million copies in the United States within twenty - four hours of its release . </P> <P> The series was originally published in English by two major publishers , Bloomsbury in the United Kingdom and Scholastic Press in the United States . A play , Harry Potter and the Cursed Child , based on a story co-written by Rowling , premiered in London on 30 July 2016 at the Palace Theatre , and its script was published by Little , Brown . The original seven books were adapted into an eight - part film series by Warner Bros. Pictures , which is the third highest - grossing film series of all time as of February 2018 . In 2016 , the total value of the Harry Potter franchise was estimated at $25 billion , making Harry Potter one of the highest - grossing media franchises of all time . </P> <P> A series of many genres , including fantasy , drama , coming of age , and the British school story ( which includes elements of mystery , thriller , adventure , horror , and romance ) , the world of Harry Potter explores numerous themes and includes many cultural meanings and references . According to Rowling , the main theme is death . Other major themes in the series include prejudice , corruption , and madness . </P> <P> The success of the books and films has allowed the Harry Potter franchise to expand , with numerous derivative works , a travelling exhibition that premiered in Chicago in 2009 , a studio tour in London that opened in 2012 , a digital platform on which J.K. Rowling updates the series with new information and insight , and a pentalogy of spin - off films premiering in November 2016 with Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them , among many other developments . Most recently , themed attractions , collectively known as The Wizarding World of Harry Potter , have been built at several Universal Parks & Resorts amusement parks around the world . </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Plot <Ul> <Li> 1.1 Early years </Li> <Li> 1.2 Voldemort returns </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2 Supplementary works <Ul> <Li> 2.1 Harry Potter and the Cursed Child </Li> <Li> 2.2 In - universe books </Li> <Li> 2.3 Pottermore website </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 Structure and genre </Li> <Li> 4 Themes </Li> <Li> 5 Origins </Li> <Li> 6 Publishing history <Ul> <Li> 6.1 Translations </Li> <Li> 6.2 Completion of the series </Li> <Li> 6.3 Cover art </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 7 Achievements <Ul> <Li> 7.1 Cultural impact </Li> <Li> 7.2 Commercial success </Li> <Li> 7.3 Awards , honours , and recognition </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 8 Reception <Ul> <Li> 8.1 Literary criticism </Li> <Li> 8.2 Social impact </Li> <Li> 8.3 Controversies </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 9 Adaptations <Ul> <Li> 9.1 Films <Ul> <Li> 9.1. 1 Spin - off prequels </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 9.2 Games </Li> <Li> 9.3 Audiobooks </Li> <Li> 9.4 Stage production </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 10 Attractions <Ul> <Li> 10.1 The Wizarding World of Harry Potter </Li> <Li> 10.2 The Making of Harry Potter </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 11 References </Li> <Li> 12 Further reading </Li> <Li> 13 External links </Li> </Ul> <H2> Plot </H2> Further information : Fictional universe of Harry Potter <P> The central character in the series is Harry Potter , a boy who lives in Surrey with his aunt , uncle , and cousin - the Dursleys - who discovers , at the age of eleven , that he is a wizard , though he lives in the ordinary world of non-magical people known as Muggles . The wizarding world exists parallel to the Muggle world , albeit hidden and in secrecy . His magical ability is inborn and children with such abilities are invited to attend exclusive magic schools that teach the necessary skills to succeed in the wizarding world . Harry becomes a student at Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry , a wizarding academy in Scotland and it is here where most of the events in the series take place . As Harry develops through his adolescence , he learns to overcome the problems that face him : magical , social and emotional , including ordinary teenage challenges such as friendships , infatuation , romantic relationships , schoolwork and exams , anxiety , depression , stress , and the greater test of preparing himself for the confrontation that lies ahead in wizarding Britain 's increasingly - violent second wizarding war . </P> <P> Each novel chronicles one year in Harry 's life during the period from 1991 to 1998 . The books also contain many flashbacks , which are frequently experienced by Harry viewing the memories of other characters in a device called a Pensieve . </P> <P> The environment Rowling created is intimately connected to reality . The British magical community of the Harry Potter books is inspired by 1990s British culture , European folklore , classical mythology and alchemy , incorporating objects and wildlife such as magic wands , magic plants , potions , spells , flying broomsticks , centaurs , and other magical creatures , the Deathly Hallows , and the Philosopher 's Stone , beside others invented by Rowling . While the fantasy land of Narnia is an alternate universe and the Lord of the Rings ' Middle - earth a mythic past , the wizarding world of Harry Potter exists in parallel within the real world and contains magical versions of the ordinary elements of everyday life , with the action mostly set in Scotland ( Hogwarts ) , the West Country , Devon , London and Surrey in southeast England . The world only accessible to wizards and magical beings comprises a fragmented collection of overlooked hidden streets , ancient pubs , lonely country manors and secluded castles invisible to the Muggle population . </P> <H3> Early years </H3> <P> When the first novel of the series , Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone ( published in America and other countries as Harry Potter and the Sorcerer 's Stone ) opens , it is apparent that some significant event has taken place in the Wizarding World -- an event so very remarkable , even Muggles ( non-magical people ) notice signs of it . The full background to this event and Harry Potter 's past is revealed gradually through the series . After the introductory chapter , the book leaps forward to a time shortly before Harry Potter 's eleventh birthday , and it is at this point that his magical background begins to be revealed . </P> <P> Despite Harry 's aunt and uncle 's desperate prevention of Harry gleaning about his powers , their efforts are in vain . Harry meets a half - giant , Rubeus Hagrid , who is also his first contact with the Wizarding World . Hagrid reveals himself to be the Keeper of Keys and Grounds at Hogwarts as well as some of Harry 's history . Harry learns that , as a baby , he witnessed his parents ' murder by the power - obsessed dark wizard Lord Voldemort , who subsequently attempted to kill him as well . Instead , the unexpected happened : Harry survived with only a lightning - shaped scar on his forehead as a memento of the attack and Voldemort disappeared soon afterwards , gravely weakened by his own rebounding curse . As its inadvertent saviour from Voldemort 's reign of terror , Harry has become a living legend in the Wizarding World . However , at the orders of the venerable and well - known wizard Albus Dumbledore , the orphaned Harry had been placed in the home of his unpleasant Muggle relatives , the Dursleys , who have kept him safe but treated him poorly , including confining him to a cupboard without meals and torturing him like he is their servant . Hagrid then officially invites Harry to attend Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry , a famous magic school in Scotland that educates young teenagers on their magical development for seven years , from age eleven to seventeen . </P> <P> With Hagrid 's help , Harry prepares for and undertakes his first year of study at Hogwarts . As Harry begins to explore the magical world , the reader is introduced to many of the primary locations used throughout the series . Harry meets most of the main characters and gains his two closest friends : Ron Weasley , a fun - loving member of an ancient , large , happy , but poor wizarding family , and Hermione Granger , a gifted , bright , and hardworking witch of non-magical parentage . Harry also encounters the school 's potions master , Severus Snape , who displays a conspicuously deep and abiding dislike for him , the rich brat Draco Malfoy whom he quickly makes enemies with , and the Defence Against the Dark Arts teacher , Quirinus Quirrell , who later turns out to be allied with Lord Voldemort . He also discovers a talent of flying on broomsticks and is recruited for his house 's Quidditch team , a sport in the wizarding world where players fly on broomsticks . The first book concludes with Harry 's second confrontation with Lord Voldemort , who , in his quest to regain a body , yearns to gain the power of the Philosopher 's Stone , a substance that bestows everlasting life and turns any metal into pure gold . </P> <P> The series continues with Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets , describing Harry 's second year at Hogwarts . He and his friends investigate a 50 - year - old mystery that appears uncannily related to recent sinister events at the school . Ron 's younger sister , Ginny Weasley , enrolls in her first year at Hogwarts , and finds an old notebook in her belongings which turns out to be an alumnus 's diary , Tom Marvolo Riddle , later revealed to be Voldemort 's younger self , who is bent on ridding the school of `` mudbloods '' , a derogatory term describing wizards and witches of non-magical parentage . The memory of Tom Riddle resides inside of the diary and when Ginny begins to confide in the diary , Voldemort is able to possess her . Through the diary , Ginny acts on Voldemort 's orders and unconsciously opens the `` Chamber of Secrets '' , unleashing an ancient monster , later revealed to be a basilisk , which begins attacking students at Hogwarts . It kills those who make direct eye contact with it and petrifies those who look at it indirectly . The book also introduces a new Defence Against the Dark Arts teacher , Gilderoy Lockhart , a highly cheerful , self - conceited wizard with a pretentious facade , later turning out to be a fraud . Harry discovers that prejudice exists in the Wizarding World through delving into the school 's history , and learns that Voldemort 's reign of terror was often directed at wizards and witches who were descended from Muggles . Harry also learns about the innate ability of his to speak the snake language Parseltongue is rare and often associated with the Dark Arts . When Hermione is attacked and petrified , Harry and Ron finally piece together the puzzles and unlock the Chamber of Secrets , with Harry destroying the diary for good and saving Ginny , and also destroying a part of Voldemort 's soul . The end of the book reveals Lucius Malfoy , Draco 's father and rival of Ron and Ginny 's father , to be the culprit who slipped the book into Ginny 's belongings and introduced the diary into Hogwarts . </P> <P> The third novel , Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban , follows Harry in his third year of magical education . It is the only book in the series which does not feature Lord Voldemort in any form . Instead , Harry must deal with the knowledge that he has been targeted by Sirius Black , his father 's best friend , and , according to the Wizarding World , an escaped mass murderer who assisted in the murder of Harry 's parents . As Harry struggles with his reaction to the dementors -- dark creatures with the power to devour a human soul and feed on despair -- which are ostensibly protecting the school , he reaches out to Remus Lupin , a Defence Against the Dark Arts teacher who is eventually revealed to be a werewolf . Lupin teaches Harry defensive measures which are well above the level of magic generally executed by people his age . Harry comes to know that both Lupin and Black were best friends of his father and that Black was framed by their fourth friend , Peter Pettigrew , who had been hiding as Ron 's pet rat , Scabbers . In this book , a recurring theme throughout the series is emphasised -- in every book there is a new Defence Against the Dark Arts teacher , none of whom lasts more than one school year . </P> <H3> Voldemort returns </H3> The Elephant House was one of the cafés in Edinburgh where Rowling wrote the first part of Harry Potter . <P> During Harry 's fourth year of school ( detailed in Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire ) , Harry is unwillingly entered as a participant in the Triwizard Tournament , a dangerous yet exciting contest where three `` champions '' , one from each participating school , must compete with each other in three tasks in order to win the Triwizard Cup . This year , Harry must compete against a witch and a wizard `` champion '' from overseas visiting schools Beauxbatons and Durmstrang , as well as another Hogwarts student , causing Harry 's friends to distance themselves from him . Harry is guided through the tournament by their new Defence Against the Dark Arts professor , Alastor `` Mad - Eye '' Moody , who turns out to be an impostor -- one of Voldemort 's supporters named Barty Crouch , Jr. in disguise . The point at which the mystery is unravelled marks the series ' shift from foreboding and uncertainty into open conflict . Voldemort 's plan to have Crouch use the tournament to bring Harry to Voldemort succeeds . Although Harry manages to escape , Cedric Diggory , the other Hogwarts champion in the tournament , is killed by Peter Pettigrew and Voldemort re-enters the Wizarding World with a physical body . </P> <P> In the fifth book , Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix , Harry must confront the newly resurfaced Voldemort . In response to Voldemort 's reappearance , Dumbledore re-activates the Order of the Phoenix , a secret society which works from Sirius Black 's dark family home to defeat Voldemort 's minions and protect Voldemort 's targets , especially Harry . Despite Harry 's description of Voldemort 's recent activities , the Ministry of Magic and many others in the magical world refuse to believe that Voldemort has returned . In an attempt to counter and eventually discredit Dumbledore , who along with Harry is the most prominent voice in the Wizarding World attempting to warn of Voldemort 's return , the Ministry appoints Dolores Umbridge as the High Inquisitor of Hogwarts and the new Defence Against the Dark Arts teacher . She transforms the school into a dictatorial regime and refuses to allow the students to learn ways to defend themselves against dark magic . </P> <P> With Ron and Hermione 's suggestion , Harry forms `` Dumbledore 's Army '' , a secret study group aimed to teach his classmates the higher - level skills of Defence Against the Dark Arts that he has learned from his previous encounters with Dark wizards . Through those lessons , Harry begins to develop a crush on the popular and attractive Cho Chang . Juggling schoolwork , Umbridge 's incessant and persistent efforts to land him in trouble and the defensive lessons , Harry begins to lose sleep as he constantly receives disturbing dreams about a dark corridor in the Ministry of Magic , followed by a burning desire . An important prophecy concerning Harry and Lord Voldemort is then revealed , and Harry discovers that he and Voldemort have a painful connection , allowing Harry to view some of Voldemort 's actions telepathically . In the novel 's climax , Harry is tricked into seeing Sirius tortured and races to the Ministry of Magic . He and his friends face off against Voldemort 's followers ( nicknamed Death Eaters ) at the Ministry of Magic . Although the timely arrival of members of the Order of the Phoenix saves the teenagers ' lives , Sirius Black is killed in the conflict . </P> <P> In the sixth book , Harry Potter and the Half - Blood Prince , Voldemort begins waging open warfare . Harry and his friends are relatively protected from that danger at Hogwarts . They are subject to all the difficulties of adolescence -- Harry eventually begins dating Ginny , Ron establishes a strong infatuation with fellow Hogwarts student Lavender Brown , and Hermione starts to develop romantic feelings towards Ron . Near the beginning of the novel , lacking his own book , Harry is given an old potions textbook filled with many annotations and recommendations signed by a mysterious writer titled ; `` the Half - Blood Prince . '' This book is a source of scholastic success and great recognition from their new potions master , Horace Slughorn , but because of the potency of the spells that are written in it , becomes a source of concern . With war drawing near , Harry takes private lessons with Dumbledore , who shows him various memories concerning the early life of Voldemort in a device called a Pensieve . These reveal that in order to preserve his life , Voldemort has split his soul into pieces , creating a series of Horcruxes -- evil enchanted items hidden in various locations , one of which was the diary destroyed in the second book . On their way to collect a Horcrux , Draco , who has joined with the Death Eaters , attempts to attack Dumbledore , and the book culminates in the killing of Dumbledore by Professor Snape , the titular Half - Blood Prince . </P> <P> Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows , the last original novel in the series , begins directly after the events of the sixth book . Lord Voldemort has completed his ascension to power and gained control of the Ministry of Magic . Harry , Ron and Hermione drop out of school so that they can find and destroy Voldemort 's remaining Horcruxes . To ensure their own safety as well as that of their family and friends , they are forced to isolate themselves . A ghoul pretends to be Ron ill with a contagious disease , Harry and the Dursleys separate , and Hermione wipes her parents ' memories . As they search for the Horcruxes , the trio learns details about an ancient prophecy about the Deathly Hallows , three legendary items that when united under one Keeper , would supposedly grant that person to be the Master of Death . Harry discovers his handy Invisibility Cloak to be one of those items , and Voldemort to be searching for another : the Elder Wand , the most powerful wand in history . At the end of the book , Harry and his friends learn about Dumbledore 's past , as well as Snape 's true motives -- he had worked on Dumbledore 's behalf since the murder of Harry 's mother . Eventually , Snape is killed by Voldemort out of paranoia . </P> <P> The book culminates in the Battle of Hogwarts . Harry , Ron and Hermione , in conjunction with members of the Order of the Phoenix and many of the teachers and students , defend Hogwarts from Voldemort , his Death Eaters , and various dangerous magical creatures . Several major characters are killed in the first wave of the battle , including Remus Lupin and Fred Weasley , Ron 's older brother . After learning that he himself is a Horcrux , Harry surrenders himself to Voldemort in the Forbidden Forest , who casts a killing curse ( Avada Kedavra ) at him . The defenders of Hogwarts do not surrender after learning of Harry 's presumed death and continue to fight on . Harry awakens and faces Voldemort , whose Horcruxes have all been destroyed . In the final battle , Voldemort 's killing curse rebounds off Harry 's defensive spell ( Expelliarmus ) , killing Voldemort . </P> <P> An epilogue `` Nineteen Years Later '' ( set on 1 September 2017 ) describes the lives of the surviving characters and the effects of Voldemort 's death on the Wizarding World . In the epilogue , Harry and Ginny are married with three children , and Ron and Hermione are married with two children . </P> <H2> Supplementary works </H2> <H3> Harry Potter and the Cursed Child </H3> Main article : Harry Potter and the Cursed Child <P> Harry Potter and the Cursed Child is a two - part West End stage play . It was written by Jack Thorne , based on a story by J.K. Rowling , Thorne and director John Tiffany . The play opened on 30 July 2016 at the Palace Theatre , London , England . The script was released on 31 July 2016 . The story is set nineteen years after the ending of Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows and follows Harry Potter , now a Ministry of Magic employee , and his youngest son Albus Severus Potter . The play 's official synopsis was released on 23 October 2015 : </P> <P> It was always difficult being Harry Potter and it is n't much easier now that he is an overworked employee of the Ministry of Magic , a husband , and father of three school - age children . </P> <P> While Harry grapples with a past that refuses to stay where it belongs , his youngest son Albus must struggle with the weight of a family legacy he never wanted . As past and present fuse ominously , both father and son learn the uncomfortable truth : sometimes , darkness comes from unexpected places . </P> <H3> In - universe books </H3> See also : J.K. Rowling § Philanthropy <P> Rowling has expanded the Harry Potter universe with several short books produced for various charities . In 2001 , she released Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them ( a purported Hogwarts textbook ) and Quidditch Through the Ages ( a book Harry reads for fun ) . Proceeds from the sale of these two books benefited the charity Comic Relief . In 2007 , Rowling composed seven handwritten copies of The Tales of Beedle the Bard , a collection of fairy tales that is featured in the final novel , one of which was auctioned to raise money for the Children 's High Level Group , a fund for mentally disabled children in poor countries . The book was published internationally on 4 December 2008 . Rowling also wrote an 800 - word prequel in 2008 as part of a fundraiser organised by the bookseller Waterstones . All three of these books contain extra information about the wizarding world not included in the original novels . </P> <P> In 2016 , she released three new e-books : Hogwarts : An Incomplete and Unreliable Guide , Short Stories from Hogwarts of Power , Politics and Pesky Poltergeists and Short Stories from Hogwarts of Heroism , Hardship and Dangerous Hobbies . </P> <H3> Pottermore website </H3> <P> In 2011 , Rowling launched a new website announcing an upcoming project called Pottermore . Pottermore opened to the general public on 14 April 2012 . Pottermore allows users to be sorted , be chosen by their wand and play various minigames . The main purpose of the website was to allow the user to journey though the story with access to content not revealed by JK Rowling previously , with over 18,000 words of additional content . </P> <P> In September 2015 , the website was completely overhauled and most of the features were removed . The site has been redesigned and it mainly focuses on the information already available , rather than exploration . </P> <H2> Structure and genre </H2> <P> The Harry Potter novels are mainly directed at a young adult audience as opposed to an audience of middle grade readers , children , or adults . The novels fall within the genre of fantasy literature , and qualify as a type of fantasy called `` urban fantasy '' , `` contemporary fantasy '' , or `` low fantasy '' . They are mainly dramas , and maintain a fairly serious and dark tone throughout , though they do contain some notable instances of tragicomedy and black humour . In many respects , they are also examples of the bildungsroman , or coming of age novel , and contain elements of mystery , adventure , horror , thriller , and romance . The books are also , in the words of Stephen King , `` shrewd mystery tales '' , and each book is constructed in the manner of a Sherlock Holmes - style mystery adventure . The stories are told from a third person limited point of view with very few exceptions ( such as the opening chapters of Philosopher 's Stone , Goblet of Fire and Deathly Hallows and the first two chapters of Half - Blood Prince ) . </P> <P> The series can be considered part of the British children 's boarding school genre , which includes Rudyard Kipling 's Stalky & Co. , Enid Blyton 's Malory Towers , St. Clare 's and the Naughtiest Girl series , and Frank Richards 's Billy Bunter novels : the Harry Potter books are predominantly set in Hogwarts , a fictional British boarding school for wizards , where the curriculum includes the use of magic . In this sense they are `` in a direct line of descent from Thomas Hughes 's Tom Brown 's School Days and other Victorian and Edwardian novels of British public school life '' , though they are , as many note , more contemporary , grittier , darker , and more mature than the typical boarding school novel , addressing serious themes of death , love , loss , prejudice , coming - of - age , and the loss of innocence in a 1990s British setting . </P> <P> The Harry Potter stories feature much medieval imagery and motifs drawn from the King Arthur stories . Hogwarts resembles a medieval university - cum - castle with several professors who belonging to an Order of Merlin ; Old Professor Binns still lectures about the International Warlock Convention of 1289 ; and a real historical person , a 14th century scribe Sir Nicolas Flamel , described as a holder of the Philosopher 's Stone . Other medieval elements in Hogwarts include coats - of - arms and medieval weapons on the walls , letters written on parchment and sealed with wax , the Great Hall of Hogwarts which is similar to the Great Hall of Camelot , the use of Latin phrases , the tents put up for Quidditch tournaments are similar to the `` marvelous tents '' put up for knightly tournaments , imaginary animals like dragons and unicorns which exist around Hogwarts , and the banners with heraldic animals for the four Houses of Hogwarts . Many of the motifs of the Potter stories such as the hero 's quest invoking objects that confer invisibility , magical animals and trees , a forest full of danger and the recognition of a character based upon scars are drawn from medieval French Arthurian romances . Other aspects borrowed from French Arthurian romances include the use of owls as messengers , werewolves as characters , and white deer . The American scholars Heather Arden and Kathrn Lorenz in particular argue that many aspects of the Potter stories are inspired by a 14th century French Arthurian romance , Claris et Laris , writing of the `` startling '' similarities between the adventures of Potter and the knight Claris . Arden and Lorenz noted that Rowling graduated from the University of Exeter in 1986 with a degree in French literature and spent a year living in France afterwards . </P> <P> Arnden and Lorenz wrote about the similarity between the Arthurian romances , where Camelot is a place of wonder and safety , and from the heroic knights must venture forth facing various perils , usually in an enchanted forest ; and Hogwarts , likewise a wondrous safe place , where Harry Potter and friends must periodically venture forth from to the magical forest that surrounds Hogwarts . In the same way that knights in the Arthurian romances usually have a female helper , who is very intelligent and has a connection with nature , Harry has Hermione who plays a similar role . Like an Arthurian knight , Harry receives advice and encouragement from his mentor , Albus Dumbldore , who resembles both Merlin and King Arthur , but must vanish his foes alone . Arnden and Lorenz wrote that with Rowling 's books , the characters are `` ... not a simple reworking of the well - known heroes of romance , but a protean melding of different characters to form new ones ... '' ... However , Lorenz and Arnden argue the main inspiration for Harry Potter was Sir Percival , one of the Knights of the Round Table who searches for the Holy Grail . Both Potter and Sir Percival had an `` orphaned or semi-orphaned youth , with inherent nobility and powers '' , being raised by relatives who tried to keep them away from the places where they really belong , Hogwarts and Camelot respectively . Both Percival and Potter are however outsiders in the places that they belong , unfamiliar with the rules of knighthood and magic , but both show extraordinary natural abilities with Percival proving himself an exceptional fighter while Potter is an excellent player of Quidditch . And finally , both Percival and Potter found love and acceptance from surrogate families , in the form of the Knights of the Round Table and the Weasley family respectively . </P> <P> Each of the seven books is set over the course of one school year . Harry struggles with the problems he encounters , and dealing with them often involves the need to violate some school rules . If students are caught breaking rules , they are often disciplined by Hogwarts professors . The stories reach their climax in the summer term , near or just after final exams , when events escalate far beyond in - school squabbles and struggles , and Harry must confront either Voldemort or one of his followers , the Death Eaters , with the stakes a matter of life and death -- a point underlined , as the series progresses , by characters being killed in each of the final four books . In the aftermath , he learns important lessons through exposition and discussions with head teacher and mentor Albus Dumbledore . The only exception to this school - centred setting is the final novel , Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows , in which Harry and his friends spend most of their time away from Hogwarts , and only return there to face Voldemort at the dénouement . </P> <H2> Themes </H2> <P> According to Rowling , a major theme in the series is death : `` My books are largely about death . They open with the death of Harry 's parents . There is Voldemort 's obsession with conquering death and his quest for immortality at any price , the goal of anyone with magic . I so understand why Voldemort wants to conquer death . We 're all frightened of it . '' </P> <P> Rowling stated that `` Harry Potter books have always , in fact , dealt explicitly with religious themes and questions '' and that she did not reveal its Christian parallels in the beginning because doing so would have `` give ( n ) too much away to fans who might then see the parallels . '' In the final book of the series Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows , Rowling makes the book 's Christian imagery more explict , quoting both Matthew 6 : 19 and 1 Corinthians 15 : 26 when Harry visits his parents ' graves . Hermione Granger teaches Harry Potter that the meaning of these verses from the Christian Bible are `` living beyond death . Living after death '' , which Rowling states is `` one of the central foundations of resurrection theology '' and that these bible verses `` epitomize the whole series '' . </P> <P> Academics and journalists have developed many other interpretations of themes in the books , some more complex than others , and some including political subtexts . Themes such as normality , oppression , survival , and overcoming imposing odds have all been considered as prevalent throughout the series . Similarly , the theme of making one 's way through adolescence and `` going over one 's most harrowing ordeals -- and thus coming to terms with them '' has also been considered . Rowling has stated that the books comprise `` a prolonged argument for tolerance , a prolonged plea for an end to bigotry '' and that they also pass on a message to `` question authority and ... not assume that the establishment or the press tells you all of the truth '' . </P> <P> While the books could be said to comprise many other themes , such as power / abuse of power , violence and hatred , love , loss , prejudice , and free choice , they are , as Rowling states , `` deeply entrenched in the whole plot '' ; the writer prefers to let themes `` grow organically '' , rather than sitting down and consciously attempting to impart such ideas to her readers . Along the same lines is the ever - present theme of adolescence , in whose depiction Rowling has been purposeful in acknowledging her characters ' sexualities and not leaving Harry , as she put it , `` stuck in a state of permanent pre-pubescence '' . Rowling has also been praised for her nuanced depiction of the ways in which death and violence affects youth , and humanity as a whole . </P> <P> Rowling said that , to her , the moral significance of the tales seems `` blindingly obvious '' . The key for her was the choice between what is right and what is easy , `` because that ... is how tyranny is started , with people being apathetic and taking the easy route and suddenly finding themselves in deep trouble . '' </P> <H2> Origins </H2> Main article : Harry Potter influences and analogues <P> In 1990 , Rowling was on a crowded train from Manchester to London when the idea for Harry suddenly `` fell into her head '' . Rowling gives an account of the experience on her website saying : </P> <P> `` I had been writing almost continuously since the age of six but I had never been so excited about an idea before . I simply sat and thought , for four ( delayed train ) hours , and all the details bubbled up in my brain , and this scrawny , black - haired , bespectacled boy who did not know he was a wizard became more and more real to me . '' </P> <P> Rowling completed Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone in 1995 and the manuscript was sent off to several prospective agents . The second agent she tried , Christopher Little , offered to represent her and sent the manuscript to Bloomsbury . </P> <H2> Publishing history </H2> The novelist , J.K. Rowling The logo used in British , Australian , and Canadian editions before 2010 , which uses the typeface Cochin Bold . <P> After eight other publishers had rejected Philosopher 's Stone , Bloomsbury offered Rowling a £ 2,500 advance for its publication . Despite Rowling 's statement that she did not have any particular age group in mind when beginning to write the Harry Potter books , the publishers initially targeted children aged nine to eleven . On the eve of publishing , Rowling was asked by her publishers to adopt a more gender - neutral pen name in order to appeal to the male members of this age group , fearing that they would not be interested in reading a novel they knew to be written by a woman . She elected to use J.K. Rowling ( Joanne Kathleen Rowling ) , using her grandmother 's name as her second name because she has no middle name . </P> <P> Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone was published by Bloomsbury , the publisher of all Harry Potter books in the United Kingdom , on 26 June 1997 . It was released in the United States on 1 September 1998 by Scholastic -- the American publisher of the books -- as Harry Potter and the Sorcerer 's Stone , after Rowling had received US $105,000 for the American rights -- a record amount for a children 's book by an unknown author . Fearing that American readers would not associate the word `` philosopher '' with magic ( although the Philosopher 's Stone is an ancient tradition in alchemy ) , Scholastic insisted that the book be given the title Harry Potter and the Sorcerer 's Stone for the American market . </P> <P> The second book , Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets , was originally published in the UK on 2 July 1998 and in the US on 2 June 1999 . Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban was published a year later in the UK on 8 July 1999 and in the US on 8 September 1999 . Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire was published on 8 July 2000 at the same time by Bloomsbury and Scholastic . Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix is the longest book in the series , at 766 pages in the UK version and 870 pages in the US version . It was published worldwide in English on 21 June 2003 . Harry Potter and the Half - Blood Prince was published on 16 July 2005 ; it sold 9 million copies in the first 24 hours of its worldwide release . The seventh and final novel , Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows , was published on 21 July 2007 . The book sold 11 million copies in the first 24 hours of release , breaking down to 2.7 million copies in the UK and 8.3 million in the US . </P> <H3> Translations </H3> Main article : Harry Potter in translation The Russian translation of The Deathly Hallows goes on sale in Moscow , 2007 <P> The series has been translated into 80 languages , placing Rowling among the most translated authors in history . The books have seen translations to diverse languages such as Korean , Armenian , Ukrainian , Arabic , Urdu , Hindi , Bengali , Bulgarian , Welsh , Afrikaans , Albanian , Latvian , Vietnamese and Hawaiian . The first volume has been translated into Latin and even Ancient Greek , making it the longest published work in Ancient Greek since the novels of Heliodorus of Emesa in the 3rd century AD . The second volume has also been translated into Latin . </P> <P> Some of the translators hired to work on the books were well - known authors before their work on Harry Potter , such as Viktor Golyshev , who oversaw the Russian translation of the series ' fifth book . The Turkish translation of books two to seven was undertaken by Sevin Okyay , a popular literary critic and cultural commentator . For reasons of secrecy , translation on a given book could only start after it had been released in English , leading to a lag of several months before the translations were available . This led to more and more copies of the English editions being sold to impatient fans in non-English speaking countries ; for example , such was the clamour to read the fifth book that its English language edition became the first English - language book ever to top the best - seller list in France . </P> <P> The United States editions were adapted into American English to make them more understandable to a young American audience . </P> <H3> Completion of the series </H3> <P> In December 2005 , Rowling stated on her web site , `` 2006 will be the year when I write the final book in the Harry Potter series . '' Updates then followed in her online diary chronicling the progress of Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows , with the release date of 21 July 2007 . The book itself was finished on 11 January 2007 in the Balmoral Hotel , Edinburgh , where she scrawled a message on the back of a bust of Hermes . It read : `` J.K. Rowling finished writing Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows in this room ( 552 ) on 11 January 2007 . '' </P> <P> Rowling herself has stated that the last chapter of the final book ( in fact , the epilogue ) was completed `` in something like 1990 '' . In June 2006 , Rowling , on an appearance on the British talk show Richard & Judy , announced that the chapter had been modified as one character `` got a reprieve '' and two others who previously survived the story had in fact been killed . On 28 March 2007 , the cover art for the Bloomsbury Adult and Child versions and the Scholastic version were released . </P> <P> In September 2012 , Rowling mentioned in an interview that she might go back to make a `` director 's cut '' of two of the existing Harry Potter books . </P> <H3> Cover art </H3> <P> For cover art , Bloomsbury chose painted art in a classic style of design , with the first cover a watercolour and pencil drawing by illustrator Thomas Taylor showing Harry boarding the Hogwarts Express , and a title in the font Cochin Bold . The first releases of the successive books in the series followed in the same style but somewhat more realistic , illustrating scenes from the books . These covers were created by first Cliff Wright and then Jason Cockroft . </P> <P> Due to the appeal of the books among an adult audience , Bloomsbury commissioned a second line of editions in an ' adult ' style . These initially used black - and - white photographic art for the covers showing objects from the books ( including a very American Hogwarts Express ) without depicting people , but later shifted to partial colourisation with a picture of Slytherin 's locket on the cover of the final book . </P> <P> International and later editions have been created by a range of designers , including Mary GrandPré for U.S. audiences and Mika Launis in Finland . For a later American release , Kazu Kibuishi created covers in a somewhat anime - influenced style . </P> <H2> Achievements </H2> `` Platform 93⁄4 '' sign on London King 's Cross railway station <H3> Cultural impact </H3> Further information : Harry Potter fandom <P> Fans of the series were so eager for the latest instalment that bookstores around the world began holding events to coincide with the midnight release of the books , beginning with the 2000 publication of Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire . The events , commonly featuring mock sorting , games , face painting , and other live entertainment have achieved popularity with Potter fans and have been highly successful in attracting fans and selling books with nearly nine million of the 10.8 million initial print copies of Harry Potter and the Half - Blood Prince sold in the first 24 hours . </P> <P> The final book in the series , Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows became the fastest selling book in history , moving 11 million units in the first twenty - four hours of release . The series has also gathered adult fans , leading to the release of two editions of each Harry Potter book , identical in text but with one edition 's cover artwork aimed at children and the other aimed at adults . Besides meeting online through blogs , podcasts , and fansites , Harry Potter super-fans can also meet at Harry Potter symposia . </P> <P> The word Muggle has spread beyond its Harry Potter origins , becoming one of few pop culture words to land in the Oxford English Dictionary . The Harry Potter fandom has embraced podcasts as a regular , often weekly , insight to the latest discussion in the fandom . Both MuggleCast and PotterCast have reached the top spot of iTunes podcast rankings and have been polled one of the top 50 favourite podcasts . </P> <P> Some lessons identified in the series include diversity , acceptance , political tolerance , and equality . Surveys of over 1,000 college students in the United States show that those who read the books were significantly different than those who had not . Readers of the series were found to be more tolerant , more opposed to violence and torture , less authoritarian , and less cynical . Although it is not known if this is a cause - and - effect relationship , there is a clear correlation , and it seems that Harry Potter 's cultural impact may be stronger than just a fandom bond . </P> <P> Many fan fiction and fan art works about Harry Potter have been made . In March 2007 , `` Harry Potter '' was the most commonly searched fan fiction subject on the internet . At the University of Michigan in 2009 , StarKid Productions performed an original musical parodying the Harry Potter series called A Very Potter Musical . The musical was awarded Entertainment Weekly 's 10 Best Viral Videos of 2009 . </P> <P> The sport Quidditch , played by characters in the Harry Potter series , was created in 2005 and is played worldwide . Characters and elements from the series have inspired scientific names of several organisms , including the dinosaur Dracorex hogwartsia , the spider Eriovixia gryffindori , the wasp Ampulex dementor , and the crab Harryplax severus . </P> <H3> Commercial success </H3> See also : List of best - selling books Crowd outside a book store for the midnight release of Harry Potter and the Half - Blood Prince . <P> The popularity of the Harry Potter series has translated into substantial financial success for Rowling , her publishers , and other Harry Potter related license holders . This success has made Rowling the first and thus far only billionaire author . The books have sold more than 400 million copies worldwide and have also given rise to the popular film adaptations produced by Warner Bros. , all of which have been highly successful in their own right . The films have in turn spawned eight video games and have led to the licensing of more than 400 additional Harry Potter products . The Harry Potter brand has been estimated to be worth as much as $25 billion . </P> <P> The great demand for Harry Potter books motivated The New York Times to create a separate best - seller list for children 's literature in 2000 , just before the release of Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire . By 24 June 2000 , Rowling 's novels had been on the list for 79 straight weeks ; the first three novels were each on the hardcover best - seller list . On 12 April 2007 , Barnes & Noble declared that Deathly Hallows had broken its pre-order record , with more than 500,000 copies pre-ordered through its site . For the release of Goblet of Fire , 9,000 FedEx trucks were used with no other purpose than to deliver the book . Together , Amazon.com and Barnes & Noble pre-sold more than 700,000 copies of the book . In the United States , the book 's initial printing run was 3.8 million copies . This record statistic was broken by Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix , with 8.5 million , which was then shattered by Half - Blood Prince with 10.8 million copies . 6.9 million copies of Prince were sold in the U.S. within the first 24 hours of its release ; in the United Kingdom more than two million copies were sold on the first day . The initial U.S. print run for Deathly Hallows was 12 million copies , and more than a million were pre-ordered through Amazon and Barnes & Noble . </P> <H3> Awards , honours , and recognition </H3> <P> The Harry Potter series has been recognised by a host of awards since the initial publication of Philosopher 's Stone including four Whitaker Platinum Book Awards ( all of which were awarded in 2001 ) , three Nestlé Smarties Book Prizes ( 1997 -- 1999 ) , two Scottish Arts Council Book Awards ( 1999 and 2001 ) , the inaugural Whitbread children 's book of the year award ( 1999 ) , the WHSmith book of the year ( 2006 ) , among others . In 2000 , Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban was nominated for a Hugo Award for Best Novel , and in 2001 , Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire won said award . Honours include a commendation for the Carnegie Medal ( 1997 ) , a short listing for the Guardian Children 's Award ( 1998 ) , and numerous listings on the notable books , editors ' Choices , and best books lists of the American Library Association , The New York Times , Chicago Public Library , and Publishers Weekly . </P> <P> In 2002 , British sociologist Andrew Blake named Harry Potter among the icons of British popular culture along with the likes of James Bond and Sherlock Holmes . In 2003 , four of the books were named in the top 24 of the BBC 's The Big Read survey of the best loved novels in the UK . A 2004 study found that books in the series were commonly read aloud in elementary schools in San Diego County , California . Based on a 2007 online poll , the U.S. National Education Association listed the series in its `` Teachers ' Top 100 Books for Children '' . Three of the books placed among the `` Top 100 Chapter Books '' of all time , or children 's novels , in a 2012 survey published by School Library Journal : Sorcerer 's Stone ranked number three , Prisoner of Azkaban 12th , and Goblet of Fire 98th . In 2012 , the opening ceremony of the 2012 Summer Olympics in London featured a 100 - foot tall rendition of Lord Voldemort in a segment designed to show off the UK 's cultural icons . </P> <H2> Reception </H2> <H3> Literary criticism </H3> <P> Early in its history , Harry Potter received positive reviews . On publication , the first book , Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone , attracted attention from the Scottish newspapers , such as The Scotsman , which said it had `` all the makings of a classic '' , and The Glasgow Herald , which called it `` Magic stuff '' . Soon the English newspapers joined in , with more than one comparing it to Roald Dahl 's work : The Mail on Sunday rated it as `` the most imaginative debut since Roald Dahl '' , a view echoed by The Sunday Times ( `` comparisons to Dahl are , this time , justified '' ) , while The Guardian called it `` a richly textured novel given lift - off by an inventive wit '' . </P> <P> By the time of the release of the fifth book , Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix , the books began to receive strong criticism from a number of literary scholars . Yale professor , literary scholar , and critic Harold Bloom raised criticisms of the books ' literary merits , saying , `` Rowling 's mind is so governed by clichés and dead metaphors that she has no other style of writing . '' A.S. Byatt authored an op - ed article in The New York Times calling Rowling 's universe a `` secondary secondary world , made up of intelligently patchworked derivative motifs from all sorts of children 's literature ... written for people whose imaginative lives are confined to TV cartoons , and the exaggerated ( more exciting , not threatening ) mirror - worlds of soaps , reality TV and celebrity gossip '' . </P> <P> Michael Rosen , a novelist and poet , advocated the books were not suited for children , who would be unable to grasp the complex themes . Rosen also stated that `` J.K. Rowling is more of an adult writer . '' The critic Anthony Holden wrote in The Observer on his experience of judging Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban for the 1999 Whitbread Awards . His overall view of the series was negative -- `` the Potter saga was essentially patronising , conservative , highly derivative , dispiritingly nostalgic for a bygone Britain '' , and he speaks of `` a pedestrian , ungrammatical prose style '' . Ursula K. Le Guin said , `` I have no great opinion of it . When so many adult critics were carrying on about the ' incredible originality ' of the first Harry Potter book , I read it to find out what the fuss was about , and remained somewhat puzzled ; it seemed a lively kid 's fantasy crossed with a `` school novel '' , good fare for its age group , but stylistically ordinary , imaginatively derivative , and ethically rather mean - spirited . '' </P> <P> By contrast , author Fay Weldon , while admitting that the series is `` not what the poets hoped for '' , nevertheless goes on to say , `` but this is not poetry , it is readable , saleable , everyday , useful prose '' . The literary critic A.N. Wilson praised the Harry Potter series in The Times , stating : `` There are not many writers who have JK 's Dickensian ability to make us turn the pages , to weep -- openly , with tears splashing -- and a few pages later to laugh , at invariably good jokes ... We have lived through a decade in which we have followed the publication of the liveliest , funniest , scariest and most moving children 's stories ever written '' . Charles Taylor of Salon.com , who is primarily a movie critic , took issue with Byatt 's criticisms in particular . While he conceded that she may have `` a valid cultural point -- a teeny one -- about the impulses that drive us to reassuring pop trash and away from the troubling complexities of art '' , he rejected her claims that the series is lacking in serious literary merit and that it owes its success merely to the childhood reassurances it offers . Taylor stressed the progressively darker tone of the books , shown by the murder of a classmate and close friend and the psychological wounds and social isolation each causes . Taylor also argued that Philosopher 's Stone , said to be the most light - hearted of the seven published books , disrupts the childhood reassurances that Byatt claims spur the series ' success : the book opens with news of a double murder , for example . </P> <P> Stephen King called the series `` a feat of which only a superior imagination is capable '' , and declared `` Rowling 's punning , one - eyebrow - cocked sense of humor '' to be `` remarkable '' . However , he wrote that despite the story being `` a good one '' , he is `` a little tired of discovering Harry at home with his horrible aunt and uncle '' , the formulaic beginning of all seven books . King has also joked that `` Rowling 's never met an adverb she did not like ! '' He does however predict that Harry Potter `` will indeed stand time 's test and wind up on a shelf where only the best are kept ; I think Harry will take his place with Alice , Huck , Frodo , and Dorothy and this is one series not just for the decade , but for the ages '' . Sameer Rahim of The Daily Telegraph disagreed , saying `` It depresses me to see 16 and 17 year - olds reading the series when they could be reading the great novels of childhood such as Oliver Twist or A House for Mr Biswas . What that says about the adults who are fanatical fans I 'm not sure -- but I suspect in years to come people will make a link between our plump , comfortable , infantilising society and the popularity of Potter . '' </P> <P> There is ongoing discussion regarding the extent to which the series was inspired by Tolkien 's Lord of the Rings books . </P> <H3> Social impact </H3> <P> Although Time magazine named Rowling as a runner - up for its 2007 Person of the Year award , noting the social , moral , and political inspiration she has given her fandom , cultural comments on the series have been mixed . Washington Post book critic Ron Charles opined in July 2007 that the large numbers of adults reading the Potter series but few other books may represent a `` bad case of cultural infantilism '' , and that the straightforward `` good vs. evil '' theme of the series is `` childish '' . He also argued `` through no fault of Rowling 's '' , the cultural and marketing `` hysteria '' marked by the publication of the later books `` trains children and adults to expect the roar of the coliseum , a mass - media experience that no other novel can possibly provide '' . </P> <P> Librarian Nancy Knapp pointed out the books ' potential to improve literacy by motivating children to read much more than they otherwise would . The seven - book series has a word count of 1,083,594 ( US edition ) . Agreeing about the motivating effects , Diane Penrod also praised the books ' blending of simple entertainment with `` the qualities of highbrow literary fiction '' , but expressed concern about the distracting effect of the prolific merchandising that accompanies the book launches . However , the assumption that Harry Potter books have increased literacy among young people is `` largely a folk legend . '' Research by the National Endowment for the Arts ( NEA ) has found no increase in reading among children coinciding with the Harry Potter publishing phenomenon , nor has the broader downward trend in reading among Americans been arrested during the rise in the popularity of the Harry Potter books . The research also found that children who read Harry Potter books were not more likely to go on to read outside the fantasy and mystery genres . NEA chairman Dana Gioia said the series , `` got millions of kids to read a long and reasonably complex series of books . The trouble is that one Harry Potter novel every few years is not enough to reverse the decline in reading . '' </P> <P> Jennifer Conn used Snape 's and Quidditch coach Madam Hooch 's teaching methods as examples of what to avoid and what to emulate in clinical teaching , and Joyce Fields wrote that the books illustrate four of the five main topics in a typical first - year sociology class : `` sociological concepts including culture , society , and socialisation ; stratification and social inequality ; social institutions ; and social theory '' . </P> <P> From the early 2000s onwards several news reports appeared in the UK of the Harry Potter book and movie series driving demand for pet owls and even reports that after the end of the movie series these same pet owls were now being abandoned by their owners . This led J.K. Rowling to issue several statements urging Harry Potter fans to refrain from purchasing pet owls . Despite the media flurry , research into the popularity of Harry Potter and sales of owls in the UK failed to find any evidence that the Harry Potter franchise had influenced the buying of owls in the country or the number of owls reaching animal shelters and sanctuaries . </P> <P> Jenny Sawyer wrote in Christian Science Monitor on 25 July 2007 that the books represent a `` disturbing trend in commercial storytelling and Western society '' in that stories `` moral center ( sic ) have all but vanished from much of today 's pop culture ... after 10 years , 4,195 pages , and over 375 million copies , J.K. Rowling 's towering achievement lacks the cornerstone of almost all great children 's literature : the hero 's moral journey '' . Harry Potter , Sawyer argues , neither faces a `` moral struggle '' nor undergoes any ethical growth , and is thus `` no guide in circumstances in which right and wrong are anything less than black and white '' . In contrast Emily Griesinger described Harry 's first passage through to Platform 93⁄4 as an application of faith and hope , and his encounter with the Sorting Hat as the first of many in which Harry is shaped by the choices he makes . She also noted the `` deeper magic '' by which the self - sacrifice of Harry 's mother protects the boy throughout the series , and which the power - hungry Voldemort fails to understand . </P> <P> In an 8 November 2002 Slate article , Chris Suellentrop likened Potter to a `` trust - fund kid whose success at school is largely attributable to the gifts his friends and relatives lavish upon him '' . Noting that in Rowling 's fiction , magical ability potential is `` something you are born to , not something you can achieve '' , Suellentrop wrote that Dumbledore 's maxim that `` It is our choices that show what we truly are , far more than our abilities '' is hypocritical , as `` the school that Dumbledore runs values native gifts above all else '' . In a 12 August 2007 , review of Deathly Hallows in The New York Times , however , Christopher Hitchens praised Rowling for `` unmooring '' her `` English school story '' from literary precedents `` bound up with dreams of wealth and class and snobbery '' , arguing that she had instead created `` a world of youthful democracy and diversity '' . </P> <P> In 2010 , coinciding with the release of the film Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows Part 1 , a series of articles were written about Private Harry Potter of the British army . This real - life Harry Potter was killed in the Arab Revolt near Hebron in 1939 . His grave , located in the British cemetery in Ramla , Israel , began to receive curious visitors leading the Ramla Municipality to list it on their website . </P> <P> In 2016 , an article written by Diana C. Mutz compares the politics of Harry Potter to the 2016 Donald Trump presidential campaign . She states that 3 themes throughout the books are widely predominant ' 1 ) the value of tolerance and respect for difference ; 2 ) opposition to violence and punitiveness ; and 3 ) the dangers of authoritarianism . ' She suggests that these themes are also present in the presidential election and it may play a significant role in how Americans have responded to the campaign . </P> <H3> Controversies </H3> Main articles : Legal disputes over the Harry Potter series , Religious debates over the Harry Potter series , Politics of Harry Potter , and Tanya Grotter <P> The books have been the subject of a number of legal proceedings , stemming from various conflicts over copyright and trademark infringements . The popularity and high market value of the series has led Rowling , her publishers , and film distributor Warner Bros. to take legal measures to protect their copyright , which have included banning the sale of Harry Potter imitations , targeting the owners of websites over the `` Harry Potter '' domain name , and suing author Nancy Stouffer to counter her accusations that Rowling had plagiarised her work . Various religious conservatives have claimed that the books promote witchcraft and religions such as Wicca and are therefore unsuitable for children , while a number of critics have criticised the books for promoting various political agendas . </P> <P> The books also aroused controversies in the literary and publishing worlds . From 1997 to 1998 , Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone won almost all the UK awards judged by children , but none of the children 's book awards judged by adults , and Sandra Beckett suggested the reason was intellectual snobbery towards books that were popular among children . In 1999 , the winner of the Whitbread Book of the Year award children 's division was entered for the first time on the shortlist for the main award , and one judge threatened to resign if Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban was declared the overall winner ; it finished second , very close behind the winner of the poetry prize , Seamus Heaney 's translation of the Anglo - Saxon epic Beowulf . </P> <P> In 2000 , shortly before the publication of Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire , the previous three Harry Potter books topped The New York Times fiction best - seller list and a third of the entries were children 's books . The newspaper created a new children 's section covering children 's books , including both fiction and non-fiction , and initially counting only hardback sales . The move was supported by publishers and booksellers . In 2004 , The New York Times further split the children 's list , which was still dominated by Harry Potter books into sections for series and individual books , and removed the Harry Potter books from the section for individual books . The split in 2000 attracted condemnation , praise and some comments that presented both benefits and disadvantages of the move . Time suggested that , on the same principle , Billboard should have created a separate `` mop - tops '' list in 1964 when the Beatles held the top five places in its list , and Nielsen should have created a separate game - show list when Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ? dominated the ratings . </P> <H2> Adaptations </H2> <H3> Films </H3> Main article : Harry Potter ( film series ) The locomotive that features as the `` Hogwarts Express '' in the film series . <P> In 1998 , Rowling sold the film rights of the first four Harry Potter books to Warner Bros. for a reported £ 1 million ( $1,982,900 ) . Rowling demanded the principal cast be kept strictly British , nonetheless allowing for the inclusion of Irish actors such as the late Richard Harris as Dumbledore , and for casting of French and Eastern European actors in Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire where characters from the book are specified as such . After many directors including Steven Spielberg , Terry Gilliam , Jonathan Demme , and Alan Parker were considered , Chris Columbus was appointed on 28 March 2000 as the director for Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone ( titled `` Harry Potter and the Sorcerer 's Stone '' in the United States ) , with Warner Bros. citing his work on other family films such as Home Alone and Mrs. Doubtfire and proven experience with directing children as influences for their decision . </P> <P> After extensive casting , filming began in October 2000 at Leavesden Film Studios and in London itself , with production ending in July 2001 . Philosopher 's Stone was released on 14 November 2001 . Just three days after the film 's release , production for Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets , also directed by Columbus , began . Filming was completed in summer 2002 , with the film being released on 15 November 2002 . Daniel Radcliffe portrayed Harry Potter , doing so for all succeeding films in the franchise . </P> <P> Columbus declined to direct Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban , only acting as producer . Mexican director Alfonso Cuarón took over the job , and after shooting in 2003 , the film was released on 4 June 2004 . Due to the fourth film beginning its production before the third 's release , Mike Newell was chosen as the director for Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire , released on 18 November 2005 . Newell became the first British director of the series , with television director David Yates following suit after he was chosen to helm Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix . Production began in January 2006 and the film was released the following year in July 2007 . After executives were `` really delighted '' with his work on the film , Yates was selected to direct Harry Potter and the Half - Blood Prince , which was released on 15 July 2009 . </P> Gringotts Wizarding Bank as seen in the film series <P> In March 2008 , Warner Bros. President and COO Alan F. Horn announced that the final instalment in the series , Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows , would be released in two cinematic parts : Part 1 on 19 November 2010 and Part 2 on 15 July 2011 . Production of both parts started in February 2009 , with the final day of principal photography taking place on 12 June 2010 . </P> <P> Rowling had creative control on the film series , observing the filmmaking process of Philosopher 's Stone and serving as producer on the two - part Deathly Hallows , alongside David Heyman and David Barron . The Harry Potter films have been top - rank box office hits , with all eight releases on the list of highest - grossing films worldwide . Philosopher 's Stone was the highest - grossing Harry Potter film up until the release of the final instalment of the series , Deathly Hallows , while Prisoner of Azkaban grossed the least . As well as being a financial success , the film series has also been a success among film critics . </P> <P> Opinions of the films are generally divided among fans , with one group preferring the more faithful approach of the first two films , and another group preferring the more stylised character - driven approach of the later films . Rowling has been constantly supportive of all the films and evaluated Deathly Hallows as her `` favourite one '' in the series . She wrote on her website of the changes in the book - to - film transition , `` It is simply impossible to incorporate every one of my storylines into a film that has to be kept under four hours long . Obviously films have restrictions novels do not have , constraints of time and budget ; I can create dazzling effects relying on nothing but the interaction of my own and my readers ' imaginations '' . </P> <P> At the 64th British Academy Film Awards in February 2011 , Rowling was joined by producers David Heyman and David Barron along with directors David Yates , Alfonso Cuarón and Mike Newell in collecting the Michael Balcon Award for Outstanding British Contribution to Cinema on behalf of all the films in the series . Actors Rupert Grint and Emma Watson , who play main characters Ron Weasley and Hermione Granger , were also in attendance . </P> Spin - off prequels <P> A new series consisting of five films , beginning with Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them , will take place before the main series . The first film was released on 18 November 2016 and the next two are due to be released in 2018 and 2020 . Rowling wrote the screenplay for the first instalment , marking her first foray into screenwriting . </P> <H3> Games </H3> Main article : Harry Potter video games <P> A number of other non-interactive media games and board games have been released such as Cluedo Harry Potter Edition , Scene It ? Harry Potter and Lego Harry Potter models , which are influenced by the themes of both the novels and films . </P> <P> There are thirteen Harry Potter video games , eight corresponding with the films and books and five spin - offs . The film / book - based games are produced by Electronic Arts , as was Harry Potter : Quidditch World Cup , with the game version of the first entry in the series , Philosopher 's Stone , being released in November 2001 . Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone went on to become one of the best - selling PlayStation games ever . The video games were released to coincide with the films , containing scenery and details from the films as well as the tone and spirit of the books . Objectives usually occur in and around Hogwarts , along with various other magical areas . The story and design of the games follow the selected film 's characterisation and plot ; EA worked closely with Warner Bros. to include scenes from the films . The last game in the series , Deathly Hallows , was split , with Part 1 released in November 2010 and Part 2 debuting on consoles in July 2011 . The two - part game forms the first entry to convey an intense theme of action and violence , with the gameplay revolving around a third - person shooter style format . </P> <P> The spin - off games Lego Harry Potter : Years 1 -- 4 and Lego Harry Potter : Years 5 -- 7 were developed by Traveller 's Tales and published by Warner Bros. Interactive Entertainment . The spin - off games Book of Spells and Book of Potions were developed by SCE London Studio and use the Wonderbook , an augmented reality book designed to be used in conjunction with the PlayStation Move and PlayStation Eye . The Harry Potter universe is also featured in Lego Dimensions , with the settings and side characters featured in the Harry Potter Adventure World , and Harry , Voldemort , and Hermione as playable characters . In 2017 , Warner Bros. Interactive Entertainment opened its own Harry Potter themed game design studio , by the name of Portkey Games . </P> <H3> Audiobooks </H3> <P> All seven Harry Potter books have been released in unabridged audiobook versions , with Stephen Fry reading the UK editions and Jim Dale voicing the series for the American editions . </P> <H3> Stage production </H3> Main article : Harry Potter and the Cursed Child <P> Harry Potter and the Cursed Child : Parts I and II is a play which serves as a sequel to the books , beginning nineteen years after the events of Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows . It was written by Jack Thorne based on an original new story by Thorne , Rowling and John Tiffany . It has run at the Palace Theatre in London 's West End since previews began on 7 June 2016 with an official premiere on 30 June 2016 . The first four months of tickets for the June -- September performances were sold out within several hours upon release . Forthcoming productions are planned for Broadway and Melborne . </P> <P> The script was released as a book at the time of the premiere , with a revised version following the next year . </P> <H2> Attractions </H2> <H3> The Wizarding World of Harry Potter </H3> Main article : The Wizarding World of Harry Potter Hogwarts Castle as depicted in the Wizarding World of Harry Potter , located in Universal Orlando Resort 's Island of Adventure <P> After the success of the films and books , Universal and Warner Brothers announced they would create The Wizarding World of Harry Potter , a new Harry Potter - themed expansion to the Islands of Adventure theme park at Universal Orlando Resort in Florida . The land officially opened to the public on 18 June 2010 . It includes a re-creation of Hogsmeade and several rides . The flagship attraction is Harry Potter and the Forbidden Journey , which exists within a re-creation of Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry . Other rides include Dragon Challenge , a pair of inverted roller coasters , and Flight of the Hippogriff , a family roller coaster . </P> <P> Four years later , on 8 July 2014 , Universal opened a Harry Potter - themed area at the Universal Studios Florida theme park . It includes a re-creation of Diagon Alley and connecting alleys and a small section of Muggle London . The flagship attraction is Harry Potter and the Escape from Gringotts roller coaster ride . Universal also added a completely functioning recreation of the Hogwarts Express connecting Kings Cross Station at Universal Studios Florida to the Hogsmeade station at Islands of Adventure . Both Hogsmeade and Diagon Alley contain many shops and restaurants from the book series , including Weasley 's Wizard Wheezes and The Leaky Cauldron . </P> <P> On 15 July 2014 , The Wizarding World of Harry Potter opened at the Universal Studios Japan theme park in Osaka , Japan . It includes the village of Hogsmeade , Harry Potter and the Forbidden Journey ride , and Flight of the Hippogriff roller coaster . </P> <P> On 7 April 2016 , The Wizarding World of Harry Potter opened at the Universal Studios Hollywood theme park near Los Angeles , California . </P> <H3> The making of Harry Potter </H3> Main article : Warner Bros. Studio Tour London - The Making of Harry Potter <P> In March 2011 , Warner Bros. announced plans to build a tourist attraction in the United Kingdom to showcase the Harry Potter film series . The Making of Harry Potter is a behind - the - scenes walking tour featuring authentic sets , costumes and props from the film series . The attraction is located at Warner Bros. Studios , Leavesden , where all eight of the Harry Potter films were made . Warner Bros. constructed two new sound stages to house and showcase the famous sets from each of the British - made productions , following a £ 100 million investment . It opened to the public in March 2012 . </P> <H2> References </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ Svensson , Peter ( 27 March 2012 ) . `` Harry Potter breaks e-book lockdown '' . Yahoo . Retrieved 29 July 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Allsobrook , Dr. Marian ( 18 June 2003 ) . `` Potter 's place in the literary canon '' . BBC News . Retrieved 15 October 2007 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : The Pottermore News Team ( 1 February 2018 ) . `` 500 million Harry Potter books have now been sold worldwide '' . Pottermore . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Meyer , Katie ( 6 April 2016 ) . `` Harry Potter 's $25 Billion Magic Spell '' . Time . Archived from the original on 10 April 2016 . Retrieved 4 November 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Sources that refer to the many genres , cultural meanings and references of the series include : <Ul> <Li> Fry , Stephen ( 10 December 2005 ) . `` Living with Harry Potter '' . BBC Radio 4 . Archived from the original on 2 June 2009 . Retrieved 10 December 2005 . </Li> <Li> Jensen , Jeff ( 7 September 2000 ) . `` Why J.K. Rowling waited to read Harry Potter to her daughter '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 19 August 2015 . </Li> <Li> Nancy Carpentier Brown ( 2007 ) . `` The Last Chapter '' ( PDF ) . Our Sunday Visitor . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 13 October 2007 . Retrieved 28 April 2009 . </Li> <Li> J.K. Rowling . `` J.K. Rowling at the Edinburgh Book Festival '' . Archived from the original on 20 August 2006 . Retrieved 10 October 2006 . </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Greig , Geordie ( 11 January 2006 ) . `` ' There would be so much to tell her ... ' '' . The Telegraph . London . Archived from the original on 11 March 2007 . Retrieved 4 April 2007 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Mzimba , Lizo ( 28 July 2008 ) . `` Interview with Steve Kloves and J.K. Rowling '' . Quick Quotes Quill . Archived from the original on 9 May 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Lemmerman , Kristin ( 14 July 2000 ) . `` Review : Gladly drinking from Rowling 's ' Goblet of Fire ' '' . CNN . Archived from the original on 29 June 2006 . Retrieved 28 September 2008 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` A Muggle 's guide to Harry Potter '' . BBC News . 28 May 2004 . Retrieved 22 August 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Hajela , Deepti ( 14 July 2005 ) . `` Plot summaries for the first five Potter books '' . SouthFlorida.com . Archived from the original on 15 May 2010 . Retrieved 29 September 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Foster , Julie ( October 2001 ) . `` Potter books : Wicked witchcraft ? '' . Koinonia House . Retrieved 15 May 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ * The years are first established by Nearly Headless Nick 's deathday cake in Chamber of Secrets , which indicates that Harry 's second year takes place from 1992 -- 93 . Rowling , J. K. ( 1998 ) . `` The Deathday Party '' . Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets . Bloomsbury . ISBN 0747538492 . <Ul> <Li> The years are also established by the death date of Harry 's parents , given in Deathly Hallows . Rowling , J. K. ( 2007 ) . `` Godric 's Hollow '' . Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows . Bloomsbury . ISBN 1551929767 . </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Farndale , Nigel ( 15 July 2007 ) . `` Harry Potter and the parallel universe '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . Retrieved 28 September 2008 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Memmott , Carol ( 19 July 2007 ) . `` The Harry Potter stories so far : A quick CliffsNotes review '' . USA Today . Retrieved 28 September 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` JK Rowling at the Edinburgh Book Festival '' . J.K. Rowling.com. 15 August 2004 . Archived from the original on 23 August 2008 . Retrieved 27 September 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Maguire , Gregory ( 5 September 1999 ) . `` Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban '' . The New York Times . 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ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 32340 - 9 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ A Whited , Lana ( 2004 ) . The Ivory Tower and Harry Potter : Perspectives on a Literary Phenomenon . University of Missouri Press . p. 28 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8262 - 1549 - 9 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Arden , Heather ; Lorenz , Kathryn ( June 2003 ) . `` The Harry Potter Stories and French Arthurian Romance '' . Arthuriana . Scriptorium Press . 13 ( 12 ) : 54 -- 68 . Retrieved 4 January 2018 . CS1 maint : Date and year ( link ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Arden , Heather ; Lorenz , Kathryn ( June 2003 ) . `` The Harry Potter Stories and French Arthurian Romance '' . Arthuriana . Scriptorium Press . 13 ( 12 ) : 54 -- 68 . Retrieved 4 January 2018 . CS1 maint : Date and year ( link ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Arden , Heather ; Lorenz , Kathryn ( June 2003 ) . `` The Harry Potter Stories and French Arthurian Romance '' . Arthuriana . Scriptorium Press . 13 ( 12 ) : 54 -- 68 . Retrieved 4 January 2018 . CS1 maint : Date and year ( link ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Arden , Heather ; Lorenz , Kathryn ( June 2003 ) . `` The Harry Potter Stories and French Arthurian Romance '' . Arthuriana . Scriptorium Press . 13 ( 12 ) : 54 -- 68 . Retrieved 4 January 2018 . CS1 maint : Date and year ( link ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Arden , Heather ; Lorenz , Kathryn ( June 2003 ) . `` The Harry Potter Stories and French Arthurian Romance '' . Arthuriana . Scriptorium Press . 13 ( 12 ) : 54 -- 68 . Retrieved 4 January 2018 . CS1 maint : Date and year ( link ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Arden , Heather ; Lorenz , Kathryn ( June 2003 ) . `` The Harry Potter Stories and French Arthurian Romance '' . Arthuriana . Scriptorium Press . 13 ( 12 ) : 54 -- 68 . Retrieved 4 January 2018 . CS1 maint : Date and year ( link ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Arden , Heather ; Lorenz , Kathryn ( June 2003 ) . `` The Harry Potter Stories and French Arthurian Romance '' . Arthuriana . Scriptorium Press . 13 ( 12 ) : 54 -- 68 . Retrieved 4 January 2018 . CS1 maint : Date and year ( link ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Arden , Heather ; Lorenz , Kathryn ( June 2003 ) . `` The Harry Potter Stories and French Arthurian Romance '' . Arthuriana . Scriptorium Press . 13 ( 12 ) : 54 -- 68 . Retrieved 4 January 2018 . CS1 maint : Date and year ( link ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Arden , Heather ; Lorenz , Kathryn ( June 2003 ) . `` The Harry Potter Stories and French Arthurian Romance '' . Arthuriana . Scriptorium Press . 13 ( 12 ) : 54 -- 68 . Retrieved 4 January 2018 . CS1 maint : Date and year ( link ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Arden , Heather ; Lorenz , Kathryn ( June 2003 ) . `` The Harry Potter Stories and French Arthurian Romance '' . Arthuriana . Scriptorium Press . 13 ( 12 ) : 54 -- 68 . Retrieved 4 January 2018 . CS1 maint : Date and year ( link ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Arden , Heather ; Lorenz , Kathryn ( June 2003 ) . `` The Harry Potter Stories and French Arthurian Romance '' . Arthuriana . Scriptorium Press . 13 ( 12 ) : 54 -- 68 . Retrieved 4 January 2018 . CS1 maint : Date and year ( link ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Arden , Heather ; Lorenz , Kathryn ( June 2003 ) . `` The Harry Potter Stories and French Arthurian Romance '' . Arthuriana . Scriptorium Press . 13 ( 12 ) : 54 -- 68 . Retrieved 4 January 2018 . CS1 maint : Date and year ( link ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Arden , Heather ; Lorenz , Kathryn ( June 2003 ) . `` The Harry Potter Stories and French Arthurian Romance '' . Arthuriana . Scriptorium Press . 13 ( 12 ) : 54 -- 68 . Retrieved 4 January 2018 . CS1 maint : Date and year ( link ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Arden , Heather ; Lorenz , Kathryn ( June 2003 ) . `` The Harry Potter Stories and French Arthurian Romance '' . Arthuriana . Scriptorium Press . 13 ( 12 ) : 54 -- 68 . Retrieved 4 January 2018 . CS1 maint : Date and year ( link ) </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Grossman , Lev ( 28 June 2007 ) . `` Harry Potter 's Last Adventure '' . Time . 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The Crossover Novel : Contemporary Children 's Fiction and Its Adult Readership . Routledge . p. 69 . ISBN 9781135865016 . These New Testament verses ( Matthew 6 : 19 and 1 Corinthians 15 : 26 ) together denote the promise of resurrection through the Son of God 's consent to die. 52 In interview , Rowling has stressed that these two quotations ' sum up -- they almost epitomize the whole series ' . access - date = requires url = ( help ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Greenwald , Janey ; Greenwald , J ( Fall 2005 ) . `` Understanding Harry Potter : Parallels to the Deaf World '' ( Free full text ) . The Journal of Deaf Studies and Deaf Education . 10 ( 4 ) : 442 -- 450 . doi : 10.1093 / deafed / eni041 . PMID 16000691 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Duffy , Edward ( 2002 ) . `` Sentences in Harry Potter , Students in Future Writing Classes '' . Rhetoric Review . 21 ( 2 ) : 177 . doi : 10.1207 / S15327981RR2102_03 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` JK Rowling outs Dumbledore as gay '' . 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Archived from the original on 6 February 2011 . Retrieved 3 February 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Fantastic Beasts : JK Rowling confirms there will be five films in Harry Potter spin - off series '' . Independent.co.uk . The Independent . Retrieved 7 January 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` All Time Top 20 Best Selling Games '' . 21 May 2003 . Archived from the original on 21 February 2006 . Retrieved 1 December 2006 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ EA Harry Potter Retrieved 19 June 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ EA Harry Potter gameplay Retrieved 19 June 2010 . Archived 1 July 2010 at the Wayback Machine . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Robinson , Andy ( 5 June 2012 ) . `` E3 2012 : Sony announces intriguing Wonderbook for PS3 -- Harry Potter author on board '' . Computer and Video Games . Archived from the original on 8 June 2012 . Retrieved 5 June 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Valentine , James ( 13 July 2012 ) . `` It 's time for the compleat , omnipresent me '' . The Australian . 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Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 25 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Garcia , Jason ( 17 June 2010 ) . `` Big day is here : Universal hopes Harry Potter 's magic will last '' . Orlando Sentinel . Retrieved 19 June 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bevil , Dewayne ( 18 April 2014 ) . `` Universal Studios Japan : Wizarding World of Harry Potter to open July 15 '' . Orlando Sentinel . Retrieved 12 September 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Cripps , Karla ( 16 July 2014 ) . `` Universal Studios Japan 's ' Wizarding World of Harry Potter ' opens '' . CNN . Retrieved 12 September 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Barnes , Brooks ( 8 April 2014 ) . `` A Makeover at Universal Studios Hollywood Aims at Disney '' . The New York Times . Universal City , California . Retrieved 12 September 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` What to expect when the Wizarding World at Universal Studios Hollywood opens in April '' . latimes.com . Retrieved 3 April 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter tour to open at Leavesden studios in 2012 '' . BBC News . 5 March 2011 . Retrieved 18 May 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter tour at Leavesden Studios reveals new sets '' . BBC News . 19 December 2011 . Retrieved 16 February 2012 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> Further reading </H2> <Ul> <Li> Agarwal , Nikita ; Chitra Agarwal ( 2005 ) . Friends and Foes of Harry Potter : Names Decoded . Outskirts Press . ISBN 1 - 59800 - 221 - X </Li> <Li> Anatol , Giselle Liza ( 2003 ) . Reading Harry Potter : critical essays . Praeger . ISBN 0 - 313 - 32067 - 5 </Li> <Li> Burkart , Gina ( 2005 ) . A parent 's guide to Harry Potter . InterVarsity Press . ISBN 0 - 8308 - 3288 - 2 </Li> <Li> Duriez , Colin ( 2007 ) . Field Guide to Harry Potter . IVP Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8308 - 3430 - 3 </Li> <Li> Gunelius , Susan ( 2008 ) . Harry Potter : the story of a global business phenomenon . Palgrave Macmillan . ISBN 0 - 230 - 20323 - X </Li> <Li> Heilman , Elizabeth E ( 2008 ) . Critical perspectives on Harry Potter . Routledge . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 96484 - 5 </Li> <Li> Mulholland , Neil ( 2007 ) . The psychology of Harry Potter : an unauthorized examination of the boy who lived . BenBella Books . ISBN 978 - 1 - 932100 - 88 - 4 </Li> <Li> Silvester , William ( 2010 ) . Harry Potter Collector 's Handbook . Krause . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4402 - 0897 - 3 </Li> </Ul> <H2> External links </H2> Listen to this article ( info / dl ) <P> </P> This audio file was created from a revision of the article `` Harry Potter '' dated 2011 - 01 - 02 , and does not reflect subsequent edits to the article . ( Audio help ) More spoken articles <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wikimedia Commons has media related to Harry Potter . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ul> <Li> Harry Potter , an external wiki </Li> <Li> J.K. Rowling 's personal website </Li> <Li> Harry Potter movies -- Official website ( Warner Bros . ) </Li> <Li> Harry Potter at Bloomsbury.com ( International publisher ) </Li> <Li> Harry Potter at Scholastic.com ( US publisher ) </Li> <Li> Harry Potter at Raincoast.com ( Canadian publisher ) </Li> <Li> Works by or about Harry Potter in libraries ( WorldCat catalog ) </Li> <Li> `` Harry Potter collected news and commentary '' . The Guardian . </Li> <Li> `` Harry Potter collected news and commentary '' . The New York Times . </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> The Wizarding World of Harry Potter at Orlando resort , Florida </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> The Harry Potter series by J.K. Rowling </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Novels </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> The Philosopher 's Stone ( 1997 ) </Li> <Li> The Chamber of Secrets ( 1998 ) </Li> <Li> The Prisoner of Azkaban ( 1999 ) </Li> <Li> The Goblet of Fire ( 2000 ) </Li> <Li> The Order of the Phoenix ( 2003 ) </Li> <Li> The Half - Blood Prince ( 2005 ) </Li> <Li> The Deathly Hallows ( 2007 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Film series </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Films </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> The Philosopher 's Stone ( 2001 ) </Li> <Li> The Chamber of Secrets ( 2002 ) </Li> <Li> The Prisoner of Azkaban ( 2004 ) </Li> <Li> The Goblet of Fire ( 2005 ) </Li> <Li> The Order of the Phoenix ( 2007 ) </Li> <Li> The Half - Blood Prince ( 2009 ) </Li> <Li> The Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 ( 2010 ) </Li> <Li> The Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 ( 2011 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Music </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> The Philosopher 's Stone </Li> <Li> The Chamber of Secrets </Li> <Li> The Prisoner of Azkaban </Li> <Li> The Goblet of Fire </Li> <Li> The Order of the Phoenix </Li> <Li> The Half - Blood Prince </Li> <Li> The Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 </Li> <Li> The Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Related </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Cast members </Li> <Li> Production of The Deathly Hallows </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Characters </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Main </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Harry Potter </Li> <Li> Ron Weasley </Li> <Li> Hermione Granger </Li> <Li> Lord Voldemort </Li> <Li> Albus Dumbledore </Li> <Li> Severus Snape </Li> <Li> Rubeus Hagrid </Li> <Li> Draco Malfoy </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Supporting </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Ginny Weasley </Li> <Li> Fred and George Weasley </Li> <Li> Hogwarts staff </Li> <Li> Order of the Phoenix </Li> <Li> Dumbledore 's Army </Li> <Li> Death Eaters </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Fictional universe </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Hogwarts </Li> <Li> Magic </Li> <Li> Magical creatures </Li> <Li> Magical objects </Li> <Li> Ministry of Magic </Li> <Li> Muggle </Li> <Li> Places </Li> <Li> Potions </Li> <Li> Quidditch </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Related works </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them </Li> <Li> Quidditch Through the Ages </Li> <Li> The Tales of Beedle the Bard </Li> <Li> Prequel </Li> <Li> Pottermore </Li> <Li> The Cursed Child </Li> <Li> Hogwarts : An Incomplete and Unreliable Guide </Li> <Li> Short Stories from Hogwarts of Power , Politics and Pesky Poltergeists </Li> <Li> Short Stories from Hogwarts of Heroism , Hardship and Dangerous Hobbies </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Games and toys </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Quidditch World Cup </Li> <Li> Lego Harry Potter : Years 1 -- 4 </Li> <Li> Lego Harry Potter : Years 5 -- 7 </Li> <Li> Lego Creator : Harry Potter </Li> <Li> Creator : Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets </Li> <Li> The Philosopher 's Stone </Li> <Li> The Chamber of Secrets </Li> <Li> The Prisoner of Azkaban </Li> <Li> The Goblet of Fire </Li> <Li> The Order of the Phoenix </Li> <Li> The Half - Blood Prince </Li> <Li> The Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 </Li> <Li> The Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 </Li> <Li> Book of Spells </Li> <Li> Book of Potions </Li> <Li> Trading Card Game </Li> <Li> Hogwarts Mystery </Li> <Li> Wizards Unite </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Attractions </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> The Wizarding World of Harry Potter <Ul> <Li> Orlando </Li> <Li> Japan </Li> <Li> Hollywood </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> <Ul> <Li> Dragon Challenge </Li> <Li> Flight of the Hippogriff </Li> <Li> Harry Potter and the Escape from Gringotts </Li> <Li> Harry Potter and the Forbidden Journey </Li> <Li> Hogwarts Express </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Harry Potter Movie Magic Experience </Li> <Li> Warner Bros. 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Rowling </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Harry Potter series </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Novels </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Philosopher 's Stone ( 1997 ) </Li> <Li> Chamber of Secrets ( 1998 ) </Li> <Li> Prisoner of Azkaban ( 1999 ) </Li> <Li> Goblet of Fire ( 2000 ) </Li> <Li> Order of the Phoenix ( 2003 ) </Li> <Li> Half - Blood Prince ( 2005 ) </Li> <Li> Deathly Hallows ( 2007 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Related works </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them ( 2001 ) </Li> <Li> Quidditch Through the Ages ( 2001 ) </Li> <Li> Harry Potter prequel ( 2008 ) </Li> <Li> The Tales of Beedle the Bard ( 2008 ) </Li> <Li> The Cursed Child ( 2016 ) </Li> <Li> Hogwarts : An Incomplete and Unreliable Guide ( 2016 ) </Li> <Li> Short Stories from Hogwarts of Power , Politics and Pesky Poltergeists ( 2016 ) </Li> <Li> Short Stories from Hogwarts of Heroism , Hardship and Dangerous Hobbies ( 2016 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Cormoran Strike series ( as Robert Galbraith ) </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> The Cuckoo 's Calling ( 2013 ) </Li> <Li> The Silkworm ( 2014 ) </Li> <Li> Career of Evil ( 2015 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Other works </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> The Casual Vacancy ( 2012 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Filmography </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Films produced </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 ( 2010 ) </Li> <Li> Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 ( 2011 ) </Li> <Li> Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them ( 2016 , also wrote ) </Li> <Li> Fantastic Beasts : The Crimes of Grindelwald ( 2018 , also wrote ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> TV series </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> The Casual Vacancy ( 2015 ) </Li> <Li> Strike ( 2017 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> See also </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Wizarding World </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Books I Love Best Yearly : Younger Readers Award </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Matilda by Roald Dahl ( 1990 ) </Li> <Li> The BFG by Roald Dahl ( 1991 ) </Li> <Li> Charlie and the Chocolate Factory by Roald Dahl ( 1992 ) </Li> <Li> Blabber Mouth by Morris Gleitzman ( 1993 ) </Li> <Li> Fantastic Mr Fox by Roald Dahl ( 1994 ) </Li> <Li> The Pagemaster by David Kirschner ( 1995 ) </Li> <Li> When the Wind Changed by Ruth Park ( 1996 ) </Li> <Li> Matilda by Roald Dahl ( 1997 ) </Li> <Li> Polar the Titanic Bear by Daisy Corning Stone Spedder ( 1998 ) </Li> <Li> Detective Donut and the Wild Goose Chase by Bruce Whatley and R. 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Rowling ( 2006 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Td> Books View or order collections of articles </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Harry Potter </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Portals Access related topics </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Harry Potter portal </Li> <Li> Children 's literature portal </Li> <Li> Speculative fiction portal </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Find out more on Wikipedia 's Sister projects </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Media from Commons </Li> <Li> Travel guides from Wikivoyage </Li> <Li> Definitions from Wiktionary </Li> <Li> Textbooks from Wikibooks </Li> <Li> Quotations from Wikiquote </Li> <Li> Data from Wikidata </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> BNF : cb137554124 ( data ) </Li> <Li> GND : 4629916 - 6 </Li> <Li> SUDOC : 080780571 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Harry_Potter&oldid=842261220 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> Harry Potter </Li> <Li> BILBY Award - 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List of presidents who did n't win reelection - wikipedia <H1> List of presidents who did n't win reelection </H1> <P> This is a list of incumbent Presidents who ran for another term but were n't reelected . </P> <H2> List ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Term in office </Th> <Th> President </Th> <Th> Country </Th> <Th> Lost election </Th> <Th> Notes </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1797 -- 1801 </Td> <Td> John Adams </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> United States presidential election , 1800 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1825 -- 1829 </Td> <Td> John Quincy Adams </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> United States presidential election , 1828 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1885 - 1889 </Td> <Td> Grover Cleveland </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> United States presidential election , 1888 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1889 - 1893 </Td> <Td> Benjamin Harrison </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> United States presidential election , 1892 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1909 - 1913 </Td> <Td> William Taft </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> United States presidential election , 1912 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1929 - 1933 </Td> <Td> Herbert Hoover </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> United States presidential election , 1932 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1931 -- 1937 </Td> <Td> Pehr Evind Svinhufvud </Td> <Td> Finland </Td> <Td> Finnish presidential election , 1937 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1948 -- 1955 </Td> <Td> Luigi Einaudi </Td> <Td> Italy </Td> <Td> Italian presidential election , 1955 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1955 -- 1962 </Td> <Td> Giovanni Gronchi </Td> <Td> Italy </Td> <Td> Italian presidential election , 1962 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1960 -- 1967 </Td> <Td> Aden Abdullah Osman Daar </Td> <Td> Somalia </Td> <Td> Somali presidential election , 1967 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1964 -- 1971 </Td> <Td> Giuseppe Saragat </Td> <Td> Italy </Td> <Td> Italian presidential election , 1971 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1974 -- 1977 </Td> <Td> Gerald Ford </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> United States presidential election , 1976 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1976 -- 1980 </Td> <Td> Jimmy Carter </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> United States presidential election , 1980 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1985 - 1990 </Td> <Td> Daniel Ortega </Td> <Td> Nicaragua </Td> <Td> Nicaraguan general election , 1990 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1974 -- 1981 </Td> <Td> Valéry Giscard d'Estaing </Td> <Td> France </Td> <Td> French presidential election , 1981 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1972 -- 1991 </Td> <Td> Mathieu Kérékou </Td> <Td> Benin </Td> <Td> Beninese presidential election , 1991 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1964 -- 1991 </Td> <Td> Kenneth Kaunda </Td> <Td> Zambia </Td> <Td> Zambian general election , 1991 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1989 -- 1993 </Td> <Td> George H.W. Bush </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> United States presidential election , 1992 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1989 -- 1992 </Td> <Td> Václav Havel </Td> <Td> Czechoslovakia </Td> <Td> Czechoslovak presidential election , 1992 </Td> <Td> Later elected President of the Czech Republic . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1975 -- 1993 1996 -- 2001 </Td> <Td> Didier Ratsiraka </Td> <Td> Madagascar </Td> <Td> Malagasy presidential election , 1992 - 93 Malagasy presidential election , 2001 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1987 -- 1993 </Td> <Td> Pierre Buyoya </Td> <Td> Burundi </Td> <Td> Burundian presidential election , 1993 </Td> <Td> Returned to power in 1996 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1981 -- 1993 </Td> <Td> André Kolingba </Td> <Td> Central African Republic </Td> <Td> Central African general election , 1993 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1966 -- 1994 </Td> <Td> Hastings Banda </Td> <Td> Malawi </Td> <Td> Malawian general election , 1994 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1991 -- 1994 </Td> <Td> Leonid Kravchuk </Td> <Td> Ukraine </Td> <Td> Ukrainian presidential election , 1994 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1990 -- 1995 </Td> <Td> Lech Wałęsa </Td> <Td> Poland </Td> <Td> Polish presidential election , 1995 </Td> <Td> Also lost 2000 election . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1991 -- 1996 </Td> <Td> Nicéphore Soglo </Td> <Td> Benin </Td> <Td> Beninese presidential election , 1996 </Td> <Td> Also lost in 2001 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1993 -- 1996 </Td> <Td> Albert Zafy </Td> <Td> Madagascar </Td> <Td> Malagasy presidential election , 1996 , 2001 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1990 -- 1997 </Td> <Td> Mircea Snegur </Td> <Td> Moldova </Td> <Td> Moldovan presidential election , 1996 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1990 -- 1997 </Td> <Td> Punsalmaagiin Ochirbat </Td> <Td> Mongolia </Td> <Td> Mongolian presidential election , 1997 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1999 -- 2000 </Td> <Td> Robert Guéï </Td> <Td> Ivory Coast </Td> <Td> Ivorian presidential election , 2000 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1989 -- 1996 </Td> <Td> Ion Iliescu </Td> <Td> Romania </Td> <Td> Romanian general election , 1996 </Td> <Td> Returned to office after 2000 election . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1981 -- 2000 </Td> <Td> Abdou Diouf </Td> <Td> Senegal </Td> <Td> Senegalese presidential election , 2000 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1996 -- 2001 </Td> <Td> Petar Stoyanov </Td> <Td> Bulgaria </Td> <Td> Bulgarian presidential election , 2001 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1998 -- 2003 </Td> <Td> Valdas Adamkus </Td> <Td> Lithuania </Td> <Td> Lithuanian presidential election , 2002 -- 2003 </Td> <Td> Returned to the office in 2004 . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2000 - 2004 </Td> <Td> Hipólito Mejía </Td> <Td> Dominican Republic </Td> <Td> Dominican Republic presidential election , 2004 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2001 -- 2004 </Td> <Td> Megawati Sukarnoputri </Td> <Td> Indonesia </Td> <Td> Indonesian presidential election , 2004 </Td> <Td> Also lost 2009 election . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1999 -- 2004 </Td> <Td> Rudolf Schuster </Td> <Td> Slovakia </Td> <Td> Slovak presidential election , 2004 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2001 -- 2006 </Td> <Td> Arnold Rüütel </Td> <Td> Estonia </Td> <Td> Estonian presidential election , 2006 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2005 -- 2009 </Td> <Td> Nambaryn Enkhbayar </Td> <Td> Mongolia </Td> <Td> Mongolian presidential election , 2009 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2000 -- 2011 </Td> <Td> Laurent Gbagbo </Td> <Td> Ivory Coast </Td> <Td> Ivorian presidential election , 2010 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2002 -- 2010 </Td> <Td> Dahir Riyale Kahin </Td> <Td> Somaliland </Td> <Td> Somaliland presidential election , 2010 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2004 -- 2010 </Td> <Td> Viktor Yushchenko </Td> <Td> Ukraine </Td> <Td> Ukrainian presidential election , 2010 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2007 -- 2011 </Td> <Td> Valdis Zatlers </Td> <Td> Latvia </Td> <Td> Latvian presidential election , 2011 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2008 -- 2011 </Td> <Td> Rupiah Banda </Td> <Td> Zambia </Td> <Td> Zambian general election , 2011 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2007 -- 2012 </Td> <Td> Nicolas Sarkozy </Td> <Td> France </Td> <Td> French presidential election , 2012 </Td> <Td> Also ran in 2017 but lost The Republicans primary . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2000 -- 2012 </Td> <Td> Abdoulaye Wade </Td> <Td> Senegal </Td> <Td> Senegalese presidential election , 2012 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2004 -- 2012 </Td> <Td> Boris Tadić </Td> <Td> Serbia </Td> <Td> Serbian presidential election , 2012 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2007 -- 2012 </Td> <Td> Danilo Türk </Td> <Td> Slovenia </Td> <Td> Slovenian presidential election , 2012 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2012 -- 2014 </Td> <Td> Joyce Banda </Td> <Td> Malawi </Td> <Td> Malawian general election , 2014 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2010 -- 2015 </Td> <Td> Ivo Josipović </Td> <Td> Croatia </Td> <Td> Croatian presidential election , 2014 -- 15 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2010 -- 2015 </Td> <Td> Goodluck Jonathan </Td> <Td> Nigeria </Td> <Td> Nigerian presidential election , 2015 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2010 -- 2015 </Td> <Td> Bronisław Komorowski </Td> <Td> Poland </Td> <Td> Polish presidential election , 2015 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1994 -- 2017 </Td> <Td> Yahya Jammeh </Td> <Td> The Gambia </Td> <Td> Gambian presidential election , 2016 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2012 -- 2017 </Td> <Td> John Mahama </Td> <Td> Ghana </Td> <Td> Ghanaian general election , 2016 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2011 -- 2016 </Td> <Td> Manuel Pinto da Costa </Td> <Td> São Tomé and Príncipe </Td> <Td> São Toméan presidential election , 2016 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2011 -- 2016 </Td> <Td> Yevgeny Shevchuk </Td> <Td> Transnistria </Td> <Td> Transnistrian presidential election , 2016 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2012 -- 2017 </Td> <Td> Hassan Sheikh Mohamud </Td> <Td> Somalia </Td> <Td> Somali presidential election , 2017 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2012 -- 2017 </Td> <Td> Leonid Tibilov </Td> <Td> South Ossetia </Td> <Td> South Ossetian presidential election , 2017 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Presidents_who_didn%27t_win_reelection&oldid=850701399 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> Lists of presidents </Li> <Li> Lists of elections </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> Add links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 17 July 2018 , at 14 : 59 ( UTC ) . </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> | [
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Simplified Instructional Computer - wikipedia <H1> Simplified Instructional Computer </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This article does not cite any sources . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2009 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The Simplified Instructional Computer ( also abbreviated SIC ) is a hypothetical computer system introduced in System Software : An Introduction to Systems Programming , by Leland Beck . Due to the fact that most modern microprocessors include subtle , complex functions for the purposes of efficiency , it can be difficult to learn systems programming using a real - world system . The Simplified Instructional Computer solves this by abstracting away these complex behaviors in favor of an architecture that is clear and accessible for those wanting to learn systems programming . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 SIC Architecture </Li> <Li> 2 Addressing Modes for SIC and SIC / XE </Li> <Li> 3 Addressing Modes for SIC / XE </Li> <Li> 4 SIC Assembly Syntax </Li> <Li> 5 Sample program </Li> <Li> 6 Emulating the SIC System </Li> <Li> 7 See also </Li> <Li> 8 References </Li> <Li> 9 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> SIC architecture ( edit ) </H2> <P> The SIC machine has basic addressing , storing most memory addresses hexadecimal integer format . Similar to most modern computing systems , the SIC architecture stores all data in binary and uses the two 's complement to represent negative values at the machine level . Memory storage in SIC consists of 8 - bit bytes , and all memory addresses in SIC are byte addresses . Any three consecutive bytes form a 24 - bit ' word ' value , addressed by the location of the lowest numbered byte in the word value . Numeric values are stored as word values , and character values use the 8 - bit ASCII system . The SIC machine does not support floating - point hardware and have at most 32,768 bytes of memory . There is also a more complicated machine built on top of SIC called the Simplified Instruction Computer with Extra Equipment ( SIC / XE ) . The XE expansion of SIC adds a 48 - bit floating point data type , an additional memory addressing mode , and extra memory ( 1 megabyte instead of 32,768 bytes ) to the original machine . All SIC assembly code is upwards compatible with SIC / XE . </P> <P> SIC machines have several registers , each 24 bits long and having both a numeric and character representation : </P> <Dl> <Dd> <Ul> <Li> A ( 0 ) : Used for basic arithmetic operations ; known as the accumulator register . </Li> <Li> X ( 1 ) : Stores and calculates addresses ; known as the index register . </Li> <Li> L ( 2 ) : Used for jumping to specific memory addresses and storing return addresses ; known as the linkage register . </Li> <Li> PC ( 8 ) : Contains the address of the next instruction to execute ; known as the program counter register . </Li> <Li> SW ( 9 ) : Contains a variety of information , such as carry or overflow flags ; known as the status word register . </Li> </Ul> </Dd> </Dl> <P> In addition to the standard SIC registers , there are also four additional general - purpose registers specific to the SIC / XE machine : </P> <Dl> <Dd> <Ul> <Li> B ( 3 ) : Used for addressing ; known as the base register . </Li> <Li> S ( 4 ) : No special use , general purpose register . </Li> <Li> T ( 5 ) : No special use , general purpose register . </Li> <Li> F ( 6 ) : Floating point accumulator register ( This register is 48 - bits instead of 24 ) . </Li> </Ul> </Dd> </Dl> <P> These five / nine registers allow the SIC or SIC / XE machine to perform most simple tasks in a customized assembly language . In the System Software book , this is used with a theoretical series of operation codes to aid in the understanding of assemblers and linker - loaders required for the execution of assembly language code . </P> <H2> Addressing modes for SIC and SIC / XE ( edit ) </H2> <P> The Simplified Instruction Computer has three instruction formats , and the Extra Equipment add - on includes a fourth . The instruction formats provide a model for memory and data management . Each format has a different representation in memory : </P> <Dl> <Dd> <Ul> <Li> Format 1 : Consists of 8 bits of allocated memory to store instructions . </Li> <Li> Format 2 : Consists of 16 bits of allocated memory to store 8 bits of instructions and two 4 - bits segments to store operands . </Li> <Li> Format 3 : Consists of 6 bits to store an instruction , 6 bits of flag values , and 12 bits of displacement . </Li> <Li> Format 4 : Only valid on SIC / XE machines , consists of the same elements as format 3 , but instead of a 12 - bit displacement , stores a 20 - bit address . </Li> </Ul> </Dd> </Dl> <P> Both format 3 and format 4 have six - bit flag values in them , consisting of the following flag bits : </P> <Dl> <Dd> <Ul> <Li> n : Indirect addressing flag </Li> <Li> i : Immediate addressing flag </Li> <Li> x : Indexed addressing flag </Li> <Li> b : Base address - relative flag </Li> <Li> p : Program counter-relative flag </Li> <Li> e : Format 4 instruction flag </Li> </Ul> </Dd> </Dl> <H2> Addressing modes for SIC / XE ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Rule 1 : <Dl> <Dd> e = 0 : format 3 </Dd> <Dd> e = 1 : format 4 </Dd> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> format 3 : <Dl> <Dd> b = 1 , p = 0 ( base relative ) </Dd> <Dd> b = 0 , p = 1 ( pc relative ) </Dd> <Dd> b = 0 , p = 0 ( direct addressing ) </Dd> </Dl> </Li> <Li> format 4 : <Dl> <Dd> b = 0 , p = 0 ( direct addressing ) </Dd> <Dd> x = 1 ( index ) </Dd> <Dd> i = 1 , n = 0 ( immediate ) </Dd> <Dd> i = 0 , n = 1 ( indirect ) </Dd> <Dd> i = 0 , n = 0 ( SIC ) </Dd> <Dd> i = 1 , n = 1 ( SIC / XE for SIC compatible ) </Dd> </Dl> </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Rule 2 : <Dl> <Dd> i = 0 , n = 0 ( SIC ) </Dd> <Dd> b , p , e is part of the address . </Dd> </Dl> </Li> </Ul> <H2> SIC assembly syntax ( edit ) </H2> <P> SIC uses a special assembly language with its own operation codes that hold the hex values needed to assemble and execute programs . A sample program is provided below to get an idea of what a SIC program might look like . In the code below , there are three columns . The first column represents a forwarded symbol that will store its location in memory . The second column denotes either a SIC instruction ( opcode ) or a constant value ( BYTE or WORD ) . The third column takes the symbol value obtained by going through the first column and uses it to run the operation specified in the second column . This process creates an object code , and all the object codes are put into an object file to be run by the SIC machine . </P> COPY START 1000 FIRST STL RETADR CLOOP JSUB RDREC LDA LENGTH COMP ZERO JEQ ENDFIL JSUB WRREC J CLOOP ENDFIL LDA EOF STA BUFFER LDA THREE STA LENGTH JSUB WRREC LDL RETADR RSUB EOF BYTE C'EOF ' THREE WORD 3 ZERO WORD 0 RETADR RESW 1 LENGTH RESW 1 BUFFER RESB 4096 . . SUBROUTINE TO READ RECORD INTO BUFFER . RDREC LDX ZERO LDA ZERO RLOOP TD INPUT JEQ RLOOP RD INPUT COMP ZERO JEQ EXIT STCH BUFFER , X TIX MAXLEN JLT RLOOP EXIT STX LENGTH RSUB INPUT BYTE X'F1 ' MAXLEN WORD 4096 . . SUBROUTINE TO WRITE RECORD FROM BUFFER . WRREC LDX ZERO WLOOP TD OUTPUT JEQ WLOOP LDCH BUFFER , X WD OUTPUT TIX LENGTH JLT WLOOP RSUB OUTPUT BYTE X'06 ' END FIRST <P> If you were to assemble this program , you would get the object code depicted below . The beginning of each line consists of a record type and hex values for memory locations . For example , the top line is an ' H ' record , the first 6 hex digits signify its relative starting location , and the last 6 hex digits represent the program 's size . The lines throughout are similar , with each ' T ' record consisting of 6 hex digits to signify that line 's starting location , 2 hex digits to indicate the size ( in bytes ) of the line , and the object codes that were created during the assembly process . </P> HCOPY 00100000107A T0010001E1410334820390010362810303010154820613C100300102A0C103900102D T00101E150C10364820610810334C0000454F46000003000000 T0020391E041030001030E0205D30203FD8205D2810303020575490392C205E38203F T0020571C1010364C0000F1001000041030E02079302064509039DC20792C1036 T002073073820644C000006 E001000 <H2> Sample program ( edit ) </H2> <P> Given below is a program illustrating data movement in SIC . </P> <P> LDA FIVE STA ALPHA LDCH CHARZ STCH C1 ALPHA RESW 1 FIVE WORD 5 CHARZ BYTE C'Z ' C1 RESB 1 </P> <H2> Emulating the SIC system ( edit ) </H2> <P> Since the SIC and SIC / XE machines are not real machines , the task of actually constructing a SIC emulator is often part of coursework in a systems programming class . The purpose of SIC is to teach introductory - level systems programmers or collegiate students how to write and assemble code below higher - level languages like C and C++ . With that being said , there are some sources of SIC - emulating programs across the web , however infrequent they may be . </P> <Dl> <Dd> <Ul> <Li> An assembler and a simulator written by the author , Leland in Pascal is available on his educational home page at ftp://rohan.sdsu.edu/faculty/beck </Li> <Li> SIC / XE Simulator And Assembler downloadable at https://sites.google.com/site/sarimohsultan/Projects/sic-xe-simulator-and-assembler </Li> <Li> SIC Emulator , Assembler and some example programs written for SIC downloadable at http://sicvm.sourceforge.net/home.php </Li> <Li> SicTools - virtual machine , simulator , assembler and linker for the SIC / XE computer available at https://jurem.github.io/SicTools/ </Li> </Ul> </Dd> </Dl> <P> </P> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Computer </Li> <Li> MIX </Li> <Li> System software </Li> <Li> Assembly language </Li> <Li> Processor register </Li> <Li> Virtual machine </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Beck , Leland ( 1996 ) , System Software : An Introduction to Systems Programming ( 3 ed . ) , Addison - Wesley , ISBN 0 - 201 - 42300 - 6 </Li> <Li> Information of SIC and SIC / XE systems : http://www-rohan.sdsu.edu/~stremler/2003_CS530/SicArchitecture.html </Li> <Li> List of SIC and SIC / XE instructions : http://solomon.ipv6.club.tw/~solomon/Course/SP.941/sic-instruction.html </Li> <Li> Brief memory addressing information : http://www.unf.edu/~cwinton/html/cop3601/s10/class.notes/basic4-SICfmts.pdf </Li> <Li> SIC / XE Mode Addressing : http://uhost.rmutp.ac.th/wanapun.w/--j--/ch2-2.pdf </Li> </Ul> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> SICvm A Virtual Machine based on a Simplified Instructional Computer ( SIC ) </Li> </Ul> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Simplified_Instructional_Computer&oldid=815002544 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> Educational abstract machines </Li> <Li> Computer science education </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Articles lacking sources from December 2009 </Li> <Li> All articles lacking sources </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> Монгол </Li> <Li> 中文 </Li> </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 12 December 2017 , at 04 : 26 . </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> | [
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Baily bridge - Wikipedia <H1> Baily bridge </H1> Jump to : navigation , search This article is about a bridge in India . For the portable prefabricated bridge , see Bailey bridge . <P> The Baily Bridge is the bridge at the highest elevation in the world . This bridge is located in the Himalayan mountains between the Dras River and Suru River in the Ladakh Valley in the Indian state of Jammu and Kashmir . It is 30 metres ( 98 ft ) long and is at an altitude of 5,602 metres ( 18,379 ft ) above the mean sea level . It is a bailey bridge built in 1982 by the Indian Army . </P> <H2> Resources ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Bridge Facts , retrieved February 23 , 2006 ll </Li> <Li> incredblindia.blogspot.com </Li> <Li> india.gov.in </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <P> </P> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This article about a bridge in India is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Baily_Bridge&oldid=756566675 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> Bridges in Jammu and Kashmir </Li> <Li> Asian bridge ( structure ) stubs </Li> <Li> Indian building and structure stubs </Li> <Li> India transport stubs </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Jammu and Kashmir articles missing geocoordinate data </Li> <Li> All articles needing coordinates </Li> <Li> All stub articles </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> Afrikaans </Li> <Li> ગુજરાતી </Li> <Li> മലയാളം </Li> <Li> தமிழ் </Li> </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 25 December 2016 , at 05 : 30 . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> | [
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List of Backward compatible games for Xbox One - wikipedia <H1> List of Backward compatible games for Xbox One </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <P> The Xbox One gaming console has received updates from Microsoft since its launch in 2013 that enable it to play select games from its two predecessor consoles , Xbox and Xbox 360 . On June 15 , 2015 , backward compatibility with supported Xbox 360 games became available to eligible Xbox Preview program users with a beta update to the Xbox One system software . The dashboard update containing backward compatibility was released publicly on November 12 , 2015 . On October 24 , 2017 , another such update added games from the original Xbox library . The following is a list of all backward compatible games on Xbox One under this functionality . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 History <Ul> <Li> 1.1 Xbox 360 </Li> <Li> 1.2 Xbox </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2 Xbox One X enhancements </Li> <Li> 3 List of compatible titles from Xbox 360 </Li> <Li> 4 List of compatible titles from Xbox </Li> <Li> 5 See also </Li> <Li> 6 References </Li> <Li> 7 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> History ( edit ) </H2> <P> At its launch in November 2013 , the Xbox One did not have native backward compatibility with original Xbox or Xbox 360 games . Xbox Live director of programming Larry `` Major Nelson '' Hryb suggested users could use the HDMI - in port on the console to pass an Xbox 360 or any other device with HDMI output through Xbox One . Senior project management and planning director Albert Penello explained that Microsoft was considering a cloud gaming platform to enable backward compatibility , but he felt it would be `` problematic '' due to varying internet connection qualities . </P> <H3> Xbox 360 ( edit ) </H3> <P> During Microsoft 's E3 2015 press conference on June 15 , 2015 , Microsoft announced plans to introduce Xbox 360 backward compatibility on the Xbox One at no additional cost . Supported Xbox 360 games will run within an emulator and have access to certain Xbox One features , such as recording and broadcasting gameplay . Games do not run directly from discs . A ported form of the game is downloaded automatically when a supported game is inserted , while digitally - purchased games will automatically appear for download in the user 's library once available . As with Xbox One titles , if the game is installed using physical media , the disc is still required for validation purposes . </P> <P> Not all Xbox 360 games will be supported ; 104 Xbox 360 games were available for the feature 's public launch on November 12 , 2015 with Xbox One preview program members getting early access . Microsoft stated that publishers will only need to provide permission to the company to allow the repackaging , and they expect the list to grow significantly over time . Unlike the emulation of original Xbox games on the Xbox 360 , the Xbox One does not require game modification , since it emulates an exact replica of its predecessor 's environment -- both hardware and software operating systems . The downloaded game is a repackaged version of the original that identifies itself as an Xbox One title to the console . At Gamescom , Microsoft revealed it has plans to ensure `` all future Xbox 360 Games with Gold titles will be playable on Xbox One . '' On December 17 , 2015 Microsoft made another sixteen Xbox 360 games compatible with Xbox One , including titles such as Halo : Reach , Fable III and Deus Ex : Human Revolution . On January 21 , 2016 , Microsoft made another ten Xbox 360 games compatible , including The Witcher 2 : Assassins of Kings and Counter-Strike : Global Offensive . On May 13 , 2016 , Microsoft made Xbox 360 titles with multiple discs compatible , starting with Deus Ex : Human Revolution Director 's Cut . </P> <P> In January 2016 , Microsoft announced that future titles would be added as they became available , instead of waiting until a specific day each month . </P> <H3> Xbox ( edit ) </H3> <P> During Microsoft 's E3 2017 press conference on June 11 , 2017 , Microsoft announced that roughly 50 % of Xbox One users had played an Xbox 360 game on Xbox One through the system 's backward - compatibility feature . Based on popular demand , Phil Spencer , Microsoft 's Head of Xbox , announced that Xbox One consoles would be able to play select games made for the original Xbox console , first released in 2001 . The compatibility will work on all consoles in the Xbox One family , including the Xbox One X , and will be available as a free update planned for the fall of 2017 . </P> <P> The functionality will be similar to that for back - compatibility with Xbox 360 games . Users insert the Xbox game disc into their Xbox One console to install the compatible version of the game . While players will not be able to access any old game saves or connect to Xbox Live on these titles , system link functions will remain available . Xbox games will not receive achievement support , although when asked about this component , Spencer responded that they had nothing to announce at the current time . </P> <P> Realizing that game discs for original Xbox consoles could be scarce , Spencer said that plans were in place to make compatible Xbox games available digitally . Spencer also said that such games may also be incorporated into the Xbox Game Pass subscription service . In a later interview , Spencer indicated that the potential library of Xbox titles being playable on Xbox One will be smaller than that currently available from the Xbox 360 library . Spencer noted two reasons for the more limited library were the availability of content rights for the games and the technical difficulties related to the conversion . </P> <H2> Xbox One X enhancements ( edit ) </H2> <P> Backwards compatible original Xbox and Xbox 360 titles will benefit from becoming Xbox One X enhanced with the following : </P> <Ul> <Li> Improved framerate stability </Li> <Li> Games utilizing a dynamic resolution will hit their max resolution more often , or at all times </Li> <Li> 16x anisotropic filtering </Li> <Li> Forced V - sync </Li> <Li> Variable refresh rate compatibility ( when used with a compatible display ) </Li> </Ul> <H2> List of compatible titles from Xbox 360 ( edit ) </H2> <P> There are currently 472 on this list out of 1233 games released for the Xbox 360 . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Title </Th> <Th> Publisher ( s ) </Th> <Th> Format </Th> <Th> Xbox One X Enhanced </Th> <Th> Date added </Th> <Th> Notes / References </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 0 Day Attack on Earth </Td> <Td> Gulti </Td> <Td> XBLA </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 000000002017 - 10 - 30 - 0000 October 30 , 2017 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 3D Ultra Minigolf </Td> <Td> Activision </Td> <Td> XBLA </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 000000002017 - 04 - 20 - 0000 April 20 , 2017 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> A Kingdom for Keflings </Td> <Td> Microsoft Studios </Td> <Td> XBLA </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 000000002015 - 06 - 15 - 0000 June 15 , 2015 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> A World of Keflings </Td> <Td> Microsoft Studios </Td> <Td> XBLA </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 000000002015 - 06 - 15 - 0000 June 15 , 2015 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Aegis Wing </Td> <Td> Microsoft Studios </Td> <Td> XBLA </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 000000002016 - 01 - 21 - 0000 January 21 , 2016 </Td> <Td> North America only . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Age of Booty </Td> <Td> Capcom </Td> <Td> XBLA </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 000000002016 - 01 - 21 - 0000 January 21 , 2016 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Alan Wake </Td> <Td> Microsoft Studios </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 000000002016 - 03 - 17 - 0000 March 17 , 2016 </Td> <Td> Also available as a bonus with purchase of Quantum Break . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Alan Wake 's American Nightmare </Td> <Td> Microsoft Studios </Td> <Td> XBLA </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 000000002016 - 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Runner2 : Future Legend of Rhythm Alien </Td> <Td> Aksys Games </Td> <Td> XBLA </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 000000002016 - 05 - 05 - 0000 May 5 , 2016 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Blazing Angels : Squadrons of WWII </Td> <Td> Ubisoft </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 000000002017 - 06 - 27 - 0000 June 27 , 2017 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Blood Knights </Td> <Td> Kalypso Media </Td> <Td> XBLA </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 000000002016 - 06 - 23 - 0000 June 23 , 2016 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Blood of the Werewolf </Td> <Td> Midnight City </Td> <Td> XBLA </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Bloodforge </Td> <Td> Microsoft Studios </Td> <Td> XBLA </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 000000002016 - 06 - 30 - 0000 June 30 , 2016 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> BloodRayne : Betrayal </Td> <Td> Majesco Entertainment </Td> <Td> XBLA </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Blue Dragon </Td> <Td> Microsoft Studios </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 000000002016 - 11 - 01 - 0000 November 1 , 2016 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Bolt </Td> <Td> Disney Interactive </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 000000002017 - 08 - 08 - 0000 August 8 , 2017 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Bomberman Live : Battlefest </Td> <Td> Hudson Soft </Td> <Td> XBLA </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 000000002016 - 08 - 18 - 0000 August 18 , 2016 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Boom Boom Rocket </Td> <Td> Electronic Arts </Td> <Td> XBLA </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 000000002016 - 07 - 26 - 0000 July 26 , 2016 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Bound by Flame </Td> <Td> Focus Home Interactive </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 000000002016 - 09 - 15 - 0000 September 15 , 2016 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Borderlands </Td> <Td> 2K Games </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 000000002015 - 09 - 03 - 0000 September 3 , 2015 </Td> <Td> All versions of the game , including physical and digital copies , receive all DLC as a free download ( on Xbox One only ) . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Borderlands 2 </Td> <Td> 2K Games </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 000000002017 - 02 - 23 - 0000 February 23 , 2017 </Td> <Td> Also available in Borderlands : The Handsome Collection which includes remastered versions of Borderlands 2 and Borderlands : The Pre-Sequel for Xbox One . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Braid </Td> <Td> Microsoft Studios </Td> <Td> XBLA </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 000000002015 - 12 - 17 - 0000 December 17 , 2015 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Brain Challenge </Td> <Td> Ubisoft </Td> <Td> XBLA </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 000000002016 - 06 - 16 - 0000 June 16 , 2016 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Brave : The Video Game </Td> <Td> Disney Interactive </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 000000002018 - 02 - 20 - 0000 February 20 , 2018 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Bullet Soul </Td> <Td> 5pb . </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 000000002017 - 05 - 04 - 0000 May 4 , 2017 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Bullet Soul - Infinite Burst - </Td> <Td> 5pb . </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 000000002017 - 05 - 04 - 0000 May 4 , 2017 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Bully : Scholarship Edition </Td> <Td> Rockstar Games </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 000000002016 - 12 - 15 - 0000 December 15 , 2016 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Burnout Paradise </Td> <Td> Electronic Arts </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 000000002016 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2016 </Td> <Td> Remastered as Burnout Paradise Remastered for Xbox One . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Cabela 's Alaskan Adventures </Td> <Td> Activision </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 000000002017 - 04 - 27 - 0000 April 27 , 2017 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Cabela 's Dangerous Hunts 2013 </Td> <Td> Activision </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 000000002017 - 04 - 27 - 0000 April 27 , 2017 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Cabela 's Hunting Expeditions </Td> <Td> Activision </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 000000002017 - 04 - 27 - 0000 April 27 , 2017 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Cabela 's Survival : Shadows of Katmai </Td> <Td> Activision </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 000000002017 - 04 - 27 - 0000 April 27 , 2017 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Call of Duty : Advanced Warfare </Td> <Td> Activision </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 000000002017 - 09 - 28 - 0000 September 28 , 2017 </Td> <Td> Also released on Xbox One . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Call of Duty : Black Ops </Td> <Td> Activision </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 000000002016 - 05 - 17 - 0000 May 17 , 2016 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Call of Duty : Black Ops II </Td> <Td> Activision </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 000000002017 - 04 - 11 - 0000 April 11 , 2017 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Call of Duty : Ghosts </Td> <Td> Activision </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 000000002017 - 06 - 29 - 0000 June 29 , 2017 </Td> <Td> Also released as a launch title for Xbox One . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Call of Duty : World at War </Td> <Td> Activision </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 000000002016 - 09 - 27 - 0000 September 27 , 2016 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Call of Duty 2 </Td> <Td> Activision </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 000000002016 - 08 - 23 - 0000 August 23 , 2016 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Call of Duty 3 </Td> <Td> Activision </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 000000002016 - 09 - 22 - 0000 September 22 , 2016 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Call of Duty 4 : Modern Warfare </Td> <Td> Activision </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 000000002018 - 03 - 29 - 0000 March 29 , 2018 </Td> <Td> Also available in a remastered version . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Call of Juarez : Gunslinger </Td> <Td> Ubisoft </Td> <Td> XBLA </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 </Td> <Td> Digital download removed from Xbox Marketplace , but existing digital owners can download it . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Capcom Arcade Cabinet </Td> <Td> Capcom </Td> <Td> XBLA </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 000000002016 - 07 - 21 - 0000 July 21 , 2016 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Carcassonne </Td> <Td> Sierra Online </Td> <Td> XBLA </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 000000002016 - 02 - 26 - 0000 February 26 , 2016 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Cars : Mater - National Championship </Td> <Td> Disney Interactive Studios </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 000000002017 - 11 - 14 - 0000 November 14 , 2017 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Cars 2 : The Video Game </Td> <Td> Disney Interactive Studios </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 000000002017 - 03 - 02 - 0000 March 2 , 2017 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Castlevania : Symphony of the Night </Td> <Td> Konami </Td> <Td> XBLA </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 000000002016 - 03 - 17 - 0000 March 17 , 2016 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Castle Crashers </Td> <Td> Microsoft Studios </Td> <Td> XBLA </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Castle of Illusion Starring Mickey Mouse </Td> <Td> Sega </Td> <Td> XBLA </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 000000002016 - 08 - 30 - 0000 August 30 , 2016 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> CastleStorm </Td> <Td> Microsoft Studios </Td> <Td> XBLA </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Catherine </Td> <Td> Atlus </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 000000002016 - 12 - 15 - 0000 December 15 , 2016 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Cave , The The Cave </Td> <Td> Sega </Td> <Td> XBLA </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 000000002016 - 04 - 26 - 0000 April 26 , 2016 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Centipede & Millipede </Td> <Td> Atari </Td> <Td> XBLA </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Child of Eden </Td> <Td> Ubisoft </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 000000002017 - 10 - 12 - 0000 October 12 , 2017 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> CLANNAD </Td> <Td> Prototype </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 000000002016 - 12 - 15 - 0000 December 15 , 2016 </Td> <Td> Japan only . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Commanders : Attack of the Genos </Td> <Td> Sierra Entertainment </Td> <Td> XBLA </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 000000002017 - 04 - 25 - 0000 April 25 , 2017 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Comic Jumper </Td> <Td> Microsoft Studios </Td> <Td> XBLA </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 000000002016 - 06 - 23 - 0000 June 23 , 2016 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Comix Zone </Td> <Td> Sega </Td> <Td> XBLA </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 000000002016 - 04 - 26 - 0000 April 26 , 2016 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Condemned : Criminal Origins </Td> <Td> Sega </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Contra </Td> <Td> Konami </Td> <Td> XBLA </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 000000002017 - 04 - 20 - 0000 April 20 , 2017 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Costume Quest 2 </Td> <Td> Midnight City </Td> <Td> XBLA </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 000000002017 - 07 - 18 - 0000 July 18 , 2017 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Counter-Strike : Global Offensive </Td> <Td> Valve Corporation </Td> <Td> XBLA </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 000000002016 - 01 - 21 - 0000 January 21 , 2016 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Crackdown </Td> <Td> Microsoft Studios </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 000000002018 - 02 - 27 - 0000 February 27 , 2018 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Crazy Taxi </Td> <Td> Sega </Td> <Td> XBLA </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Crystal Defenders </Td> <Td> Square Enix </Td> <Td> XBLA </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 000000002016 - 07 - 21 - 0000 July 21 , 2016 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Crystal Quest </Td> <Td> Microsoft Studios </Td> <Td> XBLA </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 000000002016 - 06 - 23 - 0000 June 23 , 2016 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Cyber Troopers Virtual - On Oratorio Tangram </Td> <Td> Sega </Td> <Td> XBLA </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 000000002017 - 06 - 27 - 0000 June 27 , 2017 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Dark Souls </Td> <Td> Bandai Namco Entertainment </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 000000002016 - 03 - 23 - 0000 March 23 , 2016 </Td> <Td> Available as a digital pre-order bonus with Dark Souls 3 on the Xbox store . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Dark Void </Td> <Td> Capcom </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 000000002016 - 03 - 21 - 0000 March 21 , 2016 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Darkness II , The The Darkness II </Td> <Td> 2K Games </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 000000002018 - 01 - 30 - 0000 January 30 , 2018 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Darksiders </Td> <Td> THQ </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 000000002017 - 03 - 23 - 0000 March 23 , 2017 </Td> <Td> Remastered as Darksiders : Warmastered Edition for Xbox One . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Darksiders 2 </Td> <Td> THQ </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 000000002017 - 03 - 23 - 0000 March 23 , 2017 </Td> <Td> Remastered as Darksiders II : Deathinitive Edition for Xbox One . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Daytona USA </Td> <Td> Sega </Td> <Td> XBLA </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 000000002017 - 03 - 21 - 0000 March 21 , 2017 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> de Blob 2 </Td> <Td> THQ </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 000000002016 - 09 - 08 - 0000 September 8 , 2016 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Dead Rising 2 : Case Zero </Td> <Td> Capcom </Td> <Td> XBLA </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 000000002017 - 03 - 02 - 0000 March 2 , 2017 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Dead Rising 2 : Case West </Td> <Td> Capcom </Td> <Td> XBLA </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 000000002017 - 03 - 02 - 0000 March 2 , 2017 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Dead Space </Td> <Td> Electronic Arts </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 000000002016 - 03 - 30 - 0000 March 30 , 2016 </Td> <Td> Available in the Vault of EA Access . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Dead Space 2 </Td> <Td> Electronic Arts </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 000000002017 - 04 - 27 - 0000 April 27 , 2017 </Td> <Td> Available in the Vault of EA Access . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Dead Space 3 </Td> <Td> Electronic Arts </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 000000002017 - 04 - 27 - 0000 April 27 , 2017 </Td> <Td> Available in the Vault of EA Access . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Dead Space Ignition </Td> <Td> Electronic Arts </Td> <Td> XBLA </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 000000002016 - 11 - 15 - 0000 November 15 , 2016 </Td> <Td> Available in the Vault of EA Access . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Deadfall Adventures </Td> <Td> Nordic Games </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 000000002017 - 10 - 26 - 0000 October 26 , 2017 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Deadliest Warrior </Td> <Td> Spike Games </Td> <Td> XBLA </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 000000002017 - 08 - 08 - 0000 August 8 , 2017 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Deadliest Warrior : Legends </Td> <Td> 345 Games Spike Games </Td> <Td> XBLA </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Deadly Premonition </Td> <Td> Marvelous Entertainment </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 000000002017 - 11 - 02 - 0000 November 2 , 2017 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> DeathSpank : Thongs of Virtue </Td> <Td> Electronic Arts </Td> <Td> XBLA </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 000000002016 - 09 - 06 - 0000 September 6 , 2016 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Defense Grid : The Awakening </Td> <Td> Microsoft Studios </Td> <Td> XBLA </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 000000002015 - 06 - 15 - 0000 June 15 , 2015 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Deus Ex : Human Revolution </Td> <Td> Square Enix </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 000000002015 - 12 - 17 - 0000 December 17 , 2015 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Deus Ex : Human Revolution Director 's Cut </Td> <Td> Square Enix </Td> <Td> Disc Only </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 000000002016 - 05 - 10 - 0000 May 10 , 2016 </Td> <Td> First Multi-Disc game made available . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Dig Dug </Td> <Td> Bandai Namco Entertainment </Td> <Td> XBLA </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 000000002016 - 05 - 05 - 0000 May 5 , 2016 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> DiRT 3 </Td> <Td> Codemasters </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> DiRT Showdown </Td> <Td> Codemasters </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Discs of Tron </Td> <Td> Disney Interactive Studios </Td> <Td> XBLA </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Divinity II </Td> <Td> Larian Studios </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 000000002018 - 04 - 03 - 0000 April 3 , 2018 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Domino Master </Td> <Td> Microsoft Studios </Td> <Td> XBLA </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 000000002016 - 05 - 24 - 0000 May 24 , 2016 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Doom </Td> <Td> Bethesda Softworks </Td> <Td> XBLA </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 </Td> <Td> Available as a digital pre-order bonus with Doom on the Xbox store . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Doom II : Hell on Earth </Td> <Td> Bethesda Softworks </Td> <Td> XBLA </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 </Td> <Td> Available as a digital pre-order bonus with Doom on the Xbox store . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Doom 3 BFG Edition </Td> <Td> Bethesda Softworks </Td> <Td> Disc Only </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 000000002016 - 04 - 14 - 0000 April 14 , 2016 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Doritos Crash Course </Td> <Td> Microsoft Studios </Td> <Td> XBLA </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 000000002015 - 12 - 17 - 0000 December 17 , 2015 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Double Dragon Neon </Td> <Td> Majesco Entertainment </Td> <Td> XBLA </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 000000002016 - 04 - 26 - 0000 April 26 , 2016 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Dragon Age : Origins </Td> <Td> Electronic Arts </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 000000002017 - 01 - 10 - 0000 January 10 , 2017 </Td> <Td> Available in the Vault of EA Access . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Dragon 's Lair </Td> <Td> Microsoft Studios </Td> <Td> XBLA </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 000000002016 - 10 - 11 - 0000 October 11 , 2016 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Driver : San Francisco </Td> <Td> Ubisoft </Td> <Td> Disc Only </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 000000002018 - 01 - 16 - 0000 January 16 , 2018 </Td> <Td> Available on disc only , but existing digital owners can download it . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> DuckTales Remastered </Td> <Td> Capcom </Td> <Td> XBLA </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 000000002016 - 05 - 24 - 0000 May 24 , 2016 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Duke Nukem : Manhattan Project </Td> <Td> Microsoft Studios </Td> <Td> XBLA </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 000000002016 - 04 - 12 - 0000 April 12 , 2016 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Dungeons and Dragons : Chronicles of Mystara </Td> <Td> Capcom </Td> <Td> XBLA </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 000000002016 - 06 - 23 - 0000 June 23 , 2016 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Dungeon Siege III </Td> <Td> Square Enix </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 000000002015 - 11 - 16 - 0000 November 16 , 2015 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Earth Defense Force : Insect Armageddon </Td> <Td> D3 Publisher </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 000000002017 - 07 - 11 - 0000 July 11 , 2017 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Earth Defense Force 2017 </Td> <Td> D3 Publisher </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 000000002017 - 11 - 30 - 0000 November 30 , 2017 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Earthworm Jim HD </Td> <Td> Microsoft Studios </Td> <Td> XBLA </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Eat Lead : The Return of Matt Hazard </Td> <Td> D3 Publisher </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 000000002016 - 10 - 13 - 0000 October 13 , 2016 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Elder Scrolls IV , The The Elder Scrolls IV : Oblivion </Td> <Td> Bethesda </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 000000002016 - 11 - 29 - 0000 November 29 , 2016 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Encleverment Experiment </Td> <Td> Microsoft Studios </Td> <Td> XBLA </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 000000002016 - 09 - 27 - 0000 September 27 , 2016 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Epic Mickey 2 : The Power of Two </Td> <Td> Disney Interactive Studios </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 000000002017 - 08 - 03 - 0000 August 3 , 2017 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Escape Dead Island </Td> <Td> Deep Silver </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 000000002016 - 11 - 15 - 0000 November 15 , 2016 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Every Extend Extra Extreme </Td> <Td> Microsoft Studios </Td> <Td> XBLA </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 000000002016 - 09 - 27 - 0000 September 27 , 2016 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> F1 2014 </Td> <Td> Codemasters </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 000000002017 - 07 - 11 - 0000 July 11 , 2017 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Fable Anniversary </Td> <Td> Microsoft Studios </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 000000002017 - 10 - 05 - 0000 October 5 , 2017 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Fable II </Td> <Td> Microsoft Studios </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Fable II Pub Games </Td> <Td> Microsoft Studios </Td> <Td> XBLA </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 000000002017 - 10 - 05 - 0000 October 5 , 2017 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Fable III </Td> <Td> Microsoft Studios </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 000000002015 - 12 - 17 - 0000 December 17 , 2015 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Faery : Legends of Avalon </Td> <Td> Focus Home Interactive </Td> <Td> XBLA </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 000000002016 - 05 - 10 - 0000 May 10 , 2016 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Fallout 3 </Td> <Td> Bethesda Softworks </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 </Td> <Td> Was also available as a bonus with purchase of Fallout 4 . Also , owners of the Xbox 360 Game of the Year Edition can run the game with all the DLC using disc 2 . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Fallout : New Vegas </Td> <Td> Bethesda Softworks </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 000000002016 - 06 - 23 - 0000 June 23 , 2016 </Td> <Td> Owners of the Xbox 360 Ultimate Edition can run the game with all the DLC using disc 2 . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Far Cry 2 </Td> <Td> Ubisoft </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 000000002018 - 01 - 16 - 0000 January 16 , 2018 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Far Cry 3 </Td> <Td> Ubisoft </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 000000002017 - 03 - 30 - 0000 March 30 , 2017 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Far Cry 3 : Blood Dragon </Td> <Td> Ubisoft </Td> <Td> XBLA </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 000000002016 - 08 - 09 - 0000 August 9 , 2016 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Feeding Frenzy </Td> <Td> PopCap Games </Td> <Td> XBLA </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 </Td> <Td> Available in the Vault of EA Access . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Feeding Frenzy 2 : Shipwreck Showdown </Td> <Td> PopCap Games </Td> <Td> XBLA </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 </Td> <Td> Available in the Vault of EA Access . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Fighting Vipers </Td> <Td> Sega </Td> <Td> XBLA </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 000000002017 - 08 - 08 - 0000 August 8 , 2017 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Final Fight : Double Impact </Td> <Td> Capcom </Td> <Td> XBLA </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 000000002016 - 05 - 10 - 0000 May 10 , 2016 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Flashback </Td> <Td> Ubisoft </Td> <Td> XBLA </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 000000002016 - 06 - 16 - 0000 June 16 , 2016 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Flock ! </Td> <Td> Capcom </Td> <Td> XBLA </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 000000002016 - 07 - 19 - 0000 July 19 , 2016 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Forza Horizon </Td> <Td> Microsoft Studios </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 000000002016 - 08 - 30 - 0000 August 30 , 2016 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Foul Play </Td> <Td> Mastertronic Group </Td> <Td> XBLA </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 000000002016 - 06 - 09 - 0000 June 9 , 2016 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Fret Nice </Td> <Td> Koei Tecmo </Td> <Td> XBLA </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 000000002016 - 07 - 21 - 0000 July 21 , 2016 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Frogger </Td> <Td> Konami </Td> <Td> XBLA </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 000000002016 - 04 - 28 - 0000 April 28 , 2016 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Frogger 2 </Td> <Td> Konami </Td> <Td> XBLA </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 000000002016 - 05 - 10 - 0000 May 10 , 2016 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Frontlines : Fuel of War </Td> <Td> THQ </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 000000002017 - 07 - 18 - 0000 July 18 , 2017 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> FunTown Mahjong </Td> <Td> Microsoft Studios </Td> <Td> XBLA </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 000000002016 - 09 - 27 - 0000 September 27 , 2016 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Galaga </Td> <Td> Bandai Namco Entertainment </Td> <Td> XBLA </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 000000002016 - 02 - 15 - 0000 February 15 , 2016 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Galaga Legions </Td> <Td> Bandai Namco Entertainment </Td> <Td> XBLA </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 000000002016 - 10 - 20 - 0000 October 20 , 2016 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Galaga Legions DX </Td> <Td> Bandai Namco Entertainment </Td> <Td> XBLA </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 000000002016 - 04 - 28 - 0000 April 28 , 2016 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Garou : Mark of the Wolves </Td> <Td> SNK Playmore </Td> <Td> XBLA </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 000000002016 - 04 - 12 - 0000 April 12 , 2016 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Gatling Gears </Td> <Td> Electronic Arts </Td> <Td> XBLA </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 000000002016 - 09 - 06 - 0000 September 6 , 2016 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Gears of War </Td> <Td> Microsoft Studios </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 000000002015 - 08 - 03 - 0000 August 3 , 2015 </Td> <Td> Was also available as a bonus with purchase of Gears of War : Ultimate Edition . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Gears of War 2 </Td> <Td> Microsoft Studios </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 </Td> <Td> Was also available as a bonus with purchase of Gears of War : Ultimate Edition . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Gears of War 3 </Td> <Td> Microsoft Studios </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 </Td> <Td> Was also available as a bonus with purchase of Gears of War : Ultimate Edition . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Gears of War : Judgment </Td> <Td> Microsoft Studios </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 </Td> <Td> Was also available as a bonus with purchase of Gears of War : Ultimate Edition . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Geometry Wars : Retro Evolved </Td> <Td> Microsoft Studios </Td> <Td> XBLA </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 000000002016 - 02 - 25 - 0000 February 25 , 2016 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Geometry Wars : Retro Evolved 2 </Td> <Td> Activision </Td> <Td> XBLA </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 000000002017 - 05 - 02 - 0000 May 2 , 2017 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Geometry Wars 3 : Dimensions </Td> <Td> Sierra Entertainment </Td> <Td> XBLA </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 000000002017 - 05 - 02 - 0000 May 2 , 2017 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Ghostbusters : Sanctum of Slime </Td> <Td> Atari </Td> <Td> XBLA </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 000000002016 - 04 - 26 - 0000 April 26 , 2016 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Ghostbusters : The Video Game </Td> <Td> Atari </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 000000002017 - 01 - 10 - 0000 January 10 , 2017 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Gin Rummy </Td> <Td> Activision </Td> <Td> XBLA </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 000000002017 - 04 - 20 - 0000 April 20 , 2017 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Girl Fight </Td> <Td> Kung Fu Factory </Td> <Td> XBLA </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 000000002017 - 10 - 26 - 0000 October 26 , 2017 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Go ! Go ! Break Steady </Td> <Td> Microsoft Studios </Td> <Td> XBLA </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 000000002016 - 06 - 30 - 0000 June 30 , 2016 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Goat Simulator </Td> <Td> Coffee Stain Studios </Td> <Td> XBLA </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 000000002017 - 10 - 12 - 0000 October 12 , 2017 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Golden Axe </Td> <Td> Sega </Td> <Td> XBLA </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Golf : Tee It Up ! </Td> <Td> Activision </Td> <Td> XBLA </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 000000002017 - 04 - 20 - 0000 April 20 , 2017 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Grand Theft Auto IV </Td> <Td> Rockstar Games </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 000000002017 - 02 - 09 - 0000 February 9 , 2017 </Td> <Td> Including `` Episodes From Liberty City '' DLC . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Grid 2 </Td> <Td> Codemasters </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 000000002016 - 03 - 21 - 0000 March 21 , 2016 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Gripshift </Td> <Td> Microsoft Studios </Td> <Td> XBLA </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 000000002016 - 06 - 30 - 0000 June 30 , 2016 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Guardian Heroes </Td> <Td> Sega </Td> <Td> XBLA </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 000000002016 - 11 - 08 - 0000 November 8 , 2016 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Gunstar Heroes </Td> <Td> Sega </Td> <Td> XBLA </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 000000002016 - 04 - 06 - 0000 April 6 , 2016 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Guwange </Td> <Td> CAVE </Td> <Td> XBLA </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 000000002016 - 09 - 29 - 0000 September 29 , 2016 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Gyromancer </Td> <Td> Square Enix </Td> <Td> XBLA </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 000000002017 - 02 - 23 - 0000 February 23 , 2017 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Gyruss </Td> <Td> Konami </Td> <Td> XBLA </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 000000002017 - 07 - 25 - 0000 July 25 , 2017 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Half - Minute Hero : Super Mega Neo Climax </Td> <Td> Microsoft Studios </Td> <Td> XBLA </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 000000002016 - 07 - 19 - 0000 July 19 , 2016 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Halo 3 </Td> <Td> Microsoft Studios </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 000000002017 - 09 - 21 - 0000 September 21 , 2017 </Td> <Td> Remastered version available in Halo : The Master Chief Collection . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Halo 3 : ODST Campaign Edition </Td> <Td> Microsoft Studios </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 000000002017 - 09 - 21 - 0000 September 21 , 2017 </Td> <Td> Remastered version available in Halo : The Master Chief Collection via downloadable content . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Halo 4 </Td> <Td> Microsoft Studios </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 000000002017 - 09 - 21 - 0000 September 21 , 2017 </Td> <Td> Remastered version available in Halo : The Master Chief Collection . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Halo : Combat Evolved Anniversary </Td> <Td> Microsoft Studios </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 000000002017 - 09 - 21 - 0000 September 21 , 2017 </Td> <Td> Remastered version available in Halo : The Master Chief Collection . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Halo : Reach </Td> <Td> Microsoft Studios </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 000000002015 - 12 - 17 - 0000 December 17 , 2015 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Halo : Spartan Assault </Td> <Td> Microsoft Studios </Td> <Td> XBLA </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Halo Wars </Td> <Td> Microsoft Studios </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 000000002016 - 03 - 28 - 0000 March 28 , 2016 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Hard Corps : Uprising </Td> <Td> Konami </Td> <Td> XBLA </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 000000002017 - 05 - 04 - 0000 May 4 , 2017 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Hardwood Backgammon </Td> <Td> Microsoft Studios </Td> <Td> XBLA </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Hardwood Hearts </Td> <Td> Microsoft Studios </Td> <Td> XBLA </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Hardwood Spades </Td> <Td> Microsoft Studios </Td> <Td> XBLA </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Harm 's Way </Td> <Td> Microsoft Studios </Td> <Td> XBLA </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 000000002017 - 05 - 04 - 0000 May 4 , 2017 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Haunted House </Td> <Td> Atari </Td> <Td> XBLA </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 000000002016 - 12 - 01 - 0000 December 1 , 2016 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Heavy Weapon </Td> <Td> Microsoft Studios </Td> <Td> XBLA </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 </Td> <Td> Available in the Vault of EA Access . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Hexic HD </Td> <Td> Microsoft Studios </Td> <Td> XBLA </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 000000002015 - 06 - 15 - 0000 June 15 , 2015 </Td> <Td> This originally bundled Xbox 360 game can now be downloaded for free in certain regions from the Xbox store here . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Hexic 2 </Td> <Td> Microsoft Studios </Td> <Td> XBLA </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 000000002016 - 05 - 24 - 0000 May 24 , 2016 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Hitman : Absolution </Td> <Td> Square Enix </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 000000002017 - 02 - 14 - 0000 February 14 , 2017 </Td> <Td> Hitman : Sniper Challenge pre-order bonus is also compatible . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Hitman : Blood Money </Td> <Td> Eidos Interactive </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 000000002018 - 03 - 06 - 0000 March 6 , 2018 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Hydro Thunder Hurricane </Td> <Td> Microsoft Studios </Td> <Td> XBLA </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 000000002015 - 12 - 17 - 0000 December 17 , 2015 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> I Am Alive </Td> <Td> Ubisoft </Td> <Td> XBLA </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 000000002016 - 06 - 23 - 0000 June 23 , 2016 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Ikaruga </Td> <Td> Microsoft Studios </Td> <Td> XBLA </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> ilomilo </Td> <Td> Microsoft Studios </Td> <Td> XBLA </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 000000002017 - 05 - 23 - 0000 May 23 , 2017 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Injustice : Gods Among Us </Td> <Td> Warner Bros. Interactive Entertainment </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 000000002016 - 12 - 01 - 0000 December 1 , 2016 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Insanely Twisted Shadow Planet </Td> <Td> Microsoft Studios </Td> <Td> XBLA </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 000000002017 - 04 - 04 - 0000 April 4 , 2017 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Interpol : The Trail of Dr. Chaos </Td> <Td> Microsoft Studios </Td> <Td> XBLA </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 000000002016 - 07 - 14 - 0000 July 14 , 2016 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Iron Brigade </Td> <Td> Microsoft Studios </Td> <Td> XBLA </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 000000002015 - 12 - 17 - 0000 December 17 , 2015 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Jeremy McGrath 's Offroad </Td> <Td> D3 Publisher </Td> <Td> XBLA </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 000000002016 - 01 - 21 - 0000 January 21 , 2016 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Jet Set Radio </Td> <Td> Sega </Td> <Td> XBLA </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 000000002016 - 05 - 03 - 0000 May 3 , 2016 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Jetpac Refuelled </Td> <Td> Microsoft Studios </Td> <Td> XBLA </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 000000002015 - 06 - 15 - 0000 June 15 , 2015 </Td> <Td> Also included as part of the Rare Replay collection of games . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Jewel Quest </Td> <Td> Microsoft Studios </Td> <Td> XBLA </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 000000002017 - 11 - 14 - 0000 November 14 , 2017 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Joe Danger : Special Edition </Td> <Td> Microsoft Studios </Td> <Td> XBLA </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 000000002016 - 06 - 23 - 0000 June 23 , 2016 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Joe Danger 2 : The Movie </Td> <Td> Microsoft Studios </Td> <Td> XBLA </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 000000002016 - 10 - 20 - 0000 October 20 , 2016 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Joust </Td> <Td> WB Games </Td> <Td> XBLA </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 000000002016 - 08 - 25 - 0000 August 25 , 2016 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Joy Ride Turbo </Td> <Td> Microsoft Studios </Td> <Td> XBLA </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Juju </Td> <Td> Flying Wild Hog </Td> <Td> XBLA </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 000000002017 - 01 - 31 - 0000 January 31 , 2017 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Jurassic Park : The Game </Td> <Td> Telltale Games </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 000000002016 - 10 - 11 - 0000 October 11 , 2016 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Just Cause 2 </Td> <Td> Square Enix </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 </Td> <Td> Also available as a bonus with purchase of successor Just Cause 3 . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Kameo : Elements of Power </Td> <Td> Microsoft Studios </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 000000002015 - 06 - 15 - 0000 June 15 , 2015 </Td> <Td> Also included as part of the Rare Replay collection of games . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Kane & Lynch 2 : Dog Days </Td> <Td> Square Enix </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 000000002015 - 12 - 17 - 0000 December 17 , 2015 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Killer Is Dead </Td> <Td> XSEED Games </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 000000002016 - 10 - 27 - 0000 October 27 , 2016 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> King of Fighters ' 98 Ultimate Match , The The King of Fighters ' 98 Ultimate Match </Td> <Td> SNK Playmore </Td> <Td> XBLA </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 000000002016 - 03 - 28 - 0000 March 28 , 2016 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> King of Fighters 2002 Unlimited Match , The The King of Fighters 2002 Unlimited Match </Td> <Td> SNK Playmore </Td> <Td> XBLA </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 000000002017 - 02 - 23 - 0000 February 23 , 2017 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> KOF Sky Stage </Td> <Td> SNK Playmore </Td> <Td> XBLA </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 000000002017 - 10 - 12 - 0000 October 12 , 2017 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Lara Croft and the Guardian of Light </Td> <Td> Square Enix </Td> <Td> XBLA </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 000000002018 - 02 - 20 - 0000 February 20 , 2018 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Lazy Raiders </Td> <Td> Microsoft Studios </Td> <Td> XBLA </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 000000002016 - 06 - 07 - 0000 June 7 , 2016 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Left 4 Dead </Td> <Td> Valve Corporation </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 000000002016 - 06 - 16 - 0000 June 16 , 2016 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Left 4 Dead 2 </Td> <Td> Valve Corporation </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 000000002016 - 03 - 29 - 0000 March 29 , 2016 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> LEGO Batman : The Videogame </Td> <Td> WB Games </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 000000002016 - 02 - 11 - 0000 February 11 , 2016 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> LEGO Indiana Jones : The Original Adventures </Td> <Td> LucasArts </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 000000002017 - 02 - 07 - 0000 February 7 , 2017 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> LEGO Indiana Jones 2 : The Adventure Continues </Td> <Td> LucasArts </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 000000002018 - 01 - 25 - 0000 January 25 , 2018 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> LEGO Pirates of the Caribbean : The Video Game </Td> <Td> Disney Interactive Studios </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> LEGO Star Wars III : The Clone Wars </Td> <Td> Disney Interactive Studios </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 000000002018 - 03 - 06 - 0000 March 6 , 2018 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> LEGO Star Wars : The Complete Saga </Td> <Td> Disney Interactive Studios </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Limbo </Td> <Td> Microsoft Studios </Td> <Td> XBLA </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 000000002016 - 11 - 03 - 0000 November 3 , 2016 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Lode Runner </Td> <Td> Microsoft Studios </Td> <Td> XBLA </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Lost Odyssey </Td> <Td> Microsoft Studios </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 000000002016 - 09 - 29 - 0000 September 29 , 2016 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Lumines LIVE ! </Td> <Td> Microsoft Studios </Td> <Td> XBLA </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Luxor 2 </Td> <Td> MumboJumbo </Td> <Td> XBLA </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 000000002017 - 03 - 16 - 0000 March 16 , 2017 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Madballs in Babo : Invasion </Td> <Td> Microsoft Studios </Td> <Td> XBLA </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 000000002017 - 03 - 16 - 0000 March 16 , 2017 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Mad Tracks </Td> <Td> D3 Publisher </Td> <Td> XBLA </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 000000002017 - 01 - 31 - 0000 January 31 , 2017 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Mafia II </Td> <Td> 2K Games </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 000000002018 - 02 - 13 - 0000 February 13 , 2018 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Magic : The Gathering - Duels of the Planeswalkers </Td> <Td> Microsoft Studios </Td> <Td> XBLA </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 000000002018 - 01 - 18 - 0000 January 18 , 2018 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Magic : The Gathering -- Duels of the Planeswalkers 2012 </Td> <Td> Microsoft Studios </Td> <Td> XBLA </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 000000002016 - 05 - 24 - 0000 May 24 , 2016 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Magic : The Gathering - Duels of the Planeswalkers 2013 </Td> <Td> Microsoft Studios </Td> <Td> XBLA </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 000000002018 - 01 - 18 - 0000 January 18 , 2018 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Magic : The Gathering - Duels of the Planeswalkers 2014 </Td> <Td> Microsoft Studios </Td> <Td> XBLA </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 000000002018 - 01 - 18 - 0000 January 18 , 2018 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Marlow Briggs and the Mask of Death </Td> <Td> 505 Games </Td> <Td> XBLA </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 000000002017 - 11 - 28 - 0000 November 28 , 2017 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Mars : War Logs </Td> <Td> Focus Home Interactive </Td> <Td> XBLA </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 000000002016 - 06 - 30 - 0000 June 30 , 2016 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Mass Effect </Td> <Td> Microsoft Studios </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 000000002015 - 06 - 15 - 0000 June 15 , 2015 </Td> <Td> Available in the Vault of EA Access . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Mass Effect 2 </Td> <Td> Electronic Arts </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 000000002016 - 11 - 07 - 0000 November 7 , 2016 </Td> <Td> Available in the Vault of EA Access . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Mass Effect 3 </Td> <Td> Electronic Arts </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 000000002016 - 11 - 07 - 0000 November 7 , 2016 </Td> <Td> Available in the Vault of EA Access . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Matt Hazard : Blood Bath and Beyond </Td> <Td> D3 Publisher </Td> <Td> XBLA </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 000000002017 - 05 - 23 - 0000 May 23 , 2017 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Maw , The The Maw </Td> <Td> Microsoft Studios </Td> <Td> XBLA </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 000000002016 - 09 - 15 - 0000 September 15 , 2016 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Medal of Honor : Airborne </Td> <Td> Electronic Arts </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 000000002016 - 11 - 29 - 0000 November 29 , 2016 </Td> <Td> Available in the Vault of EA Access . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Meet the Robinsons </Td> <Td> Disney Interactive Studios </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 000000002017 - 03 - 02 - 0000 March 2 , 2017 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Mega Man 9 </Td> <Td> Capcom </Td> <Td> XBLA </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 000000002017 - 01 - 12 - 0000 January 12 , 2017 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Mega Man 10 </Td> <Td> Capcom </Td> <Td> XBLA </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 000000002017 - 01 - 12 - 0000 January 12 , 2017 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Metal Gear Rising : Revengeance </Td> <Td> Konami </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 000000002017 - 08 - 15 - 0000 August 15 , 2017 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Metal Gear Solid : Peace Walker HD </Td> <Td> Konami </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 000000002018 - 03 - 13 - 0000 March 13 , 2018 </Td> <Td> The Metal Gear Solid : Peace Walker disc from the Metal Gear Solid HD Collection is also compatible . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Metal Slug 3 </Td> <Td> SNK Playmore </Td> <Td> XBLA </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Metal Slug XX </Td> <Td> SNK Playmore </Td> <Td> XBLA </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Midway Arcade Origins </Td> <Td> Warner Bros. Interactive Entertainment </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 000000002017 - 01 - 19 - 0000 January 19 , 2017 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Might & Magic : Clash of Heroes </Td> <Td> Ubisoft </Td> <Td> XBLA </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Military Madness : Nectaris </Td> <Td> Hudson Soft </Td> <Td> XBLA </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 000000002016 - 11 - 17 - 0000 November 17 , 2016 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Mirror 's Edge </Td> <Td> Electronic Arts </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 </Td> <Td> Available in the Vault of EA Access . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Misadventures of P.B. Winterbottom , The The Misadventures of P.B. Winterbottom </Td> <Td> 2K Play </Td> <Td> XBLA </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 000000002018 - 01 - 30 - 0000 January 30 , 2018 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Missile Command </Td> <Td> Atari </Td> <Td> XBLA </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Monaco : What 's Yours Is Mine </Td> <Td> Majesco Entertainment </Td> <Td> XBLA </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 000000002016 - 04 - 14 - 0000 April 14 , 2016 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Monday Night Combat </Td> <Td> Microsoft Studios </Td> <Td> XBLA </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Monopoly Deal </Td> <Td> Ubisoft </Td> <Td> XBLA </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 000000002017 - 09 - 14 - 0000 September 14 , 2017 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Monopoly Plus </Td> <Td> Ubisoft </Td> <Td> XBLA </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 000000002016 - 06 - 09 - 0000 June 9 , 2016 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Moon Diver </Td> <Td> Square Enix </Td> <Td> XBLA </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 000000002017 - 02 - 23 - 0000 February 23 , 2017 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Motocross Madness </Td> <Td> Microsoft Studios </Td> <Td> XBLA </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 000000002015 - 12 - 17 - 0000 December 17 , 2015 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Mr. Driller Online </Td> <Td> Bandai Namco Entertainment </Td> <Td> XBLA </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 000000002016 - 08 - 02 - 0000 August 2 , 2016 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Ms. Pac - Man </Td> <Td> Bandai Namco Entertainment </Td> <Td> XBLA </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 000000002015 - 12 - 17 - 0000 December 17 , 2015 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Ms. Splosion Man </Td> <Td> Microsoft Studios </Td> <Td> XBLA </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Mutant Storm Empire </Td> <Td> Microsoft Studios </Td> <Td> XBLA </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 000000002017 - 01 - 19 - 0000 January 19 , 2017 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Mutant Storm Reloaded </Td> <Td> Microsoft Studios </Td> <Td> XBLA </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 000000002017 - 10 - 26 - 0000 October 26 , 2017 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> MX vs. ATV Reflex </Td> <Td> Nordic Games </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 000000002016 - 05 - 03 - 0000 May 3 , 2016 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> N+ </Td> <Td> Microsoft Studios </Td> <Td> XBLA </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 000000002015 - 06 - 16 - 0000 June 16 , 2015 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> NBA Jam : On Fire Edition </Td> <Td> Electronic Arts </Td> <Td> XBLA </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> NeoGeo Battle Coliseum </Td> <Td> SNK Playmore </Td> <Td> XBLA </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 000000002016 - 07 - 21 - 0000 July 21 , 2016 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> New Rally - X </Td> <Td> Bandai Namco Entertainment </Td> <Td> XBLA </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 000000002016 - 08 - 02 - 0000 August 2 , 2016 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> NiGHTS into Dreams ... </Td> <Td> Sega </Td> <Td> XBLA </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> NIN2 - JUMP </Td> <Td> CAVE </Td> <Td> XBLA </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 000000002016 - 08 - 02 - 0000 August 2 , 2016 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Of Orcs and Men </Td> <Td> Focus Home Interactive </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 000000002016 - 09 - 08 - 0000 September 8 , 2016 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Omega Five </Td> <Td> Hudson Soft </Td> <Td> XBLA </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 000000002016 - 11 - 17 - 0000 November 17 , 2016 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Operation Flashpoint : Dragon Rising </Td> <Td> Codemasters </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Operation Flashpoint : Red River </Td> <Td> Codemasters </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 000000002016 - 11 - 08 - 0000 November 8 , 2016 </Td> <Td> Available digitally only on the Japanese Xbox Marketplace . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Orange Box , The The Orange Box </Td> <Td> Valve Corporation </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 000000002016 - 10 - 20 - 0000 October 20 , 2016 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Outland </Td> <Td> Ubisoft </Td> <Td> XBLA </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 000000002016 - 04 - 06 - 0000 April 6 , 2016 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Pac - Man </Td> <Td> Bandai Namco Entertainment </Td> <Td> XBLA </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 000000002016 - 03 - 17 - 0000 March 17 , 2016 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Pac - Man Championship Edition </Td> <Td> Bandai Namco Entertainment </Td> <Td> XBLA </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Pac - Man Championship Edition DX </Td> <Td> Bandai Namco Entertainment </Td> <Td> XBLA </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Pac - Man Museum </Td> <Td> Bandai Namco Entertainment </Td> <Td> XBLA </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 000000002016 - 07 - 21 - 0000 July 21 , 2016 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Peggle </Td> <Td> Popcap Games </Td> <Td> XBLA </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 000000002015 - 12 - 17 - 0000 December 17 , 2015 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Peggle 2 </Td> <Td> Popcap Games </Td> <Td> XBLA </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 000000002017 - 11 - 28 - 0000 November 28 , 2017 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Perfect Dark </Td> <Td> Microsoft Studios </Td> <Td> XBLA </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 000000002015 - 06 - 15 - 0000 June 15 , 2015 </Td> <Td> Also included as part of the Rare Replay collection of games . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Perfect Dark Zero </Td> <Td> Microsoft Studios </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 000000002015 - 06 - 15 - 0000 June 15 , 2015 </Td> <Td> Also included as part of the Rare Replay collection of games . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Persona 4 Arena </Td> <Td> Atlus </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 000000002017 - 11 - 14 - 0000 November 14 , 2017 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Phantasy Star II </Td> <Td> Sega </Td> <Td> XBLA </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 000000002016 - 05 - 05 - 0000 May 5 , 2016 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Phantom Breaker : Battle Grounds </Td> <Td> Mages . </Td> <Td> XBLA </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Pinball FX </Td> <Td> Microsoft Studios </Td> <Td> XBLA </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Plants vs. Zombies </Td> <Td> PopCap Games </Td> <Td> XBLA </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 </Td> <Td> Available in the Vault of EA Access . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Planets Under Attack </Td> <Td> Topware Interactive </Td> <Td> XBLA </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 000000002016 - 12 - 15 - 0000 December 15 , 2016 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Portal : Still Alive </Td> <Td> Microsoft Studios </Td> <Td> XBLA </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 000000002015 - 12 - 17 - 0000 December 17 , 2015 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Portal 2 </Td> <Td> Valve Corporation </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 000000002016 - 06 - 16 - 0000 June 16 , 2016 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Prey </Td> <Td> 2K Games </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 000000002018 - 02 - 13 - 0000 February 13 , 2018 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Prince of Persia Classic </Td> <Td> Ubisoft </Td> <Td> XBLA </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Pure </Td> <Td> Disney Interactive Studios </Td> <Td> Disc Only </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 000000002016 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2016 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Putty Squad </Td> <Td> System 3 Software Limited </Td> <Td> XBLA </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Puzzle Quest 1Puzzle Quest : Challenge of the Warlords </Td> <Td> D3 Publisher </Td> <Td> XBLA </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 000000002016 - 10 - 13 - 0000 October 13 , 2016 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Puzzle Quest Galactrix </Td> <Td> D3 Publisher </Td> <Td> XBLA </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 000000002016 - 10 - 04 - 0000 October 4 , 2016 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Puzzle Quest 2 </Td> <Td> D3 Publisher </Td> <Td> XBLA </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 000000002016 - 10 - 04 - 0000 October 4 , 2016 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Puzzlegeddon </Td> <Td> Tecmo </Td> <Td> XBLA </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 000000002016 - 05 - 10 - 0000 May 10 , 2016 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Qix++ </Td> <Td> Taito Corporation </Td> <Td> XBLA </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 000000002016 - 09 - 08 - 0000 September 8 , 2016 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Quantum Conundrum </Td> <Td> Square Enix </Td> <Td> XBLA </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 000000002017 - 07 - 18 - 0000 July 18 , 2017 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> R - Type Dimensions </Td> <Td> Microsoft Studios </Td> <Td> XBLA </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Radiant Silvergun </Td> <Td> Microsoft Studios </Td> <Td> XBLA </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 000000002017 - 06 - 27 - 0000 June 27 , 2017 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> RAGE </Td> <Td> Bethesda Softworks </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 000000002016 - 10 - 27 - 0000 October 27 , 2016 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Raiden IV </Td> <Td> UFO Interactive Games </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 000000002017 - 07 - 25 - 0000 July 25 , 2017 </Td> <Td> North America only . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Raskulls </Td> <Td> Microsoft Studios </Td> <Td> XBLA </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 000000002016 - 12 - 15 - 0000 December 15 , 2016 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Rayman 3 HD </Td> <Td> Ubisoft </Td> <Td> XBLA </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Rayman Legends </Td> <Td> Ubisoft </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 000000002016 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2016 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Rayman Origins </Td> <Td> Ubisoft </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 000000002016 - 04 - 21 - 0000 April 21 , 2016 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Red Dead Redemption </Td> <Td> Rockstar Games </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 000000002016 - 07 - 08 - 0000 July 8 , 2016 </Td> <Td> Standard , `` Game of the Year '' and `` Undead Nightmare '' editions are all compatible . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Red Faction : Armageddon </Td> <Td> THQ </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 000000002017 - 07 - 25 - 0000 July 25 , 2017 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Red Faction : Battlegrounds </Td> <Td> THQ </Td> <Td> XBLA </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 000000002016 - 06 - 23 - 0000 June 23 , 2016 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> RoboBlitz </Td> <Td> Microsoft Studios </Td> <Td> XBLA </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 000000002017 - 04 - 20 - 0000 April 20 , 2017 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Rocket Knight </Td> <Td> Konami </Td> <Td> XBLA </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 000000002017 - 01 - 26 - 0000 January 26 , 2017 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Sacred 3 </Td> <Td> Deep Silver </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 000000002015 - 12 - 16 - 0000 December 16 , 2015 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Sacred Citadel </Td> <Td> Deep Silver </Td> <Td> XBLA </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Saints Row : The Third </Td> <Td> THQ </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 000000002017 - 09 - 14 - 0000 September 14 , 2017 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Saints Row IV </Td> <Td> Deep Silver </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 000000002016 - 03 - 31 - 0000 March 31 , 2016 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Sam & Max Beyond Time and Space </Td> <Td> Microsoft Studios </Td> <Td> XBLA </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 000000002016 - 02 - 11 - 0000 February 11 , 2016 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Sam & Max Save the World </Td> <Td> Microsoft Studios </Td> <Td> XBLA </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 000000002016 - 01 - 21 - 0000 January 21 , 2016 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Samurai Shodown II </Td> <Td> SNK Playmore </Td> <Td> XBLA </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 000000002016 - 05 - 05 - 0000 May 5 , 2016 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Scarygirl </Td> <Td> Square Enix </Td> <Td> XBLA </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 000000002016 - 11 - 10 - 0000 November 10 , 2016 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Scrap Metal </Td> <Td> Microsoft Studios </Td> <Td> XBLA </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 000000002017 - 01 - 10 - 0000 January 10 , 2017 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Screamride </Td> <Td> Microsoft Studios </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 000000002017 - 08 - 15 - 0000 August 15 , 2017 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Secret of Monkey Island , The The Secret of Monkey Island : Special Edition </Td> <Td> Disney Interactive Studios </Td> <Td> XBLA </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Secret of Monkey Island 2 , The Monkey Island 2 : LeChuck 's Revenge : Special Edition </Td> <Td> Disney Interactive Studios </Td> <Td> XBLA </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Sega Bass Fishing </Td> <Td> Sega </Td> <Td> XBLA </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 000000002016 - 06 - 09 - 0000 June 9 , 2016 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Sega Vintage Collection : Alex Kidd & Co . ( Alex Kidd in Miracle World , Super Hang - On , The Revenge of Shinobi ) </Td> <Td> Sega </Td> <Td> XBLA </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Sega Vintage Collection : Golden Axe ( Golden Axe , II , III ) </Td> <Td> Sega </Td> <Td> XBLA </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Sega Vintage Collection : Monster World ( Wonder Boy in Monster Land , Wonder Boy in Monster World , Monster World IV ) </Td> <Td> Sega </Td> <Td> XBLA </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Sega Vintage Collection : Streets of Rage ( Streets of Rage , 2 , 3 ) </Td> <Td> Sega </Td> <Td> XBLA </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 000000002015 - 10 - 27 - 0000 October 27 , 2015 </Td> <Td> Includes all three Streets of Rage games . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Sega Vintage Collection : ToeJam & Earl ( ToeJam & Earl ) </Td> <Td> Sega </Td> <Td> XBLA </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 000000002017 - 08 - 03 - 0000 August 3 , 2017 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Shadowrun </Td> <Td> Microsoft Studios </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 000000002016 - 12 - 08 - 0000 December 8 , 2016 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Shadow Assault : Tenchu </Td> <Td> From Software </Td> <Td> XBLA </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 000000002017 - 05 - 23 - 0000 May 23 , 2017 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Shadow Complex </Td> <Td> Microsoft Studios </Td> <Td> XBLA </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 000000002015 - 08 - 03 - 0000 August 3 , 2015 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Shadows of the Damned </Td> <Td> Electronic Arts </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 000000002017 - 01 - 26 - 0000 January 26 , 2017 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Shank 2 </Td> <Td> Electronic Arts </Td> <Td> XBLA </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 000000002016 - 08 - 11 - 0000 August 11 , 2016 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Shinobi </Td> <Td> Sega </Td> <Td> XBLA </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 000000002017 - 05 - 23 - 0000 May 23 , 2017 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Shotest Shogi </Td> <Td> Microsoft Studios </Td> <Td> XBLA </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 000000002016 - 12 - 08 - 0000 December 8 , 2016 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Shred Nebula </Td> <Td> Microsoft Studios </Td> <Td> XBLA </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 000000002016 - 10 - 27 - 0000 October 27 , 2016 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Sid Meier 's Civilization Revolution </Td> <Td> 2K Games </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 000000002017 - 04 - 04 - 0000 April 4 , 2017 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Silent Hill : Downpour </Td> <Td> Konami </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 000000002016 - 10 - 13 - 0000 October 13 , 2016 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Skate 3 </Td> <Td> Electronic Arts </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 000000002016 - 11 - 10 - 0000 November 10 , 2016 </Td> <Td> Available in the Vault of EA Access . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Skullgirls : Encore </Td> <Td> MarvelousAQL </Td> <Td> XBLA </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 000000002016 - 01 - 21 - 0000 January 21 , 2016 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Skydive : Proximity Flight </Td> <Td> Gaijin Entertainment </Td> <Td> XBLA </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 000000002016 - 12 - 15 - 0000 December 15 , 2016 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Slender : The Arrival </Td> <Td> Midnight City </Td> <Td> XBLA </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 000000002017 - 09 - 14 - 0000 September 14 , 2017 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Small Arms </Td> <Td> Microsoft Studios </Td> <Td> XBLA </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 000000002016 - 01 - 21 - 0000 January 21 , 2016 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Sniper Elite V2 </Td> <Td> 505 Games </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 000000002018 - 01 - 16 - 0000 January 16 , 2018 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Soltrio Solitaire </Td> <Td> Microsoft Studios </Td> <Td> XBLA </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 000000002017 - 03 - 28 - 0000 March 28 , 2017 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Sonic Adventure </Td> <Td> Sega </Td> <Td> XBLA </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 000000002017 - 09 - 28 - 0000 September 28 , 2017 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Sonic Adventure 2 </Td> <Td> Sega </Td> <Td> XBLA </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 000000002017 - 11 - 30 - 0000 November 30 , 2017 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Sonic & Knuckles </Td> <Td> Sega </Td> <Td> XBLA </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 000000002016 - 05 - 05 - 0000 May 5 , 2016 </Td> <Td> Supports Sonic 3 & Knuckles for those that also own Sonic 3 . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Sonic & All - Stars Racing Transformed </Td> <Td> Sega </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 000000002016 - 10 - 04 - 0000 October 4 , 2016 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Sonic CD </Td> <Td> Sega </Td> <Td> XBLA </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Sonic the Fighters </Td> <Td> Sega </Td> <Td> XBLA </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 000000002016 - 04 - 12 - 0000 April 12 , 2016 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Sonic the Hedgehog </Td> <Td> Sega </Td> <Td> XBLA </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Sonic the Hedgehog 2 </Td> <Td> Sega </Td> <Td> XBLA </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Sonic the Hedgehog 3 </Td> <Td> Sega </Td> <Td> XBLA </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 </Td> <Td> Supports Sonic 3 & Knuckles for those that also own Sonic & Knuckles . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Sonic the Hedgehog 4 : Episode I </Td> <Td> Sega </Td> <Td> XBLA </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 000000002016 - 07 - 21 - 0000 July 21 , 2016 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Sonic the Hedgehog 4 : Episode II </Td> <Td> Sega </Td> <Td> XBLA </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 000000002016 - 07 - 21 - 0000 July 21 , 2016 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Soulcalibur </Td> <Td> Bandai Namco Entertainment </Td> <Td> XBLA </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 000000002016 - 01 - 21 - 0000 January 21 , 2016 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Soulcalibur II HD Online </Td> <Td> Bandai Namco Entertainment </Td> <Td> XBLA </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 000000002016 - 03 - 28 - 0000 March 28 , 2016 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> South Park : The Stick of Truth </Td> <Td> Ubisoft </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Space Ark </Td> <Td> Microsoft Studios </Td> <Td> XBLA </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 000000002016 - 12 - 08 - 0000 December 8 , 2016 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Space Giraffe </Td> <Td> Microsoft Studios </Td> <Td> XBLA </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 000000002016 - 01 - 21 - 0000 January 21 , 2016 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Space Invaders Infinity Gene </Td> <Td> Square Enix </Td> <Td> XBLA </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 000000002017 - 02 - 23 - 0000 February 23 , 2017 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Spec Ops : The Line </Td> <Td> 2K Games </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 000000002018 - 01 - 30 - 0000 January 30 , 2018 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Spelunky </Td> <Td> Microsoft Studios </Td> <Td> XBLA </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 000000002015 - 12 - 17 - 0000 December 17 , 2015 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Splatters , The The Splatters </Td> <Td> Microsoft Studios </Td> <Td> XBLA </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 000000002017 - 01 - 10 - 0000 January 10 , 2017 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Split / Second </Td> <Td> Disney Interactive Studios </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 000000002018 - 01 - 25 - 0000 January 25 , 2018 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> ' Splosion Man </Td> <Td> Microsoft Studios </Td> <Td> XBLA </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 000000002015 - 12 - 17 - 0000 December 17 , 2015 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> SSX </Td> <Td> EA Sports </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 000000002016 - 05 - 26 - 0000 May 26 , 2016 </Td> <Td> Available in the Vault of EA Access . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Stacking </Td> <Td> THQ </Td> <Td> XBLA </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 000000002017 - 03 - 21 - 0000 March 21 , 2017 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Star Wars : The Force Unleashed </Td> <Td> Disney Interactive Studios </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 000000002016 - 05 - 04 - 0000 May 4 , 2016 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Star Wars : The Force Unleashed II </Td> <Td> Disney Interactive Studios </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 000000002016 - 05 - 04 - 0000 May 4 , 2016 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Steins ; Gate </Td> <Td> 5pb . </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 000000002017 - 05 - 18 - 0000 May 18 , 2017 </Td> <Td> Japan only . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Steins ; Gate : Hiyoku Renri no Darling </Td> <Td> 5pb . </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 000000002017 - 05 - 18 - 0000 May 18 , 2017 </Td> <Td> Japan only . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Steins ; Gate : Senkei Kōsoku no Phenogram </Td> <Td> 5pb . </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 000000002017 - 05 - 18 - 0000 May 18 , 2017 </Td> <Td> Japan only . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Strania </Td> <Td> G. rev </Td> <Td> XBLA </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 000000002017 - 01 - 10 - 0000 January 10 , 2017 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Street Fighter IV </Td> <Td> Capcom </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 000000002017 - 03 - 16 - 0000 March 16 , 2017 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Stuntman : Ignition </Td> <Td> Nordic Games </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 000000002017 - 01 - 31 - 0000 January 31 , 2017 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Super Contra </Td> <Td> Konami </Td> <Td> XBLA </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 000000002017 - 09 - 14 - 0000 September 14 , 2017 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Super Meat Boy </Td> <Td> Microsoft Studios </Td> <Td> XBLA </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 000000002015 - 06 - 15 - 0000 June 15 , 2015 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Super Street Fighter IV : Arcade Edition </Td> <Td> Capcom </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 000000002017 - 07 - 13 - 0000 July 13 , 2017 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Supreme Commander 2 </Td> <Td> Square Enix </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Syberia </Td> <Td> Bandai Namco Entertainment </Td> <Td> XBLA </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 000000002016 - 07 - 26 - 0000 July 26 , 2016 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Tales from Space : Mutant Blobs Attack </Td> <Td> Midnight City </Td> <Td> XBLA </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Tecmo Bowl Throwback </Td> <Td> Tecmo Koei </Td> <Td> XBLA </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 000000002017 - 11 - 14 - 0000 November 14 , 2017 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Tekken 6 </Td> <Td> Bandai Namco Entertainment </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 000000002017 - 01 - 19 - 0000 January 19 , 2017 </Td> <Td> Also available as a bonus with purchase of Tekken 7 . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Tekken Tag Tournament 2 </Td> <Td> Bandai Namco Entertainment </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 000000002016 - 03 - 23 - 0000 March 23 , 2016 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Texas Hold ' em </Td> <Td> Microsoft Studios </Td> <Td> XBLA </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 000000002016 - 05 - 03 - 0000 May 3 , 2016 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Ticket to Ride </Td> <Td> Microsoft Studios </Td> <Td> XBLA </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 000000002015 - 12 - 17 - 0000 December 17 , 2015 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> TimeShift </Td> <Td> Sierra Entertainment </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 000000002017 - 04 - 25 - 0000 April 25 , 2017 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Tom Clancy 's Ghost Recon : Future Soldier </Td> <Td> Ubisoft </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 000000002018 - 03 - 13 - 0000 March 13 , 2018 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Tom Clancy 's Rainbow Six : Vegas </Td> <Td> Ubisoft </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 </Td> <Td> Also available as a bonus with purchase of Tom Clancy 's Rainbow Six Siege . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Tom Clancy 's Rainbow Six : Vegas 2 </Td> <Td> Ubisoft </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 </Td> <Td> Also available as a bonus with purchase of Tom Clancy 's Rainbow Six Siege . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Tom Clancy 's Splinter Cell : Conviction </Td> <Td> Ubisoft </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 000000002018 - 02 - 08 - 0000 February 8 , 2018 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Tomb Raider : Underworld </Td> <Td> Eidos Interactive </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 000000002017 - 07 - 27 - 0000 July 27 , 2017 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Torchlight </Td> <Td> Microsoft Studios </Td> <Td> XBLA </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Tour de France 2009 : The Official Game </Td> <Td> Focus Home Interactive </Td> <Td> XBLA </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 000000002016 - 07 - 19 - 0000 July 19 , 2016 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Tour de France 2011 </Td> <Td> Focus Home Interactive </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 000000002016 - 10 - 11 - 0000 October 11 , 2016 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Tower Bloxx Deluxe </Td> <Td> Microsoft Studios </Td> <Td> XBLA </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 000000002017 - 03 - 21 - 0000 March 21 , 2017 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Toy Soldiers </Td> <Td> Microsoft Studios </Td> <Td> XBLA </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 000000002015 - 06 - 15 - 0000 June 15 , 2015 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Toy Soldiers : Cold War </Td> <Td> Microsoft Studios </Td> <Td> XBLA </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 000000002015 - 06 - 15 - 0000 June 15 , 2015 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Toy Story 3 </Td> <Td> Disney Interactive Studios </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 000000002016 - 09 - 29 - 0000 September 29 , 2016 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Trials HD </Td> <Td> Microsoft Studios </Td> <Td> XBLA </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 000000002016 - 02 - 11 - 0000 February 11 , 2016 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Triggerheart Exelica </Td> <Td> Microsoft Studios </Td> <Td> XBLA </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 000000002016 - 07 - 28 - 0000 July 28 , 2016 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Trine 2 </Td> <Td> Atlus </Td> <Td> XBLA </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 000000002016 - 11 - 29 - 0000 November 29 , 2016 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Tron : Evolution </Td> <Td> Disney Interactive Studios </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Ugly Americans : Apocalypsegeddon </Td> <Td> 345 Games Comedy Central </Td> <Td> XBLA </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Ultra Street Fighter IV </Td> <Td> Capcom </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 000000002017 - 07 - 13 - 0000 July 13 , 2017 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Unbound Saga </Td> <Td> Microsoft Studios </Td> <Td> XBLA </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 000000002016 - 05 - 24 - 0000 May 24 , 2016 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Undertow </Td> <Td> Microsoft Studios </Td> <Td> XBLA </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 000000002017 - 09 - 14 - 0000 September 14 , 2017 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Vanquish </Td> <Td> Sega </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 000000002018 - 02 - 20 - 0000 February 20 , 2018 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Virtua Fighter 2 </Td> <Td> Sega </Td> <Td> XBLA </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 000000002017 - 07 - 18 - 0000 July 18 , 2017 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Virtua Fighter 5 : Final Showdown </Td> <Td> Sega </Td> <Td> XBLA </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 000000002016 - 09 - 15 - 0000 September 15 , 2016 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Virtual On : Cyber Troopers </Td> <Td> Sega </Td> <Td> XBLA </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 000000002017 - 09 - 14 - 0000 September 14 , 2017 </Td> <Td> Japan only . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Viva Piñata </Td> <Td> Microsoft Studios </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 000000002015 - 06 - 15 - 0000 June 15 , 2015 </Td> <Td> Also included as part of the Rare Replay collection of games . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Viva Piñata : Trouble in Paradise </Td> <Td> Microsoft Studios </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 000000002015 - 06 - 15 - 0000 June 15 , 2015 </Td> <Td> Also included as part of the Rare Replay collection of games . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Walking Dead , The The Walking Dead </Td> <Td> Telltale Games </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 000000002017 - 08 - 29 - 0000 August 29 , 2017 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Walking Dead : Michonne , The The Walking Dead : Michonne </Td> <Td> Telltale Games </Td> <Td> XBLA </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 000000002017 - 08 - 29 - 0000 August 29 , 2017 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Walking Dead : Season Two , The The Walking Dead : Season Two </Td> <Td> Telltale Games </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 000000002017 - 08 - 29 - 0000 August 29 , 2017 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Witcher 2 , The The Witcher 2 : Assassins of Kings </Td> <Td> CD Projekt Red </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 000000002016 - 01 - 21 - 0000 January 21 , 2016 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Wolf of the Battlefield : Commando 3 </Td> <Td> Capcom </Td> <Td> XBLA </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 000000002017 - 06 - 27 - 0000 June 27 , 2017 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Wolfenstein 3D </Td> <Td> Bethesda Softworks </Td> <Td> XBLA </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Word Puzzle </Td> <Td> Microsoft Studios </Td> <Td> XBLA </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 000000002016 - 09 - 20 - 0000 September 20 , 2016 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> XCOM : Enemy Unknown </Td> <Td> 2K Games </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 000000002016 - 05 - 24 - 0000 May 24 , 2016 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> XCOM : Enemy Within </Td> <Td> 2K Games </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 000000002016 - 06 - 09 - 0000 June 9 , 2016 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Yosumin ! Live </Td> <Td> Square Enix </Td> <Td> XBLA </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 000000002017 - 10 - 26 - 0000 October 26 , 2017 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Zuma </Td> <Td> Microsoft Studios </Td> <Td> XBLA </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 000000002015 - 06 - 16 - 0000 June 16 , 2015 </Td> <Td> Available in the Vault of EA Access . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Zuma 's Revenge ! </Td> <Td> Popcap Games </Td> <Td> XBLA </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 000000002015 - 12 - 17 - 0000 December 17 , 2015 </Td> <Td> Available in the Vault of EA Access . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> List of compatible titles from Xbox ( edit ) </H2> <P> There are currently 13 on this list out of 1047 released for the Xbox . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Title </Th> <Th> Publisher ( s ) </Th> <Th> One X Enhanced </Th> <Th> Date added </Th> <Th> Notes </Th> <Th> Ref ( s ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Black </Td> <Td> Electronic Arts </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 000000002017 - 10 - 24 - 0000 October 24 , 2017 </Td> <Td> Available in the Vault of EA Access . </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> BloodRayne 2 </Td> <Td> Majesco </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 000000002017 - 10 - 24 - 0000 October 24 , 2017 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Crimson Skies : High Road to Revenge </Td> <Td> Microsoft Studios </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 000000002017 - 10 - 24 - 0000 October 24 , 2017 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Dead to Rights </Td> <Td> Namco </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 000000002017 - 10 - 24 - 0000 October 24 , 2017 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Fuzion Frenzy </Td> <Td> Microsoft Studios </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 000000002017 - 10 - 24 - 0000 October 24 , 2017 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Grabbed by the Ghoulies </Td> <Td> Microsoft Studios </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 000000002017 - 10 - 24 - 0000 October 24 , 2017 </Td> <Td> Also included as part of the Rare Replay collection of games </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> King of Fighters Neowave , The The King of Fighters Neowave </Td> <Td> SNK Playmore </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 000000002017 - 10 - 24 - 0000 October 24 , 2017 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Ninja Gaiden Black </Td> <Td> Tecmo </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 000000002017 - 10 - 24 - 0000 October 24 , 2017 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Prince of Persia : The Sands of Time </Td> <Td> Ubisoft </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 000000002017 - 10 - 24 - 0000 October 24 , 2017 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Psychonauts </Td> <Td> Double Fine Productions </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 000000002017 - 10 - 24 - 0000 October 24 , 2017 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Red Faction II </Td> <Td> THQ </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 000000002017 - 10 - 24 - 0000 October 24 , 2017 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Sid Meier 's Pirates ! </Td> <Td> 2K Games </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 000000002017 - 10 - 24 - 0000 October 24 , 2017 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Star Wars : Knights of the Old Republic </Td> <Td> LucasArts </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 000000002017 - 10 - 24 - 0000 October 24 , 2017 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Xbox One system software </Li> <Li> List of Xbox games compatible with Xbox 360 </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ Pitcher , Jenna ( 2015 - 10 - 26 ) . `` New Xbox One Experience and Backward Compatibility Launch Date Revealed '' . IGN . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 20 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Hollister , Sean ( 2013 - 05 - 21 ) . `` Xbox One will not be backwards compatible with Xbox 360 games '' . The Verge . Vox Media . Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 21 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Audrey , Drake ( May 21 , 2013 ) . `` Xbox One not backwards compatible '' . IGN . Ziff Davis . Retrieved June 5 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Brunner , Grant ( 8 November 2013 ) . `` Microsoft confirms that PS4 , Wii U will work with Xbox One HDMI passthrough '' . ExtremeTech . Ziff Davis . Retrieved 3 March 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Purchese , Robert ( 17 June 2013 ) . `` You can plug an Xbox 360 into the Xbox One , says Major Nelson '' . Eurogamer . Gamer Network . Retrieved September 28 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Hicks , Jon . `` The Xbox One 33 things you need to know '' . Official Xbox Magazine . Future plc . Retrieved June 5 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Mannion , Gavin ( June 18 , 2013 ) . `` The Xbox One can play Xbox 360 games ... sort of '' . Lazy Gamer . Retrieved September 28 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Makuch , Eddie ( 2013 - 09 - 03 ) . `` Microsoft Talks Digital - Only Future , Kinect , and Why Xbox One is Worth $100 More Than PlayStation 4 , Page 2 '' . GameSpot . CBS Interactive . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 05 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Karmali , Luke ( November 8 , 2013 ) . `` Xbox One Backwards Compatibility Through Cloud ' Problematic ' '' . IGN . Ziff Davis . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Machkovech , Sam ( 15 June 2015 ) . `` Xbox 360 backward compatibility coming to Xbox One '' . Ars Technica . Los Angeles , California : Condé Nast . Retrieved 15 June 2015 . If users already purchased the games digitally through Xbox Live , they can simply log in and re-download the game on Xbox One without paying any additional cost . If they own the game as a disc , they 'll have to download the game to their Xbox One hard drive , and the system will then check for the disc before launching the game . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Warren , Tom ( 15 June 2015 ) . `` Microsoft built an Xbox 360 emulator to make games run on the Xbox One '' . The Verge . Vox Media . Retrieved 15 June 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Crecente , Brian ( 2013 - 06 - 19 ) . `` Xbox One loses some disc - free play , family game - sharing with revised policies '' . Polygon . Vox Media . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 19 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Lawler , Richard ( 15 June 2015 ) . `` Xbox One will play Xbox 360 games , preview members can try it today '' . Engadget . AOL . Retrieved 15 June 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Available games '' . Xbox.com . Microsoft . Retrieved 15 June 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Warren , Tom ( 15 June 2015 ) . `` Microsoft is bringing Xbox 360 games to the Xbox One '' . The Verge . Vox Media . Retrieved 15 June 2015 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Skrebels , Joe ( June 17 , 2015 ) . `` Xbox One 's backwards compatibility works because it 's tricking your 360 games '' . GamesRadar . Future plc . Retrieved June 20 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Sayed , Rashid ( June 17 , 2015 ) . `` Microsoft Compares Sony 's Exclusive Line - up With Theirs , Comments On Backwards Compatability ( sic ) & More '' . GamingBolt . Retrieved June 20 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Stead , Chris ( 2015 - 08 - 07 ) . `` Complete list of Xbox 360 titles with Xbox One backwards compatibility '' . Finder.com.au . Retrieved August 10 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Larry Hyrb ( January 21 , 2016 ) . `` New Xbox One Backward Compatibility Titles Are Now Available '' . MajorNelson.com . Microsoft Corporation . Retrieved January 21 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Chris Kohler ( June 11 , 2017 ) . `` Xbox One Will Get Compatibility With Original Xbox Games ( Update ) '' . kotaku.com . Gizmodo Media Group . Retrieved June 12 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Play three generations of games on Xbox One '' . Xbox.com . Microsoft Corporation . Retrieved June 12 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Alex Osborn ( June 11 , 2017 ) . `` E3 2017 : Xbox One Original Xbox Backwards Compatibility Details Revealed '' . ign.com . Ziff Davis , LLC . Retrieved June 12 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Eddie Makuch ( June 14 , 2017 ) . `` Microsoft E3 2017 : Xbox One Backwards Compatibility For OG Xbox Games Wo n't Be As Extensive '' . gamespot.com . CBS Interactive , Inc . Retrieved June 15 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Leadbetter , Richard ( 2017 - 04 - 06 ) . `` Five ways your Xbox One and 360 games will be better on Scorpio '' . Eurogamer . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 17 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Larry Hyrb ( October 20 , 2016 ) . `` Xbox One Backward Compatibility List ( Last Update : 20 October 2016 ) '' . majornelson.com . Microsoft Corporation . Retrieved October 20 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Xbox One Backward Compatible Availability Games '' ( PDF ) . Xbox.com . Microsoft . 15 June 2015 . Retrieved 15 June 2015 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Larry Hyrb ( February 11 , 2016 ) . `` The Xbox One Quantum Break Bundle Available Next Month '' . majornelson.com . Microsoft Corporation . Retrieved February 11 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Assassin 's Creed Rogue Remastered Coming March 20 to PS4 and Xbox One '' . Ubisoft . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 03 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Call of Juarez Gunslinger Rides Off Into The Digital Sunset '' . techraptor.net . Retrieved 31 March 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ blog.thebehemoth.com/2015/09/04/ccrreleasedate/ ? linkId = 16823597 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Skydive , Planets Under Attack and CLANNAD ( Japan Only ) are coming to Xbox One Backward Compatibility today '' . twitter.com. 15 December 2016 . Retrieved 16 March 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Passalacqua , By Michael . `` Dark Souls Being Added to Xbox One Backwards Compatibility '' . IGN . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 15 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Dark Souls Xbox One Backwards Compatibility Officially Confirmed '' . GameSpot . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 16 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Dark Souls And Tekken Tag Tournament 2 Playable On Xbox One Via Backward Compatibility '' . www.GameInformer.com . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 23 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Three More Games Added To Xbox One Backward Compatibility List '' . www.GameInformer.com . March 21 , 2016 . Retrieved March 21 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Copeland , By Wesley . `` Get Doom and Doom 2 for Free When You Pre-Order Doom on Xbox One '' . IGN . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 24 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Klepek , Patrick . `` Deus Ex : Human Revolution Director 's Cut , Frogger 2 , Final Fight : Double Impact , Faery : Legends of A '' . Retrieved December 30 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : McWhertor , Michael ( August 3 , 2015 ) . `` Every Gears of War now part of Xbox One remaster thanks to backward compatibility '' . Polygon . Vox Media . Archived from the original on August 3 , 2015 . Retrieved August 3 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Stillwell , Bill ( @ wcstillwell ) ( 14 February 2017 ) . `` Also released Sniper Challenge today . Needed that to be available for those that had the unlock in the main game . pic.twitter.com/xcKyIvUIrd '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved 27 March 2017 -- via Twitter . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` XCOM : Enemy Within and Three More Now Backward Compatible on Xbox One '' . 9 June 2016 . Retrieved 9 June 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Red Dead Redemption on Xbox One Backward Compatibility Coming Friday , July 8th '' . rockstargames.com . Rockstar Games . July 5 , 2016 . Retrieved July 5 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Next Xbox One Backwards - Compatible Game Arrives '' . GameSpot . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 31 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Larry Hryb ( May 18 , 2016 ) . `` Three titles from Steins ; Gate series ( only published in Japan ) are coming to Xbox One Backward Compatibility today '' . twitter.com . Retrieved May 22 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Ryan McCaffrey ( October 23 , 2017 ) . `` First 13 Original Xbox Games Announced for Xbox One Compatibility '' . ign.com . Ziff Davis , LLC . Retrieved October 23 , 2017 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Xbox One backward compatibility ( Xbox.com ) </Li> <Li> Xbox One backward compatibility game list ( MajorNelson.com ) </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Video gaming products by Microsoft </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Microsoft Studios </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Xbox series </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Xbox </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Controller </Li> <Li> Games <Ul> <Li> With HD support </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Special limited edition consoles </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Xbox 360 </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Launch </Li> <Li> Technical problems </Li> <Li> System software </Li> <Li> Applications </Li> <Li> Controller </Li> <Li> Accessories <Ul> <Li> HD DVD Player </Li> <Li> Wireless Headset </Li> <Li> Wireless Racing Wheel </Li> <Li> Xbox Live Vision </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Games <Ul> <Li> With 3D support </Li> <Li> Kinect </Li> <Li> Backward - compatible </Li> <Li> Downloadable </Li> <Li> Arcade <Ul> <Li> Arcade Kinect </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Xbox Originals </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Kinect Fun Labs </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Xbox One </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> System software </Li> <Li> Applications </Li> <Li> Controller </Li> <Li> Games <Ul> <Li> Best - selling </Li> <Li> Kinect </Li> <Li> Xbox One X enhanced </Li> <Li> Backward - compatible </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Others </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Kinect </Li> <Li> Xbox app </Li> <Li> Platinum Hits </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Windows </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> DirectX </Li> <Li> Games for Windows <Ul> <Li> games </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> GFWL <Ul> <Li> games </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Games on Demand <Ul> <Li> games </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Xbox on Windows <Ul> <Li> games </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Microsoft SideWinder </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Other platforms </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Xbox on Windows Phone </Li> <Li> Zune games </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Online services </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Xbox Live <Ul> <Li> Avatars </Li> <Li> Games Store <Ul> <Li> Arcade </Li> <Li> Indie Games </Li> <Li> Xbox Game Pass </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Live Anywhere </Li> <Li> Mixer </Li> <Li> MSN Games </Li> <Li> Game Room <Ul> <Li> Games </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Xbox Play Anywhere games </Li> <Li> Games with Gold </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Developer tools </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Xbox Development Kit </Li> <Li> XNA </Li> <Li> XNA Game Studio </Li> <Li> PartnerNet </Li> <Li> ID@Xbox </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Promotions </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> OurColony </Li> <Li> Official Xbox Magazine </Li> <Li> Xbox Exhibition </Li> <Li> `` X '' Show </Li> <Li> Xbox Rewards </Li> <Li> Summer of Arcade </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_backward_compatible_games_for_Xbox_One&oldid=834565113 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> Backward compatibility </Li> <Li> Video game lists by platform </Li> <Li> Xbox 360 games </Li> <Li> Xbox One games </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Use mdy dates from December 2016 </Li> <Li> All articles with unsourced statements </Li> <Li> Articles with unsourced statements from December 2017 </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> Čeština </Li> <Li> Français </Li> </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 6 April 2018 , at 12 : 21 . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . 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How to Pay for the war : a Radical plan for the Chancellor of the Exchequer - wikipedia <H1> How to Pay for the war : a Radical plan for the Chancellor of the Exchequer </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> How to Pay for the War , 1940 <P> How to Pay for the War : A Radical Plan for the Chancellor of the Exchequer is a book by John Maynard Keynes , published in 1940 by Macmillan and Co. , Ltd ... It is an application of Keynesian thinking and principles to a practical economic problem and a relatively late text . Keynes died in 1946 . </P> <H2> Summary ( edit ) </H2> <P> In How to Pay for the War , John Maynard Keynes describes a macroeconomic strategy of how Britain , a nation with a population at the time of 40 million people , could conduct a long war against Germany , a nation of 80 millions . At the time How to Pay for the War was written , neither the United States nor the Soviet Union were at war with either Germany or Japan . As a result , the first step for Britain to effectively conduct a war against Germany was to mobilize all its resources for production . Thus , the first two chapters of How to Pay for the War , are an argument for the need for full employment and chapter 3 , Our Output Capacity and The National Income , is a manual to achieve full employment . </P> <P> Keynes maintained , however , that the resources of Britain , even at full employment , would not suffice to conduct a war against Germany . Internally , Britain would need to increase production while reducing consumption and diverting resources to the war effort . Externally , Britain would have to be able to count on more resources than internally available , running as large a deficit as its allies were willing to allow . Chapters IV ( 4 ) to X ( 10 ) and appendices II ( 2 ) to IV ( 4 ) are dedicated to measures for allocating resources to the war effort , while controlling prices and reducing wartime consumption . </P> <P> Keynes outlined a plan for Deferred Pay that would , in part , be legislated in the Budget of Sir Kingsley Wood , Chancellor of the Exchequer . The deferred pay became a system of post-war credits which were progressively repaid after the war , albeit at reduced value . </P> <P> Keynes devotes much attention to price controls , proposing a number of measures to control ( but not planning to eliminate ) inflation , measures including deferred pay and forced savings . Most of the book , Chapters IV to X , is dedicated to the problems of resource allocation and price control . </P> <P> The book is an exercise in Keynesian macroeconomics , a prime example of Keynesian analysis and technique , by John Maynard Keynes himself . </P> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ http://hansard.millbanksystems.com/commons/1972/mar/09/post-war-credits </Li> </Ol> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=How_to_Pay_for_the_War:_A_Radical_Plan_for_the_Chancellor_of_the_Exchequer&oldid=812162533 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> Strategy </Li> <Li> Keynesian economics </Li> <Li> Inflation </Li> <Li> Books by John Maynard Keynes </Li> <Li> Full employment </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Articles needing additional references from October 2016 </Li> <Li> All articles needing additional references </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> Add links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 26 November 2017 , at 09 : 45 . </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> | [
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Member states of the United Nations - wikipedia <H1> Member states of the United Nations </H1> Jump to : navigation , search For League of Nations , see member states of the League of Nations . Map of the United Nations ( UN ) member states as of August 2017 , with their territories ( including dependent territories ) recognized by the UN in green Flags of the member states of the United Nations , in front of the Palace of Nations ( Geneva , Switzerland ) . Since 2015 , the flags of the two non-member observer states are raised alongside those of the 193 member states . <P> The United Nations member states are the 193 sovereign states that are members of the United Nations ( UN ) and have equal representation in the UN General Assembly . The UN is the world 's largest intergovernmental organization . </P> <P> The criteria for admission of new members to the UN are set out in Chapter II , Article 4 of the UN Charter : </P> <Ol> <Li> Membership in the United Nations is open to all peace - loving states which accept the obligations contained in the present Charter and , in the judgement of the Organization , are able and willing to carry out these obligations . </Li> <Li> The admission of any such state to membership in the United Nations will be effected by a decision of the General Assembly upon the recommendation of the Security Council . </Li> </Ol> <P> A recommendation for admission from the Security Council requires affirmative votes from at least nine of the council 's fifteen members , with none of the five permanent members using their veto power . The Security Council 's recommendation must then be approved in the General Assembly by a two - thirds majority vote . </P> <P> In principle , only sovereign states can become UN members , and currently all UN members are sovereign states . Although five members were not sovereign when they joined the UN , all subsequently became fully independent between 1946 and 1991 . Because a state can only be admitted to membership in the UN by the approval of the Security Council and the General Assembly , a number of states that are considered sovereign according to the Montevideo Convention are not members of the UN . This is because the UN does not consider them to possess sovereignty , mainly due to the lack of international recognition or due to opposition from one of the permanent members . </P> <P> In addition to the member states , the UN also invites non-member states to become observers at the UN General Assembly ( currently two : the Holy See and Palestine ) , allowing them to participate and speak in General Assembly meetings , but not vote . Observers are generally intergovernmental organizations and international organizations and entities whose statehood or sovereignty is not precisely defined . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Original members </Li> <Li> 2 Current members </Li> <Li> 3 Former members <Ul> <Li> 3.1 Republic of China <Ul> <Li> 3.1. 1 Bids for readmission as the representative of Taiwan </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3.2 Czechoslovakia </Li> <Li> 3.3 German Democratic Republic </Li> <Li> 3.4 Federation of Malaya </Li> <Li> 3.5 Tanganyika and Zanzibar </Li> <Li> 3.6 Union of Soviet Socialist Republics </Li> <Li> 3.7 United Arab Republic </Li> <Li> 3.8 Yemen and Democratic Yemen </Li> <Li> 3.9 Yugoslavia </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 Suspension , expulsion , and withdrawal of members <Ul> <Li> 4.1 Withdrawal of Indonesia ( 1965 -- 1966 ) </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 5 Observers and non-members </Li> <Li> 6 See also </Li> <Li> 7 Notes </Li> <Li> 8 References </Li> <Li> 9 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Original members ( edit ) </H2> The United Nations in 1945 , after World War II . In light blue , the founding members . In dark blue , protectorates and territories of the founding members . Map of the current UN member states by their dates of admission . 1945 ( original members ) 1946 -- 1959 1960 -- 1989 1990 -- present non-member observer states Further information : History of the United Nations <P> The UN officially came into existence on 24 October 1945 , after ratification of the United Nations Charter by the five permanent members of the United Nations Security Council ( the Republic of China , France , the Soviet Union , the United Kingdom , and the United States ) and a majority of the other signatories . A total of 51 original members ( or founding members ) joined that year ; 50 of them signed the Charter at the United Nations Conference on International Organization in San Francisco on 26 June 1945 , while Poland , which was not represented at the conference , signed it on 15 October 1945 . </P> <P> The original members of the United Nations were : France , the Republic of China , the Soviet Union , the United Kingdom , the United States , Argentina , Australia , Belgium , Bolivia , Brazil , Byelorussia , Canada , Chile , Colombia , Costa Rica , Cuba , Czechoslovakia , Denmark , the Dominican Republic , Ecuador , Egypt , El Salvador , Ethiopia , Greece , Guatemala , Haiti , Honduras , India , Iran , Iraq , Lebanon , Liberia , Luxembourg , Mexico , the Netherlands , New Zealand , Nicaragua , Norway , Panama , Paraguay , Peru , the Philippines , Poland , Saudi Arabia , South Africa , Syria , Turkey , Ukraine , Uruguay , Venezuela and Yugoslavia . </P> <P> Among the original members , 49 are either still UN members or had their memberships in the UN continued by a successor state ( see table below ) ; for example , the membership of the Soviet Union was continued by the Russian Federation after its dissolution ( see the section Former members : Union of Soviet Socialist Republics ) . The other two original members , Czechoslovakia and Yugoslavia ( i.e. , the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia ) , had been dissolved and their memberships in the UN not continued from 1992 by any one successor state ( see the sections Former members : Czechoslovakia and Former members : Yugoslavia ) . </P> <P> At the time of UN 's founding , the seat of China in the UN was held by the Republic of China , but as a result of United Nations General Assembly Resolution 2758 in 1971 , it is now held by the People 's Republic of China ( see the section Former members : Republic of China ( Taiwan ) ) . </P> <P> A number of the original members were not sovereign when they joined the UN , and only gained full independence later : </P> <Ul> <Li> Belarus ( then the Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic ) and Ukraine ( then the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic ) were both constituent republics of the Soviet Union , until gaining full independence in 1991 . </Li> <Li> India ( whose territory at that time , before the Partition of India , also included the present - day territories of Pakistan and Bangladesh ) was under British colonial rule , until gaining full independence in 1947 . </Li> <Li> The Philippines ( then the Philippine Commonwealth ) was a commonwealth with the United States , until gaining full independence in 1946 . </Li> <Li> New Zealand , while de facto sovereign at that time , `` only gained full capacity to enter into relations with other states in 1947 when it passed the Statute of Westminster Adoption Act . This occurred 16 years after the British Parliament passed the Statute of Westminster Act in 1931 that recognised New Zealand 's autonomy . If judged by the Montevideo Convention criteria , New Zealand did not achieve full de jure statehood until 1947 . '' </Li> </Ul> <H2> Current members ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wikisource has original text related to this article : United Nations Member States </Td> </Tr> </Table> Further information : List of sovereign states <P> The current members and their dates of admission are listed below with their official designations used by the United Nations . </P> <P> The alphabetical order by the member states ' official designations is used to determine the seating arrangement of the General Assembly sessions , where a draw is held each year to select a member state as the starting point . Several members use their full official names in their official designations and thus are sorted out of order from their common names : the Democratic People 's Republic of Korea , the Democratic Republic of the Congo , the Republic of Korea , the Republic of Moldova , The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia ( a provisional reference used for all purposes within the UN , and listed under T ) , and the United Republic of Tanzania . </P> <P> The member states can be sorted by their official designations and dates of admission by clicking on the buttons in the header of the columns . See related sections on former members by clicking on the links in the column See also . </P> <P> Original members are listed with blue background . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Flag </Th> <Th> Member state </Th> <Th> Date of admission </Th> <Th> See also </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Afghanistan </Td> <Td> 000000001946 - 11 - 19 - 0000 19 November 1946 </Td> <Td> United Nations Assistance Mission in Afghanistan </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Albania </Td> <Td> 000000001955 - 12 - 14 - 0000 14 December 1955 </Td> <Td> ~ ! </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Algeria </Td> <Td> 000000001962 - 10 - 08 - 0000 8 October 1962 </Td> <Td> ~ ! </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Andorra </Td> <Td> 000000001993 - 07 - 28 - 0000 28 July 1993 </Td> <Td> ~ ! </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Angola </Td> <Td> 000000001976 - 12 - 01 - 0000 1 December 1976 </Td> <Td> ~ ! </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Antigua and Barbuda </Td> <Td> 000000001981 - 11 - 11 - 0000 11 November 1981 </Td> <Td> ~ ! </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Argentina </Td> <Td> 000000001945 - 10 - 24 - 0000 24 October 1945 </Td> <Td> ~ ! </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Armenia </Td> <Td> 000000001992 - 03 - 02 - 0000 2 March 1992 </Td> <Td> Former member : Union of Soviet Socialist Republics </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Australia </Td> <Td> 000000001945 - 11 - 01 - 0000 1 November 1945 </Td> <Td> Australia and the United Nations </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Austria </Td> <Td> 000000001955 - 12 - 14 - 0000 14 December 1955 </Td> <Td> ~ ! </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Azerbaijan </Td> <Td> 000000001992 - 03 - 02 - 0000 2 March 1992 </Td> <Td> Former member : Union of Soviet Socialist Republics </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Bahamas </Td> <Td> 000000001973 - 09 - 18 - 0000 18 September 1973 </Td> <Td> ~ ! </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Bahrain </Td> <Td> 000000001971 - 09 - 21 - 0000 21 September 1971 </Td> <Td> ~ ! </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Bangladesh </Td> <Td> 000000001974 - 09 - 17 - 0000 17 September 1974 </Td> <Td> ~ ! </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Barbados </Td> <Td> 000000001966 - 12 - 09 - 0000 9 December 1966 </Td> <Td> ~ ! </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Belarus </Td> <Td> 000000001945 - 10 - 24 - 0000 24 October 1945 </Td> <Td> Former member : Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Belgium </Td> <Td> 000000001945 - 12 - 27 - 0000 27 December 1945 </Td> <Td> ~ ! </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Belize </Td> <Td> 000000001981 - 09 - 25 - 0000 25 September 1981 </Td> <Td> ~ ! </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Benin </Td> <Td> 000000001960 - 09 - 20 - 0000 20 September 1960 </Td> <Td> ~ ! </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Bhutan </Td> <Td> 000000001971 - 09 - 21 - 0000 21 September 1971 </Td> <Td> ~ ! </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Bolivia ( Plurinational State of ) </Td> <Td> 000000001945 - 11 - 14 - 0000 14 November 1945 </Td> <Td> ~ ! </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Bosnia and Herzegovina </Td> <Td> 000000001992 - 05 - 22 - 0000 22 May 1992 </Td> <Td> Former member : Yugoslavia </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Botswana </Td> <Td> 000000001966 - 10 - 17 - 0000 17 October 1966 </Td> <Td> ~ ! </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Brazil </Td> <Td> 000000001945 - 10 - 24 - 0000 24 October 1945 </Td> <Td> Brazil and the United Nations </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Brunei Darussalam </Td> <Td> 000000001984 - 09 - 21 - 0000 21 September 1984 </Td> <Td> ~ ! </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Bulgaria </Td> <Td> 000000001955 - 12 - 14 - 0000 14 December 1955 </Td> <Td> ~ ! </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Burkina Faso </Td> <Td> 000000001960 - 09 - 20 - 0000 20 September 1960 </Td> <Td> ~ ! </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Burundi </Td> <Td> 000000001962 - 09 - 18 - 0000 18 September 1962 </Td> <Td> ~ ! </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Cabo Verde </Td> <Td> 000000001975 - 09 - 16 - 0000 16 September 1975 </Td> <Td> ~ ! </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Cambodia </Td> <Td> 000000001955 - 12 - 14 - 0000 14 December 1955 </Td> <Td> ~ ! </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Cameroon </Td> <Td> 000000001960 - 09 - 20 - 0000 20 September 1960 </Td> <Td> ~ ! </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Canada </Td> <Td> 000000001945 - 11 - 09 - 0000 9 November 1945 </Td> <Td> Canada and the United Nations </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Central African Republic </Td> <Td> 000000001960 - 09 - 20 - 0000 20 September 1960 </Td> <Td> ~ ! </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Chad </Td> <Td> 000000001960 - 09 - 20 - 0000 20 September 1960 </Td> <Td> ~ ! </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Chile </Td> <Td> 000000001945 - 10 - 24 - 0000 24 October 1945 </Td> <Td> ~ ! </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> China </Td> <Td> 000000001945 - 10 - 24 - 0000 24 October 1945 </Td> <Td> Former member : Republic of China and China and the United Nations </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Colombia </Td> <Td> 000000001945 - 11 - 05 - 0000 5 November 1945 </Td> <Td> ~ ! </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Comoros </Td> <Td> 000000001975 - 11 - 12 - 0000 12 November 1975 </Td> <Td> ~ ! </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Congo </Td> <Td> 000000001960 - 09 - 20 - 0000 20 September 1960 </Td> <Td> ~ ! </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Costa Rica </Td> <Td> 000000001945 - 11 - 02 - 0000 2 November 1945 </Td> <Td> ~ ! </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Côte d'Ivoire </Td> <Td> 000000001960 - 09 - 20 - 0000 20 September 1960 </Td> <Td> ~ ! </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Croatia </Td> <Td> 000000001992 - 05 - 22 - 0000 22 May 1992 </Td> <Td> Former member : Yugoslavia </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Cuba </Td> <Td> 000000001945 - 10 - 24 - 0000 24 October 1945 </Td> <Td> ~ ! </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Cyprus </Td> <Td> 000000001960 - 09 - 20 - 0000 20 September 1960 </Td> <Td> ~ ! </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Czech Republic </Td> <Td> 000000001993 - 01 - 19 - 0000 19 January 1993 </Td> <Td> Former member : Czechoslovakia </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Democratic People 's Republic of Korea </Td> <Td> 000000001991 - 09 - 17 - 0000 17 September 1991 </Td> <Td> Korea and the United Nations </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Democratic Republic of the Congo </Td> <Td> 000000001960 - 09 - 20 - 0000 20 September 1960 </Td> <Td> ~ ! </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Denmark </Td> <Td> 000000001945 - 10 - 24 - 0000 24 October 1945 </Td> <Td> ~ ! </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Djibouti </Td> <Td> 000000001977 - 09 - 20 - 0000 20 September 1977 </Td> <Td> ~ ! </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Dominica </Td> <Td> 000000001978 - 12 - 18 - 0000 18 December 1978 </Td> <Td> ~ ! </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Dominican Republic </Td> <Td> 000000001945 - 10 - 24 - 0000 24 October 1945 </Td> <Td> ~ ! </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Ecuador </Td> <Td> 000000001945 - 12 - 21 - 0000 21 December 1945 </Td> <Td> ~ ! </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Egypt </Td> <Td> 000000001945 - 10 - 24 - 0000 24 October 1945 </Td> <Td> Former member : United Arab Republic </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> El Salvador </Td> <Td> 000000001945 - 10 - 24 - 0000 24 October 1945 </Td> <Td> ~ ! </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Equatorial Guinea </Td> <Td> 000000001968 - 11 - 12 - 0000 12 November 1968 </Td> <Td> ~ ! </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Eritrea </Td> <Td> 000000001993 - 05 - 28 - 0000 28 May 1993 </Td> <Td> ~ ! </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Estonia </Td> <Td> 000000001991 - 09 - 17 - 0000 17 September 1991 </Td> <Td> Former member : Union of Soviet Socialist Republics </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Ethiopia </Td> <Td> 000000001945 - 11 - 13 - 0000 13 November 1945 </Td> <Td> ~ ! </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Fiji </Td> <Td> 000000001970 - 10 - 13 - 0000 13 October 1970 </Td> <Td> Fiji and the United Nations </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Finland </Td> <Td> 000000001955 - 12 - 14 - 0000 14 December 1955 </Td> <Td> ~ ! </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> France </Td> <Td> 000000001945 - 10 - 24 - 0000 24 October 1945 </Td> <Td> France and the United Nations </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Gabon </Td> <Td> 000000001960 - 09 - 20 - 0000 20 September 1960 </Td> <Td> ~ ! </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Gambia ( Republic of The ) </Td> <Td> 000000001965 - 09 - 21 - 0000 21 September 1965 </Td> <Td> ~ ! </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Georgia </Td> <Td> 000000001992 - 07 - 31 - 0000 31 July 1992 </Td> <Td> Former member : Union of Soviet Socialist Republics </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Germany </Td> <Td> 000000001973 - 09 - 18 - 0000 18 September 1973 </Td> <Td> Former member : German Democratic Republic and Germany and the United Nations </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Ghana </Td> <Td> 000000001957 - 03 - 08 - 0000 8 March 1957 </Td> <Td> ~ ! </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Greece </Td> <Td> 000000001945 - 10 - 25 - 0000 25 October 1945 </Td> <Td> ~ ! </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Grenada </Td> <Td> 000000001974 - 09 - 17 - 0000 17 September 1974 </Td> <Td> ~ ! </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Guatemala </Td> <Td> 000000001945 - 11 - 21 - 0000 21 November 1945 </Td> <Td> ~ ! </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Guinea </Td> <Td> 000000001958 - 12 - 12 - 0000 12 December 1958 </Td> <Td> ~ ! </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Guinea - Bissau </Td> <Td> 000000001974 - 09 - 17 - 0000 17 September 1974 </Td> <Td> ~ ! </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Guyana </Td> <Td> 000000001966 - 09 - 20 - 0000 20 September 1966 </Td> <Td> ~ ! </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Haiti </Td> <Td> 000000001945 - 10 - 24 - 0000 24 October 1945 </Td> <Td> ~ ! </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Honduras </Td> <Td> 000000001945 - 12 - 17 - 0000 17 December 1945 </Td> <Td> ~ ! </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Hungary </Td> <Td> 000000001955 - 12 - 14 - 0000 14 December 1955 </Td> <Td> ~ ! </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Iceland </Td> <Td> 000000001946 - 11 - 19 - 0000 19 November 1946 </Td> <Td> ~ ! </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> India </Td> <Td> 000000001945 - 10 - 30 - 0000 30 October 1945 </Td> <Td> India and the United Nations </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Indonesia </Td> <Td> 000000001950 - 09 - 28 - 0000 28 September 1950 </Td> <Td> Withdrawal of Indonesia ( 1965 -- 1966 ) and Indonesia and the United Nations </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Iran ( Islamic Republic of ) </Td> <Td> 000000001945 - 10 - 24 - 0000 24 October 1945 </Td> <Td> ~ ! </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Iraq </Td> <Td> 000000001945 - 12 - 21 - 0000 21 December 1945 </Td> <Td> ~ ! </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Ireland </Td> <Td> 000000001955 - 12 - 14 - 0000 14 December 1955 </Td> <Td> ~ ! </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Israel </Td> <Td> 000000001949 - 05 - 11 - 0000 11 May 1949 </Td> <Td> Israel , Palestine , and the United Nations </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Italy </Td> <Td> 000000001955 - 12 - 14 - 0000 14 December 1955 </Td> <Td> ~ ! </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Jamaica </Td> <Td> 000000001962 - 09 - 18 - 0000 18 September 1962 </Td> <Td> ~ ! </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Japan </Td> <Td> 000000001956 - 12 - 18 - 0000 18 December 1956 </Td> <Td> Japan and the United Nations </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Jordan </Td> <Td> 000000001955 - 12 - 14 - 0000 14 December 1955 </Td> <Td> ~ ! </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Kazakhstan </Td> <Td> 000000001992 - 03 - 02 - 0000 2 March 1992 </Td> <Td> Former member : Union of Soviet Socialist Republics </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Kenya </Td> <Td> 000000001963 - 12 - 16 - 0000 16 December 1963 </Td> <Td> ~ ! </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Kiribati </Td> <Td> 000000001999 - 09 - 14 - 0000 14 September 1999 </Td> <Td> ~ ! </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Kuwait </Td> <Td> 000000001963 - 05 - 14 - 0000 14 May 1963 </Td> <Td> ~ ! </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Kyrgyzstan </Td> <Td> 000000001992 - 03 - 02 - 0000 2 March 1992 </Td> <Td> Former member : Union of Soviet Socialist Republics </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Lao People 's Democratic Republic </Td> <Td> 000000001955 - 12 - 14 - 0000 14 December 1955 </Td> <Td> ~ ! </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Latvia </Td> <Td> 000000001991 - 09 - 17 - 0000 17 September 1991 </Td> <Td> Former member : Union of Soviet Socialist Republics </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Lebanon </Td> <Td> 000000001945 - 10 - 24 - 0000 24 October 1945 </Td> <Td> ~ ! </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Lesotho </Td> <Td> 000000001966 - 10 - 17 - 0000 17 October 1966 </Td> <Td> ~ ! </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Liberia </Td> <Td> 000000001945 - 11 - 02 - 0000 2 November 1945 </Td> <Td> ~ ! </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Libya </Td> <Td> 000000001955 - 12 - 14 - 0000 14 December 1955 </Td> <Td> ~ ! </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Liechtenstein </Td> <Td> 000000001990 - 09 - 18 - 0000 18 September 1990 </Td> <Td> ~ ! </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Lithuania </Td> <Td> 000000001991 - 09 - 17 - 0000 17 September 1991 </Td> <Td> Former member : Union of Soviet Socialist Republics </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Luxembourg </Td> <Td> 000000001945 - 10 - 24 - 0000 24 October 1945 </Td> <Td> Luxembourg and the United Nations </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Madagascar </Td> <Td> 000000001960 - 09 - 20 - 0000 20 September 1960 </Td> <Td> ~ ! </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Malawi </Td> <Td> 000000001964 - 12 - 01 - 0000 1 December 1964 </Td> <Td> ~ ! </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Malaysia </Td> <Td> 000000001957 - 09 - 17 - 0000 17 September 1957 </Td> <Td> Former member : Federation of Malaya and Malaysia and the United Nations </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Maldives </Td> <Td> 000000001965 - 09 - 21 - 0000 21 September 1965 </Td> <Td> ~ ! </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Mali </Td> <Td> 000000001960 - 09 - 28 - 0000 28 September 1960 </Td> <Td> ~ ! </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Malta </Td> <Td> 000000001964 - 12 - 01 - 0000 1 December 1964 </Td> <Td> ~ ! </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Marshall Islands </Td> <Td> 000000001991 - 09 - 17 - 0000 17 September 1991 </Td> <Td> Marshall Islands and the United Nations </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Mauritania </Td> <Td> 000000001961 - 10 - 27 - 0000 27 October 1961 </Td> <Td> ~ ! </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Mauritius </Td> <Td> 000000001968 - 04 - 24 - 0000 24 April 1968 </Td> <Td> ~ ! </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Mexico </Td> <Td> 000000001945 - 11 - 07 - 0000 7 November 1945 </Td> <Td> Mexico and the United Nations </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Micronesia ( Federated States of ) </Td> <Td> 000000001991 - 09 - 17 - 0000 17 September 1991 </Td> <Td> Federated States of Micronesia and the United Nations </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Monaco </Td> <Td> 000000001993 - 05 - 28 - 0000 28 May 1993 </Td> <Td> ~ ! </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Mongolia </Td> <Td> 000000001961 - 10 - 27 - 0000 27 October 1961 </Td> <Td> ~ ! </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Montenegro </Td> <Td> 000000002006 - 06 - 28 - 0000 28 June 2006 </Td> <Td> Former member : Yugoslavia </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Morocco </Td> <Td> 000000001956 - 11 - 12 - 0000 12 November 1956 </Td> <Td> ~ ! </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Mozambique </Td> <Td> 000000001975 - 09 - 16 - 0000 16 September 1975 </Td> <Td> ~ ! </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Myanmar </Td> <Td> 000000001948 - 04 - 19 - 0000 19 April 1948 </Td> <Td> ~ ! </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Namibia </Td> <Td> 000000001990 - 04 - 23 - 0000 23 April 1990 </Td> <Td> ~ ! </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Nauru </Td> <Td> 000000001999 - 09 - 14 - 0000 14 September 1999 </Td> <Td> ~ ! </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Nepal </Td> <Td> 000000001955 - 12 - 14 - 0000 14 December 1955 </Td> <Td> ~ ! </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Netherlands </Td> <Td> 000000001945 - 12 - 10 - 0000 10 December 1945 </Td> <Td> ~ ! </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> New Zealand </Td> <Td> 000000001945 - 10 - 24 - 0000 24 October 1945 </Td> <Td> New Zealand and the United Nations </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Nicaragua </Td> <Td> 000000001945 - 10 - 24 - 0000 24 October 1945 </Td> <Td> ~ ! </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Niger </Td> <Td> 000000001960 - 09 - 20 - 0000 20 September 1960 </Td> <Td> ~ ! </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Nigeria </Td> <Td> 000000001960 - 10 - 07 - 0000 7 October 1960 </Td> <Td> ~ ! </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Norway </Td> <Td> 000000001945 - 11 - 27 - 0000 27 November 1945 </Td> <Td> ~ ! </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Oman </Td> <Td> 000000001971 - 10 - 07 - 0000 7 October 1971 </Td> <Td> ~ ! </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Pakistan </Td> <Td> 000000001947 - 09 - 30 - 0000 30 September 1947 </Td> <Td> Pakistan and the United Nations </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Palau </Td> <Td> 000000001994 - 12 - 15 - 0000 15 December 1994 </Td> <Td> ~ ! </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Panama </Td> <Td> 000000001945 - 11 - 13 - 0000 13 November 1945 </Td> <Td> ~ ! </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Papua New Guinea </Td> <Td> 000000001975 - 10 - 10 - 0000 10 October 1975 </Td> <Td> ~ ! </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Paraguay </Td> <Td> 000000001945 - 10 - 24 - 0000 24 October 1945 </Td> <Td> ~ ! </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Peru </Td> <Td> 000000001945 - 10 - 31 - 0000 31 October 1945 </Td> <Td> ~ ! </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Philippines </Td> <Td> 000000001945 - 10 - 24 - 0000 24 October 1945 </Td> <Td> Philippines and the United Nations </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Poland </Td> <Td> 000000001945 - 10 - 24 - 0000 24 October 1945 </Td> <Td> ~ ! </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Portugal </Td> <Td> 000000001955 - 12 - 14 - 0000 14 December 1955 </Td> <Td> ~ ! </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Qatar </Td> <Td> 000000001971 - 09 - 21 - 0000 21 September 1971 </Td> <Td> ~ ! </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Republic of Korea </Td> <Td> 000000001991 - 09 - 17 - 0000 17 September 1991 </Td> <Td> Korea and the United Nations </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Republic of Moldova </Td> <Td> 000000001992 - 03 - 02 - 0000 2 March 1992 </Td> <Td> Former member : Union of Soviet Socialist Republics </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Romania </Td> <Td> 000000001955 - 12 - 14 - 0000 14 December 1955 </Td> <Td> ~ ! </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Russian Federation </Td> <Td> 000000001945 - 10 - 24 - 0000 24 October 1945 </Td> <Td> Former member : Union of Soviet Socialist Republics and Soviet Union and the United Nations and Russia and the United Nations </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Rwanda </Td> <Td> 000000001962 - 09 - 18 - 0000 18 September 1962 </Td> <Td> ~ ! </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Saint Kitts and Nevis </Td> <Td> 000000001983 - 09 - 23 - 0000 23 September 1983 </Td> <Td> ~ ! </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Saint Lucia </Td> <Td> 000000001979 - 09 - 18 - 0000 18 September 1979 </Td> <Td> ~ ! </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Saint Vincent and the Grenadines </Td> <Td> 000000001980 - 09 - 16 - 0000 16 September 1980 </Td> <Td> ~ ! </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Samoa </Td> <Td> 000000001976 - 12 - 15 - 0000 15 December 1976 </Td> <Td> ~ ! </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> San Marino </Td> <Td> 000000001992 - 03 - 02 - 0000 2 March 1992 </Td> <Td> ~ ! </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> São Tomé and Príncipe </Td> <Td> 000000001975 - 09 - 16 - 0000 16 September 1975 </Td> <Td> ~ ! </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Saudi Arabia </Td> <Td> 000000001945 - 10 - 24 - 0000 24 October 1945 </Td> <Td> ~ ! </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Senegal </Td> <Td> 000000001960 - 09 - 28 - 0000 28 September 1960 </Td> <Td> ~ ! </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Serbia </Td> <Td> 000000002000 - 11 - 01 - 0000 1 November 2000 </Td> <Td> Former member : Yugoslavia and Serbia and the United Nations </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Seychelles </Td> <Td> 000000001976 - 09 - 21 - 0000 21 September 1976 </Td> <Td> ~ ! </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Sierra Leone </Td> <Td> 000000001961 - 09 - 27 - 0000 27 September 1961 </Td> <Td> ~ ! </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Singapore </Td> <Td> 000000001965 - 09 - 21 - 0000 21 September 1965 </Td> <Td> Former member : Malaysia and Singapore and the United Nations </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Slovakia </Td> <Td> 000000001993 - 01 - 19 - 0000 19 January 1993 </Td> <Td> Former member : Czechoslovakia </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Slovenia </Td> <Td> 000000001992 - 05 - 22 - 0000 22 May 1992 </Td> <Td> Former member : Yugoslavia </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Solomon Islands </Td> <Td> 000000001978 - 09 - 19 - 0000 19 September 1978 </Td> <Td> ~ ! </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Somalia </Td> <Td> 000000001960 - 09 - 20 - 0000 20 September 1960 </Td> <Td> ~ ! </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> South Africa </Td> <Td> 000000001945 - 11 - 07 - 0000 7 November 1945 </Td> <Td> ~ ! </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> South Sudan </Td> <Td> 000000002011 - 07 - 14 - 0000 14 July 2011 </Td> <Td> ~ ! </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Spain </Td> <Td> 000000001955 - 12 - 14 - 0000 14 December 1955 </Td> <Td> ~ ! </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Sri Lanka </Td> <Td> 000000001955 - 12 - 14 - 0000 14 December 1955 </Td> <Td> ~ ! </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Sudan </Td> <Td> 000000001956 - 11 - 12 - 0000 12 November 1956 </Td> <Td> ~ ! </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Suriname </Td> <Td> 000000001975 - 12 - 04 - 0000 4 December 1975 </Td> <Td> ~ ! </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Swaziland </Td> <Td> 000000001968 - 09 - 24 - 0000 24 September 1968 </Td> <Td> ~ ! </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Sweden </Td> <Td> 000000001946 - 11 - 19 - 0000 19 November 1946 </Td> <Td> ~ ! </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Switzerland </Td> <Td> 000000002002 - 09 - 10 - 0000 10 September 2002 </Td> <Td> ~ ! </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Syrian Arab Republic </Td> <Td> 000000001945 - 10 - 24 - 0000 24 October 1945 </Td> <Td> Former member : United Arab Republic </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Tajikistan </Td> <Td> 000000001992 - 03 - 02 - 0000 2 March 1992 </Td> <Td> Former member : Union of Soviet Socialist Republics </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Thailand </Td> <Td> 000000001946 - 12 - 16 - 0000 16 December 1946 </Td> <Td> ~ ! </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> The Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia </Td> <Td> 000000001993 - 04 - 08 - 0000 8 April 1993 </Td> <Td> Former member : Yugoslavia </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Timor - Leste </Td> <Td> 000000002002 - 09 - 27 - 0000 27 September 2002 </Td> <Td> ~ ! </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Togo </Td> <Td> 000000001960 - 09 - 20 - 0000 20 September 1960 </Td> <Td> ~ ! </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Tonga </Td> <Td> 000000001999 - 09 - 14 - 0000 14 September 1999 </Td> <Td> ~ ! </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Trinidad and Tobago </Td> <Td> 000000001962 - 09 - 18 - 0000 18 September 1962 </Td> <Td> Trinidad and Tobago and the United Nations </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Tunisia </Td> <Td> 000000001956 - 11 - 12 - 0000 12 November 1956 </Td> <Td> ~ ! </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Turkey </Td> <Td> 000000001945 - 10 - 24 - 0000 24 October 1945 </Td> <Td> ~ ! </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Turkmenistan </Td> <Td> 000000001992 - 03 - 02 - 0000 2 March 1992 </Td> <Td> Former member : Union of Soviet Socialist Republics </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Tuvalu </Td> <Td> 000000002000 - 09 - 05 - 0000 5 September 2000 </Td> <Td> Tuvalu and the United Nations </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Uganda </Td> <Td> 000000001962 - 10 - 25 - 0000 25 October 1962 </Td> <Td> ~ ! </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Ukraine </Td> <Td> 000000001945 - 10 - 24 - 0000 24 October 1945 </Td> <Td> Former member : Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> United Arab Emirates </Td> <Td> 000000001971 - 12 - 09 - 0000 9 December 1971 </Td> <Td> ~ ! </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland </Td> <Td> 000000001945 - 10 - 24 - 0000 24 October 1945 </Td> <Td> United Kingdom and the United Nations </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> United Republic of Tanzania </Td> <Td> 000000001961 - 12 - 14 - 0000 14 December 1961 </Td> <Td> Former member : Tanganyika and Zanzibar </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> United States of America </Td> <Td> 000000001945 - 10 - 24 - 0000 24 October 1945 </Td> <Td> United States and the United Nations </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Uruguay </Td> <Td> 000000001945 - 12 - 18 - 0000 18 December 1945 </Td> <Td> ~ ! </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Uzbekistan </Td> <Td> 000000001992 - 03 - 02 - 0000 2 March 1992 </Td> <Td> Former member : Union of Soviet Socialist Republics </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Vanuatu </Td> <Td> 000000001981 - 09 - 15 - 0000 15 September 1981 </Td> <Td> Vanuatu and the United Nations </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Venezuela ( Bolivarian Republic of ) </Td> <Td> 000000001945 - 11 - 15 - 0000 15 November 1945 </Td> <Td> ~ ! </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Vietnam </Td> <Td> 000000001977 - 09 - 20 - 0000 20 September 1977 </Td> <Td> ~ ! </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Yemen </Td> <Td> 000000001947 - 09 - 30 - 0000 30 September 1947 </Td> <Td> Former member : Yemen and Democratic Yemen </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Zambia </Td> <Td> 000000001964 - 12 - 01 - 0000 1 December 1964 </Td> <Td> ~ ! </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Zimbabwe </Td> <Td> 000000001980 - 08 - 25 - 0000 25 August 1980 </Td> <Td> ~ ! </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Former members ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Republic of China ( edit ) </H3> Further information : China and the United Nations Areas controlled by the People 's Republic of China and the Republic of China <P> The Republic of China ( ROC ) joined the UN as an original member on 24 October 1945 , and as set out by the United Nations Charter , Chapter V , Article 23 , became one of the five permanent members of the United Nations Security Council . In 1949 , as a result of the Chinese Civil War , the Kuomintang - led ROC government lost effective control of mainland China and relocated to the island of Taiwan , and the Communist Party - led government of the People 's Republic of China ( PRC ) , declared on 1 October 1949 , took control of mainland China . The UN was notified on 18 November 1949 of the formation of the Central People 's Government of the People 's Republic of China ; however , the Government of the Republic of China continued to represent China at the UN , despite the small size of the ROC 's jurisdiction of Taiwan and a number of smaller islands compared to the PRC 's jurisdiction of mainland China . As both governments claimed to be the sole legitimate representative of China , proposals to effect a change in the representation of China in the UN were discussed but rejected for the next two decades , as the ROC was still recognized as the sole legitimate representative of China by a majority of UN members . Both sides rejected compromise proposals to allow both states to participate in the UN , based on the One - China policy . </P> <P> By the 1970s , a shift had occurred in international diplomatic circles and the PRC had gained the upper hand in international diplomatic relations and recognition count . On 25 October 1971 , the 21st time the United Nations General Assembly debated on the PRC 's admission into the UN , United Nations General Assembly Resolution 2758 was adopted , by which it recognized that `` the representatives of the Government of the People 's Republic of China are the only lawful representatives of China to the United Nations and that the People 's Republic of China is one of the five permanent members of the Security Council , '' and decided `` to restore all its rights to the People 's Republic of China and to recognize the representatives of its Government as the only legitimate representatives of China to the United Nations , and to expel forthwith the representatives of Chiang Kai - shek from the place which they unlawfully occupy at the United Nations and in all the organizations related to it . '' This effectively transferred the seat of China in the UN , including its permanent seat on the Security Council , from the ROC to the PRC , and expelled the ROC from the UN . From the United Nations ' perspective the `` Republic of China '' is not a former member . No UN member was expelled in 1971 . Rather , the credentials of one Chinese delegation ( from Taipei ) were rejected and the credentials of another Chinese delegation ( from Beijing ) were accepted . </P> <P> In addition to losing its seat in the UN , the UN Secretary - General concluded from the resolution that the General Assembly considered Taiwan to be a province of China . Consequently , the Secretary - General decided that it was not permitted for the ROC to become a party to treaties deposited with it . </P> Bids for readmission as the representative of Taiwan ( edit ) Further information : Political status of Taiwan ; Four - Stage Theory of the Republic of China ; and Taiwanese United Nations membership referendums , 2008 The presidency of Ma Ying - jeou saw the first participation of the Republic of China on a United Nations body in almost 40 years . <P> In 1993 the ROC began campaigning to rejoin the UN separately from the People 's Republic of China . A number of options were considered , including seeking membership in the specialized agencies , applying for observer status , applying for full membership , or having resolution 2758 revoked to reclaim the seat of China in the UN . </P> <P> Every year from 1993 -- 2006 , UN member states submitted a memorandum to the UN Secretary - General requesting that the UN General Assembly consider allowing the ROC to resume participating in the United Nations . This approach was chosen , rather than a formal application for membership , because it could be enacted by the General Assembly , while a membership application would need Security Council approval , where the PRC held a veto . Early proposals recommended admitting the ROC with parallel representation over China , along with the People 's Republic of China , pending eventual reunification , citing examples of other divided countries which had become separate UN member states , such as East and West Germany and North and South Korea . Later proposals emphasized that the ROC was a separate state , over which the PRC had no effective sovereignty . These proposed resolutions referred to the ROC under a variety of names : `` Republic of China in Taiwan '' ( 1993 -- 94 ) , `` Republic of China on Taiwan '' ( 1995 -- 97 , 1999 -- 2002 ) , `` Republic of China '' ( 1998 ) , `` Republic of China ( Taiwan ) '' ( 2003 ) and `` Taiwan '' ( 2004 -- 06 ) . </P> <P> However , all fourteen attempts were unsuccessful as the General Assembly 's General Committee declined to put the issue on the Assembly 's agenda for debate , under strong opposition from the PRC . </P> <P> While all these proposals were vague , requesting the ROC be allowed to participate in UN activities without specifying any legal mechanism , in 2007 the ROC submitted a formal application under the name `` Taiwan '' for full membership in the UN . However , the application was rejected by the United Nations Office of Legal Affairs citing General Assembly Resolution 2758 , without being forwarded to the Security Council . Secretary - General of the United Nations Ban Ki - moon stated that : </P> <P> The position of the United Nations is that the People 's Republic of China is representing the whole of China as the sole and legitimate representative Government of China . The decision until now about the wish of the people in Taiwan to join the United Nations has been decided on that basis . The resolution ( General Assembly Resolution 2758 ) that you just mentioned is clearly mentioning that the Government of China is the sole and legitimate Government and the position of the United Nations is that Taiwan is part of China . </P> <P> Responding to the UN 's rejection of its application , the ROC government has stated that Taiwan is not now nor has it ever been under the jurisdiction of the PRC , and that since General Assembly Resolution 2758 did not clarify the issue of Taiwan 's representation in the UN , it does not prevent Taiwan 's participation in the UN as an independent sovereign nation . The ROC government also criticized Ban for asserting that Taiwan is part of China and returning the application without passing it to the Security Council or the General Assembly , contrary to UN 's standard procedure ( Provisional Rules of Procedure of the Security Council , Chapter X , Rule 59 ) . On the other hand , the PRC government , which has stated that Taiwan is part of China and firmly opposes the application of any Taiwan authorities to join the UN either as a member or an observer , praised that UN 's decision `` was made in accordance with the UN Charter and Resolution 2758 of the UN General Assembly , and showed the UN and its member states ' universal adherence to the one - China principle '' . A group of UN member states put forward a draft resolution for that fall 's UN General Assembly calling on the Security Council to consider the application . </P> <P> The following year two referendums in Taiwan on the government 's attempts to regain participation at the UN did not pass due to low turnout . That fall the ROC took a new approach , with its allies submitting a resolution requesting that the `` Republic of China ( Taiwan ) '' be allowed to have `` meaningful participation '' in the UN specialized agencies . Again the issue was not put on the Assembly 's agenda . In 2009 , the ROC chose not to bring the issue of its participation in the UN up for debate at the General Assembly for the first time since it began the campaign in 1993 . </P> <P> In May 2009 , the Department of Health of the Republic of China was invited by the World Health Organization to attend the 62nd World Health Assembly as an observer under the name `` Chinese Taipei '' . This was the ROC 's first participation in an event organized by a UN-affiliated agency since 1971 , as a result of the improved cross-strait relations since Ma Ying - jeou became the President of the Republic of China a year before . </P> <P> The Republic of China is officially recognized by 19 UN member states and the Holy See . It maintains unofficial diplomatic relations with around 100 nations , including the United States and Japan . </P> <H3> Czechoslovakia ( edit ) </H3> <P> Czechoslovakia joined the UN as an original member on 24 October 1945 , with its name changed to the Czech and Slovak Federative Republic on 20 April 1990 . Upon the imminent dissolution of Czechoslovakia , in a letter dated 10 December 1992 , its Permanent Representative informed the United Nations Secretary - General that the Czech and Slovak Federative Republic would cease to exist on 31 December 1992 and that the Czech Republic and Slovakia , as successor states , would apply for membership in the UN . Neither state sought sole successor state status . Both states were admitted to the UN on 19 January 1993 . </P> <H3> German Democratic Republic ( edit ) </H3> <P> Both the Federal Republic of Germany ( West Germany ) and the German Democratic Republic ( East Germany ) were admitted to the UN on 18 September 1973 . Through the accession of the East German federal states to the Federal Republic of Germany , effective from 3 October 1990 , the territory of the German Democratic Republic became part of the Federal Republic of Germany , today simply known as Germany . Consequently , the Federal Republic of Germany continued being a member of the UN while the German Democratic Republic ceased to exist . </P> <H3> Federation of Malaya ( edit ) </H3> <P> The Federation of Malaya joined the United Nations on 17 September 1957 . On 16 September 1963 , its name was changed to Malaysia , following the formation of Malaysia from Singapore , North Borneo ( now Sabah ) , Sarawak and the Federation of Malaya . Singapore became an independent State on 9 August 1965 and a Member of the United Nations on 21 September 1965 . </P> <H3> Tanganyika and Zanzibar ( edit ) </H3> <P> Tanganyika was admitted to the UN on 14 December 1961 , and Zanzibar was admitted to the UN on 16 December 1963 . Following the ratification on 26 April 1964 of the Articles of Union between Tanganyika and Zanzibar , the two states merged to form the single member `` United Republic of Tanganyika and Zanzibar '' , with its name changed to the United Republic of Tanzania on 1 November 1964 . </P> <H3> Union of Soviet Socialist republics ( edit ) </H3> Further information : Soviet Union and the United Nations The USSR as its borders and republics were configured upon entry to the UN . Border changes and the dissolution of various republics happened over the course of its membership . <P> The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics ( USSR ) joined the UN as an original member on 24 October 1945 , and as set out by the United Nations Charter , Chapter V , Article 23 , became one of the five permanent members of the United Nations Security Council . Upon the imminent dissolution of the USSR , in a letter dated 24 December 1991 , Boris Yeltsin , the President of the Russian Federation , informed the United Nations Secretary - General that the membership of the USSR in the Security Council and all other UN organs was being continued by the Russian Federation with the support of the 11 member countries of the Commonwealth of Independent States . </P> <P> The other fourteen independent states established from the former Soviet Republics were all admitted to the UN : </P> <Ul> <Li> The Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic and the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic joined the UN on 24 October 1945 together with the USSR . After declaring independence , the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic changed its name to Ukraine on 24 August 1991 , and on 19 September 1991 , the Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic informed the UN that it had changed its name to Belarus . </Li> <Li> Estonia , Latvia , and Lithuania were admitted to the UN on 17 September 1991 , after regaining independence before the dissolution of the USSR . </Li> <Li> Armenia , Azerbaijan , Kazakhstan , Kyrgyzstan , the Republic of Moldova , Tajikistan , Turkmenistan , and Uzbekistan were admitted to the UN on 2 March 1992 . </Li> <Li> Georgia was admitted to the UN on 31 July 1992 . </Li> </Ul> <H3> United Arab Republic ( edit ) </H3> Egyptian president Gamal Abdel Nasser ( seated right ) and Syrian president Shukri al - Quwatli sign the accord to form the United Arab Republic in 1958 . The short - lived political union briefly represented both states and was used as the name of Egypt following Syria 's withdrawal in 1961 . <P> Both Egypt and Syria joined the UN as original members on 24 October 1945 . Following a plebiscite on 21 February 1958 , the United Arab Republic was established by a union of Egypt and Syria and continued as a single member . On 13 October 1961 , Syria , having resumed its status as an independent state , resumed its separate membership in the UN . Egypt continued as a UN member under the name of the United Arab Republic , until it reverted to its original name on 2 September 1971 . Syria changed its name to the Syrian Arab Republic on 14 September 1971 . </P> <H3> Yemen and Democratic Yemen ( edit ) </H3> <P> Yemen ( i.e. , North Yemen ) was admitted to the UN on 30 September 1947 ; Southern Yemen ( i.e. , South Yemen ) was admitted to the UN on 14 December 1967 , with its name changed to the People 's Democratic Republic of Yemen on 30 November 1970 , and was later referred to as Democratic Yemen . On 22 May 1990 , the two states merged to form the Republic of Yemen , which continued as a single member under the name Yemen . </P> <H3> Yugoslavia ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Yugoslavia and the United Nations The Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia disintegrated into several states starting in the early 1990s . By 2006 , six UN member states existed in its former territory . Kosovo declared independence in 2008 . <P> The Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia , referred to as Yugoslavia , joined the UN as an original member on 24 October 1945 . By 1992 , it had been effectively dissolved into five independent states , which were all subsequently admitted to the UN : </P> <Ul> <Li> Bosnia and Herzegovina , Croatia , and Slovenia were admitted to the UN on 22 May 1992 . </Li> <Li> Macedonia was admitted to the UN on 8 April 1993 , being provisionally referred to for all purposes within the UN as `` The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia '' pending settlement of the difference that had arisen over its name . </Li> <Li> The Federal Republic of Yugoslavia ( name later changed to Serbia and Montenegro ) was admitted to the UN on 1 November 2000 . </Li> </Ul> <P> Due to the dispute over its legal successor states , the member state `` Yugoslavia '' , referring to the former Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia , remained on the official roster of UN members for many years after its effective dissolution . Following the admission of all five states as new UN members , `` Yugoslavia '' was removed from the official roster of UN members . </P> <P> The government of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia , established on 28 April 1992 by the remaining Yugoslav republics of Montenegro and Serbia , claimed itself as the legal successor state of the former Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia ; however , on 30 May 1992 , United Nations Security Council Resolution 757 was adopted , by which it imposed international sanctions on the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia due to its role in the Yugoslav Wars , and noted that `` the claim by the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia ( Serbia and Montenegro ) to continue automatically the membership of the former Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia in the United Nations has not been generally accepted , '' and on 22 September 1992 , United Nations General Assembly Resolution A / RES / 47 / 1 was adopted , by which it considered that `` the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia ( Serbia and Montenegro ) can not continue automatically the membership of the former Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia in the United Nations , '' and therefore decided that `` the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia ( Serbia and Montenegro ) should apply for membership in the United Nations and that it shall not participate in the work of the General Assembly '' . The Federal Republic of Yugoslavia refused to comply with the resolution for many years , but following the ousting of President Slobodan Milošević from office , it applied for membership , and was admitted to the UN on 1 November 2000 . On 4 February 2003 , the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia had its official name changed to Serbia and Montenegro , following the adoption and promulgation of the Constitutional Charter of Serbia and Montenegro by the Assembly of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia . </P> <P> On the basis of a referendum held on 21 May 2006 , Montenegro declared independence from Serbia and Montenegro on 3 June 2006 . In a letter dated on the same day , the President of Serbia informed the United Nations Secretary - General that the membership of Serbia and Montenegro in the UN was being continued by Serbia , following Montenegro 's declaration of independence , in accordance with the Constitutional Charter of Serbia and Montenegro . Montenegro was admitted to the UN on 28 June 2006 . </P> <P> In the aftermath of the Kosovo War , the territory of Kosovo , then an autonomous province of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia , was put under the interim administration of the United Nations Mission in Kosovo on 10 June 1999 . On 17 February 2008 it declared independence , but this has not been recognised by Serbia . The Republic of Kosovo is not a member of the UN , but is a member of the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank Group , both specialized agencies in the United Nations System . The Republic of Kosovo is recognised by 113 UN member states , including three of the five permanent members of the United Nations Security Council ( France , the United Kingdom , and the United States ) , while the other two -- China and Russia -- do not recognise Kosovo . On 22 July 2010 , the International Court of Justice , the primary judicial organ of the UN , issued an advisory opinion , ruling that Kosovo 's declaration of independence was not in violation of international law . </P> <H2> Suspension , expulsion , and withdrawal of members ( edit ) </H2> See also : Withdrawal from the United Nations <P> A member state may be suspended or expelled from the UN , according to the United Nations Charter . From Chapter II , Article 5 : </P> <P> A Member of the United Nations against which preventive or enforcement action has been taken by the Security Council may be suspended from the exercise of the rights and privileges of membership by the General Assembly upon the recommendation of the Security Council . The exercise of these rights and privileges may be restored by the Security Council . </P> <P> From Article 6 : </P> <P> A Member of the United Nations which has persistently violated the Principles contained in the present Charter may be expelled from the Organization by the General Assembly upon the recommendation of the Security Council . </P> <P> Since its inception , no member state has been suspended or expelled from the UN under Articles 5 and 6 . However , in a few cases , states were suspended or expelled from participating in UN activities by means other than Articles 5 and 6 : </P> <Ul> <Li> On 25 October 1971 , United Nations General Assembly Resolution 2758 was adopted , which recognized the People 's Republic of China instead of the Republic of China ( since 1949 controlling only Taiwan ) as the legitimate representative of China in the UN and effectively expelled the Republic of China from the UN in 1971 ( see the section Former members : Republic of China ) . This act did not constitute as the expulsion of a member state under Article 6 , as this would have required Security Council approval and been subjected to vetoes by its permanent members , which included the Republic of China itself and the United States , which at that time still recognized the Republic of China . </Li> <Li> In October 1974 , the Security Council considered a draft resolution that would have recommended that the General Assembly immediately expel South Africa from the UN , in compliance with Article 6 of the United Nations Charter , due to its apartheid policies . However , the resolution was not adopted because of vetoes by three permanent members of the Security Council : France , the United Kingdom , and the United States . In response , the General Assembly decided to suspend South Africa from participation in the work of the Assembly 's 29th session on 12 November 1974 ; however , South Africa was not formally suspended under Article 5 . The suspension lasted until the General Assembly welcomed South Africa back to full participation in the UN on 23 June 1994 , following its successful democratic elections earlier that year . </Li> <Li> On 28 April 1992 , the new Federal Republic of Yugoslavia was established , by the remaining republics of Serbia and Montenegro of the former Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia . On 22 September 1992 , United Nations General Assembly Resolution A / RES / 47 / 1 was adopted , by which it considered that `` the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia ( Serbia and Montenegro ) can not continue automatically the membership of the former Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia in the United Nations , '' and therefore decided that `` the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia ( Serbia and Montenegro ) should apply for membership in the United Nations and that it shall not participate in the work of the General Assembly '' . It did not apply for membership until Slobodan Milošević was ousted from the presidency and was admitted on 1 November 2000 ( see the section Former members : Yugoslavia ) . </Li> </Ul> <H3> Withdrawal of Indonesia ( 1965 -- 1966 ) ( edit ) </H3> Main article : CONEFO Indonesian president Sukarno 's decision to withdraw from the United Nations in 1965 is the only instance of a withdrawal of membership in UN history . Indonesia rejoined the UN a year later . <P> Since the inception of the UN , only one member state ( excluding those that dissolved or merged with other member states ) has unilaterally withdrawn from the UN . During the Indonesia -- Malaysia confrontation , and in response to the election of Malaysia as a non-permanent member of the United Nations Security Council , in a letter dated 20 January 1965 , Indonesia informed the United Nations Secretary - General that it had decided `` at this stage and under the present circumstances '' to withdraw from the UN . However , following the overthrow of President Sukarno , in a telegram dated 19 September 1966 , Indonesia notified the Secretary - General of its decision `` to resume full cooperation with the United Nations and to resume participation in its activities starting with the twenty - first session of the General Assembly '' . On 28 September 1966 , the United Nations General Assembly took note of the decision of the Government of Indonesia and the President invited the representatives of that country to take their seats in the Assembly . </P> <P> Unlike suspension and expulsion , no express provision is made in the United Nations Charter of whether or how a member can legally withdraw from the UN ( largely to prevent the threat of withdrawal from being used as a form of political blackmail , or to evade obligations under the Charter , similar to withdrawals that weakened the UN 's predecessor , the League of Nations ) , or on whether a request for readmission by a withdrawn member should be treated the same as an application for membership , i.e. , requiring Security Council as well as General Assembly approval . Indonesia 's return to the UN would suggest that this is not required ; however , scholars have argued that the course of action taken by the General Assembly was not in accordance with the Charter from a legal point of view . </P> <H2> Observers and non-members ( edit ) </H2> Main article : United Nations General Assembly observers See also : Holy See and the United Nations , Palestine 194 , and European Union and the United Nations Switzerland has been neutral in international conflicts since the early 19th century and joined the UN as a full member only in 2002 . Despite this , the Palace of Nations in Geneva has hosted the United Nations Office at Geneva since 1946 and also previously served as the headquarters of the League of Nations . <P> In addition to the member states , there are two non-member permanent observer states : the Holy See and the State of Palestine . </P> <Ul> <Li> The Holy See holds sovereignty over the state of Vatican City and maintains diplomatic relations with 180 other states . It has been an observer state since 6 April 1964 , and gained all the rights of full membership except voting on 1 July 2004 . </Li> <Li> The Palestine Liberation Organization was granted observer status as a `` non-member entity '' on 22 November 1974 . Acknowledging the proclamation of the State of Palestine by the Palestine National Council on 15 November 1988 , the United Nations General Assembly decided that , effective as of 15 December 1988 , the designation `` Palestine '' should be used in place of the designation `` Palestine Liberation Organization '' in the United Nations System . On 23 September 2011 , Palestinian National Authority President Mahmoud Abbas submitted the application for UN membership for the State of Palestine to United Nations Secretary - General Ban Ki - moon ; the application has not been voted on by the UN Security Council . On 31 October 2011 , the General Assembly of UNESCO voted to admit Palestine as a member , becoming the first UN agency to admit Palestine as a full member . The State of Palestine was recognized as a `` non-member state '' on 29 November 2012 , when the UN General Assembly passed United Nations General Assembly resolution 67 / 19 by a vote of 138 to 9 , with 41 abstentions . The change in status was described by The Independent as `` de facto recognition of the sovereign state of Palestine '' . On 17 December 2012 , UN Chief of Protocol Yeocheol Yoon decided that `` the designation of ' State of Palestine ' shall be used by the Secretariat in all official United Nations documents '' . </Li> </Ul> <P> The Sovereign Military Order of Malta , while not a state , has observer status at the UN and maintains diplomatic relations with 107 countries . </P> <P> A number of states were also granted observer status before being admitted to the UN as full members . The most recent case of an observer state becoming a member state was Switzerland , which was admitted in 2002 . </P> <P> A European Union institution , the European Commission , was granted observer status at the UNGA through Resolution 3208 in 1974 . The Treaty of Lisbon in 2009 resulted in the delegates being accredited directly to the EU . It was accorded full rights in the General Assembly , bar the right to vote and put forward candidates , via UNGA Resolution A / RES / 65 / 276 on 10 May 2011 . It is the only non-state party to over 50 multilateral conventions , and has participated as a full member in every way except for having a vote in a number of UN conferences . </P> <P> The sovereignty status of Western Sahara is in dispute between Morocco and the Polisario Front . Most of the territory is controlled by Morocco , the remainder ( the Free Zone ) by the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic , proclaimed by the Polisario Front . Western Sahara is listed by the UN as a `` non-self - governing territory '' . </P> <P> The Cook Islands and Niue , which are both associated states of New Zealand , are not members of the UN , but are members of specialized agencies of the UN such as WHO and UNESCO , and have had their `` full treaty - making capacity '' recognized by United Nations Secretariat in 1992 and 1994 respectively . They have since become parties to a number of international treaties which the UN Secretariat acts as a depositary for , such as the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change and the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea , and are treated as non-member states . Both the Cook Islands and Niue have expressed a desire to become a UN member state , but New Zealand has said that they would not support the application without a change in their constitutional relationship , in particular their right to New Zealand citizenship . </P> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Book : Member states of the United Nations </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ul> <Li> United Nations portal </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Enlargement of the United Nations </Li> <Li> Member states of the League of Nations </Li> <Li> List of Permanent Representatives to the United Nations </Li> <Li> United Nations list of Non-Self - Governing Territories </Li> </Ul> <H2> Notes ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ Benin : Name was changed from Dahomey on 1 December 1975 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bolivia ( Plurinational State of ) : Previously referred to as Bolivia . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Burkina Faso : Name was changed from Upper Volta on 6 August 1984 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Cabo Verde : Previously referred to as Cape Verde . On 24 October 2013 , Cabo Verde requested that its name no longer be translated into different languages . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Cambodia : Name was changed to the Khmer Republic on 7 October 1970 , and back to Cambodia on 30 April 1975 . Name was changed again to Democratic Kampuchea on 6 April 1976 , and back to Cambodia on 3 February 1990 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Cameroon : Previously referred to as Cameroun ( before merging with Southern Cameroons in 1961 ) . By a letter of 4 January 1974 , the Secretary - General was informed that Cameroon had changed its name to the United Republic of Cameroon . Name was changed back to Cameroon on 4 February 1984 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Central African Republic : By a letter of 20 December 1976 , the Central African Republic advised that it had changed its name to the Central African Empire . Name was changed back to the Central African Republic on 20 September 1979 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Congo : Previously referred to as Congo ( Brazzaville ) ( to differentiate it from Congo ( Leopoldville ) ) and the People 's Republic of the Congo . Name was changed to Congo on 15 November 1971 ( after the Democratic Republic of the Congo changed its name to Zaire ) . Also referred to as Congo ( Republic of the ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Côte d'Ivoire : Previously referred to as Ivory Coast . On 6 November 1985 , Côte d'Ivoire requested that its name no longer be translated into different languages ; this became fully effective on 1 January 1986 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Democratic Republic of the Congo : Previously referred to as Congo ( Leopoldville ) ( to differentiate it from Congo ( Brazzaville ) ) . Name was changed from the Democratic Republic of the Congo to Zaire on 27 October 1971 , and back to the Democratic Republic of the Congo on 17 May 1997 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Gambia : Previously referred to as The Gambia . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Withdrew from the UN on 20 January 1965 . It rejoined on 28 September 1966 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Iran ( Islamic Republic of ) : Previously referred to as Iran . By a communication of 5 March 1981 , Iran informed the Secretary - General that it should be referred to by its complete name of the Islamic Republic of Iran . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kazakhstan : Spelling was changed from Kazakstan on 20 June 1997 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Lao People 's Democratic Republic : Name was changed from Laos on 2 December 1975 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Libya : Formerly recognised as the Libyan Arab Republic from 1969 after originally being admitted as Libya . By notes verbales of 1 and 21 April 1977 , the Libyan Arab Republic advised that it had changed its name to the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya . On 16 September 2011 , the UN General Assembly awarded the UN seat to the National Transitional Council , thereby restoring the original name of Libya . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Madagascar : Previously referred to as the Malagasy Republic . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Maldives : Previously referred to as the Maldive Islands . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Myanmar : Name was changed from Burma on 18 June 1989 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Philippines : Previously referred to as the Philippine Commonwealth ( before becoming a republic in 1946 ) and as the Philippine Republic . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Republic of Moldova : Previously referred to as Moldova . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Saint Kitts and Nevis : Name was changed officially from Saint Christopher and Nevis on 26 November 1986 ; the UN , however , continued to use the former name throughout the year . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Sao Tome and Principe : The official UN designation lacks diacritics ; however , the name is constitutionally defined as São Tomé and Príncipe , with diacritics . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ South Africa : Previously referred to as the Union of South Africa ( before becoming a republic in 1961 ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Sri Lanka : Name was changed from Ceylon on 22 May 1972 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Suriname : Name was changed from Surinam on 23 January 1978 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Thailand : Previously referred to as Siam . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Venezuela ( Bolivarian Republic of ) : Previously referred to as Venezuela . </Li> </Ol> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The World '' ( PDF ) . United Nations . The following territories are excluded as the UN does not consider them as part of any member state : Vatican City ( the Holy See is a UN non-member observer state ) , the Palestinian territories ( Palestine is a UN non-member observer state ) , Western Sahara ( status in dispute between Morocco and the Polisario Front ) , and Antarctica ( regulated by the Antarctic Treaty System ) . Territories of states not recognized by the UN are not excluded due to the UN 's position that they are part of some UN member state , including , for example , the territories governed by the Republic of China ( Taiwan and other smaller islands ) , as the UN members voted to consider the People 's Republic of China as the only lawful representative of China at the UN and the UN chooses not to question its claim that Taiwan is part of China . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` What are Member States ? '' . 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United Nations . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Winkler , Sigrid ( June 2012 ) . `` Taiwan 's UN Dilemma : To Be or Not To Be '' . Brookings Institution . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 25 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 1971 Year in Review : Red China Admitted to UN '' . United Press International . 1971 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ United Nations General Assembly Session 26 Resolution 2758 . Restoration of the lawful rights of the People 's Republic of China in the United Nations A / RES / 2758 ( XXVI ) page 1 . 25 October 1971 . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 24 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` FINAL CLAUSES OF MULTILATERAL TREATIES '' ( PDF ) . United Nations . 2003 . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 25 . Hence , instruments received from the Taiwan Province of China will not be accepted by the Secretary - General in his capacity as depositary . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Lindemann , Björn Alexander ( 2014 ) . Cross-Strait Relations and International Organizations : Taiwan 's Participation in IGOs in the Context of Its Relationship with China . Springer Science + Business Media . p. 258 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ United Nations General Assembly Session 48 Agenda item REQUEST FOR THE INCLUSION OF A SUPPLEMENTARY ITEM IN THE AGENDA OF THE FORTY - EIGHTH SESSION CONSIDERATION OF THE EXCEPTIONAL SITUATION OF THE REPUBLIC OF CHINA IN TAIWAN IN THE INTERNATIONAL CONTEXT , BASED ON THE PRINCIPLE OF UNIVERSALITY AND IN ACCORDANCE WITH THE ESTABLISHED MODEL OF PARALLEL REPRESENTATION OF DIVIDED COUNTRIES AT THE UNITED NATIONS A / 48 / 191 1993 - 08 - 09 . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 18 . United Nations General Assembly Session 49 Agenda item REQUEST FOR THE INCLUSION OF AN ITEM IN THE PROVISIONAL AGENDA OF THE FORTY - NINTH SESSION CONSIDERATION OF THE EXCEPTIONAL SITUATION OF THE REPUBLIC OF CHINA IN TAIWAN IN THE INTERNATIONAL CONTEXT , BASED ON THE PRINCIPLE OF UNIVERSALITY AND IN ACCORDANCE WITH THE ESTABLISHED MODEL OF PARALLEL REPRESENTATION OF DIVIDED COUNTRIES AT THE UNITED NATIONS A / 49 / 144 1994 - 07 - 19 . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 18 . United Nations General Assembly Session 50 Agenda item REQUEST FOR THE INCLUSION OF AN ITEM IN THE PROVISIONAL AGENDA OF THE FIFTIETH SESSION CONSIDERATION OF THE EXCEPTIONAL SITUATION OF THE REPUBLIC OF CHINA ON TAIWAN IN THE INTERNATIONAL CONTEXT , BASED ON THE PRINCIPLE OF UNIVERSALITY AND IN ACCORDANCE WITH THE ESTABLISHED MODEL OF PARALLEL REPRESENTATION OF DIVIDED COUNTRIES AT THE UNITED NATIONS A / 50 / 145 1995 - 07 - 19 . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 18 . United Nations General Assembly Session 51 Agenda item REQUEST FOR THE INCLUSION OF AN ITEM IN THE PROVISIONAL AGENDA OF THE FIFTY - FIRST SESSION CONSIDERATION OF THE EXCEPTIONAL SITUATION OF THE INABILITY , RESULTING FROM GENERAL ASSEMBLY RESOLUTION 2758 ( XXVI ) , OF THE 21.3 MILLION PEOPLE ON TAIWAN , REPUBLIC OF CHINA , TO PARTICIPATE IN THE ACTIVITIES OF THE UNITED NATIONS A / 51 / 142 1996 - 07 - 18 . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 19 . United Nations General Assembly Session 52 Agenda item REQUEST FOR THE INCLUSION OF AN ITEM IN THE PROVISIONAL AGENDA OF THE FIFTY - SECOND SESSION NEED TO REVIEW GENERAL ASSEMBLY RESOLUTION 2758 ( XXVI ) OF 25 OCTOBER 1971 OWING TO THE FUNDAMENTAL CHANGE IN THE INTERNATIONAL SITUATION AND TO THE COEXISTENCE OF TWO GOVERNMENTS ACROSS THE TAIWAN STRAIT A / 52 / 143 1997 - 07 - 16 . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 19 . United Nations General Assembly Session 53 Agenda item Request for the inclusion of an item in the provisional agenda of the fifty - third session Need to review General Assembly resolution 2758 ( XXVI ) of 25 October 1971 owing to the fundamental change in the international situation and to the coexistence of two Governments across the Taiwan Strait A / 53 / 145 1998 - 07 - 08 . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 19 . United Nations General Assembly Session 54 Agenda item Request for the inclusion of a supplementary item in the agenda of the fifty - fourth session Need to examine the exceptional international situation pertaining to the Republic of China on Taiwan , to ensure that the fundamental right of its twenty - two million people to participate in the work and activities of the United Nations is fully respected A / 54 / 194 1999 - 08 - 12 . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 20 . United Nations General Assembly Session 55 Agenda item Request for the inclusion of a supplementary item in the agenda of the fifty - fifth session Need to examine the exceptional international situation pertaining to the Republic of China on Taiwan , to ensure that the fundamental right of its twenty - three million people to participate in the work and activities of the United Nations is fully respected A / 55 / 227 2000 - 08 - 04 . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 23 . United Nations General Assembly Session 56 Agenda item Request for the inclusion of a supplementary item in the agenda of the fifty - sixth session Need to examine the exceptional international situation pertaining to the Republic of China on Taiwan , to ensure that the fundamental right of its twenty - three million people to participate in the work and activities of the United Nations is fully respected A / 56 / 193 2001 - 08 - 08 . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 23 . United Nations General Assembly Session 57 Agenda item Request for the inclusion of a supplementary item in the agenda of the fifty - seventh session Question of the representation of the Republic of China ( Taiwan ) in the United Nations A / 57 / 191 2002 - 08 - 20 . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 23 . United Nations General Assembly Session 58 Agenda item Request for the inclusion of a supplementary item in the agenda of the fifty - eighth session Question of the representation of the Republic of China ( Taiwan ) in the United Nations A / 58 / 197 2003 - 08 - 05 . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 23 . United Nations General Assembly Session 59 Agenda item Request for the inclusion of a supplementary item in the agenda of the fifty - ninth session Question of the representation of the twenty - three million people of Taiwan in the United Nations A / 59 / 194 2004 - 08 - 10 . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 24 . United Nations General Assembly Session 60 Agenda item Request for the inclusion of a supplementary item in the agenda of the sixtieth session Question of the representation of the twenty - three million people of Taiwan in the United Nations A / 60 / 192 2005 - 08 - 11 . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 24 . United Nations General Assembly Session 61 Agenda item Request for the inclusion of a supplementary item in the agenda of the sixty - first session Question of the representation and participation of the 23 million people of Taiwan in the United Nations A / 61 / 194 2006 - 08 - 11 . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 24 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Damm , Jens ; Lim , Paul ( 2012 ) . European Perspectives on Taiwan . Springer Science + Business Media . pp. 160 -- 63 . 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United Nations . 24 September 2007 . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 08 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Talking points for Taiwan 's UN Membership Application '' . Ministry of Foreign Affairs , Republic of China . Archived from the original on 9 January 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` President Chen Shui - bian 's Letters to UN Secretary - General Ban Ki - moon and UN Security Council President Wang Guangya on July 31 ( Office of the President ) '' . Ministry of Foreign Affairs , Republic of China . Archived from the original on 4 September 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Provisional Rules of Procedure of the Security Council '' . United Nations . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` China praises UN 's rejection of Taiwan 's application for membership '' . Xinhua News Agency . 24 July 2007 . Archived from the original on 11 January 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ United Nations General Assembly Session 63 Agenda item Request for the inclusion of a supplementary item in the agenda of the sixty - third session Need to examine the fundamental rights of the 23 million people of the Republic of China ( Taiwan ) to participate meaningfully in the activities of the United Nations specialized agencies A / 63 / 194 2008 - 08 - 22 . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 24 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Not even asking '' . The Economist. 2009 - 09 - 24 . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 24 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Taiwan attends WHA as observer '' . United Press International . 18 May 2009 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Yearbook of the United Nations '' . United Nations . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Paul L. Montgomery ( 23 May 1992 ) . `` 3 Ex-Yugoslav Republics Are Accepted into U.N. '' The New York Times . Archived from the original on 29 July 2012 . 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Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 24 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Palestinians win implicit U.N. recognition of sovereign state '' . Reuters. 29 November 2012 . Retrieved 29 November 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` UN makes Palestine nonmember state '' . 3 News NZ. 30 November 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Israel defies UN after vote on Palestine with plans for 3,000 new homes in the West Bank '' . The Independent . 1 December 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ The Holy See , the Order of Malta and International Law , Bo J. Theutenberg , ISBN 91 - 974235 - 6 - 4 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Malta Permanent Mission to the United Nations '' . Un.int . Retrieved 12 April 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` What is a Permanent Observer ? '' . United Nations . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Osmańczyk , Jan ( 2003 ) . Mango , Anthony , ed . Encyclopedia of the United Nations and International Agreements ( 3rd ed . ) . Routledge . ISBN 0 - 415 - 93920 - 8 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ McNeely , Connie L. ( 1995 ) . Constructing the Nation - State : International Organization and Prescriptive Action . Greenwood Publishing Group . pp. 44 -- 45 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 29398 - 6 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Security Council Recommends Admission of Switzerland as Member of United Nations '' . United Nations . 24 July 2002 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` About the EU at the UN -- European Union Delegations '' . Europa . Archived from the original on 4 September 2006 . Retrieved 22 September 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Resolution adopted by the General Assembly : Participation of the European Union in the work of the United Nations '' ( PDF ) . United Nations . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 8 December 2013 . Retrieved 22 September 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` About the EU at the UN '' . Europa . Archived from the original on 12 February 2008 . Retrieved 22 September 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Non-Self - Governing Territories '' . United Nations . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Countries '' . 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Cardona ( surname ) - wikipedia <H1> Cardona ( surname ) </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <P> Cardona is a Spanish / Catalan surname . Notable people with the surname include : </P> <Ul> <Li> Andrea Cardona ( born 1982 ) , Guatemalan mountain climber </Li> <Li> Benjamín Cardona ( born 1957 ) , Colombian footballer </Li> <Li> Carlos Cardona ( born 1974 ) , Colombian businessman </Li> <Li> Edwin Cardona ( born 1992 ) , Colombian footballer </Li> <Li> George Cardona , American linguist and Indologist </Li> <Li> Germán Cardona Gutiérrez ( born 1956 ) , Colombian politician </Li> <Li> Jaime Cardona ( died 1466 ) , Spanish cardinal </Li> <Li> Javier Cardona ( born 1975 ) , American baseball player </Li> <Li> José Cardona ( 1939 -- 2013 ) , Honduran footballer </Li> <Li> José Miró Cardona ( 1902 -- 1974 ) , Cuban politician </Li> <Li> Juan Carlos Cardona ( born 1974 ) , Colombian long - distance runner </Li> <Li> Julian Cardona ( born 1990 ) , Puerto Rican footballer </Li> <Li> Leonardo Cardona ( born 1971 ) , Colombian cyclist </Li> <Li> Manuel Cardona , Spanish physicist </Li> <Li> Manolo Cardona ( born 1977 ) , Colombian actor </Li> <Li> Marcel Cardona , Belizean politician </Li> <Li> Maria de Cardona ( 1509 - 1563 ) , Italian noblewoman </Li> <Li> María de los Angeles Cardona ( 1940 - 1991 ) , Spanish biologist </Li> <Li> Mark Cardona ( born 1981 ) , Filipino basketball player </Li> <Li> Martín Cardona ( born 1991 ) , Mexican boxer </Li> <Li> Matthew Cardona ( born 1985 ) , American professional wrestler better known as Zack Ryder </Li> <Li> Milton Cardona , Puerto Rican musician </Li> <Li> Prudencio Cardona ( born 1951 ) , Colombian boxer </Li> <Li> Raul Cardona ( born 1932 ) , Chicago Radio Personality </Li> <Li> René Cardona Jr. ( 1939 -- 2003 ) , Mexican film director and actor </Li> <Li> Ricardo Cardona , American chef </Li> <Li> Robert D. Cardona ( born 1930 ) , American writer </Li> <Li> Salvador Cardona ( 1901 -- 1985 ) , Spanish cyclist </Li> <Li> Santos Cardona ( 1974 -- 2009 ) , United States Army soldier </Li> <Li> Virginia Cardona ( born 1967 ) , Spanish volleyball player </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This page lists people with the surname Cardona . If an internal link intending to refer to a specific person led you to this page , you may wish to change that link by adding the person 's given name ( s ) to the link . </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cardona_(surname)&oldid=772057352 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> Surnames </Li> <Li> Spanish - language surnames </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> All set index articles </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> Add links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 25 March 2017 , at 02 : 24 . </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> | [
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Quicken Loans Arena - wikipedia <H1> Quicken Loans Arena </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> Quicken Loans Arena <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Aerial view in 2014 from Terminal Tower </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Former names </Th> <Td> Gund Arena ( 1994 -- 2005 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Address </Th> <Td> 1 Center Court </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Location </Th> <Td> Cleveland , Ohio </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Coordinates </Th> <Td> 41 ° 29 ′ 47 '' N 81 ° 41 ′ 17 '' W / 41.49639 ° N 81.68806 ° W / 41.49639 ; - 81.68806 Coordinates : 41 ° 29 ′ 47 '' N 81 ° 41 ′ 17 '' W / 41.49639 ° N 81.68806 ° W / 41.49639 ; - 81.68806 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Public transit </Th> <Td> Tower City </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Owner </Th> <Td> Atlanta Hawks </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Operator </Th> <Td> CAVS / Quicken Loans Arena Company </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Capacity </Th> <Td> Basketball : 20,562 Ice Hockey : 10,025 ( expandable to 20,056 ) Arena football : 20,056 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Construction </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Broke ground </Th> <Td> April 27 , 1992 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Opened </Th> <Td> October 17 , 1994 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Construction cost </Th> <Td> $ 100 million ( $162 million in 2016 dollars ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Architect </Th> <Td> Ellerbe Becket </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Project manager </Th> <Td> Seagull Bay Sports , LLC . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Services engineer </Th> <Td> URS Corporation </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> General contractor </Th> <Td> Turner / Choice / Bradley / Zunt </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Tenants </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Current : Cleveland Cavaliers ( NBA ) ( 1994 -- present ) Cleveland State Vikings ( NCAA ) ( secondary ; 2015 -- present ) Cleveland Monsters ( AHL ) ( 2007 -- present ) Cleveland Gladiators ( AFL ) ( 2008 -- 2017 , 2020 -- present ) Former : Cleveland Crush ( LFL ) ( 2011 -- 2013 ) Cleveland Rockers ( WNBA ) ( 1997 -- 2003 ) Cleveland Barons ( AHL ) ( 2001 -- 2006 ) Cleveland Lumberjacks ( IHL ) ( 1994 -- 2001 ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Quicken Loans Arena , commonly known as `` The Q '' , is a multi-purpose arena in downtown Cleveland , Ohio , United States . The building is the home of the Cleveland Cavaliers of the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) , the Cleveland Monsters of the American Hockey League , and the Cleveland Gladiators of the Arena Football League . It also serves as a secondary arena for Cleveland State Vikings men 's and women 's basketball . </P> <P> The arena opened in October 1994 as part of the Gateway Sports and Entertainment Complex with adjacent Progressive Field , which opened in April of that year . It is named for the retail mortgage lender Quicken Loans , whose chairman and founder is Dan Gilbert , the majority owner of the Cavaliers , Monsters , and Gladiators . From its opening until August 2005 , it was known as Gund Arena , named for former Cavaliers owner Gordon Gund , after he paid for the naming rights . The Q replaced the Richfield Coliseum as the primary entertainment facility for the region and the home of the Cavaliers , and supplanted the Wolstein Center at Cleveland State University , which opened in 1990 , as the primary concert and athletic venue in downtown Cleveland . </P> <P> Quicken Loans Arena seats 20,562 people in its basketball configuration and up to 20,056 for ice hockey , making it the second - largest arena in the NBA by seating capacity . It is a frequent site for concerts and other athletic events such as the men 's and women 's basketball tournaments of the Mid-American Conference ( MAC ) , hosting the men 's tournament since 2000 and the women 's tournament since 2001 . It has also been the host venue for the 2007 NCAA Women 's Division I Basketball Final Four , opening and regional semifinal games in the NCAA Division I Men 's Basketball Tournament , and the U.S. Figure Skating Championships in 2000 and 2009 . In July 2016 , The Q hosted the 2016 Republican National Convention . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 History <Ul> <Li> 1.1 Design and operations </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2 Tenants <Ul> <Li> 2.1 Current </Li> <Li> 2.2 Former </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 Events <Ul> <Li> 3.1 College Sports </Li> <Li> 3.2 Other events </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 References </Li> <Li> 5 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> History ( edit ) </H2> The arena logo from 1994 to 2005 . <P> The Q was preceded in downtown Cleveland by the Cleveland Arena , a facility built in 1937 with a seating capacity for basketball of approximately 12,000 . It was best known as the site of the Moondog Coronation Ball in 1952 , widely regarded as the first rock and roll concert . Cleveland Arena was the first home of the Cavaliers in 1970 . </P> <P> The Cleveland Arena was also the home of an earlier professional basketball team , the Cleveland Rebels of the Basketball Association of America , the original Cleveland Barons ice hockey team , and hosted several games of the Cincinnati Royals of the NBA in the 1960s . By 1970 , however , Cleveland Arena was outdated and in disrepair . The Cavs played there their first four seasons . It was replaced in 1974 by the 20,273 - seat Richfield Coliseum , located in Richfield , between Cleveland and Akron . </P> <P> During the 1980s , the site of the Central Market , a fruit and vegetable market that dated back to 1856 , was selected for construction of a multi-purpose domed stadium for the Cleveland Browns and Cleveland Indians , but the ballot measure to fund it was defeated by voters . The market site was acquired in 1985 and cleared in 1987 in a continued push for new downtown sports facilities by city and business leaders . In 1990 , voters approved a sin tax on alcohol and tobacco products in Cuyahoga County to fund the Gateway Sports and Entertainment Complex , which includes the Q and adjacent Progressive Field . Construction began in 1992 with the ballpark opening in April 1994 and the arena in October 1994 . The arena opened with a concert by Billy Joel on October 17 , 1994 . The Cavaliers played their first regular - season game in the arena a few weeks later , a loss to the Houston Rockets , on November 8 , 1994 . </P> <P> As part of his purchase of the team and the arena naming rights in 2005 , Dan Gilbert , owner of Quicken Loans , funded renovations of the arena , which included installing new wine - colored seats , state - of - the - art scoreboards , video systems , and sound systems , new arena graphics and signage , and upgrades to security , locker rooms , and the suites , all of which were in place for the start of the Cavaliers 2005 -- 2006 season , except for the seats , which were replaced a few sections at a time . </P> <P> Gilbert purchased the then - inactive Utah Grizzlies franchise of the American Hockey League on May 16 , 2006 , and announced that it would move to Quicken Loans Arena to replace the departed Cleveland Barons . The team name was announced as the Lake Erie Monsters on January 25 , 2007 , and began play in the 2007 -- 08 season . The Lake Erie Monsters changed their name to the Cleveland Monsters on August 9 , 2016 . </P> <P> The Las Vegas Gladiators of the Arena Football League announced on October 16 , 2007 , that they would move to Quicken Loans Arena , becoming the Cleveland Gladiators . </P> <P> Plans for a two - year , $140 million renovation project to begin in 2017 were released by the Cavaliers in December 2016 . The project calls for an increase in the square footage of the concourses and open areas , along with upgrades throughout the building . It is scheduled to be completed by late 2019 . </P> <H3> Design and operations ( edit ) </H3> <P> The arena seats 20,562 for basketball , with 2,000 club seats and 88 luxury suites . Seating is divided into three levels , with two main levels of suites and five `` platinum suites '' on the event level . Around the seating there are two main concourses , one on the ground level to access the 100 level seating and 32 lower suites , and an upper concourse for the top 200 level seating . The lower concourse also includes the ticket office and the two - level main team shop . In between is the club level , which provides access to the 60 upper suites and club seating . Also on the club level is an auxiliary gym , which was used by the Cavaliers as their main practice court until the opening of the Cleveland Clinic Courts practice facility in 2007 . </P> <P> In the hockey and arena football configuration , capacity is 20,056 . During most Monsters games , the upper - level seating is closed and covered by a large curtain , reducing capacity to 10,025 . In the basketball configuration , when the upper level seating is closed , capacity is listed at 11,751. 60 % of the seating is located in the lower two levels . </P> The scoreboard with flames during player introductions in 2014 <P> The main scoreboard at The Q , nicknamed Humongotron , is the second largest scoreboard used in an NBA arena . It was installed in October 2014 after Cavs owner Dan Gilbert had seen a similar scoreboard at the Toyota Center in Houston during the 2013 NBA All - Star Weekend . The scoreboard includes four large high - definition video screens with large sabers on each corner that can extend outward to shoot fire , usually as part of player introductions . The two screens facing the sidelines are 31.5 feet ( 9.6 m ) high and 56.69 feet ( 17.28 m ) wide , while the two screens facing the baselines measure 29.92 feet ( 9.12 m ) high and 33.07 feet ( 10.08 m ) wide . </P> <P> On the roof of the building is a large LED message board that measures 360 feet ( 110 m ) by 90 feet ( 27 m ) , described as the `` largest LED roof sign on the planet '' by Cavaliers owner Dan Gilbert . The sign was approved by the Cleveland City Planning Commission in March 2016 with the stipulation that only the arena 's name or its naming rights sponsor can be shown . Any other use of the sign needs commission approval . The message board was installed later in 2016 and debuted in May during Game 1 of the Eastern Conference finals . </P> <P> The arena , along with neighboring Progressive Field and an adjacent parking garage , is owned by the Gateway Economic Development Corporation of Greater Cleveland , an entity made up of members appointed by the governments of the city of Cleveland and Cuyahoga County . Gateway leases the arena to the Cavaliers , who also manage the Cleveland Monsters and the Cleveland Gladiators . Food service is managed by Aramark and includes items contributed by award - winning chef Michael Symon . Two existing restaurants were renamed in 2009 after Symon 's bar - bistros `` Bar Symon '' and `` The B - Spot '' , and some of his signature dishes are available as suite catering offerings . </P> <P> In March 2017 , in partnership with the non-profit organization KultureCity , Quicken Loans Arena officially introduced the availability of accommodations during all events for guests with hypersensitivity needs , such as attendees with autism spectrum disorders . This includes staff training , free `` sensory bags '' with headphones , a blanket , and other items geared towards attendees with sensory needs , as well as a sensory room and exemptions from re-entry policies if they are overwhelmed by the environment . The arena became the first in the NBA to be certified by KultureCity as being `` sensory inclusive '' . </P> <H2> Tenants ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Current ( edit ) </H3> <P> As home of the Cavaliers , Monsters , and Gladiators , The Q has hosted a number of notable events for each team , including playoff and championship games . Through the 2015 -- 16 season , the Cavs have hosted playoff games in 10 of their 22 seasons at The Q , including games three and four of the 2007 NBA Finals , and games three , four , and six of the 2015 and 2016 Finals . The arena was also the site of the 1997 NBA All - Star Game , which celebrated the 50th anniversary of the founding of the NBA . </P> <P> The Gladiators have qualified for the Arena Football League playoffs in four of their seven seasons in Cleveland through 2015 , and hosted playoff games in 2008 , 2011 , and 2014 . During the 2014 season , the team finished 15 -- 1 overall and advanced to ArenaBowl XXVII , which hosted at Quicken Loans Arena . The game drew 18,410 fans and was held at the same time as a Cleveland Browns home preseason game at FirstEnergy Stadium , and a Cleveland Indians home game at adjacent Progressive Field . </P> <P> The Monsters made their playoff debut in 2011 and returned to the playoffs in 2016 . In the 2016 Calder Cup playoffs , the team advanced to the Calder Cup final and swept the Hershey Bears in four games for their first Calder Cup in franchise history . Games three and four were held at The Q. Game four , held on June 11 , was a sell - out and drew 19,665 fans , which set a record for largest crowd to ever see a professional hockey game in the state of Ohio and the second - largest postseason crowd in American Hockey League history . </P> <H3> Former ( edit ) </H3> <P> Quicken Loans Arena has been home to other franchises that have either relocated or folded . When it opened in 1994 , in addition to being home of the Cavaliers , it was also the home arena for the Cleveland Lumberjacks of the International Hockey League ( IHL ) . The Lumberjacks played at the arena until 2001 when the team folded along with the IHL . Later that year a new incarnation of the Cleveland Barons , who played in the American Hockey League , began play and were tenants at the arena until 2006 when the team moved to Worcester , Massachusetts . </P> <P> Two women 's professional teams have also called the arena home . From 1997 to 2003 , the Cleveland Rockers , one of the eight charter members of the Women 's National Basketball Association ( WNBA ) , played at The Q. The team folded after the 2003 WNBA season because the Gunds , who still owned the Cavs at that point , no longer wished to operate the Rockers franchise and a new ownership group could not be obtained . The Cleveland Crush of the Lingerie Football League played at The Q for their 2011 -- 12 and 2012 -- 13 seasons before moving to Toledo , Ohio , in late 2013 . </P> <H2> Events ( edit ) </H2> <H3> College Sports ( edit ) </H3> <P> In addition to its professional sports tenants , The Q has hosted a number of intercollegiate sporting events . It has been home to the Mid-American Conference ( MAC ) Men 's Basketball Tournament since 2000 and the MAC MAC Women 's Basketball Tournament since 2001 . `` MAC Madness '' , as it is known , has become a strong draw for the arena . The men 's semifinal and championship games routinely draw 10,000 - 15,000 attendees . In addition , Quicken Loans Arena has served as a host for games of the NCAA Men 's Division I Basketball Championship , hosting early round games in 2011 and regional semifinal and final games in 2015 . The Q has also hosted games for the NCAA Women 's Division I Basketball Championship , hosting regional semifinals and finals for the 2006 tournament and the Final Four and national championship game of the 2007 tournament . </P> <P> In 2015 , it was announced that arena management and Cleveland State University came to an agreement where select CSU Vikings men 's and women 's basketball games would take place at The Q , while Quicken Loans Arena would essentially take over operations of the Wolstein Center ( CSU 's primary home arena ) , being in charge of promoting and booking events at the venue . </P> A view from inside the arena . <H3> Other events ( edit ) </H3> <P> In addition to team sports , The Q has hosted a number of other events , including the 2000 and 2009 U.S. Figure Skating Championships along with professional wrestling broadcasts for Raw and SmackDown , and numerous WWE pay -- per -- view events : </P> <Ul> <Li> SummerSlam ( 1996 ) - headlined by Shawn Michaels vs. Vader for the WWF Championship </Li> <Li> No Mercy ( 1999 ) - headlined by Triple H vs. Stone Cold Steve Austin for the WWF Championship </Li> <Li> Invasion ( 2001 ) - headlined by Team Alliance vs. Team WWF . </Li> <Li> Survivor Series ( 2004 ) - headlined by Team Orton vs. Team Triple H </Li> <Li> Unforgiven ( 2008 ) - headlined by the first ever Championship Scramble matches . </Li> <Li> TLC : Tables , Ladders and Chairs ( 2014 ) - headlined by Bray Wyatt vs. Dean Ambrose in a TLC match . </Li> <Li> Fastlane ( 2016 ) - headlined by Brock Lesnar vs. Roman Reigns vs. Dean Ambrose in a Triple Threat match for the # 1 contender for the WWE World Heavyweight Championship at WrestleMania 32 . </Li> </Ul> <P> LeBron James gathered almost 20,000 people at the arena on October 29 , 2008 , for a viewing of Democratic presidential nominee Barack Obama 's 30 - minute American Stories , American Solutions television advertisement . It was shown on a large screen above the stage , where Jay - Z later held a free concert . </P> <P> Quicken Loans Arena was selected in July 2014 as the host site for the 2016 Republican National Convention . The arena hosted the first Republican presidential debate of the 2016 election , aired by Fox News Channel , on August 6 , 2015 . The convention was held July 18 -- 21 , 2016 . </P> <P> Cleveland - area native Stipe Miocic defended his heavyweight championship at UFC 203 , which was held at The Q on September 10 , 2016 . </P> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis Community Development Project . `` Consumer Price Index ( estimate ) 1800 -- '' . Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis . Retrieved January 2 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Quicken Loans Arena ( formerly Gund Arena ) '' . Ellerbe Becket.com . Retrieved July 7 , 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Project Management Consultants : Project Profiles - Ballparks , Stadium & Arenas Archived November 4 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ PCI Journal - March / April 1994 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Quicken Loans Arena at emporis.com </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Cleveland Arena '' . Encyclopedia of Cleveland History . Case Western Reserve University . March 27 , 1998 . Retrieved December 15 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Stoffel , Jennifer ( June 13 , 1990 ) . `` Real Estate ; New Sports Complex for Cleveland '' . The New York Times . Retrieved November 7 , 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Central Market '' . The Encyclopedia of Cleveland History . Case Western Reserve University . March 25 , 1998 . Retrieved July 7 , 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Quicken Loans Arena '' . Encyclopedia of Cleveland History . Case Western Reserve University . September 12 , 2008 . Retrieved December 15 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Houston Rockets at Cleveland Cavaliers Box Score '' . Basketball-Reference.com . November 8 , 1994 . Retrieved October 5 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Withers , Tom ( December 13 , 2016 ) . `` Cleveland Cavaliers announce plans for $140 M renovation of arena - NBA.com '' . NBA.com . Associated Press . Retrieved December 13 , 2016 . The Cavaliers announced plans Tuesday for a $140 million project to renovate Quicken Loans Arena , the downtown home of the NBA champions since 1994 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Quicken Loans Arena Fun Facts '' . Quicken Loans Arena. 2015 . Retrieved December 16 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Sneak Peek At New Quicken Loans Arena HD Jumbotron '' ( Press release ) . Cleveland Cavaliers . September 25 , 2014 . Retrieved December 16 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Cavaliers Announce Quicken Loans Arena Is Now Home to NBA 's Biggest Scoreboard '' ( Press release ) . Bleacher Report , Inc . October 27 , 2014 . Retrieved October 28 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Jarboe , Michelle ( March 18 , 2016 ) . `` Cleveland Cavaliers ' plan for giant LED sign atop The Q gets planning commission 's OK '' . The Plain Dealer . Retrieved February 10 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Allard , Sam ( May 18 , 2016 ) . `` The New `` Quicken Loans Arena '' LED Sign Debuted Last Night `` . Cleveland Scene . Retrieved February 10 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Who We Are '' . Gateway Economic Development Corporation of Greater Cleveland . 2013 . Retrieved December 16 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Acclaimed Chef Michael Symon Brings His Signature Menu to Quicken Loans Arena , in Partnership with Cleveland Cavaliers and ARAMARK '' ( Press release ) . NBA.com . October 2 , 2009 . Retrieved July 7 , 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Cleveland Cavaliers have first sensory inclusive sporting arena . Here 's what that means and why it matters '' . SB Nation . Retrieved 1 April 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Cavaliers debut The Quiet Space sensory room aimed at expanding accessibility inside The Q '' . Cleveland.com . Booth Newspapers . Retrieved 1 April 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Warsinskey , Tim ( August 10 , 2014 ) . `` Cleveland Gladiators advance to ArenaBowl XXVII , defeat Orlando Predators , 56 - 46 '' . The Plain Dealer . Retrieved June 24 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Boone , Faith ( August 22 , 2014 ) . `` MAP : Where to park for the Browns , Indians or Gladiators games this weekend '' . NewsNet5.com . Archived from the original on August 5 , 2016 . Retrieved June 23 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Monsters bring Calder Cup back to Cleveland '' . theAHL.com . American Hockey League . June 11 , 2016 . Retrieved June 24 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Allard , Sam ( December 17 , 2013 ) . `` Cleveland Crush Franchise Will Relocate to Toledo '' . CleveScene . Retrieved June 23 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 2011 NCAA Division I Men 's Basketball Championship '' . Quicken Loans Arena . March 19 , 2010 . Retrieved July 7 , 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Quicken Loans Arena Official Website . `` Quicken Loans Arena and Cleveland State University Announce Partnership to Grow the Sports and Entertainment Landscape in Downtown Cleveland '' . Retrieved 1 April 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Jay - Z , LeBron James get out vote for Obama '' . MSNBC . October 30 , 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Walshe , Shushannah & Klein , Rick ( July 8 , 2014 ) . `` Republicans Choose Cleveland As 2016 Convention Site '' . ABC News . Retrieved July 27 , 2014 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wikimedia Commons has media related to Quicken Loans Arena . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ul> <Li> Official website </Li> <Li> Quicken Loans Arena Seating Chart </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="3"> ( show ) Events and tenants </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Preceded by Richfield Coliseum </Td> <Td> Home of the Cleveland Cavaliers 1994 -- present </Td> <Td> Succeeded by current </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Preceded by Orleans Arena </Td> <Td> Home of the Cleveland Gladiators 2008 -- present </Td> <Td> Succeeded by current </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Preceded by E Center </Td> <Td> Home of the Cleveland Monsters 2007 -- present </Td> <Td> Succeeded by current </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Preceded by SeaGate Convention Centre </Td> <Td> Host of the Mid-American Conference Men 's Basketball Tournament 2000 -- present </Td> <Td> Succeeded by current </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Preceded by Alamodome </Td> <Td> Host of the NBA All - Star Game 1997 </Td> <Td> Succeeded by Madison Square Garden </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Current arenas in the National Basketball Association </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Eastern Conference </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Atlantic </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Air Canada Centre </Li> <Li> Barclays Center </Li> <Li> Madison Square Garden </Li> <Li> TD Garden </Li> <Li> Wells Fargo Center </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Central </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Bankers Life Fieldhouse </Li> <Li> BMO Harris Bradley Center </Li> <Li> Little Caesars Arena </Li> <Li> Quicken Loans Arena </Li> <Li> United Center </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Southeast </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> American Airlines Arena </Li> <Li> Amway Center </Li> <Li> Capital One Arena </Li> <Li> Philips Arena </Li> <Li> Spectrum Center </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Western Conference </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Northwest </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Chesapeake Energy Arena </Li> <Li> Moda Center </Li> <Li> Pepsi Center </Li> <Li> Target Center </Li> <Li> Vivint Smart Home Arena </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Pacific </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Golden 1 Center </Li> <Li> Oracle Arena </Li> <Li> Staples Center </Li> <Li> Talking Stick Resort Arena </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Southwest </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> American Airlines Center </Li> <Li> AT&T Center </Li> <Li> FedExForum </Li> <Li> Smoothie King Center </Li> <Li> Toyota Center </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Current arenas in the American Hockey League </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Eastern Conference </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Atlantic </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Dunkin ' Donuts Center </Li> <Li> Giant Center </Li> <Li> MassMutual Center </Li> <Li> Mohegan Sun Arena at Casey Plaza </Li> <Li> PPL Center </Li> <Li> Webster Bank Arena </Li> <Li> XL Center </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> North </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Adirondack Bank Center </Li> <Li> Blue Cross Arena </Li> <Li> Floyd L. Maines Veterans Memorial Arena </Li> <Li> Oncenter War Memorial Arena </Li> <Li> Place Bell </Li> <Li> Ricoh Coliseum </Li> <Li> Yardmen Arena </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Western Conference </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Central </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Allstate Arena </Li> <Li> Bell MTS Place </Li> <Li> BMO Harris Bank Center </Li> <Li> Bojangles ' Coliseum </Li> <Li> Quicken Loans Arena </Li> <Li> UW -- Milwaukee Panther Arena </Li> <Li> Van Andel Arena </Li> <Li> Wells Fargo Arena </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Pacific </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> AT&T Center </Li> <Li> Citizens Business Bank Arena </Li> <Li> H-E-B Center </Li> <Li> Rabobank Arena </Li> <Li> SAP Center at San Jose </Li> <Li> Stockton Arena </Li> <Li> Valley View Casino Center </Li> <Li> Tucson Convention Center </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Current arenas in the Arena Football League </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Arenas </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Amalie Arena </Li> <Li> Capital One Arena </Li> <Li> Quicken Loans Arena </Li> <Li> Royal Farms Arena </Li> <Li> Wells Fargo Center </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Cleveland Cavaliers </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Founded in 1970 </Li> <Li> Based in Cleveland , Ohio </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Franchise </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> History </Li> <Li> 1970 Expansion Draft </Li> <Li> All - time roster </Li> <Li> Draft history </Li> <Li> Seasons </Li> <Li> Head coaches </Li> <Li> Current season </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Arenas </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Cleveland Arena </Li> <Li> Richfield Coliseum </Li> <Li> Quicken Loans Arena </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Key personnel </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Owner : Dan Gilbert </Li> <Li> General manager : Koby Altman </Li> <Li> Head coach : Tyronn Lue </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Culture and lore </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Big Three </Li> <Li> `` Cleveland Rocks '' </Li> <Li> Cleveland sports curse </Li> <Li> Joe Tait </Li> <Li> Ted Stepien rule </Li> <Li> The Block </Li> <Li> The Decision </Li> <Li> The Miracle of Richfield </Li> <Li> The Shot </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Rivalries </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Chicago Bulls </Li> <Li> Golden State Warriors </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Playoff appearances ( 21 ) </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 1976 </Li> <Li> 1977 </Li> <Li> 1978 </Li> <Li> 1985 </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> 1998 </Li> <Li> 2006 </Li> <Li> 2007 </Li> <Li> 2008 </Li> <Li> 2009 </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> 2015 </Li> <Li> 2016 </Li> <Li> 2017 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Central Division titles ( 6 ) </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 1976 </Li> <Li> 2009 </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> 2015 </Li> <Li> 2016 </Li> <Li> 2017 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Eastern Conference titles ( 4 ) </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 2007 </Li> <Li> 2015 </Li> <Li> 2016 </Li> <Li> 2017 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> NBA Championships ( 1 ) </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 2016 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Retired numbers </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 7 </Li> <Li> 11 </Li> <Li> 22 </Li> <Li> 25 </Li> <Li> 34 </Li> <Li> 42 </Li> <Li> 43 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Hall of Fame inductees </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Wayne Embry </Li> <Li> Nate Thurmond </Li> <Li> Lenny Wilkens </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> G League affiliate </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Canton Charge </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Media </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Broadcasters </Li> <Li> Radio network <Ul> <Li> Flagships : WTAM </Li> <Li> WMMS </Li> <Li> Spanish : WLFM - 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HD2 </Li> <Li> Fox Sports Ohio </Li> <Li> SportsTime Ohio </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Cleveland Gladiators </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Formerly the New Jersey Red Dogs , the New Jersey Gladiators , and the Las Vegas Gladiators </Li> <Li> Founded in 1997 </Li> <Li> Based in Cleveland , Ohio </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Franchise </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Franchise </Li> <Li> Seasons </Li> <Li> Players </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Arenas </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Continental Airlines Arena </Li> <Li> Thomas & Mack Center </Li> <Li> Orleans Arena </Li> <Li> Quicken Loans Arena </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Head coaches </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Hufnagel </Li> <Li> Guy </Li> <Li> Kuharich </Li> <Li> Haege </Li> <Li> James </Li> <Li> Wilpolt </Li> <Li> Thonn </Li> <Li> Selesky </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Playoff appearances ( 10 ) </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 1997 </Li> <Li> 1998 </Li> <Li> 2002 </Li> <Li> 2003 </Li> <Li> 2008 </Li> <Li> 2011 </Li> <Li> 2014 </Li> <Li> 2015 </Li> <Li> 2016 </Li> <Li> 2017 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> ArenaBowl appearances ( 1 ) </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> XXVII </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Division championships ( 3 ) </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 2002 </Li> <Li> 2011 </Li> <Li> 2014 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Hall of Fame members </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Clint Dolezel </Li> <Li> George LaFrance </Li> <Li> Stevie Thomas </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Current league affiliations </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> League : Arena Football League </Li> <Li> Conference : National Conference </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Media </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> WKRK - FM </Li> <Li> Spectrum Sports ( Ohio ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Seasons ( 20 ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1990s </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 1997 </Li> <Li> 1998 </Li> <Li> 1999 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 2000s </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 2010s </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> 2011 </Li> <Li> 2012 </Li> <Li> 2013 </Li> <Li> 2014 </Li> <Li> 2015 </Li> <Li> 2016 </Li> <Li> 2017 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Venues of the Republican National Convention </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Musical Fund Hall ( 1856 ) </Li> <Li> Wigwam ( 1860 ) </Li> <Li> Front Street Theater ( 1864 ) </Li> <Li> Crosby 's Opera House ( 1868 ) </Li> <Li> Academy of Music ( 1872 ) </Li> <Li> Exposition Hall ( Cincinnati ) ( 1876 ) </Li> <Li> Interstate Exposition Building ( 1880 ) </Li> <Li> Exposition Hall ( Chicago ) ( 1884 ) </Li> <Li> Auditorium ( 1888 ) </Li> <Li> Industrial Exposition Building ( 1892 ) </Li> <Li> St. Louis Exposition and Music Hall ( 1896 ) </Li> <Li> Convention Hall ( 1900 ) </Li> <Li> Chicago Coliseum ( 1904 ) </Li> <Li> Chicago Coliseum ( 1908 ) </Li> <Li> Chicago Coliseum ( 1912 ) </Li> <Li> Chicago Coliseum ( 1916 ) </Li> <Li> Chicago Coliseum ( 1920 ) </Li> <Li> Public Auditorium ( 1924 ) </Li> <Li> Convention Hall ( 1928 ) </Li> <Li> Chicago Stadium ( 1932 ) </Li> <Li> Public Auditorium ( 1936 ) </Li> <Li> Convention Hall ( 1940 ) </Li> <Li> Chicago Stadium ( 1944 ) </Li> <Li> Convention Hall ( 1948 ) </Li> <Li> International Amphitheatre ( 1952 ) </Li> <Li> Cow Palace ( 1956 ) </Li> <Li> International Amphitheatre ( 1960 ) </Li> <Li> Cow Palace ( 1964 ) </Li> <Li> Miami Beach Convention Center ( 1968 ) </Li> <Li> Miami Beach Convention Center ( 1972 ) </Li> <Li> Kemper Arena ( 1976 ) </Li> <Li> Joe Louis Arena ( 1980 ) </Li> <Li> Reunion Arena ( 1984 ) </Li> <Li> Louisiana Superdome ( 1988 ) </Li> <Li> Houston Astrodome ( 1992 ) </Li> <Li> San Diego Convention Center ( 1996 ) </Li> <Li> First Union Center ( 2000 ) </Li> <Li> Madison Square Garden ( 2004 ) </Li> <Li> Xcel Energy Center ( 2008 ) </Li> <Li> Tampa Bay Times Forum ( 2012 ) </Li> <Li> Quicken Loans Arena ( 2016 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Music venues of Ohio </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Outdoor venues </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Blossom Music Center </Li> <Li> FirstEnergy Stadium </Li> <Li> Glass Bowl </Li> <Li> Great American Ball Park </Li> <Li> Jacobs Pavilion </Li> <Li> Mapfre Stadium </Li> <Li> Ohio Stadium </Li> <Li> PNC Pavilion </Li> <Li> Paul Brown Stadium </Li> <Li> Progressive Field </Li> <Li> Riverbend Music Center </Li> <Li> Rubber Bowl </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Theaters and clubs </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Bogart 's </Li> <Li> Franklin County Veterans Memorial Auditorium </Li> <Li> Stranahan Theater </Li> <Li> Taft Theatre </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Arenas </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Battelle Hall </Li> <Li> Beeghly Center </Li> <Li> Canton Memorial Civic Center </Li> <Li> Cincinnati Gardens </Li> <Li> Cintas Center </Li> <Li> Covelli Centre </Li> <Li> Fifth Third Arena </Li> <Li> Hara Arena </Li> <Li> Huntington Center </Li> <Li> James A. Rhodes Arena </Li> <Li> Memorial Athletic and Convocation Center </Li> <Li> Nationwide Arena </Li> <Li> Nutter Center </Li> <Li> Public Auditorium </Li> <Li> Quicken Loans Arena </Li> <Li> Savage Arena </Li> <Li> SeaGate Convention Centre </Li> <Li> U.S. Bank Arena </Li> <Li> University of Dayton Arena </Li> <Li> Value City Arena </Li> <Li> Wolstein Center </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Historic venues </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Cleveland Stadium </Li> <Li> Coliseum at Richfield </Li> <Li> Germain Amphitheater </Li> <Li> Time Warner Cable Amphitheater </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Quicken_Loans_Arena&oldid=815991043 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> 1994 establishments in Ohio </Li> <Li> Arena football venues </Li> <Li> Basketball venues in Ohio </Li> <Li> Cleveland Barons ( 2001 -- 06 ) </Li> <Li> Cleveland Cavaliers venues </Li> <Li> Cleveland Gladiators </Li> <Li> Cleveland Monsters </Li> <Li> Cleveland Rockers venues </Li> <Li> College basketball venues in the United States </Li> <Li> Event venues established in 1994 </Li> <Li> Indoor ice hockey venues in Ohio </Li> <Li> Legends Football League venues </Li> <Li> National Basketball Association venues </Li> <Li> Sports venues in Cleveland </Li> <Li> Music venues in Cleveland </Li> <Li> Sports venues completed in 1994 </Li> <Li> Indoor arenas in Ohio </Li> <Li> Rock Ventures </Li> <Li> Downtown Cleveland </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Webarchive template wayback links </Li> <Li> All articles with dead external links </Li> <Li> Articles with dead external links from July 2016 </Li> <Li> Articles with permanently dead external links </Li> <Li> Pages using deprecated image syntax </Li> <Li> Coordinates on Wikidata </Li> <Li> All articles with unsourced statements </Li> <Li> Articles with unsourced statements from August 2017 </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> Aragonés </Li> <Li> Català </Li> <Li> Dansk </Li> <Li> Deutsch </Li> <Li> Ελληνικά </Li> <Li> Español </Li> <Li> Euskara </Li> <Li> Français </Li> <Li> Galego </Li> <Li> 한국어 </Li> <Li> Italiano </Li> <Li> עברית </Li> <Li> Nederlands </Li> <Li> 日本 語 </Li> <Li> Polski </Li> <Li> Português </Li> <Li> Русский </Li> <Li> Svenska </Li> <Li> Українська </Li> <Li> 中文 </Li> </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 18 December 2017 , at 14 : 56 . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . 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List of the Fosters characters - wikipedia <H1> List of the Fosters characters </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <P> This list is of fictional characters in the ABC Family television series The Fosters . This article features the main , recurring and minor characters who have all appeared in more than one episode . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Cast <Ul> <Li> 1.1 Main characters <Ul> <Li> 1.1. 1 Stef Adams Foster </Li> <Li> 1.1. 2 Lena Adams Foster </Li> <Li> 1.1. 3 Jesus Adams Foster </Li> <Li> 1.1. 4 Jude Adams Foster </Li> <Li> 1.1. 5 Brandon Foster </Li> <Li> 1.1. 6 Callie Adams Foster </Li> <Li> 1.1. 7 Mike Foster </Li> <Li> 1.1. 8 Mariana Adams Foster </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2 Recurring and minor characters <Ul> <Li> 2.1 Cast </Li> <Li> 2.2 Characters </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 References </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Cast ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Actor </Th> <Th> Character </Th> <Th_colspan="5"> Seasons </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th> 5 </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="8"> Main cast </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Teri Polo </Td> <Td> Stephanie `` Stef '' Adams Foster </Td> <Td_colspan="5"> Main </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Sherri Saum </Td> <Td> Lena Adams Fosters </Td> <Td_colspan="5"> Main </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Jake T. Austin </Td> <Td> Jesus Adams Foster </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> Main </Td> <Td_colspan="3"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Noah Centineo </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="3"> Main </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Hayden Byerly </Td> <Td> Jude Adams Fosters </Td> <Td_colspan="5"> Main </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> David Lambert </Td> <Td> Brandon Foster </Td> <Td_colspan="5"> Main </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Maia Mitchell </Td> <Td> Callie Adams Foster </Td> <Td_colspan="5"> Main </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Danny Nucci </Td> <Td> Mike Foster </Td> <Td_colspan="5"> Main </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Cierra Ramirez </Td> <Td> Mariana Adams Foster </Td> <Td_colspan="5"> Main </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ul> <Li> In season 5 , Danny Nucci is only credited on the episodes in which Mike appears but still in the opening titles . </Li> </Ul> <H3> Main characters ( edit ) </H3> Stef Adams foster ( edit ) <Dl> <Dd> Portrayed by Teri Polo </Dd> </Dl> <P> Stefanie `` Stef '' Marie Adams Foster ( season 1 -- present ) is a police officer . She and Mike Foster , her partner at work , are Brandon 's biological parents . They divorced shortly after Stef met Lena and realized she 's a lesbian and wanted to be with her . In a flashback in episode 9 , when she first met the twins , it is shown that she has a very caring nature despite her tough appearance . At the end of episode 1x10 , Stef and Lena are officially married , legally cementing their long - term union of ten years . Stef is very strong and tough , but is also very funny and loving . Callie initially does n't feel comfortable around her due to her position as a cop , but gradually forms a close bond with her . While Stef likes to act tough around everyone , especially Lena , it is shown that she cares a great deal about her wife and family , although she wo n't hesitate to discipline her kids if need be . </P> Lena Adams foster ( edit ) <Dl> <Dd> Portrayed by Sherri Saum </Dd> </Dl> <P> Lena Elizabeth Adams Foster ( season 1 -- present ) is Stef 's wife , Brandon 's stepmother , and the other children 's adoptive / foster mother . While neither she or Stef are really the dominant one in their relationship , Lena has a more motherly nature . She is good with kids and tries often to reason with her kids more so than punish them , despite Stef 's usually `` quick to act '' nature . She is the biracial vice principal of the charter school the kids attend . In episode 8 , she and Stef get into a fight about Lena wanting to be married and never discussing it , showing that while she is more a lover than a fighter she will defend herself , but more so around Stef than anyone else . It was Lena who decided to take Callie in after she was released from the juvenile detention center . Lena is very aware of the people around her and takes on the role of caring mother to all of the kids . She is artificially inseminated with co-worker Timothy 's sperm , desiring to have a biological child of her own , and finds out she is pregnant shortly afterwards in the season 1 finale . However , in season 2 , she is diagnosed with life - threatening preeclampisa and , consequently , loses the baby. Lena and Stef are thinking of adopting Ana 's baby ( Maraina and Jesus birth monther ) but they do n't and now Ana has the baby ( her name is Isabella ) . Stef and Lena are getting a divorce to save their house . Then they get married again . </P> Jesus Adams foster ( edit ) <Dl> <Dd> Portrayed by Jake T. Austin ( 1 -- 2 ) & Noah Centineo ( 3 -- ) </Dd> </Dl> <P> Jesus Adams Foster `` ( season 1 -- present ) 16 , was one of the twins that Lena and Stef fostered as children and eventually adopted . He is the more laid - back of the twins . He had ADHD , for which he took medication . After a fainting spell caused by his pills in `` House and Home '' , he decided with the suggestion of Mike to join the wrestling team to cope with negative effects of ADHD . He is close with his sister as they were both in the foster care system and he acted as her protector ; however their personalities and values clash occasionally , causing many arguments . He even went as far to take the blame for her selling his pills to have money for their birth mom , Ana , who he feels disgust and resentment towards because she chose drugs over him and his sister . He starts dating Mariana 's childhood best friend Lexi , in `` Consequently '' after defending her from a guy . He falls out with his sister in `` Quinceanera '' when she finds out he 's been secretly dating Lexi and feels betrayed by Jesus for doing so . They make up in `` The Fall - Out '' . He has sex with Lexi once in `` The Morning After '' . His relationship with Lexi is on hold when she moves back to Honduras because her grandmother is sick and her family can not find a way back as they are undocumented immigrants . He eventually moves on from their relationship and falls into a love triangle between wrestling mate Emma and popular girl Hayley . </P> Jude Adams foster ( edit ) <Dl> <Dd> Portrayed by Hayden Byerly </Dd> </Dl> <P> Jude Adams Foster ( season 1 -- present ) is Callie 's 13 - year - old half brother , who Callie and Brandon rescue from an abusive foster home . He is a quiet child with somewhat more optimistic views on foster homes than Callie , though he has been moved from foster home to foster home along with his sister and been abused as well . Once he is moved into the Fosters ' home , he quickly begins to adjust to the new lifestyle and becomes more talkative and energetic . At school , he develops a close friendship with a handsome and kind - hearted boy named Connor , a growing relationship which prompts Jude to begin questioning his sexuality . As the series progresses , Jude turns 13 and is subsequently adopted by Lena and Stef , although a technicality regarding Callie 's birth certificate prevents her from being adopted along with him . He deals with the emotional impact of Callie becoming close to her biological family , but realizes that she will always be with him no matter what . He later develops a romance with his best friend , Connor , and the two begin dating in the season 2 finale . In the mid-season 3 finale the two admit they love each other for the first time after Connor considers moving to Los Angeles to live with his more accepting mother . Then a little more after that Taylor asked if Jude wanted to go to church then meets a boy named Noah then he asks Jude if he wants to try pot so they are not allowed to see each other but now they are . Jude and Noah are have some trouble . </P> Brandon foster ( edit ) <Dl> <Dd> Portrayed by David Lambert </Dd> </Dl> <P> Brandon Foster ( season 1 -- present ) is the 17 - year - old son of Stef and her ex-husband , Mike . He is one of Callie 's love interests . He is very talented musically , specifically with the piano , and writes piano pieces which he presents for chances at scholarships . He has been shown to have an unsteady relationship with his father , Mike , due to the fact that Mike is a struggling alcoholic and has disappointed him many times through his childhood and teen years . At the start of Season 1 , Brandon has a girlfriend named Talya , but breaks up with her because of his growing feelings for Callie and his annoyance and anger at her harassment and jealousy directed at Callie . For most of the first season , Brandon continues to pursue Callie romantically , even though she warned him that she could be kicked out of the house if they got involved . Brandon continues to make reckless decisions , included violating a restraining order , in order to be with Callie . Ultimately , he accepts that Callie needs a family more than a relationship , and eventually agrees to a mutual break up . He eventually joins a band and begins a relationship with bandmate Lou . </P> Callie Adams foster ( edit ) <Dl> <Dd> Portrayed by Maia Mitchell </Dd> </Dl> <P> Callie Adams Foster ( season 1 -- present ) , 17 , is one of the Foster family 's new foster children . Callie is headstrong and tough as a result of being in the foster system since she was a child , but holds a soft spot for her younger brother Jude . She was sent to Juvie for destroying a car in order to protect him from their foster father 's abuse . After she is released from Juvie and placed with the Fosters , Callie and Brandon rescue Jude , who is subsequently fostered by the Foster family as well . Callie has had a hard life -- her mother is dead and her father is in jail and she has been abused in many ways in the foster care system . She initially has trouble opening herself up to her new family , but she slowly comes to love and accept them as her `` forever '' family . Initially , Callie opens up mainly to Brandon , and the two develop a romantic relationship , although it is forbidden by the rules of the foster system , which soon meets a heartbreaking end . Callie also holds an on - again , off - again relationship with a classmate named Wyatt . Unfortunately , after the Fosters decide to adopt Callie and Jude , Callie learns that the man she thought was her father ( Donald Jacob ) is not . She then pursues to meet her biological father , as well as her half - sister who looks as if she could be her identical twin . In the episode `` Lucky '' from season 3 , she is officially adopted and an `` Adams Foster . '' </P> Mike foster ( edit ) <Dl> <Dd> Portrayed by Danny Nucci </Dd> </Dl> <P> Michael `` Mike '' Foster ( season 1 -- present ) is a San Diego police sergeant , Brandon 's father , and Stef 's ex-husband and ex-police patrol partner . As the series progresses , it is revealed that Mike has a drinking problem , but joins AA to cope with it . A frequent visitor to the Foster household , Mike is familiar with his son 's family . Toward the end of the first season , he started dating Dani , who helped him to keep his sobriety . However , he soon discovers that Dani had sex with a drunken Brandon one night and arrests her for statutory rape . Since then , Mike helps Ana come to terms with her addiction and live a clean life . </P> Mariana Adams foster ( edit ) <Dl> <Dd> Portrayed by Cierra Ramirez </Dd> </Dl> <P> Mariana Adams Foster ( season 1 -- present ) is Jesus 's 16 - year - old twin sister . She was fostered as a young child , and eventually adopted , by Lena and Stef . She is very smart and girly , and cares about her appearance very much . She is popular and social , likes to gossip , and speaks Spanish fluently . She is naive when it comes to certain topics - especially her birth mother , but she smartens up about her when finally realizing she was using her for money . She changes herself for guys and friends like in `` The Morning After '' when she sees that an old friend , Garrett is cute now and writes poetry , she goes to a Poetry Slam with him , and pierces her nose herself for him since he was hanging out with a girl who was dressed much edgier than Mariana . Also , in season 2 , she dyes her hair blonde to fit in when making it on a dance team only to overhear the other girls say she only did because she is Latina . However , she eventually gains the confidence in herself to not give in to what other people say and make her feel . Mariana has a thing for the bad boys later on in the seasons and she gets caught up into some trouble . Her ex-boyfriend Nick gets put into a mental hospital because he was hearing voices . </P> <H2> Recurring and minor characters ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Cast ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Actor </Th> <Th> Character </Th> <Th_colspan="5"> Seasons </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th> 5 </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="8"> Recurring and Guest cast </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Alexandra Barreto </Td> <Td> Ana Gutierrez </Td> <Td_colspan="5"> Recurring </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Daffany Clark </Td> <Td> Daphne Keene </Td> <Td_colspan="3"> Recurring </Td> <Td> Guest </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Gavin MacIntosh </Td> <Td> Connor Stevens </Td> <Td_colspan="3"> Recurring </Td> <Td> Guest </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Amanda Leighton </Td> <Td> Emma Kurtzman </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> Recurring </Td> <Td> Guest </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> Recurring </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Alex Saxon </Td> <Td> Wyatt </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> Recurring </Td> <Td> Guest </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Guest </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Jay Ali </Td> <Td> M. Timothy </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> Recurring </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> Guest </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Marla Sokoloff </Td> <Td> Danielle `` Dani '' Kirkland </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> Recurring </Td> <Td_colspan="3"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Rosie O'Donnell </Td> <Td> Rita Hendricks </Td> <Td> Recurring </Td> <Td> Guest </Td> <Td> Recurring </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Tom Phelan </Td> <Td> Cole </Td> <Td> Recurring </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> Guest </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Guest </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Cherinda Kincherlow </Td> <Td> Kiara </Td> <Td> Recurring </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> Guest </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Alicia Sixtos </Td> <Td> Carmen Cruz </Td> <Td> Recurring </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> Guest </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Annamarie Kennoyer </Td> <Td> Becka </Td> <Td> Recurring </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> Guest </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Reiley McClendon </Td> <Td> Vico Cerar </Td> <Td> Recurring </Td> <Td> Guest </Td> <Td_colspan="3"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Madisen Beaty </Td> <Td> Talya Banks </Td> <Td> Recurring </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="3"> Guest </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Bianca A. Santos </Td> <Td> Lexi Rivera </Td> <Td> Recurring </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Guest </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> April Parker - Jones </Td> <Td> Captain Roberts </Td> <Td> Recurring </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td> Guest </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Anne Winters </Td> <Td> Kelsey </Td> <Td> Recurring </Td> <Td_colspan="4"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Julian de la Celle </Td> <Td> Zachary Rogers </Td> <Td> Recurring </Td> <Td_colspan="4"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Lorraine Toussaint </Td> <Td> Dana Adams </Td> <Td_colspan="5"> Guest </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Annie Potts </Td> <Td> Sharon Elkin </Td> <Td_colspan="4"> Guest </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Adam Kang </Td> <Td> Aiden </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> Guest </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> Guest </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Michael Traynor </Td> <Td> Craig </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> Guest </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> Guest </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Brandon W. Jones </Td> <Td> Liam Olmstead </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> Guest </Td> <Td_colspan="3"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Michael Patrick McGill </Td> <Td> Coach Spears </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> Guest </Td> <Td_colspan="3"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Annika Marks </Td> <Td> Monte Porter </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="4"> Recurring </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Jordan Rodrigues </Td> <Td> Mat Tan </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="3"> Recurring </Td> <Td> Guest </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Kerr Smith </Td> <Td> Robert Quinn </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Recurring </Td> <Td_colspan="3"> Guest </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Ashley Argota </Td> <Td> Lucy `` Lou '' Chan </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Recurring </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> Guest </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Bailee Madison </Td> <Td> Sophia Quinn </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Recurring </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> Guest </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Jack DePew </Td> <Td> Jasper Landry </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Recurring </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> Guest </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Caitlin Carver </Td> <Td> Hayley Heinz </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Recurring </Td> <Td> Guest </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Valerie Dillman </Td> <Td> Jill Quinn </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Recurring </Td> <Td> Guest </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Chris Bruno </Td> <Td> Adam Stevens </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Recurring </Td> <Td> Guest </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Hannah Kasulka </Td> <Td> Kaitlyn Reihl </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Recurring </Td> <Td_colspan="3"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Samantha Logan </Td> <Td> Tia Stephens </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Recurring </Td> <Td_colspan="3"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Izabela Vidovic </Td> <Td> Taylor </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> Guest </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> Recurring </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Marlene Forte </Td> <Td> Elena Gutierrez </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="4"> Guest </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Madison Pettis </Td> <Td> Daria </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="3"> Guest </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Tony Plana </Td> <Td> Victor Gutierrez </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> Guest </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Guest </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Judy Kain </Td> <Td> Lauren </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Guest </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> Guest </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Alberto De Diego </Td> <Td> Rafael </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> Guest </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Tom Williamson </Td> <Td> AJ Hensdale </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="3"> Recurring </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Brandon Quinn </Td> <Td> Gabriel `` Gabe '' Duncroft </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="3"> Recurring </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Denyse Tontz </Td> <Td> Cortney Strathmore </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> Recurring </Td> <Td> Guest </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Louis Hunter </Td> <Td> Nick Stratos </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> Recurring </Td> <Td> Guest </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Chris Warren </Td> <Td> Ty Hensdale </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td> Recurring </Td> <Td> Guest </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Tanner Buchanan </Td> <Td> Jack Downey </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td> Recurring </Td> <Td> Guest </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Keean Johnson </Td> <Td> Tony </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td> Recurring </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Kelli Williams </Td> <Td> Justina Marks </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td> Recurring </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Pepi Sonuga </Td> <Td> Sally Benton </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td> Recurring </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Benjamin and Alexander Freitas </Td> <Td> Mason Strathmore </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td> Guest </Td> <Td> Recurring </Td> <Td> Guest </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Mark Totty </Td> <Td> Craig Stratos </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td> Guest </Td> <Td> Recurring </Td> <Td> Guest </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Various babies </Td> <Td> Isabella Gutierrez </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="3"> Guest </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Anna Grace Barlow </Td> <Td> Zoey </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="3"> Guest </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Elliot Fletcher </Td> <Td> Aaron Baker </Td> <Td_colspan="3"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> Recurring </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Kalama Epstein </Td> <Td> Noah </Td> <Td_colspan="3"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> Recurring </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Alex Skuby </Td> <Td> Joe Gray </Td> <Td_colspan="3"> </Td> <Td> Recurring </Td> <Td> Guest </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Meg DeLacy </Td> <Td> Grace Mullen </Td> <Td_colspan="3"> </Td> <Td> Guest </Td> <Td> Recurring </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Jared Ward </Td> <Td> Drew Turner </Td> <Td_colspan="3"> </Td> <Td> Guest </Td> <Td> Recurring </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Adam Irigoyen </Td> <Td> Kyle Snow </Td> <Td_colspan="3"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> Guest </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Mercedes Colon </Td> <Td> Margo Velasquez </Td> <Td_colspan="3"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> Guest </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Lisseth Chavez </Td> <Td> Ximena Sinfuego </Td> <Td_colspan="4"> </Td> <Td> Recurring </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Reggie Austin </Td> <Td> Dean Bayfield </Td> <Td_colspan="4"> </Td> <Td> Recurring </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Kristen Ariza </Td> <Td> Teresa `` Tess '' Bayfield </Td> <Td_colspan="4"> </Td> <Td> Recurring </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Christopher Meyer </Td> <Td> Logan Bayfield </Td> <Td_colspan="4"> </Td> <Td> Recurring </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Nandy Martin </Td> <Td> Poppy Sinfuego </Td> <Td_colspan="4"> </Td> <Td> Recurring </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Nick Fink </Td> <Td> Shawn </Td> <Td_colspan="4"> </Td> <Td> Recurring </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Nia Peeples </Td> <Td> Susan Mullen </Td> <Td_colspan="4"> </Td> <Td> Guest </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Characters ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Annika Marks as Monte Porter ( season 2 - present ) , the principal at Anchor Beach Community Charter School . An attractive , personable professional woman , Monte wants to focus on administration , budget and finance , giving Lena control over student curriculum . </Li> <Li> Bianca A. Santos as Lexi Rivera ( season 1 , season 3 ) : Mariana 's best friend and Jesus ' ex-girlfriend who moves to Honduras in `` Honeymoon '' . She is also an undocumented immigrant . </Li> <Li> Jordan Rodrigues as Mat ( season 2 - present ) : A guitarist in Lou 's band . Mariana has a small crush on him and they soon begin a relationship together . </Li> <Li> Alex Saxon as Wyatt ( season 1 - present ) : Callie 's friend and on - again , off - again boyfriend . In `` I Do '' Wyatt reveals that his mother is moving him to Indiana to live with his grandmother . He returns in `` Metropolis '' and resumes his relationship with Callie . </Li> <Li> Madisen Beaty as Talya Banks ( season 1 , season 3 ) : Brandon 's girlfriend in the beginning of the series before the two broke up . Brandon broke up with her due to her intense jealousy over Callie . After this , she remains Callie 's enemy . </Li> <Li> Alexandra Barreto as Ana Gutierrez ( season 1 - present ) : Mariana and Jesus ' biological mother . She is a drug addict , and repeatedly tries to manipulate Mariana into giving her money to support her addiction . She even suggests that Mariana steal something from her parents in order to obtain more money for herself . Mike helps her to finally become sober and it is later revealed that she is pregnant and hopes to be a better mother than she was to Mariana and Jesus . </Li> <Li> April Parker Jones as Captain Roberts ( season 1 , season 4 ) : Stef and Mike 's boss . </Li> <Li> Anne Winters as Kelsey ( season 1 ) : A girl who is sent to a rehab after having problems with drugs . She is a friend of Mariana 's , and after coming back from rehab , becomes her enemy because they both liked the same guy . </Li> <Li> Brandon W. Jones as Liam Olmstead ( season 1 - present ) : A boy from one of Callie 's previous foster homes . Liam raped Callie while she was living with his family as a foster child and lied that she came onto him , resulting in her and Jude being forced out of the home . </Li> <Li> Justina Machado as Sofía `` Sophia '' Rivera ( season 1 ) : Lexi 's protective and religious mother . Despite being religious , she and her husband support the LGBT community . </Li> <Li> Carlos Sanz as Ernesto Rivera ( season 1 ) : Sofia 's husband and Lexi 's father . </Li> <Li> Gavin MacIntosh as Connor Stevens ( season 1 - season 3 ) : Jude 's classmate , best friend and , later , love interest , who accepts Jude as he is and encourages him to express his true personality . In season two , he informs Jude that his dad thinks Jude is gay and does n't want him to spend time with Jude anymore because of it . Despite pressure from his dad , the two were able to maintain a friendship together . Later , it 's revealed that the two boys kissed while on a school camping trip in their shared tent together , a moment they have ignored ever since . As their friendship continues to evolve , their relationship becomes complicated . In the episode `` Now Hear This '' , they kiss on - screen for the first time and at the end of the next episode , Connor is shot in the foot and , in the next episode , officially comes out to his father and Jude . After finally being able to see Jude , they begin to officially date . In the mid-season 3 finale , Connor decides to move to Los Angeles to live with his mother due to his father 's continuing homophobia and inability to accept him . Though both are heartbroken , Connor and Jude agree to maintain a long - distance relationship and profess their love for each other for the first time . </Li> <Li> Amanda Leighton as Emma ( season 1 - present ) : A girl on Jesus ' wrestling team who is known to be independent , semi-bossy and tom - boyish . She is a love interest for Jesus and the two began dating , but broke up due to her bossiness in their relationship . </Li> <Li> Julian De La Celle as Zac Rogers ( season 1 ) : A boy who worked on the school play with Mariana and was her first boyfriend . They dated until he had to move away to live with his dad when his mother was diagnosed with early on Alzheimer 's . </Li> <Li> Garrett Clayton as Chase ( season 1 , season 3 ) : Mariana 's former love interest and star of the high school play . </Li> <Li> Jay Ali as Timothy ( season 1 - present ) : Callie 's and Talya 's literature teacher . They call him by his first name . He was Stef and Lenas ' new baby 's biological father before the baby died due to pregnancy complications . </Li> <Li> Mary Mouser as Sarah ( season 1 - 2 ) : A foster child in Callie 's foster child support group who was staying with Liam and his family . Callie became worried for her safety upon learning Liam was with her . She was then taken out of Liam 's home after Callie confessed to Lena and Stef about Liam assaulting her . </Li> <Li> Sam McMurray as Frank Elkin ( season 1 ) : Stef 's late father , who struggled to accept Stef 's relationship with Lena . He dies in `` Family Day '' , deeply affecting Stef who regretted never making amends with him . </Li> <Li> Annie Potts as Sharon Elkin ( season 1 - present ) : Stef 's supportive mother and ex-wife of Frank . </Li> <Li> Lorraine Toussaint as Dana Adams ( season 1 - present ) : Lena 's mother who is oblivious to Lena 's biracial struggles . The two have something of a rocky relationship , due to Dana not seeing Lena as a `` real '' African American woman , but Dana is there for Lena when she needs it . </Li> <Li> Stephen Collins / Bruce Davison as Reverend Stuart Adams ( season 1 - present ) : Lena 's father . </Li> <Li> Daffany Clark as Daphne ( season 1 - present ) : A girl in Callie 's group home who becomes one of her best friends . She has a young daughter who she intends to get back one day . </Li> <Li> Rosie O'Donnell as Rita Hendricks ( season 1 - present ) : A leader of a group home who befriends Callie . </Li> <Li> Tom Phelan as Cole ( season 1 - present ) : A transgender boy in Callie 's group home . </Li> <Li> Cherinda Kincherlow as Kiara ( season 1 - present ) : Callie 's roommate as well as house sponsor while Callie is at Girls United . She offers Callie advice on how to survive at Girls United . </Li> <Li> Marla Sokoloff as Dani ( season 1 - 2 ) : Mike 's girlfriend and recovering alcoholic . She wants to help Brandon out in his daily struggles , even supporting his relationship with Callie until she breaks up with him . After she and Mike break up , she ends up having sex with a drunken Brandon . After this , she later gets back together with Mike . Despite trying to convince him to keep their one night stand a secret , Brandon confesses about having sex with her , therefore getting Dani arrested for statutory rape . </Li> <Li> Romy Rosemont as Amanda Rogers ( season 1 ) : Zac 's mother who suffers from Early - onset Alzheimer 's disease . </Li> <Li> Reiley McClendon as Vico ( season 1 - 2 ) : A boy on the wrestling team that brings Brandon in on the fake ID 's . After Brandon scares away all of his customers , he seeks revenge by jumping Brandon at night and breaking his hand . He is now attending military school and is on probation . </Li> <Li> Caitlin Carver as Hayley Heinz ( season 2 - present ) : A dancer with Mariana on the dance team who has a secret relationship with Jesus before being dumped by him . </Li> <Li> Kerr Smith as Robert Quinn ( season 2 - present ) : Callie 's biological father . He grows attached to Callie after getting to know her and , despite promising to hand her over to the Fosters , finds himself unable to give her up . He soon refuses to sign his abandonment papers , devastating Callie . </Li> <Li> Bailee Madison as Sophia Quinn ( season 2 - present ) : Robert Quinn 's other daughter and Callie biological paternal half - sister , who wants to meet her . They develop a close relationship . In the summer finale , she reveals that when Robert tried to send the adoption papers , she ripped them up and threw them out so Callie could n't get adopted . After an upset Callie yells at Sophia , calling her a `` spoiled little brat '' , Sophia locks herself in the bathroom in tears . </Li> <Li> Ashley Argota as Lou ( season 2 - present ) : An attractive singer in whom Brandon takes an interest . </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( September 24 , 2012 ) . `` ABC Family Casts Teri Polo and Sherri Saum in Drama Series Pilot ' The Fosters ' Produced by Jennifer Lopez '' . Zap2It . ( Tribune Media Services ) . Retrieved November 2 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` The Fosters -- Meet the Cast '' . ABC Family . Retrieved May 4 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bowe , Jillian ( September 25 , 2012 ) . `` Jennifer Lopez Soap Alum Sherri Saum Cast as Lesbian Mom in Jennifer Lopez 's New ABC Family Drama '' . Zap2It . ( Tribune Media Services ) . Archived from the original on April 25 , 2013 . Retrieved November 2 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Vlada Gelman . `` ' The Fosters ' Recasts Jesus -- Noah Centineo New Series Regular - TVLine '' . TVLine . Retrieved 23 June 2015 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` ABC Family 's ' The Fosters ' Adds Bianca Santos '' . Hollywoodreporter.com. April 5 , 2013 . Retrieved April 21 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Lee Hernandez ( 24 March 2014 ) . `` ' The Fosters ' Season Finale Recap '' . Hollywood Life . Retrieved 24 March 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Christian Clinton ( 14 March 2014 ) . `` Our Favorite LGBTQ Characters on TV '' . Hollywood.com . Retrieved 14 March 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Fosters - Timeline Photos - Facebook '' . Retrieved 24 February 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( April 29 , 2013 ) . `` Gabourey Sidibe Joins ' American Horror Story ' , Alex Saxon Added To ' The Fosters ' '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved May 15 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` ANNE WINTERS , CIERRA RAMIREZ ( Tune In Alert : The Fosters `` Consequently '' @ MaiaMitchell @ JakeTAustin @ CierraRamirez @ dglambert ) `` . Celebsecrets4u.com . Retrieved March 3 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Ng , Philiana ( May 13 , 2013 ) . `` ' Pretty Little Liars ' Actor Lands Multi-Episode Arc on ' The Fosters ' ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved May 20 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ The Fosters : Season 1 Hostile Acts ( EP3 ) Around 22 - 24 Minutes ( Itunes Version without commercials ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Ng , Philiana ( May 10 , 2013 ) . `` ABC Family 's ' Fosters ' Recruits ' Private Practice ' Alum ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved May 15 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Will ABC Family 's Show The Fosters Be a Flop ? '' . Voices.yahoo.com . Archived from the original on October 22 , 2013 . Retrieved March 3 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Andy Swift . `` ' The Fosters ' Season 2 Spoilers : Brandon 's Girlfriend -- Ashley Argota - TVLine '' . TVLine . Retrieved 23 June 2015 . </Li> </Ol> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_The_Fosters_characters&oldid=827189767 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> Lists of American television series characters </Li> <Li> Lists of drama television characters </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> Español </Li> </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 23 February 2018 , at 07 : 19 . </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> | [
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Cocaine - Wikipedia <H1> Cocaine </H1> For other uses , see Cocaine ( disambiguation ) . <P> </P> <Table> Cocaine <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Clinical data </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Synonyms </Th> <Td> Benzoylmethylecgonine , coke </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> AHFS / Drugs.com </Th> <Td> Micromedex Detailed Consumer Information </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Pregnancy category </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> US : C ( Risk not ruled out ) </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Dependence liability </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Physical : none </Li> <Li> Psychological : High </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Addiction liability </Th> <Td> High </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Routes of administration </Th> <Td> Topical , oral , insufflation , intravenous </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Drug class </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> CNS stimulant </Li> <Li> Local anesthetic </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> ATC code </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> N01BC01 ( WHO ) R02AD03 ( WHO ) , S01HA01 ( WHO ) , S02DA02 ( WHO ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Legal status </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Legal status </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> AU : S8 ( Controlled ) </Li> <Li> CA : Schedule I </Li> <Li> DE : Anlage III ( Special prescription form required ) </Li> <Li> NZ : Class A </Li> <Li> UK : Class A </Li> <Li> US : Schedule II </Li> <Li> UN : Narcotic Schedules I and III </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Pharmacokinetic data </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Bioavailability </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> By mouth : 33 % </Li> <Li> insufflated : 60 -- 80 % </Li> <Li> Nasal spray : 25 -- 43 % </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Metabolism </Th> <Td> liver CYP3A4 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Onset of action </Th> <Td> seconds to minutes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Elimination half - life </Th> <Td> 1 hour </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Duration of action </Th> <Td> 5 to 90 minutes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Excretion </Th> <Td> Kidney </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Identifiers </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> IUPAC name ( show ) <Ul> <Li> Methyl ( 1R , 2R , 3S , 5S ) - 3 - ( benzoyloxy ) - 8 - methyl - 8 - azabicyclo ( 3.2. 1 ) octane - 2 - carboxylate </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> CAS Number </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 50 - 36 - 2 </Li> <Li> 53 - 21 - 4 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> PubChem CID </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 446220 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> IUPHAR / BPS </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 2286 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> DrugBank </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> DB00907 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> ChemSpider </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 10194104 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> UNII </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> I5Y540LHVR </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> KEGG </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> D00110 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> ChEBI </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> CHEBI : 27958 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> ChEMBL </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> CHEMBL370805 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> PDB ligand </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> COC ( PDBe , RCSB PDB ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> ECHA InfoCard </Th> <Td> 100.000. 030 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Chemical and physical data </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Formula </Th> <Td> C H NO </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Molar mass </Th> <Td> 303.353 g / mol </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 3D model ( JSmol ) </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Interactive image </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Melting point </Th> <Td> 98 ° C ( 208 ° F ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Boiling point </Th> <Td> 187 ° C ( 369 ° F ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Solubility in water </Th> <Td> ~ 1.8 mg / mL ( 20 ° C ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> SMILES ( show ) <Ul> <Li> CN1 ( C@H ) 2CC ( C @ @ H ) 1 ( C @ @ H ) ( C ( OC ) = O ) ( C @ @ H ) ( OC ( C3 = CC = CC = C3 ) = O ) C2 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> InChI ( show ) <Ul> <Li> InChI = 1S / C17H21NO4 / c1 - 18 - 12 - 8 - 9 - 13 ( 18 ) 15 ( 17 ( 20 ) 21 - 2 ) 14 ( 10 - 12 ) 22 - 16 ( 19 ) 11 - 6 - 4 - 3 - 5 - 7 - 11 / h3 - 7 , 12 - 15H , 8 - 10H2 , 1 - 2H3 / t12 - , 13 + , 14 - , 15 + / m0 / s1 </Li> <Li> Key : ZPUCINDJVBIVPJ - LJISPDSOSA - N </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> See also : data page </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> ( what is this ? ) ( verify ) </Th> </Tr> </Table> <P> Cocaine , also known as coke , is a strong stimulant mostly used as a recreational drug . It is commonly snorted , inhaled as smoke , or dissolved and injected into a vein . Mental effects may include loss of contact with reality , an intense feeling of happiness , or agitation . Physical symptoms may include a fast heart rate , sweating , and large pupils . High doses can result in very high blood pressure or body temperature . Effects begin within seconds to minutes of use and last between five and ninety minutes . Cocaine has a small number of accepted medical uses such as numbing and decreasing bleeding during nasal surgery . </P> <P> Cocaine is addictive due to its effect on the reward pathway in the brain . After a short period of use , there is a high risk that dependence will occur . Its use also increases the risk of stroke , myocardial infarction , lung problems in those who smoke it , blood infections , and sudden cardiac death . Cocaine sold on the street is commonly mixed with local anesthetics , cornstarch , quinine , or sugar , which can result in additional toxicity . Following repeated doses a person may have decreased ability to feel pleasure and be very physically tired . </P> <P> Cocaine acts by inhibiting the reuptake of serotonin , norepinephrine , and dopamine . This results in greater concentrations of these three neurotransmitters in the brain . It can easily cross the blood -- brain barrier and may lead to the breakdown of the barrier . Cocaine is a naturally occurring substance found in the coca plant which is mostly grown in South America . In 2013 , 419 kilograms were produced legally . It is estimated that the illegal market for cocaine is 100 to 500 billion USD each year . With further processing crack cocaine can be produced from cocaine . </P> <P> After cannabis , cocaine is the most frequently used illegal drug globally . Between 14 and 21 million people use the drug each year . Use is highest in North America followed by Europe and South America . Between one and three percent of people in the developed world have used cocaine at some point in their life . In 2013 cocaine use directly resulted in 4,300 deaths , up from 2,400 in 1990 . The leaves of the coca plant have been used by Peruvians since ancient times . Cocaine was first isolated from the leaves in 1860 . Since 1961 the international Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs has required countries to make recreational use of cocaine a crime . </P> <H2> Contents </H2> <Ul> <Li> 1 Uses <Ul> <Li> 1.1 Medical </Li> <Li> 1.2 Recreational <Ul> <Li> 1.2. 1 Oral </Li> <Li> 1.2. 2 Coca leaves </Li> <Li> 1.2. 3 Insufflation </Li> <Li> 1.2. 4 Injection </Li> <Li> 1.2. 5 Inhalation </Li> <Li> 1.2. 6 Suppository </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2 Adverse effects <Ul> <Li> 2.1 Acute </Li> <Li> 2.2 Chronic </Li> <Li> 2.3 Addiction </Li> <Li> 2.4 Dependence and withdrawal </Li> <Li> 2.5 During pregnancy </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 Pharmacology <Ul> <Li> 3.1 Pharmacodynamics </Li> <Li> 3.2 Pharmacokinetics </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 Chemistry <Ul> <Li> 4.1 Appearance </Li> <Li> 4.2 Forms <Ul> <Li> 4.2. 1 Salt </Li> <Li> 4.2. 2 Base </Li> <Li> 4.2. 3 Crack cocaine </Li> <Li> 4.2. 4 Coca leaf infusions </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4.3 Biosynthesis <Ul> <Li> 4.3. 1 N - methyl - pyrrolinium cation </Li> <Li> 4.3. 2 Robert Robinson 's acetonedicarboxylate </Li> <Li> 4.3. 3 Reduction of tropinone </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4.4 Detection in body fluids </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 5 Usage <Ul> <Li> 5.1 Europe </Li> <Li> 5.2 United States </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 6 History <Ul> <Li> 6.1 Discovery </Li> <Li> 6.2 Isolation and naming </Li> <Li> 6.3 Medicalization </Li> <Li> 6.4 Popularization </Li> <Li> 6.5 Modern usage </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 7 Society and culture <Ul> <Li> 7.1 Legal status <Ul> <Li> 7.1. 1 Australia </Li> <Li> 7.1. 2 United States </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 7.2 Interdiction </Li> <Li> 7.3 Economics <Ul> <Li> 7.3. 1 Production </Li> <Li> 7.3. 2 Synthesis </Li> <Li> 7.3. 3 Trafficking and distribution <Ul> <Li> 7.3. 3.1 Caribbean and Mexican routes </Li> <Li> 7.3. 3.2 Chilean route </Li> <Li> 7.3. 3.3 Techniques </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 7.3. 4 Sales to consumers </Li> <Li> 7.3. 5 Consumption </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 8 Research </Li> <Li> 9 See also </Li> <Li> 10 References </Li> <Li> 11 Bibliography </Li> <Li> 12 Further reading </Li> <Li> 13 External links </Li> </Ul> <H2> Uses </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This article needs more medical references for verification or relies too heavily on primary sources . Please review the contents of the article and add the appropriate references if you can . Unsourced or poorly sourced material may be challenged and removed . ( May 2016 ) </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Medical </H3> Cocaine hydrochloride <P> Topical cocaine can be used as a local numbing agent to help with painful procedures in the mouth or nose . TAC is one such formulation used for pediatrics . </P> <P> Cocaine is now predominantly used for nasal and lacrimal duct surgery . The major disadvantages of this use are cocaine 's potential for cardiovascular toxicity , glaucoma , and pupil dilation . Medicinal use of cocaine has decreased as other synthetic local anesthetics such as benzocaine , proparacaine , lidocaine , and tetracaine are now used more often . If vasoconstriction is desired for a procedure ( as it reduces bleeding ) , the anesthetic is combined with a vasoconstrictor such as phenylephrine or epinephrine . Some ENT specialists occasionally use cocaine within the practice when performing procedures such as nasal cauterization . In this scenario dissolved cocaine is soaked into a ball of cotton wool , which is placed in the nostril for the 10 -- 15 minutes immediately before the procedure , thus performing the dual role of both numbing the area to be cauterized , and vasoconstriction . Even when used this way , some of the used cocaine may be absorbed through oral or nasal mucosa and give systemic effects . An alternative method of administration for ENT surgery is mixed with adrenaline and sodium bicarbonate , as Moffett 's solution . </P> <H3> Recreational </H3> <P> Cocaine is a powerful nervous system stimulant . Its effects can last from 15 or 30 minutes to an hour . The duration of cocaine 's effects depends on the amount taken and the route of administration . Cocaine can be in the form of fine white powder , bitter to the taste . When inhaled or injected , it causes a numbing effect . Crack cocaine is a smokeable form of cocaine made into small `` rocks '' by processing cocaine with sodium bicarbonate ( baking soda ) and water . Crack cocaine is referred to as `` crack '' because of the crackling sounds it makes when heated . </P> <P> Cocaine use leads to increases in alertness , feelings of well - being and euphoria , increased energy and motor activity , and increased feelings of competence and sexuality . </P> Oral A spoon containing baking soda , cocaine , and a small amount of water . Used in a `` poor - man 's '' crack - cocaine production <P> Many users rub the powder along the gum line , or onto a cigarette filter which is then smoked , which numbs the gums and teeth -- hence the colloquial names of `` numbies , '' `` gummers , '' or `` cocoa puffs '' for this type of administration . This is mostly done with the small amounts of cocaine remaining on a surface after insufflation ( snorting ) . Another oral method is to wrap up some cocaine in rolling paper and swallow ( parachute ) it . </P> Coca leaves <P> Coca leaves are typically mixed with an alkaline substance ( such as lime ) and chewed into a wad that is retained in the mouth between gum and cheek ( much the same as chewing tobacco is chewed ) and sucked of its juices . The juices are absorbed slowly by the mucous membrane of the inner cheek and by the gastrointestinal tract when swallowed . Alternatively , coca leaves can be infused in liquid and consumed like tea . Ingesting coca leaves generally is an inefficient means of administering cocaine . </P> <P> Because cocaine is hydrolyzed and rendered inactive in the acidic stomach , it is not readily absorbed when ingested alone . Only when mixed with a highly alkaline substance ( such as lime ) can it be absorbed into the bloodstream through the stomach . The efficiency of absorption of orally administered cocaine is limited by two additional factors . First , the drug is partly catabolized by the liver . Second , capillaries in the mouth and esophagus constrict after contact with the drug , reducing the surface area over which the drug can be absorbed . Nevertheless , cocaine metabolites can be detected in the urine of subjects that have sipped even one cup of coca leaf infusion . </P> <P> Orally administered cocaine takes approximately 30 minutes to enter the bloodstream . Typically , only a third of an oral dose is absorbed , although absorption has been shown to reach 60 % in controlled settings . Given the slow rate of absorption , maximum physiological and psychotropic effects are attained approximately 60 minutes after cocaine is administered by ingestion . While the onset of these effects is slow , the effects are sustained for approximately 60 minutes after their peak is attained . </P> <P> Contrary to popular belief , both ingestion and insufflation result in approximately the same proportion of the drug being absorbed : 30 to 60 % . Compared to ingestion , the faster absorption of insufflated cocaine results in quicker attainment of maximum drug effects . Snorting cocaine produces maximum physiological effects within 40 minutes and maximum psychotropic effects within 20 minutes , however , a more realistic activation period is closer to 5 to 10 minutes . Physiological and psychotropic effects from nasally insufflated cocaine are sustained for approximately 40 -- 60 minutes after the peak effects are attained . </P> <P> Coca tea , an infusion of coca leaves , is also a traditional method of consumption . The tea has often been recommended for travelers in the Andes to prevent altitude sickness . However , its actual effectiveness has never been systematically studied . This method of consumption has been practised for many centuries by the indigenous tribes of South America . One specific purpose of ancient coca leaf consumption was to increase energy and reduce fatigue in messengers who made multi-day quests to other settlements . </P> <P> In 1986 an article in the Journal of the American Medical Association revealed that U.S. health food stores were selling dried coca leaves to be prepared as an infusion as `` Health Inca Tea . '' While the packaging claimed it had been `` decocainized , '' no such process had actually taken place . The article stated that drinking two cups of the tea per day gave a mild stimulation , increased heart rate , and mood elevation , and the tea was essentially harmless . Despite this , the DEA seized several shipments in Hawaii , Chicago , Georgia , and several locations on the East Coast of the United States , and the product was removed from the shelves . </P> Insufflation Lines of cocaine prepared for insufflation <P> Nasal insufflation ( known colloquially as `` snorting '' , `` sniffing '' , or `` blowing '' ) is a common method of ingestion of recreational powdered cocaine . The drug coats and is absorbed through the mucous membranes lining the nasal passages . Cocaine 's desired euphoric effects are delayed when snorted through the nose by about five minutes . This occurs because cocaine 's absorption is slowed by its constricting effect on the blood vessels of the nose . Insufflation of cocaine also leads to the longest duration of its effects ( 60 -- 90 minutes ) . When insufflating cocaine , absorption through the nasal membranes is approximately 30 -- 60 % , with higher doses leading to increased absorption efficiency . Any material not directly absorbed through the mucous membranes is collected in mucus and swallowed ( this `` drip '' is considered pleasant by some and unpleasant by others ) . </P> <P> In a study of cocaine users , the average time taken to reach peak subjective effects was 14.6 minutes . Any damage to the inside of the nose is because cocaine highly constricts blood vessels -- and therefore blood and oxygen / nutrient flow -- to that area . Nosebleeds after cocaine insufflation are due to irritation and damage of mucus membranes by foreign particles and adulterants and not the cocaine itself ; as a vasoconstrictor , cocaine acts to reduce bleeding . </P> <P> Rolled up banknotes , hollowed - out pens , cut straws , pointed ends of keys , specialized spoons , long fingernails , and ( clean ) tampon applicators are often used to insufflate cocaine . Such devices are often called `` tooters '' by users . The cocaine typically is poured onto a flat , hard surface ( such as a mirror , CD case or book ) and divided into `` bumps , '' `` lines '' or `` rails , '' and then insufflated . The amount of cocaine in a line varies widely from person to person and occasion to occasion ( the purity of the cocaine is also a factor ) , but one line is generally considered to be a single dose and is typically 35 mg ( a `` bump '' ) to 100 mg ( a `` rail '' ) . As tolerance builds rapidly in the short - term ( hours ) , many lines are often snorted to produce greater effects . A 2001 study reported that the sharing of straws used to `` snort '' cocaine can spread blood diseases such as hepatitis C . </P> Injection <P> Drug injection by turning the drug into a solution provides the highest blood levels of drug in the shortest amount of time . Subjective effects not commonly shared with other methods of administration include a ringing in the ears moments after injection ( usually when in excess of 120 milligrams ) lasting two to 5 minutes including tinnitus and audio distortion . This is colloquially referred to as a `` bell ringer '' . In a study of cocaine users , the average time taken to reach peak subjective effects was 3.1 minutes . The euphoria passes quickly . Aside from the toxic effects of cocaine , there is also danger of circulatory emboli from the insoluble substances that may be used to cut the drug . As with all injected illicit substances , there is a risk of the user contracting blood - borne infections if sterile injecting equipment is not available or used . Additionally , because cocaine is a vasoconstrictor , and usage often entails multiple injections within several hours or less , subsequent injections are progressively more difficult to administer , which in turn may lead to more injection attempts and more consequences from improperly performed injection . </P> <P> An injected mixture of cocaine and heroin , known as `` speedball '' is a particularly dangerous combination , as the converse effects of the drugs actually complement each other , but may also mask the symptoms of an overdose . It has been responsible for numerous deaths , including celebrities such as comedians / actors John Belushi and Chris Farley , Mitch Hedberg , River Phoenix , grunge singer Layne Staley and actor Philip Seymour Hoffman . Experimentally , cocaine injections can be delivered to animals such as fruit flies to study the mechanisms of cocaine addiction . </P> Inhalation See also : Crack cocaine <P> Inhalation by smoking cocaine is one of the several ways the drug is consumed . The onset of cocaine 's desired euphoric effects is fastest with inhaling cocaine and begins after 3 -- 5 seconds . In contrast , inhalation of cocaine leads to the shortest duration of its effects ( 5 -- 15 minutes ) . The two main ways cocaine is smoked are freebasing and by using cocaine which has been converted to smokable `` crack cocaine '' . Cocaine is smoked by inhaling the vapor produced when solid cocaine is heated to the point that it sublimates . In a 2000 Brookhaven National Laboratory medical department study , based on self reports of 32 abusers who participated in the study , `` peak high '' was found at mean of 1.4 min + / - 0.5 minutes . Pyrolysis products of cocaine that occur only when heated / smoked have been shown to change the effect profile , i.e. anhydroecgonine methyl ester when co-administered with cocaine increases the dopamine in CPu and NAc brain regions , and has M - and M - receptor affinity . </P> <P> Smoking freebase or crack cocaine is most often accomplished using a pipe made from a small glass tube , often taken from `` love roses '' , small glass tubes with a paper rose that are promoted as romantic gifts . These are sometimes called `` stems '' , `` horns '' , `` blasters '' and `` straight shooters '' . A small piece of clean heavy copper or occasionally stainless steel scouring pad -- often called a `` brillo '' ( actual Brillo Pads contain soap , and are not used ) or `` chore '' ( named for Chore Boy brand copper scouring pads ) -- serves as a reduction base and flow modulator in which the `` rock '' can be melted and boiled to vapor . Crack smokers also sometimes smoke through a soda can with small holes on the side or bottom . Crack is smoked by placing it at the end of the pipe ; a flame held close to it produces vapor , which is then inhaled by the smoker . The effects , felt almost immediately after smoking , are very intense and do not last long -- usually 2 to 10 minutes . When smoked , cocaine is sometimes combined with other drugs , such as cannabis , often rolled into a joint or blunt . Powdered cocaine is also sometimes smoked , though heat destroys much of the chemical ; smokers often sprinkle it on cannabis . The language referring to paraphernalia and practices of smoking cocaine vary , as do the packaging methods in the street level sale . </P> Suppository <P> Another way users consume cocaine is by making it into a suppository which they then insert into the anus or vagina . The drug is then absorbed by the membranes of these body parts . Little research has been focused on the suppository ( anal or vaginal insertion ) method of administration , also known as `` plugging '' . This method of administration is commonly administered using an oral syringe . Cocaine can be dissolved in water and withdrawn into an oral syringe which may then be lubricated and inserted into the anus or vagina before the plunger is pushed . Anecdotal evidence of its effects is infrequently discussed , possibly due to social taboos in many cultures . The rectum and the vaginal canal is where the majority of the drug would be taken up through the membranes lining its walls . </P> <H2> Adverse effects </H2> <H3> Acute </H3> Main article : Cocaine intoxication <P> With excessive or prolonged use , the drug can cause itching , fast heart rate , hallucinations , and paranoid delusions . Overdoses cause hyperthermia and a marked elevation of blood pressure , which can be life - threatening , arrhythmias , and death . </P> <P> Anxiety , paranoia , and restlessness can also occur , especially during the comedown . With excessive dosage , tremors , convulsions and increased body temperature are observed . Severe cardiac adverse events , particularly sudden cardiac death , become a serious risk at high doses due to cocaine 's blocking effect on cardiac sodium channels . </P> <Ul> <Li> <P> Timeline of number of yearly U.S. overdose deaths involving cocaine . </P> </Li> <Li> <P> Opioid involvement in cocaine overdose deaths . Red line represents the number of cocaine deaths that also involved opioids , and the purple line represents cocaine deaths that did not involve opioids . </P> </Li> <Li> <P> Delphic analysis regarding 20 popular recreational drugs based on expert opinion . Cocaine was ranked the 2nd in dependence and physical harm and 3rd in social harm . </P> </Li> </Ul> <H3> Chronic </H3> Side effects of chronic cocaine use <P> Chronic cocaine intake causes strong imbalances of transmitter levels in order to compensate extremes . Thus , receptors disappear from the cell surface or reappear on it , resulting more or less in an `` off '' or `` working mode '' respectively , or they change their susceptibility for binding partners ( ligands ) -- mechanisms called downregulation and upregulation . However , studies suggest cocaine abusers do not show normal age - related loss of striatal dopamine transporter ( DAT ) sites , suggesting cocaine has neuroprotective properties for dopamine neurons . Possible side effects include insatiable hunger , aches , insomnia / oversleeping , lethargy , and persistent runny nose . Depression with suicidal ideation may develop in very heavy users . Finally , a loss of vesicular monoamine transporters , neurofilament proteins , and other morphological changes appear to indicate a long term damage of dopamine neurons . All these effects contribute a rise in tolerance thus requiring a larger dosage to achieve the same effect . The lack of normal amounts of serotonin and dopamine in the brain is the cause of the dysphoria and depression felt after the initial high . Physical withdrawal is not dangerous . Physiological changes caused by cocaine withdrawal include vivid and unpleasant dreams , insomnia or hypersomnia , increased appetite and psychomotor retardation or agitation . </P> <P> Physical side effects from chronic smoking of cocaine include coughing up blood , bronchospasm , itching , fever , diffuse alveolar infiltrates without effusions , pulmonary and systemic eosinophilia , chest pain , lung trauma , sore throat , asthma , hoarse voice , dyspnea ( shortness of breath ) , and an aching , flu - like syndrome . Cocaine constricts blood vessels , dilates pupils , and increases body temperature , heart rate , and blood pressure . It can also cause headaches and gastrointestinal complications such as abdominal pain and nausea . A common but untrue belief is that the smoking of cocaine chemically breaks down tooth enamel and causes tooth decay . However , cocaine does often cause involuntary tooth grinding , known as bruxism , which can deteriorate tooth enamel and lead to gingivitis . Additionally , stimulants like cocaine , methamphetamine , and even caffeine cause dehydration and dry mouth . Since saliva is an important mechanism in maintaining one 's oral pH level , chronic stimulant abusers who do not hydrate sufficiently may experience demineralization of their teeth due to the pH of the tooth surface dropping too low ( below 5.5 ) . Cocaine use also promotes the formation of blood clots . This increase in blood clot formation is attributed to cocaine - associated increases in the activity of plasminogen activator inhibitor , and an increase in the number , activation , and aggregation of platelets . </P> <P> Chronic intranasal usage can degrade the cartilage separating the nostrils ( the septum nasi ) , leading eventually to its complete disappearance . Due to the absorption of the cocaine from cocaine hydrochloride , the remaining hydrochloride forms a dilute hydrochloric acid . </P> <P> Cocaine may also greatly increase this risk of developing rare autoimmune or connective tissue diseases such as lupus , Goodpasture syndrome , vasculitis , glomerulonephritis , Stevens -- Johnson syndrome , and other diseases . It can also cause a wide array of kidney diseases and kidney failure . </P> <P> Cocaine use leads to an increased risk of hemorrhagic and ischemic strokes . Cocaine use also increases the risk of having a heart attack . </P> <H3> Addiction </H3> See also : Epigenetics of cocaine addiction <P> Cocaine addiction occurs through ΔFosB overexpression in the nucleus accumbens , which results in altered transcriptional regulation in neurons within the nucleus accumbens . </P> <P> ΔFosB levels have been found to increase upon the use of cocaine . Each subsequent dose of cocaine continues to increase ΔFosB levels with no ceiling of tolerance . Elevated levels of ΔFosB leads to increases in brain - derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) levels , which in turn increases the number of dendritic branches and spines present on neurons involved with the nucleus accumbens and prefrontal cortex areas of the brain . This change can be identified rather quickly , and may be sustained weeks after the last dose of the drug . </P> <P> Transgenic mice exhibiting inducible expression of ΔFosB primarily in the nucleus accumbens and dorsal striatum exhibit sensitized behavioural responses to cocaine . They self - administer cocaine at lower doses than control , but have a greater likelihood of relapse when the drug is withheld . ΔFosB increases the expression of AMPA receptor subunit GluR2 and also decreases expression of dynorphin , thereby enhancing sensitivity to reward . </P> <H3> Dependence and withdrawal </H3> <P> Cocaine dependence is a form of psychological dependence that develops from regular cocaine use and produces a withdrawal state with emotional - motivational deficits upon cessation of cocaine use . </P> <H3> During pregnancy </H3> <P> Cocaine is known to have a number of deleterious effects during pregnancy . Pregnant people who use cocaine have an elevated risk of placental abruption , a condition where the placenta detaches from the uterus and causes bleeding . Due to its vasoconstrictive and hypertensive effects , they are also at risk for hemorrhagic stroke and myocardial infarction . Cocaine is also teratogenic , meaning that it can cause birth defects and fetal malformations . In - utero exposure to cocaine is associated with behavioral abnormalities , cognitive impairment , cardiovascular malformations , intrauterine growth restriction , preterm birth , urinary tract malformations , and cleft lip and palate . </P> <H2> Pharmacology </H2> <H3> Pharmacodynamics </H3> <P> The pharmacodynamics of cocaine involve the complex relationships of neurotransmitters ( inhibiting monoamine uptake in rats with ratios of about : serotonin : dopamine = 2 : 3 , serotonin : norepinephrine = 2 : 5 ) . The most extensively studied effect of cocaine on the central nervous system is the blockade of the dopamine transporter protein . Dopamine transmitter released during neural signaling is normally recycled via the transporter ; i.e. , the transporter binds the transmitter and pumps it out of the synaptic cleft back into the presynaptic neuron , where it is taken up into storage vesicles . Cocaine binds tightly at the dopamine transporter forming a complex that blocks the transporter 's function . The dopamine transporter can no longer perform its reuptake function , and thus dopamine accumulates in the synaptic cleft . </P> <P> Cocaine 's affects certain serotonin ( 5 - HT ) receptors ; in particular , it has been shown to antagonize the 5 - HT3 receptor , which is a ligand - gated ion channel . The overabundance of 5 - HT3 receptors in cocaine conditioned rats display this trait , however the exact effect of 5 - HT3 in this process is unclear . The 5 - HT2 receptor ( particularly the subtypes 5 - HT2AR , 5 - HT2BR and 5 - HT2CR ) are involved in the locomotor - activating effects of cocaine . </P> <P> Cocaine has been demonstrated to bind as to directly stabilize the DAT transporter on the open outward - facing conformation . Further , cocaine binds in such a way as to inhibit a hydrogen bond innate to DAT . Cocaine 's binding properties are such that it attaches so this hydrogen bond will not form and is blocked from formation due to the tightly locked orientation of the cocaine molecule . Research studies have suggested that the affinity for the transporter is not what is involved in habituation of the substance so much as the conformation and binding properties to where and how on the transporter the molecule binds . </P> <P> Sigma receptors are affected by cocaine , as cocaine functions as a sigma ligand agonist . Further specific receptors it has been demonstrated to function on are NMDA and the D1 dopamine receptor . </P> <P> Cocaine also blocks sodium channels , thereby interfering with the propagation of action potentials ; thus , like lignocaine and novocaine , it acts as a local anesthetic . It also functions on the binding sites to the dopamine and serotonin sodium dependent transport area as targets as separate mechanisms from its reuptake of those transporters ; unique to its local anesthetic value which makes it in a class of functionality different from both its own derived phenyltropanes analogues which have that removed . In addition to this cocaine has some target binding to the site of the Kappa - opioid receptor as well . Cocaine also causes vasoconstriction , thus reducing bleeding during minor surgical procedures . The locomotor enhancing properties of cocaine may be attributable to its enhancement of dopaminergic transmission from the substantia nigra . Recent research points to an important role of circadian mechanisms and clock genes in behavioral actions of cocaine . </P> <P> Cocaine can often cause reduced food intake , many chronic users lose their appetite and can experience severe malnutrition and significant weight loss . Cocaine effects , further , are shown to be potentiated for the user when used in conjunction with new surroundings and stimuli , and otherwise novel environs . </P> <H3> Pharmacokinetics </H3> <P> Cocaine has a short half life of 0.7 - 1.5 hours and is extensively metabolized by cholinesterase enzymes ( primarily in the liver and plasma ) , with only about 1 % excreted unchanged in the urine . The metabolism is dominated by hydrolytic ester cleavage , so the eliminated metabolites consist mostly of benzoylecgonine ( BE ) , the major metabolite , and other significant metabolites in lesser amounts such as ecgonine methyl ester ( EME ) and ecgonine . Further minor metabolites of cocaine include norcocaine , p - hydroxycocaine , m - hydroxycocaine , p - hydroxybenzoylecgonine ( pOHBE ) , and m - hydroxybenzoylecgonine . If consumed with alcohol , cocaine combines with alcohol in the liver to form cocaethylene . Studies have suggested cocaethylene is both more euphoric , and has a higher cardiovascular toxicity than cocaine by itself . </P> <P> Depending on liver and kidney function , cocaine metabolites are detectable in urine . Benzoylecgonine can be detected in urine within four hours after cocaine intake and remains detectable in concentrations greater than 150 ng / mL typically for up to eight days after cocaine is used . Detection of accumulation of cocaine metabolites in hair is possible in regular users until the sections of hair grown during use are cut or fall out . </P> <H2> Chemistry </H2> <H3> Appearance </H3> A pile of cocaine hydrochloride A piece of compressed cocaine powder <P> Cocaine in its purest form is a white , pearly product . Cocaine appearing in powder form is a salt , typically cocaine hydrochloride . Street cocaine is often adulterated or `` cut '' with talc , lactose , sucrose , glucose , mannitol , inositol , caffeine , procaine , phencyclidine , phenytoin , lignocaine , strychnine , amphetamine , or heroin . </P> <P> The color of `` crack '' cocaine depends upon several factors including the origin of the cocaine used , the method of preparation -- with ammonia or baking soda -- and the presence of impurities , but will generally range from white to a yellowish cream to a light brown . Its texture will also depend on the adulterants , origin and processing of the powdered cocaine , and the method of converting the base . It ranges from a crumbly texture , sometimes extremely oily , to a hard , almost crystalline nature . </P> <H3> Forms </H3> Salt <P> Cocaine -- a tropane alkaloid -- is a weakly alkaline compound , and can therefore combine with acidic compounds to form various salts . The hydrochloride ( HCl ) salt of cocaine is by far the most commonly encountered , although the sulfate ( - SO ) and the nitrate ( - NO ) are occasionally seen . Different salts dissolve to a greater or lesser extent in various solvents -- the hydrochloride salt is polar in character and is quite soluble in water . </P> Base Main article : Freebase ( chemistry ) <P> As the name implies , `` freebase '' is the base form of cocaine , as opposed to the salt form . It is practically insoluble in water whereas hydrochloride salt is water - soluble . </P> <P> Smoking freebase cocaine has the additional effect of releasing methylecgonidine into the user 's system due to the pyrolysis of the substance ( a side effect which insufflating or injecting powder cocaine does not create ) . Some research suggests that smoking freebase cocaine can be even more cardiotoxic than other routes of administration because of methylecgonidine 's effects on lung tissue and liver tissue . </P> <P> Pure cocaine is prepared by neutralizing its compounding salt with an alkaline solution , which will precipitate to non-polar basic cocaine . It is further refined through aqueous - solvent liquid -- liquid extraction . </P> Crack cocaine Main article : Crack cocaine A woman smoking crack cocaine `` Rocks '' of crack cocaine <P> Crack is a lower purity form of free - base cocaine that is usually produced by neutralization of cocaine hydrochloride with a solution of baking soda ( sodium bicarbonate , NaHCO ) and water , producing a very hard / brittle , off - white - to - brown colored , amorphous material that contains sodium carbonate , entrapped water , and other by - products as the main impurities . </P> <P> The `` freebase '' and `` crack '' forms of cocaine are usually administered by vaporization of the powdered substance into smoke , which is then inhaled . </P> <P> The origin of the name `` crack '' comes from the `` crackling '' sound ( and hence the onomatopoeic moniker `` crack '' ) that is produced when the cocaine and its impurities ( i.e. water , sodium bicarbonate ) are heated past the point of vaporization . </P> <P> Pure cocaine base / crack can be smoked because it vaporizes smoothly , with little or no decomposition at 98 ° C ( 208 ° F ) , which is below the boiling point of water . </P> <P> In contrast , cocaine hydrochloride does not vaporize until heated to a much higher temperature ( about 197 ° C ) , and considerable decomposition / burning occurs at these high temperatures . This effectively destroys some of the cocaine and yields a sharp , acrid , and foul - tasting smoke . </P> <P> Smoking or vaporizing cocaine and inhaling it into the lungs produces an almost immediate `` high '' that can be very powerful ( and addicting ) quite rapidly -- this initial crescendo of stimulation is known as a `` rush '' . While the stimulating effects may last for hours , the euphoric sensation is very brief , prompting the user to smoke more immediately . </P> Coca leaf infusions <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Coca herbal infusion ( also referred to as coca tea ) is used in coca - leaf producing countries much as any herbal medicinal infusion would elsewhere in the world . The free and legal commercialization of dried coca leaves under the form of filtration bags to be used as `` coca tea '' has been actively promoted by the governments of Peru and Bolivia for many years as a drink having medicinal powers . Visitors to the city of Cuzco in Peru , and La Paz in Bolivia are greeted with the offering of coca leaf infusions ( prepared in teapots with whole coca leaves ) purportedly to help the newly arrived traveler overcome the malaise of high altitude sickness . The effects of drinking coca tea are a mild stimulation and mood lift . It does not produce any significant numbing of the mouth nor does it give a rush like snorting cocaine . In order to prevent the demonization of this product , its promoters publicize the unproven concept that much of the effect of the ingestion of coca leaf infusion would come from the secondary alkaloids , as being not only quantitatively different from pure cocaine but also qualitatively different . </P> <P> It has been promoted as an adjuvant for the treatment of cocaine dependence . In one controversial study , coca leaf infusion was used -- in addition to counseling -- to treat 23 addicted coca - paste smokers in Lima , Peru . Relapses fell from an average of four times per month before treatment with coca tea to one during the treatment . The duration of abstinence increased from an average of 32 days prior to treatment to 217 days during treatment . These results suggest that the administration of coca leaf infusion plus counseling would be an effective method for preventing relapse during treatment for cocaine addiction . Importantly , these results also suggest strongly that the primary pharmacologically active metabolite in coca leaf infusions is actually cocaine and not the secondary alkaloids . </P> <P> The cocaine metabolite benzoylecgonine can be detected in the urine of people a few hours after drinking one cup of coca leaf infusion . </P> <H3> Biosynthesis </H3> Main article : Biosynthesis of cocaine Biosynthesis of N - methyl - pyrrolinium cation Biosynthesis of cocaine Robinson biosynthesis of tropane Reduction of tropinone <P> The first synthesis and elucidation of the cocaine molecule was by Richard Willstätter in 1898 . Willstätter 's synthesis derived cocaine from tropinone . Since then , Robert Robinson and Edward Leete have made significant contributions to the mechanism of the synthesis . ( - NO ) </P> <P> The additional carbon atoms required for the synthesis of cocaine are derived from acetyl - CoA , by addition of two acetyl - CoA units to the N - methyl - Δ - pyrrolinium cation . The first addition is a Mannich - like reaction with the enolate anion from acetyl - CoA acting as a nucleophile towards the pyrrolinium cation . The second addition occurs through a Claisen condensation . This produces a racemic mixture of the 2 - substituted pyrrolidine , with the retention of the thioester from the Claisen condensation . In formation of tropinone from racemic ethyl ( 2 , 3 - 13C ) ( Nmethyl - 2 - pyrrolidinyl ) - 3 - oxobutanoate there is no preference for either stereoisomer . In the biosynthesis of cocaine , however , only the ( S ) - enantiomer can cyclize to form the tropane ring system of cocaine . The stereoselectivity of this reaction was further investigated through study of prochiral methylene hydrogen discrimination . This is due to the extra chiral center at C - 2 . This process occurs through an oxidation , which regenerates the pyrrolinium cation and formation of an enolate anion , and an intramolecular Mannich reaction . The tropane ring system undergoes hydrolysis , SAM - dependent methylation , and reduction via NADPH for the formation of methylecgonine . The benzoyl moiety required for the formation of the cocaine diester is synthesized from phenylalanine via cinnamic acid . Benzoyl - CoA then combines the two units to form cocaine . </P> N - methyl - pyrrolinium cation <P> The biosynthesis begins with L - Glutamine , which is derived to L - ornithine in plants . The major contribution of L - ornithine and L - arginine as a precursor to the tropane ring was confirmed by Edward Leete . Ornithine then undergoes a pyridoxal phosphate - dependent decarboxylation to form putrescine . In animals , however , the urea cycle derives putrescine from ornithine . L - ornithine is converted to L - arginine , which is then decarboxylated via PLP to form agmatine . Hydrolysis of the imine derives N - carbamoylputrescine followed with hydrolysis of the urea to form putrescine . The separate pathways of converting ornithine to putrescine in plants and animals have converged . A SAM - dependent N - methylation of putrescine gives the N - methylputrescine product , which then undergoes oxidative deamination by the action of diamine oxidase to yield the aminoaldehyde . Schiff base formation confirms the biosynthesis of the N - methyl - Δ - pyrrolinium cation . </P> Robert Robinson 's acetonedicarboxylate <P> The biosynthesis of the tropane alkaloid , however , is still uncertain . Hemscheidt proposes that Robinson 's acetonedicarboxylate emerges as a potential intermediate for this reaction . Condensation of N - methylpyrrolinium and acetonedicarboxylate would generate the oxobutyrate . Decarboxylation leads to tropane alkaloid formation . </P> Reduction of tropinone <P> The reduction of tropinone is mediated by NADPH - dependent reductase enzymes , which have been characterized in multiple plant species . These plant species all contain two types of the reductase enzymes , tropinone reductase I and tropinone reductase II . TRI produces tropine and TRII produces pseudotropine . Due to differing kinetic and pH / activity characteristics of the enzymes and by the 25-fold higher activity of TRI over TRII , the majority of the tropinone reduction is from TRI to form tropine . </P> <H3> Detection in body fluids </H3> <P> Cocaine and its major metabolites may be quantified in blood , plasma , or urine to monitor for abuse , confirm a diagnosis of poisoning , or assist in the forensic investigation of a traffic or other criminal violation or a sudden death . Most commercial cocaine immunoassay screening tests cross-react appreciably with the major cocaine metabolites , but chromatographic techniques can easily distinguish and separately measure each of these substances . When interpreting the results of a test , it is important to consider the cocaine usage history of the individual , since a chronic user can develop tolerance to doses that would incapacitate a cocaine - naive individual , and the chronic user often has high baseline values of the metabolites in his system . Cautious interpretation of testing results may allow a distinction between passive or active usage , and between smoking versus other routes of administration . In 2011 , researchers at John Jay College of Criminal Justice reported that dietary zinc supplements can mask the presence of cocaine and other drugs in urine . Similar claims have been made in web forums on that topic . </P> <H2> Usage </H2> Main article : List of countries by prevalence of cocaine use <Table> Global estimates of drug users in 2016 ( in millions of users ) <Tr> <Th> Substance </Th> <Th> Best estimate </Th> <Th> Low estimate </Th> <Th> High estimate </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Amphetamine - type stimulants </Td> <Td> 34.16 </Td> <Td> 13.42 </Td> <Td> 55.24 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Cannabis </Td> <Td> 192.15 </Td> <Td> 165.76 </Td> <Td> 234.06 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Cocaine </Td> <Td> 18.20 </Td> <Td> 13.87 </Td> <Td> 22.85 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Ecstasy </Td> <Td> 20.57 </Td> <Td> 8.99 </Td> <Td> 32.34 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Opiates </Td> <Td> 19.38 </Td> <Td> 13.80 </Td> <Td> 26.15 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Opioids </Td> <Td> 34.26 </Td> <Td> 27.01 </Td> <Td> 44.54 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> According to a 2016 United Nations report , England and Wales are the countries with the highest rate of cocaine usage ( 2.4 % of adults in the previous year ) . Other countries where the usage rate meets or exceeds 1.5 % are Spain and Scotland ( 2.2 % ) , the United States ( 2.1 % ) , Australia ( 2.1 % ) , Uruguay ( 1.8 % ) , Brazil ( 1.75 % ) , Chile ( 1.73 % ) , the Netherlands ( 1.5 % ) and Ireland ( 1.5 % ) . </P> <H3> Europe </H3> <P> Cocaine is the second most popular illegal recreational drug in Europe ( behind cannabis ) . Since the mid-1990s , overall cocaine usage in Europe has been on the rise , but usage rates and attitudes tend to vary between countries . European countries with the highest usage rates are the United Kingdom , Spain , Italy , and the Republic of Ireland . </P> <P> Approximately 12 million Europeans ( 3.6 % ) have used cocaine at least once , 4 million ( 1.2 % ) in the last year , and 2 million in the last month ( 0.5 % ) . </P> <P> About 3.5 million or 87.5 % of those who have used the drug in the last year are young adults ( 15 -- 34 years old ) . Usage is particularly prevalent among this demographic : 4 % to 7 % of males have used cocaine in the last year in Spain , Denmark , Republic of Ireland , Italy , and the United Kingdom . The ratio of male to female users is approximately 3.8 : 1 , but this statistic varies from 1 : 1 to 13 : 1 depending on country . </P> <P> In 2014 London had the highest amount of cocaine in its sewage out of 50 European cities . </P> <H3> United States </H3> Main article : Cocaine in the United States <P> Cocaine is the second most popular illegal recreational drug in the United States ( behind cannabis ) and the U.S. is the world 's largest consumer of cocaine . Cocaine is commonly used in middle to upper - class communities and is known as a `` rich man 's drug '' . It is also popular amongst college students , as a party drug . A study throughout the entire United States has reported that around 48 percent of people who graduated high school in 1979 have used cocaine recreationally during some point in their lifetime , compared to approximately 20 percent of students who graduated between the years of 1980 and 1995 . Its users span over different ages , races , and professions . In the 1970s and 1980s , the drug became particularly popular in the disco culture as cocaine usage was very common and popular in many discos such as Studio 54 . </P> <H2> History </H2> <H3> Discovery </H3> Coca leaf in Bolivia <P> For over a thousand years South American indigenous peoples have chewed the leaves of Erythroxylon coca , a plant that contains vital nutrients as well as numerous alkaloids , including cocaine . The coca leaf was , and still is , chewed almost universally by some indigenous communities . The remains of coca leaves have been found with ancient Peruvian mummies , and pottery from the time period depicts humans with bulged cheeks , indicating the presence of something on which they are chewing . There is also evidence that these cultures used a mixture of coca leaves and saliva as an anesthetic for the performance of trepanation . </P> <P> When the Spanish arrived in South America , most at first ignored aboriginal claims that the leaf gave them strength and energy , and declared the practice of chewing it the work of the Devil . But after discovering that these claims were true , they legalized and taxed the leaf , taking 10 % off the value of each crop . In 1569 , Spanish botanist Nicolás Monardes described the indigenous peoples ' practice of chewing a mixture of tobacco and coca leaves to induce `` great contentment '' : </P> <P> When they wished to make themselves drunk and out of judgment they chewed a mixture of tobacco and coca leaves which make them go as they were out of their wittes . </P> <P> In 1609 , Padre Blas Valera wrote : </P> <P> Coca protects the body from many ailments , and our doctors use it in powdered form to reduce the swelling of wounds , to strengthen broken bones , to expel cold from the body or prevent it from entering , and to cure rotten wounds or sores that are full of maggots . And if it does so much for outward ailments , will not its singular virtue have even greater effect in the entrails of those who eat it ? </P> <H3> Isolation and naming </H3> <P> Although the stimulant and hunger - suppressant properties of coca had been known for many centuries , the isolation of the cocaine alkaloid was not achieved until 1855 . Various European scientists had attempted to isolate cocaine , but none had been successful for two reasons : the knowledge of chemistry required was insufficient at the time , and contemporary conditions of sea - shipping from South America could degrade the cocaine in the plant samples available to European chemists . </P> <P> The cocaine alkaloid was first isolated by the German chemist Friedrich Gaedcke in 1855 . Gaedcke named the alkaloid `` erythroxyline '' , and published a description in the journal Archiv der Pharmazie . </P> <P> In 1856 , Friedrich Wöhler asked Dr. Carl Scherzer , a scientist aboard the Novara ( an Austrian frigate sent by Emperor Franz Joseph to circle the globe ) , to bring him a large amount of coca leaves from South America . In 1859 , the ship finished its travels and Wöhler received a trunk full of coca . Wöhler passed on the leaves to Albert Niemann , a Ph. D. student at the University of Göttingen in Germany , who then developed an improved purification process . </P> <P> Niemann described every step he took to isolate cocaine in his dissertation titled Über eine neue organische Base in den Cocablättern ( On a New Organic Base in the Coca Leaves ) , which was published in 1860 -- it earned him his Ph. D. and is now in the British Library . He wrote of the alkaloid 's `` colourless transparent prisms '' and said that `` Its solutions have an alkaline reaction , a bitter taste , promote the flow of saliva and leave a peculiar numbness , followed by a sense of cold when applied to the tongue . '' Niemann named the alkaloid `` cocaine '' from `` coca '' ( from Quechua `` cuca '' ) + suffix `` ine '' . Because of its use as a local anesthetic , a suffix `` - caine '' was later extracted and used to form names of synthetic local anesthetics . </P> <P> The first synthesis and elucidation of the structure of the cocaine molecule was by Richard Willstätter in 1898 . It was the first biomimetic synthesis of an organic structure recorded in academic chemical literature . The synthesis started from tropinone , a related natural product and took five steps . </P> <H3> Medicalization </H3> `` Cocaine toothache drops '' , 1885 advertisement of cocaine for dental pain in children Advertisement in the January 1896 issue of McClure 's Magazine for Burnett 's Cocaine `` for the hair '' . <P> With the discovery of this new alkaloid , Western medicine was quick to exploit the possible uses of this plant . </P> <P> In 1879 , Vassili von Anrep , of the University of Würzburg , devised an experiment to demonstrate the analgesic properties of the newly discovered alkaloid . He prepared two separate jars , one containing a cocaine - salt solution , with the other containing merely salt water . He then submerged a frog 's legs into the two jars , one leg in the treatment and one in the control solution , and proceeded to stimulate the legs in several different ways . The leg that had been immersed in the cocaine solution reacted very differently from the leg that had been immersed in salt water . </P> <P> Karl Koller ( a close associate of Sigmund Freud , who would write about cocaine later ) experimented with cocaine for ophthalmic usage . In an infamous experiment in 1884 , he experimented upon himself by applying a cocaine solution to his own eye and then pricking it with pins . His findings were presented to the Heidelberg Ophthalmological Society . Also in 1884 , Jellinek demonstrated the effects of cocaine as a respiratory system anesthetic . In 1885 , William Halsted demonstrated nerve - block anesthesia , and James Leonard Corning demonstrated peridural anesthesia. 1898 saw Heinrich Quincke use cocaine for spinal anesthesia . </P> <H3> Popularization </H3> Pope Leo XIII purportedly carried a hip flask of the coca - treated Vin Mariani with him , and awarded a Vatican gold medal to Angelo Mariani . <P> In 1859 , an Italian doctor , Paolo Mantegazza , returned from Peru , where he had witnessed first - hand the use of coca by the local indigenous peoples . He proceeded to experiment on himself and upon his return to Milan he wrote a paper in which he described the effects . In this paper he declared coca and cocaine ( at the time they were assumed to be the same ) as being useful medicinally , in the treatment of `` a furred tongue in the morning , flatulence , and whitening of the teeth . '' </P> <P> A chemist named Angelo Mariani who read Mantegazza 's paper became immediately intrigued with coca and its economic potential . In 1863 , Mariani started marketing a wine called Vin Mariani , which had been treated with coca leaves , to become cocawine . The ethanol in wine acted as a solvent and extracted the cocaine from the coca leaves , altering the drink 's effect . It contained 6 mg cocaine per ounce of wine , but Vin Mariani which was to be exported contained 7.2 mg per ounce , to compete with the higher cocaine content of similar drinks in the United States . A `` pinch of coca leaves '' was included in John Styth Pemberton 's original 1886 recipe for Coca - Cola , though the company began using decocainized leaves in 1906 when the Pure Food and Drug Act was passed . </P> <P> In 1879 cocaine began to be used to treat morphine addiction . Cocaine was introduced into clinical use as a local anesthetic in Germany in 1884 , about the same time as Sigmund Freud published his work Über Coca , in which he wrote that cocaine causes : </P> <P> Exhilaration and lasting euphoria , which in no way differs from the normal euphoria of the healthy person . You perceive an increase of self - control and possess more vitality and capacity for work . In other words , you are simply normal , and it is soon hard to believe you are under the influence of any drug . Long intensive physical work is performed without any fatigue . This result is enjoyed without any of the unpleasant after - effects that follow exhilaration brought about by alcoholic beverages . No craving for the further use of cocaine appears after the first , or even after repeated taking of the drug . </P> <P> In 1885 the U.S. manufacturer Parke - Davis sold cocaine in various forms , including cigarettes , powder , and even a cocaine mixture that could be injected directly into the user 's veins with the included needle . The company promised that its cocaine products would `` supply the place of food , make the coward brave , the silent eloquent and render the sufferer insensitive to pain . '' </P> In this 1904 advice column from the Tacoma Times , `` Madame Falloppe '' recommended that cold sores be treated with a solution of borax , cocaine , and morphine . <P> By the late Victorian era , cocaine use had appeared as a vice in literature . For example , it was injected by Arthur Conan Doyle 's fictional Sherlock Holmes , generally to offset the boredom he felt when he was not working on a case . </P> <P> In early 20th - century Memphis , Tennessee , cocaine was sold in neighborhood drugstores on Beale Street , costing five or ten cents for a small boxful . Stevedores along the Mississippi River used the drug as a stimulant , and white employers encouraged its use by black laborers . </P> <P> In 1909 , Ernest Shackleton took `` Forced March '' brand cocaine tablets to Antarctica , as did Captain Scott a year later on his ill - fated journey to the South Pole . </P> <P> During the mid-1940s , amidst World War II , cocaine was considered for inclusion as an ingredient of a future generation of ' pep pills ' for the German military , code named D - IX . </P> <P> In modern popular culture references to the drug are prevalent , in it the drug has a glamorous image associated with the rich , famous and powerful with it also making users to `` feel rich and beautiful '' . In addition the pace of modern society − such as in finance − gives many the incentive to make use of the drug . </P> Women purchase cocaine capsules in Berlin , 1924 <H3> Modern usage </H3> D.C. Mayor Marion Barry captured on a surveillance camera smoking crack cocaine during a sting operation by the FBI and D.C. Police . <P> In many countries , cocaine is a popular recreational drug . In the United States , the development of `` crack '' cocaine introduced the substance to a generally poorer inner - city market . Use of the powder form has stayed relatively constant , experiencing a new height of use during the late 1990s and early 2000s in the U.S. , and has become much more popular in the last few years in the UK . </P> <P> Cocaine use is prevalent across all socioeconomic strata , including age , demographics , economic , social , political , religious , and livelihood . </P> <P> The estimated U.S. cocaine market exceeded US $70 billion in street value for the year 2005 , exceeding revenues by corporations such as Starbucks . There is a tremendous demand for cocaine in the U.S. market , particularly among those who are making incomes affording luxury spending , such as single adults and professionals with discretionary income . Cocaine 's status as a club drug shows its immense popularity among the `` party crowd '' . </P> <P> In 1995 the World Health Organization ( WHO ) and the United Nations Interregional Crime and Justice Research Institute ( UNICRI ) announced in a press release the publication of the results of the largest global study on cocaine use ever undertaken . However , a decision by an American representative in the World Health Assembly banned the publication of the study , because it seemed to make a case for the positive uses of cocaine . An excerpt of the report strongly conflicted with accepted paradigms , for example `` that occasional cocaine use does not typically lead to severe or even minor physical or social problems . '' In the sixth meeting of the B committee , the US representative threatened that `` If World Health Organization activities relating to drugs failed to reinforce proven drug control approaches , funds for the relevant programs should be curtailed '' . This led to the decision to discontinue publication . A part of the study was recuperated and published in 2010 , including profiles of cocaine use in 20 countries , but are unavailable as of 2015 . </P> <P> In October 2010 it was reported that the use of cocaine in Australia has doubled since monitoring began in 2003 . </P> <P> A problem with illegal cocaine use , especially in the higher volumes used to combat fatigue ( rather than increase euphoria ) by long - term users , is the risk of ill effects or damage caused by the compounds used in adulteration . Cutting or `` stepping on '' the drug is commonplace , using compounds which simulate ingestion effects , such as Novocain ( procaine ) producing temporary anesthaesia , as many users believe a strong numbing effect is the result of strong and / or pure cocaine , ephedrine or similar stimulants that are to produce an increased heart rate . The normal adulterants for profit are inactive sugars , usually mannitol , creatine or glucose , so introducing active adulterants gives the illusion of purity and to ' stretch ' or make it so a dealer can sell more product than without the adulterants . The adulterant of sugars allows the dealer to sell the product for a higher price because of the illusion of purity and allows sale of more of the product at that higher price , enabling dealers to significantly increase revenue with little additional cost for the adulterants . A 2007 study by the European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction showed that the purity levels for street purchased cocaine was often under 5 % and on average under 50 % pure . </P> <H2> Society and Culture </H2> <H3> Legal status </H3> Main article : Legal status of cocaine <P> The production , distribution , and sale of cocaine products is restricted ( and illegal in most contexts ) in most countries as regulated by the Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs , and the United Nations Convention Against Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances . In the United States the manufacture , importation , possession , and distribution of cocaine are additionally regulated by the 1970 Controlled Substances Act . </P> <P> Some countries , such as Peru and Bolivia permit the cultivation of coca leaf for traditional consumption by the local indigenous population , but nevertheless , prohibit the production , sale , and consumption of cocaine . The provisions as to how much a coca farmer can yield annually is protected by laws such as the Bolivian Cato accord . In addition , some parts of Europe and Australia allow processed cocaine for medicinal uses only . </P> Australia <P> Cocaine is a Schedule 8 prohibited substance in Australia under the Poisons Standard ( July 2016 ) . A schedule 8 substance is a controlled Drug -- Substances which should be available for use but require restriction of manufacture , supply , distribution , possession and use to reduce abuse , misuse and physical or psychological dependence . </P> <P> In Western Australia under the Misuse of Drugs Act 1981 4.0 g of cocaine is the amount of prohibited drugs determining a court of trial , 2.0 g is the amount of cocaine required for the presumption of intention to sell or supply and 28.0 g is the amount of cocaine required for purposes of drug trafficking . </P> United States See also : Cocaine in the United States Drug overdoses killed more than 64,000 Americans in 2016 , with cocaine overdoses making up 10,619 of those deaths . <P> The US federal government instituted a national labeling requirement for cocaine and cocaine - containing products through the Pure Food and Drug Act of 1906 . The next important federal regulation was the Harrison Narcotics Tax Act of 1914 . While this act is often seen as the start of prohibition , the act itself was not actually a prohibition on cocaine , but instead set up a regulatory and licensing regime . The Harrison Act did not recognize addiction as a treatable condition and therefore the therapeutic use of cocaine , heroin or morphine to such individuals was outlawed -- leading a 1915 editorial in the journal American Medicine to remark that the addict `` is denied the medical care he urgently needs , open , above - board sources from which he formerly obtained his drug supply are closed to him , and he is driven to the underworld where he can get his drug , but of course , surreptitiously and in violation of the law . '' The Harrison Act left manufacturers of cocaine untouched so long as they met certain purity and labeling standards . Despite that cocaine was typically illegal to sell and legal outlets were rarer , the quantities of legal cocaine produced declined very little . Legal cocaine quantities did not decrease until the Jones -- Miller Act of 1922 put serious restrictions on cocaine manufactures . </P> <H3> Interdiction </H3> <P> In 2004 , according to the United Nations , 589 tonnes of cocaine were seized globally by law enforcement authorities . Colombia seized 188 t , the United States 166 t , Europe 79 t , Peru 14 t , Bolivia 9 t , and the rest of the world 133 t . </P> <H3> Economics </H3> <P> Because of the drug 's potential for addiction and overdose , cocaine is generally treated as a `` hard drug '' , with severe penalties for possession and trafficking . Demand remains high , and consequently , black market cocaine is quite expensive . Unprocessed cocaine , such as coca leaves , are occasionally purchased and sold , but this is exceedingly rare as it is much easier and more profitable to conceal and smuggle it in powdered form . The scale of the market is immense : 770 tonnes times $100 per gram retail = up to $77 billion . </P> Production <P> Until 2012 , Colombia was the world 's leading producer of cocaine . Three - quarters of the world 's annual yield of cocaine has been produced in Colombia , both from cocaine base imported from Peru ( primarily the Huallaga Valley ) and Bolivia , and from locally grown coca . There was a 28 % increase from the amount of potentially harvestable coca plants which were grown in Colombia in 1998 . This , combined with crop reductions in Bolivia and Peru , made Colombia the nation with the largest area of coca under cultivation after the mid-1990s . Coca is grown for traditional purposes by indigenous communities , a use which is still present and is permitted by Colombian laws only makes up a small fragment of total coca production , most of which is used for the illegal drug trade . </P> <P> An interview with a coca farmer published in 2003 described a mode of production by acid - base extraction that has changed little since 1905 . Roughly 625 pounds ( 283 kg ) of leaves were harvested per hectare , six times per year . The leaves were dried for half a day , then chopped into small pieces with a string trimmer and sprinkled with a small amount of powdered cement ( replacing sodium carbonate from former times ) . Several hundred pounds of this mixture were soaked in 50 US gallons ( 190 L ) of gasoline for a day , then the gasoline was removed and the leaves were pressed for remaining liquid , after which they could be discarded . Then battery acid ( weak sulfuric acid ) was used , one bucket per 55 lb ( 25 kg ) of leaves , to create a phase separation in which the cocaine free base in the gasoline was acidified and extracted into a few buckets of `` murky - looking smelly liquid '' . Once powdered caustic soda was added to this , the cocaine precipitated and could be removed by filtration through a cloth . The resulting material , when dried , was termed pasta and sold by the farmer . The 3750 pound yearly harvest of leaves from a hectare produced 6 lb ( 2.5 kg ) of pasta , approximately 40 -- 60 % cocaine . Repeated recrystallization from solvents , producing pasta lavada and eventually crystalline cocaine were performed at specialized laboratories after the sale . </P> <P> Attempts to eradicate coca fields through the use of defoliants have devastated part of the farming economy in some coca growing regions of Colombia , and strains appear to have been developed that are more resistant or immune to their use . Whether these strains are natural mutations or the product of human tampering is unclear . These strains have also shown to be more potent than those previously grown , increasing profits for the drug cartels responsible for the exporting of cocaine . Although production fell temporarily , coca crops rebounded in numerous smaller fields in Colombia , rather than the larger plantations . </P> <P> The cultivation of coca has become an attractive economic decision for many growers due to the combination of several factors , including the lack of other employment alternatives , the lower profitability of alternative crops in official crop substitution programs , the eradication - related damages to non-drug farms , the spread of new strains of the coca plant due to persistent worldwide demand . </P> <Table> Estimated Andean region coca cultivation and potential pure cocaine production <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Th> 2000 </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th> 2002 </Th> <Th> 2003 </Th> <Th> </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Net cultivation km ( sq mi ) </Td> <Td> 1,875 ( 724 ) </Td> <Td> 2,218 ( 856 ) </Td> <Td> 2,007.5 ( 775.1 ) </Td> <Td> 1,663 ( 642 ) </Td> <Td> 1,662 ( 642 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Potential pure cocaine production ( tonnes ) </Td> <Td> 770 </Td> <Td> 925 </Td> <Td> 830 </Td> <Td> 680 </Td> <Td> 645 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The latest estimate provided by the U.S. authorities on the annual production of cocaine in Colombia refers to 290 metric tons . As of the end of 2011 , the seizure operations of Colombian cocaine carried out in different countries have totaled 351.8 metric tons of cocaine , i.e. 121.3 % of Colombia 's annual production according to the U.S. Department of State 's estimates . </P> Synthesis <P> Synthetic cocaine would be highly desirable to the illegal drug industry as it would eliminate the high visibility and low reliability of offshore sources and international smuggling , replacing them with clandestine domestic laboratories , as are common for illicit methamphetamine . However , natural cocaine remains the lowest cost and highest quality supply of cocaine . Actual full synthesis of cocaine is rarely done . Formation of inactive enantiomers ( cocaine has 4 chiral centres -- 1R , 2R , 3S , and 5S -- hence a total potential of 16 possible enantiomers and diastereoisomers ) plus synthetic by - products limits the yield and purity . Names like `` synthetic cocaine '' and `` new cocaine '' have been misapplied to phencyclidine ( PCP ) and various designer drugs . </P> Trafficking and distribution Cocaine smuggled in a charango , 2008 <P> Organized criminal gangs operating on a large scale dominate the cocaine trade . Most cocaine is grown and processed in South America , particularly in Colombia , Bolivia , Peru , and smuggled into the United States and Europe , the United States being the world 's largest consumer of cocaine , where it is sold at huge markups ; usually in the US at $80 -- 120 for 1 gram , and $250 -- 300 for 3.5 grams ( 1⁄8 of an ounce , or an `` eight ball '' ) . </P> Caribbean and Mexican routes <P> As of 2005 , cocaine shipments from South America transported through Mexico or Central America were generally moved over land or by air to staging sites in northern Mexico . The cocaine is then broken down into smaller loads for smuggling across the U.S. -- Mexico border . The primary cocaine importation points in the United States have been in Arizona , southern California , southern Florida , and Texas . Typically , land vehicles are driven across the U.S. -- Mexico border . Sixty - five percent of cocaine enters the United States through Mexico , and the vast majority of the rest enters through Florida . As of 2015 , the Sinaloa Cartel is the most active drug cartel involved in smuggling illicit drugs like cocaine into the United States and trafficking them throughout the United States . </P> <P> Cocaine traffickers from Colombia and Mexico have established a labyrinth of smuggling routes throughout the Caribbean , the Bahama Island chain , and South Florida . They often hire traffickers from Mexico or the Dominican Republic to transport the drug using a variety of smuggling techniques to U.S. markets . These include airdrops of 500 to 700 kg ( 1,100 to 1,500 lb ) in the Bahama Islands or off the coast of Puerto Rico , mid-ocean boat - to - boat transfers of 500 to 2,000 kg ( 1,100 to 4,400 lb ) , and the commercial shipment of tonnes of cocaine through the port of Miami . </P> Chilean route <P> Another route of cocaine traffic goes through Chile , which is primarily used for cocaine produced in Bolivia since the nearest seaports lie in northern Chile . The arid Bolivia -- Chile border is easily crossed by 4 × 4 vehicles that then head to the seaports of Iquique and Antofagasta . While the price of cocaine is higher in Chile than in Peru and Bolivia , the final destination is usually Europe , especially Spain where drug dealing networks exist among South American immigrants . </P> Techniques <P> Cocaine is also carried in small , concealed , kilogram quantities across the border by couriers known as `` mules '' ( or `` mulas '' ) , who cross a border either legally , for example , through a port or airport , or illegally elsewhere . The drugs may be strapped to the waist or legs or hidden in bags , or hidden in the body . If the mule gets through without being caught , the gangs will reap most of the profits . If he or she is caught , however , gangs will sever all links and the mule will usually stand trial for trafficking alone . </P> <P> Bulk cargo ships are also used to smuggle cocaine to staging sites in the western Caribbean -- Gulf of Mexico area . These vessels are typically 150 -- 250 - foot ( 50 -- 80 m ) coastal freighters that carry an average cocaine load of approximately 2.5 tonnes . Commercial fishing vessels are also used for smuggling operations . In areas with a high volume of recreational traffic , smugglers use the same types of vessels , such as go - fast boats , as those used by the local populations . </P> <P> Sophisticated drug subs are the latest tool drug runners are using to bring cocaine north from Colombia , it was reported on 20 March 2008 . Although the vessels were once viewed as a quirky sideshow in the drug war , they are becoming faster , more seaworthy , and capable of carrying bigger loads of drugs than earlier models , according to those charged with catching them . </P> Sales to consumers Cocaine adulterated with fruit flavoring <P> Cocaine is readily available in all major countries ' metropolitan areas . According to the Summer 1998 Pulse Check , published by the U.S. Office of National Drug Control Policy , cocaine use had stabilized across the country , with a few increases reported in San Diego , Bridgeport , Miami , and Boston . In the West , cocaine usage was lower , which was thought to be due to a switch to methamphetamine among some users ; methamphetamine is cheaper , three and a half times more powerful , and lasts 12 -- 24 times longer with each dose . Nevertheless , the number of cocaine users remain high , with a large concentration among urban youth . </P> <P> In addition to the amounts previously mentioned , cocaine can be sold in `` bill sizes '' : As of 2007 for example , $10 might purchase a `` dime bag '' , a very small amount ( 0.1 -- 0.15 g ) of cocaine . Twenty dollars might purchase 0.15 -- 0.3 g . However , in lower Texas , it is sold cheaper due to it being easier to receive : a dime for $10 is 0.4 g , a 20 is 0.8 -- 1.0 g and an 8 - ball ( 3.5 g ) is sold for $60 to $80 , depending on the quality and dealer . These amounts and prices are very popular among young people because they are inexpensive and easily concealed on one 's body . Quality and price can vary dramatically depending on supply and demand , and on geographic region . </P> <P> In 2008 , the European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction reports that the typical retail price of cocaine varied between € 50 and € 75 per gram in most European countries , although Cyprus , Romania , Sweden and Turkey reported much higher values . </P> Consumption <P> World annual cocaine consumption , as of 2000 , stood at around 600 tonnes , with the United States consuming around 300 t , 50 % of the total , Europe about 150 t , 25 % of the total , and the rest of the world the remaining 150 t or 25 % . It is estimated that 1.5 million people in the United States used cocaine in 2010 down from 2.4 million in 2006 . Conversely , cocaine use appears to be increasing in Europe with the highest prevalences in Spain , the United Kingdom , Italy , and Ireland . </P> <P> The 2010 UN World Drug Report concluded that `` it appears that the North American cocaine market has declined in value from US $47 billion in 1998 to US $38 billion in 2008 . Between 2006 and 2008 , the value of the market remained basically stable '' . </P> <H2> Research </H2> <P> In 2005 , researchers proposed the use of cocaine in conjunction with phenylephrine administered in the form of an eye drop as a diagnostic test for Parkinson 's disease . </P> <H2> See also </H2> <Ul> <Li> Medicine portal </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Black cocaine </Li> <Li> Coca alkaloids </Li> <Li> Coca eradication </Li> <Li> Cocaine and amphetamine regulated transcript </Li> <Li> Cocaine Anonymous </Li> <Li> Cocaine dependence </Li> <Li> Cocaine paste </Li> <Li> Crack cocaine § Crack lung </Li> <Li> Crack epidemic </Li> <Li> Legal status of cocaine </Li> <Li> List of cocaine analogues </Li> <Li> Modafinil </Li> <Li> Pre-Columbian trans - oceanic evidence for cocaine in ancient Egypt </Li> <Li> Prenatal cocaine exposure </Li> <Li> Route 36 , cocaine bar in Bolivia </Li> <Li> TA - CD </Li> <Li> Ypadu </Li> </Ul> <H2> References </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ Malenka RC , Nestler EJ , Hyman SE ( 2009 ) . `` Chapter 15 : Reinforcement and Addictive Disorders '' . 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Archived from the original on 26 April 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Sawada H , Yamakawa K , Yamakado H , Hosokawa R , Ohba M , Miyamoto K , Kawamura T , Shimohama S ( February 2005 ) . `` Cocaine and phenylephrine eye drop test for Parkinson disease '' . JAMA . Journal of the American Medical Association . 293 ( 8 ) : 932 -- 4 . doi : 10.1001 / jama. 293.8. 932 - c . PMID 15728162 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> Bibliography </H2> <Ul> <Li> Gootenberg P , ed. ( 1999 ) . Cocaine : Global Histories . London : Routledge . ISBN 978 - 0 - 203 - 02646 - 5 . </Li> <Li> Madge T ( 2001 ) . White Mischief : A Cultural History of Cocaine . Edinburgh : Mainstream Publishing Company . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84018 - 405 - 1 . </Li> <Li> Spillane JF ( 2000 ) . Cocaine : From Medical Marvel to Modern Menace in the United States , 1884 -- 1920 . Baltimore and London : The Johns Hopkins University Press . ISBN 0 - 8018 - 6230 - 2 . </Li> </Ul> <H2> Further reading </H2> <Ul> <Li> Feiling T ( 2009 ) . The Candy Machine : How Cocaine Took Over the World . London : Penguin . ISBN 978 - 0 - 14 - 103446 - 1 . </Li> </Ul> <H2> External links </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wikiquote has quotations related to : Cocaine </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wikimedia Commons has media related to Cocaine . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Look up cocaine in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ul> <Li> U.S. National Library of Medicine : Drug Information Portal -- Cocaine </Li> <Li> European Monitoring Centre for Drugs ( Cocaine ) </Li> <Li> Erowid -- Cocaine Information -- A collection of data about cocaine including dose , effects , chemistry , legal status , images and more . </Li> <Li> Slang Dictionary for Cocaine . </Li> <Li> Cocaine Market Data and Value - Havocscope Black Markets at the Wayback Machine ( archived 23 March 2011 ) Data on cocaine trafficking worldwide . </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Recreational drug use </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Major 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</Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Benocyclidine </Li> <Li> Dieticyclidine </Li> <Li> Esketamine </Li> <Li> Eticyclidine </Li> <Li> Gacyclidine </Li> <Li> Ketamine </Li> <Li> Phencyclamine </Li> <Li> Phencyclidine </Li> <Li> Rolicyclidine </Li> <Li> Tenocyclidine </Li> <Li> Tiletamine </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Benzazepines </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 6 - Br - APB </Li> <Li> SKF - 77434 </Li> <Li> SKF - 81297 </Li> <Li> SKF - 82958 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Cholinergics </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> A-84,543 </Li> <Li> A-366,833 </Li> <Li> ABT - 202 </Li> <Li> ABT - 418 </Li> <Li> AR - R17779 </Li> <Li> Altinicline </Li> <Li> Anabasine </Li> <Li> Arecoline </Li> <Li> Bradanicline </Li> <Li> Cotinine </Li> <Li> Cytisine </Li> <Li> Dianicline </Li> <Li> Epibatidine </Li> <Li> Epiboxidine </Li> <Li> GTS - 21 </Li> <Li> Ispronicline </Li> <Li> Nicotine </Li> <Li> PHA - 543,613 </Li> <Li> PNU - 120,596 </Li> <Li> PNU - 282,987 </Li> <Li> Pozanicline </Li> <Li> Rivanicline </Li> <Li> Sazetidine A </Li> 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aminobutane </Li> <Li> 1 - Methylamino - 1 - ( 3 , 4 - methylenedioxyphenyl ) propane </Li> <Li> 2 - Fuoroamphetamine </Li> <Li> 2 - Fuoromethamphetamine </Li> <Li> 2 - OH - PEA </Li> <Li> 2 - Phenyl - 3 - aminobutane </Li> <Li> 2 , 3 - MDA </Li> <Li> 3 - Fuoroamphetamine </Li> <Li> 3 - Fluoroethamphetamine </Li> <Li> 3 - Fluoromethcathinone </Li> <Li> 3 - Methoxyamphetamine </Li> <Li> 3 - Methylamphetamine </Li> <Li> 3 , 4 - DMMC </Li> <Li> 4 - BMC </Li> <Li> 4 - CMC </Li> <Li> 4 - Ethylamphetamine </Li> <Li> 4 - Fluoroamphetamine </Li> <Li> 4 - Fluoromethamphetamine </Li> <Li> 4 - MA </Li> <Li> 4 - Methylbuphedrone </Li> <Li> 4 - Methylcathinone </Li> <Li> 4 - MMA </Li> <Li> 4 - Methylpentedrone </Li> <Li> 4 - MTA </Li> <Li> 6 - FNE </Li> <Li> AL - 1095 </Li> <Li> Alfetamine </Li> <Li> a-Ethylphenethylamine </Li> <Li> Amfecloral </Li> <Li> Amfepentorex </Li> <Li> Amfepramone </Li> <Li> Amidephrine </Li> <Li> 2 - Amino - 1 , 2 - dihydronaphthalene </Li> <Li> 2 - Aminoindane </Li> <Li> 5 - ( 2 - Aminopropyl ) indole </Li> <Li> 2 - Aminotetralin </Li> <Li> Acridorex </Li> <Li> Amphetamine ( Dextroamphetamine , Levoamphetamine ) </Li> <Li> Amphetaminil </Li> <Li> Arbutamine </Li> <Li> β - Methylphenethylamine </Li> <Li> β - Phenylmethamphetamine </Li> <Li> Benfluorex </Li> <Li> Benzedrone </Li> <Li> Benzphetamine </Li> <Li> BDB </Li> <Li> BOH </Li> <Li> 3 - Benzhydrylmorpholine </Li> <Li> BPAP </Li> <Li> Buphedrone </Li> <Li> Bupropion </Li> <Li> Butylone </Li> <Li> Camfetamine </Li> <Li> Cathine </Li> <Li> Cathinone </Li> <Li> Chlorphentermine </Li> <Li> Cilobamine </Li> <Li> Cinnamedrine </Li> <Li> Clenbuterol </Li> <Li> Clobenzorex </Li> <Li> Cloforex </Li> <Li> Clortermine </Li> <Li> Cypenamine </Li> <Li> D - Deprenyl </Li> <Li> Denopamine </Li> <Li> Dimethoxyamphetamine </Li> <Li> Dimethylamphetamine </Li> <Li> Dimethylcathinone </Li> <Li> Dobutamine </Li> <Li> DOPA ( Dextrodopa , Levodopa ) </Li> <Li> Dopamine </Li> <Li> Dopexamine </Li> <Li> Droxidopa </Li> <Li> EBDB </Li> <Li> Ephedrine </Li> <Li> Epinephrine </Li> <Li> Epinine </Li> <Li> Etafedrine </Li> <Li> Ethcathinone </Li> <Li> Ethylnorepinephrine </Li> <Li> Ethylone </Li> <Li> Etilamfetamine </Li> <Li> Etilefrine </Li> <Li> Famprofazone </Li> <Li> Fencamfamin </Li> <Li> Fencamine </Li> <Li> Fenethylline </Li> <Li> Fenfluramine ( Dexfenfluramine , Levofenfluramine ) </Li> <Li> Fenproporex </Li> <Li> Feprosidnine </Li> <Li> Flephedrone </Li> <Li> Fludorex </Li> <Li> Formetorex </Li> <Li> Furfenorex </Li> <Li> Gepefrine </Li> <Li> Hexapradol </Li> <Li> Hexedrone </Li> <Li> HMMA </Li> <Li> Hordenine </Li> <Li> 4 - Hydroxyamphetamine </Li> <Li> 5 - Iodo - 2 - aminoindane </Li> <Li> Ibopamine </Li> <Li> IMP </Li> <Li> Indanylamphetamine </Li> <Li> Iofetamine </Li> <Li> Isoetarine </Li> <Li> Isoethcathinone </Li> <Li> Isoprenaline </Li> <Li> L - Deprenyl ( Selegiline ) </Li> <Li> Lefetamine </Li> <Li> Lisdexamfetamine </Li> <Li> Lophophine </Li> <Li> MBDB </Li> <Li> MDA ( tenamfetamine ) </Li> <Li> MDBU </Li> <Li> MDEA </Li> <Li> MDMA ( midomafetamine ) </Li> <Li> MDMPEA </Li> <Li> MDOH </Li> <Li> MDPR </Li> <Li> MDPEA </Li> <Li> Mefenorex </Li> <Li> Mephedrone </Li> <Li> Mephentermine </Li> <Li> Metanephrine </Li> <Li> Metaraminol </Li> <Li> Mesocarb </Li> <Li> Methamphetamine ( Dextromethamphetamine , Levomethamphetamine ) </Li> <Li> Methoxamine </Li> <Li> Methoxyphenamine </Li> <Li> MMA </Li> <Li> Methcathinone </Li> <Li> Methedrone </Li> <Li> Methoxyphenamine </Li> <Li> Methylenedioxycathinone </Li> <Li> Methylone </Li> <Li> Mexedrone </Li> <Li> MMDA </Li> <Li> MMDMA </Li> <Li> MMMA </Li> <Li> Morforex </Li> <Li> N , alpha - Diethylphenylethylamine </Li> <Li> N - Ethylbuphedrone </Li> <Li> N - Ethylhexedrone </Li> <Li> N , N - Dimethylphenethylamine </Li> <Li> Naphthylamphetamine </Li> <Li> Nisoxetine </Li> <Li> Norepinephrine </Li> <Li> Norfenefrine </Li> <Li> Norfenfluramine </Li> <Li> Normetanephrine </Li> <Li> L - Norpseudoephedrine </Li> <Li> Octopamine ( drug ) </Li> <Li> Orciprenaline </Li> <Li> Ortetamine </Li> <Li> Oxifentorex </Li> <Li> Oxilofrine </Li> <Li> PBA </Li> <Li> PCA </Li> <Li> PCMA </Li> <Li> PHA </Li> <Li> Pentorex </Li> <Li> Pentedrone </Li> <Li> Pentylone </Li> <Li> Phenatine </Li> <Li> Phenpromethamine </Li> <Li> Phentermine </Li> <Li> Phenylalanine </Li> <Li> Phenylephrine </Li> <Li> Phenylpropanolamine </Li> <Li> Pholedrine </Li> <Li> PIA </Li> <Li> PMA </Li> <Li> PMEA </Li> <Li> PMMA </Li> <Li> PPAP </Li> <Li> Phthalimidopropiophenone </Li> <Li> Prenylamine </Li> <Li> Propylamphetamine </Li> <Li> Pseudoephedrine </Li> <Li> Ropinirole </Li> <Li> Salbutamol ( Levosalbutamol ) </Li> <Li> Sibutramine </Li> <Li> Solriamfetol </Li> <Li> Synephrine </Li> <Li> Theodrenaline </Li> <Li> Tiflorex </Li> <Li> Tranylcypromine </Li> <Li> Tyramine </Li> <Li> Tyrosine </Li> <Li> Xylopropamine </Li> <Li> Zylofuramine </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Phenylmorpholines </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 3 - Fluorophenmetrazine </Li> <Li> Fenbutrazate </Li> <Li> Fenmetramide </Li> <Li> G - 130 </Li> <Li> Manifaxine </Li> <Li> Morazone </Li> <Li> Morforex </Li> <Li> Oxaflozane </Li> <Li> PD - 128,907 </Li> <Li> Phendimetrazine </Li> <Li> Phenmetrazine </Li> <Li> 2 - Phenyl - 3 , 6 - dimethylmorpholine </Li> <Li> Pseudophenmetrazine </Li> <Li> Radafaxine </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Piperazines </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 2C - B - BZP </Li> <Li> 3C - PEP </Li> <Li> BZP </Li> <Li> CM156 </Li> <Li> DBL - 583 </Li> <Li> GBR - 12783 </Li> <Li> GBR - 12935 </Li> <Li> GBR - 13069 </Li> <Li> GBR - 13098 </Li> <Li> GBR - 13119 </Li> <Li> MeOPP </Li> <Li> MBZP </Li> <Li> oMPP </Li> <Li> Vanoxerine </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Piperidines </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 1 - Benzyl - 4 - ( 2 - ( diphenylmethoxy ) ethyl ) piperidine </Li> <Li> 2 - Benzylpiperidine </Li> <Li> 2 - Methyl - 3 - phenylpiperidine </Li> <Li> 3 , 4 - Dichloromethylphenidate </Li> <Li> 4 - Benzylpiperidine </Li> <Li> 4 - Fluoromethylphenidate </Li> <Li> 4 - Methylmethylphenidate </Li> <Li> Desoxypipradrol </Li> <Li> Difemetorex </Li> <Li> Diphenylpyraline </Li> <Li> Ethylnaphthidate </Li> <Li> Ethylphenidate </Li> <Li> Methylnaphthidate </Li> <Li> Isopropylphenidate </Li> <Li> Methylphenidate ( Dexmethylphenidate ) </Li> <Li> Nocaine </Li> <Li> Phacetoperane </Li> <Li> Pipradrol </Li> <Li> Propylphenidate </Li> <Li> SCH - 5472 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Pyrrolidines </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 2 - Diphenylmethylpyrrolidine </Li> <Li> 5 - DBFPV </Li> <Li> α - PPP </Li> <Li> α - PBP </Li> <Li> α - PHP </Li> <Li> α - PVP </Li> <Li> α - PVT </Li> <Li> Diphenylprolinol </Li> <Li> DMPVP </Li> <Li> FPOP </Li> <Li> FPVP </Li> <Li> MDPPP </Li> <Li> MDPBP </Li> <Li> MPBP </Li> <Li> MPHP </Li> <Li> MPPP </Li> <Li> MOPVP </Li> <Li> MOPPP </Li> <Li> Indapyrophenidone </Li> <Li> MDPV </Li> <Li> Naphyrone </Li> <Li> PEP </Li> <Li> Picilorex </Li> <Li> Prolintane </Li> <Li> Pyrovalerone </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Racetams </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Oxiracetam </Li> <Li> Phenylpiracetam </Li> <Li> Phenylpiracetam hydrazide </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Tropanes </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 4 - fluorotropacocaine </Li> <Li> 4 ' - Fluorococaine </Li> <Li> Altropane ( IACFT ) </Li> <Li> Brasofensine </Li> <Li> CFT ( WIN 35,428 ) </Li> <Li> β - CIT ( RTI - 55 ) </Li> <Li> Cocaethylene </Li> <Li> Cocaine </Li> <Li> Dichloropane ( RTI - 111 ) </Li> <Li> Difluoropine </Li> <Li> FE - β - CPPIT </Li> <Li> FP - β - CPPIT </Li> <Li> Ioflupane ( I ) </Li> <Li> Norcocaine </Li> <Li> PIT </Li> <Li> PTT </Li> <Li> RTI - 31 </Li> <Li> RTI - 32 </Li> <Li> RTI - 51 </Li> <Li> RTI - 112 </Li> <Li> RTI - 113 </Li> <Li> RTI - 120 </Li> <Li> RTI - 121 ( IPCIT ) </Li> <Li> RTI - 126 </Li> <Li> RTI - 150 </Li> <Li> RTI - 177 </Li> <Li> RTI - 229 </Li> <Li> RTI - 336 </Li> <Li> RTI - 354 </Li> <Li> RTI - 371 </Li> <Li> RTI - 386 </Li> <Li> Salicylmethylecgonine </Li> <Li> Tesofensine </Li> <Li> Troparil ( β - CPT , WIN 35,065 - 2 ) </Li> <Li> Tropoxane </Li> <Li> WF - 23 </Li> <Li> WF - 33 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Tryptamines </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 4 - HO - αMT </Li> <Li> 4 - Methyl - αET </Li> <Li> 4 - Methyl - αMT </Li> <Li> 5 - Chloro - αMT </Li> <Li> 5 - Fluoro - αMT </Li> <Li> 5 - MeO - αET </Li> <Li> 5 - MeO - αMT </Li> <Li> 5 - MeO - DIPT </Li> <Li> 6 - Fluoro - αMT </Li> <Li> 7 - Methyl - αET </Li> <Li> αET </Li> <Li> αMT </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Others </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 2 - MDP </Li> <Li> 3 , 3 - Diphenylcyclobutanamine </Li> <Li> Amfonelic acid </Li> <Li> Amineptine </Li> <Li> Amiphenazole </Li> <Li> Atipamezole </Li> <Li> Atomoxetine </Li> <Li> Bemegride </Li> <Li> Benzydamine </Li> <Li> BTQ </Li> <Li> BTS 74,398 </Li> <Li> Centanafadine </Li> <Li> Ciclazindol </Li> <Li> Clofenciclan </Li> <Li> Cropropamide </Li> <Li> Crotetamide </Li> <Li> D - 161 </Li> <Li> Desipramine </Li> <Li> Diclofensine </Li> <Li> Dimethocaine </Li> <Li> Efaroxan </Li> <Li> Etamivan </Li> <Li> Fenisorex </Li> <Li> Fenpentadiol </Li> <Li> Gamfexine </Li> <Li> Gilutensin </Li> <Li> GSK1360707F </Li> <Li> GYKI - 52895 </Li> <Li> Hexacyclonate </Li> <Li> Idazoxan </Li> <Li> Indanorex </Li> <Li> Indatraline </Li> <Li> JNJ - 7925476 </Li> <Li> Lazabemide </Li> <Li> Leptacline </Li> <Li> Lomevactone </Li> <Li> LR - 5182 </Li> <Li> Mazindol </Li> <Li> Meclofenoxate </Li> <Li> Medifoxamine </Li> <Li> Mefexamide </Li> <Li> Methamnetamine </Li> <Li> Methastyridone </Li> <Li> Methiopropamine </Li> <Li> Naphthylaminopropane </Li> <Li> Nefopam </Li> <Li> Nikethamide </Li> <Li> Nomifensine </Li> <Li> O - 2172 </Li> <Li> Oxaprotiline </Li> <Li> PNU - 99,194 </Li> <Li> PRC200 - SS </Li> <Li> Rasagiline </Li> <Li> Rauwolscine </Li> <Li> Rubidium chloride </Li> <Li> Setazindol </Li> <Li> Tametraline </Li> <Li> Tandamine </Li> <Li> Thiopropamine </Li> <Li> Thiothinone </Li> <Li> Trazium </Li> <Li> UH - 232 </Li> <Li> Yohimbine </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> ATC code : N06B </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Local anesthetics ( primarily sodium channel blockers ) ( N01B ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Esters by acid </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Aminobenzoic </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Benzocaine </Li> <Li> Butacaine </Li> <Li> Butamben </Li> <Li> Chloroprocaine </Li> <Li> Dimethocaine </Li> <Li> Lucaine </Li> <Li> Meprylcaine </Li> <Li> Metabutethamine </Li> <Li> Metabutoxycaine </Li> <Li> Nitracaine </Li> <Li> Orthocaine </Li> <Li> Propoxycaine </Li> <Li> Procaine ( Novocaine ) </Li> <Li> Proxymetacaine </Li> <Li> Risocaine </Li> <Li> Tetracaine </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Benzoic </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Amylocaine </Li> <Li> Cocaine </Li> <Li> Cyclomethycaine </Li> <Li> α - Eucaine </Li> <Li> β - Eucaine </Li> <Li> Hexylcaine </Li> <Li> Isobucaine </Li> <Li> Piperocaine </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> ArCO2 - ( not para-amino or Ph ) </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Amoproxan ( 3 , 4 , 5 - Trimethoxybenzoyl ) </Li> <Li> 3 - ( p - Fluorobenzoyloxy ) tropane </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Amides </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Articaine </Li> <Li> Bupivacaine / Levobupivacaine / Ropivacaine </Li> <Li> Butanilicaine </Li> <Li> Carticaine </Li> <Li> Dibucaine </Li> <Li> Etidocaine </Li> <Li> Lidocaine </Li> <Li> Mepivacaine </Li> <Li> Prilocaine </Li> <Li> Trimecaine </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Combinations </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Lidocaine / prilocaine </Li> <Li> Anesthetic / vasoconstrictor </Li> <Li> TAC </Li> <Li> Iontocaine </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> WHO - EM </Li> <Li> Withdrawn from market </Li> <Li> Clinical trials : <Ul> <Li> Phase III </Li> <Li> Never to phase III </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Ancient anaesthesia </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Plants / animals </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Aconitum ( aconite ) </Li> <Li> Atropa belladonna ( belladonna ) </Li> <Li> Cannabis <Ul> <Li> medical use </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Castoreum </Li> <Li> Coca </Li> <Li> Conium ( hemlock ) </Li> <Li> Datura innoxia ( thorn - apple ) </Li> <Li> Datura metel ( devil 's trumpet ) </Li> <Li> Hyoscyamus niger ( henbane ) </Li> <Li> Lactucarium </Li> <Li> Mandragora officinarum ( mandrake ) </Li> <Li> Opium </Li> <Li> Saussurea ( saw - wort ) </Li> <Li> Willow </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> People </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Abulcasis </Li> <Li> Avenzoar </Li> <Li> Avicenna </Li> <Li> Celsus </Li> <Li> Dioscorides </Li> <Li> Galen </Li> <Li> Hippocrates </Li> <Li> Rhazes </Li> <Li> Sabuncuoğlu </Li> <Li> Sushrutha </Li> <Li> Theophrastus </Li> <Li> Zhang </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Compounds </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Aconitine </Li> <Li> Atropine </Li> <Li> Cocaine </Li> <Li> Coniine </Li> <Li> Hyoscine </Li> <Li> Δ9 - THC </Li> <Li> Hyoscyamine </Li> <Li> Morphine </Li> <Li> Salicylate </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Ion channel modulators </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Calcium </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> VDCCs </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Blockers </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> L - type - selective : Dihydropyridines : Amlodipine </Li> <Li> Aranidipine </Li> <Li> Azelnidipine </Li> <Li> Barnidipine </Li> <Li> Clevidipine </Li> <Li> Cronidipine </Li> <Li> Darodipine </Li> <Li> Dexniguldipine </Li> <Li> Elgodipine </Li> <Li> Elnadipine </Li> <Li> Felodipine </Li> <Li> Flordipine </Li> <Li> Furnidipine </Li> <Li> Iganidipine </Li> <Li> Isradipine </Li> <Li> Lacidipine </Li> <Li> Lemildipine </Li> <Li> Lercanidipine </Li> <Li> Levamlodipine </Li> <Li> Levniguldipine </Li> <Li> Manidipine </Li> <Li> Mepirodipine </Li> <Li> Mesudipine </Li> <Li> Nicardipine </Li> <Li> Nifedipine </Li> <Li> Niguldipine </Li> <Li> Niludipine </Li> <Li> Nilvadipine </Li> <Li> Nimodipine </Li> <Li> Nisoldipine </Li> <Li> Nitrendipine </Li> <Li> Olradipine </Li> <Li> Oxodipine </Li> <Li> Palonidipine </Li> <Li> Pranidipine </Li> <Li> Ryodipine ( riodipine ) </Li> <Li> Sagandipine </Li> <Li> Sornidipine </Li> <Li> Teludipine </Li> <Li> Tiamdipine </Li> <Li> Trombodipine </Li> <Li> Vatanidipine ; Diltiazem derivatives : Clentiazem </Li> <Li> Diltiazem </Li> <Li> Iprotiazem </Li> <Li> Nictiazem </Li> <Li> Siratiazem ; Phenylalkylamines : Anipamil </Li> <Li> Dagapamil </Li> <Li> Devapamil </Li> <Li> Dexverapamil </Li> <Li> Emopamil </Li> <Li> Etripamil </Li> <Li> Falipamil </Li> <Li> Gallopamil </Li> <Li> Levemopamil </Li> <Li> Nexopamil </Li> <Li> Norverapamil </Li> <Li> Ronipamil </Li> <Li> Tiapamil </Li> <Li> Verapamil ; Others : AH - 1058 </Li> <Li> Brinazarone </Li> <Li> Budiodarone </Li> <Li> Celivarone </Li> <Li> Cyproheptadine </Li> <Li> Dronedarone </Li> <Li> Fantofarone </Li> <Li> SR - 33805 </Li> <Li> Tetrahydropalmatine </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> N - type - selective : ω - Conotoxins </Li> <Li> ω - Conotoxin GVIA </Li> <Li> Caroverine </Li> <Li> Huwentoxin XVI </Li> <Li> Leconotide ( ω - conotoxin CVID ) </Li> <Li> PD - 173212 </Li> <Li> Ralfinamide </Li> <Li> Safinamide </Li> <Li> Z160 </Li> <Li> Ziconotide ( ω - conotoxin MVIIA ) </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> P - type - selective : ω - Agatoxin IVA </Li> <Li> ω - Agatoxin IVB </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> R - type - selective : SNX - 482 </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> T - type - selective : ABT - 639 </Li> <Li> ML - 218 </Li> <Li> Niflumic acid </Li> <Li> NNC 55 - 0396 </Li> <Li> ProTx I </Li> <Li> Z944 </Li> <Li> Zonisamide </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Non-selective : ω - Agatoxin TK </Li> <Li> ω - Conotoxin MVIIC </Li> <Li> Benidipine </Li> <Li> Bepridil </Li> <Li> Cilnidipine </Li> <Li> Cinnarizine </Li> <Li> Dotarizine </Li> <Li> Efonidipine </Li> <Li> Flunarizine </Li> <Li> Lamotrigine </Li> <Li> Levetiracetam </Li> <Li> Lomerizine </Li> <Li> Loperamide </Li> <Li> Mibefradil </Li> <Li> NP078585 </Li> <Li> Ruthenium red </Li> <Li> TROX - 1 </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> α δ subunit - selective ( gabapentinoids ) : 4 - Methylpregabalin </Li> <Li> Arbaclofen </Li> <Li> Arbaclofen placarbil </Li> <Li> Atagabalin </Li> <Li> Baclofen </Li> <Li> Gabapentin </Li> <Li> Gabapentin enacarbil </Li> <Li> Imagabalin </Li> <Li> Mirogabalin </Li> <Li> PD - 200,347 </Li> <Li> PD - 217,014 </Li> <Li> PD - 299,685 </Li> <Li> Phenibut </Li> <Li> Pregabalin </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Others / unsorted : Bencyclane </Li> <Li> Berbamine </Li> <Li> Bevantolol </Li> <Li> Canadine </Li> <Li> Carboxyamidotriazole </Li> <Li> Cycleanine </Li> <Li> Dauricine </Li> <Li> Dimeditiapramine </Li> <Li> Diproteverine </Li> <Li> Enpiperate </Li> <Li> Eperisone </Li> <Li> Elpetrigine </Li> <Li> Ethadione </Li> <Li> Ethanol ( alcohol ) </Li> <Li> Ethosuximide </Li> <Li> Fasudil </Li> <Li> Fendiline </Li> <Li> Fostedil </Li> <Li> Imepitoin </Li> <Li> JTV - 519 </Li> <Li> Lidoflazine </Li> <Li> Magnesium </Li> <Li> Manoalide </Li> <Li> Mesuximide </Li> <Li> Monatepil </Li> <Li> Naftopidil </Li> <Li> Ochratoxin A </Li> <Li> Osthol </Li> <Li> Otilonium bromide </Li> <Li> Paramethadione </Li> <Li> Phensuximide </Li> <Li> Pinaverium bromide </Li> <Li> Prenylamine </Li> <Li> Rhynchophylline </Li> <Li> Sesamodil </Li> <Li> Silperisone </Li> <Li> Sipatrigine </Li> <Li> Terodiline </Li> <Li> Tetrandrine </Li> <Li> Tolperisone </Li> <Li> Trimethadione </Li> <Li> Valperinol </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Activators </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> L - type - selective : Bay K8644 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Potassium </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> VGKCs </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Blockers </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 3 , 4 - Diaminopyridine ( amifampridine ) </Li> <Li> 4 - Aminopyridine ( fampridine / dalfampridine ) </Li> <Li> Adekalant </Li> <Li> Almokalant </Li> <Li> Amiodarone </Li> <Li> Azimilide </Li> <Li> Bretylium </Li> <Li> Bunaftine </Li> <Li> Charybdotoxin </Li> <Li> Clamikalant </Li> <Li> Conotoxins </Li> <Li> Dalazatide </Li> <Li> Dendrotoxin </Li> <Li> Dofetilide </Li> <Li> Dronedarone </Li> <Li> E-4031 </Li> <Li> Hanatoxin </Li> <Li> HgeTx1 </Li> <Li> HsTx1 </Li> <Li> Ibutilide </Li> <Li> Inakalant </Li> <Li> Kaliotoxin </Li> <Li> Linopirdine </Li> <Li> Lolitrem B </Li> <Li> Maurotoxin </Li> <Li> Nifekalant </Li> <Li> Notoxin </Li> <Li> Paxilline </Li> <Li> Pinokalant </Li> <Li> Quinidine </Li> <Li> ShK - 186 </Li> <Li> Sotalol </Li> <Li> Tedisamil </Li> <Li> Terikalant </Li> <Li> Tetraethylammonium </Li> <Li> Vernakalant </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> hERG ( KCNH2 , K 11.1 ) - specific : Ajmaline </Li> <Li> Amiodarone </Li> <Li> AmmTX3 </Li> <Li> Astemizole </Li> <Li> Azaspiracid </Li> <Li> AZD1305 </Li> <Li> Azimilide </Li> <Li> Bedaquiline </Li> <Li> BeKm - 1 </Li> <Li> BmTx3 </Li> <Li> BRL - 32872 </Li> <Li> Chlorpromazine </Li> <Li> Cisapride </Li> <Li> Clarithromycin </Li> <Li> Darifenacin </Li> <Li> Dextropropoxyphene </Li> <Li> Diallyl trisulfide </Li> <Li> Domperidone </Li> <Li> E-4031 </Li> <Li> Ergtoxins </Li> <Li> Erythromycin </Li> <Li> Gigactonine </Li> <Li> Haloperidol </Li> <Li> Ketoconazole </Li> <Li> Norpropoxyphene </Li> <Li> Orphenadrine </Li> <Li> Pimozide </Li> <Li> PNU - 282,987 </Li> <Li> Promethazine </Li> <Li> Quinidine </Li> <Li> Ranolazine </Li> <Li> Roxithromycin </Li> <Li> Sertindole </Li> <Li> Solifenacin </Li> <Li> Tamulotoxin </Li> <Li> Terodiline </Li> <Li> Terfenadine </Li> <Li> Thioridazine </Li> <Li> Tolterodine </Li> <Li> Vanoxerine </Li> <Li> Vernakalant </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> KCNQ ( K 7 ) - specific : Linopirdine </Li> <Li> XE - 991 </Li> <Li> Spooky toxin ( SsTx ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Activators </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> KCNQ ( K 7 ) - specific : Flupirtine </Li> <Li> Retigabine </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> IRKs </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Blockers </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> K - specific : Acetohexamide </Li> <Li> Carbutamide </Li> <Li> Chlorpropamide </Li> <Li> Glibenclamide ( glyburide ) </Li> <Li> Glibornuride </Li> <Li> Glicaramide </Li> <Li> Gliclazide </Li> <Li> Glimepiride </Li> <Li> Glipizide </Li> <Li> Gliquidone </Li> <Li> Glisoxepide </Li> <Li> Glyclopyramide </Li> <Li> Glycyclamide </Li> <Li> Metahexamide </Li> <Li> Mitiglinide </Li> <Li> Nateglinide </Li> <Li> Repaglinide </Li> <Li> Tolazamide </Li> <Li> Tolbutamide </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> GIRK - specific : Barium </Li> <Li> Caramiphen </Li> <Li> Cloperastine </Li> <Li> Clozapine </Li> <Li> Dextromethorphan </Li> <Li> Ethosuximide </Li> <Li> Ifenprodil </Li> <Li> Tertiapin </Li> <Li> Tipepidine </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Activators </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> K - specific : Aprikalim </Li> <Li> Bimakalim </Li> <Li> Cromakalim </Li> <Li> Diazoxide </Li> <Li> Emakalim </Li> <Li> Levcromakalim </Li> <Li> Mazokalim </Li> <Li> Minoxidil </Li> <Li> Naminidil </Li> <Li> Nicorandil </Li> <Li> Pinacidil </Li> <Li> Rilmakalim </Li> <Li> Sarakalim </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> GIRK - specific : ML - 297 ( VU0456810 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Blockers </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> BK - specific : Ethanol ( alcohol ) </Li> <Li> GAL - 021 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Activators </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> BK - specific : Flufenamic acid </Li> <Li> Meclofenamic acid </Li> <Li> Niflumic acid </Li> <Li> Nimesulide </Li> <Li> Rottlerin ( mallotoxin ) </Li> <Li> Tolfenamic acid </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> K2Ps </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Blockers </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 12 - O - Tetradecanoylphorbol - 13 - acetate </Li> <Li> Arachidonic acid </Li> <Li> Fluoxetine </Li> <Li> Norfluoxetine </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Activators </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Riluzole </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Sodium </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> VGSCs </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Blockers </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Antianginals : Ranolazine </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Antiarrhythmics ( class I ) : Ajmaline </Li> <Li> Aprindine </Li> <Li> Disopyramide </Li> <Li> Dronedarone </Li> <Li> Encainide </Li> <Li> Flecainide </Li> <Li> Lidocaine </Li> <Li> Lorajmine </Li> <Li> Lorcainide </Li> <Li> Mexiletine </Li> <Li> Moricizine </Li> <Li> Pilsicainide </Li> <Li> Prajmaline </Li> <Li> Procainamide </Li> <Li> Propafenone </Li> <Li> Quinidine </Li> <Li> Sparteine </Li> <Li> Tocainide </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Anticonvulsants : Acetylpheneturide </Li> <Li> Carbamazepine </Li> <Li> Cenobamate </Li> <Li> Chlorphenacemide </Li> <Li> Elpetrigine </Li> <Li> Eslicarbazepine acetate </Li> <Li> Ethotoin </Li> <Li> Fosphenytoin </Li> <Li> Lacosamide </Li> <Li> Licarbazepine </Li> <Li> Mephenytoin </Li> <Li> Oxcarbazepine </Li> <Li> Oxitriptyline </Li> <Li> Phenacemide </Li> <Li> Pheneturide </Li> <Li> Phenytoin </Li> <Li> Rufinamide </Li> <Li> Sipatrigine </Li> <Li> Topiramate </Li> <Li> Sodium valproate </Li> <Li> Valnoctamide </Li> <Li> Valproate pivoxil </Li> <Li> Valproate semisodium </Li> <Li> Valproic acid </Li> <Li> Valpromide </Li> <Li> Zonisamide </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Local anesthetics : pFBT </Li> <Li> Amylocaine </Li> <Li> Articaine </Li> <Li> Benzocaine </Li> <Li> Bupivacaine ( Levobupivacaine , Ropivacaine ) </Li> <Li> Butacaine </Li> <Li> Butamben </Li> <Li> Chloroprocaine </Li> <Li> Cinchocaine </Li> <Li> Cocaine </Li> <Li> Cyclomethycaine </Li> <Li> Dimethocaine </Li> <Li> Diphenhydramine </Li> <Li> Etidocaine </Li> <Li> Hexylcaine </Li> <Li> Iontocaine </Li> <Li> Lidocaine </Li> <Li> Mepivacaine </Li> <Li> Meprylcaine </Li> <Li> Metabutoxycaine </Li> <Li> Orthocaine </Li> <Li> Piperocaine </Li> <Li> Prilocaine </Li> <Li> Procaine </Li> <Li> Propoxycaine </Li> <Li> Proxymetacaine </Li> <Li> Risocaine </Li> <Li> Tetracaine </Li> <Li> Trimecaine </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Analgesics : AZD - 3161 </Li> <Li> DSP - 2230 </Li> <Li> Funapide </Li> <Li> GDC - 0276 </Li> <Li> NKTR - 171 </Li> <Li> PF - 04531083 </Li> <Li> PF - 05089771 </Li> <Li> Ralfinamide </Li> <Li> Raxatrigine </Li> <Li> RG7893 ( GDC - 0287 ) </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Toxins : Conotoxins </Li> <Li> Neosaxitoxin </Li> <Li> Saxitoxin </Li> <Li> Tetrodotoxin </Li> <Li> Zetekitoxin AB </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Others : Buprenorphine </Li> <Li> Evenamide </Li> <Li> Menthol ( mint ) </Li> <Li> Safinamide </Li> <Li> Tricyclic antidepressants </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Activators </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Aconitine </Li> <Li> Atracotoxins ( Robustoxin , Versutoxin ) </Li> <Li> Batrachotoxin </Li> <Li> Ciguatoxins </Li> <Li> Grayanotoxins </Li> <Li> Poneratoxin </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> ENaC </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Blockers </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Amiloride </Li> <Li> Benzamil </Li> <Li> Triamterene </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Activators </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Solnatide </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> ASICs </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Blockers </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> A-317567 </Li> <Li> Amiloride </Li> <Li> Aspirin </Li> <Li> Ibuprofen </Li> <Li> PcTX1 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Chloride </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> CaCCs </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Blockers </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Crofelemer </Li> <Li> DIDS </Li> <Li> Ethacrynic acid </Li> <Li> Flufenamic acid </Li> <Li> Fluoxetine </Li> <Li> Furosemide </Li> <Li> Glibenclamide </Li> <Li> Mefloquine </Li> <Li> Mibefradil </Li> <Li> Niflumic acid </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Activators </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Carbachol </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> CFTR </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Blockers </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Glibenclamide </Li> <Li> Lonidamine </Li> <Li> Piretanide </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Activators </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 1 , 7 - Phenanthroline </Li> <Li> 1 , 10 - Phenanthroline </Li> <Li> 4 , 7 - Phenanthroline </Li> <Li> 7 , 8 - Benzoquinoline </Li> <Li> Ivacaftor </Li> <Li> Phenanthridine </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Unsorted </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Blockers </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Bumetanide </Li> <Li> Flufenamic acid </Li> <Li> Meclofenamic acid </Li> <Li> Mefenamic acid </Li> <Li> Mepacrine </Li> <Li> Niflumic acid </Li> <Li> Talniflumate </Li> <Li> Tolfenamic acid </Li> <Li> Trifluoperazine </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Others </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> TRPs </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> See here instead . </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> See also : Receptor / signaling modulators Transient receptor potential channel modulators </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Monoamine reuptake inhibitors </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> DAT ( DRIs ) </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Piperazines : DBL - 583 </Li> <Li> GBR - 12783 </Li> <Li> GBR - 12935 </Li> <Li> GBR - 13069 </Li> <Li> GBR - 13098 </Li> <Li> Nefazodone </Li> <Li> Vanoxerine </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Piperidines : 4 - Fluoropethidine </Li> <Li> Benocyclidine ( BTCP ) </Li> <Li> Desoxypipradrol </Li> <Li> Dexmethylphenidate </Li> <Li> Difemetorex </Li> <Li> Ethylphenidate </Li> <Li> HDMP - 28 </Li> <Li> Methylphenidate </Li> <Li> Pethidine ( meperidine ) </Li> <Li> Phencyclidine </Li> <Li> Pipradrol </Li> <Li> Tenocyclidine </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Pyrrolidines : Diphenylprolinol </Li> <Li> MDPV </Li> <Li> Naphyrone </Li> <Li> Prolintane </Li> <Li> Pyrovalerone </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Tropanes : Altropane </Li> <Li> Benzatropine ( benztropine ) </Li> <Li> Brasofensine </Li> <Li> CFT </Li> <Li> Cocaine </Li> <Li> Dichloropane </Li> <Li> Difluoropine </Li> <Li> Etybenzatropine ( ethybenztropine ) </Li> <Li> FE - β - CPPIT </Li> <Li> FP - β - CPPIT </Li> <Li> Ioflupane ( I ) </Li> <Li> RTI - 55 </Li> <Li> RTI - 112 </Li> <Li> RTI - 113 </Li> <Li> RTI - 121 </Li> <Li> RTI - 126 </Li> <Li> RTI - 150 </Li> <Li> RTI - 177 </Li> <Li> RTI - 229 </Li> <Li> RTI - 336 </Li> <Li> Tesofensine </Li> <Li> Troparil </Li> <Li> Tropoxane </Li> <Li> WF - 11 </Li> <Li> WF - 23 </Li> <Li> WF - 31 </Li> <Li> WF - 33 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Others : Adrafinil </Li> <Li> Amifitadine </Li> <Li> Armodafinil </Li> <Li> Amfonelic acid </Li> <Li> Amineptine </Li> <Li> Ansofaxine </Li> <Li> BTQ </Li> <Li> BTS 74,398 </Li> <Li> Bupropion </Li> <Li> Chaenomeles speciosa </Li> <Li> Ciclazindol </Li> <Li> Dasotraline </Li> <Li> Desmethylsertraline </Li> <Li> Desmethylsibutramine </Li> <Li> Diclofensine </Li> <Li> Didesmethylsibutramine </Li> <Li> Dimethocaine </Li> <Li> Diphenylpyraline </Li> <Li> Dizocilpine ( MK - 801 ) </Li> <Li> DOV - 102,677 </Li> <Li> DOV - 216,303 </Li> <Li> Efavirenz </Li> <Li> Ephenidine </Li> <Li> Esketamine </Li> <Li> EXP - 561 </Li> <Li> Fencamfamin </Li> <Li> Fezolamine </Li> <Li> Fluorenol </Li> <Li> GYKI - 52895 </Li> <Li> Indatraline </Li> <Li> Ketamine </Li> <Li> Lefetamine </Li> <Li> Levophacetoperane </Li> <Li> Liafensine </Li> <Li> LR - 5182 </Li> <Li> Manifaxine </Li> <Li> Mazindol </Li> <Li> Medifoxamine </Li> <Li> Mesocarb </Li> <Li> Metaphit </Li> <Li> MIN - 117 ( WF - 516 ) </Li> <Li> Modafinil </Li> <Li> Nefopam </Li> <Li> Nomifensine </Li> <Li> NS - 2359 </Li> <Li> O - 2172 </Li> <Li> Oroxylin A </Li> <Li> Perafensine </Li> <Li> Pridefine </Li> <Li> Radafaxine </Li> <Li> Rimcazole </Li> <Li> Sertraline </Li> <Li> Sibutramine </Li> <Li> Solriamfetol </Li> <Li> Tametraline </Li> <Li> Tedatioxetine </Li> <Li> Tripelennamine </Li> <Li> Venlafaxine </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> NET ( NRIs ) </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Selective norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors : Amedalin </Li> <Li> Alseroxylon </Li> <Li> Ciclazindol </Li> <Li> Daledalin </Li> <Li> Edivoxetine </Li> <Li> Esreboxetine </Li> <Li> Lortalamine </Li> <Li> Mazindol </Li> <Li> Nisoxetine </Li> <Li> Reboxetine </Li> <Li> Talopram </Li> <Li> Talsupram </Li> <Li> Tandamine </Li> <Li> Teniloxazine </Li> <Li> Viloxazine </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Norepinephrine -- dopamine reuptake inhibitors : Amineptine </Li> <Li> Bupropion </Li> <Li> Fencamine </Li> <Li> Fencamfamin </Li> <Li> Hydroxybupropion </Li> <Li> Lefetamine </Li> <Li> Levophacetoperane </Li> <Li> LR - 5182 </Li> <Li> Manifaxine </Li> <Li> Methylphenidate </Li> <Li> Nomifensine </Li> <Li> O - 2172 </Li> <Li> Radafaxine </Li> <Li> Solriamfetol </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Serotonin -- norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors : Atomoxetine ( tomoxetine ) </Li> <Li> BTS - 54505 </Li> <Li> CP - 39,332 </Li> <Li> Desvenlafaxine </Li> <Li> Duloxetine </Li> <Li> Eclanamine </Li> <Li> Levomilnacipran </Li> <Li> McN - 5652 </Li> <Li> Milnacipran </Li> <Li> N - Methyl - PPPA </Li> <Li> Nafenodone </Li> <Li> PPPA </Li> <Li> Tofenacin </Li> <Li> Venlafaxine </Li> <Li> WY - 45233 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Serotonin -- norepinephrine -- dopamine reuptake inhibitors : 3 , 3 - Diphenylcyclobutanamine </Li> <Li> Amifitadine </Li> <Li> Ansofaxine </Li> <Li> Bicifadine </Li> <Li> Brasofensine </Li> <Li> Centanafadine </Li> <Li> Cocaine </Li> <Li> Dasotraline </Li> <Li> Desmethylsertraline </Li> <Li> Desmethylsibutramine </Li> <Li> Diclofensine </Li> <Li> Didesmethylsibutramine </Li> <Li> DOV - 102677 </Li> <Li> DOV - 216303 </Li> <Li> EXP - 561 </Li> <Li> Fezolamine </Li> <Li> HDMP - 28 </Li> <Li> Indatraline </Li> <Li> JNJ - 7925476 </Li> <Li> JZ - IV - 10 </Li> <Li> Liafensine </Li> <Li> Mazindol </Li> <Li> Naphyrone </Li> <Li> Nefazodone </Li> <Li> Nefopam </Li> <Li> NS - 2359 </Li> <Li> Perafensine </Li> <Li> PRC200 </Li> <Li> Pridefine </Li> <Li> SEP - 228431 </Li> <Li> SEP - 228432 </Li> <Li> Sibutramine </Li> <Li> Tedatioxetine </Li> <Li> Tesofensine </Li> <Li> Tropanes ( e.g. , cocaine ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Tricyclic antidepressants : Amitriptyline </Li> <Li> Butriptyline </Li> <Li> Cianopramine </Li> <Li> Clomipramine </Li> <Li> Desipramine </Li> <Li> Dosulepin ( dothiepin ) </Li> <Li> Doxepin </Li> <Li> Imipramine </Li> <Li> Lofepramine </Li> <Li> Melitracen </Li> <Li> Nortriptyline </Li> <Li> Protriptyline </Li> <Li> Trimipramine </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Tetracyclic antidepressants : Amoxapine </Li> <Li> Maprotiline </Li> <Li> Mianserin </Li> <Li> Oxaprotiline </Li> <Li> Setiptiline </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Others : Antihistamines ( e.g. , brompheniramine , chlorphenamine , pheniramine , tripelennamine ) </Li> <Li> Antipsychotics ( e.g. , loxapine , ziprasidone ) </Li> <Li> Arylcyclohexylamines ( e.g. , ketamine , phencyclidine ) </Li> <Li> Dopexamine </Li> <Li> Ephenidine </Li> <Li> Ginkgo biloba </Li> <Li> Indeloxazine </Li> <Li> Nefazodone </Li> <Li> Opioids ( e.g. , desmetramadol , methadone , pethidine ( meperidine ) , tapentadol , tramadol , levorphanol ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> SERT ( SRIs ) </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors : Alaproclate </Li> <Li> Centpropazine </Li> <Li> Cericlamine </Li> <Li> Citalopram </Li> <Li> Dapoxetine </Li> <Li> Desmethylcitalopram </Li> <Li> Didesmethylcitalopram </Li> <Li> Escitalopram </Li> <Li> Femoxetine </Li> <Li> Fluoxetine </Li> <Li> Fluvoxamine </Li> <Li> Indalpine </Li> <Li> Ifoxetine </Li> <Li> Norfluoxetine </Li> <Li> Omiloxetine </Li> <Li> Panuramine </Li> <Li> Paroxetine </Li> <Li> PIM - 35 </Li> <Li> Pirandamine </Li> <Li> RTI - 353 </Li> <Li> Seproxetine </Li> <Li> Sertraline </Li> <Li> Zimelidine </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and serotonin receptor modulators : Etoperidone </Li> <Li> Litoxetine </Li> <Li> Lubazodone </Li> <Li> LY - 393558 </Li> <Li> SB - 649915 </Li> <Li> TGBA01AD </Li> <Li> Trazodone </Li> <Li> Vilazodone </Li> <Li> Vortioxetine </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Serotonin -- norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors : Atomoxetine ( tomoxetine ) </Li> <Li> Bicifadine </Li> <Li> BTS - 54505 </Li> <Li> CP - 39332 </Li> <Li> Desvenlafaxine </Li> <Li> Duloxetine </Li> <Li> Eclanamine </Li> <Li> Levomilnacipran </Li> <Li> McN - 5652 </Li> <Li> Milnacipran </Li> <Li> N - Methyl - PPPA </Li> <Li> PPPA </Li> <Li> Tofenacin </Li> <Li> Venlafaxine </Li> <Li> WY - 45233 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Serotonin -- norepinephrine -- dopamine reuptake inhibitors : 3 , 3 - Diphenylcyclobutanamine </Li> <Li> Amifitadine </Li> <Li> Ansofaxine </Li> <Li> Bicifadine </Li> <Li> Brasofensine </Li> <Li> Centanafadine </Li> <Li> Cocaine </Li> <Li> Dasotraline </Li> <Li> Desmethylsertraline </Li> <Li> Desmethylsibutramine </Li> <Li> Diclofensine </Li> <Li> Didesmethylsibutramine </Li> <Li> DOV - 102677 </Li> <Li> DOV - 216303 </Li> <Li> EXP - 561 </Li> <Li> Fezolamine </Li> <Li> HDMP - 28 </Li> <Li> Indatraline </Li> <Li> JNJ - 7925476 </Li> <Li> JZ - IV - 10 </Li> <Li> Liafensine </Li> <Li> Mazindol </Li> <Li> Naphyrone </Li> <Li> Nefazodone </Li> <Li> Nefopam </Li> <Li> NS - 2359 </Li> <Li> Perafensine </Li> <Li> PRC200 </Li> <Li> Pridefine </Li> <Li> SEP - 228431 </Li> <Li> SEP - 228432 </Li> <Li> Sibutramine </Li> <Li> Tedatioxetine </Li> <Li> Tesofensine </Li> <Li> Tropanes ( e.g. , cocaine ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Tricyclic antidepressants : Amitriptyline </Li> <Li> Cianopramine </Li> <Li> Clomipramine </Li> <Li> Cyanodothiepin </Li> <Li> Desipramine </Li> <Li> Dosulepin ( dothiepin ) </Li> <Li> Doxepin </Li> <Li> Imipramine </Li> <Li> Lofepramine </Li> <Li> Nortriptyline </Li> <Li> Pipofezine </Li> <Li> Protriptyline </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Others : A-80426 </Li> <Li> Amoxapine </Li> <Li> Antihistamines ( e.g. , brompheniramine , chlorphenamine , dimenhydrinate , diphenhydramine , mepyramine ( pyrilamine ) , pheniramine , tripelennamine ) </Li> <Li> Antipsychotics ( e.g. , loxapine , ziprasidone ) </Li> <Li> Arylcyclohexylamines ( e.g. , 3 - MeO - PCP , esketamine , ketamine , methoxetamine , phencyclidine ) </Li> <Li> Cyclobenzaprine </Li> <Li> Delucemine </Li> <Li> Dextromethorphan </Li> <Li> Dextrorphan </Li> <Li> Efavirenz </Li> <Li> Medifoxamine </Li> <Li> Mesembrine </Li> <Li> Mifepristone </Li> <Li> MIN - 117 ( WF - 516 ) </Li> <Li> N - Me - 5 - HT </Li> <Li> Opioids ( e.g. , dextropropoxyphene , methadone , pethidine ( meperidine ) , levorphanol , tapentadol , tramadol ) </Li> <Li> Roxindole </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> VMATs </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Amiodarone </Li> <Li> Amphetamines ( e.g. , amphetamine , methamphetamine , MDMA ) </Li> <Li> APP </Li> <Li> AZIK </Li> <Li> Bietaserpine </Li> <Li> Deserpidine </Li> <Li> Deutetrabenazine </Li> <Li> Dihydrotetrabenazine </Li> <Li> Efavirenz </Li> <Li> GBR - 12935 </Li> <Li> GZ - 793A </Li> <Li> Ibogaine </Li> <Li> Ketanserin </Li> <Li> Lobeline </Li> <Li> Methoxytetrabenazine </Li> <Li> Reserpine </Li> <Li> Rose bengal </Li> <Li> Tetrabenazine </Li> <Li> Valbenazine </Li> <Li> Vanoxerine ( GBR - 12909 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Others </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> DAT enhancers : Luteolin </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> DAT modulators : Agonist - like : SoRI - 9804 </Li> <Li> SoRI - 20040 ; Antagonist - like : SoRI - 20041 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> See also : Receptor / signaling modulators Monoamine releasing agents Adrenergics Dopaminergics Serotonergics Monoamine metabolism modulators Monoamine neurotoxins </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Sigma receptor modulators </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> σ </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Agonists : 3 - PPP </Li> <Li> 4 - PPBP </Li> <Li> 5 - MeO - DMT </Li> <Li> Alazocine ( SKF - 10047 ) </Li> <Li> Amantadine </Li> <Li> ANAVEX2 - 73 </Li> <Li> Arketamine </Li> <Li> BD - 737 </Li> <Li> BD - 1052 </Li> <Li> Captodiame </Li> <Li> Citalopram </Li> <Li> CGRP </Li> <Li> Cloperastine </Li> <Li> Cocaine </Li> <Li> Cutamesine ( SA - 4503 ) </Li> <Li> Cyclazocine </Li> <Li> Dehydroepiandrosterone ( DHEA ) ( prasterone ) </Li> <Li> Dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate ( DHEA - S ) ( prasterone sulfate ) </Li> <Li> Dextrallorphan </Li> <Li> Dextromethorphan ( DXM ) </Li> <Li> Dextrorphan ( DXO ) </Li> <Li> Dimemorfan </Li> <Li> Dimethyltryptamine ( DMT ) </Li> <Li> Ditolylguanidine ( DTG ) </Li> <Li> Donepezil </Li> <Li> Eliprodil </Li> <Li> Escitalopram </Li> <Li> Fabomotizole ( afobazole ) </Li> <Li> Fluoxetine </Li> <Li> Fluvoxamine </Li> <Li> Ifenprodil </Li> <Li> Igmesine ( JO - 1784 ) </Li> <Li> IPAB </Li> <Li> Ketamine </Li> <Li> L - 687384 </Li> <Li> MDMA ( midomafetamine ) </Li> <Li> Memantine </Li> <Li> Methamphetamine </Li> <Li> Methoxetamine </Li> <Li> Methylphenidate </Li> <Li> Nepinalone </Li> <Li> Neuropeptide Y </Li> <Li> Noscapine </Li> <Li> OPC - 14523 </Li> <Li> Opipramol </Li> <Li> Pentazocine </Li> <Li> Pentoxyverine ( carbetapentane ) </Li> <Li> PRE-084 </Li> <Li> Pregnenolone </Li> <Li> Pregnenolone sulfate </Li> <Li> Pridopidine </Li> <Li> Racemethorphan ( methorphan ) </Li> <Li> Racemorphan ( morphanol ) </Li> <Li> UMB - 23 </Li> <Li> UMB - 82 </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Antagonists : 3 - PPP </Li> <Li> AC - 927 </Li> <Li> BD - 1008 </Li> <Li> BD - 1031 </Li> <Li> BD - 1047 </Li> <Li> BD - 1060 </Li> <Li> BD - 1063 </Li> <Li> BD - 1067 </Li> <Li> BMY - 14802 ( BMS - 181100 ) </Li> <Li> CM - 156 </Li> <Li> Dup - 734 </Li> <Li> E-5842 </Li> <Li> E-52862 ( S1RA ) </Li> <Li> Haloperidol </Li> <Li> LR - 132 </Li> <Li> LR - 172 </Li> <Li> MS - 377 </Li> <Li> NE - 100 </Li> <Li> NPC - 16377 </Li> <Li> Panamesine ( EMD - 57455 ) </Li> <Li> PD - 144418 </Li> <Li> Pentazocine </Li> <Li> Progesterone </Li> <Li> Rimcazole ( BW - 234U ) </Li> <Li> Sertraline </Li> <Li> SR - 31742A </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Allosteric modulators : Phenytoin ; Positive : Methylphenylpiracetam </Li> <Li> SOMCL - 668 </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Unknown / unsorted : 3 - Methoxydextrallorphan </Li> <Li> 3 - MeO - PCP </Li> <Li> 4C - T - 2 </Li> <Li> 4 - IBP </Li> <Li> 4 - IPBS </Li> <Li> 4 - MeO - PCP </Li> <Li> 5 - MeO - DALT </Li> <Li> 5 - MeO - DiPT </Li> <Li> Amitriptyline </Li> <Li> Azidopamil </Li> <Li> Chlorpromazine </Li> <Li> Clemastine </Li> <Li> Clomipramine </Li> <Li> Clorgiline </Li> <Li> D - Deprenyl </Li> <Li> DiPT </Li> <Li> DPT </Li> <Li> Ibogaine </Li> <Li> Imipramine </Li> <Li> KCR - 12 - 83.1 </Li> <Li> Nemonapride </Li> <Li> Noribogaine </Li> <Li> RHL - 033 </Li> <Li> RS - 67,333 </Li> <Li> RTI - 55 </Li> <Li> Saffron </Li> <Li> Safinamide </Li> <Li> Selegiline </Li> <Li> Spipethiane </Li> <Li> Trifluoperazine </Li> <Li> W - 18 </Li> <Li> YKP10A </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> σ </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Agonists : 3 - PPP </Li> <Li> Arketamine </Li> <Li> BD - 1047 </Li> <Li> BD1063 </Li> <Li> Ditolylguanidine ( DTG ) </Li> <Li> DKR - 1005 </Li> <Li> DKR - 1051 </Li> <Li> Haloperidol </Li> <Li> Ifenprodil </Li> <Li> Ketamine </Li> <Li> MDMA ( midomafetamine ) </Li> <Li> Methamphetamine </Li> <Li> OPC - 14523 </Li> <Li> Opipramol </Li> <Li> PB - 28 </Li> <Li> Phencyclidine </Li> <Li> Siramesine ( Lu 28 - 179 ) </Li> <Li> UKH - 1114 </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Antagonists : AC - 927 </Li> <Li> BD - 1008 </Li> <Li> BD - 1067 </Li> <Li> CM - 156 </Li> <Li> CT - 1812 </Li> <Li> LR - 172 </Li> <Li> MIN - 101 </Li> <Li> Panamesine ( EMD - 57455 ) </Li> <Li> SAS - 0132 </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Unknown / unsorted : 3 - Methoxydextrallorphan </Li> <Li> 3 - MeO - PCE </Li> <Li> 4 - MeO - PCP </Li> <Li> 5 - MeO - DALT </Li> <Li> 5 - MeO - DiPT </Li> <Li> Clemastine </Li> <Li> DiPT </Li> <Li> DPT </Li> <Li> Ibogaine </Li> <Li> Nemonapride </Li> <Li> Nepinalone </Li> <Li> Noribogaine </Li> <Li> Pentazocine </Li> <Li> RS - 67,333 </Li> <Li> Safinamide </Li> <Li> TMA </Li> <Li> UMB - 23 </Li> <Li> UMB - 82 </Li> <Li> W - 18 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Unsorted </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Agonists : Berberine </Li> <Li> Ethylketazocine </Li> <Li> Fourphit </Li> <Li> Metaphit </Li> <Li> Naluzotan </Li> <Li> Tapentadol </Li> <Li> Tenocyclidine </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Antagonists : AHD1 </Li> <Li> AZ66 </Li> <Li> Lamotrigine </Li> <Li> Naloxone </Li> <Li> SM - 21 </Li> <Li> UMB - 100 </Li> <Li> UMB - 101 </Li> <Li> UMB - 103 </Li> <Li> UMB - 116 </Li> <Li> YZ - 011 </Li> <Li> YZ - 069 </Li> <Li> YZ - 185 </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Allosteric modulators : SKF - 83959 </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Unknown / unsorted : 18 - Methoxycoronaridine </Li> <Li> BMY - 13980 </Li> <Li> Butaclamol </Li> <Li> Caramiphen </Li> <Li> Carvotroline </Li> <Li> Chlorphenamine ( chlorpheniramine ) </Li> <Li> Chlorpromazine </Li> <Li> Cinnarizine </Li> <Li> Cinuperone </Li> <Li> Clocapramine </Li> <Li> Dezocine </Li> <Li> EMD - 59983 </Li> <Li> Hypericin ( St. John 's wort ) </Li> <Li> Fluphenazine </Li> <Li> Gevotroline ( WY - 47384 ) </Li> <Li> Mepyramine ( pyrilamine ) </Li> <Li> Molindone </Li> <Li> Perphenazine </Li> <Li> Pimozide </Li> <Li> Proadifen </Li> <Li> Promethazine </Li> <Li> Propranolol </Li> <Li> Quinidine </Li> <Li> Remoxipride </Li> <Li> SL 82.0715 </Li> <Li> SR - 31747A </Li> <Li> Tiospirone ( BMY - 13859 ) </Li> <Li> Venlafaxine </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> See also : Receptor / signaling modulators </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> GND : 4128249 - 8 </Li> <Li> NARA : 10638032 </Li> <Li> NDL : 00575600 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cocaine&oldid=855701659 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> Cocaine </Li> <Li> Tropane alkaloids found in Erythroxylum coca </Li> <Li> Alkaloids found in Erythroxylum </Li> <Li> Anorectics </Li> <Li> Benzoates </Li> <Li> Cardiac stimulants </Li> <Li> Euphoriants </Li> <Li> Local anesthetics </Li> <Li> Otologicals </Li> <Li> Serotonin - norepinephrine - dopamine reuptake inhibitors </Li> <Li> Sigma agonists </Li> <Li> Stimulants </Li> <Li> Sympathomimetic amines </Li> <Li> Teratogens </Li> <Li> Vasoconstrictors </Li> <Li> German inventions </Li> <Li> Carboxylate esters </Li> <Li> Methyl esters </Li> <Li> Glycine receptor agonists </Li> 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] | https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Cocaine&oldid=855701659 | -4,558,900,068,372,338,000 |
Nevada gubernatorial election , 2018 - wikipedia <H1> Nevada gubernatorial election , 2018 </H1> <P> </P> <Table> Nevada gubernatorial election , 2018 <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Td> ← 2014 </Td> <Td> November 6 , 2018 </Td> <Td> 2022 → </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <P> </P> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Nominee </Th> <Td> Adam Laxalt </Td> <Td> Steve Sisolak </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Party </Th> <Td> Republican </Td> <Td> Democratic </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Td> Incumbent Governor <P> Brian Sandoval Republican </P> </Td> <Td> <P> </P> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Elections in Nevada </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Federal government ( show ) <Table> <Tr> <Th> Presidential elections </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 1864 </Li> <Li> 1868 </Li> <Li> 1872 </Li> <Li> 1876 </Li> <Li> 1880 </Li> <Li> 1884 </Li> <Li> 1888 </Li> <Li> 1892 </Li> <Li> 1896 </Li> <Li> 1900 </Li> <Li> 1904 </Li> <Li> 1908 </Li> <Li> 1912 </Li> <Li> 1916 </Li> <Li> 1920 </Li> <Li> 1924 </Li> <Li> 1928 </Li> <Li> 1932 </Li> <Li> 1936 </Li> <Li> 1940 </Li> <Li> 1944 </Li> <Li> 1948 </Li> <Li> 1952 </Li> <Li> 1956 </Li> <Li> 1960 </Li> <Li> 1964 </Li> <Li> 1968 </Li> <Li> 1972 </Li> <Li> 1976 </Li> <Li> 1980 </Li> <Li> 1984 </Li> <Li> 1988 </Li> <Li> 1992 </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> 2000 </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> 2008 </Li> <Li> 2012 </Li> <Li> 2016 </Li> <Li> 2020 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Presidential caucuses </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Democratic <Ul> <Li> 1912 </Li> <Li> 1916 </Li> <Li> 1920 </Li> <Li> 1924 </Li> <Li> 1928 </Li> <Li> 1932 </Li> <Li> 1936 </Li> <Li> 1940 </Li> <Li> 1944 </Li> <Li> 1948 </Li> <Li> 1952 </Li> <Li> 1956 </Li> <Li> 1960 </Li> <Li> 1964 </Li> <Li> 1968 </Li> <Li> 1972 </Li> <Li> 1976 </Li> <Li> 1980 </Li> <Li> 1984 </Li> <Li> 1988 </Li> <Li> 1992 </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> 2000 </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> 2008 </Li> <Li> 2012 </Li> <Li> 2016 </Li> <Li> 2020 </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Republican <Ul> <Li> 1912 </Li> <Li> 1916 </Li> <Li> 1920 </Li> <Li> 1924 </Li> <Li> 1928 </Li> <Li> 1932 </Li> <Li> 1936 </Li> <Li> 1940 </Li> <Li> 1944 </Li> <Li> 1948 </Li> <Li> 1952 </Li> <Li> 1956 </Li> <Li> 1960 </Li> <Li> 1964 </Li> <Li> 1968 </Li> <Li> 1972 </Li> <Li> 1976 </Li> <Li> 1980 </Li> <Li> 1984 </Li> <Li> 1988 </Li> <Li> 1992 </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> 2000 </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> 2008 </Li> <Li> 2012 </Li> <Li> 2016 </Li> <Li> 2020 </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> U.S. Senate elections </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 1866 and 1867 </Li> <Li> 1868 and 1869 </Li> <Li> 1872 and 1873 </Li> <Li> 1874 and 1875 </Li> <Li> 1878 and 1879 </Li> <Li> 1880 and 1881 </Li> <Li> 1884 and 1885 </Li> <Li> 1886 and 1887 </Li> <Li> 1890 and 1891 </Li> <Li> 1892 and 1893 </Li> <Li> 1896 and 1897 </Li> <Li> 1898 and 1899 </Li> <Li> 1902 and 1903 </Li> <Li> 1904 and 1905 </Li> <Li> 1908 and 1909 </Li> <Li> 1910 and 1911 </Li> <Li> 1914 and 1915 </Li> <Li> 1916 and 1917 </Li> <Li> 1918 </Li> <Li> 1920 and 1921 </Li> <Li> 1922 and 1923 </Li> <Li> 1926 </Li> <Li> 1928 </Li> <Li> 1932 and 1933 </Li> <Li> 1934 </Li> <Li> 1938 </Li> <Li> 1940 </Li> <Li> 1942 </Li> <Li> 1944 </Li> <Li> 1946 </Li> <Li> 1950 </Li> <Li> 1952 </Li> <Li> 1954 </Li> <Li> 1956 </Li> <Li> 1958 </Li> <Li> 1962 </Li> <Li> 1964 </Li> <Li> 1968 </Li> <Li> 1970 </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> 1976 </Li> <Li> 1980 </Li> <Li> 1982 </Li> <Li> 1986 </Li> <Li> 1988 </Li> <Li> 1992 </Li> <Li> 1994 </Li> <Li> 1998 </Li> <Li> 2000 </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> 2006 </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> 2012 </Li> <Li> 2016 </Li> <Li> 2018 </Li> <Li> 2022 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> U.S. House elections </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 1864 </Li> <Li> 1865 </Li> <Li> 1866 </Li> <Li> 1868 </Li> <Li> 1870 </Li> <Li> 1872 </Li> <Li> 1874 </Li> <Li> 1876 </Li> <Li> 1878 </Li> <Li> 1880 </Li> <Li> 1882 </Li> <Li> 1884 </Li> <Li> 1886 </Li> <Li> 1888 </Li> <Li> 1890 </Li> <Li> 1892 </Li> <Li> 1894 </Li> <Li> 1896 </Li> <Li> 1898 </Li> <Li> 1900 </Li> <Li> 1902 </Li> <Li> 1904 </Li> <Li> 1906 </Li> <Li> 1908 </Li> <Li> 1910 </Li> <Li> 1912 </Li> <Li> 1914 </Li> <Li> 1916 </Li> <Li> 1918 </Li> <Li> 1920 </Li> <Li> 1922 </Li> <Li> 1924 </Li> <Li> 1926 </Li> <Li> 1928 </Li> <Li> 1930 </Li> <Li> 1932 </Li> <Li> 1934 </Li> <Li> 1936 </Li> <Li> 1938 </Li> <Li> 1940 </Li> <Li> 1942 </Li> <Li> 1944 </Li> <Li> 1946 </Li> <Li> 1948 </Li> <Li> 1950 </Li> <Li> 1952 </Li> <Li> 1954 </Li> <Li> 1956 </Li> <Li> 1958 </Li> <Li> 1960 </Li> <Li> 1962 </Li> <Li> 1964 </Li> <Li> 1966 </Li> <Li> 1968 </Li> <Li> 1970 </Li> <Li> 1972 </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> 1976 </Li> <Li> 1978 </Li> <Li> 1980 </Li> <Li> 1982 </Li> <Li> 1984 </Li> <Li> 1986 </Li> <Li> 1988 </Li> <Li> 1990 </Li> <Li> 1992 </Li> <Li> 1994 </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> 1998 </Li> <Li> 2000 </Li> <Li> 2002 </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> 2006 <Ul> <Li> 2nd </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2008 </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> 2012 </Li> <Li> 2014 </Li> <Li> 2016 </Li> <Li> 2018 </Li> <Li> 2020 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Special elections </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 2nd district , 2011 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> State government ( show ) <Table> <Tr> <Th> General elections </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 1864 </Li> <Li> 1866 </Li> <Li> 1868 </Li> <Li> 1870 </Li> <Li> 1872 </Li> <Li> 1874 </Li> <Li> 1876 </Li> <Li> 1878 </Li> <Li> 1880 </Li> <Li> 1882 </Li> <Li> 1884 </Li> <Li> 1886 </Li> <Li> 1888 </Li> <Li> 1890 </Li> <Li> 1892 </Li> <Li> 1894 </Li> <Li> 1896 </Li> <Li> 1898 </Li> <Li> 1900 </Li> <Li> 1902 </Li> <Li> 1904 </Li> <Li> 1906 </Li> <Li> 1908 </Li> <Li> 1910 </Li> <Li> 1912 </Li> <Li> 1914 </Li> <Li> 1916 </Li> <Li> 1918 </Li> <Li> 1920 </Li> <Li> 1922 </Li> <Li> 1924 </Li> <Li> 1926 </Li> <Li> 1928 </Li> <Li> 1930 </Li> <Li> 1932 </Li> <Li> 1934 </Li> <Li> 1936 </Li> <Li> 1938 </Li> <Li> 1940 </Li> <Li> 1942 </Li> <Li> 1944 </Li> <Li> 1946 </Li> <Li> 1948 </Li> <Li> 1950 </Li> <Li> 1952 </Li> <Li> 1954 </Li> <Li> 1956 </Li> <Li> 1958 </Li> <Li> 1960 </Li> <Li> 1962 </Li> <Li> 1964 </Li> <Li> 1966 </Li> <Li> 1968 </Li> <Li> 1970 </Li> <Li> 1972 </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> 1976 </Li> <Li> 1978 </Li> <Li> 1980 </Li> <Li> 1982 </Li> <Li> 1984 </Li> <Li> 1986 </Li> <Li> 1988 </Li> <Li> 1990 </Li> <Li> 1992 </Li> <Li> 1994 </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> 1998 </Li> <Li> 2000 </Li> <Li> 2002 </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> 2006 </Li> <Li> 2008 </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> 2012 </Li> <Li> 2014 </Li> <Li> 2016 </Li> <Li> 2018 </Li> <Li> 2020 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Gubernatorial elections </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 1864 </Li> <Li> 1866 </Li> <Li> 1870 </Li> <Li> 1874 </Li> <Li> 1878 </Li> <Li> 1882 </Li> <Li> 1886 </Li> <Li> 1890 </Li> <Li> 1894 </Li> <Li> 1898 </Li> <Li> 1902 </Li> <Li> 1906 </Li> <Li> 1910 </Li> <Li> 1914 </Li> <Li> 1918 </Li> <Li> 1922 </Li> <Li> 1926 </Li> <Li> 1930 </Li> <Li> 1934 </Li> <Li> 1938 </Li> <Li> 1942 </Li> <Li> 1946 </Li> <Li> 1950 </Li> <Li> 1954 </Li> <Li> 1958 </Li> <Li> 1962 </Li> <Li> 1966 </Li> <Li> 1970 </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> 1978 </Li> <Li> 1982 </Li> <Li> 1986 </Li> <Li> 1990 </Li> <Li> 1994 </Li> <Li> 1998 </Li> <Li> 2002 </Li> <Li> 2006 </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> 2014 </Li> <Li> 2018 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Ballot measures ( show ) <Table> <Tr> <Th> 2002 and 2016 </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Nevada Question 2 ( 2002 ) </Li> <Li> Nevada Question 2 ( 2016 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Las Vegas ( show ) <Table> <Tr> <Th> Mayoral elections </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 1909 </Li> <Li> 1911 </Li> <Li> 1915 </Li> <Li> 1919 </Li> <Li> 1923 </Li> <Li> 1927 </Li> <Li> 1931 </Li> <Li> 1935 </Li> <Li> 1939 </Li> <Li> 1943 </Li> <Li> 1947 </Li> <Li> 1951 </Li> <Li> 1955 </Li> <Li> 1959 </Li> <Li> 1963 </Li> <Li> 1967 </Li> <Li> 1971 </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> 1979 </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> 1991 </Li> <Li> 1995 </Li> <Li> 1999 </Li> <Li> 2003 </Li> <Li> 2007 </Li> <Li> 2011 </Li> <Li> 2015 </Li> <Li> 2019 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Reno ( show ) <Table> <Tr> <Th> Mayoral elections </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 1868 </Li> <Li> 1870 </Li> <Li> 1874 </Li> <Li> 1878 </Li> <Li> 1882 </Li> <Li> 1886 </Li> <Li> 1890 </Li> <Li> 1894 </Li> <Li> 1898 </Li> <Li> 1902 </Li> <Li> 1906 </Li> <Li> 1910 </Li> <Li> 1914 </Li> <Li> 1918 </Li> <Li> 1922 </Li> <Li> 1926 </Li> <Li> 1930 </Li> <Li> 1934 </Li> <Li> 1938 </Li> <Li> 1942 </Li> <Li> 1946 </Li> <Li> 1950 </Li> <Li> 1954 </Li> <Li> 1958 </Li> <Li> 1962 </Li> <Li> 1966 </Li> <Li> 1970 </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> 1978 </Li> <Li> 1982 </Li> <Li> 1986 </Li> <Li> 1990 </Li> <Li> 1994 </Li> <Li> 1998 </Li> <Li> 2002 </Li> <Li> 2006 </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> 2014 </Li> <Li> 2018 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> None of These Candidates </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The 2018 Nevada gubernatorial election will take place on November 6 , 2018 , to elect the next Governor of Nevada . The incumbent Governor , Republican Brian Sandoval , is not eligible to run for reelection due to term limits established by the Nevada Constitution . Nevada is one of eight states that prohibits its Governors from serving more than two consecutive terms for life . </P> <P> The candidate filing deadline was March 16 , 2018 and the primary election was held on June 12 , 2018 . The Republican nominee is Adam Laxalt and the Democratic nominee is Steve Sisolak . </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Republican primary <Ul> <Li> 1.1 Candidates <Ul> <Li> 1.1. 1 Declared </Li> <Li> 1.1. 2 Declined </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 1.2 Endorsements </Li> <Li> 1.3 Polling </Li> <Li> 1.4 Results </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2 Democratic primary <Ul> <Li> 2.1 Candidates <Ul> <Li> 2.1. 1 Declared </Li> <Li> 2.1. 2 Declined </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2.2 Endorsements </Li> <Li> 2.3 Polling </Li> <Li> 2.4 Results </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 Independents <Ul> <Li> 3.1 Declared </Li> <Li> 3.2 Endorsements </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 General election <Ul> <Li> 4.1 Predictions </Li> <Li> 4.2 Polling </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 5 See also </Li> <Li> 6 References </Li> <Li> 7 External links </Li> </Ul> <H2> Republican primary ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Candidates ( edit ) </H3> Declared ( edit ) <Ul> <Li> William W. Boyd , small business owner </Li> <Li> Stephanie Carlisle , businesswoman </Li> <Li> Jared Fisher , small business owner </Li> <Li> Adam Laxalt , Nevada Attorney General </Li> <Li> Dan Schwartz , Nevada State Treasurer and candidate for NV - 04 in 2012 </Li> </Ul> Declined ( edit ) <Ul> <Li> Mark Amodei , U.S. Representative ( running for re-election ) </Li> <Li> Joe Heck , former U.S. Representative and nominee for U.S. Senate in 2016 </Li> <Li> Dean Heller , U.S. Senator ( running for re-election ) </Li> <Li> Steve Hill , former Executive Director of the Nevada Governor 's Office of Economic Development </Li> <Li> Mark Hutchison , Lieutenant Governor </Li> <Li> Ron Knecht , Nevada State Controller ( running for re-election ) </Li> <Li> Brian Krolicki , former Lieutenant Governor </Li> </Ul> <H3> Endorsements ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> show Adam Laxalt </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Donald Trump , 45th President of the United States </Li> <Li> Dean Heller , U.S. Senator </Li> <Li> Al McNeil , Lyon County Sheriff </Li> <Li> Mike Allen , Humboldt County Sheriff </Li> <Li> Randy Adams , Mineral County Sheriff </Li> <Li> Kenneth Furlong , Carson City Sheriff </Li> <Li> Gerald Antinoro , Storey County Sheriff </Li> <Li> Ben Trotter , Churchill County Sheriff </Li> <Li> James Pitts , Elko County Sheriff </Li> <Li> Kenneth Elgan , Esmeralda County Sheriff </Li> <Li> Ron Unger , Lander County Sheriff </Li> <Li> Kerry Lee , Lincoln County Sheriff </Li> <Li> Sharon Wehrly , Nye County Sheriff </Li> <Li> Jerry Allen , Pershing County Sheriff </Li> <Li> Keith Logan , Eureka County Sheriff </Li> <Li> Ron Pierini , Douglas County Sheriff </Li> <Li> Dan Watts , White Pine County Sheriff </Li> <Li> Chuck Allen , Washoe County Sheriff </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Polling ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Poll source </Th> <Th> Date ( s ) administered </Th> <Th> Sample size </Th> <Th> Margin of error </Th> <Th> Adam Laxalt </Th> <Th> Dan Schwartz </Th> <Th> Jared Fisher </Th> <Th> Undecided </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> The Mellman Group </Td> <Td> April 12 -- 19 , 2018 </Td> <Td> 400 </Td> <Td> ± 4.9 % </Td> <Td> 55 % </Td> <Td> 4 % </Td> <Td> 2 % </Td> <Td> 38 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> WPA Intelligence ( R ) </Td> <Td> August 6 -- 8 , 2017 </Td> <Td> 302 </Td> <Td> ± 5.7 % </Td> <Td> 64 % </Td> <Td> 5 % </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 31 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Doug Schoen ( D ) </Td> <Td> July 7 -- 20 , 2017 </Td> <Td> 600 </Td> <Td> ± 4.0 % </Td> <Td> 34 % </Td> <Td> 30 % </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 35 % </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Results ( edit ) </H3> Republican primary results by county <Table> Republican primary results <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Party </Th> <Th> Candidate </Th> <Th> Votes </Th> <Th> % </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Republican </Td> <Td> Adam Laxalt </Td> <Td> 101,617 </Td> <Td> 71.5 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Republican </Td> <Td> Dan Schwartz </Td> <Td> 12,916 </Td> <Td> 9.1 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Republican </Td> <Td> Jared Fisher </Td> <Td> 6,696 </Td> <Td> 4.7 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Republican </Td> <Td> Stephanie Carlisle </Td> <Td> 6,400 </Td> <Td> 4.5 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Republican </Td> <Td> None of These Candidates </Td> <Td> 6,133 </Td> <Td> 4.3 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Republican </Td> <Td> William Boyd </Td> <Td> 6,026 </Td> <Td> 4.2 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Republican </Td> <Td> Stan Lusak </Td> <Td> 1,010 </Td> <Td> 0.7 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Republican </Td> <Td> Frederick Conquest </Td> <Td> 766 </Td> <Td> 0.5 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Republican </Td> <Td> Edward Dundas </Td> <Td> 575 </Td> <Td> 0.4 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="3"> Total votes </Th> <Td> 142,139 </Td> <Td> 100.0 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Democratic primary ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Candidates ( edit ) </H3> Declared ( edit ) <Ul> <Li> Kyle Chamberlain , activist and photographer </Li> <Li> Chris Giunchigliani , Vice-Chair of the Clark County Commission and candidate for Mayor of Las Vegas in 2011 </Li> <Li> Steve Sisolak , Chair of the Clark County Commission </Li> </Ul> Declined ( edit ) <Ul> <Li> Aaron Ford , Majority Leader of the Nevada Senate ( running for Attorney General ) </Li> <Li> Vince Juaristi , consultant and former gubernatorial aide </Li> <Li> Tick Segerblom , State Senator ( running for Clark County Commission ) </Li> <Li> Dina Titus , U.S. Representative and nominee for Governor in 2006 ( running for re-election ) </Li> </Ul> <H3> Endorsements ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> show Chris Giunchigliani </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Dl> <Dt> Federal politicians </Dt> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> Hillary Rodham Clinton , former U.S Secretary of State , 2016 Democratic Nominee </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dt> State legislators </Dt> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> Teresa Benitez - Thompson , Nevada Assembly Majority Floor Leader ( D - 27 ) </Li> <Li> Amber Joiner , Nevada Assemblywoman ( D - 24 ) </Li> <Li> David Parks , Nevada State Senator ( D - 7 ) </Li> <Li> Julia Ratti , Nevada State Senator ( D - 13 ) </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dt> Local officials </Dt> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> David Bobzien , Reno City Councilmember ( At - Large ) </Li> <Li> Jenny Brekhus , Reno City Councilmember ( Ward 1 ) </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dt> Labor unions </Dt> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> International Brotherhood of Teamsters Joint Council 42 </Li> <Li> Nevada State AFL -- CIO </Li> <Li> Nevada State Education Association </Li> <Li> Service Employees International Union Local 1107 </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dt> Organizations </Dt> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> Emily 's List </Li> <Li> Nevada National Organization for Women </Li> <Li> Sierra Club Toiyabe Chapter </Li> <Li> Working Families Party </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Polling ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Poll source </Th> <Th> Date ( s ) administered </Th> <Th> Sample size </Th> <Th> Margin of error </Th> <Th> Chris Giunchigliani </Th> <Th> Steve Sisolak </Th> <Th> None of these </Th> <Th> Other </Th> <Th> Undecided </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Benenson Strategy Group ( D - Women Vote ! ) </Td> <Td> May 21 -- 23 , 2018 </Td> <Td> 608 </Td> <Td> ± 4.0 % </Td> <Td> 35 % </Td> <Td> 38 % </Td> <Td> 11 % </Td> <Td> 2 % </Td> <Td> 13 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> The Mellman Group </Td> <Td> April 12 -- 19 , 2018 </Td> <Td> 400 </Td> <Td> ± 4.9 % </Td> <Td> 16 % </Td> <Td> 44 % </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 40 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Expedition Strategies ( D - Giunchigliani ) </Td> <Td> March 17 -- 19 , 2018 </Td> <Td> 600 </Td> <Td> ± 4.0 % </Td> <Td> 31 % </Td> <Td> 27 % </Td> <Td> 18 % </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 23 % </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Results ( edit ) </H3> Results by county : Sisolak -- 50 -- 60 % Sisolak -- 40 -- 50 % Sisolak -- < 40 % None of these candidates -- < 30 % Giunchigliani -- < 40 % Giunchigliani -- 40 -- 50 % Giunchigliani -- 50 -- 60 % <Table> Democratic primary results <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Party </Th> <Th> Candidate </Th> <Th> Votes </Th> <Th> % </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Democratic </Td> <Td> Steve Sisolak </Td> <Td> 72,726 </Td> <Td> 50.0 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Democratic </Td> <Td> Christina Giunchigliani </Td> <Td> 56,491 </Td> <Td> 38.9 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Democratic </Td> <Td> None of These Candidates </Td> <Td> 5,065 </Td> <Td> 3.5 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Democratic </Td> <Td> John Bonaventura </Td> <Td> 4,345 </Td> <Td> 3.0 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Democratic </Td> <Td> Henry Thorns </Td> <Td> 2,760 </Td> <Td> 1.9 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Democratic </Td> <Td> David Jones </Td> <Td> 2,510 </Td> <Td> 1.7 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Democratic </Td> <Td> Asheesh Dewan </Td> <Td> 1,467 </Td> <Td> 1.0 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="3"> Total votes </Th> <Td> 145,364 </Td> <Td> 100.0 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Independents ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Declared ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Ryan Bundy , rancher </Li> </Ul> <H3> Endorsements ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> show Ryan Bundy </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Donna Cox , Nye County Commissioner </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> General election ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Predictions ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Source </Th> <Th> Ranking </Th> <Th> As of </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> The Cook Political Report </Td> <Td> Tossup </Td> <Td> January 26 , 2018 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Rothenberg Political Report </Td> <Td> Tilt D </Td> <Td> April 6 , 2018 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Sabato 's Crystal Ball </Td> <Td> Tossup </Td> <Td> April 5 , 2018 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Daily Kos </Td> <Td> Tossup </Td> <Td> May 31 , 2018 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Polling ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Poll source </Th> <Th> Date ( s ) administered </Th> <Th> Sample size </Th> <Th> Margin of error </Th> <Th> Adam Laxalt ( R ) </Th> <Th> Steve Sisolak ( D ) </Th> <Th> Undecided </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Gravis Marketing </Td> <Td> June 23 -- 26 , 2018 </Td> <Td> 630 </Td> <Td> ± 3.9 % </Td> <Td> 43 % </Td> <Td> 41 % </Td> <Td> 17 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> The Mellman Group </Td> <Td> April 12 -- 19 , 2018 </Td> <Td> 600 </Td> <Td> ± 4.0 % </Td> <Td> 37 % </Td> <Td> 43 % </Td> <Td> 20 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> TargetSmart ( D - Giunchigliani ) </Td> <Td> January 3 -- 7 , 2018 </Td> <Td> 1,103 </Td> <Td> ± 4.4 % </Td> <Td> 37 % </Td> <Td> 34 % </Td> <Td> 29 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Remington ( R - Laxalt ) </Td> <Td> May 23 -- 24 , 2017 </Td> <Td> 1,021 </Td> <Td> ± 3.1 % </Td> <Td> 46 % </Td> <Td> 37 % </Td> <Td> 17 % </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th> <P> Hypothetical polling </P> </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Dl> <Dt> with Chris Giunchigliani </Dt> </Dl> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Poll source </Th> <Th> Date ( s ) administered </Th> <Th> Sample size </Th> <Th> Margin of error </Th> <Th> Adam Laxalt ( R ) </Th> <Th> Chris Giunchigliani ( D ) </Th> <Th> Undecided </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> The Mellman Group </Td> <Td> April 12 -- 19 , 2018 </Td> <Td> 600 </Td> <Td> ± 4.0 % </Td> <Td> 40 % </Td> <Td> 38 % </Td> <Td> 22 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> TargetSmart ( D - Giunchigliani ) </Td> <Td> January 3 -- 7 , 2018 </Td> <Td> 1,103 </Td> <Td> ± 4.4 % </Td> <Td> 39 % </Td> <Td> 34 % </Td> <Td> 27 % </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Nevada elections , 2018 </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ `` United States Senate election in Nevada , 2018 - Ballotpedia '' . Retrieved March 3 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Giwaris , Ramona ( March 6 , 2018 ) . `` Nevada Election Field Getting Crowded Two Days Into Filing '' . Las Vegas Review - Journal . Retrieved March 6 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ ( 1 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Lochhead , Colton ( April 27 , 2017 ) . `` Las Vegas bike shop owner to run for Nevada governor '' . Las Vegas Review - Journal . Retrieved April 29 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Rindels , Michelle ( November 1 , 2017 ) . `` Attorney General Adam Laxalt , a rising Republican favorite , officially enters 2018 gubernatorial race '' . The Nevada Independent . Retrieved November 2 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Rindels , Michelle ( September 5 , 2017 ) . `` Republican Dan Schwartz , Nevada 's maverick treasurer , jumps into governor 's race '' . The Nevada Independent . Retrieved September 5 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Hagar , Ray ( August 5 , 2015 ) . `` Hagar : Amodei wants to be Nevada governor - if Heller does n't '' . Reno Gazette - Journal . Retrieved August 6 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Richardson , Seth A. ( January 18 , 2017 ) . `` Amodei says he wo n't run for governor '' . Reno Gazette - Journal . Retrieved January 18 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Former Congressman Joe Heck Turns Lobbyist '' ( Press release ) . Newsmax . February 9 , 2017 . Retrieved February 18 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Epstein , Ethan ( February 9 , 2017 ) . `` Heck opens up about K Street move '' . Politico . Retrieved February 18 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Schneider , Elena ( December 29 , 2016 ) . `` Heller to run for reelection , not governor , in Nevada '' . Politico . Retrieved January 17 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Hagar , Ray ( July 3 , 2014 ) . `` The latest theory : Sen. Heller , Gov. Sandoval could switch jobs in 2018 '' . Reno Gazette - Journal . Archived from the original on March 9 , 2015 . Retrieved March 7 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Richardson , Seth A. ( May 5 , 2016 ) . `` Heller leaves possible run for governor open '' . Reno Gazette - Journal . Retrieved July 6 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Ralston , Jon ( November 28 , 2016 ) . `` Politics : Pol positioning '' . KNPR . Retrieved January 3 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Messerly , Megan ( September 20 , 2017 ) . `` Republican Assembly leader to resign , take top state economic development job '' . The Nevada Independent . Retrieved September 21 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Ralston , Jon ( January 19 , 2016 ) . `` Change wo n't come to Nevada 's campaign finance system until we demand it '' . Reno Gazette - Journal . Retrieved July 6 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Ralston , Jon ( February 4 , 2016 ) . `` Nevada GOP caucus a proxy war for Hutchison , Laxalt '' . Reno Gazette - Journal . Retrieved July 6 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Nevada Lt. Gov. Mark Hutchison rules out run for governor '' . Las Vegas Sun . Associated Press . January 9 , 2017 . Retrieved January 17 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Knecht to seek another office term '' . Nevada Appeal . October 30 , 2017 . Retrieved November 2 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Hagar , Ray ( January 26 , 2015 ) . `` Krolicki 's political career might not be over '' . Reno Gazette - Journal . Retrieved March 7 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Bob Cashell , Brian Krolicki Appointed to Tourism Commission , Sandra Douglass Morgan to Athletic Commission '' . KTVN . August 11 , 2017 . Retrieved November 2 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Donald J. Trump . `` I strongly endorse Adam Laxalt for Governor of Nevada . Adam is smart , works hard , and knows how to win . He will be a great Governor . Also , will fight hard to lower your taxes and is tough on crime ! '' . Twitter . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` RELEASE : Dean Heller Endorses Adam Laxalt for Governor '' . Heller for Senate . November 1 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 16 Nevada Sheriffs Endorse Adam Laxalt for Governor '' . Laxalt for Nevada . November 17 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` First - time governor candidate will focus campaign on education '' . Las Vegas Review - Journal . 2017 - 11 - 10 . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 11 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Valley , Jackie ; Rindels , Michelle ( October 18 , 2017 ) . `` Democrat Chris Giunchigliani launches gubernatorial campaign against her commission colleague '' . The Nevada Independent . Retrieved October 19 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Rindels , Michelle ; Valley , Jackie ( June 22 , 2017 ) . `` Democrat Sisolak , longtime Clark County politician , praises Sandoval as he enters race for governor '' . The Nevada Independent . Retrieved June 22 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Sebelius , Steve ( January 14 , 2017 ) . `` Who will Democrats pick to run for governor in 2018 ? '' . Las Vegas Review - Journal . Retrieved January 16 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Snyder , Riley ( September 12 , 2017 ) . `` Democratic Senate Leader Aaron Ford announces attorney general bid , setting up likely race to replace Laxalt '' . The Nevada Independent . Retrieved September 12 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Juaristi considers bid for governor '' . Elko Daily Free Press . August 2 , 2017 . Retrieved August 3 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Juaristi , Vince ( August 22 , 2017 ) . `` Juaristi makes decision on whether to run for governor '' . Elko Daily Free Press . Retrieved August 22 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Rindels , Michelle ( July 24 , 2017 ) . `` State Sen. Tick Segerblom says he 's jumping into Clark County Commission race '' . The Nevada Independent . Retrieved August 3 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Morell , Casey ( February 8 , 2017 ) . `` Titus Does n't Rule Out Run Against Heller '' . KNPR . Retrieved February 8 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Rindels , Michelle ( June 10 , 2018 ) . `` In robocall , Hillary Clinton urges Democratic primary voters to support `` my friend '' Chris Giunchigliani for governor `` . The Nevada Independent . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Fundraiser For Chris G at Cathexes in Reno '' . Facebook . February 16 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Fundraiser for Chris G '' . Facebook . February 22 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Teamsters Joint Council 42 Political Endorsements '' . Teamsters JC 42 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ McAllister , Rusty ( April 20 , 2018 ) . `` Nevada State AFL - CIO Statewide Endorsements '' ( PDF ) . Nevada State AFL - CIO . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Murillo Jr. , Ruben ( January 22 , 2018 ) . `` Educators Across Nevada Endorse Teacher Chris Giunchigliani for Governor '' ( PDF ) . Nevada State Education Association . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Springer , Debbie ; Manteca , Martin ( February 27 , 2018 ) . `` SEIU Nevada Local 1107 Endorses Chris Giunchigliani for Governor '' . www.seiunv.org . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` EMILY 's List Endorses Chris Giunchigliani for Nevada Governor '' . emilyslist.org . January 31 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Nevada NOW Announces endorsed State and Local Candidates '' . NV NOW . April 11 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 2018 Endorsements '' . Sierra Club . December 7 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` WFP Endorsement : Chris G. for governor of Nevada '' . April 3 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Ryan Bundy plans to run for Nevada governor as independent '' . Las Vegas Review - Journal . March 8 , 2018 . Retrieved March 9 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Adam Laxalt loses endorsement after condemning Dennis Hof </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 2018 Governor Race ratings The Cook Political Report '' . The Cook Political Report . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 15 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Gubernatorial Ratings Inside Elections '' . insideelections.com . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 15 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Larry J. Sabato 's Crystal Ball '' 2018 Governor `` . www.centerforpolitics.org . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 15 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Daily Kos Elections 2018 race ratings '' . Daily Kos . June 5 , 2018 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Dl> <Dt> Official campaign websites </Dt> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> Adam Laxalt ( R ) for Governor </Li> <Li> Steve Sisolak ( D ) for Governor </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> ( 2017 ← ) 2018 United States elections ( → 2019 ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> U.S. Senate </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Arizona </Li> <Li> California </Li> <Li> Connecticut </Li> <Li> Delaware </Li> <Li> Florida </Li> <Li> Hawaii </Li> <Li> Indiana </Li> <Li> Maine </Li> <Li> Maryland </Li> <Li> Massachusetts </Li> <Li> Michigan </Li> <Li> Minnesota <Ul> <Li> special </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Mississippi <Ul> <Li> special </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Missouri </Li> <Li> Montana </Li> <Li> Nebraska </Li> <Li> Nevada </Li> <Li> New Jersey </Li> <Li> New Mexico </Li> <Li> New York </Li> <Li> North Dakota </Li> <Li> Ohio </Li> <Li> Pennsylvania </Li> <Li> Rhode Island </Li> <Li> Tennessee </Li> <Li> Texas </Li> <Li> Utah </Li> <Li> 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<Li> Nebraska </Li> <Li> Nevada </Li> <Li> New Hampshire </Li> <Li> New Mexico </Li> <Li> New York </Li> <Li> Northern Mariana Islands </Li> <Li> Ohio </Li> <Li> Oklahoma </Li> <Li> Oregon </Li> <Li> Pennsylvania </Li> <Li> Rhode Island </Li> <Li> South Carolina </Li> <Li> South Dakota </Li> <Li> Tennessee </Li> <Li> Texas </Li> <Li> U.S. Virgin Islands </Li> <Li> Vermont </Li> <Li> Wisconsin </Li> <Li> Wyoming </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Mayoral </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Louisville </Li> <Li> Newark </Li> <Li> Newport News </Li> <Li> Oakland </Li> <Li> Phoenix </Li> <Li> San Francisco ( special ) </Li> <Li> San Jose </Li> <Li> Shreveport </Li> <Li> Washington , D.C. </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> States and territories </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Alabama </Li> <Li> Alaska </Li> <Li> American Samoa </Li> <Li> Arizona </Li> <Li> Arkansas </Li> <Li> California </Li> <Li> Colorado </Li> <Li> Connecticut </Li> <Li> Delaware </Li> <Li> Florida </Li> <Li> Georgia </Li> <Li> Guam </Li> <Li> 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Third Amendment to the United States Constitution - wikipedia <H1> Third Amendment to the United States Constitution </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Td> This article is part of a series on the </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Constitution of the United States of America </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Preamble and Articles of the Constitution </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Preamble </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> II </Li> <Li> III </Li> <Li> IV </Li> <Li> V </Li> <Li> VI </Li> <Li> VII </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Amendments to the Constitution </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Bill of Rights </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> II </Li> <Li> III </Li> <Li> IV </Li> <Li> V </Li> <Li> VI </Li> <Li> VII </Li> <Li> VIII </Li> <Li> IX </Li> <Li> X </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> XI </Li> <Li> XII </Li> <Li> XIII </Li> <Li> XIV </Li> <Li> XV </Li> <Li> XVI </Li> <Li> XVII </Li> <Li> XVIII </Li> <Li> XIX </Li> <Li> XX </Li> <Li> XXI </Li> <Li> XXII </Li> <Li> XXIII </Li> <Li> XXIV </Li> <Li> XXV </Li> <Li> XXVI </Li> <Li> XXVII </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Unratified Amendments </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Congressional Apportionment </Li> <Li> Titles of Nobility </Li> <Li> Corwin </Li> <Li> Child Labor </Li> <Li> Equal Rights </Li> <Li> D.C. Voting Rights </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> History </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Drafting and ratification timeline </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Convention </Li> <Li> Signing </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Federalism </Li> <Li> Republicanism </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Full text of the Constitution and Amendments </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Preamble and Articles I -- VII </Li> <Li> Amendments I -- X </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Amendments XI -- XXVII </Li> <Li> Unratified Amendments </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> United States portal </Li> <Li> U.S. Government portal </Li> <Li> Law portal </Li> <Li> Wikipedia book </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> The Bill of Rights in the National Archives <P> The Third Amendment ( Amendment III ) to the United States Constitution places restrictions on the quartering of soldiers in private homes without the owner 's consent , forbidding the practice in peacetime . The amendment is a response to Quartering Acts passed by the British parliament during the buildup to the American Revolutionary War , which had allowed the British Army to lodge soldiers in private residences . </P> <P> The Third Amendment was introduced in Congress in 1789 by James Madison as a part of the United States Bill of Rights , in response to Anti-Federalist objections to the new Constitution . Congress proposed the amendment to the states on September 28 , 1789 , and by December 15 , 1791 , the necessary three - quarters of the states had ratified it . Secretary of State Thomas Jefferson announced the adoption of the amendment on March 1 , 1792 . </P> <P> The amendment is one of the least controversial of the Constitution and is rarely litigated , with the American Bar Association calling it the `` runt piglet '' of the U.S. Constitution . To date , it has never been the primary basis of a Supreme Court decision , though it was the basis of the Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit case Engblom v. Carey . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Text </Li> <Li> 2 Background </Li> <Li> 3 Adoption <Ul> <Li> 3.1 Proposal and ratification </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 Judicial interpretation </Li> <Li> 5 See also </Li> <Li> 6 References </Li> <Li> 7 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Text ( edit ) </H2> <P> The amendment as proposed by Congress in 1789 reads as follows : </P> <P> No Soldier shall , in time of peace be quartered in any house , without the consent of the Owner , nor in time of war , but in a manner to be prescribed by law . </P> The hand - written copy of the proposed Bill of Rights , 1789 , cropped to just show the text that would later be ratified as the Third Amendment <H2> Background ( edit ) </H2> <P> In 1765 , the British parliament enacted the first of the Quartering Acts , requiring the American colonies to pay the costs of British soldiers serving in the colonies , and requiring that if the local barracks provided insufficient space , that the colonists lodge the troops in alehouses , inns , and livery stables . After the Boston Tea Party , the Quartering Act of 1774 was enacted . One of the Intolerable Acts that pushed the colonies toward revolution , it authorized British troops to be housed wherever necessary , including in private homes . The quartering of troops was cited as one of the colonists ' grievances in the United States Declaration of Independence . </P> <H2> Adoption ( edit ) </H2> <P> After several years of comparatively weak government under the Articles of Confederation , a Constitutional Convention in Philadelphia proposed a new constitution on September 17 , 1787 , featuring a stronger chief executive and other changes . George Mason , a Constitutional Convention delegate and the drafter of Virginia 's Declaration of Rights , proposed that a bill of rights listing and guaranteeing civil liberties be included . Other delegates -- including future Bill of Rights drafter James Madison -- disagreed , arguing that existing state guarantees of civil liberties were sufficient and that any attempt to enumerate individual rights risked the implication that other , unnamed rights were unprotected . After a brief debate , Mason 's proposal was defeated by a unanimous vote of the state delegations . </P> <P> For the constitution to be ratified , however , nine of the thirteen states were required to approve it in state conventions . Opposition to ratification ( `` Anti-Federalism '' ) was partly based on the Constitution 's lack of adequate guarantees for civil liberties . Supporters of the Constitution in states where popular sentiment was against ratification ( including Virginia , Massachusetts , and New York ) successfully proposed that their state conventions both ratify the Constitution and call for the addition of a bill of rights . Several state conventions specifically proposed a provision against the quartering of troops in private homes . At the 1788 Virginia Ratifying Convention , Patrick Henry stated , `` One of our first complaints , under the former government , was the quartering of troops among us . This was one of the principal reasons for dissolving the connection with Great Britain . Here we may have troops in time of peace . They may be billeted in any manner -- to tyrannize , oppress , and crush us . '' </P> <H3> Proposal and ratification ( edit ) </H3> James Madison , drafter of the Bill of Rights <P> In the 1st United States Congress , following the state legislatures ' request , James Madison proposed twenty constitutional amendments based on state bills of rights and English sources such as the Bill of Rights 1689 ; one of these was a prohibition against quartering troops in private homes . Several revisions to the future Third Amendment were proposed in Congress , which chiefly differed in the way in which peace and war were distinguished ( including the possibility of a situation , such as unrest , which was neither peace nor war ) , and whether the executive or the legislature would have the authority to authorize quartering . However , the amendment ultimately passed Congress almost unchanged and by unanimous vote . Congress reduced Madison 's proposed twenty amendments to twelve , and these were submitted to the states for ratification on September 25 , 1789 . </P> <P> By the time the Bill of Rights was submitted to the states for ratification , opinions had shifted in both parties . Many Federalists , who had previously opposed a Bill of Rights , now supported the Bill as a means of silencing the Anti-Federalists ' most effective criticism . Many Anti-Federalists , in contrast , now opposed it , realizing that the Bill 's adoption would greatly lessen the chances of a second constitutional convention , which they desired . Anti-Federalists such as Richard Henry Lee also argued that the Bill left the most objectionable portions of the Constitution , such as the federal judiciary and direct taxation , intact . </P> <P> On November 20 , 1789 , New Jersey ratified eleven of the twelve amendments , rejecting Article II , which regulated Congressional pay raises . On December 19 and 22 , respectively , Maryland and North Carolina ratified all twelve amendments . On January 19 , 25 , and 28 , 1790 , respectively , South Carolina , New Hampshire , and Delaware ratified the Bill , though New Hampshire rejected the amendment on Congressional pay raises , and Delaware rejected Article I , which regulated the size of the House . This brought the total of ratifying states to six of the required ten , but the process stalled in other states : Connecticut and Georgia found a Bill of Rights unnecessary and so refused to ratify , while Massachusetts ratified most of the amendments , but failed to send official notice to the Secretary of State that it had done so . </P> <P> In February through June 1790 , New York , Pennsylvania , and Rhode Island ratified eleven of the amendments , though all three rejected the amendment on Congressional pay raises . Virginia initially postponed its debate , but after Vermont was admitted to the Union in 1791 , the total number of states needed for ratification rose to eleven . Vermont ratified on November 3 , 1791 , approving all twelve amendments , and Virginia finally followed on December 15 , 1791 . Secretary of State Thomas Jefferson announced the adoption of the ten successfully ratified amendments on March 1 , 1792 . </P> <H2> Judicial interpretation ( edit ) </H2> Justice William O. Douglas <P> The Third Amendment is among the least cited sections of the U.S. Constitution . In the words of Encyclopædia Britannica , `` as the history of the country progressed with little conflict on American soil , the amendment has had little occasion to be invoked . '' To date , no major Supreme Court decision has used the amendment as its primary basis . </P> <P> The Third Amendment has been invoked in a few instances as helping establish an implicit right to privacy in the Constitution . Justice William O. Douglas used the amendment along with others in the Bill of Rights as a partial basis for the majority decision in Griswold v. Connecticut ( 1965 ) , which cited the Third Amendment as implying a belief that an individual 's home should be free from agents of the state . </P> <P> In one of the seven opinions in Youngstown Sheet & Tube Co. v. Sawyer ( 1952 ) , Justice Robert H. Jackson cited the Third Amendment as providing evidence of the Framers ' intent to constrain executive power even during wartime : </P> <P> `` ( t ) hat military powers of the Commander in Chief were not to supersede representative government of internal affairs seems obvious from the Constitution and from elementary American history . Time out of mind , and even now in many parts of the world , a military commander can seize private housing to shelter his troops . Not so , however , in the United States , for the Third Amendment says ... ( E ) ven in war time , his seizure of needed military housing must be authorized by Congress . '' </P> <P> One of the few times a federal court was asked to invalidate a law or action on Third Amendment grounds was in Engblom v. Carey ( 1982 ) . In 1979 , prison officials in New York organized a strike ; they were evicted from their prison facility residences , which were reassigned to members of the National Guard who had temporarily taken their place as prison guards . The United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit ruled : ( 1 ) that the term owner in the Third Amendment includes tenants ( paralleling similar cases regarding the Fourth Amendment , governing search and seizure ) , ( 2 ) National Guard troops count as soldiers for the purposes of the Third Amendment , and ( 3 ) that the Third Amendment is incorporated ( that is , that it applies to the states ) by virtue of the Fourteenth Amendment . The case was remanded to the district court , which dismissed the case on the grounds that state officials could not have been aware of this interpretation . </P> <P> In the most recent Third Amendment decision handed down by a federal court , on February 2 , 2015 , the United States District Court for the District of Nevada held in Mitchell v. City of Henderson that the Third Amendment does not apply to intrusions by municipal police officers since they are not soldiers . </P> <P> In an earlier case , United States v. Valenzuela ( 1951 ) , the defendant asked that a federal rent - control law be struck down because it was `` the incubator and hatchery of swarms of bureaucrats to be quartered as storm troopers upon the people in violation of Amendment III of the United States Constitution . '' The court declined his request . Later , in Jones v. United States Secretary of Defense ( 1972 ) , Army reservists unsuccessfully cited the Third Amendment as justification for refusing to march in a parade . Similar arguments in a variety of contexts have been denied in other cases . </P> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Dragonnades </Li> <Li> List of Amendments to the United States Constitution </Li> <Li> Quartering Acts </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Dl> <Dt> Notes </Dt> </Dl> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ All three states would later ratify the Bill of Rights for sesquicentennial celebrations in 1939 . </Li> </Ol> <Dl> <Dt> Citations </Dt> </Dl> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ `` How Did America 's Police Become a Military Force On the Streets ? '' . American Bar Association . 2013 . Retrieved March 21 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Third Amendment '' . Revolutionary War and Beyond . 7 September 2012 . Retrieved 26 February 2014 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Mahoney , Dennis J. ( 1986 ) . `` Third Amendment '' . Encyclopedia of the American Constitution . -- via HighBeam Research ( subscription required ) . Retrieved July 15 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Third Amendment '' . U * X * L Encyclopedia of U.S. History . -- via HighBeam Research ( subscription required ) . January 1 , 2009 . Retrieved July 15 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Bill of Rights ( 1791 ) '' . PBS . December 2006 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Parliament passes the Quartering Act '' . HISTORY.com . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Alderman and Kennedy , pp. 107 - 108 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Beeman , pp. 341 -- 43 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bell , pp. 135 -- 36 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Bill of Rights '' . National Archives . Archived from the original on April 4 , 2013 . Retrieved April 4 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Wood , p. 71 </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Levy , Leonard W. ( 1986 ) . `` Bill of Rights ( United States ) '' . Encyclopedia of the American Constitution . -- via HighBeam Research ( subscription required ) . Retrieved July 16 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Labunski , p. 245 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Labunski , p. 255 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bell , p. 140 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Third Amendment '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Retrieved July 19 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Amar , p. 62 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ 381 U.S. 479 , 484 ( 1965 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Youngstown Sheet & Tube Co. v. Sawyer , 343 U.S. 579 , 644 ( 1952 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ 677 F. 2d 957 ( 2d . Cir. 1982 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bell , p. 143 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Young , Stephen E. ( 2003 ) . The Posse Comitatus Act of 1878 : A Documentary History . Wm . S. Hein Publishing . p . CRS - 14 ( fn29 ) . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8377 - 3900 - 7 . Retrieved 25 July 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Mitchell v. City of Henderson , No. 2 : 13 -- cv -- 01154 -- APG -- CWH , 2015 WL 427835 ( D. Nev . Feb. 2 , 2015 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ 95 F. Supp. 363 ( S.D. Cal. 1951 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bell , p. 142 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ 346 F. Supp. 97 ( D. Minn . 1972 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bell , pp. 141 -- 42 </Li> </Ol> <Dl> <Dt> Bibliography </Dt> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> Alderman , Ellen and Caroline Kennedy ( 1991 ) . In Our Defense . Avon . </Li> <Li> Amar , Akhil Reed ( 1998 ) . The Bill of Rights . Yale University Press . </Li> <Li> Beeman , Richard ( 2009 ) . Plain , Honest Men : The Making of the American Constitution . Random House . </Li> <Li> Bell , Tom W. ( 1993 ) `` The Third Amendment : Forgotten but Not Gone '' . William & Mary Bill of Rights Journal 2.1 : pp. 117 -- 150 . </Li> <Li> Labunski , Richard E. ( 2006 ) . James Madison and the struggle for the Bill of Rights . Oxford University Press . </Li> <Li> Wood , Gordon S. ( 2009 ) . Empire of Liberty : A History of the Early Republic , 1789 -- 1815 . Oxford University Press . </Li> </Ul> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wikisource has original text related to this article : Third Amendment of the full text Constitution of the United States of America </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ul> <Li> National Constitution Center : Amendment III </Li> <Li> CRS Annotated Constitution : Third Amendment </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> United States Constitution </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Text ( via Wikisource ) </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Preamble and Articles I -- VII </Li> <Li> Amendments 1 -- 10 </Li> <Li> Amendments 11 -- 27 </Li> <Li> Unsuccessful Proposed Amendments </Li> <Li> Debates in State Conventions on the Adoption of the Constitution </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Preamble and articles </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Preamble </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> II </Li> <Li> III </Li> <Li> IV </Li> <Li> V </Li> <Li> VI </Li> <Li> VII </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Amendments </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Ratified </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Bill of Rights </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> 5 </Li> <Li> 6 </Li> <Li> 7 </Li> <Li> 8 </Li> <Li> 9 </Li> <Li> 10 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Others </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 11 </Li> <Li> 12 </Li> <Li> 13 </Li> <Li> 14 </Li> <Li> 15 </Li> <Li> 16 </Li> <Li> 17 </Li> <Li> 18 </Li> <Li> 19 </Li> <Li> 20 </Li> <Li> 21 </Li> <Li> 22 </Li> <Li> 23 </Li> <Li> 24 </Li> <Li> 25 </Li> <Li> 26 </Li> <Li> 27 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Pending </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Congressional Apportionment </Li> <Li> Titles of Nobility </Li> <Li> Corwin Amendment </Li> <Li> Child Labor </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Repealed </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Eighteenth Amendment </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Unsuccessful </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Equal Rights </Li> <Li> District of Columbia Voting Rights </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> List of Amendments </Li> <Li> Bill of Rights ( Amendments 1 -- 10 ) </Li> <Li> Reconstruction Amendments ( Amendments 13 -- 15 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Amendment proposals in Congress </Li> <Li> Convention to propose amendments </Li> <Li> State ratifying conventions </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Formation </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> History </Li> <Li> Articles of Confederation </Li> <Li> Mount Vernon Conference </Li> <Li> Annapolis Convention </Li> <Li> Philadelphia Convention <Ul> <Li> Virginia Plan </Li> <Li> New Jersey Plan </Li> <Li> Connecticut Compromise </Li> <Li> Three - 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Nuclear arms race - wikipedia <H1> Nuclear arms race </H1> Jump to : navigation , search United States and Soviet Union / Russia nuke stockpiles <Table> <Tr> <Th> Nuclear weapons </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Background </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> History </Li> <Li> Warfare </Li> <Li> Design </Li> <Li> Testing </Li> <Li> Delivery </Li> <Li> Yield </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Effects and estimated megadeaths of explosions </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Winter </Li> <Li> Workers </Li> <Li> Ethics </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Arsenals </Li> <Li> Arms race </Li> <Li> Espionage </Li> <Li> Proliferation </Li> <Li> Disarmament </Li> <Li> Terrorism </Li> <Li> Opposition </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Nuclear - armed states </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Dl> <Dd> NPT recognized United States </Dd> <Dd> Russia </Dd> <Dd> United Kingdom </Dd> <Dd> France </Dd> <Dd> China </Dd> </Dl> <Dl> <Dd> Others India </Dd> <Dd> Israel ( undeclared ) </Dd> <Dd> Pakistan </Dd> <Dd> North Korea </Dd> </Dl> <Dl> <Dd> Former South Africa </Dd> <Dd> Belarus </Dd> <Dd> Kazakhstan </Dd> <Dd> Ukraine </Dd> </Dl> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The nuclear arms race was a competition for supremacy in nuclear warfare between the United States , the Soviet Union , and their respective allies during the Cold War . During this period , in addition to the American and Soviet nuclear stockpiles , other countries developed nuclear weapons , though none engaged in warhead production on nearly the same scale as the two superpowers . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 World War II </Li> <Li> 2 Early Cold War <Ul> <Li> 2.1 Warhead Development </Li> <Li> 2.2 Arms Race </Li> <Li> 2.3 Delivery Vehicles </Li> <Li> 2.4 Mutual Assured Destruction ( MAD ) </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 Initial nuclear proliferation </Li> <Li> 4 Cuban Missile Crisis </Li> <Li> 5 Détente <Ul> <Li> 5.1 Treaties </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 6 Reagan and the Strategic Defense Initiative </Li> <Li> 7 The end of the Cold War </Li> <Li> 8 Post -- Cold War </Li> <Li> 9 India and Pakistan </Li> <Li> 10 Defense against nuclear attacks </Li> <Li> 11 See also </Li> <Li> 12 References </Li> <Li> 13 Further reading </Li> <Li> 14 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> World War II ( edit ) </H2> <P> The first nuclear weapon was created by the U.S. during the Second World War and was developed to be used against the Axis powers . Scientists of the Soviet Union were aware of the potential of nuclear weapons and had also been conducting research on the field . </P> <P> The Soviet Union was not informed officially of the Manhattan Project until Stalin was briefed at the Potsdam Conference on July 24 , 1945 , by U.S. President Harry S. Truman , eight days after the first successful test of a nuclear weapon . Despite their wartime military alliance , the United States and Britain had not trusted the Soviets enough to keep knowledge of the Manhattan Project safe from German spies : there were also concerns that , as an ally , the Soviet Union would request and expect to receive technical details of the new weapon . </P> <P> When President Truman informed Stalin of the weapons , he was surprised at how calmly Stalin reacted to the news and thought that Stalin had not understood what he had been told . Other members of the United States and British delegations who closely observed the exchange formed the same conclusion . </P> <P> In fact Stalin had long been aware of the program , despite the Manhattan Project having a secret classification so high that , even as Vice President , Truman did not know about it or the development of the weapons ( Truman was not informed until shortly after he became president ) . A ring of spies operating within the Manhattan Project , ( including Klaus Fuchs and Theodore Hall ) had kept Stalin well informed of American progress . They provided the Soviets with detailed designs of the implosion bomb and the hydrogen bomb . Fuchs ' arrest in 1950 led to the arrests of many other Russian spies , including Harry Gold , David Greenglass , and Ethel and Julius Rosenberg . </P> <P> In August 1945 , on Truman 's orders , two atomic bombs were dropped on Japanese cities . The first bomb was dropped on Hiroshima , and the second bomb was dropped on Nagasaki by the B - 29 bombers named Enola Gay and Bockscar respectively . </P> <P> Shortly after the end of the Second World War in 1945 , the United Nations was founded . During the United Nation 's first General Assembly in London in January 1946 , they discussed the future of Nuclear Weapons and created the United Nations Atomic Energy Commission . The goal of this assembly was to eliminate the use of all Nuclear weapons . The United States presented their solution , which was called the Baruch Plan . This plan proposed that there should be an international authority that controls all dangerous atomic activities . The Soviet Union disagreed with this proposal and rejected it . The Soviets ' proposal involved universal nuclear disarmament . Both the American and Soviet proposals were refused by the UN . </P> <H2> Early Cold War ( edit ) </H2> Main articles : massive retaliation , Cold War ( 1947 -- 53 ) , and Cold War ( 1953 -- 62 ) <H3> Warhead development ( edit ) </H3> <P> In the years immediately after the Second World War , the United States had a monopoly on specific knowledge of and raw materials for nuclear weaponry . American leaders hoped that their exclusive ownership of nuclear weapons would be enough to draw concessions from the Soviet Union but this proved ineffective . </P> <P> Just six months after the UN General Assembly , the United States conducted its first post-war nuclear tests . This was called Operation Crossroads . The purpose of this operation was to test the effectiveness of nuclear explosions on ships . These tests were performed at Bikini Atoll in the Pacific on 95 ships , including German and Japanese ships that were captured during World War II . One plutonium implosion - type bomb was detonated over the fleet , while the other one was detonated underwater . </P> <P> Behind the scenes , the Soviet government was working on building its own atomic weapons . During the war , Soviet efforts had been limited by a lack of uranium but new supplies in Eastern Europe were found and provided a steady supply while the Soviets developed a domestic source . While American experts had predicted that the Soviet Union would not have nuclear weapons until the mid-1950s , the first Soviet bomb was detonated on August 29 , 1949 , shocking the entire world . The bomb , named `` First Lightning '' by the West , was more or less a copy of `` Fat Man '' , one of the bombs the United States had dropped on Japan in 1945 . </P> <P> Both governments spent massive amounts to increase the quality and quantity of their nuclear arsenals . Both nations quickly began the development of a hydrogen bomb and the United States detonated the first hydrogen bomb on November 1 , 1952 , on Enewetak , an atoll in the Pacific Ocean . Code - named `` Ivy Mike '' , the project was led by Edward Teller , a Hungarian - American nuclear physicist . It created a cloud 100 miles wide and 25 miles high , killing all life on the surrounding islands . Again , the Soviets surprised the world by exploding a deployable thermonuclear device in August 1953 although it was not a true multi-stage hydrogen bomb . However , it was small enough to be dropped from an airplane , making it ready for use . The development of these two Soviet bombs was greatly aided by the Russian spies Harry Gold and Klaus Fuchs . </P> <P> On March 1 , 1954 , the U.S. conducted the Castle Bravo test , which tested another hydrogen bomb on Bikini Atoll . Scientists significantly underestimated the size of the bomb , thinking it would yield 5 megatons . However , it yielded 14.8 megatons , which is the largest nuclear explosion tested by the U.S. The explosion was so large the nuclear fallout exposed residents up to 300 miles away to significant amounts of radiation . They were eventually evacuated , but most of them experienced radiation poisoning and resulted in one death from a crew member of a fishing boat 90 miles from the explosion . </P> <P> The Soviet Union detonated its first `` true '' hydrogen bomb on November 22 , 1955 , which had a yield of 1.6 megatons . On October 30 , 1961 , the Soviets detonated a hydrogen bomb with a yield of approximately 58 megatons . </P> <H3> Arms race ( edit ) </H3> <P> With both sides in the `` cold war '' having nuclear capability , an arms race developed , with the Soviet union attempting first to catch up and then to surpass the Americans . </P> <H3> Delivery vehicles ( edit ) </H3> <P> Strategic bombers were the primary delivery method at the beginning of the Cold War . </P> <P> Missiles had long been regarded the ideal platform for nuclear weapons , and were potentially a more effective delivery system than bombers . Starting in the 1950s , medium - range ballistic missiles and intermediate - range ballistic missiles ( `` IRBM '' s ) were developed for delivery of tactical nuclear weapons , and the technology developed to the progressively longer ranges , eventually becoming intercontinental ballistic missiles ( ICBMs ) . On October 4 , 1957 , the Soviet Union showed the world that they had missiles able to reach any part of the world when they launched the Sputnik satellite into Earth orbit . The United States launched its first satellite Explorer 1 on January 31 , 1958 . </P> <P> Meanwhile , submarine - launched ballistic missiles were also developed . By the 1960s , the `` triad '' of nuclear weapon delivery was established , with each side deploying bombers , ICBMs , and SLBMs , in order to insure that even if a defense was found against one delivery method , the other methods would still be available . </P> <P> Some in the United States during the early 1960s pointed out that although all of the individual components of nuclear missiles had been tested separately ( warheads , navigation systems , rockets ) , it was infeasible to test them all combined . Critics charged that it was not really known how a warhead would react to the gravity forces and temperature differences encountered in the upper atmosphere and outer space , and Kennedy was unwilling to run a test of an ICBM with a live warhead . The closest thing to an actual test was 1962 's Operation Frigate Bird , in which the submarine USS Ethan Allen ( SSBN - 608 ) launched a Polaris A2 missile over 1,000 miles to the nuclear test site at Christmas Island . It was challenged by , among others , Curtis LeMay , who put missile accuracy into doubt to encourage the development of new bombers . Other critics pointed out that it was a single test which could be an anomaly ; that it was a lower - altitude SLBM and therefore was subject to different conditions than an ICBM ; and that significant modifications had been made to its warhead before testing . </P> <Table> Intercontinental Ballistic Missiles ( ICBMs ) , warheads and throw - weights of United States and Soviet Union , 1964 -- 1982 <Tr> <Th> Year </Th> <Th_colspan="2"> Launchers </Th> <Th_colspan="2"> Warheads </Th> <Th_colspan="2"> Megatonnage </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> United States </Th> <Th> Soviet Union </Th> <Th> United States </Th> <Th> Soviet Union </Th> <Th> United States </Th> <Th> Soviet Union </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1964 </Td> <Td> 2,416 </Td> <Td> 375 </Td> <Td> 6,800 </Td> <Td> 500 </Td> <Td> 7,500 </Td> <Td> 1,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1966 </Td> <Td> 2,396 </Td> <Td> 435 </Td> <Td> 5,000 </Td> <Td> 550 </Td> <Td> 5,600 </Td> <Td> 1,200 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1968 </Td> <Td> 2,360 </Td> <Td> 1,045 </Td> <Td> 4,500 </Td> <Td> 850 </Td> <Td> 5,100 </Td> <Td> 2,300 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1970 </Td> <Td> 2,230 </Td> <Td> 1,680 </Td> <Td> 3,900 </Td> <Td> 1,800 </Td> <Td> 4,300 </Td> <Td> 3,100 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1972 </Td> <Td> 2,230 </Td> <Td> 2,090 </Td> <Td> 5,800 </Td> <Td> 2,100 </Td> <Td> 4,100 </Td> <Td> 4,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 2,180 </Td> <Td> 2,380 </Td> <Td> 8,400 </Td> <Td> 2,400 </Td> <Td> 3,800 </Td> <Td> 4,200 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1976 </Td> <Td> 2,100 </Td> <Td> 2,390 </Td> <Td> 9,400 </Td> <Td> 3,200 </Td> <Td> 3,700 </Td> <Td> 4,500 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1978 </Td> <Td> 2,058 </Td> <Td> 2,350 </Td> <Td> 9,800 </Td> <Td> 5,200 </Td> <Td> 3,800 </Td> <Td> 5,400 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1980 </Td> <Td> 2,042 </Td> <Td> 2,490 </Td> <Td> 10,000 </Td> <Td> 7,200 </Td> <Td> 4,000 </Td> <Td> 6,200 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1982 </Td> <Td> 2,032 </Td> <Td> 2,490 </Td> <Td> 11,000 </Td> <Td> 10,000 </Td> <Td> 4,100 </Td> <Td> 8,200 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Mutual assured destruction ( mad ) ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Mutual assured destruction <P> By the 1950s both the United States and Soviet Union had enough nuclear power to obliterate the other side . Both sides developed a capability to launch a devastating attack even after sustaining a full assault from the other side ( especially by means of submarines ) , called a second strike . This policy became known as Mutual Assured Destruction : both sides knew that any attack upon the other would be devastating to themselves , thus in theory restraining them from attacking the other . </P> <P> Both Soviet and American experts hoped to use nuclear weapons for extracting concessions from the other , or from other powers such as China , but the risk connected with using these weapons was so grave that they refrained from what John Foster Dulles referred to as brinkmanship . While some , like General Douglas MacArthur , argued nuclear weapons should be used during the Korean War , both Truman and Eisenhower opposed the idea . </P> <P> Both sides were unaware of the details of the capacity of the enemy 's arsenal of nuclear weapons . The Americans suffered from a lack of confidence , and in the 1950s they believed in a non-existing bomber gap . Aerial photography later revealed that the Soviets had been playing a sort of Potemkin village game with their bombers in their military parades , flying them in large circles , making it appear they had far more than they truly did . The 1960 American presidential election saw accusations of a wholly spurious missile gap between the Soviets and the Americans . On the other side , the Soviet government exaggerated the power of Soviet weapons to the leadership and Nikita Khrushchev . </P> <H2> Initial nuclear proliferation ( edit ) </H2> Main article : Nuclear proliferation <P> In addition to the United States and the Soviet Union , three other nations , the United Kingdom , People 's Republic of China , and France developed nuclear weapons during the early cold war years . </P> <P> In 1952 , the United Kingdom became the third nation to possess nuclear weapons when it detonated an atomic bomb in Operation Hurricane on October 3 , 1952 , which had a yield of 25 kilotons . Despite major contributions to the Manhattan Project by both Canadian and British governments , the U.S. Congress passed the Atomic Energy Act of 1946 , which prohibited multi-national cooperation on nuclear projects . The McMahon Act fueled resentment from British scientists and Winston Churchill , as they believed that there were agreements regarding post-war sharing of nuclear technology , and led to Britain developing its own nuclear weapons . Britain did not begin planning the development of their own nuclear weapon until January 1947 . Because of Britain 's small size , they decided to test their bomb on the Monte Bello Islands , off the coast of Australia . Following this successful test , under the leadership of Churchill , Britain decided to develop and test a hydrogen bomb . The first successful hydrogen bomb test occurred on November 8 , 1957 , which had a yield of 1.8 megatons . An amendment to the Atomic Energy Act in 1958 allowed nuclear cooperation once again , and British - U.S. nuclear programs resumed . During the Cold War , British nuclear deterrence came from submarines and nuclear - armed aircraft . The Resolution class ballistic missile submarines armed with the American - built Polaris missile provided the sea deterrent , while aircraft such as the Avro Vulcan , SEPECAT Jaguar , Panavia Tornado and several other Royal Air Force strike aircraft carrying WE. 177 gravity bomb provided the air deterrent . </P> <P> France became the fourth nation to possess nuclear weapons on February 13 , 1960 , when the atomic bomb `` Gerboise Bleue '' was detonated in Algeria , then still a French colony ( Formally a part of the Metropolitan France . ) France began making plans for a nuclear - weapons program shortly after the Second World War , but the program did not actually begin until the late 1950s . Eight years later , France conducted its first thermonuclear test above Fangatuafa Atoll . It had a yield of 2.6 megatons . This bomb significantly contaminated the atoll with radiation for six years , making it off - limits to humans . During the Cold War , the French nuclear deterrent was centered around the Force de frappe , a nuclear triad consisting of Dassault Mirage IV bombers carrying such nuclear weapons as the AN - 22 gravity bomb and the ASMP stand - off attack missile , Pluton and Hades ballistic missiles , and the Redoutable class submarine armed with strategic nuclear missiles . </P> <P> The People 's Republic of China became the fifth nuclear power on October 16 , 1964 when it detonated a 25 kiloton uranium - 235 bomb in a test codenamed 596 at Lop Nur . In the late 1950s , China began developing nuclear weapons with substantial Soviet assistance in exchange for uranium ore . However , the Sino - Soviet ideological split in the late 1950s developed problems between China and the Soviet Union . This caused the Soviets to cease helping China develop nuclear weapons . However , China continued developing nuclear weapons without Soviet support and made remarkable progress in the 1960s . Due to Soviet / Chinese tensions , the Chinese might have used nuclear weapons against either the United States or the Soviet Union in the event of a nuclear war between the United States and the Soviet Union . During the Cold War , the Chinese nuclear deterrent consisted of gravity bombs carried aboard H - 6 bomber aircraft , missile systems such as the DF - 2 , DF - 3 , and DF - 4 , and in the later stages of the Cold War , the Type 092 ballistic missile submarine . On June 14 , 1967 , China detonated its first hydrogen bomb . </P> <H2> Cuban missile Crisis ( edit ) </H2> Main article : Cuban Missile Crisis <P> On January 1 , 1959 , the Cuban government fell to communist revolutionaries , propelling Fidel Castro into power . The Soviet Union supported and praised Castro and his resistance , and the new government was recognized by the Soviet government on January 10 . When the United States began boycotting Cuban sugar , the Soviet Union began purchasing large quantities to support the Cuban economy in return for fuel and eventually placing nuclear ballistic missiles on Cuban soil . These missiles would be capable of reaching the United States very quickly . On October 14 , 1962 , an American spy plane discovered these nuclear missile sites under construction in Cuba . </P> <P> President Kennedy immediately called a series of meetings for a small group of senior officials to debate the crisis . The group was split between a militaristic solution and a diplomatic one . President Kennedy ordered a naval blockage around Cuba and all military forces to DEFCON 3 . As tensions increased , Kennedy eventually ordered U.S. military forces to DEFCON 2 . This was the closest the world has been to a nuclear war . While the U.S. military had been ordered to DEFCON 2 , reaching a nuclear war was still a ways off . The theory of mutually assured destruction seems to put the entry into nuclear war an unlikely possibility . While the public perceived the Cuban Missile Crisis as a time of near mass destruction , the leaders of the United States and the Soviet Union were working behind the sight of the public eye in order to come to a peaceful conclusion . Premier Khrushchev writes to President Kennedy in a telegram on October 26 , 1962 saying that , `` Consequently , if there is no intention to tighten that knot and thereby to doom the world to the catastrophe of thermonuclear war , then let us not only relax the forces pulling on the ends of the rope , let us take measures to untie that knot . '' It is apparently clear that both men wanted to avoid nuclear war due to mutually assured destruction which leads to the question of just how close the world was from experiencing a nuclear war . </P> <P> Eventually , on October 28 , through much discussion between U.S and Soviet officials , Khrushchev announced that the Soviet Union would withdraw all missiles from Cuba . Shortly after , the U.S. withdrew all their nuclear missiles from Turkey in secret , which had threatened the Soviets . The U.S. 's withdrawal of their Jupiter Missiles from Turkey was kept private for decades after , causing the negotiations between the two nations to appear to the world as a major U.S. victory . This ultimately led to the downfall of Premier Khrushchev . </P> <H2> Détente ( edit ) </H2> Main article : Détente <P> By the 1970s , with the cold war entering its 30th year with no direct conflict between the superpowers , the United States and the Soviet Union entered a period of reduced conflict , in which the two powers engaged in trade and exchanges with each other . This period known as détente . This period included negotiation of a number of arms control agreements , building with the Nuclear Test Ban Treaty in the 1950s , but with significant new treaties negotiated in the 1970s . These treaties were only partially successful . Although both states continued to hold massive numbers of nuclear weapons and research more effective technology , the growth in number of warheads was first limited , and later , with the START I , reversed . </P> <H3> Treaties ( edit ) </H3> <P> In 1958 , both the U.S. and Soviet Union agreed to informally suspend nuclear testing . However , this agreement was ended when the Soviets resumed testing in 1961 , followed by a series of nuclear tests conducted by the U.S. These events led to much political fallout , as well as the Cuban Missile Crisis in 1962 . Something had to be done to ease the great tensions between these two countries , so on October 10 , 1963 , the Limited Test Ban Treaty ( LTBT ) was signed . This was an agreement between the U.S. , the Soviet Union , and the U.K. , which significantly restricted nuclear testing . All atmospheric , underwater , and outer space nuclear testing were agreed to be halted , but testing was still allowed underground . An additional 113 countries have signed this treaty since 1963 . </P> <P> SALT I and SALT II limited the size of the states ' arsenals . Bans on nuclear testing , anti-ballistic missile systems , and weapons in space all attempted to limit the expansion of the arms race through the Partial Test Ban Treaty . </P> <P> In November , 1969 , Strategic Arms Limitation Talks ( SALT ) begun . This was primarily due to the economic impact that nuclear testing and production had on both U.S. and Soviet economies . The SALT I Treaty , which was signed in May , 1972 , produced an agreement on two significant documents . These were the Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty ( ABM Treaty ) and the Interim Agreement on the Limitation of Strategic Offensive Arms . The ABM treaty limited each country to two ABM sites , while the Interim Agreement froze each country 's number of intercontinental ballistic missiles ( ICBMs ) and submarine - launched ballistic missiles ( SLBMs ) at current levels for five years . This treaty significantly reduced nuclear - related costs as well as the risk of nuclear war . However , SALT I failed to address how many nuclear warheads could be placed on one missile . A new technology , known as multiple - independently targetable re-entry vehicle ( MIRV ) , allowed single missiles to hold and launch multiple nuclear missiles at targets while in mid-air . Over the next 10 years , the Soviet Union and U.S added 12,000 nuclear warheads to their already built arsenals . </P> <P> Throughout the 1970s , both the Soviet Union and United States replaced old missiles and warheads with newer , more powerful and effective ones . This continued to worsen Soviet - U.S relations . On June 18 , 1979 , the SALT II treaty was signed in Vienna . This treaty limited both sides ' nuclear arsenals and technology . However , this treaty as well as the era of the détente ended with the Soviet Union 's invasion of Afghanistan in January , 1980 . The United States once again significantly increased military and nuclear spending , while the Soviets were unable to respond and continued to pursue the détente . </P> <P> In 1991 , the START ( Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty ) was negotiated between the U.S. and the Soviet Union , to reduce the number and limit the capabilities of limitation of strategic offensive arms . This was eventually succeeded by the START II , START III , and New START treaties . </P> <H2> Reagan and the Strategic defense Initiative ( edit ) </H2> Main article : Strategic Defense Initiative <P> Despite détente , both sides continued to develop and introduce more accurate weapons and weapons with more warheads ( `` MIRVs '' ) . The presidency of Ronald Reagan proposed a missile defense programmed tagged the Strategic Defense Initiative , a space based anti-ballistic missile system derided as `` Star Wars '' by its critics ; simultaneously , missile defense was also being researched in the Soviet Union . However , the SDI would require technology that had not yet been developed , or even researched . This system proposed both space - and earth - based laser battle stations . It would also need sensors on the ground , in the air , and in space with radar , optical , and infrared technology to detect incoming missiles . Simultaneously , however , Reagan initiated negotiations with Mikhail Gorbachev ultimately resulting in the Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty on reducing nuclear stockpiles . </P> <P> Due to high costs and complex technology for its time , the scope of the SDI project was reduced from defense against a massive attack to a system for defending against limited attacks , transitioning into the Ballistic Missile Defense Organization . </P> <H2> The end of the Cold War ( edit ) </H2> Main article : Cold War ( 1985 -- 1991 ) <P> During the mid-1980s , the U.S - Soviet relations significantly improved , Mikhail Gorbachev assumed control of the Soviet Union after the deaths of several former Soviet leaders , and announced a new era of perestroika and glasnost , meaning restructuring and openness respectively . Gorbachev proposed a 50 % reduction of nuclear weapons for both the U.S and Soviet Union at the meeting in Reykjavik , Iceland in October 1986 . However , the proposal was refused due to disagreements over Reagan 's SDI . Instead , the Intermediate Nuclear Forces ( INF ) Treaty was signed on December 8 , 1987 in Washington , which eliminated an entire class of nuclear weapons . </P> <P> Due to the dramatic economic and social changes occurring within the Soviet Union , many of its constituent republics began to declare their independence . With the wave of revolutions sweeping across Eastern - Europe , the Soviet Union was unable to impose its will on its satellite states and so its sphere of influence slowly diminished . By December 16 , 1991 , all of the republics had declared independence from the Union . The Soviet leader , Mikhail Gorbachev resigned as the country 's President on December 25 and the Soviet Union was declared non-existent the following day . </P> <H2> Post -- Cold War ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> The examples and perspective in this article may not include all significant viewpoints . Please improve the article or discuss the issue . ( December 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> Main article : Effects of the Cold War <P> With the end of the Cold War , the United States and Russia cut down on nuclear weapons spending . Fewer new systems were developed and both arsenals were reduced ; although both countries maintain significant stocks of nuclear missiles . In the United States , stockpile stewardship programs have taken over the role of maintaining the aging arsenal . </P> <P> After the Cold War ended , large inventories of nuclear weapons and facilities remained . Some are being recycled , dismantled , or recovered as valuable substances . As a result , a large amount of resources and money which was once spent on developing nuclear weapons in Soviet Union was then spent on repairing the environmental damage produced by the nuclear arms race , and almost all former production sites are now major cleanup sites . In the United States , the plutonium production facility at Hanford , Washington and the plutonium pit fabrication facility at Rocky Flats , Colorado are among the most polluted sites . </P> <P> Military policies and strategies have been modified to reflect the increasing intervals without major confrontation . In 1995 , United States policy and strategy regarding nuclear proliferation was outlined in the document `` Essentials of Post -- Cold War Deterrence '' , produced by the Policy Subcommittee of the Strategic Advisory Group ( SAG ) of the United States Strategic Command . </P> <P> On April 8 , 2010 , former U.S. President Barack Obama and Russian President Dmitry Medvedev signed the New START Treaty , which called for a fifty percent reduction of strategic nuclear missile launchers and a curtailment of deployed nuclear warheads . The U.S. Senate ratified the treaty in December 2010 by a three - quarter majority . </P> <P> On December 22 , 2016 , U.S. President Donald Trump proclaimed in a tweet that `` the United States must greatly strengthen and expand its nuclear capability until such time as the world comes to its senses regarding nukes , '' effectively challenging the world to re-engage in a race for nuclear dominance . The next day , Trump reiterated his position to Morning Joe host Mika Brzezinski of MSNBC , stating : `` Let it be an arms race . We will outmatch them at every pass and outlast them all . '' </P> <H2> India and Pakistan ( edit ) </H2> Further information : India and weapons of mass destruction and Pakistan and weapons of mass destruction <P> In South Asia , India and Pakistan have also engaged in a technological nuclear arms race since the 1970s . The nuclear competition started in 1974 with India detonating the device , codename Smiling Buddha , at the Pokhran region of the Rajasthan state . The Indian government termed this test as a `` peaceful nuclear explosion '' , but according to independent sources , it was actually part of an accelerated covert nuclear program of India . </P> <P> This test generated great concern and doubts in Pakistan , with fear it would be at the mercy of its long -- time arch rival . Pakistan had its own covert atomic bomb projects in 1972 which extended over many years since the first Indian weapon was detonated . After the 1974 test , Pakistan 's atomic bomb program picked up a great speed and accelerated its atomic project to successfully build its own atomic weapons program . In the last few decades of the 20th century , India and Pakistan began to develop nuclear - capable rockets and nuclear military technologies . Finally , in 1998 India , under Atal Bihari Vajpayee government , test detonated 5 more nuclear weapons . While the international response to the detonation was muted , domestic pressure within Pakistan began to build steam and Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif ordered the test , detonated 6 nuclear war weapons ( Chagai - I and Chagai - II ) in a tit - for - tat fashion and to act as a deterrent . </P> <H2> Defense against nuclear attacks ( edit ) </H2> Main article : Missile defense <P> From the beginning of the Cold War , The United States , Russia , and other nations have all attempted to develop Anti-ballistic missiles . The United States developed the LIM - 49 Nike Zeus in the 1950s in order to destroy incoming ICBMs . </P> <P> Russia has , too , developed ABM missiles in the form of the A-35 anti-ballistic missile system and the later A-135 anti-ballistic missile system . Chinese state media has also announced to have tested anti-ballistic missiles , though specific information is not public . </P> <P> India has successfully developed its Ballistic Missile Shield in the programme Indian Ballistic Missile Defence Programme with the test fire of Prithvi Air Defense ( PAD ) and it has also developed a cruise missile defense Akash Air Defense ( AAD ) to intercept low flying missiles making India one of the five countries with Missile Shield . </P> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Nuclear warfare </Li> <Li> Essentials of Post -- Cold War Deterrence </Li> <Li> Deterrence theory </Li> <Li> Nuclear disarmament </Li> <Li> Historical nuclear weapons stockpiles and nuclear tests by country </Li> <Li> Space race </Li> <Li> Brinkmanship </Li> <Li> Brinkmanship ( Cold War ) </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Key Issues : Nuclear Weapons : History : Pre Cold War : Manhattan Project '' . nuclearfiles.org . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Soviet Nuclear Weapons Program '' . nuclearweaponarchive.org . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ The Potsdam Conference between allied forces Archived 2007 - 10 - 24 at the Wayback Machine . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Atomic Bomb : Decision - Truman Tells Stalin , July 24 , 1945 '' . dannen.com . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Atomic Bomb : Decision - Truman Tells Stalin , July 24 , 1945 '' . dannen.com . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Potsdam Note ( Animation ) Archived 2007 - 11 - 16 at the Wayback Machine . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Klaus Fuchs : Atom Bomb Spy </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Mike Fisk , Chief Information Officer , Los Alamos National Laboratory , Operated Los Alamos National Security , LLC , for the U.S. Department of Energy . `` Our History '' . lanl.gov . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Atomic Espionage '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Beginnings of the Cold War '' . Retrieved 24 November 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Operation Crossroads '' . Retrieved 24 November 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Mike Test '' . Retrieved 24 November 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Soviet Atomic Bomb '' . Retrieved 24 November 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Bravo Test '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Soviet Response '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` More accurate than the `` race '' metaphor is the observation that if it was a contest at all , the Americans walked while the Soviets trotted . There was no race - but to the extent that there was an arms competition , it was almost entirely on the Soviets side , first to catch up and then to surpass the Americans . '' -- Herman Kahn ( 1962 ) Thinking about the Unthinkable , Horizon Press . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Gerald Segal , The Simon & Schuster Guide to the World Today , ( Simon & Schuster , 1987 ) , p. 82 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Edwin Bacon , Mark Sandle , `` Brezhnev Reconsidered '' , Studies in Russian and East European History and Society ( Palgrave Macmillan , 2003 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 404w Page Not Found ( DTIC ) '' . dtic.mil . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` United Kingdom Nuclear Forces '' . fas.org . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` China Nuclear Forces '' . fas.org . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` France Nuclear Forces '' . fas.org . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Australian Institute of Criminology - page not found '' . aic.gov.au . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Britain Goes Nuclear '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Chapitre II , Les premiers essais Français au Sahara : 1960 - 1966 Senat.fr ( in French ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` France Joins the Club '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` China 's Nuclear Weapons '' . nuclearweaponarchive.org . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Chinese Nuclear Weapons '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Theater Missile Systems '' . fas.org . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Cuban Missile Crisis '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Document 65 - Foreign Relations of the United States , 1961 -- 1963 , Volume VI , Kennedy - Khrushchev Exchanges - Historical Documents - Office of the Historian . '' Document 65 - Foreign Relations of the United States , 1961 -- 1963 , Volume VI , Kennedy - Khrushchev Exchanges - Historical Documents - Office of the Historian . Accessed October 30 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Limited Test Ban Treaty '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Easing the Tensions '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Arms Race Resumes '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Reagan 's Star Wars '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The End of the Cold War '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Masco , Joseph ( 2006 ) . The nuclear borderlands : the Manhattan Project in post-Cold War New Mexico ( paperback ed . ) . Princeton University Press . p. 78 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 691 - 12077 - 5 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/2016/12/23/whats-arms-race-short-history/95792412/ </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ http://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/trump-tweets-apparent-call-more-us-nuclear-weapons-n699221 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2016/dec/23/donald-trump-nuclear-weapons-arms-race </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` India 's Nuclear Weapons Program - Smiling Buddha : 1974 '' . nuclearweaponarchive.org . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ FIles. `` 1974 Nuclear files '' . Nuclear Age Peace Foundation . Nuclear files archives . Retrieved 14 January 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Tania Branigan . `` China ' successfully tests missile interceptor ' '' . the Guardian . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Akash Missile Achieves Direct - Hit , Destroys Banshee Target '' . The New Indian Express . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Indian Ballistic Missile Defence Programme </Li> </Ol> <Ul> <Li> Boughton , G.J. ( 1974 ) . Journal of Interamerican Studies and World Affairs ( 16th ed . ) . Miami , United States of America : Center for Latin American Studies at the University of Miami . </Li> <Li> Brown , A. Reform , Coup and Collapse : The End of the Soviet State . BBC History . Retrieved November 22 , 2012 </Li> <Li> Cold War : A Brief History . ( n.d. ) . Atomic Archive . Retrieved November 16 , 2012 </Li> <Li> Doty , P. , Carnesale , A. , & Nacht , M. ( 1976 , October ) . The Race to Control Nuclear Arms . </Li> <Li> Jones , R.W. ( 1998 ) . Pakistan 's Nuclear Posture : Arms Race Instabilities in South Asia . </Li> <Li> Joyce , A. , Bates Graber , R. , Hoffman , T.J. , Paul Shaw , R. , & Wong , Y. ( 1989 , February ) . The Nuclear Arms Race : An Evolutionary Perspective . </Li> <Li> Maloney , S.M. ( 2007 ) . Learning to love the bomb : Canada 's nuclear weapons during the Cold War . Washington , D.C : Potomac Books . </Li> <Li> May , E.R. ( n.d. ) . John F Kennedy and the Cuban Missile Crisis . BBC History . Retrieved November 22 , 2012 </Li> <Li> Van , C.M. ( 1993 ) . Nuclear proliferation and the future of conflict . New York , United States : Free Press . </Li> </Ul> <H2> Further reading ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> `` Presidency in the Nuclear Age '' , conference and forum at the JFK Library , Boston , October 12 , 2009 . Four panels : `` The Race to Build the Bomb and the Decision to Use It '' , `` Cuban Missile Crisis and the First Nuclear Test Ban Treaty '' , `` The Cold War and the Nuclear Arms Race '' , and `` Nuclear Weapons , Terrorism , and the Presidency '' . </Li> </Ul> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Erik Ringmar , `` The Recognition Game : Soviet Russia Against the West , '' Cooperation & Conflict , 37 : 2 , 2002 . pp. 115 -- 36 . -- the arms race between the superpowers explained through the concept of recognition . </Li> <Li> Annotated bibliography on the nuclear arms race from the Alsos Digital Library for Nuclear Issues </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Nuclear technology </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Science </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Chemistry </Li> <Li> Engineering </Li> <Li> Physics </Li> <Li> Atomic nucleus </Li> <Li> Fission </Li> <Li> Fusion </Li> <Li> Radiation <Ul> <Li> ionizing </Li> <Li> braking </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Fuel </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Tritium </Li> <Li> Deuterium </Li> <Li> Helium - 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] | who won the arms race in the cold war | [
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] | https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Nuclear_arms_race&oldid=841682830 | -5,087,815,032,692,832,000 |
Subsets and Splits