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Email marketing - Wikipedia <H1> Email marketing </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> ( hide ) This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( September 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This article possibly contains original research . Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations . Statements consisting only of original research should be removed . ( January 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Td> Part of a series on </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Internet marketing </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Search engine optimization </Li> <Li> Local search engine optimisation </Li> <Li> Social media marketing </Li> <Li> Email marketing </Li> <Li> Referral marketing </Li> <Li> Content marketing </Li> <Li> Native advertising </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Search engine marketing </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Pay - per - click </Li> <Li> Cost per impression </Li> <Li> Search analytics </Li> <Li> Web analytics </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Display advertising </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Ad blocking </Li> <Li> Contextual advertising </Li> <Li> Behavioral targeting </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Affiliate marketing </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Cost per action </Li> <Li> Revenue sharing </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Mobile advertising </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Email marketing is the act of sending a commercial message , typically to a group of people , using email . In its broadest sense , every email sent to a potential or current customer could be considered email marketing . It usually involves using email to send advertisements , request business , or solicit sales or donations , and is meant to build loyalty , trust , or brand awareness . Marketing emails can be sent to a purchased lead list or a current customer database . The term usually refers to sending email messages with the purpose of enhancing a merchant 's relationship with current or previous customers , encouraging customer loyalty and repeat business , acquiring new customers or convincing current customers to purchase something immediately , and sharing third - party ads . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 History </Li> <Li> 2 Types <Ul> <Li> 2.1 Transactional emails </Li> <Li> 2.2 Direct emails <Ul> <Li> 2.2. 1 Mobile email marketing </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 Comparison to traditional mail <Ul> <Li> 3.1 Advantages </Li> <Li> 3.2 Disadvantages </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 Opt - in email advertising </Li> <Li> 5 Legal requirements <Ul> <Li> 5.1 Australia </Li> <Li> 5.2 Canada </Li> <Li> 5.3 European Union </Li> <Li> 5.4 United States </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 6 See also </Li> <Li> 7 References </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> History </H2> <P> Email marketing has evolved rapidly alongside the technological growth of the 21st century . Prior to this growth , when emails were novelties to the majority of customers , email marketing was not as effective . In 1978 , Gary Thuerk of Digital Equipment Corporation ( DEC ) sent out the first mass email to approximately 400 potential clients via the Advanced Research Projects Agency Network ( ARPANET ) . This email resulted in $13 million worth of sales in DEC products , and highlighted the potential of marketing through mass emails . However , as email marketing developed as an effective means of direct communication , users began blocking out content from emails with filters and blocking programs . In order to effectively communicate a message through email , marketers had to develop a way of pushing content through to the end user , without being cut out by automatic filters and spam removing software . This resulted in the birth of triggered marketing emails , which are sent to specific users based on their tracked online browsing patterns . </P> <P> Historically , it has been difficult to measure the effectiveness of marketing campaigns because target markets can not be adequately defined . Email marketing carries the benefit of allowing marketers to identify returns on investment and measure and improve efficiency . Email marketing allows marketers to see feedback from users in real time , and to monitor how effective their campaign is in achieving market penetration , revealing a communication channel 's scope . At the same time , however , it also means that the more personal nature of certain advertising methods , such as television advertisements , can not be captured . </P> <H2> Types </H2> <P> Email marketing can be carried out through different types of emails : </P> <H3> Transactional emails </H3> <P> Transactional emails are usually triggered based on a customer 's action with a company . To be qualified as transactional or relationship messages , these communications ' primary purpose must be `` to facilitate , complete , or confirm a commercial transaction that the recipient has previously agreed to enter into with the sender '' along with a few other narrow definitions of transactional messaging . Triggered transactional messages include dropped basket messages , password reset emails , purchase or order confirmation emails , order status emails , reorder emails , and email receipts . </P> <P> The primary purpose of a transactional email is to convey information regarding the action that triggered it . But , due to their high open rates ( 51.3 % compared to 36.6 % for email newsletters ) , transactional emails are an opportunity to introduce or extend the email relationship with customers or subscribers ; to anticipate and answer questions ; or to cross-sell or up - sell products or services . </P> <P> Many email newsletter software vendors offer transactional email support , which gives companies the ability to include promotional messages within the body of transactional emails . There are also software vendors that offer specialized transactional email marketing services , which include providing targeted and personalized transactional email messages and running specific marketing campaigns ( such as customer referral programs ) . </P> <H3> Direct emails </H3> <P> Direct email involves sending an email solely to communicate a promotional message ( for example , a special offer or a product catalog ) . Companies usually collect a list of customer or prospect email addresses to send direct promotional messages to , or they rent a list of email addresses from service companies . Safe mail marketing is also used . </P> Mobile email marketing <P> Email marketing develops large amounts of traffic through smartphones and tablets . Marketers are researching ways to advertise to more users and to make them view advertising for longer . However , the rate of delivery is still relatively low due to better filtering - out of advertising and users having multiple email accounts for different purposes . Because emails are generated according to the tracked behavior of consumers , it is possible to send advertising which is based on the recipient 's behavior . Because of this , modern email marketing is perceived more often as a pull strategy rather than a push strategy . </P> <H2> Comparison to traditional mail </H2> <P> There are both advantages and disadvantages to using email marketing in comparison to traditional advertising mail . </P> <H3> Advantages </H3> <P> Email marketing is popular with companies for several reasons : </P> <Ul> <Li> An exact return on investment can be tracked ( `` track to basket '' ) and has proven to be high when done properly . Email marketing is often reported as second only to search marketing as the most effective online marketing tactic . </Li> <Li> Email marketing is significantly cheaper and faster than traditional mail , mainly because of the high cost and time required in a traditional mail campaign for producing the artwork , printing , addressing , and mailing . </Li> <Li> Businesses and organizations who send a high volume of emails can use an ESP ( email service provider ) to gather information about the behavior of the recipients . The insights provided by consumer response to email marketing help businesses and organizations understand and make use of consumer behavior . </Li> <Li> Email provides a cost - effective method to test different marketing content , including visual , creative , marketing copy , and multimedia assets . The data gathered by testing in the email channel can then be used across all channels of marketing campaigns , both print and digital . </Li> <Li> Advertisers can reach substantial numbers of email subscribers who have opted in ( i.e. , consented ) to receive the email . </Li> <Li> Almost half of American Internet users check or send email on a typical day , with emails delivered between 1 am and 5 am local time outperforming those sent at other times in open and click rates . </Li> <Li> Email is popular with digital marketers , rising an estimated 15 % in 2009 to £ 292 million in the UK . </Li> <Li> If compared to standard email , direct email marketing produces higher response rate and higher average order value for e-commerce businesses . </Li> </Ul> <H3> Disadvantages </H3> <P> As of mid-2016 email deliverability is still an issue for legitimate marketers . According to the report , legitimate email servers averaged a delivery rate of 73 % in the U.S. ; six percent were filtered as spam , and 22 % were missing . This lags behind other countries : Australia delivers at 90 % , Canada at 89 % , Britain at 88 % , France at 84 % , Germany at 80 % and Brazil at 79 % . </P> <P> Additionally , consumers receive on average circa 90 emails per day . </P> <P> Companies considering the use of an email marketing program must make sure that their program does not violate spam laws such as the United States ' Controlling the Assault of Non-Solicited Pornography and Marketing Act ( CAN - SPAM ) , the European Privacy and Electronic Communications Regulations 2003 , or their Internet service provider 's acceptable use policy . </P> <H2> Opt - in email advertising </H2> <P> Opt - in email advertising , or permission marketing , is a method of advertising via email whereby the recipient of the advertisement has consented to receive it . This method is one of several developed by marketers to eliminate the disadvantages of email marketing . </P> <P> Opt - in email marketing may evolve into a technology that uses a handshake protocol between the sender and receiver . This system is intended to eventually result in a high degree of satisfaction between consumers and marketers . If opt - in email advertising is used , the material that is emailed to consumers will be `` anticipated '' . It is assumed that the recipient wants to receive it , which makes it unlike unsolicited advertisements sent to the consumer . Ideally , opt - in email advertisements will be more personal and relevant to the consumer than untargeted advertisements . </P> <P> A common example of permission marketing is a newsletter sent to an advertising firm 's customers . Such newsletters inform customers of upcoming events or promotions , or new products . In this type of advertising , a company that wants to send a newsletter to their customers may ask them at the point of purchase if they would like to receive the newsletter . </P> <P> With a foundation of opted - in contact information stored in their database , marketers can send out promotional materials automatically using autoresponders -- known as drip marketing . They can also segment their promotions to specific market segments . </P> <H2> Legal requirements </H2> <H3> Australia </H3> <P> The Australian Spam Act 2003 is enforced by the Australian Communications and Media Authority , widely known as `` ACMA '' . The act defines the term unsolicited electronic messages , states how unsubscribe functions must work for commercial messages , and gives other key information . Fines range with 3 fines of AU $110,000 being issued to Virgin Blue Airlines ( 2011 ) , Tiger Airways Holdings Limited ( 2012 ) and Cellar master Wines Pty Limited ( 2013 ) . </P> <H3> Canada </H3> <P> The `` Canada Anti-Spam Law '' ( CASL ) went into effect on July 1 , 2014 . CASL requires an explicit or implicit opt - in from users , and the maximum fines for noncompliance are CA $ 1 million for individuals and $10 million for businesses . </P> <H3> European Union </H3> <P> In 2002 the European Union ( EU ) introduced the Directive on Privacy and Electronic Communications . Article 13 of the Directive prohibits the use of personal email addresses for marketing purposes . The Directive establishes the opt - in regime , where unsolicited emails may be sent only with prior agreement of the recipient ; this does not apply to business email addresses . </P> <P> The directive has since been incorporated into the laws of member states . In the UK it is covered under the Privacy and Electronic Communications ( EC Directive ) Regulations 2003 and applies to all organizations that send out marketing by some form of electronic communication . </P> <H3> United states </H3> <P> The CAN - SPAM Act of 2003 was passed by Congress as a direct response of the growing number of complaints over spam e-mails . Congress determined that the US government was showing an increased interest in the regulation of commercial electronic mail nationally , that those who send commercial e-mails should not mislead recipients over the source or content of them , and that all recipients of such emails have a right to decline them . The act authorizes a US $16,000 penalty per violation for spamming each individual recipient . However , it does not ban spam emailing outright , but imposes laws on using deceptive marketing methods through headings which are `` materially false or misleading '' . In addition there are conditions which email marketers must meet in terms of their format , their content and labeling . As a result , many commercial email marketers within the United States utilize a service or special software to ensure compliance with the act . A variety of older systems exist that do not ensure compliance with the act . To comply with the act 's regulation of commercial email , services also typically require users to authenticate their return address and include a valid physical address , provide a one - click unsubscribe feature , and prohibit importing lists of purchased addresses that may not have given valid permission . </P> <P> In addition to satisfying legal requirements , email service providers ( ESPs ) began to help customers establish and manage their own email marketing campaigns . The service providers supply email templates and general best practices , as well as methods for handling subscriptions and cancellations automatically . Some ESPs will provide insight and assistance with deliverability issues for major email providers . They also provide statistics pertaining to the number of messages received and opened , and whether the recipients clicked on any links within the messages . </P> <P> The CAN - SPAM Act was updated with some new regulations including a no - fee provision for opting out , further definition of `` sender '' , post office or private mail boxes count as a `` valid physical postal address '' and definition of `` person '' . These new provisions went into effect on July 7 , 2008 . </P> <H2> See also </H2> <Ul> <Li> CAUCE -- Coalition Against Unsolicited Commercial Email </Li> <Li> Customer engagement </Li> <Li> Suppression list </Li> <Li> Email spam - Unsolicited email marketing </Li> </Ul> <H2> References </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ `` spam unsolicited e-mail '' . Retrieved September 19 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` PUBLIC LAW 108 -- 187 -- DEC . 16 , 2003 117 STAT. 2699 '' ( PDF ) . U.S Government GPO . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ ADIKESAVAN , T. MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEMS BEST PRACTICES AND APPLICATIONS IN BUSINESS . ISBN 8120348966 . Retrieved July 10 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ MECLABS , content : MarketingSherpa , design : Scott McDaniel , code : Steve Beger , ( January 21 , 2009 ) . `` New Survey Data : Email 's ROI Makes Tactic Key for Marketers in 2009 '' . MarketingSherpa.com . Retrieved August 12 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Pew Internet & American Life Project , `` Tracking surveys '' , March 2000 -- March 2009 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ How Scheduling Affects Rates . Mailermailer.com ( July 2012 ) . Retrieved on July 28 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ BtoB Magazine , `` Early Email Blasts Results in Higher Click & Open Rates '' Archived 2011 - 11 - 22 at the Wayback Machine. , September 2011 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ UK e-mail marketing predicted to rise 15 % . MediaWeek.co.uk ( 13 October 2009 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Why Email Marketing is King '' . Harvard Business Review ( 21 August 2012 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Roberts , A. `` Email deliverability is on the decline : report '' , ClickZ </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Radicati , Sara . `` Email Statistics Report , 2014 - 2018 '' ( PDF ) . The Radicati Group , Inc . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Consumer Information '' . Consumer Information . Retrieved August 12 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Fairhead , N. ( 2003 ) `` All hail the brave new world of permission marketing via email '' ( Media 16 , August 2003 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Dilworth , Dianna ( 2007 ) . `` Ruth 's Chris Steak House sends sizzling e-mails for special occasions '' . DMNews . Retrieved February 19 , 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ O'Brian J. & Montazemia , A. ( 2004 ) Management Information Systems ( Canada : McGraw - Hill Ryerson Ltd . ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Spam : enforcement actions '' . Australian Communications and Media Authority . Australian Communications and Media Authority . Archived from the original on February 29 , 2016 . Retrieved August 15 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Moorcraft , Bethan . `` Law could force idle brokers back to dark ages '' . Insurance Business . Retrieved August 12 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Canada 's law on spam '' . Government of Canada . Retrieved July 19 , 2014 ... </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ The Privacy and Electronic Communications ( EC Directive ) Regulations 2003 Archived November 14 , 2006 , at the Wayback Machine ... Opsi.gov.uk . Retrieved on July 28 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` CAN - SPAM Act : A Compliance Guide for Business '' . FTC.gov . BCP Business Center . Retrieved August 10 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` FTC Approves New Rule Provision Under The CAN - SPAM Act '' . FTC.gov . June 24 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 16 CFR Part 316 Definitions and Implementation Under the CAN -- SPAM Act ; Final Rule '' ( PDF ) . FTC.gov . May 21 , 2008 . </Li> </Ol> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Email_marketing&oldid=814071202 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> Advertising by medium </Li> <Li> Email </Li> <Li> Digital marketing </Li> <Li> Market research </Li> <Li> Marketing techniques </Li> <Li> Online advertising </Li> <Li> Spamming </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Webarchive template wayback links </Li> <Li> Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages </Li> <Li> Articles needing additional references from September 2014 </Li> <Li> All articles needing additional references </Li> <Li> Articles that may contain original research from January 2015 </Li> <Li> All articles that may contain original research </Li> <Li> Articles with multiple maintenance issues </Li> <Li> All articles with unsourced statements </Li> <Li> Articles with unsourced statements from August 2017 </Li> <Li> Articles with unsourced statements from July 2015 </Li> <Li> All Wikipedia articles needing clarification </Li> <Li> Wikipedia articles needing clarification from August 2017 </Li> <Li> Articles with unsourced statements from March 2016 </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> View source </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> বাংলা </Li> <Li> Български </Li> <Li> Català </Li> <Li> Čeština </Li> <Li> Español </Li> <Li> فارسی </Li> <Li> Français </Li> <Li> Italiano </Li> <Li> ಕನ್ನಡ </Li> <Li> ქართული </Li> <Li> Македонски </Li> <Li> Nederlands </Li> <Li> 日本 語 </Li> <Li> Norsk </Li> <Li> Polski </Li> <Li> Português </Li> <Li> Русский </Li> <Li> Српски / srpski </Li> <Li> Svenska </Li> <Li> தமிழ் </Li> <Li> తెలుగు </Li> <Li> ไทย </Li> <Li> Türkçe </Li> <Li> Українська </Li> <Li> Tiếng Việt </Li> <Li> 中文 </Li> 18 more </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 6 December 2017 , at 19 : 06 . </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul>

which is the most common use of opt-in e-mail marketing

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The Mother ( How I Met Your Mother ) - wikipedia <H1> The Mother ( How I Met Your Mother ) </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Tracy McConnell </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> How I Met Your Mother character </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> The Mother appearing in `` The Locket '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> First appearance </Th> <Td> `` Lucky Penny ( unseen ) '' `` Something New '' ( seen ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Last appearance </Th> <Td> `` Last Forever '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Created by </Th> <Td> Carter Bays Craig Thomas </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Portrayed by </Th> <Td> Cristin Milioti </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Information </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Aliases </Th> <Td> The Mother </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Gender </Th> <Td> Female </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Spouse ( s ) </Th> <Td> Ted Mosby </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Significant other ( s ) </Th> <Td> Max ( deceased former boyfriend ) Louis ( ex-boyfriend ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Children </Th> <Td> Penny Mosby ( daughter , born in 2015 , played by Lyndsy Fonseca ) Luke Mosby ( son , born in 2017 , played by David Henrie ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Nationality </Th> <Td> American </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Tracy McConnell , better known as `` The Mother '' , is the title character from the CBS television sitcom How I Met Your Mother . The show , narrated by Future Ted , tells the story of how Ted Mosby met The Mother . Tracy McConnell appears in 8 episodes from `` Lucky Penny '' to `` The Time Travelers '' as an unseen character ; she was first seen fully in `` Something New '' and was promoted to a main character in season 9 . The Mother is played by Cristin Milioti . </P> <P> The story of how Ted met The Mother is the framing device behind the series ; many facts about her are revealed throughout the series , including the fact that Ted once unwittingly owned her umbrella before accidentally leaving it behind in her apartment . Ted and The Mother meet at the Farhampton train station following Barney Stinson and Robin Scherbatsky 's wedding ; this scene is shown in `` Last Forever '' , the series finale . The Mother 's death from an unspecified terminal illness in 2024 , also revealed in the series finale , received a mixed reaction from fans . </P> <P> An alternate ending was released in the ninth season DVD . In the alternate ending , Tracy Mosby is still living when Ted is telling the story in 2030 . In the video , future Ted is heard saying , `` ... When I think how lucky I am to wake up next to your mom every morning , I ca n't help but be amazed how easy it all really was ... '' , indirectly stating that The Mother is alive . The video ends right after the train passes at Farhampton station and credits start rolling , implying that Ted never went back to Robin as he lived a successful married life with Tracy Mosby . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Casting </Li> <Li> 2 Character history <Ul> <Li> 2.1 Name </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 Death </Li> <Li> 4 Notes </Li> <Li> 5 References </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Casting ( edit ) </H2> <P> During its first eight seasons , the successful sitcom How I Met Your Mother often hinted at the unseen character of The Mother . Well - known actresses often made guest appearances on the show . Many fans expected that another would play one of the most - wanted roles in Hollywood , but creators Carter Bays and Craig Thomas wanted an unknown . Using Anne Hathaway and Amy Adams as examples , Thomas said that `` We did n't want it to be a big famous star because we did n't want the wider audience to have associations with whatever actress this would be ... The whole idea is that Ted 's never seen this woman before , so it better feel that way to the audience '' , similar to how Cobie Smulders being cast as Robin Scherbatsky had `` kept the show alive '' when it began . Bays and Thomas also did not want a large casting call . </P> <P> They chose Cristin Milioti after seeing her on 30 Rock and Once ; her musical ability was also helpful , as The Mother had been described as a band member . After competing for the role against at least two others , Milioti filmed her first scene -- for the last episode of season 8 -- having never watched How I Met Your Mother ; she recalled , `` I had ignorance on my side . So I did n't know what it meant . '' Milioti learned of the character 's importance only after binge watching the show during the summer . </P> <H2> Character history ( edit ) </H2> <P> The Mother was born on September 19 , 1984 . </P> <P> The Mother , joined by her roommate Kelly awaits the arrival of her boyfriend Max only to receive a call informing her of his death . After the funeral service , she returns to the apartment to open Max 's last gift to her -- a ukulele . The Mother spends the next few years grieving the passing of the man she believes was her one true love . </P> <P> In `` Wait for It '' , it is revealed that the short story of how they met involved her yellow umbrella . In `` No Tomorrow '' , Ted finds the umbrella at a club and takes it home after attending a St. Patrick 's Day party which she also attended , as it had been two and a half years since the death of Max , her late boyfriend . She is still grieving , but her roommate Kelly encourages her to go out and date again , bringing her to the same bar where Ted and Barney are celebrating . The two women run into Mitch , her old orchestra instructor ; The Mother offers to give Mitch her cello for his work at a school and they head to her apartment . After they start talking , Mitch encourages her to pursue her dreams . The Mother expresses her desire to end poverty by taking up economics in college . </P> <P> On his first day of teaching as Professor Mosby , as seen in the season 4 finale `` The Leap '' , he is seen in front of the classroom of students , one of which Future Ted says is the titular mother . But in the first episode of season 5 , `` Definitions '' , it is revealed that he was actually in the wrong classroom -- Economics instead of Architecture . At the same time in `` How Your Mother Met Me '' , the Mother sits her first session in Economics 305 and meets another graduate student named Cindy ( Rachel Bilson ) , whom she offers to move in with her as her roommate . They see Ted enter the room , but when he announces the subject , The Mother thinks she is in the wrong room and runs off . She heads back to the room after seeing Ted scramble to his actual classroom . </P> <P> Later , in `` Girls Versus Suits '' , Ted dates Cindy , not knowing that her roommate is his future wife . Throughout the episode , Ted notes that Cindy had spent most of their first date talking jealously about her roommate . When in Cindy and the mother 's apartment he picks up many of The Mother 's belongings , attempting to show how compatible he and Cindy are ( thinking the items are Cindy 's ) and glimpses the mother 's foot as she disappears into her room after taking a shower . Ted finds out at this time that she plays bass guitar in a band . Ted forgets to take the yellow umbrella with him when he goes out and Future Ted mentions , `` this is how your mother got her yellow umbrella back . '' In `` How Your Mother Met Me '' , it is revealed that , after Ted left the apartment , the Mother had discovered the umbrella and , upon going to question Cindy , finds her in a state . As she tried to console her , Cindy said that she was a much better match for Ted , and began to lovingly list all of the reasons that Ted would find the mother attractive , before spontaneously kissing her , revealing that her jealousy towards her roommate was actually a crush . While this incident made Cindy realise that she is a lesbian , it also made the Mother decide to go back into dating , as the kiss was her first in a long time . </P> <P> Some time after this , a man named Darren approaches The Mother and is welcomed into her band named Superfreakonomics . Darren gradually takes over the band . </P> <P> In the season 6 opener `` Big Days '' it is revealed Ted meets his future wife `` the day of '' the wedding at which he is the best man . In the episode `` False Positive '' Robin asks Ted to be her future best man , should she ever get married . In the episode `` Challenge Accepted '' , it is revealed that Ted meets the mother of his children the day of Barney 's wedding . In the last episode of season 7 , `` The Magician 's Code '' it is shown that Barney will marry Robin , and Ted will meet the mother `` the day of '' their wedding . On the premiere of season 8 , Ted 's wife appears after Barney and Robin 's wedding , outside at the `` Farhampton '' station while holding a yellow umbrella and her bass guitar . </P> <P> In the season 8 episode `` Band or DJ ? , '' Ted runs into Cindy on the subway and tells her that the band Barney and Robin hired to play at their wedding cancelled at the last minute . The end result of the encounter is that Cindy 's ( now ex - ) roommate 's band plays at Barney and Robin 's wedding . </P> <P> The Mother is first shown meeting Louis in `` How Your Mother Met Me '' as she is left to carry the band equipment while the now - lead band member Darren talks to his fans . Later at MacLaren 's Pub , she tells him she 's not yet ready to date . Louis asks her to give him a call if she changes her mind and they begin dating not long after . </P> <P> The Mother meets all of Ted 's best friends ( Barney , Lily , Marshall and Robin ) before she meets him . The Mother is responsible for convincing Barney to pursue Robin , as revealed through a flashback in `` Platonish '' . In `` The Locket '' , Tracy meets Lily on a train journey . </P> <P> In `` Bass Player Wanted '' , the Mother picks up a hitchhiking Marshall , carrying his son Marvin , on her way to Farhampton Inn . On their way , it is revealed that the Mother is a bass player in the band , that is scheduled to play at the wedding reception . But the band 's leader , Darren , forced her to quit . The Mother ultimately decides to confront Darren and retake the band . She ends up alone at the bar , and while practicing a speech to give Darren , Darren walks up to her furious the groom 's best man punched him for `` no reason . '' Amused by this , the Mother laughs , and Darren quits the band in anger . </P> <P> In `` How Your Mother Met Me '' , it is shown that after this incident , the Mother returns to Louis ' summer cottage not far from the Farhampton Inn where she has been staying for the duration of the wedding weekend . As she walks in the door , Louis proposes to her , but she goes outside to think about it for a few minutes . She declines Louis ' proposal and leaves his cottage , going to check in at Farhampton Inn . On her room 's balcony , she plays the ukulele and sings `` La Vie en Rose '' . Ted hears her singing from his room next door . </P> <P> In `` Gary Blauman '' , Ted and the Mother are on their first date . Ted picks her up at her New York City apartment and they proceed to walk to a Scottish - Mexican fusion restaurant for dinner . On the way there , Ted is telling her a story when they nearly have a run - in with Louis . She says that she is in the `` weirdest place on earth '' right now and that it is too soon for her to be dating . Ted walks her back to her apartment . They say goodnight and Ted begins to walk away . The Mother then stops him and asks him to finish the story he was telling her . When the story is over , they say goodnight again . The Mother takes a step towards Ted and they kiss for the first time , before deciding to carry on their date . </P> <P> In a flashforward in `` The Lighthouse '' , Ted proposes to the Mother at the top of the lighthouse near Farhampton Inn . She immediately accepts . In another flashfoward in `` Unpause '' , the Mother is revealed to be pregnant with their second child , Luke , in the year 2017 . She goes into labor while she and Ted are staying at Farhampton . </P> <H3> Name ( edit ) </H3> <P> The Mother 's real name is not revealed until the series finale , `` Last Forever '' . When Ted meets her at the Farhampton train station , she reveals that her name is Tracy McConnell . In the season 1 episode `` Belly Full of Turkey '' , Ted meets a stripper named Tracy and says `` ... that , kids , is the true story of how I met your mother '' . The children react in surprise and appear to believe Ted before he admits he is joking , which led some fans to correctly guess that The Mother 's name is Tracy . </P> <H2> Death ( edit ) </H2> See also : Last Forever <P> In the series finale , it is revealed that six years prior to Ted telling the story to his children , Tracy died in 2024 from an undisclosed illness . In the finale the characters do not directly state that the mother is dead . Ted says that she `` became sick '' and his children saying that she has been `` gone '' for six years . Many fans expressed considerable disappointment to The Mother 's death . Milioti cried when she learned her character was supposed to die , but came to accept the ending was what the writers had planned from the beginning . Bill Kuchman from Popculturology said that The Mother was `` an amazing character '' and that `` over the course of this final season HIMYM made us care about Tracy . Kuchman said that `` asking fans to drop all of that with a simple line about The Mother getting sick and passing away was a very difficult request '' , that the finale `` advanced too quickly '' and that `` HIMYM was a victim of its own success on this issue '' . </P> <P> A petition was started , aiming to rewrite and reshoot the finale . The petition has over 20,000 signatures and considerable online news coverage . On April 5 , 2014 , Carter Bays announced on Twitter that an alternate ending would be included on the Season 9 DVD . No new material was shot for this scene . In the alternate ending , the mother is still living when Ted is telling the story in 2030 . </P> <H2> Notes ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ The Mother celebrates her 21st birthday on the day that `` Pilot '' is set . The pilot is set on September 19 , 2005 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Debnath , Neela ( 7 September 2014 ) . `` How I Met Your Mother alternative finale leaks online ahead of DVD release '' . The Independent . Retrieved 15 February 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kreps , Daniel ( September 6 , 2014 ) . `` Watch the Happier ' How I Met Your Mother ' Alternate Ending '' . Rolling Stone . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ MacGregor , Rachel ( September 23 , 2014 ) . `` 8 reasons why How I Met Your Mother should 've used its alternative ending '' . Metro UK . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Stransky , Tanner ( 2013 - 05 - 13 ) . `` ' How I Met Your Mother ' : Burning questions about the mother '' . Entertainment Weekly . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Fallon , Kevin ( 2013 - 05 - 14 ) . `` ' How I Met Your Mother ' Mother Revealed : Meet Cristin Milioti '' . The Daily Beast . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Fallon , Kevin ( 2015 - 11 - 03 ) . `` How Cristin Milioti Met ' Fargo ' -- And Left ' How I Met Your Mother ' Behind '' . The Daily Beast . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` How Your Mother Met Me '' . How I Met Your Mother . Season 9 . Episode 16 . January 27 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Pilot '' . How I Met Your Mother . Season 1 . Episode 1 . September 19 , 2005 . CBS . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Kuchman , Bill ( April 4 , 2014 ) . `` ' How I Met Your Mother ' ' Last Forever ' Recap : A Divisive Finale and What It Means for ' HIMYM ' '' . Retrieved July 7 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Rullo , Samantha ( 10 March 2014 ) . `` What is The Mother 's Name on ' How I Met Your Mother ' ? Episode Title Might Hold the Secret '' . Retrieved July 7 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` HIMYM Tomatometer Watch : Series Finale Currently Rotten - Majority of critics disappointed by ' Last Forever ' '' . Rotten Tomatoes. April 2 , 2014 . Retrieved April 3 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ http://abcnews.go.com/Entertainment/cristin-milioti-sobbed-found-characters-fate-met-mother/story?id=25947923 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kuchman , Bill ( March 31 , 2014 ) . `` ' HIMYM ' Finale Instant Reaction '' . Retrieved July 7 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Guerrero , Danger ( April 4 , 2014 ) . `` Now There 's A Petition To ' Rewrite And Reshoot ' The ' How I Met Your Mother ' Ending '' . Retrieved July 7 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Maresca , Rachel ( April 3 , 2014 ) . `` ' How I Met Your Mother ' series finale sparks online petition from fans who want ending changed '' . New York Daily News . Retrieved July 7 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Update for those who 've been asking : Alt # himym ending will be on s9 DVD and also in the series box set . https://twitter.com/CarterBays/status/452299544995184640 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ James , Lauren ( April 5 , 2014 ) . `` ' How I Met Your Mother ' May Get Alternate Ending After Petition , Says Carter Bays '' . Contact Music . Retrieved July 7 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kreps , Daniel ( September 6 , 2014 ) . `` Watch the Happier ' How I Met Your Mother ' Alternate Ending '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved November 16 , 2014 . </Li> </Ol> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> How I Met Your Mother </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Episodes </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Season 1 </Li> <Li> Season 2 </Li> <Li> Season 3 </Li> <Li> Season 4 </Li> <Li> Season 5 </Li> <Li> Season 6 </Li> <Li> Season 7 </Li> <Li> Season 8 </Li> <Li> Season 9 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Characters </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Ted Mosby </Li> <Li> Marshall Eriksen </Li> <Li> Lily Aldrin </Li> <Li> Barney Stinson </Li> <Li> Robin Scherbatsky </Li> <Li> The Mother ( Tracy McConnell ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Soundtracks </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> How I Met Your Music </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Related articles </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Awards and nominations </Li> <Li> The Bro Code </Li> <Li> Cheerleader effect </Li> <Li> `` Nothing Suits Me Like a Suit '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Mother_(How_I_Met_Your_Mother)&oldid=802354471 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> How I Met Your Mother characters </Li> <Li> Fictional characters introduced in 2013 </Li> <Li> Fictional female musicians </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Pages using deprecated image syntax </Li> <Li> Pages using infobox character with unknown parameters </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> Español </Li> <Li> Italiano </Li> <Li> Magyar </Li> <Li> Tiếng Việt </Li> </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 25 September 2017 , at 17 : 03 . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul>

how i.met your mother who is the mother

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Human fertilization - wikipedia <H1> Human fertilization </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Td> Part of a series on </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Human growth and development </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Stages </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Human embryogenesis </Li> <Li> Fetus </Li> <Li> Infant </Li> <Li> Toddler </Li> <Li> Early childhood </Li> <Li> Child </Li> <Li> Preadolescence </Li> <Li> Adolescence </Li> <Li> Adult </Li> <Li> Middle age </Li> <Li> Old age </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Biological milestones </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Fertilization </Li> <Li> Childbirth </Li> <Li> Walking </Li> <Li> Language acquisition </Li> <Li> Puberty </Li> <Li> Menopause </Li> <Li> Ageing </Li> <Li> Death </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Development and psychology </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Pre - and perinatal </Li> <Li> Infant and child </Li> <Li> Adolescent </Li> <Li> Youth </Li> <Li> Young adult </Li> <Li> Adult </Li> <Li> Maturity </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Developmental stage theories </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Attachment </Li> <Li> Ecological </Li> <Li> Psychosocial </Li> <Li> Psychosexual development </Li> <Li> Moral </Li> <Li> Cognitive </Li> <Li> Cultural - historical </Li> <Li> Evolutionary </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Human body portal </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> The acrosome reaction for a sea urchin , a similar process . Note that the picture shows several stages of one and the same spermatozoon - only one penetrates the ovum Illustration depicting ovulation and fertilization . <P> Human fertilization is the union of a human egg and sperm , usually occurring in the ampulla of the fallopian tube . The result of this union is the production of a zygote cell , or fertilized egg , initiating prenatal development . Scientists discovered the dynamics of human fertilization in the nineteenth century . </P> <P> The process of fertilization involves a sperm fusing with an ovum . The most common sequence begins with ejaculation during copulation , follows with ovulation , and finishes with fertilization . Various exceptions to this sequence are possible , including artificial insemination , in vitro fertilization , external ejaculation without copulation , or copulation shortly after ovulation . Upon encountering the secondary oocyte , the acrosome of the sperm produces enzymes which allow it to burrow through the outer jelly coat of the egg . The sperm plasma then fuses with the egg 's plasma membrane , the sperm head disconnects from its flagellum and the egg travels down the Fallopian tube to reach the uterus . </P> <P> In vitro fertilization ( IVF ) is a process by which egg cells are fertilized by sperm outside the womb , in vitro . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Anatomy <Ul> <Li> 1.1 Corona radiata </Li> <Li> 1.2 Cone of attraction and perivitelline membrane </Li> <Li> 1.3 Sperm preparation </Li> <Li> 1.4 Zona pellucida <Ul> <Li> 1.4. 1 Cortical reaction </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2 Fusion <Ul> <Li> 2.1 Cell membranes </Li> <Li> 2.2 Transformations </Li> <Li> 2.3 Replication </Li> <Li> 2.4 Mitosis </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 Fertilization age </Li> <Li> 4 Diseases </Li> <Li> 5 See also </Li> <Li> 6 References </Li> <Li> 7 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Anatomy ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Corona radiata ( edit ) </H3> <P> The sperm binds through the corona radiata , a layer of follicle cells on the outside of the secondary oocyte . Fertilization occurs when the nucleus of both a sperm and an egg fuse to form a diploid cell , known as zygote . The successful fusion of gametes forms a new organism . </P> <H3> Cone of attraction and perivitelline membrane ( edit ) </H3> <P> Where the spermatozoon is about to pierce , the yolk ( ooplasm ) is drawn out into a conical elevation , termed the cone of attraction or reception cone . Once the spermatozoon has entered , the peripheral portion of the yolk changes into a membrane , the perivitelline membrane , which prevents the passage of additional spermatozoa . </P> <H3> Sperm preparation ( edit ) </H3> Further information : Acrosome reaction <P> At the beginning of the process , the sperm undergoes a series of changes , as freshly ejaculated sperm is unable or poorly able to fertilize . The sperm must undergo capacitation in the female 's reproductive tract over several hours , which increases its motility and destabilizes its membrane , preparing it for the acrosome reaction , the enzymatic penetration of the egg 's tough membrane , the zona pellucida , which surrounds the oocyte . </P> <H3> Zona pellucida ( edit ) </H3> <P> After binding to the corona radiata the sperm reaches the zona pellucida , which is an extra-cellular matrix of glycoproteins . A special complementary molecule on the surface of the sperm head binds to a ZP3 glycoprotein in the zona pellucida . This binding triggers the acrosome to burst , releasing enzymes that help the sperm get through the zona pellucida . </P> <P> Some sperm cells consume their acrosome prematurely on the surface of the egg cell , facilitating the penetration by other sperm cells . As a population , sperm cells have on average 50 % genome similarity so the premature acrosomal reactions aid fertilization by a member of the same cohort . It may be regarded as a mechanism of kin selection . </P> <P> Recent studies have shown that the egg is not passive during this process . </P> Cortical reaction ( edit ) <P> Once the sperm cells find their way past the zona pellucida , the cortical reaction occurs . Cortical granules inside the secondary oocyte fuse with the plasma membrane of the cell , causing enzymes inside these granules to be expelled by exocytosis to the zona pellucida . This in turn causes the glyco - proteins in the zona pellucida to cross-link with each other -- i.e. the enzymes cause the ZP2 to hydrolyse into ZP2f -- making the whole matrix hard and impermeable to sperm . This prevents fertilization of an egg by more than one sperm . The cortical reaction and acrosome reaction are both essential to ensure that only one sperm will fertilize an egg . </P> <H2> Fusion ( edit ) </H2> Fertilization and implantation in humans . <P> After the sperm enters the cytoplasm of the oocyte ( also called ovocyte ) , the tail and the outer coating of the sperm disintegrate and the cortical reaction takes place , preventing other sperm from fertilizing the same egg . The oocyte now undergoes its second meiotic division producing the haploid ovum and releasing a polar body . The sperm nucleus then fuses with the ovum , enabling fusion of their genetic material . </P> <H3> Cell membranes ( edit ) </H3> <P> The fusion of cell membranes of the secondary oocyte and sperm takes place . </P> <H3> Transformations ( edit ) </H3> <P> In preparation for the fusion of their genetic material both the oocyte and the sperm undergo transformations as a reaction to the fusion of cell membranes . </P> <P> The oocyte completes its second meiotic division . This results in a mature ovum . The nucleus of the oocyte is called a pronucleus in this process , to distinguish it from the nuclei that are the result of fertilization . </P> <P> The sperm 's tail and mitochondria degenerate with the formation of the male pronucleus . This is why all mitochondria in humans are of maternal origin . Still , a considerable amount of RNA from the sperm is delivered to the resulting embryo and likely influences embryo development and the phenotype of the offspring . </P> <H3> Replication ( edit ) </H3> <P> The pronuclei migrate toward the center of the oocyte , rapidly replicating their DNA as they do so to prepare the zygote for its first mitotic division . </P> <H3> Mitosis ( edit ) </H3> <P> Usually 23 chromosomes from spermatozoon and 23 chromosomes from egg cell fuse ( half of spermatozoons carry X chromosome and the other half Y chromosome ) . Their membranes dissolve , leaving no barriers between the male and female chromosomes . During this dissolution , a mitotic spindle forms between them . The spindle captures the chromosomes before they disperse in the egg cytoplasm . Upon subsequently undergoing mitosis ( which includes pulling of chromatids towards centrioles in anaphase ) the cell gathers genetic material from the male and female together . Thus , the first mitosis of the union of sperm and oocyte is the actual fusion of their chromosomes . </P> <P> Each of the two daughter cells resulting from that mitosis has one replica of each chromatid that was replicated in the previous stage . Thus , they are genetically identical . </P> <H2> Fertilization age ( edit ) </H2> <P> Fertilization is the event most commonly used to mark the zero point in descriptions of prenatal development of the embryo or fetus . The resultant age is known as fertilization age , fertilizational age , embryonic age , fetal age or ( intrauterine ) developmental ( IUD ) age . </P> <P> Gestational age , in contrast , takes the beginning of the last menstrual period ( LMP ) as the zero point . By convention , gestational age is calculated by adding 14 days to fertilization age and vice versa . In fact , however , fertilization usually occurs within a day of ovulation , which , in turn , occurs on average 14.6 days after the beginning of the preceding menstruation ( LMP ) . There is also considerable variability in this interval , with a 95 % prediction interval of the ovulation of 9 to 20 days after menstruation even for an average woman who has a mean LMP - to - ovulation time of 14.6 . In a reference group representing all women , the 95 % prediction interval of the LMP - to - ovulation is 8.2 to 20.5 days . </P> <P> The average time to birth has been estimated to be 268 days ( 38 weeks and two days ) from ovulation , with a standard deviation of 10 days or coefficient of variation of 3.7 % . </P> <P> Fertilization age is sometimes used postnatally ( after birth ) as well to estimate various risk factors . For example , it is a better predictor than postnatal age for risk of intraventricular hemorrhage in premature babies treated with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation . </P> <H2> Diseases ( edit ) </H2> <P> Various disorders can arise from defects in the fertilization process . </P> <Ul> <Li> Polyspermy results from multiple sperm fertilizing an egg . </Li> </Ul> <P> However , some researchers have found that in rare pairs of fraternal twins , their origin might have been from the fertilization of one egg cell from the mother and eight sperm cells from the father . This possibility has been investigated by computer simulations of the fertilization process . </P> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Spontaneous conception , the unassisted conception of a subsequent child after prior use of assisted reproductive technology </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ Garrison , Fielding . An Introduction to the History of Medicine , pages 566 - 567 ( Saunders 1921 ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2011 - 12 - 22 . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 24 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ http://www.americanpregnancy.org/preventingpregnancy/pregnancyfaqmyths.html </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Lawyers Guide to Forensic Medicine SBN 978 - 1 - 85941 - 159 - 9 By Bernard Knight - Page 188 `` Pregnancy is well known to occur from such external ejaculation ... '' </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Fertilization of the Ovum '' . Gray 's Anatomy . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 16 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Fertilization '' . Retrieved 28 July 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Angier , Natalie ( 2007 - 06 - 12 ) . `` Sleek , Fast and Focused : The Cells That Make Dad Dad '' . The New York Times . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Suzanne Wymelenberg , Science and Babies , National Academy Press , page 17 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Richard E. Jones and Kristin H. Lopez , Human Reproductive Biology , Third Edition , Elsevier , 2006 , page 238 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Fertilization : The Cortical Reaction '' . Boundless . Boundless . Retrieved 14 March 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Jodar , M. ; Selvaraju , S. ; Sendler , E. ; Diamond , M.P. ; Krawetz , S.A. ; for the Reproductive Medicine Networks ( 2013 ) . `` The presence , role and clinical use of spermatozoal RNAs '' . Human Reproduction Update. 19 ( 6 ) : 604 -- 624 . doi : 10.1093 / humupd / dmt031 . PMC 3796946 . PMID 23856356 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Marieb , Elaine M. Human Anatomy and Physiology , 5th ed . pp. 1119 - 1122 ( 2001 ) . ISBN 0 - 8053 - 4989 - 8 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ https://www.genderselectionauthority.com/blog/five-facts-about-xx-or-xy </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Wagner F , Erdösová B , Kylarová D ( December 2004 ) . `` Degradation phase of apoptosis during the early stages of human metanephros development '' . Biomed Pap Med Fac Univ Palacky Olomouc Czech Repub. 148 ( 2 ) : 255 -- 6 . doi : 10.5507 / bp. 2004.054 . PMID 15744391 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Robinson , H.P. ; Fleming , J.E.E. ( 1975 ) . `` A Critical Evaluation of Sonar `` crown - Rump Length '' Measurements `` . BJOG : an International Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology. 82 ( 9 ) : 702 -- 710 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1471 - 0528.1975. tb00710. x . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Geirsson RT ( May 1991 ) . `` Ultrasound instead of last menstrual period as the basis of gestational age assignment '' . Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 1 ( 3 ) : 212 -- 9 . doi : 10.1046 / j. 1469 - 0705.1991. 01030212. x . PMID 12797075 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Derived from a standard deviation in this interval of 2.6 , as given in : Fehring RJ , Schneider M , Raviele K ( 2006 ) . `` Variability in the phases of the menstrual cycle '' . J Obstet Gynecol Neonatal Nurs. 35 ( 3 ) : 376 -- 84 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1552 - 6909.2006. 00051. x . PMID 16700687 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Jukic AM , Baird DD , Weinberg CR , McConnaughey DR , Wilcox AJ ( 2013 ) . `` Length of human pregnancy and contributors to its natural variation '' . Hum . Reprod. 28 ( 10 ) : 2848 -- 55 . doi : 10.1093 / humrep / det297 . PMC 3777570 . PMID 23922246 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Jobe , Alan H ( 2004 ) . `` Post-conceptional age and IVH in ECMO patients '' . 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List of National Football League career quarterback wins leaders - wikipedia <H1> List of National Football League career quarterback wins leaders </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Th> NFL lists </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Current season ( show ) <Ul> <Li> 2017 season </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Quarterbacks ( show ) <Ul> <Li> Starting quarterbacks by touchdowns / touchdowns ( playoffs ) / yardage / 5000 yard seasons / completion <Ul> <Li> by team BUF </Li> <Li> MIA </Li> <Li> NE </Li> <Li> NYJ </Li> <Li> BAL </Li> <Li> CIN </Li> <Li> CLE </Li> <Li> PIT </Li> <Li> HOU </Li> <Li> IND </Li> <Li> JAX </Li> <Li> TEN </Li> <Li> DEN </Li> <Li> KC </Li> <Li> LAC </Li> <Li> OAK </Li> <Li> DAL </Li> <Li> NYG </Li> <Li> PHI </Li> <Li> WAS </Li> <Li> CHI </Li> <Li> DET </Li> <Li> GB </Li> <Li> MIN </Li> <Li> ATL </Li> <Li> CAR </Li> <Li> NO </Li> <Li> TB </Li> <Li> ARI </Li> <Li> LAR </Li> <Li> SF </Li> <Li> SEA </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Most wins </Li> <Li> Playoff records </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Most consecutive starts </Li> <Li> Most consecutive games with touchdown pass </Li> <Li> <Ul> <Li> Win -- loss records 2012 </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Running backs ( show ) <Ul> <Li> Career rushing attempts leaders </Li> <Li> Career rushing yards leaders </Li> <Li> Career rushing touchdowns leaders </Li> <Li> Annual rushing yards leaders </Li> <Li> Annual rushing touchdowns leaders </Li> <Li> 2,000 - yard club </Li> <Li> 1,000 - yard duos </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Receivers ( show ) <Ul> <Li> Career receptions leaders </Li> <Li> Career receiving yards leaders </Li> <Li> Career receiving touchdowns leaders </Li> <Li> Annual receptions leaders </Li> <Li> Annual receiving yards leaders </Li> <Li> Annual receiving touchdowns leaders </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Defense ( show ) <Ul> <Li> Career sacks leaders </Li> <Li> Annual sacks leaders </Li> <Li> Career interceptions leaders </Li> <Li> Annual interceptions leaders </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Special teams ( show ) <Ul> <Li> Longest field goals </Li> <Li> Career field goals leaders </Li> <Li> Career punting yards leaders </Li> <Li> Career punt return yards leaders </Li> <Li> Career kickoff return yards leaders </Li> <Li> Annual field goals leaders </Li> <Li> Annual punting yards leaders </Li> <Li> Annual punt return yards leaders </Li> <Li> Annual kickoff return yards leaders </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Other lists ( show ) <Ul> <Li> Most consecutive starts ( and games played ) </Li> <Li> Career all - purpose yards leaders </Li> <Li> Career scoring leaders </Li> <Li> Brett Favre 's career achievements </Li> <Li> Peyton Manning 's career achievements </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The following is a list of the top National Football League ( NFL ) quarterbacks in wins . In the NFL , the quarterback is the only position that is credited with records of wins and losses . </P> <P> Active quarterback Tom Brady holds the records for most wins with 220 , most regular season wins with 195 , and most postseason wins with 25 , as of Week 16 of the 2017 NFL season . Having played the entirety of his career with the New England Patriots , each of Brady 's win records also apply to wins with a single team . </P> <P> Among retired players , the record for most wins is held by Peyton Manning with 200 . In his final professional game , Manning set the then - record for wins , surpassing Brett Favre who retired with 199 wins . Other previous record - holders include John Elway ( 162 ) , Fran Tarkenton ( 130 ) , and Johnny Unitas ( 124 ) . Otto Graham holds the record for the highest winning percentage with a minimum of 35 wins at . 788 ( 61 wins to 16 losses ) . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Quarterbacks with most total wins in NFL history </Li> <Li> 2 Next in Line </Li> <Li> 3 Quarterbacks with most regular season wins in NFL history </Li> <Li> 4 See also </Li> <Li> 5 References </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Quarterbacks with most total wins in NFL history ( edit ) </H2> <P> This sortable table shows the top 100 NFL quarterbacks in order of total wins , both regular season and playoffs , since the start of the modern era , 1950 . The table also shows every team that a quarterback played for . If two quarterbacks have the same number of wins , the player with the highest winning percentage is ranked first . </P> <P> When sorting teams : </P> <Ul> <Li> Players are listed in order of number of wins for team . </Li> </Ul> <P> The following are grouped together </P> <Ul> <Li> Arizona , Phoenix and St. Louis Cardinals </Li> <Li> Los Angeles and St. Louis Rams </Li> <Li> Los Angeles and San Diego Chargers </Li> <Li> Oakland and Los Angeles Raiders </Li> <Li> Tennessee Titans and Houston Oilers </Li> <Li> Indianapolis and Baltimore Colts <Ul> <Li> ( except 1950 Baltimore Colts , a separate franchise which folded ) </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> <P> To reset the table to its default sorting settings , simply reload the page . </P> <P> Updated through the December 31 games . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Td> Active player </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Winning percentage ≥ . 600 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Winning percentage ≥ . 700 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Hall of Fame </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> Quarterbacks ranked by total wins , then winning percentage <Tr> <Th> Rank </Th> <Th> Quarterback </Th> <Th> Seasons </Th> <Th> Teams </Th> <Th_colspan="2"> Regular Season </Th> <Th_colspan="2"> Playoffs </Th> <Th> Career wins </Th> <Th> Career losses </Th> <Th> Ties </Th> <Th> Win Pct </Th> <Th> Updated through </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th> </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Tom Brady </Td> <Td> 2000 -- present </Td> <Td> New England a ! New England </Td> <Td> 196 </Td> <Td> 55 </Td> <Td> 25 </Td> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> 221 </Td> <Td> 64 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> . 775 </Td> <Td> Week 17 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Peyton Manning </Td> <Td> 1998 -- 2011 </Td> <Td> Indianapolis A ! Indianapolis Colts </Td> <Td> 141 </Td> <Td> 67 </Td> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> 200 </Td> <Td> 92 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> . 685 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2012 -- 2015 </Td> <Td> Denver B ! Denver </Td> <Td> 45 </Td> <Td> 12 </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Brett Favre </Td> <Td> 1991 </Td> <Td> Atlanta F ! Atlanta </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 199 </Td> <Td> 123 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> . 618 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1992 -- 2007 </Td> <Td> Green Bay a ! Green Bay </Td> <Td> 160 </Td> <Td> 93 </Td> <Td> 12 </Td> <Td> 10 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2008 </Td> <Td> NY Jets E ! New York Jets </Td> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2009 -- 2010 </Td> <Td> Minnesota F ! Minnesota </Td> <Td> 17 </Td> <Td> 12 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> John Elway </Td> <Td> 1983 -- 1998 </Td> <Td> Denver A ! Denver </Td> <Td> 148 </Td> <Td> 82 </Td> <Td> 14 </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> 162 </Td> <Td> 89 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> . 645 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> Dan Marino </Td> <Td> 1983 -- 1999 </Td> <Td> Miami a ! Miami </Td> <Td> 147 </Td> <Td> 93 </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> 155 </Td> <Td> 103 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> . 601 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> Ben Roethlisberger </Td> <Td> 2004 -- present </Td> <Td> Pittsburgh A ! Pittsburgh </Td> <Td> 135 </Td> <Td> 63 </Td> <Td> 13 </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> 148 </Td> <Td> 70 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> . 679 </Td> <Td> Week 17 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> Drew Brees </Td> <Td> 2001 -- 2005 </Td> <Td> San Diego Chargers </Td> <Td> 30 </Td> <Td> 28 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 148 </Td> <Td> 111 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> . 571 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2006 -- present </Td> <Td> New Orleans a ! New Orleans </Td> <Td> 112 </Td> <Td> 78 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Week 17 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> Joe Montana </Td> <Td> 1979 -- 1992 </Td> <Td> San Francisco a ! San Francisco </Td> <Td> 100 </Td> <Td> 39 </Td> <Td> 14 </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> 133 </Td> <Td> 54 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> . 711 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1993 -- 1994 </Td> <Td> Kansas City E ! Kansas City </Td> <Td> 17 </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> Fran Tarkenton </Td> <Td> 1961 -- 1966 1972 -- 1978 </Td> <Td> Minnesota a ! Minnesota </Td> <Td> 91 </Td> <Td> 73 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> 130 </Td> <Td> 114 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> . 533 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1967 -- 1971 </Td> <Td> NY Giants E ! New York Giants </Td> <Td> 33 </Td> <Td> 36 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> Johnny Unitas </Td> <Td> 1956 -- 1972 </Td> <Td> Indianapolis B ! Baltimore Colts </Td> <Td> 117 </Td> <Td> 61 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 124 </Td> <Td> 66 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> . 649 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1973 </Td> <Td> San Diego Chargers </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 11 </Td> <Td> Terry Bradshaw </Td> <Td> 1970 -- 1983 </Td> <Td> Pittsburgh b ! Pittsburgh </Td> <Td> 107 </Td> <Td> 51 </Td> <Td> 14 </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> 121 </Td> <Td> 56 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> . 684 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 12 </Td> <Td> Eli Manning </Td> <Td> 2004 -- present </Td> <Td> NY Giants a ! New York Giants </Td> <Td> 111 </Td> <Td> 103 </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 119 </Td> <Td> 107 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> . 527 </Td> <Td> 2017 season </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 13 </Td> <Td> Jim Kelly </Td> <Td> 1986 -- 1996 </Td> <Td> Buffalo A ! Buffalo </Td> <Td> 101 </Td> <Td> 59 </Td> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> 110 </Td> <Td> 67 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> . 621 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 14 </Td> <Td> Philip Rivers </Td> <Td> 2004 -- present </Td> <Td> San Diego / Los Angeles Chargers </Td> <Td> 106 </Td> <Td> 86 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> 110 </Td> <Td> 91 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> . 547 </Td> <Td> 2017 season </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 15 </Td> <Td> Donovan McNabb </Td> <Td> 1999 -- 2009 </Td> <Td> Philadelphia a ! Philadelphia </Td> <Td> 92 </Td> <Td> 49 </Td> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> 107 </Td> <Td> 69 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> . 607 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Washington I ! Washington </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2011 </Td> <Td> Minnesota J ! Minnesota </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 16 </Td> <Td> Troy Aikman </Td> <Td> 1989 -- 2000 </Td> <Td> Dallas A ! Dallas </Td> <Td> 94 </Td> <Td> 71 </Td> <Td> 11 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 105 </Td> <Td> 75 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> . 583 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 17 </Td> <Td> Warren Moon </Td> <Td> 1984 -- 1993 </Td> <Td> Tennessee B ! Houston Oilers </Td> <Td> 70 </Td> <Td> 69 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 105 </Td> <Td> 108 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> . 493 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1994 -- 1996 </Td> <Td> Minnesota D ! Minnesota </Td> <Td> 21 </Td> <Td> 18 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1997 -- 1998 </Td> <Td> Seattle E ! Seattle </Td> <Td> 11 </Td> <Td> 13 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1999 -- 2000 </Td> <Td> Kansas City J ! Kansas City </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 18 </Td> <Td> Aaron Rodgers </Td> <Td> 2005 -- present </Td> <Td> Green Bay b ! Green Bay </Td> <Td> 94 </Td> <Td> 48 </Td> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> 103 </Td> <Td> 55 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> . 652 </Td> <Td> 2017 season </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 19 </Td> <Td> Ken Stabler </Td> <Td> 1970 -- 1979 </Td> <Td> Oakland a ! Oakland Raiders </Td> <Td> 69 </Td> <Td> 26 </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 103 </Td> <Td> 54 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> . 655 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1980 -- 1981 </Td> <Td> Tennessee E ! Houston Oilers </Td> <Td> 16 </Td> <Td> 12 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1982 -- 1984 </Td> <Td> New Orleans D ! New Orleans </Td> <Td> 11 </Td> <Td> 11 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 20 </Td> <Td> Bart Starr </Td> <Td> 1956 -- 1971 </Td> <Td> Green Bay c ! Green Bay </Td> <Td> 94 </Td> <Td> 57 </Td> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 103 </Td> <Td> 58 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> . 635 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 21 </Td> <Td> Steve Young </Td> <Td> 1985 -- 1986 </Td> <Td> Tampa Bay F ! Tampa Bay </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 16 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 102 </Td> <Td> 55 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> . 650 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1987 -- 1999 </Td> <Td> San Francisco b ! San Francisco </Td> <Td> 91 </Td> <Td> 33 </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 22 </Td> <Td> Joe Flacco </Td> <Td> 2008 -- present </Td> <Td> Baltimore Ravens A ! Baltimore Ravens </Td> <Td> 92 </Td> <Td> 62 </Td> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> 102 </Td> <Td> 67 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> . 604 </Td> <Td> 2017 season </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 23 </Td> <Td> Phil Simms </Td> <Td> 1979 -- 1993 </Td> <Td> NY Giants b ! New York Giants </Td> <Td> 95 </Td> <Td> 64 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 101 </Td> <Td> 68 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> . 598 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 24 </Td> <Td> Dave Krieg </Td> <Td> 1980 -- 1991 </Td> <Td> Seattle a ! Seattle </Td> <Td> 70 </Td> <Td> 49 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 101 </Td> <Td> 83 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> . 549 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1992 -- 1993 </Td> <Td> Kansas City F ! Kansas City </Td> <Td> 13 </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1994 </Td> <Td> Detroit F ! Detroit </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1995 </Td> <Td> Arizona H ! Arizona Cardinals </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 12 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Chicago F ! Chicago </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1997 -- 1998 </Td> <Td> Tennessee M ! Tennessee Oilers </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 25 </Td> <Td> Drew Bledsoe </Td> <Td> 1993 -- 2001 </Td> <Td> New England C ! New England </Td> <Td> 63 </Td> <Td> 60 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 101 </Td> <Td> 98 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> . 508 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2002 -- 2004 </Td> <Td> Buffalo D ! Buffalo </Td> <Td> 23 </Td> <Td> 25 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2005 -- 2006 </Td> <Td> Dallas F ! Dallas </Td> <Td> 12 </Td> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 26 </Td> <Td> Len Dawson </Td> <Td> 1957 -- 1959 </Td> <Td> Pittsburgh M ! Pittsburgh </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 99 </Td> <Td> 60 </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> . 617 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1960 -- 1961 </Td> <Td> Cleveland J ! Cleveland </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1962 -- 1975 </Td> <Td> Kansas City A ! Dallas Texans / Kansas City </Td> <Td> 93 </Td> <Td> 56 </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 27 </Td> <Td> Bob Griese </Td> <Td> 1967 -- 1980 </Td> <Td> Miami b ! Miami </Td> <Td> 92 </Td> <Td> 56 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> 98 </Td> <Td> 61 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> . 614 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 28 </Td> <Td> Matt Ryan </Td> <Td> 2008 -- present </Td> <Td> Atlanta A ! Atlanta </Td> <Td> 95 </Td> <Td> 63 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> 98 </Td> <Td> 68 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> . 590 </Td> <Td> Week 17 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 29 </Td> <Td> Roger Staubach </Td> <Td> 1969 -- 1979 </Td> <Td> Dallas B ! Dallas </Td> <Td> 85 </Td> <Td> 29 </Td> <Td> 11 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 96 </Td> <Td> 35 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> . 733 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 30 </Td> <Td> Steve McNair </Td> <Td> 1995 -- 2005 </Td> <Td> Tennessee a ! Houston Oilers / Tennessee Oilers / Titans </Td> <Td> 76 </Td> <Td> 55 </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 96 </Td> <Td> 67 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> . 589 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2006 -- 2007 </Td> <Td> Baltimore Ravens B ! Baltimore Ravens </Td> <Td> 15 </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 31 </Td> <Td> Ken Anderson </Td> <Td> 1971 -- 1986 </Td> <Td> Cincinnati A ! Cincinnati </Td> <Td> 91 </Td> <Td> 81 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 93 </Td> <Td> 85 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> . 522 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 32 </Td> <Td> Carson Palmer </Td> <Td> 2004 -- 2010 </Td> <Td> Cincinnati D ! Cincinnati </Td> <Td> 46 </Td> <Td> 51 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 93 </Td> <Td> 91 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> . 505 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2011 -- 2012 </Td> <Td> Oakland G ! Oakland Raiders </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> 16 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2013 -- present </Td> <Td> Arizona B ! Arizona Cardinals </Td> <Td> 38 </Td> <Td> 21 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 2017 season </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 33 </Td> <Td> Vinny Testaverde </Td> <Td> 1987 -- 1992 </Td> <Td> Tampa Bay C ! Tampa Bay </Td> <Td> 24 </Td> <Td> 48 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 92 </Td> <Td> 126 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> . 422 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1993 -- 1995 </Td> <Td> Cleveland F ! Cleveland </Td> <Td> 16 </Td> <Td> 15 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1996 -- 1997 </Td> <Td> Baltimore Ravens C ! Baltimore Ravens </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> 20 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1998 -- 2003 2005 </Td> <Td> NY Jets C ! New York Jets </Td> <Td> 35 </Td> <Td> 26 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Dallas G ! Dallas </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2006 </Td> <Td> New England G ! New England </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2007 </Td> <Td> Carolina D ! Carolina </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 34 </Td> <Td> Matt Hasselbeck </Td> <Td> 1999 -- 2000 </Td> <Td> Green Bay x ! Green Bay </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 91 </Td> <Td> 80 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> . 532 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2001 -- 2010 </Td> <Td> Seattle b ! Seattle </Td> <Td> 69 </Td> <Td> 62 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2011 -- 2012 </Td> <Td> Tennessee G ! Tennessee Titans </Td> <Td> 11 </Td> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2013 -- 2015 </Td> <Td> Indianapolis F ! Indianapolis Colts </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 35 </Td> <Td> Alex Smith </Td> <Td> 2005 -- 2012 </Td> <Td> San Francisco E ! San Francisco </Td> <Td> 38 </Td> <Td> 36 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 90 </Td> <Td> 66 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> . 576 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2013 -- present </Td> <Td> Kansas City B ! Kansas City </Td> <Td> 50 </Td> <Td> 26 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Week 17 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 36 </Td> <Td> Dan Fouts </Td> <Td> 1973 -- 1987 </Td> <Td> San Diego Chargers </Td> <Td> 86 </Td> <Td> 84 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 89 </Td> <Td> 88 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> . 503 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 37 </Td> <Td> Jim Hart </Td> <Td> 1966 -- 1983 </Td> <Td> Arizona A ! St. Louis Cardinals </Td> <Td> 87 </Td> <Td> 88 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 87 </Td> <Td> 88 </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> . 497 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1984 </Td> <Td> Washington Y ! Washington </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 38 </Td> <Td> Roman Gabriel </Td> <Td> 1962 -- 1972 </Td> <Td> Los Angeles Rams </Td> <Td> 74 </Td> <Td> 39 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 86 </Td> <Td> 66 </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> . 563 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1973 -- 1977 </Td> <Td> Philadelphia H ! Philadelphia </Td> <Td> 12 </Td> <Td> 25 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 39 </Td> <Td> Craig Morton </Td> <Td> 1965 -- 1974 </Td> <Td> Dallas E ! Dallas </Td> <Td> 32 </Td> <Td> 14 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 86 </Td> <Td> 67 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> . 562 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1974 -- 1976 </Td> <Td> NY Giants K ! New York Giants </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> 25 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1977 -- 1982 </Td> <Td> Denver c ! Denver </Td> <Td> 41 </Td> <Td> 23 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 40 </Td> <Td> Randall Cunningham </Td> <Td> 1985 -- 1995 </Td> <Td> Philadelphia b ! Philadelphia </Td> <Td> 63 </Td> <Td> 43 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 85 </Td> <Td> 58 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> . 594 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1997 -- 1999 </Td> <Td> Minnesota g ! Minnesota </Td> <Td> 16 </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2000 </Td> <Td> Dallas J ! Dallas </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Baltimore Ravens F ! Baltimore Ravens </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 41 </Td> <Td> Bobby Layne </Td> <Td> 1948 </Td> <Td> Chicago H ! Chicago </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 84 </Td> <Td> 62 </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> . 573 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1949 </Td> <Td> New York Bulldogs </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1950 -- 1958 </Td> <Td> Detroit B ! Detroit </Td> <Td> 53 </Td> <Td> 29 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1958 -- 1962 </Td> <Td> Pittsburgh D ! Pittsburgh </Td> <Td> 27 </Td> <Td> 22 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 42 </Td> <Td> Kerry Collins </Td> <Td> 1995 -- 1998 </Td> <Td> Carolina C ! Carolina </Td> <Td> 22 </Td> <Td> 20 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 84 </Td> <Td> 103 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> . 449 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1998 </Td> <Td> New Orleans F ! New Orleans </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1999 -- 2003 </Td> <Td> NY Giants D ! New York Giants </Td> <Td> 35 </Td> <Td> 33 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2004 -- 2005 </Td> <Td> Oakland H ! Oakland Raiders </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> 21 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2006 -- 2010 </Td> <Td> Tennessee E ! Tennessee Titans </Td> <Td> 15 </Td> <Td> 17 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2011 </Td> <Td> Indianapolis z ! Indianapolis Colts </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 43 </Td> <Td> Joe Theismann </Td> <Td> 1974 -- 1985 </Td> <Td> Washington a ! Washington </Td> <Td> 77 </Td> <Td> 47 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 83 </Td> <Td> 49 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> . 629 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 44 </Td> <Td> Mark Brunell </Td> <Td> 1994 </Td> <Td> Green Bay x ! Green Bay </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 83 </Td> <Td> 78 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> . 516 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1995 -- 2003 </Td> <Td> Jacksonville a ! Jacksonville </Td> <Td> 63 </Td> <Td> 54 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2004 -- 2006 </Td> <Td> Washington F ! Washington </Td> <Td> 15 </Td> <Td> 18 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2008 -- 2009 </Td> <Td> New Orleans J ! New Orleans </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2010 -- 2011 </Td> <Td> NY Jets H ! New York Jets </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 45 </Td> <Td> Boomer Esiason </Td> <Td> 1984 -- 1992 1997 </Td> <Td> Cincinnati C ! Cincinnati </Td> <Td> 62 </Td> <Td> 61 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 83 </Td> <Td> 95 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> . 466 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1993 -- 1995 </Td> <Td> NY Jets D ! New York Jets </Td> <Td> 15 </Td> <Td> 27 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Arizona I ! Arizona Cardinals </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 46 </Td> <Td> John Hadl </Td> <Td> 1962 -- 1972 </Td> <Td> San Diego Chargers </Td> <Td> 59 </Td> <Td> 54 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 82 </Td> <Td> 77 </Td> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> . 515 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1973 -- 1974 </Td> <Td> LA Rams E ! Los Angeles Rams </Td> <Td> 15 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1974 -- 1975 </Td> <Td> Green Bay d ! Green Bay </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> 12 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1976 -- 1977 </Td> <Td> Tennessee K ! Houston Oilers </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 47 </Td> <Td> Tony Romo </Td> <Td> 2004 -- 2016 </Td> <Td> Dallas C ! Dallas </Td> <Td> 78 </Td> <Td> 49 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 80 </Td> <Td> 53 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> . 602 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 48 </Td> <Td> Rich Gannon </Td> <Td> 1987 -- 1992 </Td> <Td> Minnesota E ! Minnesota </Td> <Td> 19 </Td> <Td> 16 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 80 </Td> <Td> 59 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> . 576 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1993 </Td> <Td> Washington L ! Washington </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1995 -- 1998 </Td> <Td> Kansas City G ! Kansas City </Td> <Td> 11 </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1999 -- 2004 </Td> <Td> Oakland C ! Oakland Raiders </Td> <Td> 45 </Td> <Td> 29 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 49 </Td> <Td> Jim Plunkett </Td> <Td> 1971 -- 1975 </Td> <Td> New England D ! New England </Td> <Td> 23 </Td> <Td> 38 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 80 </Td> <Td> 74 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> . 519 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1976 -- 1977 </Td> <Td> San Francisco G ! San Francisco </Td> <Td> 11 </Td> <Td> 15 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1979 -- 1986 </Td> <Td> Oakland D ! Oakland / LA Raiders </Td> <Td> 38 </Td> <Td> 19 </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 50 </Td> <Td> Joe Ferguson </Td> <Td> 1973 -- 1984 </Td> <Td> Buffalo B ! Buffalo </Td> <Td> 77 </Td> <Td> 86 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 80 </Td> <Td> 95 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> . 457 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1985 -- 1986 </Td> <Td> Detroit G ! Detroit </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1988 -- 1989 </Td> <Td> Tampa Bay I ! Tampa Bay </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1990 </Td> <Td> Indianapolis H ! Indianapolis Colts </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 51 </Td> <Td> Y.A. Tittle </Td> <Td> 1950 </Td> <Td> Baltimore Colts </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 78 </Td> <Td> 54 </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> . 588 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1951 -- 1960 </Td> <Td> San Francisco d ! San Francisco </Td> <Td> 45 </Td> <Td> 31 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1961 -- 1964 </Td> <Td> NY Giants F ! New York Giants </Td> <Td> 32 </Td> <Td> 13 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 52 </Td> <Td> Ron Jaworski </Td> <Td> 1974 -- 1976 </Td> <Td> LA Rams H ! Los Angeles Rams </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 77 </Td> <Td> 73 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> . 513 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1977 -- 1986 </Td> <Td> Philadelphia A ! Philadelphia </Td> <Td> 69 </Td> <Td> 67 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Miami F ! Miami </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1989 </Td> <Td> Kansas City H ! Kansas City </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 53 </Td> <Td> Kurt Warner </Td> <Td> 1998 -- 2003 </Td> <Td> LA Rams D ! St. Louis Rams </Td> <Td> 35 </Td> <Td> 15 </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 76 </Td> <Td> 53 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> . 589 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> NY Giants k ! New York Giants </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2005 -- 2009 </Td> <Td> Arizona E ! Arizona Cardinals </Td> <Td> 27 </Td> <Td> 30 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 54 </Td> <Td> Brad Johnson </Td> <Td> 1994 -- 1998 2005 -- 2006 </Td> <Td> Minnesota C ! Minnesota </Td> <Td> 28 </Td> <Td> 18 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 76 </Td> <Td> 56 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> . 576 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1999 -- 2000 </Td> <Td> Washington E ! Washington </Td> <Td> 17 </Td> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2001 -- 2004 </Td> <Td> Tampa Bay B ! Tampa Bay </Td> <Td> 26 </Td> <Td> 23 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2007 -- 2008 </Td> <Td> Dallas J ! Dallas </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 55 </Td> <Td> John Brodie </Td> <Td> 1957 -- 1973 </Td> <Td> San Francisco C ! San Francisco </Td> <Td> 74 </Td> <Td> 76 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 76 </Td> <Td> 79 </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> . 491 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 56 </Td> <Td> Steve Grogan </Td> <Td> 1975 -- 1990 </Td> <Td> New England b ! New England </Td> <Td> 75 </Td> <Td> 60 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 75 </Td> <Td> 63 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> . 543 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 57 </Td> <Td> Jay Cutler </Td> <Td> 2006 -- 2008 </Td> <Td> Denver F ! Denver </Td> <Td> 17 </Td> <Td> 20 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 75 </Td> <Td> 80 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> . 484 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2009 -- 2016 </Td> <Td> Chicago A ! Chicago </Td> <Td> 51 </Td> <Td> 51 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2017 -- present </Td> <Td> Miami D ! Miami </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 2017 season </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 58 </Td> <Td> Russell Wilson </Td> <Td> 2012 -- present </Td> <Td> Seattle C ! Seattle </Td> <Td> 65 </Td> <Td> 30 </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 73 </Td> <Td> 34 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> . 681 </Td> <Td> 2017 season </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 59 </Td> <Td> Jake Plummer </Td> <Td> 1997 -- 2002 </Td> <Td> Arizona D ! Arizona Cardinals </Td> <Td> 30 </Td> <Td> 52 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 71 </Td> <Td> 71 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> . 500 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2003 -- 2006 </Td> <Td> Denver D ! Denver </Td> <Td> 39 </Td> <Td> 15 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 60 </Td> <Td> Daryle Lamonica </Td> <Td> 1963 -- 1966 </Td> <Td> Buffalo E ! Buffalo </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 70 </Td> <Td> 21 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> . 753 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1967 -- 1974 </Td> <Td> Oakland B ! Oakland Raiders </Td> <Td> 62 </Td> <Td> 16 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 61 </Td> <Td> Jim McMahon </Td> <Td> 1982 -- 1988 </Td> <Td> Chicago B ! Chicago </Td> <Td> 46 </Td> <Td> 15 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 70 </Td> <Td> 33 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> . 680 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1989 </Td> <Td> San Diego Chargers </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1990 -- 1992 </Td> <Td> Philadelphia I ! Philadelphia </Td> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1993 </Td> <Td> Minnesota H ! Minnesota </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1994 </Td> <Td> Arizona J ! Arizona Cardinals </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1995 -- 1996 </Td> <Td> Green Bay x ! Green Bay </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 62 </Td> <Td> Sonny Jurgensen </Td> <Td> 1957 -- 1963 </Td> <Td> Philadelphia G ! Philadelphia </Td> <Td> 17 </Td> <Td> 22 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 69 </Td> <Td> 73 </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> . 487 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1964 -- 1974 </Td> <Td> Washington B ! Washington </Td> <Td> 52 </Td> <Td> 51 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 63 </Td> <Td> Chris Chandler </Td> <Td> 1988 -- 1989 </Td> <Td> Indianapolis E ! Indianapolis Colts </Td> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 69 </Td> <Td> 86 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> . 445 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1990 -- 1991 </Td> <Td> Tampa Bay K ! Tampa Bay </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1991 -- 1993 </Td> <Td> Arizona G ! Phoenix Cardinals </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> 12 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1994 </Td> <Td> LA Rams k ! Los Angeles Rams St. Louis Rams </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1995 -- 1996 </Td> <Td> Tennessee H ! Houston Oilers </Td> <Td> 11 </Td> <Td> 14 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1997 -- 2001 </Td> <Td> Atlanta D ! Atlanta </Td> <Td> 34 </Td> <Td> 33 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2002 -- 2004 </Td> <Td> Chicago G ! Chicago </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 64 </Td> <Td> Jim Harbaugh </Td> <Td> 1987 -- 1993 </Td> <Td> Chicago D ! Chicago </Td> <Td> 35 </Td> <Td> 30 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 68 </Td> <Td> 77 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> . 469 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1994 -- 1997 </Td> <Td> Indianapolis D ! Indianapolis Colts </Td> <Td> 20 </Td> <Td> 26 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1998 </Td> <Td> Baltimore Ravens E ! Baltimore Ravens </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1998 -- 2000 </Td> <Td> San Diego Chargers </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 11 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 65 </Td> <Td> Danny White </Td> <Td> 1976 -- 1988 </Td> <Td> Dallas D ! Dallas </Td> <Td> 62 </Td> <Td> 30 </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> 67 </Td> <Td> 35 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> . 657 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 66 </Td> <Td> Earl Morrall </Td> <Td> 1956 </Td> <Td> San Francisco J ! San Francisco </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 67 </Td> <Td> 38 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> . 634 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1957 -- 1958 </Td> <Td> Pittsburgh F ! Pittsburgh </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1958 -- 1964 </Td> <Td> Detroit D ! Detroit </Td> <Td> 15 </Td> <Td> 11 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1965 -- 1967 </Td> <Td> NY Giants J ! New York Giants </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> 12 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1968 -- 1971 </Td> <Td> Indianapolis C ! Baltimore Colts </Td> <Td> 22 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1972 -- 1976 </Td> <Td> Miami c ! Miami </Td> <Td> 11 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 67 </Td> <Td> Jack Kemp </Td> <Td> 1957 </Td> <Td> Pittsburgh H ! Pittsburgh </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 67 </Td> <Td> 41 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> . 617 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1960 -- 1962 </Td> <Td> Los Angeles / San Diego Chargers </Td> <Td> 22 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1962 -- 1969 </Td> <Td> Buffalo C ! Buffalo </Td> <Td> 43 </Td> <Td> 31 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 68 </Td> <Td> Jim Everett </Td> <Td> 1986 -- 1993 </Td> <Td> LA Rams B ! Los Angeles Rams </Td> <Td> 46 </Td> <Td> 59 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 66 </Td> <Td> 92 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> . 418 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1994 -- 1996 </Td> <Td> New Orleans C ! New Orleans </Td> <Td> 17 </Td> <Td> 30 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1997 </Td> <Td> San Diego Chargers </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 69 </Td> <Td> Charlie Conerly </Td> <Td> 1948 -- 1961 </Td> <Td> NY Giants C ! New York Giants </Td> <Td> 65 </Td> <Td> 39 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 65 </Td> <Td> 41 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> . 612 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 70 </Td> <Td> Cam Newton </Td> <Td> 2011 -- present </Td> <Td> Carolina A ! Carolina </Td> <Td> 62 </Td> <Td> 45 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 65 </Td> <Td> 48 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> . 575 </Td> <Td> Week 17 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 71 </Td> <Td> Jay Schroeder </Td> <Td> 1985 -- 1987 </Td> <Td> Washington D ! Washington </Td> <Td> 24 </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 64 </Td> <Td> 40 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> . 615 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1988 -- 1992 </Td> <Td> Oakland F ! LA Raiders </Td> <Td> 32 </Td> <Td> 25 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1993 </Td> <Td> Cincinnati G ! Cincinnati </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1994 </Td> <Td> Arizona F ! Arizona Cardinals </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 72 </Td> <Td> Joe Namath </Td> <Td> 1965 -- 1976 </Td> <Td> NY Jets A ! New York Jets </Td> <Td> 60 </Td> <Td> 61 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 64 </Td> <Td> 64 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> . 500 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1977 </Td> <Td> LA Rams I ! Los Angeles Rams </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 73 </Td> <Td> Norm Van Brocklin </Td> <Td> 1949 -- 1957 </Td> <Td> LA Rams C ! Los Angeles Rams </Td> <Td> 42 </Td> <Td> 20 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 63 </Td> <Td> 38 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> . 624 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1958 -- 1960 </Td> <Td> Philadelphia F ! Philadelphia </Td> <Td> 19 </Td> <Td> 16 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 74 </Td> <Td> Andy Dalton </Td> <Td> 2011 -- present </Td> <Td> Cincinnati B ! Cincinnati </Td> <Td> 63 </Td> <Td> 44 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 63 </Td> <Td> 48 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> . 566 </Td> <Td> 2017 season </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 75 </Td> <Td> Michael Vick </Td> <Td> 2001 -- 2006 </Td> <Td> Atlanta C ! Atlanta </Td> <Td> 38 </Td> <Td> 28 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 63 </Td> <Td> 54 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> . 538 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2009 -- 2013 </Td> <Td> Philadelphia E ! Philadelphia </Td> <Td> 20 </Td> <Td> 20 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2014 </Td> <Td> NY Jets G ! New York Jets </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2015 </Td> <Td> Pittsburgh G ! Pittsburgh </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 76 </Td> <Td> Trent Dilfer </Td> <Td> 1994 -- 1999 </Td> <Td> Tampa Bay A ! Tampa Bay </Td> <Td> 38 </Td> <Td> 38 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 63 </Td> <Td> 56 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> . 529 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2000 </Td> <Td> Baltimore Ravens D ! Baltimore Ravens </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2001 -- 2004 </Td> <Td> Seattle F ! Seattle </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2005 </Td> <Td> Cleveland G ! Cleveland </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2007 </Td> <Td> San Francisco K ! San Francisco </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 77 </Td> <Td> Billy Kilmer </Td> <Td> 1967 -- 1970 </Td> <Td> New Orleans E ! New Orleans </Td> <Td> 11 </Td> <Td> 29 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 63 </Td> <Td> 57 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> . 525 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1971 -- 1978 </Td> <Td> Washington C ! Washington </Td> <Td> 50 </Td> <Td> 23 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 78 </Td> <Td> Otto Graham </Td> <Td> 1950 -- 1955 </Td> <Td> Cleveland A ! Cleveland </Td> <Td> 57 </Td> <Td> 13 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 61 </Td> <Td> 16 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> . 788 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 79 </Td> <Td> Jake Delhomme </Td> <Td> 1999 , 2002 </Td> <Td> New Orleans G ! New Orleans </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 61 </Td> <Td> 43 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> . 587 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2003 -- 2009 </Td> <Td> Carolina B ! Carolina </Td> <Td> 53 </Td> <Td> 37 </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Cleveland I ! Cleveland </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2011 </Td> <Td> Houston Texans x ! Houston Texans </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 80 </Td> <Td> Jeff Garcia </Td> <Td> 1999 -- 2003 </Td> <Td> San Francisco F ! San Francisco </Td> <Td> 35 </Td> <Td> 36 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 60 </Td> <Td> 62 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> . 492 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Cleveland H ! Cleveland </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2005 </Td> <Td> Detroit H ! Detroit </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2006 , 2009 </Td> <Td> Philadelphia J ! Philadelphia </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2007 -- 2008 </Td> <Td> Tampa Bay D ! Tampa Bay </Td> <Td> 14 </Td> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2011 </Td> <Td> Houston Texans x ! Houston Texans </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 81 </Td> <Td> Matthew Stafford </Td> <Td> 2009 -- present </Td> <Td> Detroit A ! Detroit </Td> <Td> 60 </Td> <Td> 65 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 60 </Td> <Td> 68 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> . 469 </Td> <Td> 2017 season </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 82 </Td> <Td> Steve Bartkowski </Td> <Td> 1975 -- 1985 </Td> <Td> Atlanta B ! Atlanta </Td> <Td> 55 </Td> <Td> 66 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 60 </Td> <Td> 71 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> . 458 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1986 </Td> <Td> LA Rams G ! Los Angeles Rams </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 83 </Td> <Td> Charley Johnson </Td> <Td> 1961 -- 1969 </Td> <Td> Arizona C ! St. Louis Cardinals </Td> <Td> 36 </Td> <Td> 28 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 59 </Td> <Td> 57 </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> . 508 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1970 -- 1971 </Td> <Td> Tennessee J ! Houston Oilers </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 11 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1972 -- 1975 </Td> <Td> Denver E ! Denver </Td> <Td> 20 </Td> <Td> 18 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 84 </Td> <Td> Dan Pastorini </Td> <Td> 1971 -- 1979 </Td> <Td> Tennessee C ! Houston Oilers </Td> <Td> 53 </Td> <Td> 54 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 59 </Td> <Td> 63 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> . 484 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1980 </Td> <Td> Oakland I ! Oakland Raiders </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1981 </Td> <Td> LA Rams L ! Los Angeles Rams </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Philadelphia K ! Philadelphia </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 85 </Td> <Td> Frank Ryan </Td> <Td> 1958 -- 1961 </Td> <Td> LA Rams F ! Los Angeles Rams </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 58 </Td> <Td> 29 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> . 661 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1962 -- 1968 </Td> <Td> Cleveland D ! Cleveland </Td> <Td> 52 </Td> <Td> 22 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1969 -- 1970 </Td> <Td> Washington x ! Washington </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 86 </Td> <Td> Neil O'Donnell </Td> <Td> 1991 -- 1995 </Td> <Td> Pittsburgh C ! Pittsburgh </Td> <Td> 39 </Td> <Td> 22 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 58 </Td> <Td> 49 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> . 542 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1996 -- 1997 </Td> <Td> NY Jets F ! New York Jets </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> 12 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1998 </Td> <Td> Cincinnati F ! Cincinnati </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1999 -- 2003 </Td> <Td> Tennessee I ! Tennessee Titans </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 87 </Td> <Td> Brian Sipe </Td> <Td> 1974 -- 1983 </Td> <Td> Cleveland B ! Cleveland </Td> <Td> 57 </Td> <Td> 55 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 57 </Td> <Td> 56 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> . 504 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 88 </Td> <Td> Milt Plum </Td> <Td> 1957 -- 1961 </Td> <Td> Cleveland E ! Cleveland </Td> <Td> 33 </Td> <Td> 16 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 56 </Td> <Td> 42 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> . 567 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1962 -- 1967 </Td> <Td> Detroit C ! Detroit </Td> <Td> 23 </Td> <Td> 25 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1968 </Td> <Td> LA Rams m ! Los Angeles Rams </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1969 </Td> <Td> NY Giants m ! New York Giants </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 89 </Td> <Td> Bobby Hebert </Td> <Td> 1985 -- 1992 </Td> <Td> New Orleans B ! New Orleans </Td> <Td> 49 </Td> <Td> 26 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 56 </Td> <Td> 47 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> . 544 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1993 -- 1996 </Td> <Td> Atlanta E ! Atlanta </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> 18 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 90 </Td> <Td> Tommy Kramer </Td> <Td> 1977 -- 1989 </Td> <Td> Minnesota B ! Minnesota </Td> <Td> 54 </Td> <Td> 56 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 56 </Td> <Td> 58 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> . 491 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1990 </Td> <Td> New Orleans I ! New Orleans </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 91 </Td> <Td> Bernie Kosar </Td> <Td> 1985 -- 1993 </Td> <Td> Cleveland C ! Cleveland </Td> <Td> 53 </Td> <Td> 51 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 56 </Td> <Td> 58 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> . 491 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1993 </Td> <Td> Dallas K ! Dallas </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1994 -- 1996 </Td> <Td> Miami F ! Miami </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 92 </Td> <Td> Trent Green </Td> <Td> 1997 -- 1998 </Td> <Td> Washington H ! Washington </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 56 </Td> <Td> 59 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> . 487 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2000 & 2008 </Td> <Td> LA Rams J ! St. Louis Rams </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2001 -- 2006 </Td> <Td> Kansas City C ! Kansas City </Td> <Td> 48 </Td> <Td> 40 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2007 </Td> <Td> Miami G ! Miami </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 93 </Td> <Td> Jeff Hostetler </Td> <Td> 1985 -- 1992 </Td> <Td> NY Giants G ! New York Giants </Td> <Td> 16 </Td> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 55 </Td> <Td> 33 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> . 625 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1993 -- 1996 </Td> <Td> Oakland E ! LA / Oakland Raiders </Td> <Td> 33 </Td> <Td> 22 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1997 </Td> <Td> Washington K ! Washington </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 94 </Td> <Td> Ed Brown </Td> <Td> 1954 -- 1961 </Td> <Td> Chicago C ! Chicago </Td> <Td> 41 </Td> <Td> 25 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 55 </Td> <Td> 39 </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> . 581 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1962 -- 1965 </Td> <Td> Pittsburgh E ! Pittsburgh </Td> <Td> 14 </Td> <Td> 13 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1965 </Td> <Td> Indianapolis G ! Baltimore Colts </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 95 </Td> <Td> George Blanda </Td> <Td> 1949 -- 1958 </Td> <Td> Chicago E ! Chicago </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> 12 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 55 </Td> <Td> 51 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> . 519 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1960 -- 1966 </Td> <Td> Tennessee D ! Houston Oilers </Td> <Td> 44 </Td> <Td> 38 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1967 -- 1975 </Td> <Td> Oakland J ! Oakland Raiders </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 96 </Td> <Td> Steve DeBerg </Td> <Td> 1978 -- 1980 </Td> <Td> San Francisco H ! San Francisco </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> 28 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 54 </Td> <Td> 89 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> . 378 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1981 -- 1983 </Td> <Td> Denver G ! Denver </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1984 -- 1987 , 1992 -- 1993 </Td> <Td> Tampa Bay E ! Tampa Bay </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> 29 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1988 -- 1991 </Td> <Td> Kansas City D ! Kansas City </Td> <Td> 31 </Td> <Td> 20 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1993 </Td> <Td> Miami e ! Miami </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1998 </Td> <Td> Atlanta G ! Atlanta </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 97 </Td> <Td> Stan Humphries </Td> <Td> 1989 -- 1990 </Td> <Td> Washington J ! Washington </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 53 </Td> <Td> 34 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> . 609 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1992 -- 1997 </Td> <Td> San Diego Chargers </Td> <Td> 47 </Td> <Td> 29 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 98 </Td> <Td> Norm Snead </Td> <Td> 1961 -- 1963 </Td> <Td> Washington G ! Washington </Td> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> 30 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 52 </Td> <Td> 100 </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> . 349 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1964 -- 1970 </Td> <Td> Philadelphia D ! Philadelphia </Td> <Td> 28 </Td> <Td> 50 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1971 </Td> <Td> Minnesota I ! Minnesota </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1972 -- 1974 , 1976 </Td> <Td> NY Giants H ! New York Giants </Td> <Td> 11 </Td> <Td> 14 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1974 -- 1975 </Td> <Td> San Francisco I ! San Francisco </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 99 </Td> <Td> Ken O'Brien </Td> <Td> 1984 -- 1992 </Td> <Td> NY Jets B ! New York Jets </Td> <Td> 50 </Td> <Td> 55 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 50 </Td> <Td> 61 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> . 451 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1993 </Td> <Td> Philadelphia N ! Philadelphia </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 100 </Td> <Td> Jon Kitna </Td> <Td> 1997 -- 2000 </Td> <Td> Seattle D ! Seattle </Td> <Td> 18 </Td> <Td> 15 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 50 </Td> <Td> 75 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> . 401 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2001 -- 2005 </Td> <Td> Cincinnati E ! Cincinnati </Td> <Td> 18 </Td> <Td> 28 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2006 -- 2008 </Td> <Td> Detroit E ! Detroit </Td> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> 26 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2010 -- 2011 </Td> <Td> Dallas H ! Dallas </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Rank </Th> <Th> Quarterback </Th> <Th> Seasons </Th> <Th> Teams </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th> Career wins </Th> <Th> Career losses </Th> <Th> Ties </Th> <Th> Win Pct </Th> <Th> Updated through </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Regular Season </Th> <Th_colspan="2"> Playoffs </Th> </Tr> </Table> <P> ^ * Note : Bobby Layne is listed as having started all 12 games for the Bulldogs ( NFL ) in 1949 . The record for that team is 1 -- 10 -- 1 . Combined with his official post -- 1949 won -- loss -- tied record of 80 -- 51 -- 4 ( 0.607 ) , his overall estimated won -- loss -- tied record is 81 -- 61 -- 5 ( 0.568 ) . </P> <P> ^ † Note : The 1950 Baltimore Colts are a defunct NFL team , not part of the current Colts franchise . </P> <Ul> <Li> Charlie Conerly is estimated to have gone 7 -- 8 -- 0 as a starter from 1948 -- 1949 . Combined with his official post-1949 won - loss - tied record of 58 -- 31 -- 1 ( 0.650 ) , his overall estimated won - loss - tied record is 65 -- 39 -- 1 ( 0.624 ) . </Li> <Li> Otto Graham also started 53 games for the Cleveland Browns when they were in the All - America Football Conference ( 1946 -- 1949 ) . He finished his professional career ( AAFC and NFL ) with a 105 -- 17 -- 4 regular - season record ( 84.0 % win rate ) . Graham took his team to the championship game in all ten of his professional seasons winning seven of them ( 4 AAFC and 3 NFL ) . </Li> </Ul> <H2> Next in Line ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="12"> Next 3 Active Quarterbacks in line </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Quarterback </Th> <Th> Seasons Played </Th> <Th> Teams </Th> <Th_colspan="2"> Regular Season </Th> <Th_colspan="2"> Playoffs </Th> <Th> Career wins </Th> <Th> Career losses </Th> <Th> Ties </Th> <Th> Win Pct </Th> <Th> Updated through </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th> </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Schaub , Matt Matt Schaub </Td> <Td> 2004 -- present </Td> <Td> 4 teams , currently Atlanta </Td> <Td> 47 </Td> <Td> 45 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 48 </Td> <Td> 46 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> . 511 </Td> <Td> backup </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Fitzpatrick , Ryan Ryan Fitzpatrick </Td> <Td> 2005 -- present </Td> <Td> 7 teams , currently Tampa Bay </Td> <Td> 48 </Td> <Td> 70 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 48 </Td> <Td> 70 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> . 407 </Td> <Td> backup </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Luck , Andrew Andrew Luck </Td> <Td> 2012 -- present </Td> <Td> Indianapolis Colts </Td> <Td> 43 </Td> <Td> 27 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 46 </Td> <Td> 30 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> . 605 </Td> <Td> 2017 season </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Quarterbacks with most regular season wins in NFL history ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> Active Player </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Hall of Fame QB </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Updated through the 2017 season . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Rank </Th> <Th> Quarterback </Th> <Th> Wins </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Tom Brady </Td> <Td> 196 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Brett Favre </Td> <Td> 186 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Peyton Manning </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> John Elway </Td> <Td> 148 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> Dan Marino </Td> <Td> 147 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> Drew Brees </Td> <Td> 142 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> Ben Roethlisberger </Td> <Td> 135 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> Fran Tarkenton </Td> <Td> 124 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> Johnny Unitas </Td> <Td> 118 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> Joe Montana </Td> <Td> 117 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 11 </Td> <Td> Eli Manning </Td> <Td> 111 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 12 </Td> <Td> Terry Bradshaw </Td> <Td> 107 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 13 </Td> <Td> Philip Rivers </Td> <Td> 106 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 14 </Td> <Td> Warren Moon </Td> <Td> 102 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 15 </Td> <Td> Jim Kelly </Td> <Td> 101 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 16 </Td> <Td> Dave Krieg </Td> <Td> 98 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Drew Bledsoe </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Donovan McNabb </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 19 </Td> <Td> Ken Stabler </Td> <Td> 96 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 20 </Td> <Td> Phil Simms </Td> <Td> 95 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Matt Ryan </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 22 </Td> <Td> Bart Starr </Td> <Td> 94 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Len Dawson </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Troy Aikman </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Steve Young </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Aaron Rodgers </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 27 </Td> <Td> Bob Griese </Td> <Td> 92 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Carson Palmer </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Joe Flacco </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 30 </Td> <Td> Ken Anderson </Td> <Td> 91 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Steve McNair </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 32 </Td> <Td> Vinny Testaverde </Td> <Td> 90 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 33 </Td> <Td> Alex Smith </Td> <Td> 88 </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Rank </Th> <Th> Quarterback </Th> <Th> Wins </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 34 </Td> <Td> Jim Hart </Td> <Td> 87 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 35 </Td> <Td> Roman Gabriel </Td> <Td> 86 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Dan Fouts </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 37 </Td> <Td> Roger Staubach </Td> <Td> 85 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Matt Hasselbeck </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 39 </Td> <Td> John Hadl </Td> <Td> 82 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Randall Cunningham </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 41 </Td> <Td> Bobby Layne </Td> <Td> 81 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Craig Morton </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Kerry Collins </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 44 </Td> <Td> Boomer Esiason </Td> <Td> 80 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 45 </Td> <Td> Joe Ferguson </Td> <Td> 79 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 46 </Td> <Td> Y.A. Tittle </Td> <Td> 78 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Mark Brunell </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Tony Romo </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 49 </Td> <Td> Joe Theismann </Td> <Td> 77 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 50 </Td> <Td> Rich Gannon </Td> <Td> 76 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 51 </Td> <Td> Steve Grogan </Td> <Td> 75 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 52 </Td> <Td> John Brodie </Td> <Td> 74 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 53 </Td> <Td> Ron Jaworski </Td> <Td> 73 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Jay Cutler </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 55 </Td> <Td> Jim Plunkett </Td> <Td> 72 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Brad Johnson </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 57 </Td> <Td> Sonny Jurgensen </Td> <Td> 69 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Jake Plummer </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 59 </Td> <Td> Jim McMahon </Td> <Td> 67 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Chris Chandler </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Kurt Warner </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 62 </Td> <Td> Daryle Lamonica </Td> <Td> 66 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Jim Harbaugh </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 64 </Td> <Td> Charlie Conerly </Td> <Td> 65 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Jack Kemp </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Russell Wilson </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Rank </Th> <Th> Quarterback </Th> <Th> Wins </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 67 </Td> <Td> Jim Everett </Td> <Td> 64 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 68 </Td> <Td> Earl Morrall </Td> <Td> 63 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Andy Dalton </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 70 </Td> <Td> Joe Namath </Td> <Td> 62 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Danny White </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Cam Newton </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 73 </Td> <Td> Norm Van Brocklin </Td> <Td> 61 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Billy Kilmer </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Jay Schroeder </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Michael Vick </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 77 </Td> <Td> Matthew Stafford </Td> <Td> 60 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 78 </Td> <Td> Charley Johnson </Td> <Td> 59 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Steve Bartkowski </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 80 </Td> <Td> Trent Dilfer </Td> <Td> 58 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Jeff Garcia </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 82 </Td> <Td> Otto Graham </Td> <Td> 57 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Frank Ryan </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Brian Sipe </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 85 </Td> <Td> Milt Plum </Td> <Td> 56 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Dan Pastorini </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Bobby Hebert </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Trent Green </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Jake Delhomme </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 90 </Td> <Td> Ed Brown </Td> <Td> 55 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Neil O'Donnell </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 92 </Td> <Td> Tommy Kramer </Td> <Td> 54 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 93 </Td> <Td> George Blanda </Td> <Td> 53 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Steve DeBerg </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Bernie Kosar </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 96 </Td> <Td> Norm Snead </Td> <Td> 52 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 97 </Td> <Td> Jeff Hostetler </Td> <Td> 51 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 98 </Td> <Td> Ken O'Brien </Td> <Td> 50 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Stan Humphries </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Jon Kitna </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> List of National Football League records ( individual ) # QB Wins </Li> <Li> NFL starting quarterback playoff records </Li> <Li> List of most consecutive starts by a National Football League quarterback </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Tom Brady Statistics '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 14 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Peyton Manning Statistics '' . pPro Football Reference.com . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 14 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Brett Favre Statistics '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 14 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` John Elway Statistics '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 14 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Dan Marino Statistics '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 14 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Ben Roethlisberger Statistics '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 14 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Drew Brees Statistics '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 01 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Joe Montana Statistics '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 14 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Fran Tarkenton Statistics '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 14 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Johnny Unitas Statistics '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Archived from the original on 2013 - 11 - 08 . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 14 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Terry Bradshaw Statistics '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 14 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Eli Manning Statistics '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 14 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Jim Kelly Statistics '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 14 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Philip Rivers Statistics '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 08 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Donovan McNabb Statistics '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 14 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Troy Aikman Statistics '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 14 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Warren Moon Statistics '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 14 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Aaron Rodgers Statistics '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 08 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Ken Stabler Statistics '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 14 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Bart Starr Statistics '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 14 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Steve Young Statistics '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 14 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Joe Flacco Statistics '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 08 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Phil Simms Statistics '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 14 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Dave Krieg Statistics '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 14 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Drew Bledsoe Statistics '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 14 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Len Dawson Statistics '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 14 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Bob Griese Statistics '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 14 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Matt Ryan Statistics '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 08 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Roger Staubach Statistics '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 22 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Steve McNair Statistics '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 14 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Ken Anderson Statistics '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 14 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Carson Palmer Statistics '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 14 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Vinny Testaverde Statistics '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 14 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Matt Hasselbeck Statistics '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 28 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Alex Smith Statistics '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 08 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Dan Fouts Statistics '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 14 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Jim Hart Statistics '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 14 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Roman Gabriel Statistics '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 14 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Craig Morton Statistics '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 14 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Randall Cunningham Statistics '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Archived from the original on 2010 - 02 - 02 . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 14 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Bobby Layne Statistics '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 14 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Kerry Collins Statistics '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 14 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Joe Theismann Statistics '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 14 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Mark Brunell Statistics '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 14 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Boomer Esiason Statistics '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 14 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` John Hadl Statistics '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 14 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Tony Romo Statistics '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 08 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Rich Gannon Statistics '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 14 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Jim Plunkett Statistics '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 14 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Joe Ferguson Statistics '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 14 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Y.A. Tittle Statistics '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 14 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Ron Jaworski Statistics '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 14 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Kurt Warner Statistics '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 08 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Brad Johnson Statistics '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 14 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` John Brodie Statistics '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 14 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Steve Grogan Statistics '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 14 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Jay Cutler Statistics '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 08 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Russell Wilson Statistics '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved 2014 - 11 - 08 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Jake Plummer Statistics '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 14 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Daryle Lamonica Statistics '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 08 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Jim McMahon Statistics '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 08 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Sonny Jurgensen Statistics '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 14 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Chris Chandler Statistics '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 08 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Jim Harbaugh Statistics '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 08 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Danny White Statistics '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 08 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Earl Morrall Statistics '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 08 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Jack Kemp Statistics '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 08 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Jim Everett Statistics '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 08 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Charlie Conerly Statistics '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 08 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Cam Newton Statistics '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 17 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Jay Schroeder Statistics '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 08 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Joe Namath Statistics '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 08 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Norm Van Brocklin Statistics '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 08 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Andy Dalton Statistics '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 08 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Michael Vick Statistics '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 08 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Trent Dilfer Statistics '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 08 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Billy Kilmer Statistics '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 08 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Otto Graham Statistics '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 08 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Jake Delhomme Statistics '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 08 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Jeff Garcia Statistics '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 08 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Stafford Statistics '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 08 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Steve Bartkowski Statistics '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 08 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Charley Johnson Statistics '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 08 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Dan Pastorini Statistics '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 08 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Frank Ryan Statistics '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 08 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Neil O'Donnell Statistics '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 08 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Brian Sipe Statistics '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 08 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Milt Plum Statistics '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 08 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Bobby Hebert Statistics '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 08 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Tommy Kramer Statistics '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 08 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Bernie Kosar Statistics '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 08 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Trent Green Statistics '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 08 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Jeff Hostetler Statistics '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 08 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Ed Brown Statistics '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 08 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` George Blanda Statistics '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 08 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Steve DeBerg Statistics '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 08 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Stan Humphries Statistics '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 08 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Norm Snead Statistics '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 08 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Ken O'Brien Statistics '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 08 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Jon Kitna Statistics '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 08 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ AP ( 12 Feb 2004 ) . `` Graham won seven pro titles '' . ESPN . Retrieved 27 Nov 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Schaub stats '' . Pro Football Reference.com . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Fitzpatrick stats '' . Pro Football Reference.com . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Luck stats '' . 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Roanoke Colony - wikipedia <H1> Roanoke Colony </H1> Jump to : navigation , search `` Lost Colony '' redirects here . For other uses , see Lost Colony ( disambiguation ) . <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This article 's lead section does not adequately summarize key points of its contents . Please consider expanding the lead to provide an accessible overview of all important aspects of the article . Please discuss this issue on the article 's talk page . ( March 2018 ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Td_colspan="3"> Roanoke Colony </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="3"> Colony of England </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="3"> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1585 -- c. 1590 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="3"> Virginea Pars map , drawn by John White during his initial visit in 1585 . Roanoke is the small pink island in the middle right of the map . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> History </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Established </Td> <Td> 1585 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Birth of Virginia Dare </Td> <Td> August 18 , 1587 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Abandoned </Td> <Td> Before August c. 1590 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Found abandoned </Td> <Td> August 18 , 1590 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="3"> Population </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1587 </Td> <Td> 116 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Today part of </Td> <Td> United States <Ul> <Li> Dare County , North Carolina </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The Roanoke Colony ( / ˈroʊəˌnoʊk / ) , also known as the Lost Colony , was established in 1585 on Roanoke Island in what is today 's Dare County , North Carolina . It was a late 16th - century attempt by Queen Elizabeth I to establish a permanent English settlement in North America . The colony was founded by Sir Walter Raleigh . </P> <P> The colonists disappeared during the Anglo - Spanish War , three years after the last shipment of supplies from England . Their disappearance gave rise to the nickname `` The Lost Colony '' . There is no conclusive evidence as to what happened to the colonists . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Background </Li> <Li> 2 Raleigh 's charter </Li> <Li> 3 First voyages to Roanoke Island <Ul> <Li> 3.1 In the New World </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 Lost Colony <Ul> <Li> 4.1 Return to the Lost Colony </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 5 Thomas Harriot </Li> <Li> 6 Investigations into Roanoke </Li> <Li> 7 Reports of John Smith and William Strachey </Li> <Li> 8 Hypotheses about the disappearance <Ul> <Li> 8.1 Integration with local tribes </Li> <Li> 8.2 Other theories <Ul> <Li> 8.2. 1 Spanish </Li> <Li> 8.2. 2 Dare Stones </Li> <Li> 8.2. 3 Virginia Pars Map </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 9 Archaeological evidence </Li> <Li> 10 Climate factors </Li> <Li> 11 Lost Colony of Roanoke DNA Project </Li> <Li> 12 In popular culture <Ul> <Li> 12.1 Books </Li> <Li> 12.2 Comics </Li> <Li> 12.3 Film </Li> <Li> 12.4 TV </Li> <Li> 12.5 Internet </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 13 See also </Li> <Li> 14 References </Li> <Li> 15 Further reading </Li> <Li> 16 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Background </H2> <P> The enterprise was originally financed and organized by Sir Humphrey Gilbert , who drowned in 1583 returning from a voyage to the fishing settlement at St. John 's , Newfoundland . Sir Humphrey Gilbert 's half - brother Sir Walter Raleigh later gained his brother 's charter from the Queen and subsequently executed the details of the charter through his delegates Ralph Lane and Richard Grenville , Raleigh 's distant cousin . </P> <H2> Raleigh 's charter </H2> A watercolor of the fort in Guyanailla Bay , which is likely similar to the fort constructed on Roanoke <P> On March 25 , 1584 , Queen Elizabeth I granted Raleigh a charter for the colonization of the area of North America . This charter specified that Raleigh needed to establish a colony in North America , or lose his right to colonization . </P> <P> The Queen and Raleigh intended that the venture should provide riches from the New World . The queen 's charter said that Raleigh was supposed to `` discover , search , find out , and view such remote heathen and barbarous Lands , Countries , and territories ... to have , hold , occupy , and enjoy '' . </P> <P> The queen 's charter also said that Raleigh was supposed to establish a base from which to send privateers on raids against the treasure fleets of Spain . The purpose of these raids was to tell Spain that England was ready for war . The original charter basically told Raleigh to establish a military base to counteract the activities of the Spaniards . Raleigh himself never visited North America , although he led expeditions in 1595 and 1617 to South America 's Orinoco River basin in search of the legendary golden city of El Dorado . </P> <H2> First Voyages to Roanoke Island </H2> <P> On April 27 , 1584 , Raleigh dispatched an expedition led by Philip Amadas and Arthur Barlowe to explore the eastern coast of North America . They arrived on Roanoke Island on July 4 and soon established relations with the local natives , the Secotans and Croatans . Barlowe returned to England with two Croatans named Manteo and Wanchese , who were able to describe the politics and geography of the area to Raleigh . Based on the information given , Raleigh organized a second expedition , to be led by Sir Richard Grenville . </P> Sir Walter Raleigh <P> Grenville 's fleet departed Plymouth on April 9 , 1585 , with five main ships : Tiger ( Grenville 's ) , Roebuck , Red Lion , Elizabeth , and Dorothy . A severe storm off the coast of Portugal separated Tiger from the rest of the fleet . The captains had a contingency plan if they were separated , which was to meet up again in Puerto Rico , and Tiger arrived in the `` Baye of Muskito '' ( Guayanilla Bay ) on May 11 . </P> <P> While waiting for the other ships , Grenville established relations with the resident Spanish while simultaneously engaging in some privateering against them . He also built a fort . Elizabeth arrived soon after the fort 's construction . Grenville eventually tired of waiting for the remaining ships and departed on June 7 . The fort was abandoned , and its location remains unknown . </P> <P> Tiger sailed through Ocracoke Inlet on June 26 , but it struck a shoal , ruining most of the food supplies . The expedition succeeded in repairing the ship and , in early July , reunited with Roebuck and Dorothy , which had arrived in the Outer Banks with Red Lion some weeks previous . Red Lion had dropped off its passengers and left for Newfoundland for privateering . </P> <H3> In the New World </H3> <P> During the initial exploration of the mainland coast and the native settlements , the Europeans blamed the natives of the village of Aquascogoc for stealing a silver cup . As retaliation , the settlers sacked and burned the village . English writer and courtier Richard Hakluyt 's contemporaneous reports also describe this incident . ( Hakluyt 's reports of the first voyage to Roanoke were compiled from accounts by various financial backers , including Sir Walter Raleigh . Hakluyt himself never traveled to the New World . ) </P> <P> Despite this incident and a lack of food , Grenville decided to leave Ralph Lane and 107 men to establish a colony at the north end of Roanoke Island , promising to return in April 1586 with more men and fresh supplies . The group disembarked on August 17 , 1585 , and built a small fort on the island . There are no surviving renderings of the Roanoke fort , but it was likely similar in structure to the one in Guayanilla Bay . Grenville in the Tiger on only his seventh day of sail captured ( after a three - day battle ) a rich Spanish galleon , Santa Maria de San Vicente off Bermuda which he took with him as a prize back to England . </P> <P> As April 1586 passed , there was no sign of Grenville 's relief fleet . Meanwhile , in June , bad blood resulted from the destruction of the village , and this spurred an attack on the fort by the local Native Americans , which the colonists were able to repel . Soon after the attack , Sir Francis Drake was on his way home from a successful raid in the Caribbean , and he stopped at the colony and offered to take the colonists back to England . Several accepted , including metallurgist Joachim Gans . On this return voyage , the Roanoke colonists introduced tobacco , maize , and potatoes to England . The relief fleet arrived shortly after Drake 's departure with the colonists . Finding the colony abandoned , Grenville returned to England with the bulk of his force , leaving behind a small detachment of fifteen men both to maintain an English presence and to protect Raleigh 's claim to Roanoke Island . </P> <H2> Lost Colony </H2> <P> In 1587 , Raleigh dispatched a new group of 115 colonists to establish a colony on Chesapeake Bay . They were led by John White , an artist and friend of Raleigh who had accompanied the previous expedition to Roanoke , and was appointed governor of the 1587 colony . White and Raleigh named 12 assistants to aid in the settlement . They were ordered to stop at Roanoke to pick up the small contingent left there by Grenville the previous year , but when they arrived on July 22 , 1587 , they found nothing except a skeleton that may have been the remains of one of the English garrison . </P> Baptism of Virginia Dare , the first English child born in North America . Lithograph , 1880 <P> When they could find no one , the master pilot Simon Fernandez refused to let the colonists return to the ships , insisting that they establish the new colony on Roanoke . His motives remain unclear , however , and new evidence offered by author Brandon Fullam indicates not only that Fernandez had good reason for his actions , but that the decision to alter the Chesapeake Bay destination had already been agreed to prior to their arrival at Roanoke . </P> <P> White re-established relations with the Croatan and other local tribes , but those with whom Lane had fought previously refused to meet with him . Shortly thereafter , colonist George Howe was killed by a native while searching alone for crabs in Albemarle Sound . </P> <P> The colonists persuaded Governor White to return to England to explain the colony 's desperate situation and ask for help . Left behind were about 115 colonists -- the remaining men and women who had made the Atlantic crossing plus White 's newly born granddaughter Virginia Dare , the first English child born in the Americas . </P> <P> White sailed for England in late 1587 , although crossing the Atlantic at that time of year was a considerable risk . Plans for a relief fleet were delayed first by the captain 's refusal to return during the winter , and then the attack on England of the Spanish Armada and the subsequent Anglo - Spanish War . Every able English ship joined the fight , leaving White without a means to return to Roanoke at the time . In the spring of 1588 , White managed to acquire two small vessels and sailed for Roanoke ; however , his attempt to return was thwarted when the captains of the ships attempted to capture several Spanish ships on the outward - bound voyage ( in order to improve their profits ) . They themselves were captured and their cargo seized . With nothing left to deliver to the colonists , the ships returned to England . </P> <H3> Return to the Lost Colony </H3> Further information : Watts ' West Indies and Virginia expedition The discovery of the word `` Croatoan '' carved onto a stockade board <P> Because of the continuing war with Spain , White was unable to mount another resupply attempt for an additional three years . He finally gained passage on a privateering expedition organised by John Watts and Walter Raleigh . They agreed to stop off at Roanoke on the way back after raiding the Spanish in the Caribbean . White landed on August 18 , 1590 , on his granddaughter 's third birthday , but found the settlement deserted . His men could not find any trace of the 90 men , 17 women , and 11 children , nor was there any sign of a struggle or battle . </P> <P> The only clue was the word `` CROATOAN '' carved into a post of the fence around the village , and the letters C-R-O carved into a nearby tree . All the houses and fortifications had been dismantled , which meant that their departure had not been hurried . Before he had left the colony , White instructed the colonists that , if anything happened to them , they should carve a Maltese cross on a tree nearby , indicating that their absence had been forced . There was no cross , and White took this to mean that they had moved to Croatoan Island ( now known as Hatteras Island ) , but he was unable to conduct a search . A massive storm was forming and his men refused to go any farther ; the next day , they left . </P> <H2> Thomas Harriot </H2> <P> Born in 1560 , Thomas Harriot entered Raleigh 's employment in the early 1580s , after graduating from the University of Oxford . Harriot may have been among the men of Arthur Barlowe 's 1584 expedition of the colony . He trained the members of Raleigh 's first Roanoke expedition in navigational skills and eventually sailed to Roanoke with the second group of settlers , where his skills as a naturalist became particularly important along with those of painter and settlement leader John White . </P> <P> Between their arrival in Roanoke in April 1585 and the July 1586 departure , Harriot and White both conducted detailed studies of the Roanoke area , with Harriot compiling his samples and notes into several notebooks that did not survive the colony 's disappearance . Harriot also wrote descriptions of the surrounding flora and fauna of the area , which survive in his work A Brief and True Report of the New Founde Land of Virginia , written as a report on the colony 's progress to the English government on the request of Raleigh . Viewed by modern historians as propaganda for the colony , this work has become vastly important to Roanoke 's history due to Harriot 's observations on wildlife as well as his depictions of Indian activities at the time of the colony 's disappearance . </P> <P> Harriot reports that relations between the Roanoke Indians and the English settlers were mutually calm and prosperous , contradicting other historical evidence that catalogs the bloody struggles between the Roanoke Indians and both of Raleigh 's commanders , Sir Richard Grenville and his successor , Ralph Lane . Harriot recounts little to none of these accounts in his report to England and does not mention the disorderly state of the colony under either Grenville 's or Lane 's tenure , correctly assuming these facts would prevent Roanoke from gaining more settlers . Harriot 's text did not reach England , or the English press , until 1588 , by which time the fate of the `` Lost Colony '' was sealed in all but name . </P> <H2> Investigations into Roanoke </H2> Reconstructed fortifications at Fort Raleigh National Historic Site <P> Twelve years went by before Raleigh decided to find out what happened to his colony . Led by Samuel Mace , this 1602 expedition differed from previous voyages in that Raleigh bought his own ship and guaranteed the sailors ' wages so that they would not be distracted by privateering . However , Raleigh still hoped to make money from the trip , and Mace 's ship landed in the Outer Banks to gather aromatic woods or plants such as sassafras that would generate a decent profit back in England . By the time they could turn their attention to the colonists , the weather had turned bad and they were forced to return without even making it to Roanoke Island . By this time , having been arrested for treason , Raleigh was unable to send any further missions . </P> <P> There was one final expedition in 1603 led by Bartholomew Gilbert with the intention of finding Roanoke colonists . Their intended destination was Chesapeake Bay , but bad weather forced them to land in an unspecified location near there . The landing team , including Gilbert himself , was killed by a group of Native Americans for unknown reasons on July 29 . The remaining crew were forced to return to England empty - handed . </P> <P> Meanwhile , the Spanish had different reasons for wanting to find the colony . Knowing of Raleigh 's plans to use Roanoke as a base for privateering , they were hoping to destroy it . Moreover , they had been getting mostly inaccurate reports of activities there , and they imagined the colony to be far more successful than it actually was . </P> <P> In 1590 , they found the remnants of the colony purely by accident , but assumed it was only an outlying base of the main settlement , which they believed was in the Chesapeake Bay area ( John White 's intended location ) . But just as the Anglo - Spanish War prevented White from returning in a timely manner , Spanish authorities in the New World could not muster enough support back home for such a venture . </P> <H2> Reports of John Smith and William Strachey </H2> <P> Once the Jamestown settlement was established in 1607 , efforts were undertaken by the English to acquire information from the Powhatan tribe about Roanoke . The first definitive information concerning the fate of the Lost Colony came from Captain John Smith , leader of the Jamestown Colony from 1608 to 1609 . According to chronicler Samuel Purchas , Smith learned from Chief Powhatan that he had personally conducted the slaughter of the Roanoke colonists just prior to the arrival of the Jamestown settlers because they were living with the Chesepians , a tribe living in the eastern portion of the present - day South Hampton Roads sub-region who were related to the Pamlico tribe in Carolina and who refused to merge with the Powhatans . This shocking information was reported to England and by the spring of 1609 , King James and the Royal Council were convinced that Chief Powhatan was responsible for the slaughter of the Lost Colony . </P> <P> The second source of Chief Powhatan 's involvement was William Strachey , Secretary of the Jamestown colony in 1610 -- 11 . Strachey 's The Historie of Travaile Into Virginia Britannia seemed to confirm Smith 's report and provided additional information : the colonists had been living peacefully among a group of natives beyond Powhatan 's domain for more than twenty years when they were massacred . Furthermore , Powhatan himself seemed to have directed the slaughter because of prophecies by his priests that he would be overthrown by people from that area , and he reportedly produced several English - made iron implements to back his claim . </P> <P> The information from these two sources , John Smith and William Strachey , provides the basis for the traditional view that the Lost Colony was slaughtered by Chief Powhatan , and versions of the Powhatan - Lost Colony - slaughter scenario have persisted for more than 400 years . However , no bodies were found and no archaeological evidence has been found to support this claim . </P> <P> Furthermore , recent re-examination of the Smith and Strachey sources advanced by author and researcher Brandon Fullam has suggested that the massacre described by Powhatan was actually of the 15 people left behind by the first Roanoke expedition , leaving the fate of the second colony still unknown . </P> <H2> Hypotheses about the disappearance </H2> <P> </P> <H3> Integration with local tribes </H3> The Francis Nelson ( or Zuniga ) map , c. 1607 <P> As per Smith 's and Strachey 's reports , Dr. David Beers Quinn theorized that the colonists moved north to integrate with the Chesepians that Chief Powhatan claimed to have killed . To make the journey northward , Quinn believed that they used the pinnace and other small boats to transport themselves and their belongings . Naturally , if that were the mode of transportation , the colonists could have gone to live in other locations as well . </P> <P> In her 2000 book Roanoke : Solving the Mystery of the Lost Colony , historian Lee Miller postulated that some of the Lost Colony survivors sought shelter with the Chowanoke , who were attacked by another tribe , identified by the Jamestown Colony as the `` Mandoag '' ( an Algonquian name commonly given to enemy nations ) . The Mandoag are believed to be either the Tuscarora , an Iroquois - speaking tribe , or the Eno , also known as the Wainoke . </P> <P> The so - called `` Zuniga Map '' ( named for Pedro de Zúñiga , the Spanish ambassador to England , who had secured a copy and passed it on to Philip III of Spain ) , drawn about 1607 by the Jamestown settler Francis Nelson , also gives credence to this claim . The map states `` four men clothed that came from roonock '' were living in an Iroquois site on the Neuse . William Strachey wrote that , at the Indian settlements of Peccarecanick and Ochanahoen , there were reportedly two - story houses with stone walls . The Indians supposedly had learned how to build them from the Roanoke settlers . In both cases , as stated above , it is equally possible that these were survivors of Chief Powhatan 's attack on the first Jamestown colonists . </P> <P> There were also reported sightings of European captives at various Indian settlements during the same time period . Strachey wrote in 1612 that four English men , two boys and one girl had been sighted at the Eno settlement of Ritanoc , under the protection of a chief called Eyanoco . Strachey reported that the captives were forced to beat copper and that they had escaped the attack on the other colonists and fled up the Chaonoke river , the present - day Chowan River in Bertie County , North Carolina . </P> <P> John Lawson wrote in his 1709 work A New Voyage to Carolina that the Croatans living on Hatteras Island used to live on Roanoke Island and claimed to have white ancestors : </P> <P> A farther Confirmation of this we have from the Hatteras Indians , who either then lived on Ronoak - Island , or much frequented it . These tell us , that several of their Ancestors were white People , and could talk in a Book , as we do ; the Truth of which is confirm 'd by gray Eyes being found frequently amongst these Indians , and no others . They value themselves extremely for their Affinity to the English , and are ready to do them all friendly Offices . It is probable , that this Settlement miscarry 'd for want of timely Supplies from England ; or thro ' the Treachery of the Natives , for we may reasonably suppose that the English were forced to cohabit with them , for Relief and Conversation ; and that in process of Time , they conform 'd themselves to the Manners of their Indian Relations . </P> <P> From the early 17th century to the middle 18th century , European colonists reported encounters with gray - eyed American Indians who claimed descent from the colonists ( although at least one , a story of a Welsh priest who met a Doeg warrior who spoke the Welsh language , is likely to be a hoax ) . Records from French Huguenots who settled along the Tar River in 1696 tell of meeting Tuscaroras with blond hair and blue eyes not long after their arrival . As Jamestown was the nearest English settlement , and they had no record of being attacked by Tuscarora , the likelihood that the origin of those fair - skinned natives was the Lost Colony is high . </P> <P> Fred Willard and Phillip MacMullan believe that the colonists along with the Croatans relocated to villages along the Alligator River in an area known as `` Beechland '' , slightly inland from Roanoke Island . Archeological remains of settlements have been discovered in the area , including coffins with Christian markings on them where there had been no previous record of a grave site , but their hypothesis is mostly based on oral histories and also lacks any definitive evidence . </P> <P> In the late 1880s , North Carolina state legislator Hamilton McMillan discovered that his `` redbones '' ( those of Indian blood ) neighbors in Robeson County claimed to have been descended from the Roanoke settlers . He also noticed that many of the words in their language had striking similarities to obsolete English words . Furthermore , many of the family names were identical to those listed in Hakluyt 's account of the colony . Thus on February 10 , 1885 , convinced that these were the descendants of the Lost Colony , he helped to pass the `` Croatan bill '' , that officially designated the population around Robeson county as Croatan . Two days later on February 12 , 1885 , the Fayetteville Observer published an article regarding the Robeson people 's origins . This article states : </P> <P> They say that their traditions say that the people we call the Croatan Indians ( though they do not recognize that name as that of a tribe , but only a village , and that they were Tuscaroras ) , were always friendly to the whites ; and finding them destitute and despairing of ever receiving aid from England , persuaded them to leave ( Roanoke Island ) , and go to the mainland ... They gradually drifted away from their original seats , and at length settled in Robeson , about the center of the county ... </P> <P> However , the case was far from settled . A similar legend claims that the now extinct Saponi of Person County , North Carolina , are descended from the English colonists of Roanoke Island . However , no documented evidence exists to link the Saponi to the Roanoke colonists . </P> <P> Other tribes claiming partial descent from surviving Roanoke colonists include the Catawba ( who absorbed the Shakori and Eno people ) , and the Coree and the people who call themselves the Lumbee . Samuel A'Court Ashe was convinced that the colonists had relocated westward to the banks of the Chowan River in Bertie County , and Conway Whittle Sams claimed that after being attacked by Wanchese and Powhatan , the colonists scattered to multiple locations : the Chowan River , and south to the Pamlico and Neuse Rivers . </P> <H3> Other theories </H3> Spanish <P> Another theory is that the Spanish destroyed the colony . Earlier in the century , the Spanish did destroy evidence of the French colony of Fort Charles in coastal South Carolina and then massacred the inhabitants of Fort Caroline , a French colony near present - day Jacksonville , Florida . However , a Spanish attack is unlikely , as the Spanish were still looking for the location of England 's failed colony as late as 1600 , ten years after White discovered that the colony was missing . </P> Dare stones Main article : Dare Stones <P> From 1937 to 1941 , a series of inscribed stones were discovered that were claimed to have been written by Eleanor Dare , mother of Virginia Dare . They told of the travelings of the colonists and their ultimate deaths . Most historians believe that they are a fraud , but there are some today who still believe at least one of the stones to be genuine . </P> Virginia Pars map <P> In May 2011 , Brent Lane of the First Colony Foundation was studying the Virginia Pars Map , which was made by John White during his 1585 visit to Roanoke Island , and noticed two patches where the map had been corrected . The patches are made of paper contemporaneous with that of the map . Lane asked researchers at the British Museum in London , where the map has been kept since 1866 , what might be under the patches , sparking a research investigation . On May 3 , 2012 , at Wilson Library of the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , members of the Foundation and representatives of the museum announced the discovery of `` a large , square - shaped symbol with oddly shaped corners . '' This symbol , presumed to represent a fort , is visible when the map is viewed on a light box . Some scholars speculate that the colonists relocated to that location , on what is now called Salmon Creek in the Bertie County community of Merry Hill . The Scotch Hall Preserve golf course community was planned on the site , but it has not been fully developed . </P> <P> The discovery of new information on the map led to more study of artifacts previously found , as well as additional digs in 2012 and 2014 . </P> <H2> Archaeological evidence </H2> <P> In 1993 , Hurricane Emily caused numerous relics to appear , and David Phelps of East Carolina University later began digging in the area and found evidence the settlers lived with the native people . </P> <P> In 1998 , East Carolina University organized `` The Croatoan Project '' , an archaeological investigation into the events at Roanoke . The excavation team sent to Hatteras Island uncovered what they believed to be a 10 karat ( 42 % ) gold 16th - century English signet ring , gun flints , and two copper farthings ( produced sometime in the 1670s ) at the site of the ancient Croatan capital , 50 miles ( 80 km ) from the old Roanoke Colony . Genealogists were able to trace the lion crest on the signet ring to the Kendall coat of arms , and concluded that the ring most likely belonged to one Master Kendall who is recorded as having lived in the Roanoke Colony from 1585 to 1586 . If this is the case , the ring represents the first material connection between the Roanoke colonists and the Native Americans on Hatteras Island . However , archaeologist David Phelps did not have the ring tested , and Charles Ewen , who continued Phelps ' work after Phelps retired , had the ring tested and found the ring was brass . Ewen announced his findings in April 2017 . Mark Horton of the University of Bristol said he was not convinced that this news proved the ring did not date to the 16th century . </P> <P> It is also believed that the reason for the extreme deficiency in archaeological evidence is due to shoreline erosion . Since all that was found was a rustic looking fort on the north shore , and this location is well - documented and backed up , it is believed that the settlement must have been nearby . The northern shore , between 1851 and 1970 , lost 928 feet ( 283 m ) because of erosion . If in the years leading up to and following the brief life of the settlement at Roanoke , shoreline erosion was following the same trend , it is likely the site of the dwellings is underwater , along with any artifacts or signs of life . Archaeological investigations continue to find tantalizing clues and funding is being sought to continue recent excavations . </P> <H2> Climate factors </H2> <P> In 1998 , a team led by climatologist David W. Stahle , of the University of Arkansas and archaeologist Dennis B. Blanton of the College of William and Mary used tree ring cores from 800 - year - old bald cypresses taken from the Roanoke Island area of North Carolina and the Jamestown area of Virginia to reconstruct precipitation and temperature chronologies . </P> <P> The researchers concluded that the settlers of the Lost Colony landed at Roanoke Island in the summer of the worst growing - season drought in 800 years . `` This drought persisted for 3 years , from 1587 to 1589 , and is the driest 3 - year episode in the entire 800 - year reconstruction , '' the team reported in the journal Science . A map shows that `` the Lost Colony drought affected the entire southeastern United States but was particularly severe in the Tidewater region near Roanoke ( Island ) . '' The authors suggested that the Croatan who were shot and killed by the colonists may have been scavenging the abandoned village for food as a result of the drought . </P> <H2> Lost Colony of Roanoke DNA Project </H2> <P> The Lost Colony of Roanoke DNA Project was founded in 2007 by a group led by Roberta Estes , who owns a private DNA - testing company , in order to solve the mystery of the Lost Colony using historical records , migration patterns , oral histories and DNA testing . The project used Y chromosome , Mitochondrial DNA and Autosomal DNA . As of 2016 , they have not yet been able to positively identify any descendants of the colony . </P> <H2> In popular culture </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Books </H3> <Ul> <Li> The White Doe : The Fate of Virginia Dare ( 1901 ) is one of the many novels about the most settlers of the Roanoke Colony , Virginia Dare , that details the theory of assimilation . In this story , Dare is married off into the Croatan tribe . </Li> <Li> The Daughter of Virginia Dare ( 1908 ) is another novel about Virginia Dare , in which the author claims Dare to be the mother of Pocahontas . </Li> <Li> Rising Shore Roanoke ( 2007 ) by Deborah Homsher </Li> <Li> The Missing Book 3 : Sabotaged ( 2010 ) by Margaret Peterson Haddix </Li> <Li> Abraham Lincoln , Vampire Hunter by Seth Grahame - Smith , released in 2010 , features a character called Henry , a vampire who was a part of the Roanoke Colony . Through this character , the novel presents a situation in which `` Cro '' referred to the Colony 's Doctor Crowley . In this fictional version of events , the Colony was wiped out by Dr. Crowley , a vampire who then turned Henry into a vampire to be his companion . </Li> <Li> The Last American Vampire is the 2015 sequel to Abraham Lincoln : Vampire Hunter . This time , the story follows the character , Henry . He reveals that he lied about the death of Virginia Dare and that in truth , he kept her alive and raised her as his own . In this version of events , Dare is still alive and lives on as a vampire . </Li> </Ul> <H3> Comics </H3> <Ul> <Li> Marvel 1602 , a 2003 comic book series , provides an alternate timeline in which the Roanoke Colony thrived and places many Marvel characters , such as Steve Rogers in this situation . </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Marvel Comics Presents , an American comic book anthology series published by Marvel Comics , included a story in which the responsible of the disappearance of the Roanoke Colony was a Vinland viking settler turned into a vampire circa AD 1000 . </Li> </Ul> <H3> Film </H3> <Ul> <Li> The dramatic feature , The Legend of Two Path ( 1998 ) , recounts the arrival of the English settlers from the viewpoint of the Native Americans of Roanoke Island in 1584 . </Li> <Li> 2004 crime thriller Mindhunters is about someone who goes missing from a group of FBI trainees , only to be found in the Lost Colony after leaving the word ' Croatoan ' behind as a clue . </Li> <Li> Wraiths of Roanoke , otherwise known as The Lost Colony is a 2007 Sci Fi original movie the features the perspective of Ananias Dare , the father of Virginia and the one John White leaves in charge of the Colony while he is gone . In this fictional story , Vikings are responsible for the Colony 's disappearance , and the victims become ghosts that haunt the island . Ananias Dare defeats the ghosts and sends Virginia away from the island , who is then raised by Manteo , the Croatan . </Li> </Ul> <H3> TV </H3> <Ul> <Li> Stephen King 's 1999 miniseries , Storm of the Century is loosely based on the story of the Roanoke Colony and offers a theory as to what happened . </Li> <Li> In cancelled TV series , FreakyLinks ( 2000 ) , character Embry 's brother dies whilst investigating the disappearance of the Roanoke Colony . Virginia Dare is alive as a demonic being in this story who is revealed to have been responsible for killing off the Roanoke Colony . </Li> <Li> In 2005 TV series Haven , a character dreams of the Roanoke Colony . The word ' Croatoan ' comes to symbolize a monster . </Li> <Li> The first season of Sleepy Hollow ( 2013 ) connects The Legend of Sleepy Hollow to the story of the Roanoke Colony . In this adaptation , the Horseman of Pestilence supposedly visited Roanoke Island and infected its inhabitants with plague . Virginia Dare became a ghost and led her fellow settlers to Upstate New York where they continue to haunt to this day . </Li> <Li> American Horror Story : Roanoke , which came out in 2016 , is the sixth season of American Horror Story , features the colonists from real life as spirits that haunt North Carolina due to a deal that John White 's wife made with a witch . As a result , they must perform blood rituals and murder people during the month of October . </Li> </Ul> <H3> Internet </H3> <Ul> <Li> `` The Mysterious Disappearance of the Roanoke Colony '' , released on November 17 , 2017 , is an episode of BuzzFeed Unsolved : Supernatural in which the various theories that surround the disappearance are discussed . </Li> </Ul> <H2> See also </H2> <Ul> <Li> List of colonists at Roanoke </Li> <Li> Charlesfort - Santa Elena Site </Li> <Li> List of people who disappeared mysteriously </Li> <Li> Timeline of the colonization of North America </Li> </Ul> <H2> References </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Charter to Sir Walter Raleigh March 25 , 1584 '' . University of Groningen . Retrieved January 5 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Quinn , David B. ( February 1985 ) . Set Fair for Roanoke : Voyages and Colonies , 1584 -- 1606 . UNC Press Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8078 - 4123 - 5 . Retrieved June 3 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ http://www.designhammer.com , Website graphic design and web development by DesignHammer Media Group LLC , Building Smarter Websites . `` North Carolina History Project : Roanoke Island '' . www.northcarolinahistory.org . Retrieved February 29 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Kupperman , Karen Ordahl ( January 25 , 1984 ) . Roanoke , The Abandoned Colony . Rowman & Littlefield . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8476 - 7339 - 1 . Retrieved June 3 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Campbell - Dollaghan , Kelsey . `` New Discoveries Could Explain What Happened to the Lost Colony of Roanoke '' . Gizmodo . Retrieved February 29 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Teacher Handbook to Roanoke Revisited '' . Fort Raleigh National Historic Site . National Park Service . Retrieved July 10 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Milton , Giles ( October 19 , 2001 ) . Big Chief Elizabeth : The Adventures and Fate of the First English Colonists in America . Macmillan . ISBN 978 - 0 - 312 - 42018 - 5 . Retrieved July 10 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Blacker , Irwin ( 1965 ) . Hakluyt 's Voyages : The Principle Navigations Voyages Traffiques & Discoveries of the English Nation . New York : The Viking Press . p. 522 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Lane , Ralph . `` The Account by Ralph Lane . An account of the particularities of the imployments of the English men left in Roanoke by Richard Grenville under the charge of Master Ralph Lane Generall of the same , from the 17 . of August 1585 . until the 18 . of June 1586 . at which time they departed the Countrey ; sent and directed to Sir Walter Ralegh '' . Old South Leaflets ( General Series ) ; No. 119 . University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill . Retrieved January 17 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Miller p 104 </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Fleming , Walter Lynwood ( 1909 ) . The South in the Building of the Nation : History of the States . The Southern historical publication society . Retrieved June 3 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Miller , Lee ( 2000 ) . Roanoke : Solving the Mystery of the Lost Colony . Arcade Publishing . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55970 - 584 - 4 . Retrieved June 3 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Fullam , Brandon The Lost Colony of Roanoke : New Perspectives , Chapt. 3 ISBN 978 - 1 - 4766 - 6786 - 7 </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Grizzard , Frank E. ; Smith , D. Boyd ( 2007 ) . Jamestown Colony : A Political , Social , and Cultural History . ABC - CLIO . ISBN 978 - 1 - 85109 - 637 - 4 . Retrieved June 3 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Neville , John D . `` The John White Colony '' . National Park Service . Retrieved October 8 , 2008 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Harriot , Thomas . Nina Baym , ed . A Brief and True Report of the New Found Land of Virginia . The Norton Anthology of American Literature . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Zandt , Cynthia J. Van ( 2008 - 07 - 08 ) . Brothers Among Nations : The Pursuit of Intercultural Alliances in Early America , 1580 -- 1660 . Oxford University Press . p. 50 . ISBN 9780199720552 . Retrieved 17 December 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Parramore , Thomas C. ; Stewart , Peter C. ; Bogger , Tommy L. ( April 2000 ) . Norfolk : The First Four Centuries . University of Virginia Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8139 - 1988 - 1 . Retrieved August 17 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Strachey , William ( 1612 ) . The Historie of Travaile into Virginia Britannia : Expressing the cosmographie and commodities of the country , togither with the manners and customes of the people . Hakluyt Society . Retrieved August 17 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Gabriel - Powell , Andy ( October 14 , 2016 ) . Richard Grenville and the Lost Colony of Roanoke . McFarland . pp. 118 -- 120 . ISBN 9781476626680 . Retrieved December 18 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : McMullan , Jr. , Philip S. `` A Search for the Lost Colony in Beechland '' . The Lost Colony Center for Science and Research . Retrieved August 17 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Fullam , Brandon The Lost Colony of Roanoke : New Perspectives. ISBN 978 - 1 - 4766 - 6786 - 7 </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Smallwood , Arwin D. ( October 16 , 2002 ) . Bertie County : An Eastern Carolina History . Arcadia Publishing . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7385 - 2395 - 8 . Retrieved June 9 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Hunter , Douglas ( August 31 , 2010 ) . Half Moon : Henry Hudson and the Voyage That Redrew the Map of the New World . Bloomsbury Publishing USA . ISBN 978 - 1 - 60819 - 098 - 0 . Retrieved August 17 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Stick , David ( November 1983 ) . Roanoke Island , The Beginnings of English America . UNC Press Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8078 - 4110 - 5 . Retrieved June 9 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Warner , Charles Dudley , Captain John Smith , 1881 . Repr. in Captain John Smith ; Project Gutenberg Text ; accessed April 1 , 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Lawson , John ( 1709 ) . A New Voyage to Carolina . London . p. 48 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Williams , Gwyn A. ( 1979 ) . Madoc , The Making of a Myth . Eyre Methuen . ISBN 978 - 0 - 413 - 39450 - 7 . Retrieved August 17 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Croatan Indians of Robeson '' . Fayetteville Observer ( SUBSCRIPTION REQUIRED ) . February 12 , 1885 . Retrieved August 16 , 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ La Vere , David ( July 2009 ) . `` The 1937 Chowan River ' Dare Stone ' : A Re-evaluation '' . North Carolina Historical Review . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Ancient map gives clue to fate of ' Lost Colony ' '' . Science News . The Telegraph . 4 May 2012 . Retrieved 30 April 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Price , Jay ( May 4 , 2012 ) . `` Old map offers new clues to fate of the Lost Colony '' . The Charlotte Observer . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Waggoner , Martha ( January 19 , 2015 ) . `` Researchers hopeful that NC site is that of Lost Colony '' . News & Observer . Associated Press . Archived from the original on January 22 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Hampton , Jeff ( July 7 , 2017 ) . `` Artifacts show Lost Colony settlers lived with natives '' . The Virginian - Pilot . Retrieved July 8 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Family Crest on Sixteenth - Century Gold Ring Tentatively Identified '' . Roanoke Colonies Research Newsletter . East Carolina University . May 1999 . Archived from the original on March 19 , 2012 . Retrieved December 17 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Croatan Dig 1998 -- 1999 Season '' . Archived from the original on May 2 , 2000 . Retrieved 2007 - 03 - 07 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Guide to the Croatan 16 '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Duncan , Charles ( April 11 , 2017 ) . `` A simple lab test throws doubt on ' Lost Colony ' theories '' . News & Observer . Retrieved April 11 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Lawler , Andrew ( April 7 , 2017 ) . `` The Mystery of Roanoke Endures Yet Another Cruel Twist '' . Smithsonian . Retrieved April 11 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Dolan , Robert ; Kenton Bosserman ( September 1972 ) . `` Shoreline Erosion and the Lost Colony '' . Annals of the Association of American Geographers. 62 ( 3 ) : 424 -- 426 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1467 - 8306.1972. tb00875. x . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Emery , Theo ( August 11 , 2015 ) . `` The Roanoke Island Colony : Lost , and Found ? '' . The New York Times . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Stahle , David W. ; et al. ( 1998 ) . `` The Lost Colony and Jamestown Droughts '' . Science . 280 ( 5363 ) : 564 -- 567 . doi : 10.1126 / science. 280.5363. 564 . PMID 9554842 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Caroline Lee Heuer ; Jonathon T. Overpeck . `` Drought : A Paleo Perspective -- Lost Colony and Jamestown Drought '' . Ncdc.noaa.gov . Retrieved August 16 , 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Stephenie Koehn , `` DNA pro at work on an old mystery / Brighton area woman a part of Lost Colony research '' , The Ann Arbor News , ( Ann Arbor , MI ) , 27 July 2007 , hosted at Lost Colony website </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kaminski , Len ( w ) , Heck , Don ( p ) , Ivy , Chris ( i ) , Ivy , Chris ( col ) , Starkings , Richard ( let ) , Kavanagh , Terry ) ( ed ) . `` Norse Blood '' Marvel Comics Presents 63 : 25 ( November 1990 ) , New York , NY : Marvel Comics </Li> </Ol> <H2> Further reading </H2> <Ul> <Li> Hariot , Thomas , John White and John Lawson ( 1999 ) . A Vocabulary of Roanoke . Evolution Publishing : Merchantville , NJ . ISBN 1 - 889758 - 81 - 7 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) This volume contains practically everything known about the Croatan language spoken on Roanoke Island . </Li> <Li> Miller , Lee , Roanoke : Solving the Mystery of the Lost Colony Retrieved April 2011 </Li> <Li> Giles Milton ( 2000 ) . Big Chief Elizabeth . New York : Farrar , Straus and Giroux . ISBN 0 - 374 - 26501 - 1 . Critically acclaimed account , based on contemporary travel accounts from 1497 -- 1611 , of attempts to establish a colony in the Roanoke area . Milton is also the author of the 2013 children 's fictional work , Children of the Wild , which tells the story of the colony through the eyes of four English children . </Li> </Ul> <H2> External links </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wikimedia Commons has media related to Roanoke Colony . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ul> <Li> The finding of Raleigh 's lost colony ( 1907 ) </Li> <Li> The Lost Colony of Roanoke loses its portrait of Queen Elizabeth I </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Kingdom of England </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> History </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Timeline </Li> <Li> Anglo - Saxon England <Ul> <Li> Heptarchy </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Kingdom of England </Li> <Li> Norman conquest </Li> <Li> Anglo - Normans </Li> <Li> Angevin Empire </Li> <Li> England in the Late Middle Ages </Li> <Li> Wars of the Roses </Li> <Li> Tudor period </Li> <Li> Stuart period </Li> <Li> English Renaissance </Li> <Li> English Reformation </Li> <Li> Elizabethan era </Li> <Li> Union of the Crowns </Li> <Li> Overseas possessions </Li> <Li> Gunpowder Plot </Li> <Li> Jacobean era </Li> <Li> Civil War </Li> <Li> Interregnum <Ul> <Li> Commonwealth of England </Li> <Li> The Protectorate </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Restoration </Li> <Li> Popish Plot </Li> <Li> Glorious Revolution </Li> <Li> Maritime history </Li> <Li> Economy in the Middle Ages </Li> <Li> Union with Scotland </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Royal Houses </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Wessex </Li> <Li> Knýtlinga </Li> <Li> Normandy </Li> <Li> Angevin </Li> <Li> Plantagenet </Li> <Li> Lancaster </Li> <Li> York </Li> <Li> Tudor </Li> <Li> Stuart </Li> <Li> Orange - Nassau </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> <Ul> <Li> Politics </Li> <Li> Law </Li> </Ul> </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Witenagemot </Li> <Li> Curia regis </Li> <Li> Parliament <Ul> <Li> House of Lords </Li> <Li> House of Commons </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Monarchy <Ul> <Li> Council of State </Li> <Li> Lord Protector </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Peerage </Li> <Li> Privy Council </Li> <Li> Ministries </Li> <Li> Secretary of State </Li> <Li> Governance <Ul> <Li> Elizabethan </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Star Chamber </Li> <Li> Whigs </Li> <Li> Tories </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Acts of Parliament : to 1483 </Li> <Li> 1485 -- 1601 </Li> <Li> 1603 -- 1641 </Li> <Li> 1642 -- 1660 </Li> <Li> 1660 -- 1699 </Li> <Li> 1700 -- 1706 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Military </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Anglo - Saxon military <Ul> <Li> Warfare </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> English Army <Ul> <Li> New Model Army </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Royal Navy <Ul> <Li> Ships </Li> <Li> History </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Geography </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Counties </Li> <Li> Islands </Li> <Li> Places </Li> <Li> Towns </Li> <Li> Castles </Li> <Li> Palaces </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Demographics </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> English language </Li> <Li> English people <Ul> <Li> list </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Culture </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Religion </Li> <Li> Church of England </Li> <Li> Cuisine </Li> <Li> Folklore </Li> <Li> Morris dance </Li> <Li> Country dance </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Architecture </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Anglo - Saxon </Li> <Li> English Gothic </Li> <Li> Tudor </Li> <Li> Elizabethan </Li> <Li> Jacobean </Li> <Li> Queen Anne </Li> <Li> Georgian </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Symbols </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> National flag ( list ) </Li> <Li> Heraldry </Li> <Li> Coat of arms <Ul> <Li> College of Arms </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Royal badges </Li> <Li> Royal supporters </Li> <Li> Royal standards </Li> <Li> Crown Jewels </Li> <Li> Tudor rose </Li> <Li> Oak tree </Li> <Li> St George <Ul> <Li> St George 's Day </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Articles on the history of England </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Coordinates : 35 ° 55 ′ 42 '' N 75 ° 42 ′ 15 '' W  /  35.928259 ° N 75.704098 ° W  / 35.928259 ; - 75.704098 </P> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Roanoke_Colony&oldid=843591647 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> Roanoke Colony </Li> <Li> Colonial North Carolina </Li> <Li> Colonization history of the United States </Li> <Li> Colonial United States ( British ) </Li> <Li> English colonization of the Americas </Li> <Li> Former English colonies </Li> <Li> Dare County , North Carolina </Li> <Li> Elizabeth I of England </Li> <Li> History of the Thirteen Colonies </Li> <Li> 1580s in North America </Li> <Li> 1580s in the British Empire </Li> <Li> Pre-statehood history of North Carolina </Li> <Li> Ghost towns in North Carolina </Li> <Li> Lost cities and towns </Li> <Li> Missing people </Li> <Li> Unexplained disappearances </Li> <Li> States and territories established in 1585 </Li> <Li> States and territories disestablished in the 1590s </Li> <Li> 1585 establishments in North America </Li> <Li> 1590s disestablishments in North America </Li> <Li> 1585 establishments in the British Empire </Li> <Li> 1590s disestablishments in England </Li> <Li> 16th century in North America </Li> <Li> 1590s missing person cases </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty </Li> <Li> CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown </Li> <Li> Wikipedia semi-protected pages </Li> <Li> Wikipedia introduction cleanup from March 2018 </Li> <Li> All pages needing cleanup </Li> <Li> Articles covered by WikiProject Wikify from March 2018 </Li> <Li> All articles covered by WikiProject Wikify </Li> <Li> Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages </Li> <Li> Use mdy dates from April 2016 </Li> <Li> Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2016 </Li> <Li> All articles containing potentially dated statements </Li> <Li> Articles needing additional references from December 2017 </Li> <Li> All articles needing additional references </Li> <Li> CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list </Li> <Li> Coordinates on Wikidata </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> View source </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> Azərbaycanca </Li> <Li> Bân - lâm - gú </Li> <Li> Български </Li> <Li> Català </Li> <Li> Deutsch </Li> <Li> Español </Li> <Li> Esperanto </Li> <Li> Français </Li> <Li> 한국어 </Li> <Li> Հայերեն </Li> <Li> Bahasa Indonesia </Li> <Li> Italiano </Li> <Li> עברית </Li> <Li> Македонски </Li> <Li> Nederlands </Li> <Li> 日本 語 </Li> <Li> Polski </Li> <Li> Português </Li> <Li> Română </Li> <Li> Русский </Li> <Li> Simple English </Li> <Li> Српски / srpski </Li> <Li> Suomi </Li> <Li> Svenska </Li> <Li> Türkçe </Li> <Li> Українська </Li> 17 more </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 30 May 2018 , at 04 : 25 . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; 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what happened to the lost settlement of roanoke

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List of regions of Africa - wikipedia <H1> List of regions of Africa </H1> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( November 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> The five regions according to the United Nations geoscheme for Africa . The five regions of the African Union . The five regions of the Confederation of African Football . <P> The continent of Africa is commonly divided into five regions or subregions , four of which are in Sub-Saharan Africa , though some definitions may contain four ( removing Central Africa ) or six regions ( separating the horn of Africa into its own region ) . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 List of subregions in Africa </Li> <Li> 2 Directional approach </Li> <Li> 3 Physiographic approach </Li> <Li> 4 Linguistic approach <Ul> <Li> 4.1 By official language </Li> <Li> 4.2 By indigenous language family </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 5 Investment approach </Li> <Li> 6 See also </Li> <Li> 7 References </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> List of subregions in Africa ( edit ) </H2> <P> The five UN subregions : </P> <Ul> <Li> Northern Africa </Li> <Li> Eastern Africa </Li> <Li> Central Africa </Li> <Li> Western Africa </Li> <Li> Southern Africa </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Region </Th> <Th> Country </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Northern Africa </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Algeria </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Egypt </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Libya </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Morocco </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Sudan </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Tunisia </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Western Sahara </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Eastern Africa </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Burundi </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Comoros </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Djibouti </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Eritrea </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Ethiopia </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Kenya </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Madagascar </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Malawi </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Mauritius </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Mayotte </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Mozambique </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Reunion </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Rwanda </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Seychelles </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Somalia </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> South Sudan </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Tanzania </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Uganda </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Zambia </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Zimbabwe </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Central Africa </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Angola </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Cameroon </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Central African Republic </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Chad </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Democratic Republic of the Congo </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Republic of the Congo </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Equatorial Guinea </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Gabon </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> São Tomé and Príncipe </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Western Africa </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Benin </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Burkina Faso </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Cape Verde </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Ivory Coast </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Gambia </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Ghana </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Guinea </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Guinea - Bissau </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Liberia </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Mali </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Mauritania </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Niger </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Nigeria </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Saint Helena </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Senegal </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Sierra Leone </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Togo </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Southern Africa </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Botswana </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Lesotho </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Namibia </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> South Africa </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Swaziland </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Directional approach ( edit ) </H2> <P> One common approach categorises Africa directionally , e.g. , by cardinal direction ( compass direction ) : </P> <Ul> <Li> North Africa lies north of the Sahara and runs along the Mediterranean coast . </Li> <Li> West Africa is the portion roughly west of 10 ° east longitude , excluding Northern Africa and the Maghreb . West Africa contains large portions of the Sahara Desert and the Adamawa Mountains . </Li> <Li> East Africa stretches from the Red Sea and the Horn of Africa to Mozambique , including Madagascar </Li> <Li> Central Africa is the large mass at the center of Africa which either does not fall squarely into any other region or only partially does so . </Li> <Li> Southern Africa consists of the portion generally south of - 10 ° latitude and the great rainforests of Congo . </Li> </Ul> <P> This approach is taken , for example , in the United Nations geoscheme for Africa and the regions of the African Union . </P> <H2> Physiographic approach ( edit ) </H2> Satellite image of Africa , showing the ecological break that defines the sub-Saharan area <P> Another common approach divides Africa by using features such as landforms , climatic regions , or vegetation types : </P> <Ul> <Li> Nile Valley </Li> <Li> Nile Delta </Li> <Li> Atlas Mountains </Li> <Li> Nubia ( Lower Nubia ) </Li> <Li> The Sahara Desert is the massive but largely empty region in North Africa that contains the world 's largest hot deserts </Li> <Li> The Maghreb is a region of northwest Africa encompassing the coastlands and Atlas Mountains of Morocco , Algeria , and Tunisia . </Li> <Li> The Sahel region covers a belt of grasslands south of the Sahara stretching from Senegal to Sudan . </Li> <Li> The Sudan region lies just below the Sahel but is slightly more humid and arable . </Li> <Li> Sudanian Savanna </Li> <Li> The Horn of Africa is a peninsula in East Africa that juts for hundreds of kilometers into the Arabian Sea , and lies along the southern side of the Gulf of Aden . It encompasses Ethiopia , Eritrea , Somalia and Djibouti . </Li> <Li> Ethiopian Highlands ( Roof of Africa ) </Li> <Li> Sub-Saharan Africa is the area of the African continent which lies south of the Sahara . </Li> <Li> The Guinea region is distinguished from the neighboring Sudan region by its rainforests and runs along the Atlantic coast from Guinea to Nigeria . </Li> <Li> Sudan ( region ) </Li> <Li> Negroland </Li> <Li> Rhodesia ( region ) ( Northern Rhodesia , Southern Rhodesia ) </Li> <Li> Mayombe </Li> <Li> The Congo Basin is the rainforest region </Li> <Li> The Chad Basin The Chad Basin is the largest endorheic drainage basin in Africa , centered on Lake Chad . </Li> <Li> East African Rift . The region contains Tanzania , Kenya , Uganda . </Li> <Li> Eastern Rift mountains </Li> <Li> Rift Valley Lakes </Li> <Li> African Great Lakes </Li> <Li> Swahili Coast </Li> <Li> Pepper Coast </Li> <Li> Gold Coast </Li> <Li> Slave Coast </Li> <Li> Ivory Coast </Li> <Li> Barbary Coast </Li> <Li> Mittelafrika </Li> <Li> Igboland ( Mbaise ) </Li> <Li> Maputaland </Li> </Ul> <H2> Linguistic approach ( edit ) </H2> Map showing the traditional language families represented in Africa : Afroasiatic ( Semitic - Hamitic ) Austronesian ( Malay - Polynesian ) Indo - European Khoisan Niger - Congo : Bantu Central and Eastern Sudanese Central Bantoid Eastern Bantoid Guinean Mande Western Bantoid Nilo - Saharan : Kanuri Nilotic Songhai Main article : Languages of Africa <H3> By official language ( edit ) </H3> Official languages in Africa <Table> <Tr> <Td> Afrikaans </Td> <Td> Portuguese </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Arabic </Td> <Td> Spanish </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> English </Td> <Td> Swahili </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> French </Td> <Td> other languages </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ul> <Li> Anglophone Africa includes five countries in West Africa ( The Gambia , Sierra Leone , Liberia , Ghana , and the most populous African country Nigeria , as well as a part of Cameroon ) that are separated by Francophone countries , South Sudan , and a large continuous area in Southern Africa and the African Great Lakes . </Li> <Li> Arabophone Africa includes the four most populous Arabic - speaking countries ( Egypt , Sudan , Morocco , Algeria ) as well as Tunisia , Mauritania and Chad , and includes a majority of both the population and the area of the Arabic - speaking countries . French has also kept a strong role in the Maghreb countries , though this has receded somewhat with official Arabization . </Li> <Li> Francophone Africa is a continuous area in West Africa and Central Africa , plus Madagascar and Djibouti . </Li> <Li> Lusophone Africa consists of the widely separated countries of Cabo Verde , Guinea - Bissau , Sao Tome and Principe , Angola , and Mozambique . </Li> <Li> Equatorial Guinea is the only African country where the Spanish language is official , though French and more recently Portuguese have also been added as official languages . </Li> <Li> Swahili is widely used as an inter language in East Africa ; its use for official and educational functions is greatest in Tanzania . </Li> <Li> Ethiopia and Somalia use the Afro - Asiatic Amharic and Somali languages , respectively , as their official languages , although Arabic also serves as a secondary language in Somalia . Eritrea and parts of Ethiopia use the Tigrinya language and Arabic language as working languages . </Li> </Ul> <H3> By indigenous language family ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Niger -- Congo languages and Nilo - Saharan languages are spoken in most of Sub-Saharan Africa . Nilo - Saharan occupies a smaller area but is highly diverse , and may be related as a parent or sibling of Niger -- Congo . </Li> <Li> Afro - Asiatic languages are spoken in North Africa , the Horn of Africa , as well as parts of the Sahel . </Li> <Li> Khoisan languages are spoken in desert areas of Southern Africa , but were formerly spoken over a larger area , and are thought to include two small languages ( Hadza and Sandawe ) in the African Great Lakes . </Li> <Li> Austronesian languages originating from Southeast Asia are spoken in Madagascar . </Li> </Ul> <H2> Investment approach ( edit ) </H2> Investment divisions of Africa . Source : RisCura <P> A slightly less common , but equally important method of division of the continent is by investment factors . For the purposes of investing , Africa is not a single destination with a single set of standardized risk factors and homogeneous potential for reward . Although some high - level similarities are evident , digging into the specifics of certain regions and countries shows that Africa comprises a range of distinct investment destinations , each with its own attractions , flaws , cultural differences and business practices . </P> <P> The investment approach was first developed by global , independent financial analytics provider and investment consultant , RisCura . </P> <Ul> <Li> Maghreb region <Dl> <Dd> Otherwise known as the western portion of Northern Africa , these countries form the Arab Maghreb Union , established in 1989 . The region was established with the goal of functioning as a unified political and economic grouping . Political unrest in the region has stunted progress since its inception but hope still remains that the Union will fulfill its purpose in years to come . Algeria , Libya , Mauritania , Morocco and Tunisia are included in this region . </Dd> </Dl> </Li> <Li> Egypt and Sudan <Dl> <Dd> Previously united under British rule , these countries still share strong ties , as well as one significant commonality -- the trade facilitation through transport on the Nile River . As Egypt does not fall within the Arab Maghreb Union , it is separated from the rest of North Africa . However , Egypt 's strong economic and cultural ties with the Middle East bring natural trading partners , and it is often seen grouped with the Middle East for investment purposes . </Dd> </Dl> </Li> <Li> Francophone West Africa <Dl> <Dd> This is a commonly recognized region on the continent , and typically includes Mauritania . However , Mauritania is sometimes allocated to the Maghreb region as it is found to have closer ties to the North African countries . These French - speaking countries share more than just a language . Due to their common history as French colonies , they also share similar legal and socio - political systems . The countries in this group are Benin , Burkina Faso , Cape Verde , Côte d'Ivoire , Guinea , Mali , Niger , São Tomé and Príncipe , Senegal and Togo . </Dd> </Dl> </Li> <Li> Nigeria <Dl> <Dd> On its own , Nigeria is the size of the entire Maghreb region on an aggregated - GDP basis . While Nigeria is traditionally grouped with the rest of West Africa , its reliance on the rest of the region is less pronounced , likely as a result of its massive standalone GDP , its access to international markets via its six large ports , and its population of over 170 million people . </Dd> </Dl> </Li> <Li> East Africa <Dl> <Dd> This is a combination of the East African Community ( Kenya , Tanzania , Uganda , Rwanda and Burundi ) , the LAPSSET corridor ( Kenya , South Sudan and Ethiopia ) as well as Djibouti , a crucial link to the Indian Ocean for Ethiopia and South Sudan . Kenya has traditionally headlined this region through consistently generating the largest GDP and acts as the primary route to international trade through the Mombasa port . </Dd> </Dl> </Li> <Li> Central Africa <Dl> <Dd> This market is the same as that defined by the African Development Bank with the exception of Madagascar , which here is classified as Southern Africa ( ex-SA ) . On a GDP basis ( USD ) and by population , the Central Africa region is on par with the Francophone West African region . Countries included here are Cameroon , Central African Republic , Chad and the Democratic Republic of Congo , as well as Equatorial Guinea and Gabon . </Dd> </Dl> </Li> <Li> Southern Africa excluding South Africa ( ex-SA ) <Dl> <Dd> This incorporates countries south of central and eastern Africa , and north of the South African border . The region has support from the most developed economy on the continent from the south , and access to capital coming out of South Africa as large companies look to expand into the rest of the continent . The group comprises Angola ( which offers substantial oil resources ) , Botswana , Comoros , Madagascar , Malawi , Mauritius , Mozambique , Namibia , Reunion , Zambia ( substantial supply of copper ) and Zimbabwe . </Dd> </Dl> </Li> <Li> South Africa <Dl> <Dd> Like Nigeria , South Africa is a large African economy on a standalone basis . Due to the developed nature of South Africa relative to the rest of the continent , it has not been included in the Southern African region . South Africa boasts the largest GDP per capita of all the regions ( double that of Nigeria ) and is the most advanced investment destination on the continent . The South African market includes Lesotho and Swaziland due to their reliance and proximity to SA . The Swazi lilangeni is pegged to the South African rand , which is also accepted as currency within the country . </Dd> </Dl> </Li> <Li> Other West Africa <Dl> <Dd> This region includes Ghana , Liberia , Sierra Leone , Guinea - Bissau and The Gambia . </Dd> </Dl> </Li> </Ul> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Regions of the African Union </Li> <Li> United Nations geoscheme for Africa </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Africa portal </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> List of sovereign states and dependent territories in Africa </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Overview of Module Twenty : Southern Africa '' . Exploring Africa . Retrieved May 18 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Compelling investment markets in Africa -- Inside Riscura 's Bright Africa 2015 Report : Debbie O'Hanlon , Senior Analyst , RisCura ( Infographics ) African Business News African Financial & Economic News '' . African Business Central . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 09 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Segmenting Africa into meaningful markets Bright Africa '' . www.riscura.com . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 06 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Meaningful African markets for investment '' . Capital Markets in Africa . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 06 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` UMA '' . www.maghrebarabe.org . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 09 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` What Is the Arab Spring ? '' . About.com News & Issues . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 09 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Sudan - Egypt Relations '' . www.globalsecurity.org . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 09 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Trading Peace in Egypt and Israel '' . Foreign Affairs . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 11 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` What it takes to succeed in Francophone Africa '' ( PDF ) . </Li> </Ol> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> hide <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> List of regions of Africa </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Sovereign states </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Algeria </Li> <Li> Angola </Li> <Li> Benin </Li> <Li> Botswana </Li> <Li> Burkina Faso </Li> <Li> Burundi </Li> <Li> Cameroon </Li> <Li> Cape Verde ( Cabo Verde ) </Li> <Li> Central African Republic </Li> <Li> Chad </Li> <Li> Comoros </Li> <Li> Democratic Republic of the Congo </Li> <Li> Republic of the Congo </Li> <Li> Djibouti </Li> <Li> Egypt </Li> <Li> Equatorial Guinea </Li> <Li> Eritrea </Li> <Li> Ethiopia </Li> <Li> Gabon </Li> <Li> The Gambia </Li> <Li> Ghana </Li> <Li> Guinea </Li> <Li> Guinea - Bissau </Li> <Li> Ivory Coast ( Côte d'Ivoire ) </Li> <Li> Kenya </Li> <Li> Lesotho </Li> <Li> Liberia </Li> <Li> Libya </Li> <Li> Madagascar </Li> <Li> Malawi </Li> <Li> Mali </Li> <Li> Mauritania </Li> <Li> Mauritius </Li> <Li> Morocco </Li> <Li> Mozambique </Li> <Li> Namibia </Li> <Li> Niger </Li> <Li> Nigeria </Li> <Li> Rwanda </Li> <Li> São Tomé and Príncipe </Li> <Li> Senegal </Li> <Li> Seychelles </Li> <Li> Sierra Leone </Li> <Li> Somalia </Li> <Li> South Africa </Li> <Li> South Sudan </Li> <Li> Sudan </Li> <Li> Swaziland </Li> <Li> Tanzania </Li> <Li> Togo </Li> <Li> Tunisia </Li> <Li> Uganda </Li> <Li> Zambia </Li> <Li> Zimbabwe </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> States with limited recognition </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic </Li> <Li> Somaliland </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Dependencies and other territories </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Canary Islands / Ceuta / Melilla ( Spain ) </Li> <Li> Madeira ( Portugal ) </Li> <Li> Mayotte / Réunion ( France ) </Li> <Li> Saint Helena / Ascension Island / Tristan da Cunha ( United Kingdom ) </Li> <Li> Western Sahara </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_regions_of_Africa&oldid=846015670 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> Regions of Africa </Li> <Li> Africa - related lists </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Articles needing additional references from November 2015 </Li> <Li> All articles needing additional references </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> Čeština </Li> <Li> Galego </Li> <Li> Português </Li> </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 15 June 2018 , at 18 : 21 . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . 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what are the different regions of africa and how do they differ

https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=List_of_regions_of_Africa&amp;oldid=846015670

Pom Klementieff - wikipedia <H1> Pom Klementieff </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Pom Klementieff </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Klementieff in 2017 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> ( 1986 - 05 - 03 ) 3 May 1986 ( age 31 ) Quebec City , Quebec , Canada </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Nationality </Th> <Td> French </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Occupation </Th> <Td> Actress </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Years active </Th> <Td> 2007 -- present </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Pom Klementieff ( born 3 May 1986 ) is a French actress . She was trained at the Cours Florent drama school in Paris and has appeared in such films as Loup ( 2009 ) , Sleepless Night ( 2011 ) and Hacker 's Game ( 2015 ) . She plays the role of Mantis in the film Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 ( 2017 ) and will appear in the same role in the film Avengers : Infinity War ( 2018 ) . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Early life </Li> <Li> 2 Career </Li> <Li> 3 Filmography </Li> <Li> 4 See also </Li> <Li> 5 References </Li> <Li> 6 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Early life ( edit ) </H2> <P> Pom Klementieff was born in Quebec City , Quebec , Canada , to a Korean mother and French - Russian father , who was working there as a consul with the French government . She had a brother who committed suicide . Her parents chose the name `` Pom '' because it is similar in pronunciation to the Korean words for both `` spring '' ( 봄 ) and `` tiger '' ( 범 ) . Klementieff lived in Canada for one year before her family traveled extensively due to her father 's job , and she lived in Japan and the Ivory Coast before settling in France . Klementieff later said that travelling at an early age gave her a `` gypsy soul '' . </P> <P> Klementieff 's father died of cancer when she was 5 , and her mother was schizophrenic and unable to care for children , so Klementieff was raised by her paternal uncle and aunt . Her uncle , whom she described as `` like my second father '' , died on her 18th birthday . Klementieff briefly attended law school after her uncle 's death to appease her aunt , but did not find the career path appealing . She also worked as a waitress and saleswoman in France . She started acting at age 19 at the Cours Florent drama school in Paris . A few months into her education , she won a theater competition that awarded her free classes for two years with the school 's top teachers . </P> <H2> Career ( edit ) </H2> Klementieff in 2018 <P> Klementieff 's first professional acting job was the French independent film Après lui ( 2007 ) , portraying the stepdaughter of the protagonist played by Catherine Deneuve . Filming for her scenes took three days . During one scene , Klementieff was supposed to push someone down a set of stairs but accidentally fell down the stairs herself , and director Gaël Morel kept that shot in the final film . Her first leading role was in Loup ( 2009 ) , a French film about a tribe of reindeer herders in the Siberian mountains . During filming , Klementieff stayed in a camp , hours from the nearest village , where temperatures dropped well below zero . During filming she befriended nomads who lived there , worked with real wolves , rode reindeer , and swam with a horse in a lake . </P> <P> Klementieff made her Hollywood debut in Spike Lee 's Oldboy ( 2013 ) , a remake of the South Korean film of the same name . She portrayed Haeng - Bok , the bodyguard of the antagonist played by Sharlto Copley . A fan of the original film , Klementieff heard about the part through Roy Lee , a producer with the remake , and took boxing lessons after learning the role involved martial arts . After showcasing her boxing skills during her audition , Lee asked her to go home and come back wearing a more feminine outfit and make - up , like her character in the film . She contributed some of her own clothes to the character 's wardrobe , and trained three hours a day for two months for an on - screen fight with star Josh Brolin . Klementieff came up with the name Haeng - Bok , Korean for `` happiness '' , herself after Lee asked her to research possible names for the character . </P> <P> Klementieff moved to Los Angeles after Oldboy was filmed and began pursuing more Hollywood auditions . She continued taekwondo after the film , and has a purple belt as of the summer of 2014 . Her next acting role was the film Hacker 's Game ( 2015 ) , in which she plays a hacker she compared to Lisbeth Salander from the novel The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo . Klementieff used her boxing skills again in the film , and due to the movie 's low budget , she had to do her own make - up and chose her own wardrobe . It was her idea to dye her hair purple for the role , to which the directors first objected but later acquiesced . She joined the Marvel Cinematic Universe with her role as Mantis in Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 ( 2017 ) and will appear in the same role in the film Avengers : Infinity War ( 2018 ) . </P> <H2> Filmography ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Year </Th> <Th> Title </Th> <Th> Role </Th> <Th> Notes </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2007 </Td> <Td> Après lui </Td> <Td> Emilie </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2008 </Td> <Td> The Easy Way </Td> <Td> NHI </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2009 </Td> <Td> Loup </Td> <Td> Nastazya </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2009 </Td> <Td> Pigalle , la nuit </Td> <Td> Sandra </Td> <Td> TV series ( eight episodes ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2011 </Td> <Td> Borderline </Td> <Td> Naomi </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2011 </Td> <Td> Sleepless Night </Td> <Td> Lucy </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2011 </Td> <Td> Delicacy </Td> <Td> Waitress </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2011 </Td> <Td> Love Lasts Three Years </Td> <Td> Julia </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2011 </Td> <Td> Silhouettes </Td> <Td> Valerie </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2012 </Td> <Td> Radiostars </Td> <Td> The pizza girl </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2012 </Td> <Td> Porn in the Hood </Td> <Td> Tia </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2012 </Td> <Td> À l'ombre du palmier </Td> <Td> Le modèle </Td> <Td> Short film </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2012 </Td> <Td> El Turrrf </Td> <Td> Pom </Td> <Td> Short film </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2013 </Td> <Td> Paris à tout prix </Td> <Td> Jess </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2013 </Td> <Td> Oldboy </Td> <Td> Haeng - Bok </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2014 </Td> <Td> RossFit </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Short film </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2015 </Td> <Td> Hacker 's Game </Td> <Td> Loise </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2016 </Td> <Td> Seed </Td> <Td> Cat </Td> <Td> Short film </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2017 </Td> <Td> Ingrid Goes West </Td> <Td> Harley Chung </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2017 </Td> <Td> Newness </Td> <Td> Bethany </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2017 </Td> <Td> Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 </Td> <Td> Mantis </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2017 </Td> <Td> Alteration </Td> <Td> Elsa </Td> <Td> Short film </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2018 </Td> <Td> Avengers : Infinity War </Td> <Td> Mantis </Td> <Td> Post-production </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2019 </Td> <Td> Untitled Avengers film </Td> <Td> Post-production </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Biography portal </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Qui es - tu Pom Klementieff ? / Who are you Pom Klementieff ? '' . Première ( in French ) . France . 7 July 2012 . Archived from the original on 1 January 2018 . Retrieved 1 January 2018 . Additional WebCitation archive on 1 January 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Klementieff , Pom ( @ pomklementieff ) ( 28 July 2016 ) . `` I 'm French . NOT Canadian - French '' ( Tweet ) . Archived from the original on 30 April 2017 . Retrieved 30 April 2017 -- via Twitter . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Actress Pom Klementieff from Spike Lee 's Oldboy '' . Filler Magazine . 2 ( 5 ) . Summer 2014 . Archived from the original on December 6 , 2013 . Retrieved 2 July 2014 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Han , Steve ( November 2013 ) . `` Korean French Actress Pom Klementieff Makes US Debut in ' Oldboy ' Remake '' . KoreAm . Archived from the original on 2014 - 07 - 14 . Retrieved 5 July 2014 . So I told ( filmmaker Spike Lee ) , my father died when I was 5 . My mother , she is schizophrenic , so she could n't take care of me and my brother , who committed suicide a few months before the audition ( for Lee 's remake of Oldboy ) . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Chang , Mina ( 2 July 2013 ) . `` Q&A with Pom Klementieff '' . Anthem Magazine . Archived from the original on 7 January 2014 . Retrieved 5 July 2014 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : De Ville , Reece ( April 7 , 2014 ) . `` Interview : Oldboy 's ass kicking , earth moving Pom Klementieff '' . TheDigitalFix.com . Archived from the original on July 23 , 2017 . Retrieved July 5 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Romano , Nick ( 28 January 2017 ) . `` Avengers : Infinity War adds Mantis from Guardians of the Galaxy 2 '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on January 29 , 2017 . Retrieved 28 January 2017 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wikimedia Commons has media related to Pom Klementieff . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ul> <Li> Pom Klementieff on IMDb </Li> <Li> Pom Klementieff at AllMovie </Li> <Li> Pettit , Stephanie ( 5 May 2017 ) . `` Meet Pom Klementieff , the Actress Behind the Buzzed - About New Character Mantis in Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 '' . People . Retrieved 3 October 2017 . </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> VIAF : 166829042 </Li> <Li> LCCN : no2014090484 </Li> <Li> ISNI : 0000 0003 7182 9433 </Li> <Li> BNF : cb162591522 ( data ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pom_Klementieff&oldid=829523540 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> 1986 births </Li> <Li> Living people </Li> <Li> 21st - century French actresses </Li> <Li> Actresses from Quebec City </Li> <Li> Alumni of the Cours Florent </Li> <Li> French film actresses </Li> <Li> French people of Korean descent </Li> <Li> French people of Russian descent </Li> <Li> French television actresses </Li> <Li> Actresses of Korean descent </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) </Li> <Li> Articles with hCards </Li> <Li> Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers </Li> <Li> Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers </Li> <Li> Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers </Li> <Li> Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> Беларуская </Li> <Li> Cymraeg </Li> <Li> Deutsch </Li> <Li> Español </Li> <Li> فارسی </Li> <Li> Français </Li> <Li> 한국어 </Li> <Li> Հայերեն </Li> <Li> Italiano </Li> <Li> עברית </Li> <Li> 日本 語 </Li> <Li> Polski </Li> <Li> Português </Li> <Li> Русский </Li> <Li> Türkçe </Li> <Li> 中文 </Li> 7 more </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 9 March 2018 , at 04 : 09 . </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul>

who played mantis guardians of the galaxy 2

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Frosty the Snowman ( film ) - wikipedia <H1> Frosty the Snowman ( film ) </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Frosty the Snowman </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> DVD cover </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Based on </Th> <Td> `` Frosty the Snowman '' by Steve Nelson Jack Rollins </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Written by </Th> <Td> Romeo Muller </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Directed by </Th> <Td> Jules Bass Arthur Rankin , Jr . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Starring </Th> <Td> Billy De Wolfe Jackie Vernon Paul Frees June Foray </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Narrated by </Th> <Td> Jimmy Durante </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Theme music composer </Th> <Td> Maury Laws </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Country of origin </Th> <Td> United States Japan </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Original language ( s ) </Th> <Td> English </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Production </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Producer ( s ) </Th> <Td> Jules Bass Arthur Rankin , Jr . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Running time </Th> <Td> 25 minutes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Production company ( s ) </Th> <Td> Rankin / Bass Productions Mushi Production ( animation ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Distributor </Th> <Td> DreamWorks Classics NBCUniversal Television Distribution </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Release </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Original network </Th> <Td> CBS </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Original release </Th> <Td> December 7 , 1969 ( 1969 - 12 - 07 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Chronology </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Followed by </Th> <Td> Frosty 's Winter Wonderland </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Frosty the Snowman is a 1969 animated Christmas television special based on the song `` Frosty the Snowman '' . The program , which first aired on December 7 , 1969 on CBS ( where it continues to air annually ) , was produced for television by Rankin / Bass Productions and featured the voices of comedians Jimmy Durante as the film 's narrator ( Durante 's final performance in a film ) and Jackie Vernon as the title character . </P> <P> Arthur Rankin , Jr. and Jules Bass wanted to give the show and its characters the look of a Christmas card , so Paul Coker , Jr. , a greeting card and Mad magazine artist , was hired to do the character and background drawings . The animation was produced by Mushi Production in Japan , with then - Mushi staffer Osamu Dezaki among the animation staff . </P> <P> Rankin / Bass veteran writer Romeo Muller adapted and expanded the story for television as he had done with Rudolph the Red - Nosed Reindeer . </P> <P> TV Guide ranked the special number 4 on its 10 Best Family Holiday Specials list . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Plot </Li> <Li> 2 Voice cast </Li> <Li> 3 Production credits </Li> <Li> 4 Soundtrack </Li> <Li> 5 Television rights </Li> <Li> 6 Home media <Ul> <Li> 6.1 VHS and LaserDisc </Li> <Li> 6.2 DVD and Blu - ray </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 7 Sequels </Li> <Li> 8 References </Li> <Li> 9 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Plot ( edit ) </H2> <P> One December afternoon , a little girl named Karen and her friends create a snowman after a class Christmas party at school . After several suggestions of what to call their snowman ( including `` Oatmeal '' and `` Christopher Columbus '' ) , Karen decides to name him `` Frosty . '' Later , the children acquire a top hat discarded by inept magician Professor Hinkle . Karen places the hat on top of Frosty 's head , and the snowman comes to life ( and always says `` Happy Birthday ! '' in response ) . When Hinkle learns of the magic power his hat actually possesses , he takes it back and departs , pretending that he did not see Frosty come to life . However , the professor 's pet rabbit , Hocus Pocus , returns the hat to Frosty and the children . </P> <P> Frosty soon senses the temperature is rising and worries about melting away . The children suggest putting him on the next train to the North Pole , where he will never melt , and they all parade into the city on the way to the train station , where Frosty has his confrontation with the traffic cop mentioned in the song 's lyrics . When Karen explains that Frosty came to life and does n't know what a traffic light or a lamp post is , the traffic cop lets Frosty go . At the train station , Frosty stows away aboard a refrigerated train car , since neither he nor the children have any money for a train ticket . As the train is about to leave the station , Karen and Hocus decide to join Frosty for the ride to keep him company . With that , Frosty , Karen , and Hocus wave goodbye to the other kids as the train takes off . Unbeknownst to them , Hinkle has also hitched a ride on the train , intending to get his hat back . </P> <P> As the train continues up north , however , Frosty notices Karen is freezing and starting to catch a cold , so they jump off the train , leaving Hinkle behind once again . Hinkle , seeing them escape , jumps off the train too , but falls down a mountain and crashes into a tree where a pile of snow falls on him . At Frosty 's request , Hocus convinces some forest animals who are preparing for Christmas to build a campfire for Karen . Fearing that Karen still can not survive for long in the cold weather , Frosty asks Hocus who might be able to help them . Hocus suggests ( by pantomiming ) the President of the United States and the United States Marines , before suggesting Santa Claus . Frosty agrees , and promptly takes credit for the idea himself ( much to Hocus ' annoyance ) . Hocus hops off to get Santa , but Hinkle then confronts Frosty and Karen once more and blows out Karen 's campfire . Frosty and Karen are again forced to flee , this time with Karen riding on Frosty 's back as he slides head - first down a hill . At the bottom of the slope , Karen and Frosty discover a greenhouse filled with Christmas poinsettias . Despite Karen 's objections , Frosty steps inside the warm greenhouse with her , suggesting that he could afford to lose a little weight while she warms up . Unfortunately , an angry and vengeful Hinkle catches up to them immediately after and locks them in the greenhouse . </P> <P> Hocus brings Santa Claus to the greenhouse only to find Karen in tears and Frosty melted on the floor due to Hinkle 's cruel act . Santa explains to Karen that Frosty is made from Christmas snow , and that he can never completely disappear , only take the form of summer rain , until next December . With a gust of cold wind through the open greenhouse door , the puddle that was Frosty blows out the door and magically changes back into his typical snowman form . Before Santa can put the finishing touch on Frosty and bring him back to life , as Hocus arrives with the hat , Hinkle arrives on the scene and again demands the return of his hat . He relents only when threatened with being removed from Santa 's Christmas list for the rest of his life if he put so much as one finger on the hat . Santa states that if Hinkle is truly repentant for his mean attitude and harming Frosty , and if he goes home and writes `` I am really sorry for what I did to Frosty '' a hundred zillion times , he may find a gift in his stocking on Christmas morning , which makes Hinkle bid Frosty and Karen farewell and run home to repeatedly write his apologies , assuming he may get a new hat . Finally , Santa then places the magic hat back on top of Frosty 's head , and the snowman returns to life again . After celebrating , Santa takes Karen home and Frosty to the North Pole , but promises that Frosty will be back next winter . </P> <P> The end credits show all the characters the next Christmas marching through the town square with Frosty in the lead , singing the `` Frosty the Snowman '' song . Among them is a redeemed Professor Hinkle , who is proudly wearing his new top hat . At the end of the parade , Frosty gets back into Santa 's waiting sleigh and they return to the North Pole , with Frosty proclaiming , `` I 'll be back on Christmas Day ! '' </P> <H2> Voice cast ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Jackie Vernon as Frosty </Li> <Li> Jimmy Durante as himself ( Narrator ) </Li> <Li> June Foray as Karen ( original airing ) , schoolteacher , and Karen 's friends ( original airing ) </Li> <Li> Suzanne Davidson as Karen ( later airings , uncredited ) </Li> <Li> Billy De Wolfe as Professor Hinkle </Li> <Li> Paul Frees as the traffic cop , ticket man , and Santa Claus </Li> </Ul> <H2> Production credits ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Produced and Directed by Arthur Rankin , Jr. and Jules Bass </Li> <Li> Written by Romeo Muller </Li> <Li> Based on the Original Song by Steve Nelson , Jack Rollins © 1951 Hill - Range Songs </Li> <Li> Production Designer : Paul Coker , Jr . </Li> <Li> Continuity Designer : Don Duga </Li> <Li> Animation Production by Mushi Studio </Li> <Li> Supervising Director : Steve Nakagawa </Li> <Li> Animation Director : Osamu Dezaki ( uncredited ) </Li> <Li> Animation : Akio Sugino , Sadao Miyamoto ( both uncredited ) </Li> <Li> Music Composed and Directed by Maury Laws </Li> <Li> Sound Effects Engineers : Jim Harris , Phil Kaye </Li> <Li> Supervising Film Editing : Irwin Goldress </Li> </Ul> <P> © 1969 Videocraft International Limited </P> <H2> Soundtrack ( edit ) </H2> CD cover <P> Released by Rhino on October 1 , 2002 , the entire audio portion of Frosty the Snowman is available on CD along with the entire audio portion of Santa Claus is Comin ' to Town , the Rankin / Bass special produced in 1970 . This edition contains the full dialogue and song audio of both specials . </P> <P> The track listing is as follows : </P> <Ol> <Li> Medley : Santa Claus Is Comin ' To Town ... Be Prepared To Pay 25 : 18 </Li> <Li> Medley : Put One Foot In Front Of The Other ... Santa Claus Is Comin ' To Town ( finale ) 24 : 55 </Li> <Li> Frosty The Snowman Theme & Narration ( Beginning ) 13 : 45 </Li> <Li> Frosty The Snowman Theme & Narration ( Conclusion ) 11 : 48 </Li> <Li> Santa Claus Is Comin ' To Town ( Soundtrack Version ) 1 : 50 </Li> <Li> Frosty The Snowman ( Soundtrack Version ) 1 : 04 </Li> </Ol> <H2> Television rights ( edit ) </H2> <P> In the United States , CBS continues to hold the telecast rights to the original program ( under license from the current copyright holder , Universal Television , and still airs it yearly with the CBS - produced sequel Frosty Returns ( see below ) . The CBC holds broadcast rights in Canada . The special also airs on Freeform in some territories . However , CBS does not own the telecast rights to the 1976 sequel Frosty 's Winter Wonderland ( that special currently airs on Freeform 's 25 Days of Christmas each year ) , which prompted CBS to produce its own `` sequel '' of sorts , Frosty Returns ( see below ) . </P> <H2> Home Media ( edit ) </H2> <H3> VHS and LaserDisc ( edit ) </H3> <P> Family Home Entertainment released Frosty the Snowman on VHS as part of the Christmas Classics Series in 1989 and 1993 , with multiple re-prints throughout the 1990s . It was paired with The Little Drummer Boy on LaserDisc in 1992 . Upon its 1989 and 1993 releases , the special was also bundled in box sets with the other Rankin / Bass Christmas specials including Rudolph the Red - Nosed Reindeer and Santa Claus is Comin ' to Town , the 1973 Chuck Jones holiday special , A Very Merry Cricket and the sequel Frosty Returns which aired on CBS in 1992 . In 1998 , Sony Wonder and Golden Books Family Entertainment released the special on VHS , and also paired it with these other Rankin / Bass Christmas specials including Cricket on the Hearth in the separate Holiday Classics Collection box sets . </P> <H3> DVD and Blu - ray ( edit ) </H3> <P> The special was also released on DVD by Sony Wonder and Classic Media in 2002 and 2004 , and by Genius Entertainment in 2007 . Gaiam Vivendi Entertainment released it on DVD and Blu - ray on October 12 , 2010 , and on the DVD / Blu - ray combo pack on November 6 , 2012 . Most DVD releases also include Frosty Returns . On September 8 , 2015 , Classic Media released both the special and Santa Claus is Comin ' to Town in their 45th Anniversary Collector 's Edition on Blu - ray and DVD in addition to the 50th Anniversary release of Rudolph the Red - Nosed Reindeer in 2014 . </P> <H2> Sequels ( edit ) </H2> <P> Frosty returned in several sequels : </P> <Ul> <Li> Frosty 's Winter Wonderland -- This 1976 sequel by Rankin / Bass was also written by Romeo Muller . Narration is provided by Andy Griffith ( Durante had suffered a stroke that had forced his retirement in 1972 and eventually killed him ) . Jackie Vernon once again reprised his role as the voice of Frosty . Animation is produced by Topcraft in Japan . Unlike the original , the sequel takes place later in the winter season and is based upon the 1934 song `` Winter Wonderland ; '' it features Frosty 's pursuit of a wife and efforts to preserve him into the springtime . Furthermore , it makes no mention whatsoever of Christmas ; in fact it could be considered more a `` winter solstice '' special than a Christmas special as it celebrates the season of winter . </Li> <Li> Rudolph and Frosty 's Christmas in July -- This 1979 Rankin / Bass feature - length sequel was filmed in `` Animagic '' stop - motion animation in the style of Rudolph the Red - Nosed Reindeer and Rudolph 's Shiny New Year . While the Frosty specials were 30 minutes long , and the Rudolph specials were 60 minutes , this ambitious special was feature length , at 97 minutes long ( 120 minutes on television , including commercials ) . Vernon once again played the role of Frosty , in his last time for Rankin / Bass playing the voice of Frosty . This film features Frosty and his family as supporting characters . This is the only other Frosty cartoon to mention Christmas or Santa Claus in addition to the 1969 original . </Li> <Li> Frosty Returns -- This 1992 half - hour special is not truly a sequel to the 1969 classic , as it was produced not by Rankin / Bass but by CBS . The characters , setting , voices and animation ( by Bill Melendez ) are vastly different . Despite this , it is shown with the original special every year on CBS and was even included as a bonus on its DVD release . John Goodman provides the voice of Frosty in this special , and Jonathan Winters serves as narrator . Frosty 's appearance is physically different , his personality and humor have changed , and he has the ability to live without his top hat , in direct contrast with the original and its other sequels . Also in contrast to the original specials , the special avoids all mention of Christmas ( despite the special portraying the beginning of winter ) and has an environmentalist theme , as Frosty works to stop a corporate executive whose product wipes out snow packs with one spray . </Li> <Li> The Legend of Frosty the Snowman -- This 2005 straight - to - video film was produced by Classic Media , the previous rights holder for the original Rankin / Bass special , and the remainder of their pre-1974 library . This movie has been bundled with the original 1969 Rankin / Bass special and the CBS sequel , and has also aired on Cartoon Network . The appearance of Frosty resembles much more the Rankin / Bass character design from their original animation , and Professor Hinkle returns in two cameo appearances -- shown in a picture and flashback . Frosty is voiced by Bill Fagerbakke , best known as the voice of Patrick Star on SpongeBob SquarePants . And it , like Frosty Returns and Frosty 's Winter Wonderland , also never mentions anything to do with Christmas whatsoever . </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ TV Guide Guide to TV . Barnes and Noble. 2004 . p. 574 . 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who did the voice of the magician in frosty the snowman

https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Frosty_the_Snowman_(film)&amp;oldid=826437974

History of the Acadians - wikipedia <H1> History of the Acadians </H1> Not to be confused with History of Acadia . Acadian flag <P> The Acadians ( French : Acadiens ) are the descendants of the French settlers , and sometimes the Indigenous peoples , of parts of Acadia ( French : Acadie ) in the northeastern region of North America comprising what is now the Canadian Maritime Provinces of New Brunswick , Nova Scotia , and Prince Edward Island , Gaspé , in Quebec , and to the Kennebec River in southern Maine . </P> <P> The history of the Acadians was significantly influenced by the six colonial wars that took place in Acadia during the 17th and 18th century ( see the four French and Indian Wars , Father Rale 's War and Father Le Loutre 's War ) . Eventually , the last of the colonial wars -- the French and Indian War -- resulted in the British Expulsion of the Acadians from the region . After the war , many Acadians came out of hiding or returned to Acadia from the British Colonies . Others remained in France and some migrated from there to Louisiana , where they became known as Cajuns , a corruption of the word Acadiens or Acadians . The nineteenth century saw the beginning of the Acadian Renaissance and the publication of Evangeline , which helped galvanize Acadian identity . In the last century Acadians have made achievements in the areas of equal language and cultural rights as a minority group in the Maritime provinces of Canada . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 As French colonials <Ul> <Li> 1.1 Port Royal Habitation ( 1604 - 1613 ) </Li> <Li> 1.2 Arrival of the first European families </Li> <Li> 1.3 Civil war </Li> <Li> 1.4 English colony ( 1654 -- 1667 ) </Li> <Li> 1.5 Post Treaty of Breda </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2 Colonial Wars <Ul> <Li> 2.1 French and Indian War <Ul> <Li> 2.1. 1 Acadian and Mi'kmaq resistance </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2.2 Re-establishing in Nova Scotia </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 Nineteenth century <Ul> <Li> 3.1 Acadian renaissance </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 Twentieth century <Ul> <Li> 4.1 The Quiet Revolution </Li> <Li> 4.2 Antonine Maillet </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 5 Twenty - first century <Ul> <Li> 5.1 Acadian Remembrance Day </Li> <Li> 5.2 Acadian World Congress </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 6 Notes </Li> <Li> 7 See also </Li> <Li> 8 References </Li> <Li> 9 External links </Li> <Li> 10 Further reading </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> As French colonials ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Port Royal Habitation ( 1604 - 1613 ) ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Habitation at Port - Royal Portrait of Captain Samuel Argall <P> Pierre Dugua , Sieur de Monts built the Habitation at Port - Royal in 1605 as a replacement for his initial attempt at colonizing Saint Croix Island ( present day Maine ) . The trading monopoly of de Monts was cancelled in 1607 , and most of the French settlers returned to France , although some remained with the natives . Jean de Biencourt de Poutrincourt et de Saint - Just led a second expedition to Port Royal in 1610 . </P> <H3> Arrival of the first European families ( edit ) </H3> <P> The survival of the Acadian settlements was based on successful cooperation with the Indigenous peoples of the region . In the early years of Acadian settlement , this included a small number of recorded marriages between Acadian settlers and Indigenous women . Some records have survived showing marriages between Acadian settlers and Indigenous women in formal Roman Catholic rites , for example , the marriage of Charles La Tour to a Mi'kmaw woman in 1626 . There were also reported instances of Acadian settlers marrying Indigenous spouses according to Mi'kmaq rites , and subsequently living in Mi'kmaq communities . Many settlers also brought French wives with them to Acadia , such as La Tour 's second wife , Françoise - Marie Jacquelin , who joined him in Acadia in 1640 . </P> <P> Governor Isaac de Razilly 's administration at LaHave , Nova Scotia , prepared the ground for the arrival of the first recorded migrant families on board the Saint Jehan , which left La Rochelle on 1 April 1636 . There were a number of sailings from the French Atlantic Coast to Acadia between 1632 and 1636 , but this is the only one for which a detailed passenger list has survived . Nicolas Denys , who was stationed across the LaHave River at Port Rossingol ( Liverpool Bay ) , acted as agent for the Saint Jehan . After a 35 - day crossing of the Atlantic , the Saint Jehan arrived on 6 May 1636 at LaHave , Nova Scotia . There were seventy - eight passengers and eighteen crew members . With this ship , Acadia began a slow shift from being primarily a matter of explorers and traders , of men , to a colony of permanent settlers , including women and children . While the presence of European women is a signal that settlement was seriously contemplated , there were yet so few of them in this group of migrants that they did not immediately affect the status of Acadia as basically a colony of European transients . By the end of the year , the migrants were moved from LaHave and re-established at Port Royal . At Port Royal in 1636 , Pierre Martin and Catherine Vigneau , who had arrived on the Saint Jehan , were the first European parents to have a child in Acadia . The first - born child was Mathieu Martin . In part because of this distinction , Mathieu Martin later became the Seigneury of Cobequid ( 1699 ) . </P> <P> Kennedy ( 2014 ) argues that the emigrants from the Vienne region of France carried to Acadia their customs and social structure . They were frontier people , who dispersed their settlements based on kinship . They optimized use of farmland and emphasized trading for a profit . They were hierarchical and politically active . The French and the Acadian villages were similar in terms of prosperity , egalitarianism , and independent - mindedness . Kennedy says the emergence of a distinct Acadian identity emerged from the gradual adaptation of traditional French methods , institutions , and ideas to the North American environmental and political situations . </P> <H3> Civil War ( edit ) </H3> Siege of St. John ( 1645 ) - d'Aulnay defeats La Tour in Acadia Main article : Acadian Civil War <P> With the death of Isaac de Razilly , Acadia was plunged into what some historians have described as a civil war ( 1640 -- 1645 ) . Acadia had two legitimate Lieutenant Governors . The war was between Port Royal , where Governor Charles de Menou d'Aulnay de Charnisay was stationed , and present - day Saint John , New Brunswick , where Governor Charles de Saint - Étienne de la Tour was stationed . </P> <P> In the war , there were four major battles . La Tour attacked d'Aulnay at Port Royal in 1640 . In response to the attack , D'Aulnay sailed out of Port Royal to establish a five - month blockade of La Tour 's fort at Saint John , which La Tour eventually defeated ( 1643 ) . La Tour attacked d'Aulnay again at Port Royal in 1643 . D'Aulnay and Port Royal ultimately won the war against La Tour with the 1645 siege of Saint John . After d'Aulnay died ( 1650 ) , La Tour re-established himself in Acadia . </P> <H3> English colony ( 1654 -- 1667 ) ( edit ) </H3> <P> In 1654 , war between France and England broke out . Led by Major Robert Sedgwick , a flotilla from Boston , under orders from Cromwell , arrived in Acadia to chase the French out . The flotilla seized La Tour 's fort , then Port - Royal . La Tour , nevertheless , managed to find himself in England , where , with the support of John Kirke , succeeded in receiving from Cromwell a part of Acadia , along with Sir Thomas Temple . La Tour returned to Cap - de-Sable where he remained until his death in 1666 at the age of 70 . </P> <P> During the English occupation of Acadia , Jean - Baptiste Colbert , Louis XIV 's minister , forbade the Acadians from returning to France . As a result of the English occupation , no new French families settled in Acadia between 1654 and 1670 . </P> <H3> Post Treaty of Breda ( edit ) </H3> Marker commemorating the Dutch conquest of Acadia ( 1674 ) , which they renamed New Holland . This is the spot where Jurriaen Aernoutsz buried a bottle at the capital of Acadia , Fort Pentagouet , Castine , Maine . <P> The Treaty of Breda , signed 31 July 1667 , returned Acadia to France . A year later , Marillon du Bourg arrived to take possession of the territory for France . The son of LeBorgne , Alexandre LeBorgne , was named provisionary governor and lieutenant - general of Acadia . He married Marie Motin - La Tour , the eldest child of the marriage between La Tour and d'Aulnay's widow . </P> <P> In 1670 , the new governor of Acadia , the chevalier Hubert d'Andigny , chevalier de Grandfontaine , was responsible for the first census undertaken in Acadia . The results did not include those Acadians living with local First Nations . It revealed that there were approximately sixty Acadian families with approximately 300 inhabitants in total . These inhabitants were predominantly engaged in aboiteau farming along the shores of the present day Bay of Fundy . No serious attempt was made to increase the population of Acadia . </P> <P> In the spring of 1671 , more than fifty colonists left La Rochelle aboard the l'Oranger . Others arrived from Canada ( New France ) or were retired soldiers . During this time , a number of colonists married with the local First Nations . Some of the first to marry were Charles de Saint - Étienne de La Tour , Martin , Pierré Lejeune -- Briard , Jehan Lambert , Petitpas and Guidry . The capitan , Vincent de Saint - Castin , the commander at Pentagoet , married Marie Pidikiwamiska , the daughter of an Abenakis chief . </P> <P> In 1674 , the Dutch briefly conquered Acadia , renaming the colony New Holland . </P> <P> During the last decades of the seventeenth century , Acadians migrated from the capital , Port Royal , and established what would become the other major Acadian settlements before the Expulsion of the Acadians : Grand Pré , Chignecto , Cobequid and Pisiguit . Although not common , on occasion epidemics ravished the population of Ile St. - Jean , Ile Royale and Acadia . In 1732 / 33 more than 150 people died of smallpox on Ile Royale . </P> <P> The history of the settlers of Ile St. - Jean prior to the expulsion includes extreme hardship . For almost every good harvest year it seems that there was one in which crops failed . In one or two instances widespread fires destroyed crops , livestock and farms . Famine and starvation were common and frequently occasioned desperate pleas for supplies from Louisbourg , Québec and even France itself . In 1756 , famine on Ile St. - Jean prompted authorities to relocate some families to Québec . </P> <P> Prior to the founding of Halifax ( 1749 ) , Port Royal / Annapolis Royal was the capital of Acadia and later Nova Scotia for most of the previous 150 years . During that time the British made six attempts to conquer Acadia by defeating the capital . They finally defeated the French in the Siege of Port Royal ( 1710 ) . Over the following fifty years , the French and their allies made six unsuccessful military attempts to regain the capital . </P> <H2> Colonial wars ( edit ) </H2> Acadians at Annapolis Royal by Samuel Scott , 1751 ; earliest known image of Acadians Main article : Military history of the Acadians <P> There was already a long history of Acadian and Wabanaki Confederacy resistance to the British occupation of Acadia during the four French and Indian Wars and two local wars ( Father Rale 's War and Father Le Loutre 's War ) before the Expulsion of the Acadians . The Mi'kmaq and the Acadians were allies through Catholicism and through numerous inter-marriages . The Mi'kmaq held the military strength in Acadia even after the conquest of 1710 . They primarily resisted the British occupation of Acadia and were joined in their efforts on numerous occasions by Acadians . </P> <P> While many Acadians traded with the New England Protestants , Acadians ' participation in the wars clearly indicated that many were reluctant to be ruled by the British . During the first colonial war , King William 's War ( 1688 -- 97 ) , the crews of the very successful French privateer Pierre Maisonnat dit Baptiste were primarily Acadian . The Acadians resisted during the Raid on Chignecto ( 1696 ) . During Queen Anne 's War , Mi'kmaq and Acadians resisted during the Raid on Grand Pré , Piziquid and Chignecto in 1704 . The Acadians also assisted the French in protecting the capital in the Siege of Port Royal ( 1707 ) and the final Conquest of Acadia . The Acadians and Mi'kmaq were also successful in the Battle of Bloody Creek ( 1711 ) . </P> Acadians by Samuel Scott , Annapolis Royal , 1751 <P> During Father Rale 's War , the Maliseet raided numerous vessels on the Bay of Fundy while the Mi'kmaq engaged in the Raid on Canso , Nova Scotia ( 1723 ) . In the latter engagement , the Mi'kmaq were aided by Acadians . During King George 's War , Abbe Jean - Louis Le Loutre led many efforts which involved both Acadians and Mi'kmaq to recapture the capital such as the Siege of Annapolis Royal ( 1744 ) . During this siege , French officer Marin had taken British prisoners and stopped with them further up the bay at Cobequid . While at Cobequid , an Acadian said that the French soldiers should have `` left their ( the English ) carcasses behind and brought their skins '' . Le Loutre was also joined by prominent Acadian resistance leader Joseph Broussard ( Beausoleil ) . Broussard and other Acadians were involved in supporting the French soldiers in the Battle of Grand Pré . </P> <P> During Father Le Loutre 's War , the conflict continued . The Mi'kmaq attacked New England Rangers in the Siege of Grand Pré and Battle at St. Croix . Upon the founding of Dartmouth , Nova Scotia , Broussard and the Mi'kmaq conducted numerous raids on the village , such as the Raid on Dartmouth ( 1751 ) , to try to stop the Protestant migration into Nova Scotia . ( Similarly , during the French and Indian War , Mi'kmaq , Acadians and Maliseet also engaged in numerous raids on Lunenburg , Nova Scotia , to stop the migration , such as the Raid on Lunenburg ( 1756 ) . ) Le Loutre and Broussard also worked together to resist the British occupation of Chignecto ( 1750 ) and then later they fought together with Acadians in the Battle of Beausejour ( 1755 ) . ( As early as the summer of 1751 , La Valiere reported , approximately 250 Acadians had already enrolled in the local militia at Fort Beausejour . ) </P> <P> When Charles Lawrence took over the post following Hopson 's return to England , he took a stronger stance . He was not only a government official but a military leader for the region . Lawrence came up with a military solution for the forty - five years of an unsettled British conquest of Acadia . The French and Indian War ( and Seven Years ' War in Europe ) began in 1754 . Lawrence 's primary objectives in Acadia were to defeat the French fortifications at Beausejour and Louisbourg . The British saw many Acadians as a military threat in their allegiance to the French and Mi'kmaq . The British also wanted to interrupt the Acadian supply lines to Fortress Louisbourg , which , in turn , supplied the Mi'kmaq . </P> <H3> French and Indian War ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Great Upheaval St. John River Campaign : Raid on Grimrose ( present day Gagetown , New Brunswick ) . This is the only contemporaneous image of the Expulsion of the Acadians . <P> The British Conquest of Acadia happened in 1710 . Over the next forty - five years the Acadians refused to sign an unconditional oath of allegiance to Britain . During this time period Acadians participated in various militia operations against the British and maintained vital supply lines to the French Fortress of Louisbourg and Fort Beausejour . During the French and Indian War , the British sought to neutralize any military threat Acadians posed and to interrupt the vital supply lines Acadians provided to Louisbourg by deporting Acadians from Acadia . </P> <P> Many Acadians might have signed an unconditional oath to the British monarchy had the circumstances been better , while other Acadians did not sign because they were clearly anti-British . For the Acadians who might have signed an unconditional oath , there were numerous reasons why they did not . The difficulty was partly religious , in that the British monarch was the head of the ( Protestant ) Church of England . Another significant issue was that an oath might commit male Acadians to fight against France during wartime . A related concern was whether their Mi'kmaq neighbours might perceive this as acknowledging the British claim to Acadia rather than the Mi'kmaq . As a result , signing an unconditional oath might have put Acadian villages in danger of attack from Mi'kmaq . </P> <P> In the Grand Dérangement ( the Great Upheaval ) , more than 12,000 Acadians ( three - fourths of the Acadian population in Nova Scotia ) were expelled from the colony between 1755 and 1764 . The British destroyed around 6,000 Acadian houses and dispersed the Acadians among the 13 colonies from Massachusetts to Georgia . The single event that involved the most deaths of Acadians was the sinking of the Duke William . Although there were no purposeful attempts to separate families , this did occur in the chaos of the eviction . </P> Siege of Louisbourg ( 1758 ) Acadian and Mi'kmaq resistance ( edit ) Marquis de Boishébert - Charles Deschamps de Boishébert et de Raffetot ( 1753 ) <P> With the Expulsion of the Acadians during the French and Indian War , the Mi'kmaq and Acadian resistance intensified . After the Expulsion began , much of the resistance was led by Charles Deschamps de Boishébert et de Raffetot . The Acadians and Mi'kmaq again engaged victoriously in the Battle of Petitcodiac ( 1755 ) and the Battle of Bloody Creek ( 1757 ) . Acadians who were being deported from Annapolis Royal , Nova Scotia , on the ship Pembroke defeated the British crew and sailed to land . There was also resistance during the St. John River Campaign . Boishebert also ordered the Raid on Lunenburg ( 1756 ) . In the spring of 1756 , a wood - gathering party from Fort Monckton ( former Fort Gaspareaux ) , was ambushed and nine of them were scalped . </P> <P> In the April 1757 , a band of Acadian and Mi'kmaq raided a warehouse near Fort Edward , killing thirteen British soldiers and , after taking what provisions they could carry , setting fire to the building . A few days later , the same partisans also raided Fort Cumberland . </P> <P> Some Acadians escaped into the woods and lived with the Mi'kmaq ; some bands of partisans fought the British , including a group led by Joseph Broussard , known as `` Beausoleil '' , along the Petitcodiac River of New Brunswick . Some followed the coast northward , facing famine and disease . Some were recaptured , facing deportation or imprisonment at Fort Beausejour ( renamed Fort Cumberland ) until 1763 . </P> <P> Some Acadians became indentured servants in the British colonies . Massachusetts passed a law in November 1755 placing the Acadians under the custody of `` justices of the peace and overseers of the poor '' ; Pennsylvania , Maryland , and Connecticut adopted similar laws . The Province of Virginia under Robert Dinwiddie initially agreed to resettle about one thousand Acadians who arrived in the colony but later ordered most deported to England , writing that the `` French people '' were `` intestine enemies '' that were `` murdering and scalping our frontier Settlers '' . </P> <P> In 1758 , after the fall of Louisbourg , over 3,000 Acadians were deported to northern France . Resettlement attempts were tried in Châtellerault , Nantes , and Belle Île off Brittany . The French islands of St. Pierre and Miquelon near Newfoundland became a safe harbor for many Acadian families until they were once again deported by the British in 1778 and 1793 . </P> <H3> Re-establishing in Nova Scotia ( edit ) </H3> <P> After the end of the Seven Years ' War in 1763 , Acadians were allowed to return to Nova Scotia as long as they did not settle in any one area in large numbers ; they were not permitted to resettle in the areas of Port Royal or Grand - Pré . Some Acadians resettled along the Nova Scotia coast and remain scattered across Nova Scotia to this day . Many dispersed Acadians looked for other homes . Beginning in 1764 , groups of Acadians began to arrive in Louisiana ( which had passed to Spanish control in 1762 ) . They eventually became known as Cajuns . </P> <P> Beginning in the 1770s , many Acadians were encouraged to return through the policies of Nova Scotia Governor Michael Francklin , who guaranteed Catholic worship , land grants and issued a promise that there would be no second expulsion ( At this time , Nova Scotia included present - day New Brunswick ) . However the fertile Acadian dykelands had been resettled by New England Planters , who were soon followed by Loyalists who further occupied former Acadian lands . Returning Acadians and those families who had escaped expulsion had to settle in other parts of Nova Scotia and New Brunswick , in most cases isolated and infertile lands . The new Acadian settlements were forced to focus more on fishery and later forestry . </P> <P> Milestones of Acadian return and resettlement included : </P> <Ul> <Li> 1767 St. Pierre et Miquelon </Li> <Li> 1772 census </Li> <Li> 1774 Founding of Saint - Anne 's church ; the Acadian school at Rustico and the abby Jean - Louis Beaubien ; the Trappistines in Tracadie </Li> <Li> 1785 Displacement from Fort Sainte - Anne to the upper Saint John River valley ( Madawaska ) </Li> </Ul> <H2> Nineteenth century ( edit ) </H2> <P> Milestones of Acadian return and resettlement included : </P> <Ul> <Li> Jean - Mandé Sigogne ( 6 April 1763 -- 9 November 1844 ) was a French Catholic priest , who moved to Canada after the Revolution and became known for his missionary work among the Acadians of Nova Scotia . </Li> <Li> 1836 Simon d'Entremont and Frédéric Robichaud , MLAs in N.S. </Li> <Li> 1846 Amand Landry , MLA in N.B. </Li> <Li> 1847 , Longfellow publishes Evangeline </Li> <Li> 1854 , Stanislaw - Francois Poirier , MLA in P.E.I </Li> <Li> 1854 , the seminary Saint - Thomas in Memramcook , New Brunswick , becomes the first upper - level school for Acadians </Li> <Li> 1859 , the first history of Acadia is published in French by Edme Rameau de Saint - Père ; Acadians begin to become aware of their own existence </Li> </Ul> <H3> Acadian Renaissance ( edit ) </H3> Le Moniteur Acadien - first Acadian newspaper ( 1867 ) <Ul> <Li> 1864 founding of the Farmers ' Bank of Rustico , the earliest known community bank in Canada , under the leadership of Rev. Georges - Antoine Belcourt </Li> <Li> 1867 , first Acadian newspaper , Le Moniteur Acadien ( The Acadian Monitor ) is published by Israël Landry </Li> <Li> 1871 , Common Schools Act of 1871 prohibiting the teaching of religion in the classroom </Li> <Li> 1875 , the death of Louis Mailloux , 19 years old , in Caraquet by government forces only stokes Acadian nationalism </Li> <Li> 1880 , the Society of Saint John the Baptiste invites Francophones from all over North America to a congress in Quebec City </Li> <Li> July 20 -- 21 , 1881 , Acadian leaders organize the first Acadian National Convention in Memramcook , New Brunswick , which had for its goal to take care of the general interests of the Acadian population . More than 5,000 Acadians participated in the convention . It was decided that August 15 , the Feast of the Assumption of the Virgin Mary , would be chosen to celebrate Acadian culture as National Acadian Day . Other debates at the convention centered around education , agriculture , emigration , colonization , and newspapers , and these same issues would arise at subsequent conventions . </Li> <Li> At the second convention , on August 15 , 1884 , in Miscouche , Prince Edward Island , the Acadian flag , an anthem - Ave Maris Stella , and a motto - L'union fait la force were adopted . </Li> <Li> 1885 , John A. Macdonald nominates Pascal Poirier from Shediac as the first Acadian senator ; a second Acadian newspaper published , Le Courrier des Provinces Maritimes </Li> <Li> 1887 , the newspaper L'Evangéline begins being published from Digby , later , in 1905 , moves to Moncton </Li> <Li> 1890 , third Acadian convention </Li> </Ul> <H2> Twentieth century ( edit ) </H2> <P> Milestones of the Acadian Renaissance </P> <Ul> <Li> 1912 , Monsigneur Edouard LeBlanc is the first Acadian bishop in The Maritimes </Li> <Li> 1917 , the Conservative Aubin - Edmond Arsenault becomes the first Acadian premier of P.E.I. </Li> <Li> 1920 , 2nd Acadian bishop , Mgr Alexandre Chiasson in Chatham and later Bathurst ; la Société nationale de l'Assomption undertakes a campaign to build a commemorative church in Grand - Pré , Nova Scotia </Li> <Li> 1923 , Pierre - Jean Véniot becomes the first Acadian premier of N.B. but was not elected </Li> <Li> 1936 , the first Caisse Populaire Acadien in Petit - Rocher is founded ; the committee France - Acadie is founded </Li> <Li> 1955 , the first Tintamarre occurs . </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> <P> An Acadian home along Cabot Trail , Cape Breton , Nova Scotia , 1938 </P> </Li> <Li> <P> An Acadian lady spinning wool , 1938 </P> </Li> <Li> <P> An Acadian lady making a rug , 1938 </P> </Li> </Ul> <H3> The quiet revolution ( edit ) </H3> <P> Louis Robichaud , popularly known as `` P'tit - Louis '' , was the first elected Acadian Premier of New Brunswick , serving from 1960 to 1970 . First elected to the legislature in 1952 , he became provincial Liberal leader in 1958 and led his party to victory in 1960 , 1963 , and 1967 . </P> <P> Robichaud modernized the province 's hospitals and public schools and introduced a wide range of reforms in an era that became known as the quiet revolution . To carry out these reforms , Robichaud restructured the municipal tax regime , expanded the government and sought to ensure that the quality of health care , education and social services was the same across the province -- a programme he called equal opportunity , is still a buzzword in New Brunswick . </P> <P> Critics accused of Robichaud 's government of `` robbing Peter to pay Pierre '' with the assumption being that rich municipalities were Anglophone ones and poor municipalities were Francophone ones . While it was true that the wealthier municipalities were predominantly in certain English - speaking areas , areas with significantly inferior services were to be found across the province in all municipalities . </P> <P> Robichaud was instrumental in the formation of New Brunswick 's only French - speaking university , the Université de Moncton , in 1963 , which serves the Acadian population of the Maritime provinces . </P> <P> His government also passed an act in 1969 making New Brunswick officially bilingual . `` Language rights '' , he said when he introduced the legislation , `` are more than legal rights . They are precious cultural rights , going deep into the revered past and touching the historic traditions of all our people . '' </P> <P> 1977 , official opening of the Acadian Historic Village in Caraquet , New Brunswick . </P> <H3> Antonine Maillet ( edit ) </H3> <P> Born 1929 in Bouctouche , Antonine Maillet is an Acadian novelist , playwright , and scholar . Maillet received a BA and MA from the Université de Moncton , followed by a Ph. D. in literature in 1970 from the Université Laval . Maillet won the 1972 Governor General 's Award for Fiction for Don l'Orignal . In 1979 , Maillet published Pélagie - la - Charrette , for which she won the prix Goncourt . Maillet 's character `` La Sagouine '' ( from her book of the same name ) is the inspiration for `` Le Pays de la Sagouine '' in her hometown of Bouctouche . </P> <H2> Twenty - first century ( edit ) </H2> <P> In 2003 , at the request of Acadian representatives , a proclamation was issued in the name of Queen Elizabeth II , acting as the Canadian monarch , officially acknowledging the deportation and establishing July 28 as a day of commemoration . The day of commemoration is observed by the Government of Canada , as the successor of the British Government . </P> <H3> Acadian remembrance day ( edit ) </H3> <P> The Fédération des Associations de Familles Acadiennnes of New Brunswick and the Société Saint - Thomas d'Aquin of Prince Edward Island has resolved that December 13 each year shall be commemorated as `` Acadian Remembrance Day '' in remembrance of all Acadians who died as a result of the deportation . The date December 13 was chosen to commemorate the sinking of the Duke William and the nearly 2000 Acadians deported from Île - Saint Jean who perished in the North Atlantic from hunger , disease and drowning in 1758 . The event has been commemorated annually since 2004 and participants mark the event by wearing a black star . </P> <H3> Acadian World Congress ( edit ) </H3> <P> Beginning in 1994 , the Acadian community gathered for an Acadian World Congress in New Brunswick . The congress has been held every 5 years since then : in Louisiana in 1999 , in Nova Scotia in 2004 , in the Acadian Peninsula of New Brunswick in 2009 . The 5th Acadian World Congress was hosted in 2014 by a gathering of 40 different communities located in three different provinces and different states in two countries . Northwestern New Brunswick and Témiscouata , Quebec , in Canada as well as Northern Maine in the United States joined hands to host the 5th CMA . </P> <H2> Notes ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ For information of métis Acadians see : John Parmenter and Mark Power Robison . The Perils and possibilities of wartime neutrality on the edges of empire : Iroquois and Acadians between the French and British in North America , 1744 - 1760 . Diplomatic History . Vol. 31 , No. 2 ( April 2007 ) , p. 182 ; Faragher , A Great and Noble Scheme , 35 - 48 , 146 - 67 , 179 - 81 , 203 , 271 - 77 ; Daniel Paul , We were not the savages : Micmac perspectives on the collision o European and Aboriginal Civilizations. 1993 . 38 - 67 , 86 , 97 - 104 ; Plank , Unsettled Conquest , 23 - 39 , 70 - 98 , 111 - 14 , 122 - 38 ; Mark Power Robison , Maritime frontiers : The evolution of empire ni Nova Scotia , 1713 - 1758 ( Ph. D. diss . University of Colorado at Boulder , 2000 ) , 53 - 84 ; William Wicken , `` 26 Augusts 1726 : A case study in Mi'kmaq - New England Relationships in the Early 18th Century '' Acadiensis XXIII , No. 1 . ( Autumn , 1995 ) : 20 - 21 ; William Wicken , `` Re-examining Mi'kmaq - Acadian Relations , 1635 - 1755 '' in Vingt Ans Apres : Habitants et Marchands Twenty Years Later . Ed . Sylvie Depatie et al. ( Montreal and Kingston , ON , 1998 ) , 93 - 109 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Located on an island in the Saint Croix River between present - day Maine and New Brunswick , the Saint Croix settlement failed because the surrounding river became impassable in the winter . It cut off the settlers from necessary supplies of fresh food , water , and fuel wood . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Griffiths , N. 1600 - 1650 . `` Fish , Fur and Folk '' , in Buckner , P. and Reid J. ( eds ) , The Atlantic Region to Confederation : A History , Toronto University Press . 1994 . p. 56 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Buckner , P. and Reid J. ( eds ) , The Atlantic Region to Confederation : A History , Toronto University Press . 1994 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Griffiths , N.E.S. `` From Migrant to Acadian : A North American Border People , 1604 - 1755 '' McGill - Queen 's Press - MQUP , 2005 . p. 36 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Naomi Griffiths , From Migrant to Acadian : a North American border people , 1604 - 1755 , Montreal : McGill - Queen 's University Press , 2005 . p. 54 - 55 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Griffith , 2005 , p. 50 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Griffith , 2005 , p. 193 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Gregory M.W. Kennedy . Something of a Peasant Paradise ? Comparing Rural Societies in Acadie and the Loudunais , 1604 - 1755 ( MQUP , 2014 ) </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : M.A. MacDonald , Fortune & La Tour : The civil war in Acadia , Toronto : Methuen. 1983 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Griffith , 2005 , p. 47 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Brenda Dunn , p. 19 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Brenda Dunn . A History of Port Royal , Annapolis Royal : 1605 - 1800 . Nimbus Publishing , 2004 . p. 20 </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` The Deportation of the Acadians from Ile St. - Jean , 1758 '' by Earle Lockerby , Acadiensis Vol . XXVII , No. 2 Spring / Printemps 1998 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ During the 144 years prior to the founding of Halifax ( 1749 ) , Port Royal / Annapolis Royal was the capital of Acadia during 112 of those years ( 78 % of the time ) . The other locations that served as the Capital of Acadia are : LaHave , Nova Scotia ( 1632 - 1636 ) ; present day Castine , Maine ( 1657 - 1667 ) ; Beaubassin ( 1678 - 1684 ) ; Jemseg , New Brunswick ( 1690 - 1691 ) ; present day Fredericton , New Brunswick ( 1691 - 1694 ) , and present day Saint John , New Brunswick ( 1695 - 1699 ) . ( See Brenda Dunn . Port Royal / Annapolis Royal . 2004 . Nimbus Publishing ) </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Faragher , John Mack , A Great and Noble Scheme New York ; W.W. Norton & Company , 2005 . pp. 110 -- 112 ISBN 0 - 393 - 05135 - 8 </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Geoffery Plank . An Unsettled Conquest . University of Pennsylvania . 2001 . pp. 67 - 72 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ John Grenier . The Far Reaches of Empire . pp. 46 - 73 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ ( William Pote 's Journal , 1745 , p. 34 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Winthrop Pickard Bell . ( 1961 ) . The `` Foreign Protestants '' and the Settlement of Nova Scotia ; Mather Byles DesBrisay ( 1895 ) . History of the county of Lunenburg . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Faragher , p. 271 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Stephen Patterson , Colonial Wars and Aboriginal Peoples , </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ John Grenier , Far Reaches of Empire : War in Nova Scotia 1710 - 1760 . Oklahoma University Press . 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Stephen E. Patterson . `` Indian - White Relations in Nova Scotia , 1749 - 61 : A Study in Political Interaction . '' Buckner , P , Campbell , G. and Frank , D. ( eds ) . The Acadiensis Reader Vol 1 : Atlantic Canada Before Confederation . 1998 . pp. 105 - 106. ; Also see Stephen Patterson , Colonial Wars and Aboriginal Peoples , p. 144 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Ried , John . Nova Scotia : A Pocket History . Fernwood Publishing . 2009 . p. 49 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : John Grenier . The Far Reaches of Empire : War in Nova Scotia , 1710 - 1760 . Oklahoma University Press. pp. 199 -- 200 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Webster as cited by bluepete , p. 371 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ John Faragher . Great and Noble Scheme . Norton . 2005 . p. 398 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Morgan , Gwenda and Rushton , Peter ( 2013 ) . Banishment in the Early Atlantic World : Convicts , Rebels and Slaves , p. 140 . Bloomsbury Academic . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Fischer , L.R. ( 1979 ) . `` Francklin , Michael '' . In Halpenny , Francess G. Dictionary of Canadian Biography. IV ( 1771 -- 1800 ) ( online ed . ) . University of Toronto Press . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Michaud , Scott . `` History of the Madawaska Acadians '' . members.tripod.com . Retrieved 6 April 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Pioneer Journal , Summerside , Prince Edward Island , 9 December 2009 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Acadia portal </Li> <Li> History of Canada portal </Li> <Li> New France portal </Li> <Li> Nova Scotia portal </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wikimedia Commons has media related to History of the Acadians . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ul> <Li> Military history of the Acadians </Li> <Li> Military history of Nova Scotia </Li> <Li> Aboriginal peoples in Canada </Li> <Li> Acadians </Li> <Li> Cajun </Li> <Li> Fort Beauséjour and Fortress of Louisbourg </Li> <Li> Henri Peyroux de la Coudreniere </Li> <Li> List of governors of Acadia </Li> <Li> List of conflicts in Canada </Li> <Li> Military history of Canada </Li> <Li> New Brunswick </Li> <Li> Nova Scotia </Li> <Li> Prince Edward Island </Li> <Li> List of years in Canada </Li> <Li> History of Nova Scotia </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Arsenault , B. ( 1994 ) . Histoire des Acadiens . Gasp : Fides . </Li> <Li> Dupont , Jean - Claude ( 1977 ) . Héritage d'Acadie . Montreal : Éditions Leméac . </Li> <Li> MacDonald , M.A. ( 1983 ) . Fortunes & La Tour : The Acadian Civil War . Toronto : Methuen . </Li> <Li> `` Thomas Beamish Akins : British North America 's Pioneer Archivist '' . Nova Scotia Archives and Record Management . Retrieved 2007 - 09 - 21 . </Li> </Ul> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Thematic project on the Acadians at the Dictionary of Canadian Biography </Li> <Li> Acadian Ancestral Home - a repository for Acadian History & Genealogy </Li> <Li> Poitou , Acadie , Bretagne </Li> <Li> Acadian - Cajun Genealogy & History </Li> <Li> CyberAcadie -- Site Web sur l'histoire des Acadiens </Li> <Li> Le Pays De La Sagouine </Li> </Ul> <H2> Further reading ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Griffiths , Naomi Elizabeth Saundaus ( 1992 ) , The Contexts of Acadian History : 1686 -- 1784 , McGill - Queen 's Press , ISBN 978 - 0 - 7735 - 0886 - 6 </Li> <Li> Plank , Geoffrey ( 2003 ) , An Unsettled Conquest : The British Campaign Against the Peoples of Acadia , University of Pennsylvania Press , ISBN 978 - 0 - 8122 - 1869 - 5 </Li> <Li> Reid , John G. ( 1981 ) , Acadia , Maine , and New Scotland : Marginal Colonies in the Seventeenth Century , University of Toronto Press , ISBN 978 - 0 - 8020 - 5508 - 8 </Li> <Li> Reid , John G. ( 2004 ) , The `` conquest '' of Acadia , 1710 : Imperial , Colonial , and Aboriginal Constructions , University of Toronto Press , ISBN 978 - 0 - 8020 - 8538 - 2 </Li> <Li> Jobb , Dean ( 2005 ) , The Acadians : A People 's Story of Exile and Triumph . John Wiley & Sons ( published in the United States as The Cajuns : A People 's Story of Exile and Triumph ) </Li> <Li> Thomas Atkins . Acadian French . Selections from the public documents of the province of Nova Scotia ( 1869 ) </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="3"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Acadia </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> History </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Acadia ( New France ) </Li> <Li> Evangeline </Li> <Li> Expulsion </Li> <Li> Governors </Li> <Li> Grand - Pré </Li> <Li> General history </Li> <Li> Military history </Li> <Li> Royal Proclamation of 2003 </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> People and culture </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Acadian World Congress </Li> <Li> Acadians ( list ) </Li> <Li> Ave Maris Stella </Li> <Li> Flag </Li> <Li> National Acadian Day </Li> <Li> Tintamarre </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Language and education </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Acadian French </Li> <Li> Chiac </Li> <Li> Université de Moncton </Li> <Li> Collège communautaire du Nouveau - Brunswick </Li> <Li> Université Sainte - Anne </Li> <Li> Collège Acadie Î. - P. - É . </Li> <Li> Maritime College of Forest Technology / Collège de Technologie forestière des Maritimes </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Related </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Acadian Peninsula </Li> <Li> Cajun </Li> <Li> French Canadian </Li> <Li> French diaspora </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="3"> <Ul> <Li> Category </Li> <Li> Portal </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> hide <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> New France ( 1534 -- 1763 ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Subdivisions </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Acadia ( 1604 -- 1713 ) </Li> <Li> Canada ( 1608 -- 1763 ) Pays d'en Haut </Li> <Li> Domaine du roy </Li> <Li> Louisiana ( 1682 -- 1762 , 1802 -- 1803 ) Illinois Country Ohio Country </Li> <Li> Newfoundland ( 1662 -- 1713 ) </Li> <Li> Île Royale ( 1713 -- 1763 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Towns </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Acadia ( Port Royal ) </Li> <Li> Canada <Ul> <Li> Quebec </Li> <Li> Trois - 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what indian tribe did the acadians form friendships and alliances with

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Outer Banks - wikipedia <H1> Outer Banks </H1> Jump to : navigation , search The Outer Banks , separating the Atlantic Ocean ( east ) from Currituck and Albemarle Sounds ( north ) and Pamlico Sound ( south ) Aerial view of Outer banks ( looking north ) , with ocean on the right and sound on the left <P> The Outer Banks ( OBX ) is a 200 - mile - long ( 320 km ) string of barrier islands and spits off the coast of North Carolina and southeastern Virginia , on the east coast of the United States . They cover most of the North Carolina coastline , separating the Currituck Sound , Albemarle Sound , and Pamlico Sound from the Atlantic Ocean . </P> <P> The Outer Banks are a major tourist destination and are known around the world for their subtropical climate and wide expanse of open beachfront . The Cape Hatteras National Seashore has four campgrounds open to visitors . The treacherous seas off the Outer Banks and the large number of shipwrecks that have occurred there have given these seas the nickname Graveyard of the Atlantic . The Graveyard of the Atlantic Museum is located in Hatteras Village near a United States Coast Guard facility and the Hatteras ferry . </P> <P> The English Roanoke Colony -- where Virginia Dare was born -- vanished from Roanoke Island in 1587 . The Lost Colony , written and performed to commemorate the original colonists , is the second longest running outdoor drama in the United States and its theater acts as a cultural focal point for much of the Outer Banks . </P> <P> The Wright brothers ' first flight in a controlled , powered , heavier - than - air vehicle took place on the Outer Banks on December 17 , 1903 , at Kill Devil Hills near the seafront town of Kitty Hawk . The Wright Brothers National Monument commemorates the historic flights , and First Flight Airport is a small , general - aviation airfield located there . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Geography </Li> <Li> 2 Vegetation </Li> <Li> 3 Weather </Li> <Li> 4 Culture </Li> <Li> 5 Fishing </Li> <Li> 6 Communities <Ul> <Li> 6.1 Currituck Banks </Li> <Li> 6.2 Bodie Island </Li> <Li> 6.3 Roanoke Island </Li> <Li> 6.4 Hatteras Island </Li> <Li> 6.5 Ocracoke Island </Li> <Li> 6.6 Core Banks </Li> <Li> 6.7 Bogue Banks </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 7 Parks </Li> <Li> 8 Notable residents </Li> <Li> 9 See also </Li> <Li> 10 References </Li> <Li> 11 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Geography ( edit ) </H2> <P> The Outer Banks is a string of peninsulas and barrier islands separating the Atlantic Ocean from mainland North Carolina . From north to south , the largest of these include : Bodie Island ( which used to be an island but is now a peninsula due to tropical storms and hurricanes ) , Hatteras Island , Ocracoke Island , Portsmouth Island , and the Core Banks . Over time , the exact number of islands and inlets changes as new inlets are opened up , often during a breach created during violent storms , and older inlets close , usually due to gradually sifting sands during the dynamic processes of beach evolution . </P> <P> The Outer Banks stretch southward from Sandbridge in Virginia Beach down the North Carolina coastline . Sources differ regarding the southern terminus of the Outer Banks . Generations of North Carolina schoolchildren have learned that the term includes the state 's three prominent capes : Cape Hatteras , Cape Lookout , and Cape Fear . Other sources limit the definition to two capes ( Cape Hatteras and Cape Lookout ) and coastal areas in four counties ( Currituck County , Dare County , Hyde County , and Carteret County ) . Some authors include Carteret 's Shackelford Banks and Bogue Banks in their descriptions , while others exclude Bogue Banks . Still other references restrict the definition to the northern three counties of Currituck , Dare , and Hyde . </P> <P> The abbreviations OBX ( Outer Banks ) and SOBX ( Southern Outer Banks ) are modern terms used to promote tourism and to market a variety of stickers , t - shirts , and other items to vacationers . OBX , which originated first , is generally used in the northern Outer Banks . SOBX is used primarily in Carteret County , which is also known as the Crystal Coast . </P> <P> The northern part of the Outer Banks , from Oregon Inlet northward , is actually a part of the North American mainland , since the northern inlets of Bodie Island and Currituck Banks no longer exist . It is separated by the Currituck Sound and the Intracoastal Waterway , which passes through the Great Dismal Swamp occupying much of the mainland west of the Outer Banks . Road access to the northern Outer Banks is cut off between Sandbridge and Corolla , North Carolina , with communities such as Carova Beach accessible only by four - wheel drive vehicles . North Carolina State Highway 12 links most of the popular Outer Banks communities in this section of the coast . The easternmost point is Cape Point at Cape Hatteras on Hatteras Island , site of the Cape Hatteras Lighthouse . </P> <P> The Outer Banks are not anchored to offshore coral reefs like some other barrier islands and as a consequence they often suffer significant beach erosion during major storms . In fact , their location jutting out into the Atlantic makes them the most hurricane - prone area north of Florida , for both landfalling storms and brushing storms offshore . Hatteras Island was cut in half on September 18 , 2003 , when Hurricane Isabel washed a 2,000 foot ( 600 m ) wide and 15 foot ( 5 m ) deep channel called Isabel Inlet through the community of Hatteras Village on the southern end of the island . The tear was subsequently repaired and restored by sand dredging by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers . It was cut off once again in 2011 by Hurricane Irene . Access to the island was largely limited to boat access only from August to late October until another temporary bridge could be built . </P> <H2> Vegetation ( edit ) </H2> <P> The vegetation of the Outer Banks varies . In the northeast part of the Outer Banks , from Virginia Beach southward past the North Carolina border to Oregon Inlet , the main types of vegetation are sea grasses , beach grasses and other beach plants including Opuntia humifusa on the Atlantic side and wax myrtles , bays , and grasses on the Sound side with areas of pine and Spanish moss - covered live oaks . Yucca aloifolia and Yucca gloriosa can be found growing wild here in the northern parts of its range on the beach . Sabal Minor palms were once indigenous to the entire Outer Banks , and they are still successfully planted and grown . Its current most northerly known native stand is on Monkey Island in Currituck County . </P> <P> From Cape Hatteras National Seashore southward , the vegetation does include that of the northeastern Outer Banks such as Sabal minor , Yucca aloifolia and Yucca gloriosa ; however , the main vegetation consists of Cabbage palmetto ( Sabal palmetto ) , which can be found in the north , although they are native in the southern part of the Outer Banks , specifically prevalent from Cape Hatteras and all points southward . Pindo palms and windmill palms are also planted widely throughout the Outer Banks ; although , they are not indigenous to the area . </P> <P> A wide variety of native plants can be found at the Elizabethan Gardens in Manteo on Roanoke Island . The gardens are open year round , 7 days a week . </P> <H2> Weather ( edit ) </H2> <P> The Outer Banks have unusual weather patterns because of their unique geographical location . As the islands are jutted out from the eastern seaboard into the Atlantic Gulf Stream , the Outer Banks has a predisposition to be affected by hurricanes , Nor'easters ( usually in the form of rain , and rarely snow or mixed precipitation ) , and other ocean - driven storms . </P> <P> The winters are typically milder than in inland areas , averaging lows in the upper 30s and highs in the lower 50s , and is more frequently overcast than in the summer . However , the exposure of the Outer Banks makes them prone to higher winds , often causing wind chills to make the apparent temperature as cold as the inland areas . The summer months average lows from the mid-70s to highs in the upper 80s , depending on the time of the summer . The spring and fall are typically milder seasons . The fall and winter are usually warmer than areas inland , while the spring and the summer are often slightly cooler because of the moderating effects of being surrounded by water . </P> <P> Although snow is possible , averaging from 3 inches in the north to less than 1 / 2 inch per year in the south , there are many times when years pass between snowfalls . The majority of nor'easters are `` born '' off the coasts of the Outer Banks . </P> <H2> Culture ( edit ) </H2> Graveyard of the Atlantic Museum , Hatteras , North Carolina , June 2007 <P> Archeologists believe that the Outer Banks were inhabited for well over a thousand years before the arrival of Europeans , with small branches of larger tribes , such as Algonquins , Chowanog , and Poteskeet , setting up homes all along the barrier islands from Corolla to Hatteras . European explorers to the Outer Banks as far back as the 1500s noted encountering the friendly Hatteras Island and Outer Banks natives , noting their hospitality to foreign explorers as well as their happiness and overall quality of life . European - borne diseases and migration to the mainland were likely the main causes for the decline of the native population . </P> <P> Before bridges were built in the 1930s , the only form of transport between or off the islands was by boat , which allowed for the islands to stay isolated from much of the rest of the mainland . This helped to preserve the maritime culture and the distinctive Outer Banks accent or brogue , which sounds more like an English accent than it does an American accent . Many `` bankers '' have often been mistaken for being from England or Ireland when traveling to areas outside of the Outer Banks . The brogue is more distinctive the further south one travels on the Outer Banks , with it being the thickest on Ocracoke Island and Harkers Island . </P> <P> Some residents of the Outer Banks , known as wreckers , made part of their living by scavenging wrecked ships -- or by luring ships to their destruction . Horses with lanterns tied to their necks would be walked along the beach ; the lanterns ' up and down motion would appear to ships to represent clear water and a ship ahead ; the unsuspecting captain would then drive his ship ashore following this false light . </P> <P> The islands are home to herds of feral horses , sometimes called `` banker ponies , '' which according to local legend are descended from Spanish Mustangs washed ashore centuries ago in shipwrecks . Populations are found on Ocracoke Island , Shackleford Banks , Currituck Banks , and in the Rachel Carson Estuarine Sanctuary . </P> <P> Ocracoke was the last refuge of pirate Edward Teach , better known as Blackbeard . It is also where the infamous pirate was killed November 22 , 1718 in a fierce battle with troops from Virginia . </P> <P> The Outer Banks is home to Yaupon Holly ( Ilex vomitoria ) , the roasted leaves of which were brewed into a high caffeine beverage called black drink by the Native Americans . The Outer Banks may be one of the few places where it is still consumed . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Fishing ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This section contains content that is written like an advertisement . Please help improve it by removing promotional content and inappropriate external links , and by adding encyclopedic content written from a neutral point of view . ( July 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The Outer Banks offers a multitude of fishing options for tourists as well as locals . There has been a long history of fishing in the Outer Banks , dating back to the end of the 17th century . Pirates ravaged the coast for the majority of the 1600s , but once they were ridden , the local settlers used fishing as their lifeline . Then , in the mid-19th century , large - scale commercial fishing erupted , mostly due to the construction of the Albemarle and Chesapeake Canal , which simplified shipping methods for fishermen . Saltwater fishing became the cash - crop of the Outer Banks , and blossomed it into a popular tourist destination . In modern times , tourists will flock to the area just for the abundance of fishing opportunities . Anglers , otherwise known as fishermen , have a wide range of fishing methods , some of these methods date back to when the first settlers arrived , to choose from in the Outer Banks . </P> <Dl> <Dt> Fly fishing </Dt> <Dd> This was brought about in the 1950s when modern fly fishing experts like , Joe Brooks and Jimmy Albright , were successfully catching a variety of gamefish on the flats of the Florida Keys and on the Currituck Sound , which is included in the stretch of the Outer Banks . Modern fly fishers in the Outer Banks pursue a variety of gamefish from red drum , to marlin and tuna . </Dd> <Dt> Brackish fishing </Dt> <Dd> This is a separate type of fishing than complete saltwater because of the abundance of new species that are able to live in brackish water . The Outer Banks has multiple Sounds that receive water from the Atlantic Ocean and many North Carolina fresh - water rivers , creating an estuary for many types of fish including , striped bass , puppy drum , and speckled trout . </Dd> <Dt> Offshore fishing </Dt> <Dd> Thriving in the Outer Banks , this is the type of fishing this area is known for . Offshore fishing is the method of heading out to sea to the Gulf Stream , where giant species such as billfish , tuna and dolphin lurk . Anglers can book charters or use their own personal boat , but a larger boat is necessary to reach the deep water where the big fish are prevalent . </Dd> <Dt> Inshore fishing </Dt> <Dd> Guides local to the Outer Banks will often escort new anglers around the area to sounds and piers where they are guaranteed a catch . Whether the customer is a novice or veteran with their fishing skills , the inshore guide is someone that is there to help . </Dd> <Dt> Pier fishing </Dt> <Dd> The Outer Banks are one of the few coastal areas left with more than one fishing pier along the coast , so anglers attract to the area for an opportunity to pier fish . Pier Fishing is an easy way for anglers to get a little off - shore mixed with some inshore fishing . It is where fishermen can catch any type of fish they please , as long as it is the season for it . </Dd> </Dl> <P> The Outer Banks are a popular destination for bottom fish like spot and mullet , these two types of fish are caught throughout the year . The peak for fishing bottom and top water feeders is early to the middle of May . If the angler is solely searching for top water fish , then late May and June would be the ideal time to fish , especially if they are searching for Mackerel . In the offseason , or winter months , the true fishermen are out searching for Trout , Sea Bass , Bluefish , Bluefin Tuna , Oysters , King Mackerel , Bay Scallops , and Striped Bass . In the spring , the popular catches are Grouper , Sea Trout , Sea Bass , Bluefish , Bluefin and Yellowfin tuna , Oysters , Snapper , Striped Bass , Red Drum , Croaker , Sea Mullet , King Mackerel , and Wahoo Late Spring and the beginning of summer is the favored time for top - water fish to move into the coastal waters near the Outer Banks , because of the warming waters and the increased visibility in the water The top water fish can see baitfish easily due to the decrease in murky water Plus they will start to migrate back North as the coastal waters to the south become too hot , the waters farther North will warm to their desired temperatures . Yet , in the prime tourist season of the summer , fishermen and many tourists have plenty of game options such as blue Marlin , White Marlin , Dolphin , Wahoo , Cobia , King Mackerel , Bluefish , Tuna , Flounder , snapper , Grouper , Spanish Mackerel , Crabs , Soft Crabs , Shrimp , Spot , Croaker , Sailfish , and Sea Mullet . By the fall , most tourists have started to leave , but fishermen are still out searching for Snapper , Channel Bass , Bluefish , King Mackerel , Grouper , Tuna , Oysters , Striped Bass , Sea Mullet , Spot , Clams , Speckled Trout , Flounder , and Shrimp . The prime season for fall fishing is late September to October 23 . Though the water is more turbulent and murky due to the strong northeast prevailing winds , there is still some big game fish left . Most of these fish are vacating back to the South for the warm waters . This makes it a prime time for smaller bottom fish who love to feed in murky , colder water . </P> <H2> Communities ( edit ) </H2> <P> Towns and communities along the Outer Banks include ( listed from north to south ) : </P> <H3> Currituck Banks ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Sandbridge ( VA ) </Li> <Li> Carova Beach </Li> <Li> Corolla </Li> <Li> Knotts Island </Li> </Ul> <H3> Bodie Island ( edit ) </H3> Sunset over the Currituck Sound in Duck ( 2009 ) The Bodie Island Lighthouse ( October 2008 ) <Ul> <Li> Duck </Li> <Li> Southern Shores </Li> <Li> Kitty Hawk </Li> <Li> Kill Devil Hills </Li> <Li> Nags Head </Li> </Ul> <H3> Roanoke Island ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Manteo </Li> <Li> Wanchese </Li> </Ul> <H3> Hatteras Island ( edit ) </H3> Sunset over Avon <Ul> <Li> Rodanthe </Li> <Li> Waves </Li> <Li> Salvo </Li> <Li> Avon </Li> <Li> Buxton </Li> <Li> Frisco </Li> <Li> Hatteras </Li> </Ul> <H3> Ocracoke Island ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Ocracoke </Li> </Ul> <H3> Core Banks ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Portsmouth Island </Li> </Ul> <H3> Bogue Banks ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Atlantic Beach </Li> <Li> Pine Knoll Shores </Li> <Li> Indian Beach </Li> <Li> Salter Path </Li> <Li> Emerald Isle </Li> </Ul> <H2> Parks ( edit ) </H2> Jockey 's Ridge State Park <Ul> <Li> Back Bay National Wildlife Refuge </Li> <Li> Cape Hatteras National Seashore </Li> <Li> Cape Lookout National Seashore </Li> <Li> Currituck Heritage Park </Li> <Li> Currituck National Wildlife Refuge </Li> <Li> False Cape State Park </Li> <Li> Fort Macon State Park </Li> <Li> Fort Raleigh National Historic Site </Li> <Li> Jockey 's Ridge State Park </Li> <Li> Mackay Island National Wildlife Refuge </Li> <Li> Pea Island National Wildlife Refuge </Li> <Li> Wright Brothers National Memorial </Li> </Ul> <H2> Notable residents ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Andy Griffith ( 1926 -- 2012 ) , actor </Li> <Li> Dennis Anderson , professional Monster Truck driver and creator of Grave Digger . </Li> <Li> Edward Teach , ( 1680 - 1718 ) notorious English pirate , raided on the North Atlantic and Caribbean Sea . </Li> <Li> Manteo ( disappeared after 1587 ) influential figure in Croatoan Nation , ambassador to England and mediator . </Li> </Ul> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Crystal Coast ( Southern Outer Banks ) </Li> <Li> Hazard mitigation in the Outer Banks </Li> <Li> Historic Albemarle Tour </Li> <Li> Inner Banks </Li> <Li> North Carolina Highway 12 </Li> <Li> Outer Banks Daredevils </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Campgrounds '' . Retrieved 1 April 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ See National Park Service : Fort Raleigh National Historic Site </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Telegram from Orville Wright in Kitty Hawk , North Carolina , to His Father Announcing Four Successful Flights , 1903 December 17 '' . World Digital Library . 1903 - 12 - 17 . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 21 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Geography of North Carolina '' . NC State Board of Education . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Geography of North Carolina '' . www.ncpublicschools.org . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 09 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Library of Congress LCCN Permalink sh85096155 '' . lccn.loc.gov . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 10 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` North Carolina Gazetteer NCpedia '' . ncpedia.org . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 10 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Outer Banks island chain , United States '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 10 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Outer Banks Map - OuterBanks.com '' . www.outerbanks.com . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 10 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Corolla History '' . Retrieved 1 April 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Shoring Up N. Carolina Islands : A Losing Battle ? '' . Retrieved 1 April 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Monkey Island Sabal Minor '' . Old Dominion University . Retrieved 1 November 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Gary 's Nursery '' . Gary Hollar . Retrieved 1 November 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Elizabethan Gardens - Outer Banks Attractions - Relaxing Vacation Activities '' . Retrieved 1 April 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` BACK BAY WILDLIFE REFUG , VIRGINIA - Climate Summary '' . Retrieved 1 April 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ OuterBanks.com https://www.outerbanks.com/first-settlers.html . Missing or empty title = ( help ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Graveyard of the Atlantic - North Carolina Digital History '' . Retrieved 1 April 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ D. Moore . ( 1997 ) `` A General History of Blackbeard the Pirate , the Queen Anne 's Revenge and the Adventure '' . In Tributaries , Volume VII , 1997 . pp. 31 -- 35 . ( North Carolina Maritime History Council ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Dough , Wynne . `` Yaupon '' . NCpedia . Retrieved 24 January 2017 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Outer Banks Fishing '' . The Outer Banks of North Carolina . Retrieved 21 January 2016 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Gloucester vs. Outer Banks '' . National Geographic Channel . Retrieved 1 April 2016 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : ( 1 ) </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Fishing Opportunities in the Coastal Region of North Carolina '' . Retrieved 1 April 2016 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` The Outer Banks in Winter '' . Field & Stream . Retrieved 1 April 2016 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Outer Banks Charter Fishing '' . Retrieved 1 April 2016 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` North Carolina 's Ocean Piers '' . VisitNC.com . Retrieved 1 April 2016 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Jonathan Finch . `` Pier Fishing on the Outer Banks '' . Retrieved 1 April 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Vincent , Mal ( February 17 , 2008 ) . `` The real Andy Griffith lives among us , quietly '' . The Virginian - Pilot . Retrieved September 20 , 2009 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wikimedia Commons has media related to Outer Banks . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Outer Banks . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ul> <Li> Outer Banks Visitors Bureau Dare county </Li> <Li> College of The Albemarle </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> The Outer Banks of North Carolina </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Landforms </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Albemarle - Pamlico Peninsula </Li> <Li> Bodie Island </Li> <Li> Roanoke Island </Li> <Li> Pea Island </Li> <Li> Hatteras Island </Li> <Li> Cape Hatteras </Li> <Li> Ocracoke Island </Li> <Li> Portsmouth Island </Li> <Li> Core Banks </Li> <Li> Cape Lookout </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Places </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Currituck County </Li> <Li> Dare County </Li> <Li> Hyde County </Li> <Li> Carteret County </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Carova Beach </Li> <Li> Corolla </Li> <Li> Duck </Li> <Li> Southern Shores </Li> <Li> Kitty Hawk </Li> <Li> Kill Devil Hills </Li> <Li> Nags Head </Li> <Li> Whalebone Junction </Li> <Li> Manteo </Li> <Li> Wanchese </Li> <Li> Rodanthe </Li> <Li> Waves </Li> <Li> Salvo </Li> <Li> Avon </Li> <Li> Buxton </Li> <Li> Frisco </Li> <Li> Hatteras </Li> <Li> Ocracoke </Li> <Li> Portsmouth </Li> <Li> Cape Lookout Village </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Waterways </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Atlantic Ocean </Li> <Li> Atlantic Intracoastal Waterway </Li> <Li> Currituck Sound </Li> <Li> Albemarle Sound </Li> <Li> Croatan Sound </Li> <Li> Roanoke Sound </Li> <Li> Oregon Inlet </Li> <Li> Pamlico Sound </Li> <Li> Hatteras Inlet </Li> <Li> Onslow Bay </Li> <Li> Raleigh Bay </Li> <Li> Ocracoke Inlet </Li> <Li> Core Sound </Li> <Li> Drum Inlet </Li> <Li> Barden Inlet </Li> <Li> Back Sound </Li> <Li> New Inlet </Li> <Li> Isabel Inlet </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Lighthouses </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Currituck Beach Light </Li> <Li> Bodie Island Light </Li> <Li> Cape Hatteras Light </Li> <Li> Ocracoke Light </Li> <Li> Cape Lookout Light </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Protected areas </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Cape Hatteras National Seashore </Li> <Li> Cape Lookout National Seashore </Li> <Li> Fort Raleigh National Historic Site </Li> <Li> Jockey 's Ridge State Park </Li> <Li> Mountains - 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what is considered the outer banks in north carolina

https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Outer_Banks&amp;oldid=843381612

Deputy chief Minister of Jammu and Kashmir - Wikipedia <H1> Deputy chief Minister of Jammu and Kashmir </H1> <P> </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Deputy Chief Minister of Jammu and Kashmir </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Incumbent Vacant since 20 June 2018 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Appointer </Th> <Td> Governor of Jammu and Kashmir </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Inaugural holder </Th> <Td> Bakshi Ghulam Mohammad ( as Deputy Prime Minister ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Formation </Th> <Td> 5 March 1948 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The Deputy Chief Minister of Jammu and Kashmir is a part of the government of the north Indian state of Jammu and Kashmir . </P> <H2> List of Deputy Chief Ministers of Jammu and Kashmir ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Sr.No . </Th> <Th> Name </Th> <Th> Took office </Th> <Th> Left office </Th> <Th> Political Party </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Bakshi Ghulam Mohammad </Td> <Td> 5 March 1948 </Td> <Td> 9 August 1953 </Td> <Td> Jammu & Kashmir National Conference </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Mirza Mohammad Afzal Beg </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1977 </Td> <Td> Jammu & Kashmir National Conference </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Devi Das Thakur </Td> <Td> 1984 </Td> <Td> 1986 </Td> <Td> Jammu & Kashmir National Conference </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Mangat Ram Sharma </Td> <Td> 2002 </Td> <Td> 2006 </Td> <Td> Indian National Congress </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Muzaffar Hussain Baig </Td> <Td> 2006 </Td> <Td> 2008 </Td> <Td> Jammu and Kashmir Peoples Democratic Party </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> Tara Chand </Td> <Td> 5 January 2009 </Td> <Td> 24 December 2014 </Td> <Td> Indian National Congress </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> Nirmal Kumar Singh </Td> <Td> 1 March 2015 </Td> <Td> 6 January 2016 </Td> <Td> Bharatiya Janata Party </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 4 April 2016 </Td> <Td> 29 April 2018 </Td> <Td> Bharatiya Janata Party </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> Kavinder Gupta </Td> <Td> 30 April 2018 </Td> <Td> 19 June 2018 </Td> <Td> Bharatiya Janata Party </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> List of Chief Ministers of Jammu and Kashmir </Li> <Li> Government of Jammu and Kashmir </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="3"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Deputy Chief Ministers of Indian states </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Bihar </Li> <Li> Goa </Li> <Li> Jammu and Kashmir </Li> <Li> Karnataka </Li> <Li> Kerala </Li> <Li> Maharashtra </Li> <Li> Rajasthan </Li> <Li> Tamil Nadu </Li> <Li> Delhi ( NCT ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="3"> <Ul> <Li> Chief Ministers </Li> <Li> Incumbent Chief Ministers </Li> <Li> Prime Ministers </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This article about government in India is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Deputy_Chief_Minister_of_Jammu_and_Kashmir&oldid=846661163 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> Government of Jammu and Kashmir </Li> <Li> Deputy chief ministers of Jammu and Kashmir </Li> <Li> Indian government stubs </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Use dmy dates from April 2018 </Li> <Li> Use Indian English from April 2018 </Li> <Li> All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English </Li> <Li> All stub articles </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> हिन्दी </Li> </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 20 June 2018 , at 04 : 27 ( UTC ) . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul>

who is deputy cm of j and k

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Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas - wikipedia <H1> Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas </H1> <P> </P> <Table> Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Td> Logo </Td> <Td> The BSP complex in Manila </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Headquarters </Th> <Td> Manila , Philippines </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Coordinates </Th> <Td> 14 ° 33 ′ 39 '' N 120 ° 59 ′ 18 '' E  /  14.56083 ° N 120.98833 ° E  / 14.56083 ; 120.98833 Coordinates : 14 ° 33 ′ 39 '' N 120 ° 59 ′ 18 '' E  /  14.56083 ° N 120.98833 ° E  / 14.56083 ; 120.98833 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Established </Th> <Td> January 3 , 1949 ; 69 years ago ( January 3 , 1949 ) ( original , bankrupt ) July 3 , 1993 ; 25 years ago ( July 3 , 1993 ) ( re-established due to the New Central Bank Act ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Governor </Th> <Td> Nestor Espenilla , Jr . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Central bank of </Th> <Td> Philippines </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Currency </Th> <Td> Philippine peso PHP ( ISO 4217 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Reserves </Th> <Td> US $81 billion </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Bank rate </Th> <Td> 3.50 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Website </Th> <Td> www.bsp.gov.ph </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas ( lit . Central Bank of the Philippines ; commonly abbreviated as BSP in both Filipino and English ) is the central bank of the Philippines . It was established on 3 July 1993 , pursuant to the provision of Republic Act 7653 or the New Central Bank Act of 1993 . </P> <H2> Contents </H2> <Ul> <Li> 1 History <Ul> <Li> 1.1 American era and World War II </Li> <Li> 1.2 Third Republic and martial law </Li> <Li> 1.3 Present </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2 Roles and responsibilities </Li> <Li> 3 Organization of the Bangko Sentral </Li> <Li> 4 Convertible currencies </Li> <Li> 5 Microfinance and financial inclusion </Li> <Li> 6 Anti-money laundering </Li> <Li> 7 Governors </Li> <Li> 8 Museum </Li> <Li> 9 Security Plant Complex </Li> <Li> 10 References </Li> <Li> 11 Publications </Li> <Li> 12 External links </Li> </Ul> <H2> History ( edit ) </H2> <H3> American era and World War ii ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> In 1900 , the First Philippine Commission passed Act No. 52 , which placed all banks under the Bureau of the Treasury and authorizing the Insular Treasurer to supervise and examine banks and all banking activity . In 1929 , the Department of Finance , through the Bureau of Banking , took over bank supervision . </P> <P> By 1933 , a group of Filipinos had conceptualised a central bank for the Philippine Islands . It came up with the rudiments of a bill for the establishment of a central bank after a careful study of the economic provisions of the Hare -- Hawes -- Cutting Act , which would grant Philippine independence after 12 years , but reserving military and naval bases for the United States and imposing tariffs and quotas on Philippine exports . However , the Hare -- Hawes -- Cutting Act would be rejected by the Senate of the Philippines at the urging of Commonwealth President Manuel L. Quezon . This Senate then advocated a new bill that won United States President Franklin D. Roosevelt 's support , this would be the Tydings -- McDuffie Act , which would grant Philippine independence on July 4 , 1946 . </P> <P> Under the Commonwealth , discussions continued regarding the idea of a Philippine central bank that would promote price stability and economic growth . The country 's monetary system then was administered by the Department of Finance and the National Treasury , and the Philippine piso was on the exchange standard using the United States dollar , which was backed by 100 percent gold reserve , as the standard currency . </P> <P> As required by the Tydings -- McDuffie Act , the National Assembly of the Philippines in 1939 passed a law establishing a central bank . As it was a monetary law , it required the approval of the President of the United States ; Franklin D. Roosevelt did not give his . A second law was passed in 1944 under the Japanese - controlled Second Republic during the Second World War , but the 1945 arrival of American liberation forces , aided by Philippine Commonwealth troops and recognised guerrillas , aborted its implementation . </P> <H3> Third Republic and martial law ( edit ) </H3> <P> Shortly after President Manuel Roxas assumed office in 1946 , he instructed then - Finance Secretary Miguel Cuaderno , Sr. to draw up a charter for a central bank . The establishment of a monetary authority became imperative a year later as a result of the findings of the Joint Philippine - American Finance Commission chaired by Cuaderno . The Commission , which studied Philippine financial , monetary , and fiscal problems in 1947 , recommended a shift from the dollar exchange standard to a managed currency system . A central bank was necessary to implement the proposed shift to the new system . </P> <P> Roxas then created the Central Bank Council to prepare the charter of a proposed monetary authority . It was submitted to Congress in February 1948 . By June of the same year , the newly proclaimed President Elpidio Quirino , who succeeded President Roxas , affixed his signature on Republic Act ( RA ) No. 265 , the Central Bank Act of 1948. On January 3 , 1949 , the Central Bank of the Philippines was formally inaugurated with Miguel Cuaderno , Sr. as the first governor . The main duties and responsibilities of the Central Bank were to promote economic development and maintain internal and external monetary stability . </P> <P> Over the years , changes were introduced to make the charter more responsive to the needs of the economy . On November 29 , 1972 , President Ferdinand Marcos ' Presidential Decree No. 72 amended Republic Act No. 265 , emphasizing the maintenance of domestic and international monetary stability as the primary objective of the Central Bank . The Bank 's authority was also expanded to include regulation of the entire financial system of the Philippines and not just supervision of the banking system . In 1981 , RA 265 , as amended , was further improved to strengthen the financial system , among the changes was the increase in the capitalization of the Central Bank from Php 10 million to Php 10 billion . </P> <P> In the 1973 Constitution , the interim Batasang Pambansa ( National Assembly ) was mandated to establish an independent central monetary authority . Presidential Decree No. 1801 designated the Central Bank of the Philippines as the central monetary authority ( CMA ) . Years later , the 1987 Constitution adopted the CMA provisions from the 1973 Constitution that were aimed essentially at establishing an independent monetary authority through increased capitalization and greater private sector representation in the Monetary Board . </P> <H3> Present ( edit ) </H3> <P> In accordance with a provision in the 1987 Constitution , President Fidel V. Ramos signed Republic Act No. 7653 , otherwise known as the New Central Bank Act , into law on June 14 , 1993 . The law provides for the establishment of an independent monetary authority to be known as the Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas , its primary objective being the maintenance of price stability . This objective was only implied in the old Central Bank charter . The law also gives the Bangko Sentral fiscal and administrative autonomy which the old Central Bank did not have . On July 3 , 1993 , the New Central Bank Act took effect . </P> BSP Branch in Zamboanga City . <P> On the evening of September 26 , 2012 , a Wednesday , the BSP website was hacked by a group named Anonymous Philippines in a protest against the recently passed Cybercrime Prevention Act of 2012 . The website was promptly restored in the early hours of the following day . </P> <P> On April 23 , 2013 , The Asian Banker named the BSP as the Best Macroeconomic Regulator in the Asia - Pacific Region for 2013 in The Asian Banker Leadership Achievement Awards in Jakarta , Indonesia . The BSP was cited as a `` good , strong , and fair - minded regulator . '' About a month later , the BSP was given the country award by the Child and Youth Finance International in its 2013 International Summit in Istanbul , Turkey , in recognition of its initiative to integrate financial education in the Philippine elementary school curriculum . </P> <H2> Roles and responsibilities ( edit ) </H2> <P> As prescribed by the New Central Bank Act , the main functions of the Bangko Sentral are : </P> <Ol> <Li> Liquidity management , by formulating and implementing monetary policy aimed at influencing money supply , consistent with its primary objective to maintain price stability , </Li> <Li> Currency issue . The BSP has the exclusive power to issue the national currency . All notes and coins issued by the BSP are fully guaranteed by the Government and are considered legal tender for all private and public debts , </Li> <Li> Lender of last resort , by extending discounts , loans and advances to banking institutions for liquidity purposes , </Li> <Li> Financial supervision , by supervising banks and exercising regulatory powers over non-bank institutions performing quasi-banking functions , </Li> <Li> Management of foreign currency reserves , by maintaining sufficient international reserves to meet any foreseeable net demands for foreign currencies in order to preserve the international stability and convertibility of the Philippine peso , </Li> <Li> Determination of exchange rate policy , by determining the exchange rate policy of the Philippines . Currently , the BSP adheres to a market - oriented foreign exchange rate policy , and </Li> <Li> Being the banker , financial advisor and official depository of the Government , its political subdivisions and instrumentalities and GOCCs . </Li> </Ol> <H2> Organization of the Bangko Sentral ( edit ) </H2> <P> The basic structure of the Bangko Sentral includes : </P> <Ul> <Li> The Monetary Board , which exercises the powers and functions of the BSP , such as the conduct of monetary policy and supervision of the financial system ; </Li> <Li> The Monetary Stability Sector , which takes charge of the formulation and implementation of the BSP 's monetary policy , including serving the banking needs of all banks through accepting deposits , servicing withdrawals and extending credit through the rediscounting facility ; </Li> <Li> The Supervision and Examination Sector , which enforces and monitors compliance to banking laws to promote a sound and healthy banking system ; and </Li> <Li> The Resource Management Sector , which serves the human , financial and physical resource needs of the BSP . </Li> </Ul> <P> The powers and function of Bangko Sentral are exercised by its Monetary Board , whose seven members are appointed by the President of the Philippines . As provided for by RA 7653 or the New Central Bank Act , one of the government sector members of the Monetary Board must also be a member of Cabinet . Members of the Monetary Board are prohibited from holding certain positions in other government agencies and private institutions that may give rise to conflicts of interest . The members have fixed and overlapping terms , except for the Cabinet Secretary representing the incumbent administration . </P> <P> The current members of the Monetary Board are : </P> <Ul> <Li> Nestor Espenilla , Jr. , BSP Governor and Chairman of the Monetary Board </Li> <Li> Carlos Dominguez III , Secretary of the Department of Finance </Li> <Li> Antonio S. Abacan , Jr . </Li> <Li> Juan D. De Zuñiga , Jr . </Li> <Li> V. Bruce J. Tolentino </Li> <Li> Felipe M. Medalla </Li> <Li> Peter B. Favila </Li> </Ul> <H2> Convertible currencies ( edit ) </H2> <P> The Bangko Sentral has 19 currencies directly convertible with the Philippine piso , which serves as a benchmark for all Philippine banks . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Australian dollar ( AUD ) </Li> <Li> Bahraini dinar ( BHD ) </Li> <Li> British pound ( GBP ) </Li> <Li> Brunei dollar ( BND ) </Li> <Li> Canadian dollar ( CAD ) </Li> <Li> Dominican peso ( DOP ) </Li> <Li> Chinese yuan ( CNY ) </Li> <Li> Euro ( EUR ) </Li> <Li> Hong Kong dollar ( HKD ) </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Indonesian rupiah ( IDR ) </Li> <Li> Japanese yen ( JPY ) </Li> <Li> Mexican peso ( MXN ) </Li> <Li> Korean won ( KRW ) </Li> <Li> Kuwaiti dinar ( KWD ) </Li> <Li> Saudi riyal ( SAR ) </Li> <Li> Singapore dollar ( SGD ) </Li> <Li> Swiss franc ( CHF ) </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Thai baht ( THB ) </Li> <Li> New Taiwan dollar ( TWD ) </Li> <Li> United Arab Emirates dirham ( AED ) </Li> <Li> United States dollar ( USD ) </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Microfinance and financial Inclusion ( edit ) </H2> <P> In 2000 , the General Banking Law mandated the BSP to recognize microfinance as a legitimate banking activity and to set the rules and regulations for its practice within the banking sector . In the same year , the BSP declared microfinance as its flagship program for poverty alleviation . The BSP has become the prime advocate for the development of microfinance . To this end , the Bangko Sentral aims to : </P> <Ol> <Li> Provide the enabling policy and regulatory environment ; </Li> <Li> Increase the capacity of the BSP and banking sector on microfinance operations ; and </Li> <Li> Promote and advocate for the development of sound and sustainable microfinance operations . </Li> </Ol> <P> The Bank is active in promoting a financial inclusion policy and is a leading member of the Alliance for Financial Inclusion . It is also one of the original 17 regulatory institutions to make specific national commitments to financial inclusion under the Maya Declaration during the 2011 Global Policy Forum held in Mexico . </P> <H2> Anti-Money Laundering ( edit ) </H2> <P> With money laundering being one of the problems of the Philippines , the BSP has issued a number of measures to bring the Philippines ' regulatory regime on money laundering closer to international standards . In September 2001 , the Anti-Money Laundering Act , or AMLA , was signed into law . The AMLA defined money laundering a criminal offense , and prescribed corresponding penalties . It also provided the foundation for a central monitoring and implementing council called the Anti-Money Laundering Council ( AMLC ) . The AMLC is composed of the Governor of the Bangko Sentral as Chair , and the Commissioner of the Insurance Commission and the Chairman of the Securities and Exchange Commission as members , all acting unanimously in the discharge of the group 's mandate . </P> <P> In February 2013 , Philippine President Benigno Aquino III signed R.A. No. 10365 , known as An act further strengthening the Anti-Money Laundering Law , which aims to strengthen the AMLC by requiring that any suspicious transaction in foreign exchange , real estate , and jewelry and precious metal trading be reported . </P> <H2> Governors ( edit ) </H2> Main article : Governor of the Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas <H2> Museum ( edit ) </H2> <P> Within the Manila complex of the Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas is the Museo ng Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas ( English : Museum of the Central Bank of the Philippines ) . Inaugurated on January 3 , 1999 , as part of the celebration of the 50 years of central banking in the Philippines , the museum showcases the Bank 's collection of currencies . </P> <P> As repository and custodian of the country 's numismatic heritage , the Museo collects , studies and preserves coins , paper notes , medals , artifacts and monetary items found in the Philippines during its different historical periods . These collections have been placed on permanent display at the Museo . </P> <P> Designed to `` walk '' the visitor through a number of galleries dedicated to a specific historical period of the country , the Museo visually narrates the development of the Philippine economy , parallel to the evolution of its currency . Complementary paintings from the BSP art collection , together with chosen artifacts , enhance each gallery . </P> <P> A panoramic memorabilia of 50 years of central banking in the Philippines , showcases the strides made in bringing about price stability , to sustain economic growth in the country . The exhibition hall also carries the busts of the governors of the Central Bank / Bangko Sentral . </P> <H2> Security Plant complex ( edit ) </H2> <P> The Security Plant Complex , or SPC , was formally established on September 7 , 1978 to safeguard the printing , minting , refining , issuance , distribution and durability of coins , banknotes , gold bars , government official receipts , lottery tickets , internal revenue stamps , passports , seaman identification record books , strip stamps , official documents , registration certificates , Torrens titles , treasury warrants , stocks and bonds , government contracts , ration coupons , official ballots , election return forms , checks and other security printing or minting jobs of the Philippine government . </P> <P> Printing of official ballots and other public documents was later transferred to the National Printing Office pursuant to Executive Order No. 285 issued on July 25 , 1987 . </P> <P> On August 4 , 2003 , President Gloria Macapagal - Arroyo issued Administrative Order No. 79 , which designated the SPC as the sole manufacturer of presidential medals and decorations . </P> <Ul> <Li> <P> Torrens titles </P> </Li> <Li> <P> Passports </P> </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Gross International Reserves '' . Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas . Archived from the original on November 18 , 2016 . Retrieved December 24 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Overview of the BSP '' . Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas . Archived from the original on August 6 , 2013 . Retrieved July 28 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` About the Bank '' . Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas . Archived from the original on December 24 , 2013 . Retrieved June 3 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ 50 Years of Central Banking in the Philippines . Manila , Philippines : Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas. 1998 . p. 7 . ISBN 971 - 91785 - 1 - 5 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Roxas , Manuel . `` Second State of the Nation Address '' . Official Gazette . Archived from the original on June 28 , 2013 . Retrieved June 3 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ 50 Years of Central Banking in the Philippines . Manila , Philippines : Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas. 1998 . pp. 18 -- 20 . ISBN 971 - 91785 - 1 - 5 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The BSP Vision and Mission '' . Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas . Archived from the original on July 5 , 2014 . Retrieved June 3 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Republic Act No. 265 -- An act establishing the Central Bank of the Philippines , defining its powers in the administration of the monetary and banking system , amending the pertinent provisions of the administrative code with respect to the currency and the Bureau of Banking , and for other purposes '' . LawCenter Philippines . Archived from the original on June 22 , 2013 . Retrieved June 3 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Philippine Presidential Decree No. 72 Archived July 5 , 2014 , at WebCite The LawPhil Project ( www.lawphil.net ) . Retrieved on 2013 - 03 - 26 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Philippine Presidential Decree No. 1801 Archived January 14 , 2015 , at the Wayback Machine . The LawPhil Project ( www.lawphil.net ) . Retrieved on 2013 - 03 - 26 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Creating a Central Bank for the Philippines '' . Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas . Archived from the original on April 28 , 2011 . Retrieved 3 June 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ 50 Years of Central Banking in the Philippines . Manila , Philippines : Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas. 1998 . p. 128 . ISBN 971 - 91785 - 1 - 5 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Philippine Republic Act No. 7653 Archived June 16 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine . Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas ( www.bsp.gov.ph ) Retrieved on 2012 - 03 - 26 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Dumlao , Doris . `` BSP , MWSS websites hacked by anti-cybercrime law protester '' . The Philippine Daily Inquirer . Archived from the original on April 11 , 2013 . Retrieved June 3 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Websites hacked in protest vs new law '' . Rappler.com . Archived from the original on August 21 , 2013 . Retrieved June 3 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Garcia , Cathy Rose . `` BSP website restored after being hacked '' . abs-cbnnews.com . Archived from the original on March 7 , 2013 . Retrieved June 3 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` BSP is the 2013 Best Macroeconomic Regulator in the Asia Pacific Region '' . Official Gazette . Office of the President of the Republic of the Philippines . Archived from the original on June 1 , 2013 . Retrieved June 3 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` BSP named ' Best Regulator ' in Asia '' . Malaya Business News Online . Archived from the original on June 5 , 2013 . Retrieved June 3 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` BSP Wins Top Global Award for Child Finance Education Program '' . Media Releases . Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas . Archived from the original on December 28 , 2014 . Retrieved June 3 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The BSP 's Organizational Structure '' . Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas . Archived from the original on July 5 , 2014 . Retrieved June 3 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Governance of the Bank '' . Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas . Archived from the original on June 25 , 2013 . Retrieved June 3 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Monetary Board '' . Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas . Archived from the original on August 31 , 2014 . Retrieved June 3 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bangko Sentral Buying Rates for Foreign Currency Notes Archived May 15 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine . ( Accessed on 2011 - 05 - 29 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Inclusion , Alliance for Financial . `` Maya Declaration Urges Financial Inclusion for World 's Unbanked Populations '' . www.prnewswire.com . Archived from the original on October 4 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Lee - Brago , Pia . `` Phl monitoring vs money laundering weak -- US report '' . philstar.com . Archived from the original on June 19 , 2013 . Retrieved June 3 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` History of the Act '' . Anti-Money Laundering Council . Archived from the original on May 26 , 2013 . Retrieved June 3 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Organization '' . Anti-Money Laundering Council . Archived from the original on June 6 , 2013 . Retrieved June 3 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Aquino signs expanded law vs ' dirty money ' '' . Philippine Daily Inquirer . Archived from the original on February 23 , 2013 . Retrieved June 3 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Money Museum '' . Archived from the original on June 6 , 2013 . Retrieved June 3 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ del Mundo , Antonio ( 1998 ) . The Money Museum . Manila , Philippines : Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas . pp. 205 -- 212 . ISBN 971 - 91785 - 1 - 5 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Marcelo , Sam . `` The BSP art collection : Figures and paintings '' . BusinessWorld Weekender . Archived from the original on September 23 , 2015 . Retrieved June 3 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Laya , Jaime ( 1998 ) . The Central Bank and Culture and the Arts . Manila , Philippines : Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas . pp. 198 -- 204 . ISBN 971 - 91785 - 1 - 5 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` ABOUT NATIONAL PRINTING OFFICE '' . Office of the Press Secretary - National Printing Office . Archived from the original on June 3 , 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 09 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Presidential Medals and Decorations '' . Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas . Archived from the original on January 24 , 2011 . Retrieved June 9 , 2010 . </Li> </Ol> <Ul> <Li> About the Bangko Sentral </Li> </Ul> <H2> Publications ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Villegas , Ramón N. ( 1983 ) . Kayamanan : The Philippine Jewelry Tradition . Central Bank of the Philippines . ISBN 9711039001 . 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bangko sentral ng pilipinas (central bank of the philippines)

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Takt time - wikipedia <H1> Takt time </H1> Jump to : navigation , search `` Takt '' redirects here . For the chamber ensemble in Arab music , see Takht ( music ) . For other uses of `` takht '' , see Takht . <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This article relies largely or entirely on a single source . Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page . Please help improve this article by introducing citations to additional sources . ( October 2010 ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Takt time is the average time between the start of production of one unit and the start of production of the next unit , when these production starts are set to match the rate of customer demand . For example , if a customer wants 10 units per week , then , given a 40 - hour work week and steady flow through the production line , the average time between production starts should be 4 hours , yielding 10 units produced per week . Note , a common misconception is that takt time is related to the time it takes to actually make the product . In the previous example , whether it takes 4 minutes or 4 years to produce the product , the takt time should be 4 hours ( of course , the time it takes to produce the product will impact the magnitude of the number of units actually in production at any point in time ) . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Etymology </Li> <Li> 2 Definition </Li> <Li> 3 Implementation </Li> <Li> 4 See also </Li> <Li> 5 References </Li> <Li> 6 External links </Li> <Li> 7 Further reading </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Etymology ( edit ) </H2> <P> Takt time is a borrowing of the Japanese word takutotaimu ( タクト タイム ) , which in turn was borrowed from the German word Taktzeit , meaning clock interval . The word was likely introduced to Japan by German engineers in the 1930s . </P> <H2> Definition ( edit ) </H2> <P> Assuming a product is made one unit at a time at a constant rate during the net available work time , the takt time is the amount of time that must elapse between two consecutive unit completions in order to meet the demand . </P> <P> Takt time can be first determined with the formula : </P> <Dl> <Dd> T = T a D ( \ displaystyle T = ( \ frac ( T_ ( a ) ) ( D ) ) ) </Dd> </Dl> <P> Where T = Takt time , e.g. ( work time between two consecutive units ) T = Net time available to work , e.g. ( work time per period ) D = Demand ( customer demand ) , e.g. ( units required per period ) </P> <P> Net available time is the amount of time available for work to be done . This excludes break times and any expected stoppage time ( for example scheduled maintenance , team briefings , etc . ) . </P> <P> Example : If there are a total of 8 hours ( or 480 minutes ) in a shift ( gross time ) less 30 minutes lunch , 30 minutes for breaks ( 2 × 15 mins ) , 10 minutes for a team briefing and 10 minutes for basic maintenance checks , then the net Available Time to Work = 480 - 30 - 30 - 10 - 10 = 400 minutes . </P> <P> If customer demand were 400 units a day and one shift were being run , then the line would be required to output at a minimum rate of one part per minute in order to be able to keep up with customer demand . </P> <P> In reality , people and machines can not maintain 100 % efficiency and there will be stoppages for other reasons . Allowances should be made for these instances , and thus the line will be set up to run at a faster rate to account for this . </P> <P> Also , takt time may be adjusted according to requirements within the company . For example , if one department delivers parts to several manufacturing lines , it often makes sense to use similar takt times on all lines to smooth out flow from the preceding station . Customer demand can still be met by adjusting daily working time , reducing down times on machines and so on . </P> <P> Some of the early literature uses cycle time for takt time . </P> <H2> Implementation ( edit ) </H2> <P> Takt time is calculated on virtually every task in a business environment . It is used in manufacturing ( casting of parts , drilling holes , or preparing a workplace for another task ) , control tasks ( testing of parts or adjusting machinery ) , or in administration ( answering standard inquiries or call center operation ) . It is , however , most common in production lines that move a product along a line of stations that each performs a set of predefined tasks . </P> <P> Once a takt system is implemented there are a number of benefits : </P> <Ul> <Li> The product moves along a line , so bottlenecks ( stations that need more time than planned ) are easily identified when the product does not move on in time . </Li> <Li> Correspondingly , stations that do n't operate reliably ( suffer frequent breakdown , etc . ) are easily identified . </Li> <Li> The takt leaves only a certain amount of time to perform the actual value added work . Therefore , there is a strong motivation to get rid of all non value - adding tasks ( like machine set - up , gathering of tools , transporting products , etc . ) </Li> <Li> Workers and machines perform sets of similar tasks , so they do n't have to adapt to new processes every day , increasing their productivity . </Li> <Li> There is no place in the takt system for removal of a product from the assembly line at any point before completion , so opportunities for shrink and damage in transit are minimized . </Li> </Ul> <P> Downsides of takt time organization include : </P> <Ul> <Li> When customer demand rises so much that takt time has to come down , quite a few tasks have to be either reorganized to take even less time to fit into the shorter takt time , or they have to be split up between two stations ( which means another station has to be squeezed into the line and workers have to adapt to the new setup ) </Li> <Li> When one station in the line breaks down for whatever reason the whole line comes to a grinding halt , unless there are buffer capacities for preceding stations to get rid of their products and following stations to feed from . A built - in buffer of three to five percent downtime allows needed adjustments or recovery from failures . </Li> <Li> Short takt time can put considerable stress on the `` moving parts '' of a production system or subsystem . In automated systems / subsystems , increased mechanical stress increases the likelihood of breakdown , and in non-automated systems / subsystems , personnel face both increased physical stress ( which increases the risk of repetitive motion ( also `` stress or `` strain '' ) injury ) , intensified emotional stress , and lowered motivation , sometimes to the point of increased absenteeism . </Li> <Li> Tasks have to be leveled to make sure tasks do n't bulk in front of certain stations due to peaks in workload . This decreases the flexibility of the system as a whole . </Li> </Ul> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Lean manufacturing </Li> <Li> Toyota Production System </Li> <Li> Muri </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ Graban , Mark ; Ducharme , Colin ; Ruddick , Todd . `` Takt Time '' ( PDF ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Laraia , Anthony C. ; Patricia E. Moody ; Robert W. Hall ( 1999 ) . The Kaizen Blitz : accelerating breakthroughs in productivity and performance . New York : John Wiley and Sons . ISBN 978 - 0 - 471 - 24648 - 0 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Lean Manufacturing site about Takt time </Li> <Li> Six Sigma site about Takt time </Li> <Li> Takt Time Simulator On Line </Li> <Li> On Line business processes simulator </Li> <Li> Takt Time - a vision for Lean Manufacturing </Li> </Ul> <H2> Further reading ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Monden , Yasuhiro ( 2011 ) . Toyota Production System : An Integrated Approach to Just - In - Time . New York : Productivity Press . p. 566 . ISBN 1 - 4398 - 2097 - X . </Li> <Li> Ohno , Taiichi , Toyota Production System : Beyond Large - Scale Production , Productivity Press ( 1988 ) . ISBN 0 - 915299 - 14 - 3 </Li> <Li> Baudin , Michel , Lean Assembly : The Nuts and Bolts of Making Assembly Operations Flow , Productivity Press ( 2002 ) . ISBN 1 - 56327 - 263 - 6 </Li> <Li> Ortiz , Chris A. , Kaizen Assembly : Designing , Constructing , and Managing a Lean Assembly Line , CRC Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8493 - 7187 - 5 </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Lean manufacturing tools </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Cellular manufacturing </Li> <Li> Takt time </Li> <Li> Standardized work </Li> <Li> Continuous - flow manufacturing </Li> <Li> Kanban </Li> <Li> 5 Whys </Li> <Li> Single - minute exchange of die </Li> <Li> Poka - yoke </Li> <Li> Production leveling </Li> <Li> Total productive maintenance </Li> <Li> 5S ( methodology ) </Li> <Li> PDCA </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Takt_time&oldid=800753460 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> Lean manufacturing </Li> <Li> Process management </Li> <Li> Manufacturing </Li> <Li> Production and manufacturing </Li> <Li> Commercial item transport and distribution </Li> <Li> Management </Li> <Li> Inventory </Li> <Li> Industry </Li> <Li> Quality control </Li> <Li> Modes of production </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from October 2010 </Li> <Li> Articles needing additional references from October 2010 </Li> <Li> All articles needing additional references </Li> <Li> Articles containing Japanese - language text </Li> <Li> Articles containing German - language text </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> Deutsch </Li> <Li> Français </Li> <Li> 日本 語 </Li> <Li> Português </Li> </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 15 September 2017 , at 13 : 14 . </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul>

actual time taken from start to finish to produce one unit of value

https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Takt_time&amp;oldid=800753460

I Had trouble in Getting to Solla Sollew - wikipedia <H1> I Had trouble in Getting to Solla Sollew </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> I Had Trouble in Getting to Solla Sollew <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Author </Th> <Td> Dr. Seuss </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Country </Th> <Td> United States </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Language </Th> <Td> English </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Genre </Th> <Td> Children 's literature </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Publisher </Th> <Td> Random House </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Publication date </Th> <Td> 1965 ( renewed 1993 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Media type </Th> <Td> Print ( Hardcover and paperback ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> OCLC </Th> <Td> 1425583 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Preceded by </Th> <Td> Fox in Socks </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Followed by </Th> <Td> The Cat in the Hat Song Book </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ul> <Li> Children 's literature portal </Li> </Ul> <P> I Had Trouble in Getting to Solla Sollew is a 1965 children 's book by Dr. Seuss . The story features classic Seuss rhymes and drawings in his distinctive pen and ink style . </P> <P> The book is a first - person narrative told by a young narrator who experiences troubles in his life ( mostly aggressive small animals that bite and sting ) and wishes to escape them . He sets out for the city of Solla Sollew ( `` where they never have troubles / at least very few '' ) and learns that he must face his problems instead of running away from them . He then goes back home to deal with his `` troubles '' , arming himself with a big bat and resolving that `` Now my troubles are going to have troubles with me ! '' </P> <P> The journey includes several fantastic , and troublesome , encounters . In one instance , the protagonist is forced to haul a wagon for a bossy companion . ( `` ' This is called teamwork . I furnish the brains . You furnish the muscles , the aches and the pains . ' '' ) In another scene , he is drafted into the army under the command of the fearsome ( and , ultimately , cowardly ) General Genghis Kahn Schmitz , who abandons him at a critical moment . </P> <H2> Plot ( edit ) </H2> <P> As the story opens , the young protagonist ( resembling a cat or dog ) lives a happy and carefree life in the Valley of Vung , but one day , all that changes when he goes out for a stroll to look at daisies and hurts himself by tripping over a rock , which sets off the troubles he will soon face . The protagonist vows to be more careful , but a green - headed Quilligan Quail bites his tail from behind ( `` I learned there are troubles of more than one kind ; Some come from ahead and some come from behind '' ) . Worse still , a Skritz dives to sting his neck and a Skrink bites his toe , proving that troubles can come from all directions . </P> <P> As the protagonist tries to fight off his troubles , a man on a One Wheel Wubble drawn by a camel comes up and explains that like the protagonist , he too is experiencing a troubled life and has decided to escape his troubles by going to Solla Sollew , a city on the beautiful banks of the river Wah - Hoo , and known to never have troubles ( at least very few ) . He invites the protagonist to come along with him . Eager to escape his troubles , the protagonist joins the wubble driver , but after a long night of traveling , the camel gets sick and starts to bubble . At first , the driver and protagonist pull him on the wubble , but for the rest of the day , the driver acts lazy and has the protagonist do all the hard work . </P> <P> The next day they thankfully discover a camel doctor , Dr. Sam Snell , who diagnoses their camel with a bad case of gleeks and orders him to bed for twenty weeks . The driver makes it up to the protagonist by telling him he can catch the 4 : 42 bus to Solla Sollew at the nearest bus stop , but when the protagonist gets to the bus stop he learns from a sign tacked on a stick that the Solla Sollew bound bus is out of service ( the driver , Butch Myers , apparently destroyed all his tires from accidentally running over four nails ) , leaving him to hike for one hundred miles . Soon , the poor protagonist is caught in a storm . A kindly stranger tells him that the storm is the infamous `` Midwinter Jicker '' and allows the protagonist to take shelter in his house , where a family of mice and a family of owls are also taking shelter . </P> <P> After a sleepless night and dreaming of sleeping in Solla Sollew , the protagonist awakens to find that the flood - waters have washed the house over a cliff , with him still inside . He spends twelve days in the flood - waters , until somebody rescues him by throwing down a rope . The protagonist climbs the rope , only to discover that his savior is General Genghis Kahn Schmitz , who immediately drafts him into his army for an upcoming battle against the Perilous Poozer of Pompelmoose Pass , a lion - like creature . At the pass , the General discovers he and his army are outnumbered by too many Poozers and orders an immediate retreat without fighting , leaving the protagonist to face the Poozers alone , armed only with `` a shooter and one little bean '' . </P> <P> The protagonist manages to escape the Poozers by diving down an air vent marked `` Vent No. 5 '' but has to spend the next three days trying to find his way through a network of tunnels inhabited by birds , all going in the wrong direction . Close to the end of the third day , he finally finds a door and discovers he 's come out at the beautiful banks of the river Wah - Hoo . Realizing he 's reached his goal , the protagonist rushes out to Solla Sollew . </P> <P> At the gates of Solla Sollew , the protagonist is greeted by a friendly doorman . The doorman explains to the protagonist about the only trouble the city has : a key - slapping slippard has moved into the lock of the door , which happens to be the only way into Solla Sollew , and bugs the doorman by continuously slapping the key out of his hand , preventing anyone from entering the city . As it 's considered bad luck to kill a slippard , the doorman can not do anything to evict this pest , but decides instead to leave Solla Sollew for the city of Boola Boo Ball , on the banks of the beautiful river Woo - Wall , and known to never have troubles ( `` No troubles at all ! ! '' ) and invites the protagonist to come along . </P> <P> At first , the protagonist considers joining the doorman , but realizing that he 's come all this way for nothing , the protagonist , instead , decides to go back home to the Valley of Vung and face his troubles . He now knows he will have troubles for the rest of his life , but he 's ready for them . Armed with a bat , the Protagonist now gives the rocks , quail , skritz , and skrink troubles of their own ( `` But I 've bought a big bat . I 'm all ready , you see . Now my troubles are going to have troubles with me ! '' ) . </P> <H2> In Seussical ( edit ) </H2> <P> In Seussical , the character of General Genghis Kahn Schmitz makes an appearance as a secondary character . He introduces JoJo to the military school in song . This sets up a subplot concerning JoJo in which he is thought to be lost in battle . The character of Schmitz in the play is a cross between the Schmitz seen in the book and the unnamed generals in the Butter Battle Book . </P> <P> Solla Sollew is the subject of a song in which the main characters yearn for a happy resolution to their problems . It is referred to as `` a faraway land , so the stories all tell / somewhere beyond the horizon . '' It is said that `` troubles there are few '' and that `` maybe it 's something like heaven . '' </P> <P> Solla Sollew is believed to be a place of hope and wonder , where `` breezes are warm '' and `` people are kind . '' It is a dream of the characters to find this incredible place , where they will find each other and be happy once and for all . However , they can not ever find it , saying in the song `` when I get close , it disappears '' . </P> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This article does not cite any sources . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Dr. Seuss </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Characters </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> The Cat in the Hat </Li> <Li> The Grinch </Li> <Li> Horton the Elephant </Li> <Li> Bartholomew Cubbins </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Bibliography </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> And to Think That I Saw It on Mulberry Street </Li> <Li> The 500 Hats of Bartholomew Cubbins </Li> <Li> The King 's Stilts </Li> <Li> The Seven Lady Godivas </Li> <Li> Horton Hatches the Egg </Li> <Li> McElligot 's Pool </Li> <Li> Thidwick the Big - Hearted Moose </Li> <Li> Bartholomew and the Oobleck </Li> <Li> If I Ran the Zoo </Li> <Li> Scrambled Eggs Super ! </Li> <Li> Horton Hears a Who ! </Li> <Li> On Beyond Zebra ! </Li> <Li> If I Ran the Circus </Li> <Li> How the Grinch Stole Christmas ! </Li> <Li> The Cat in the Hat </Li> <Li> The Cat in the Hat Comes Back </Li> <Li> Yertle the Turtle and Other Stories </Li> <Li> Happy Birthday to You ! </Li> <Li> Green Eggs and Ham </Li> <Li> One Fish , Two Fish , Red Fish , Blue Fish </Li> <Li> The Sneetches and Other Stories </Li> <Li> Dr. Seuss 's Sleep Book </Li> <Li> Dr. Seuss 's ABC </Li> <Li> Fox in Socks </Li> <Li> Hop on Pop </Li> <Li> I Had Trouble in Getting to Solla Sollew </Li> <Li> Come over to My House </Li> <Li> The Foot Book </Li> <Li> I Can Lick 30 Tigers Today ! and Other Stories </Li> <Li> Mr. Brown Can Moo ! Can You ? : Dr. Seuss 's Book of Wonderful Noises ! </Li> <Li> The Lorax </Li> <Li> Marvin K. Mooney Will You Please Go Now ! </Li> <Li> Did I Ever Tell You How Lucky You Are ? </Li> <Li> Wacky Wednesday </Li> <Li> Great Day for Up ! </Li> <Li> Oh , the Thinks You Can Think ! </Li> <Li> The Cat 's Quizzer </Li> <Li> I Can Read with My Eyes Shut ! </Li> <Li> Oh Say Can You Say ? </Li> <Li> The Butter Battle Book </Li> <Li> You 're Only Old Once ! </Li> <Li> I Am Not Going to Get Up Today ! </Li> <Li> Oh , the Places You 'll Go ! </Li> <Li> There 's a Wocket in My Pocket </Li> <Li> I Wish That I Had Duck Feet </Li> <Li> Daisy - Head Mayzie </Li> <Li> My Many Colored Days </Li> <Li> Hooray for Diffendoofer Day ! </Li> <Li> The Bippolo Seed and Other Lost Stories </Li> <Li> Horton and the Kwuggerbug and More Lost Stories </Li> <Li> What Pet Should I Get ? </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Adaptations </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Television </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> The Gerald McBoing - Boing Show ( 1956 -- 57 ) </Li> <Li> Dr. Seuss ' How the Grinch Stole Christmas ! ( 1966 ) </Li> <Li> Horton Hears a Who ! ( 1970 ) </Li> <Li> The Cat in the Hat ( 1971 ) </Li> <Li> The Lorax ( 1972 ) </Li> <Li> Dr. Seuss on the Loose ( 1973 ) </Li> <Li> The Hoober - Bloob Highway ( 1975 ) </Li> <Li> Halloween Is Grinch Night ( 1977 ) </Li> <Li> Pontoffel Pock , Where Are You ? ( 1980 ) </Li> <Li> The Grinch Grinches the Cat in the Hat ( 1982 ) </Li> <Li> The Butter Battle Book ( 1989 ) </Li> <Li> In Search of Dr. Seuss ( 1994 ) </Li> <Li> Daisy - Head Mayzie ( 1995 ) </Li> <Li> The Wubbulous World of Dr. Seuss ( 1996 -- 98 ) </Li> <Li> Gerald McBoing - Boing ( 2005 -- 07 ) </Li> <Li> The Cat in the Hat Knows a Lot About That ! ( 2010 -- present ) </Li> <Li> Green Eggs and Ham ( 2018 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Film </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Horton Hatches the Egg ( short ; 1942 ) </Li> <Li> Gerald McBoing - Boing ( short ; 1950 ) </Li> <Li> How the Grinch Stole Christmas ( 2000 ) </Li> <Li> The Cat in the Hat ( 2003 ) </Li> <Li> Horton Hears a Who ! 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i had trouble in getting to solla sellew

https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=I_Had_Trouble_in_Getting_to_Solla_Sollew&amp;oldid=805651999

Shape of You - wikipedia <H1> Shape of You </H1> Jump to : navigation , search For the Beverley Knight song , see Shape of You ( Reshaped ) . <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> `` Shape of You '' </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Single by Ed Sheeran </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> from the album ÷ </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Released </Th> <Td> 6 January 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 06 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Format </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> CD </Li> <Li> digital download </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Recorded </Th> <Td> 2016 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Genre </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Pop </Li> <Li> dancehall </Li> <Li> tropical house </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Length </Th> <Td> 3 : 53 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Label </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Asylum </Li> <Li> Atlantic </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Songwriter ( s ) </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Ed Sheeran </Li> <Li> Steve Mac </Li> <Li> Johnny McDaid </Li> <Li> Kandi Burruss </Li> <Li> Tameka Cottle </Li> <Li> Kevin Briggs </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Producer ( s ) </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Ed Sheeran </Li> <Li> Steve Mac </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Ed Sheeran singles chronology </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Td> `` Castle on the Hill '' ( 2017 ) </Td> <Td> `` Shape of You '' ( 2017 ) </Td> <Td> `` Galway Girl '' ( 2017 ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Td> `` Castle on the Hill '' ( 2017 ) </Td> <Td> `` Shape of You '' ( 2017 ) </Td> <Td> `` Galway Girl '' ( 2017 ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Music video </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> `` Shape of You '' on YouTube </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> `` Shape of You '' is a song by English singer - songwriter Ed Sheeran . It was released as a digital download on 6 January 2017 as one of the double lead singles from his third studio album ÷ ( 2017 ) , along with `` Castle on the Hill '' . </P> <P> The dancehall - infused pop song was written by Ed Sheeran together with Steve Mac and Johnny McDaid , with additional writing credits given to Kandi Burruss , Tameka `` Tiny '' Cottle , and Kevin `` She'kspere '' Briggs as Sheeran had incorporated an interpolation of the TLC 's song `` No Scrubs '' into `` Shape of You '' . The song was produced by Sheeran and Mac . </P> <P> `` Shape of You '' peaked at number - one on the singles charts of 44 countries , including the US Billboard Hot 100 ( later becoming the best performing song of 2017 ) , as well as the UK , Australian and Canadian singles charts . It has stayed at number one for a record - tying 16 consecutive weeks on the Canadian Hot 100 , as well as 14 non-consecutive weeks on the UK Singles Chart , and 12 non-consecutive weeks on the Billboard Hot 100 . On 21 September 2017 it became the most streamed song on Spotify , with over 1.32 billion streams . It was the best - selling song of 2017 in the UK . </P> <P> The song won the Grammy Award for Best Pop Solo Performance at the 60th Annual Grammy Awards . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Background <Ul> <Li> 1.1 Composition </Li> <Li> 1.2 Promotion </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2 Composition </Li> <Li> 3 Critical reception </Li> <Li> 4 Commercial performance </Li> <Li> 5 Music videos </Li> <Li> 6 Remixes </Li> <Li> 7 Usage in media </Li> <Li> 8 Formats and track listings </Li> <Li> 9 Credits and personnel </Li> <Li> 10 Charts <Ul> <Li> 10.1 Weekly charts </Li> <Li> 10.2 Year - end charts </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 11 Sales and certifications </Li> <Li> 12 Release history </Li> <Li> 13 See also </Li> <Li> 14 References </Li> <Li> 15 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Background ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Composition ( edit ) </H3> <P> The song was the last song written for Sheeran 's third album ÷ . On 6 January 2017 , when hosting The Radio 1 Breakfast Show , Sheeran revealed that `` Shape of You '' had originally been written with Rihanna in mind . As he had already written all the songs he wanted for the album , the song was therefore not intended to be included in the album . It was conceived as a duet between Rihanna and Rudimental , but the head of the record label convinced him to keep the song for himself . He said : </P> <P> `` ( ' Shape of You ' ) is actually a really random one because I went in to write songs for other people with a guy called Steve Mac and Johnny McDaid , and we were writing this song and I was like ' this would really work for Rihanna , ' '' he explained . `` And then I started singing lyrics like ' putting Van The Man on the jukebox ' and I was like ' well she 's not really going to sing that , is she ? ' And then we sort of decided halfway through that we were just going to make it for me . '' </P> <P> According to Sheeran , Steve Mac started the song - writing session by playing the opening notes of the song on the keyboard . Sheeran then joined in , adding percussion by tapping on the guitar , layering it onto the track . On the writing of the song , he said that he tried to keep the music `` more stripped '' instead of something more elaborate : `` I 'm an acoustic artist , first and foremost . And when I play live , I ca n't replicate these things , I have n't got all the other musicians . '' Sheeran said he wanted an R&B feel to the song , therefore he adjusted the original tune , adding an interpolation of `` No Scrubs '' onto part of the melody . He also revealed that the original lyrics did not end with the words `` the shape of you '' in the chorus , but during the writing of the song , McDaid thought that the lyrics `` I 'm in love with your body '' sounded objectifying , and the lyrics was therefore adjusted . </P> <H3> Promotion ( edit ) </H3> <P> On 4 January 2017 , Sheeran uploaded a six - second teaser video of a blue background to social media , with lyrics `` the club is n't the best place to find a lover '' , which is the first line of `` Shape of You '' . To further tease the release , Sheeran and his label used a sponsored Snapchat lens filter with 30 seconds on the song to increase buzz among the general public . </P> <H2> Composition ( edit ) </H2> <P> `` Shape of You '' is a pop , dancehall and tropical house song with `` strummy acoustics . '' In the song , Sheeran sings over a marimba - fueled percussive sway about a budding romance . `` The club is n't the best place to find a lover , so the bar is where I go / Me and my friends at the table doing shots drinking fast and then we talk slow '' , he sings . `` Come over and start up a conversation with just me / And trust me I 'll give it a chance . '' According to NT News , the song `` tells the story of loved ( or lusted ) up Sheeran meeting a girl in a bar where he and his mates are doing shots . '' `` Shape of You '' is written in the key of C ♯ minor with a tempo of 96 beats per minute . The song is composed in common time ( time ) , and follows a basic chord progression of C ♯ m -- F ♯ m -- A -- B ( i -- iv -- VI -- VII ) , and Sheeran 's vocals span from G ♯ to G ♯ . </P> <P> The song 's lyrical rhythm drew comparisons to the TLC song `` No Scrubs '' , particularly in the pre-chorus line , `` Boy , let 's not talk too much / Grab on my waist and put that body on me . '' As a result , the composers of `` No Scrubs '' , Kandi Burruss , Tameka `` Tiny '' Cottle , and Kevin `` She'kspere '' Briggs , were awarded co-writing credits on `` Shape of You '' . </P> <H2> Critical reception ( edit ) </H2> <P> Jon Caramanica from The New York Times said , `` ' Shape of You ' is trickier , a nimble and effective song that takes the aggressive thinning of ' Caribbean music ' . '' Billboard 's Taylor Weatherby wrote about the song saying , `` ' Shape of You ' does n't quite sound like your typical Sheeran tune . But that almost serves as an indication of what the `` Thinking Out Loud '' singer has been up to during his hiatus : creating music that still feels like Sheeran , just with a new twist . '' Jeremy Gordon of Spin gave the song a positive review , stating that the song `` is a plausible attempt at convincing us he has had sex ... a lot of it . It kind of slaps , though you ca n't really picture Sheeran ever saying ' put that body on me ' to a real human woman . '' News website Metro wrote that it sounds similar to the song `` Cheap Thrills '' by Sia . </P> <H2> Commercial Performance ( edit ) </H2> <P> `` Shape of You '' debuted at number one on the UK Singles Chart on 13 January , selling 227,000 combined units in its first week . Sheeran also debuted at number 2 with the song `` Castle on the Hill '' , making him the only artist in UK chart history to debut in the top two positions . `` Shape of You '' debuted at number two on the Scottish Singles Chart behind `` Castle on the Hill '' . The song was certified Silver in the first week due to selling 200,000 units and Gold in the second week selling 400,000 units . The song remained at number one in its second week , selling 139,000 . It has stayed at number one for 13 consecutive weeks on the UK Singles Chart , and a further week at the top after a week 's interruption by Harry Styles ' `` Sign of the Times '' . In July 2017 , the song reached 184 million in streams , making it the most - streamed song in the UK of all time . It was the nation 's highest selling and most streamed track of 2017 with 787,000 copies sold and 248 million streams throughout the year , to produce a combined sales of 3.2 million . It is the 3rd best - selling single in the United Kingdom regarding combined sales and streaming equivalent as of September 19 , 2017 . </P> <P> The song debuted at number one on the Billboard Hot 100 , selling 240,000 downloads and gaining 20 million streams in its debut week in the US , becoming Sheeran 's first number one song in the country . Sheeran also became the first artist to debut two songs in the top 10 the same week in the history of the Hot 100 , with `` Castle on the Hill '' also debuting at number six . `` Shape of You '' topped the Hot 100 for 12 non-consecutive weeks . In its fourth week at number one , the song also topped the Mainstream Top 40 , becoming Sheeran 's second number - one single on the chart ( after 2015 's `` Thinking Out Loud '' ) . On 6 May 2017 , it fell to number two on the Hot 100 , being displaced by `` Humble '' by Kendrick Lamar . On the issue date , 2 September 2017 , `` Shape of You '' spent its 32nd week in the top ten of Hot 100 , tying the record for most week on that chart with LeAnn Rimes ' `` How Do I Live '' and `` Closer '' by The Chainsmokers featuring Halsey . The following week , `` Shape of You '' spent its 33rd consecutive week in the top 10 , breaking the 20 - year - old record . On Billboard 's Dance / Mix Show Airplay chart , `` Shape of You '' became Sheeran 's first number one on a Dance / EDM chart ( his third top ten and sixth overall at Dance / Mix Show Airplay ) in the United States . Afterwards , the song topped Dance Club Songs in its 18 March 2017 issue , his first as a solo artist and his second entry on this chart , when he was a featured artist on Rudimental 's `` Lay It All on Me '' , which peaked at No. 38 in 2016 . By August 2017 , `` Shape of You '' was the best selling song of 2017 in the US with 2.3 million copies sold , the only one to sell over two million . It is also the most streamed song with 799.7 million combined audio and video streams . The song became the number one song of the year on Billboard Hot 100 in 2017 , and the second best - selling song in the US after `` Despacito '' with over 2.5 million copies sold . </P> <P> It debuted at number one in France , and was later certified diamond there . According to Pure Charts , in the first half of the year 2017 , the song reached 631,000 units ( 105,000 sales and 526,000 units from streams ) and as of September 2017 , it exceeds 812,109 units ( 707,109 from streams ) . In Australia , the song stayed at No. 1 for 15 weeks , breaking a record set 22 years ago by Coolio 's `` Gangsta 's Paradise '' . In doing this , it also broke ABBA 's record of fourteen weeks at number one , which was set on the previous Australian charts before the ARIA charts became Australia 's official charts . `` Shape of You '' was also Australia 's highest selling song of 2017 with 630,000 copies sold by the end of the year . The song is the first ever number one single of the Philippine Hot 100 upon the chart 's inception on 12 June 2017 . It stayed at the peak position for 4 consecutive weeks before it was dethroned by `` Despacito '' by Luis Fonsi and Daddy Yankee featuring Justin Bieber . </P> <P> Worldwide , the song reached one billion streams on Spotify in June 2017 . It became the most streamed song on Spotify in September 2017 , reaching 1,318,420,396 streams overtaking Drake 's `` One Dance '' . </P> <H2> Music videos ( edit ) </H2> <P> On 5 January 2017 , to accompany the song 's release , a lyric video for `` Shape of You '' was released on Sheeran 's YouTube channel with `` Castle on the Hill '' . As of February 2018 , the official lyric video has amassed over 750 million views on YouTube . </P> <P> On 30 January 2017 , the song 's official music video , starring American dancer and model Jennie Pegouskie and retired professional sumo wrestler Yamamotoyama Ryūta ( credited as `` Yama '' ) , was released on Sheeran 's channel . It was shot on location in Seattle , and was directed by Jason Koenig . On 8 May 2017 , 97 days after its release , it became one of the fastest music videos to reach 1 billion views on YouTube , and as of February 2018 , the music video has amassed over 3.2 billion views on the site . and is the site 's third most - watched video . </P> <H2> Remixes ( edit ) </H2> <P> The official remix of `` Shape of You '' features newly additional verses and guest vocals by English grime artist Stormzy . The remix premiered during Sheeran and Stormzy 's live collaboration at the 2017 Brit Awards at The O2 in London on 22 February 2017 . Sheeran announced on Twitter that the remix would be released officially on 24 February 2017 . On the same date , various remixes of the song were released on digital music services . Sheeran teased the releases ahead of 2017 Brit Awards ceremony . `` I 've got two things dropping on Friday that are pretty interesting '' , he revealed in a BBC Radio 1 interview just hours before the big show . `` One that gets debuted at the Brits , which I think people will go a bit nuts for . '' He added , `` It 's something that I think nobody is expecting . I think it 'll be decent . '' </P> <P> In the United States , `` Shape of You '' has immediately become a favorite among DJs and remixers , prompting several of them to create their own versions . One DJ , Joe `` Maz '' Masurka , told Billboard that after he did his own remix on the single that he received a lot of great feedback and response : `` I absolutely love the track , so I had to remix it myself so that I could play it in all my live shows . Ed is a genius ; best song in the last few years . I 've been playing it literally everywhere I 've been booked since about mid-January : Hyde Bellagio in Las Vegas , E11even and Ora in Miami , Parq in San Diego , Premier Atlantic City ... the dance floor loves it . '' A Latin remix featuring reggaeton duo Zion & Lennox was released on 17 March 2017 . Sheeran and American rapper Lil Uzi Vert performed a live remix of `` Shape Of You '' during the 2017 MTV Video Music Awards , followed by a rendition of Lil Uzi Vert 's song `` XO Tour Llif3 '' . </P> <H2> Usage in Media ( edit ) </H2> <P> It was one of the few songs used in Youtube 's 2017 Rewind . </P> <P> The song is also used in an episode in the French version of Skam . </P> <H2> Formats and track listings ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Digital download </Li> </Ul> <Ol> <Li> `` Shape of You '' -- 3 : 53 </Li> </Ol> <Ul> <Li> Digital download ( Galantis remix ) </Li> </Ul> <Ol> <Li> `` Shape of You '' ( Galantis remix ) -- 3 : 15 </Li> </Ol> <Ul> <Li> Digital download ( Acoustic ) </Li> </Ul> <Ol> <Li> `` Shape of You '' ( Acoustic ) -- 3 : 43 </Li> </Ol> <Ul> <Li> Digital download ( Stormzy remix ) </Li> </Ul> <Ol> <Li> `` Shape of You '' ( Stormzy remix ) -- 3 : 51 </Li> </Ol> <Ul> <Li> Digital download ( Major Lazer remix ) </Li> </Ul> <Ol> <Li> `` Shape of You '' ( Major Lazer remix featuring Nyla & Kramium ) -- 3 : 12 </Li> </Ol> <Ul> <Li> Digital download ( Latin remix ) </Li> </Ul> <Ol> <Li> `` Shape of You '' ( Latin remix featuring Zion & Lennox ) -- 3 : 57 </Li> </Ol> <Ul> <Li> <Dl> <Dt> German CD single </Dt> </Dl> </Li> </Ul> <Ol> <Li> `` Shape of You '' -- 3 : 53 </Li> <Li> `` Shape of You '' ( Acoustic ) -- 3 : 43 </Li> </Ol> <Ul> <Li> Promotional single ( Wale remix ) </Li> </Ul> <Ol> <Li> `` Shape of You '' ( Wale remix ) -- 4 : 02 </Li> </Ol> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Promotional single ( Remixes ) </Li> </Ul> <Ol> <Li> `` Shape of You '' ( Jack Wins remix ) -- 6 : 09 </Li> <Li> `` Shape of You '' ( Jack Wins radio edit ) -- 3 : 20 </Li> <Li> `` Shape of You '' ( Promo Only Jack Wins intro edit ) -- 3 : 47 </Li> <Li> `` Shape of You '' ( Decoy remix ) -- 2 : 55 </Li> </Ol> <Ul> <Li> Promotional single ( DJ Mike D remix ) </Li> </Ul> <Ol> <Li> `` Shape of You '' ( DJ Mike D radio edit ) -- 3 : 51 </Li> <Li> `` Shape of You '' ( DJ Mike D mixshow edit ) -- 4 : 17 </Li> </Ol> <Ul> <Li> Promotional single </Li> </Ul> <Ol> <Li> `` Shape of You '' -- 3 : 53 </Li> <Li> `` Shape of You '' ( Instrumental ) -- 3 : 53 </Li> </Ol> <Ul> <Li> Digital download ( Yxng Bane remix ) </Li> </Ul> <Ol> <Li> `` Shape of You '' ( Yxng Bane remix ) -- 4 : 25 </Li> </Ol> <Ul> <Li> Digital download ( NOTD remix ) </Li> </Ul> <Ol> <Li> `` Shape of You '' ( NOTD remix ) -- 3 : 10 </Li> </Ol> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Credits and personnel ( edit ) </H2> <Dl> <Dt> Recording </Dt> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> Recorded at Rokstone Studios ( London ) and Gingerbread Man Studios ( Suffolk and London ) </Li> <Li> Mixed at The Mixsuite ( South London and Los Angeles ) </Li> <Li> Mastered at Metropolis Mastering ( London ) </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dt> Management </Dt> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> Published by Ed Sheeran Limited and Sony / ATV Music Publishing ( UK ) Limited , Spirit B Unique Music / Polar Patrol administered by Kobalt Music Publishing Ltd . ( PRS ) and Rokstone Music Limited administered under exclusive license to Universal Music Publishing Limited </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dt> Personnel </Dt> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> Ed Sheeran -- songwriter , lead vocals , background vocals , co-producer , guitars , percussion </Li> <Li> Johnny McDaid -- songwriter </Li> <Li> Steve Mac -- songwriter , producer , keyboards </Li> <Li> Dann Pursey -- engineering </Li> <Li> Chris Laws -- engineering , drums </Li> <Li> Joe Rubel -- engineering </Li> <Li> Mark `` Spike '' Stent -- mixing </Li> <Li> Geoff Swan -- mixing assistant </Li> <Li> Michael Freeman -- mixing assistant </Li> <Li> Wayne Hernandez -- background vocals </Li> <Li> Travis Cole -- background vocals </Li> <Li> Geo Gabriel -- background vocals </Li> <Li> Stuart Hawkes -- mastering </Li> </Ul> <P> Credits and personnel adapted from ÷ album liner notes . </P> <H2> Charts ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> <H3> Weekly charts ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Chart ( 2017 ) </Th> <Th> Peak position </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Argentina ( Monitor Latino ) </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Australia ( ARIA ) </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Wallonia ) </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Brazil ( Billboard Brasil Pop Airplay ) </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Canada AC ( Billboard ) </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Canada CHR / Top 40 ( Billboard ) </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Canada Hot AC ( Billboard ) </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Colombia ( National - Report ) </Th> <Td> 10 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Croatia ( HRT ) </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Czech Republic ( Rádio Top 100 ) </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Czech Republic ( Singles Digitál Top 100 ) </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Denmark ( Tracklisten ) </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Euro Digital Songs ( Billboard ) </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Finland ( Suomen virallinen lista ) </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> France ( SNEP ) </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Germany ( Official German Charts ) </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Greece Airplay Chart ( IFPI ) </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Greece Digital Songs ( Billboard ) </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Hungary ( Dance Top 40 ) </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Hungary ( Rádiós Top 40 ) </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Hungary ( Single Top 40 ) </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Ireland ( IRMA ) </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Israel ( Media Forest ) </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Italy ( FIMI ) </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Japan ( Japan Hot 100 ) </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Latvia ( Latvijas Top 40 ) </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Lebanon ( Lebanese Top 20 ) </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Luxembourg Digital Songs ( Billboard ) </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Malaysia ( RIM ) </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Mexico ( AMPROFON ) </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Mexico Ingles Airplay ( Billboard ) </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Norway ( VG - lista ) </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Philippines ( Philippine Hot 100 ) </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Poland ( Polish Airplay Top 100 ) </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Poland ( Dance Top 50 ) </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Portugal ( AFP ) </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Romania ( Media Forest ) </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Russia Airplay ( Tophit ) </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Scotland ( Official Charts Company ) </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Slovakia ( Rádio Top 100 ) </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Slovakia ( Singles Digitál Top 100 ) </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Slovenia ( SloTop50 ) </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> South Korea International Chart ( Gaon ) </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Ukraine Airplay ( Tophit ) </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> US Billboard Hot 100 </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> US Adult Top 40 ( Billboard ) </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> US Dance Club Songs ( Billboard ) </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> US Dance / Mix Show Airplay ( Billboard ) </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> US Latin Pop Songs ( Billboard ) </Th> <Td> 15 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> US Mainstream Top 40 ( Billboard ) </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> US Rhythmic ( Billboard ) </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Venezuela English ( Record Report ) </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> <Td> <H3> Year - end charts ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Chart ( 2017 ) </Th> <Th> Position </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Argentina ( Monitor Latino ) </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Australia ( ARIA ) </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Wallonia ) </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Brazil ( Billboard Brasil Hot 100 Airplay ) </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Denmark ( Tracklisten ) </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Germany ( Official German Charts ) </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Hungary ( Rádiós Top 40 ) </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Hungary ( Single Top 40 ) </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Hungary ( Stream Top 40 ) </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Israel ( Media Forest ) </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Italy ( FIMI ) </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Malaysia ( RIM ) </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Norway ( VG Lista ) </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Poland ( ZPAV ) </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Slovenia ( SloTop50 ) </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> US Billboard Hot 100 </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> US Adult Top 40 ( Billboard ) </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> US Dance Club Songs ( Billboard ) </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> US Dance / Mix Show Airplay ( Billboard ) </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> US Mainstream Top 40 ( Billboard ) </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> US Rhythmic ( Billboard ) </Th> <Td> 17 </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Sales and certifications ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Region </Th> <Th> Certification </Th> <Th> Certified units / Sales </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Australia ( ARIA ) </Th> <Td> 9 × Platinum </Td> <Td> 630,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Austria ( IFPI Austria ) </Th> <Td> 2 × Platinum </Td> <Td> 60,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Belgium ( BEA ) </Th> <Td> 6 × Platinum </Td> <Td> 180,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Canada ( Music Canada ) </Th> <Td> Diamond </Td> <Td> 800,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Denmark ( IFPI Denmark ) </Th> <Td> 4 × Platinum </Td> <Td> 360,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> France ( SNEP ) </Th> <Td> Diamond </Td> <Td> 250.000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Germany ( BVMI ) </Th> <Td> 4 × Platinum </Td> <Td> 1,600,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Italy ( FIMI ) </Th> <Td> Diamond </Td> <Td> 500.000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Japan ( RIAJ ) </Th> <Td> Platinum </Td> <Td> 250,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> New Zealand ( RMNZ ) </Th> <Td> 5 × Platinum </Td> <Td> 150,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Poland ( ZPAV ) </Th> <Td> Diamond </Td> <Td> 100,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> South Korea ( Gaon ) </Th> <Td> N / A </Td> <Td> 1,936,653 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) </Th> <Td> 9 × Platinum </Td> <Td> 360,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Sweden ( GLF ) </Th> <Td> 9 × Platinum </Td> <Td> 360,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Switzerland ( IFPI Switzerland ) </Th> <Td> 7 × Platinum </Td> <Td> 210,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> United Kingdom ( BPI ) </Th> <Td> 5 × Platinum </Td> <Td> 1,787.000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> United States ( RIAA ) </Th> <Td> 8 × Platinum </Td> <Td> 8.000. 000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="3"> <P> sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone sales + streaming figures based on certification alone </P> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Release history ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Region </Th> <Th> Date </Th> <Th> Format </Th> <Th> Version </Th> <Th> Label </Th> <Th> Ref ( s ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Italy </Th> <Td> 6 January 2017 </Td> <Td> Contemporary hit radio </Td> <Td> Original </Td> <Td> Warner </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> United Kingdom </Th> <Td> Asylum </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> United States </Th> <Td> 10 January 2017 </Td> <Td> Atlantic </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Various </Th> <Td> 10 February 2017 </Td> <Td> Digital download </Td> <Td> Galantis remix and Acoustic </Td> <Td> Asylum </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 24 February 2017 </Td> <Td> Stormzy remix and Major Lazer remix </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Germany </Th> <Td> CD single </Td> <Td> Original </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> United Kingdom </Th> <Td> 17 March 2017 </Td> <Td> Digital download </Td> <Td> Latin remix featuring Zion & Lennox </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Various </Th> <Td> 11 August 2017 </Td> <Td> Yxng Bane remix </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1 September 2017 </Td> <Td> NOTD remix </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> List of number - one hits of 2017 ( Argentina ) </Li> <Li> List of best - selling singles in Australia </Li> <Li> List of number - one singles of 2017 ( Australia ) </Li> <Li> List of number - one digital tracks of 2017 ( Australia ) </Li> <Li> List of number - one streaming tracks of 2017 ( Australia ) </Li> <Li> List of number - one hits of 2017 ( Austria ) </Li> <Li> List of Ultratop 50 Flanders number - one singles of 2017 </Li> <Li> List of Ultratop 50 Wallonia number - one singles of 2017 </Li> <Li> List of Canadian Hot 100 number - one singles of 2017 </Li> <Li> List of number - one digital songs of 2017 ( Canada ) </Li> <Li> List of number - one songs of 2017 ( Denmark ) </Li> <Li> List of number - one singles of 2017 ( Finland ) </Li> <Li> List of number - one hits of 2017 ( France ) </Li> <Li> List of number - one hits of 2017 ( Germany ) </Li> <Li> List of number - one singles of the 2010s ( Hungary ) </Li> <Li> List of number - one singles of 2017 ( Ireland ) </Li> <Li> List of number - one hits of 2017 ( Italy ) </Li> <Li> List of number - one songs of 2017 ( Malaysia ) </Li> <Li> List of Mexico Ingles Airplay singles of the 2010s </Li> <Li> List of Dutch Top 40 number - one singles of 2017 </Li> <Li> List of number - one singles from the 2010s ( New Zealand ) </Li> <Li> List of number - one songs in Norway </Li> <Li> List of Philippine Hot 100 number - one singles of 2017 </Li> <Li> List of number - one singles of 2017 ( Poland ) </Li> <Li> List of Romandie Charts number - one singles of 2017 </Li> <Li> List of Scottish number - one singles of 2017 </Li> <Li> List of number - one singles of 2017 ( Slovenia ) </Li> <Li> List of number - one singles of the 2010s ( Sweden ) </Li> <Li> List of number - one hits of 2017 ( Switzerland ) </Li> <Li> Lists of UK Singles Chart number ones of the 2010s </Li> <Li> List of Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles of 2017 </Li> <Li> List of Adult Top 40 number - one songs of the 2010s </Li> <Li> List of Hot 100 Airplay number - one singles of the 2010s </Li> <Li> List of number - one Billboard On - Demand Songs of 2017 </Li> <Li> List of number - one dance singles of 2017 ( U.S. ) </Li> <Li> List of number - one digital songs of 2017 ( U.S. ) </Li> <Li> List of Billboard Dance / Mix Show Airplay number - one singles of 2017 </Li> <Li> List of number - one adult contemporary singles of 2017 ( U.S. ) </Li> <Li> List of Billboard Mainstream Top 40 number - one songs of 2017 </Li> <Li> List of number - one Billboard Streaming Songs of 2017 </Li> <Li> List of most liked YouTube videos </Li> <Li> List of most streamed songs on Spotify </Li> <Li> List of most streamed songs in the United Kingdom </Li> <Li> List of most viewed YouTube videos </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ `` ÷ ( Deluxe ) by Ed Sheeran '' . iTunes . Retrieved 13 February 2017 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` ACE Repertory '' . ASCAP . Retrieved 20 March 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Shape of You -- Single by Ed Sheeran on Apple Music '' . iTunes. 6 January 2017 . Retrieved 6 January 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Espinoza , Joshua ( 6 January 2017 ) . `` Ed Sheeran Returns With Two New Tracks `` Castle on the Hill '' and `` Shape of You '' `` . Complex . Retrieved 6 January 2017 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Wass , Mike . `` Ed Sheeran 's `` Shape Of You '' Video Is A Sporty Romance `` . Idolator . Retrieved 4 February 2017 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Taylor Beldy , Alicia Desantis , Alexandra Eaton , Evan Grothjan and Graham Rober . `` ' Shape of You ' : Making 2017 's Biggest Track '' . The New York Times . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Jonze , Tim ( 14 April 2017 ) . `` Harry Styles 's solo debut single ends Ed Sheeran 's 13 weeks at top of charts '' . Guardian . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Trust , Gary . `` Ed Sheeran Tops Hot 100 for 12th Week , as Harry Styles Starts at No. 4 '' . Billboard.com . Billboard . Retrieved 17 April 2017 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Schneider , Marc ( September 22 , 2017 ) . `` Ed Sheeran 's ' Shape of You ' Surpasses Drake 's ' One Dance ' as Spotify 's Most - Streamed Song Ever '' . Billboard . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Copsey , Rob ( 3 January 2018 ) . `` The Official Top 40 Biggest Songs of 2017 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 3 January 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ 60th GRAMMY Awards : Full Nominees List Grammy.com , November 28 , 2017 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Ed Sheeran Says That `` Shape Of You '' Was Initially Meant For Rihanna `` . Idolator. 6 January 2017 . Retrieved 9 January 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Ed Sheeran is back -- listen '' . Official Charts Company . 6 January 2017 . Retrieved 6 January 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Ed Sheeran Is Back '' . MTV . 6 January 2017 . 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Retrieved 9 June 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Official Swiss Charts and Music Community : Awards ( Ed Sheeran ; ' Shape Of You ' ) '' . IFPI Switzerland . Hung Medien . Retrieved 4 January 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` British single certifications -- Ed Sheeran -- Shape of You '' . British Phonographic Industry . Retrieved 13 October 2017 . Enter Shape of You in the search field and then press Enter . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` American single certifications -- Ed Sheeran -- Shape of You '' . Recording Industry Association of America . Retrieved 18 January 2017 . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Ed Sheeran -- Shape of You RadioDate '' . Radio airplay fm. 6 January 2017 . Retrieved 11 August 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` BBC -- Radio 1 -- Playlist '' . BBC Radio 1 . 6 January 2017 . Archived from the original on 8 January 2017 . Retrieved 21 January 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Top 40 / M Future Releases -- Mainstream Hit Songs Being Released and Their Release Dates '' . AllAccess Music Group . 10 January 2017 . Archived from the original on 6 January 2017 . Retrieved 21 January 2017 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics </Li> <Li> Filming Locations </Li> <Li> New York Times video and text analysis of song </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Ed Sheeran songs </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Discography </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> + </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` The A Team '' </Li> <Li> `` Drunk '' </Li> <Li> `` Small Bump '' </Li> <Li> `` Lego House '' </Li> <Li> `` You Need Me , I Do n't Need You '' </Li> <Li> `` Give Me Love '' </Li> <Li> `` The Parting Glass '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> x </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` One '' </Li> <Li> `` I 'm a Mess '' </Li> <Li> `` Sing '' </Li> <Li> `` Do n't '' </Li> <Li> `` Photograph '' </Li> <Li> `` Bloodstream '' </Li> <Li> `` Tenerife Sea '' </Li> <Li> `` The Man '' </Li> <Li> `` Thinking Out Loud '' </Li> <Li> `` Afire Love '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> ÷ </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` Eraser '' </Li> <Li> `` Castle on the Hill '' </Li> <Li> `` Dive '' </Li> <Li> `` Shape of You '' </Li> <Li> `` Perfect '' </Li> <Li> `` Galway Girl '' </Li> <Li> `` Happier '' </Li> <Li> `` New Man '' </Li> <Li> `` What Do I Know ? 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'' -- Band Aid ( UK ) </Li> <Li> 1985 : `` The Power of Love '' -- Jennifer Rush </Li> <Li> 1986 : `` Do n't Leave Me This Way '' -- The Communards ( UK ) </Li> <Li> 1987 : `` Never Gonna Give You Up '' -- Rick Astley ( UK ) </Li> <Li> 1988 : `` Mistletoe and Wine '' -- Cliff Richard ( UK ) </Li> <Li> 1989 : `` Ride on Time '' -- Black Box </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1990 -- 2009 </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 1990 : `` Unchained Melody '' -- The Righteous Brothers </Li> <Li> 1991 : `` ( Everything I Do ) I Do It for You '' -- Bryan Adams </Li> <Li> 1992 : `` I Will Always Love You '' -- Whitney Houston </Li> <Li> 1993 : `` I 'd Do Anything for Love ( But I Wo n't Do That ) '' -- Meat Loaf </Li> <Li> 1994 : `` Love Is All Around '' -- Wet Wet Wet ( UK ) </Li> <Li> 1995 : `` Unchained Melody '' -- Robson & Jerome ( UK ) </Li> <Li> 1996 : `` Killing Me Softly '' -- Fugees </Li> <Li> 1997 : `` Something About the Way You Look Tonight '' / `` Candle in the Wind 1997 '' -- Elton John ( UK ) </Li> <Li> 1998 : `` Believe '' -- Cher </Li> <Li> 1999 : `` ... Baby One More Time '' -- Britney Spears </Li> <Li> 2000 : `` Can We Fix It ? '' -- Bob the Builder ( UK ) </Li> <Li> 2001 : `` It Was n't Me '' -- Shaggy featuring Rikrok ( UK ) </Li> <Li> 2002 : `` Anything Is Possible '' / `` Evergreen '' -- Will Young ( UK ) </Li> <Li> 2003 : `` Where Is the Love ? '' -- The Black Eyed Peas </Li> <Li> 2004 : `` Do They Know It 's Christmas ? '' -- Band Aid 20 ( UK ) </Li> <Li> 2005 : `` Is This the Way to Amarillo '' -- Tony Christie featuring Peter Kay ( UK ) </Li> <Li> 2006 : `` Crazy '' -- Gnarls Barkley </Li> <Li> 2007 : `` Bleeding Love '' -- Leona Lewis ( UK ) </Li> <Li> 2008 : `` Hallelujah '' -- Alexandra Burke ( UK ) </Li> <Li> 2009 : `` Poker Face '' -- Lady Gaga </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 2010 -- present </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 2010 : `` Love the Way You Lie '' -- Eminem featuring Rihanna </Li> <Li> 2011 : `` Someone Like You '' -- Adele ( UK ) </Li> <Li> 2012 : `` Somebody That I Used to Know '' -- Gotye featuring Kimbra </Li> <Li> 2013 : `` Blurred Lines '' -- Robin Thicke featuring T.I. & Pharrell Williams </Li> <Li> 2014 : `` Happy '' -- Pharrell Williams </Li> <Li> 2015 : `` Uptown Funk '' -- Mark Ronson ( UK ) featuring Bruno Mars </Li> <Li> 2016 : `` One Dance '' -- Drake featuring Wizkid and Kyla ( UK ) </Li> <Li> 2017 : `` Shape of You '' - Ed Sheeran ( UK ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shape_of_You&oldid=826239448 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> 2017 singles </Li> <Li> 2017 songs </Li> <Li> Ed Sheeran songs </Li> <Li> Number - 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ed sheeran i ' m in love with your body

https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Shape_of_You&amp;oldid=826239448

Nashville sound - wikipedia <H1> Nashville sound </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Nashville sound </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Stylistic origins </Th> <Td> Country music , pop music </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Cultural origins </Th> <Td> 1950s Nashville , Tennessee </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Typical instruments </Th> <Td> Guitar , strings , bass , drum , banjo , vocals </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Derivative forms </Th> <Td> Countrypolitan , country pop </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Other topics </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Country musicians -- List of years in country music </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The Nashville sound originated during the mid 1950s as a subgenre of American country music , replacing the chart dominance of the rough honky tonk music which was most popular in the 1940s and 1950s with `` smooth strings and choruses '' , `` sophisticated background vocals '' and `` smooth tempos '' . It was an attempt `` to revive country sales , which had been devastated by the rise of rock ' n ' roll . '' </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Origins </Li> <Li> 2 Countrypolitan </Li> <Li> 3 Country pop </Li> <Li> 4 Examples of the Nashville sound </Li> <Li> 5 Examples of Countrypolitan </Li> <Li> 6 See also </Li> <Li> 7 References </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Origins ( edit ) </H2> <P> The Nashville sound was pioneered by staff at Decca Records , RCA Records and Columbia Records in Nashville , Tennessee , including manager Steve Sholes , record producers Chet Atkins , Owen Bradley , and Bob Ferguson , and recording engineer Bill Porter . They invented the form by replacing elements of the popular honky tonk style ( fiddles , steel guitar , nasal lead vocals ) with `` smooth '' elements from 1950s pop music ( string sections , background vocals , crooning lead vocals ) , and using `` slick '' production , and pop music structures . The producers relied on a small group of studio musicians known as the Nashville A-Team , whose quick adaptability and creative input made them vital to the hit - making process . The Anita Kerr Quartet was the main vocal backing group in the early 1960s . In 1960 , Time magazine reported that Nashville had `` nosed out Hollywood as the nation 's second biggest ( after New York ) record - producing center . '' </P> <P> The term `` Nashville Sound '' was first mentioned in an article about Jim Reeves in 1958 in the Music Reporter and again in 1960 in a Time magazine article about Reeves . Other observers have identified several recordings that helped establish the early Nashville sound . Country historian Rich Kienzle says that `` Gone '' , a Ferlin Husky hit recorded in November 1956 , `` may well have pointed the way to the Nashville sound . '' Writer Colin Escott proclaims Jim Reeves ' `` Four Walls '' , recorded February 1957 , to be the `` first ' Nashville sound ' record '' , and Chet Atkins , the RCA - based producer and guitarist most often credited with being the sound 's primary artistic brainchild , pointed to his production of Don Gibson 's `` Oh Lonesome Me '' late that same year . </P> <P> In an essay published in Heartaches by the Number : Country Music 's 500 Greatest Singles , David Cantwell argues that Elvis Presley 's rock and roll recording of `` Do n't Be Cruel '' in July 1956 was the record that sparked the beginning of the era now called the Nashville sound . </P> <P> Regarding the Nashville sound , the record producer Owen Bradley stated , `` Now we 've cut out the fiddle and steel guitar and added choruses to country music . But it ca n't stop there . It always has to keep developing to keep fresh . '' </P> <H2> Countrypolitan ( edit ) </H2> Lynn Anderson <P> In the early 1960s , the Nashville sound began to be challenged by the rival Bakersfield sound on the country side and by the British Invasion on the pop side ; compounding these problems were the sudden deaths , in separate airplane crashes , of Patsy Cline and Jim Reeves , two of the Nashville Sound 's biggest stars . Nashville 's pop song structure became more pronounced and it morphed into what was called Countrypolitan - a smoother sound typified through the use of lush string arrangements with a real orchestra and often , background vocals provided by a choir . Countrypolitan was aimed straight at mainstream markets and it sold well throughout the later 1960s into the early 1970s . Among the architects of this sound were producers Billy Sherrill ( who was instrumental in shaping Tammy Wynette 's early career ) and Glenn Sutton . Artists who typified the countrypolitan sound initially included Wynette , Glen Campbell ( who recorded in Hollywood and not Nashville ) , Lynn Anderson , Charlie Rich , and Charley Pride , the latter being a rare example of a top - selling African - American country performer . </P> <P> The Bakersfield sound , and later outlaw country , dominated country music among aficionados while countrypolitan reigned on the pop charts . </P> <P> Upon being asked what the Nashville sound was , Chet Atkins would put his hand into his pocket , shake his loose change , and say `` That 's what it is . It 's the sound of money '' . </P> <H2> Country pop ( edit ) </H2> Main article : Country pop <P> By the late 1970s and 1980s , many pop music singers picked up the countrypolitan style and created what is known as country pop , the fusion of country music and soft rock . </P> <H2> Examples of the Nashville sound ( edit ) </H2> <P> Classic examples of Nashville sound recordings : </P> <Ul> <Li> `` Four Walls '' by Jim Reeves ( 1957 ) </Li> <Li> `` Gone '' by Ferlin Husky ( 1957 ) </Li> <Li> `` A Fallen Star '' by Jimmy C. Newman ( 1957 ) </Li> <Li> `` The Three Bells '' by The Browns ( 1959 ) </Li> <Li> `` He 'll Have to Go '' by Jim Reeves ( 1960 ) </Li> <Li> `` Last Date '' by Floyd Cramer ( 1960 ) </Li> <Li> `` I 'm Sorry '' by Brenda Lee ( 1960 ) </Li> <Li> `` I Fall to Pieces '' by Patsy Cline ( 1961 ) </Li> <Li> `` Hello Fool '' by Ralph Emery ( 1961 ) </Li> <Li> `` A Little Bitty Tear '' , `` Call Me Mister In - Between '' , and `` It 's Just My Funny Way of Laughin ' '' by Burl Ives ( 1962 ) ( Ives was not a country singer , but a folk singer . ) </Li> <Li> `` The End of the World '' by Skeeter Davis ( 1963 ) This record was a mainstream pop chart hit . </Li> <Li> `` Here Comes My Baby '' by Dottie West ( 1964 ) </Li> <Li> `` Make the World Go Away '' by Eddy Arnold ( 1965 ) </Li> <Li> `` Misty Blue '' by Wilma Burgess ( 1966 ) </Li> <Li> `` Danny Boy '' by Ray Price ( 1967 ) </Li> </Ul> <H2> Examples of Countrypolitan ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> `` ( I Never Promised You a ) Rose Garden '' by Lynn Anderson ( 1971 ) </Li> <Li> `` Help Me Make It Through the Night '' by Sammi Smith ( 1971 ) </Li> <Li> `` Kiss an Angel Good Morning '' by Charley Pride </Li> <Li> `` Eleven Roses '' by Hank Williams , Jr. ( 1972 ) </Li> <Li> `` Behind Closed Doors '' by Charlie Rich ( 1973 ) </Li> <Li> `` Good News '' by Jody Miller ( 1973 ) </Li> <Li> `` The Most Beautiful Girl '' by Charlie Rich ( 1973 ) </Li> <Li> `` Paper Roses '' by Marie Osmond ( 1973 ) </Li> <Li> `` Rhinestone Cowboy '' by Glen Campbell ( 1975 ) </Li> <Li> `` He Stopped Loving Her Today '' by George Jones ( 1980 ) </Li> <Li> `` Slow Hand '' by Conway Twitty ( 1982 ) </Li> <Li> The music of Ronnie Milsap </Li> <Li> `` Lady '' , `` You Decorated My Life '' and similar songs by Kenny Rogers </Li> <Li> `` When I Think About Cheatin ' '' by Gretchen Wilson ( 2004 ) </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> The Nashville A-Team </Li> <Li> Nashville Sounds , a baseball team that borrows its name from the style </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ Byworth , Tony , ed. ( 2006 ) . The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Country Music . London : Flame Tree Publishing . pp. 7 , 115 -- 117 , 169 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84451 - 406 - 9 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Dawidoff , Nicholas ( 1997 ) . In the Country of Country . Great Britain : Faber and Faber . pp. 48 -- 50 . ISBN 0 - 571 - 19174 - 6 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : The Tennessee Encyclopedia . Nashville Recording Industry . Accessed April 9 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Sanjek , Russell . ( 1988 ) . `` American Popular Music and Its Business : the first four hundred years '' . Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 504311 - 1 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ http://countrymusichalloffame.com/site/explore-history-postelvis.aspx </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bill Ivey , Encyclopedia of Country Music </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` The `` Nashville Sound '' Begins `` . Retrieved August 8 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Du Noyer , Paul ( 2003 ) . The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Music ( 1st ed . ) . Fulham , London : Flame Tree Publishing . p. 14 . ISBN 1 - 904041 - 96 - 5 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ http://www.emusic.com/features/spotlight/286_200709.html </Li> </Ol> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Country music genres </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Alternative country </Li> <Li> Americana </Li> <Li> Australian country </Li> <Li> Bakersfield sound </Li> <Li> Bluegrass </Li> <Li> Bro - country </Li> <Li> Canadian country </Li> <Li> Country folk </Li> <Li> Country pop </Li> <Li> Country rap </Li> <Li> Country rock </Li> <Li> Cowpunk </Li> <Li> Southern soul </Li> <Li> Honky tonk </Li> <Li> Nashville sound </Li> <Li> Neotraditional country </Li> <Li> Outlaw country </Li> <Li> Progressive country </Li> <Li> Red Dirt </Li> <Li> Rockabilly </Li> <Li> Texas country </Li> <Li> Western swing </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Country music portal </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nashville_sound&oldid=787335589 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> Country music genres </Li> <Li> Pop music genres </Li> <Li> Nashville , Tennessee </Li> <Li> Music of Tennessee </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Deutsch </Li> <Li> Español </Li> <Li> Français </Li> <Li> 한국어 </Li> <Li> Bahasa Indonesia </Li> <Li> မြန်မာဘာသာ </Li> <Li> Nederlands </Li> <Li> 日本 語 </Li> <Li> Norsk </Li> <Li> Português </Li> <Li> Simple English </Li> <Li> Svenska </Li> </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 24 June 2017 , at 20 : 25 . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul>

the nashville sound brought a polished and cosmopolitan sound to country music by

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The New Atlantis ( journal ) - wikipedia <H1> The New Atlantis ( journal ) </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> The New Atlantis <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Editor </Th> <Td> Ari Schulman </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Frequency </Th> <Td> Quarterly </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Publisher </Th> <Td> The Center for the Study of Technology and Society , The Ethics and Public Policy Center </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Year founded </Th> <Td> 2003 ( 2003 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Based in </Th> <Td> Washington , D.C. </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Language </Th> <Td> English </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Website </Th> <Td> www.thenewatlantis.com </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> ISSN </Th> <Td> 1543 - 1215 ( print ) 1555 - 5569 ( web ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> OCLC number </Th> <Td> 56518547 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The New Atlantis , founded in 2003 , is a quarterly journal about the social , ethical , political , and policy dimensions of modern science and technology . The journal is published in Washington , D.C. by the social conservative advocacy group the Ethics and Public Policy Center in partnership with the Center for the Study of Technology and Society . It is edited by Ari Schulman , having previously been edited by co-founders Eric Cohen and Adam Keiper . </P> <P> The journal 's name is taken from Francis Bacon 's utopian novella New Atlantis , which the journal 's editors describe as a `` fable of a society living with the benefits and challenges of advanced science and technology . '' An editorial in the inaugural issue states that the aim of the journal is `` to help us avoid the extremes of euphoria and despair that new technologies too often arouse ; and to help us judge when mobilizing our technological prowess is sensible or necessary , and when the preservation of things that count requires limiting the kinds of technological power that would lessen , cheapen , or ultimately destroy us . '' Writing for National Review , editor Adam Keiper described The New Atlantis as being written from a `` particularly American and conservative way of thinking about both the blessings and the burdens of modern science and technology . '' New Atlantis authors and bioethicists publishing in other journals have also similarly referred to The New Atlantis as being written from a social conservative stance which utilizes religion . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Subjects </Li> <Li> 2 Book Series </Li> <Li> 3 Contributors </Li> <Li> 4 Reception </Li> <Li> 5 References </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Subjects ( edit ) </H2> <P> The New Atlantis tends to publish views in favor of technological innovation but wary of certain avenues of development . For example , the journal has generally advocated nuclear energy ; space exploration and development through public - private partnerships , including manned missions to Mars ; biofuels ; and genetically modified foods . But it has expressed ambivalent or critical views about developments in synthetic biology and military technologies like drones , chemical weapons , and cyberwarfare . Articles often explore policy questions on these and other issues , sometimes advocating particular policy outcomes , especially on health care , environmental management , and energy . </P> <P> The journal has published widely on bioethics , including issues such as stem cell research , assisted reproduction , cloning , assisted suicide , organ and tissue donation , the purported link between vaccines and autism , and informed consent . Articles on these issues often highlight the potential for dangerous or degrading developments , including concerns over human dignity , with many articles examining human enhancement , and life extension , and historical precedents for abuse in eugenics and population control . </P> <P> The journal also features broader philosophical reflections on science and technology , and tends to be skeptical of what its authors consider to be speculative overreach common in popular discussions . Examples include articles that have defended the existence of free will in light of developments in neuroscience , questioned the wisdom of using brain scans in courtrooms , and described how growing knowledge of epigenetics has undermined common claims about genetic determinism . While the journal has sometimes aired libertarian views about human enhancement and transhumanism , its contributors generally tend to question whether technologies like artificial intelligence , `` friendly '' artificial intelligence , and genetic enhancement are possible or desirable . The journal also publishes the Futurisms blog , dedicated to criticizing transhumanism . </P> <P> The journal has also published widely on the interpersonal effects of the Internet and digital technology . It has featured articles on subjects like Facebook , cell phones , multitasking , e-readers , GPS and navigation , and virtual reality . A 2006 article by Matthew B. Crawford advocating the intellectual and economic virtues of the manual trades was noted as a best - of - the - year essay by New York Times columnist David Brooks , and was subsequently expanded into the bestselling book Shop Class as Soulcraft . The journal also frequently publishes essays on philosophical and literary questions relating to science and technology . </P> <H2> Book series ( edit ) </H2> <P> The New Atlantis also publishes a book series , New Atlantis Books , an imprint of Encounter Books . To date , six books have been released : </P> <Ul> <Li> In the Shadow of Progress : Being Human in the Age of Technology ISBN 9781594032080 ( 2008 ) , by Eric Cohen </Li> <Li> Imagining the Future : Science and American Democracy ISBN 9781594032097 ( 2008 ) , by Yuval Levin </Li> <Li> Neither Beast nor God : The Dignity of the Human Person ISBN 9781594032578 ( 2009 ) , by Gilbert Meilaender </Li> <Li> Merchants of Despair : Radical Environmentalists , Criminal Pseudo-Scientists , and the Fatal Cult of Antihumanism ISBN 9781594034763 ( 2012 ) , by Robert Zubrin </Li> <Li> Why Place Matters : Geography , Identity , and Civic Life in Modern America ISBN 9781594037160 ( 2014 ) , edited by Wilfred M. McClay and Ted . V. McAllister </Li> <Li> Eclipse of Man : Human Extinction and the Meaning of Progress ISBN 9781594037368 ( 2014 ) , by Charles T. Rubin </Li> </Ul> <H2> Contributors ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( August 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Among the more notable contributors to the journal are physicians and bioethicists such as President 's Council on Bioethics chairman Leon Kass and neuroscientist William B. Hurlbut ; prominent scientists such as Raymond Tallis , Sara Seager , and Marcelo Gleiser ; political scientists , legal and ethical scholars , and policy analysts such as Yuval Levin , Robert P. George , Peter Augustine Lawler , Diana Schaub , Charles T. Rubin , Jeffrey Rosen , Larry Arnhart , and Jonathan B. Tucker ; think - tank scholars such as Nicholas Eberstadt , Roger Bate , Henry Sokolski , and Robert D. Atkinson ; space experts and entrepreneurs such as Mars Society founder Robert Zubrin , James C. Bennett , and Jeff Foust ; and philosophers , historians , authors , and journalists such as Roger Scruton , Gertrude Himmelfarb , Matthew B. Crawford , Harvey Mansfield , Wilfred M. McClay , Ross Douthat , Victor Davis Hanson , Alan Jacobs , Varadaraja V. Raman , Stephen D. Snobelen , Andrew Janiak , William R. Newman , and Ronald Bailey . </P> <H2> Reception ( edit ) </H2> <P> Writing for the National Review in a 2003 column , the conservative author Stanley Kurtz described The New Atlantis as influential on thinking about science and technology . </P> <P> Richard John Neuhaus , late editor of the conservative journal First Things , wrote that The New Atlantis is `` as good a publication as there is for the intelligent exploration of questions in bioethics and projections -- promising , ominous , and fantastical -- about the human future , '' and a writer in The American Conservative described the journal as a source `` of fresh ideas on the Right . '' National Review columnist Jonah Goldberg described The New Atlantis as `` a new and interesting magazine '' that `` seems to be trying to carve out the space for the government to stop the more offensive aspects of biotechnology . '' </P> <P> By contrast , the liberal bioethicist Jonathan D. Moreno has said that the journal offers `` a very dark vision '' about science and technology , but that it `` makes an important point about the need to worry about the ends as well as means in science '' and that its `` writers were young , smart , and had a good understanding of the political process and the making of public policy . '' Bioethicist Ruth Macklin criticized The New Atlantis as representative of a conservative movement in bioethics that is `` mean - spirited , mystical , and emotional '' and that `` claims insight into ultimate truth yet disavows reason . '' </P> <P> The journal has particularly gained a reputation among the transhumanist movement for its criticism of human enhancement . James Hughes , a techno - progressivist and at times director of organizations such as the World Transhumanist Association and the Institute for Ethics and Emerging Technologies , notes that the journal `` has published influential attacks on artificial intelligence , nanotechnology , biotechnology , reproductive technology , and life extension . '' Natasha Vita - More has described it as a `` journal known as a ring of bioconservatives bent on opposing the cyberculture , '' while the Extropy Institute has called it `` a high - powered rallying point for the neo-Luddites . '' </P> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Welcome to The New Atlantis '' . Reason . May 5 , 2003 . Retrieved December 6 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Why We Are Called The New Atlantis '' . Retrieved December 6 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Cohen , Eric ( Spring 2003 ) . `` The New Politics of Technology '' . The New Atlantis . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Keiper , Adam ( May 29 , 2003 ) . `` The New Atlantis Turns Ten '' . The Corner . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ http://www.thenewatlantis.com/publications/the-paradox-of-conservative-bioethics </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ http://www.thenewatlantis.com/publications/st-francis-christian-love-and-the-biotechnological-future </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Berger , Sam ; Jonathan D. Moreno ( 2010 ) . `` Introduction '' . In Sam Berger and Jonathan D. Moreno . Progress in Bioethics : Science , Policy , and Politics . Cambridge , Mass. : M.I.T. Press . p. xviii . ISBN 978 - 0262517423 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Macklin , Ruth ( January -- February 2006 ) . `` The New Conservatives in Bioethics : Who Are They and What Do They Seek ? '' . The Hastings Center Report . 36 ( 1 ) : 34 -- 43 . doi : 10.1353 / hcr. 2006.0013 . PMID 16544839 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Nuclear Energy '' . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 06 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Simberg , Rand ( Fall 2010 ) . `` In Search of a Conservative Space Policy '' . The New Atlantis . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Zubrin , Robert ( Winter 2004 ) . `` The Human Explorer '' . The New Atlantis . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Biofuels '' . Retrieved December 6 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Adler , Jonathan ( Summer 2012 ) . `` How Not to Label Biotech Foods '' . The New Atlantis . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Synthetic biology '' . Retrieved December 6 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Singer , P.W. ( Winter 2009 ) . `` Military Robots and the Laws of War '' . The New Atlantis . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Ofek , Hillel ( Spring 2010 ) . `` The Tortured Logic of Obama 's Drone War '' . The New Atlantis . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Tucker , Jonathan B. ( Fall 2009 ) . `` The Future of Chemical Weapons '' . The New Atlantis . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Ford , Christopher A. ( Fall 2010 ) . `` The Trouble With Cyber Arms Control '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Health care '' . Retrieved December 6 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Environmentalism '' . Retrieved December 6 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Energy '' . Retrieved December 6 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Stem cell research '' . Retrieved December 6 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Assisted reproductive technologies '' . Retrieved December 6 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Cloning '' . Retrieved December 6 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` End of life '' . Retrieved December 6 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Organ transplantation '' . Retrieved December 6 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Nicol , Caitrin ( Fall 2007 ) . `` Shot in the Dark '' . The New Atlantis . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Schulman , Ari N. ( Spring 2012 ) . `` What is the Body Worth ? '' . The New Atlantis . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Human dignity '' . Retrieved December 6 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Enhancement '' . Retrieved December 6 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Agelessness '' . Retrieved December 6 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Historical eugenics '' . Retrieved December 6 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Contemporary eugenics '' . Retrieved December 6 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Tallis , Raymond ( Summer 2010 ) . `` How Can I Possibly Be Free ? '' . The New Atlantis . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Snead , Carter ( Winter 2008 ) . `` Neuroimaging and Capital Punishment '' . The New Atlantis . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Talbott , Stephen L. ( Summer 2010 ) . `` Getting Over the Code Delusion '' . The New Atlantis . Archived from the original on October 4 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bailey , Ronald ( Summer 2011 ) . `` The Case for Enhancing People '' . The New Atlantis . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Artificial intelligence '' . Retrieved December 6 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Keiper , Adam & Schulman , Ari N. ( Summer 2011 ) . `` The Problem with ' Friendly ' Artificial Intelligence '' . The New Atlantis . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Genetic engineering '' . Retrieved December 6 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Boyd , Brian ( Fall 2006 ) . `` The Dotcomrade '' . The New Atlantis . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Rosen , Christine ( Summer 2007 ) . `` Virtual Friendship and the New Narcissism '' . The New Atlantis . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Scruton , Roger ( Summer 2010 ) . `` Hiding Behind the Screen '' . The New Atlantis . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Waisman , Sebastian ( Summer 2008 ) . `` We Are the Change We 've Been Waiting For '' . The New Atlantis . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Rosen , Christine ( Summer 2004 ) . `` Our Cell Phones , Ourselves '' . The New Atlantis . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Rosen , Christine ( Spring 2008 ) . `` The Myth of Multitasking '' . The New Atlantis . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Rosen , Christine ( Fall 2008 ) . `` People of the Screen '' . The New Atlantis . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Schulman , Ari N. ( Spring 2011 ) . `` GPS and the End of the Road '' . The New Atlantis . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Koganzon , Rita ( Summer 2008 ) . `` The World Made New '' . The New Atlantis . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Crawford , Matthew B. ( Summer 2006 ) . `` Shop Class as Soulcraft '' . The New Atlantis . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Brooks , David ( December 14 , 2006 ) . `` The Sidney Awards '' . The New York Times . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Best Sellers '' . The New York Times . July 19 , 2009 . Retrieved 7 December 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Crawford , Matthew B. ( 2009 ) . Shop Class as Soulcraft . Penguin . ISBN 978 - 0143117469 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Hawthorne : Science , Progress , and Human Nature '' . The New Atlantis . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 06 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Matlack , Samuel ( Summer 2012 ) . `` The Physicists at Fifty '' . The New Atlantis . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Hughes , Austin L. ( Fall 2012 ) . `` The Folly of Scientism '' . The New Atlantis . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Cohen , Eric ( 2008 ) . In the Shadow of Progress : Being Human in the Age of Technology . New York : Encounter Books . ISBN 9781594032080 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Levin , Yuval ( 2008 ) . Imagining the Future : Science and American Democracy . New York : Encounter Books . ISBN 9781594032097 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Meilaender , Gilbert ( 2009 ) . Neither Beast nor God : The Dignity of the Human Person . New York : Encounter Books . ISBN 9781594032578 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Zubrin , Robert ( 2012 ) . Merchants of Despair : Radical Environmentalists , Criminal Pseudo-Scientists , and the Fatal Cult of Antihumanism . New York : Encounter Books . ISBN 9781594034763 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ McClay , Wilfred M. ; McAllister , Ted V. , eds. ( 2014 ) . Why Place Matters : Geography , Identity , and Civic Life in Modern America . New York : Encounter Books . ISBN 9781594037160 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Rubin , Charles T. ( 2014 ) . Eclipse of Man : Human Extinction and the Meaning of Progress . New York : Encounter Books . ISBN 9781594037368 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kurtz , Stanley ( May 29 , 2003 ) . `` Brave New World of Dna ? '' . The Corner . Archived from the original on March 3 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Moreno , Jonathan D. ( October 2007 ) . `` Biotechnology and the New Right : Neoconservatism 's Red Menace '' . American Journal of Bioethics. 7 ( 10 ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Neuhaus , Richard John ( October 6 , 2005 ) . `` A number of readers have . '' On the Square . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bramwell , Austin ( August 29 , 2005 ) . `` Defining Conservatism Down '' . The American Conservative . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Goldberg , Jonah ( June 16 , 2003 ) . `` Ones & Zeroes Have Consequences '' . National Review . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Point Counterpoint '' . Science . 318 ( 5851 ) : 725 . 2 November 2007 . doi : 10.1126 / science. 318.5851. 725d . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` About the Vital Progress Summit '' . Extropy Institute . Retrieved December 6 , 2012 . </Li> </Ol> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_New_Atlantis_(journal)&oldid=803542973 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> American conservative magazines </Li> <Li> American political magazines </Li> <Li> American quarterly magazines </Li> <Li> American science and technology magazines </Li> <Li> Ethics of science and technology </Li> <Li> Magazines established in 2003 </Li> <Li> 2003 establishments in Washington , D.C. </Li> <Li> Magazines published in Washington , D.C. </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Articles needing additional references from August 2016 </Li> <Li> All articles needing additional references </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> Add links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 3 October 2017 , at 04 : 16 . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . 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the new atlantis a journal of technology and society

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Wonders of the World - wikipedia <H1> Wonders of the World </H1> This article is about natural and constructed phenomena and structures of the world . For other uses of `` Wonders of the World '' , see Wonders of the World ( disambiguation ) . <P> </P> The Seven Wonders of the Ancient World ( from left to right , top to bottom ) : Great Pyramid of Giza , Hanging Gardens of Babylon , Temple of Artemis at Ephesus , Statue of Zeus at Olympia , Mausoleum at Halicarnassus ( also known as the Mausoleum of Mausolus ) , Colossus of Rhodes , and the Lighthouse of Alexandria as depicted by 16th - century Dutch artist Maarten van Heemskerck . <P> Various lists of the Wonders of the World have been compiled from antiquity to the present day , to catalogue the world 's most spectacular natural wonders and manmade structures . </P> <P> The Seven Wonders of the Ancient World is the first known list of the most remarkable creations of classical antiquity ; it was based on guidebooks popular among Hellenic sightseers and only includes works located around the Mediterranean rim and in Mesopotamia . The number seven was chosen because the Greeks believed it represented perfection and plenty , and because it was the number of the five planets known anciently , plus the sun and moon . Many similar lists have been made . </P> <H2> Contents </H2> <Ul> <Li> 1 Seven Wonders of the Ancient World </Li> <Li> 2 Lists from other eras </Li> <Li> 3 Recent lists <Ul> <Li> 3.1 American Society of Civil Engineers </Li> <Li> 3.2 USA Today 's New Seven Wonders </Li> <Li> 3.3 Seven Natural Wonders of the World </Li> <Li> 3.4 New7Wonders of the World </Li> <Li> 3.5 New7Wonders of Nature </Li> <Li> 3.6 New7Wonders Cities </Li> <Li> 3.7 Seven Wonders of the Underwater World </Li> <Li> 3.8 Seven Wonders of the Industrial World </Li> <Li> 3.9 Seven Wonders of the World film </Li> <Li> 3.10 Seven Wonders of the Solar System </Li> <Li> 3.11 Other lists of wonders of the world </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 See also </Li> <Li> 5 Notes </Li> <Li> 6 References </Li> <Li> 7 Further reading </Li> <Li> 8 External links </Li> </Ul> <H2> Seven Wonders of the ancient World </H2> Main article : Seven Wonders of the Ancient World The Great Pyramid of Giza , the only wonder of the ancient world still in existence The Colosseum in Rome The Great Wall of China Hagia Sophia Stonehenge Machu Picchu Taj Mahal Empire State Building Golden Gate Bridge The Victoria Falls contain the largest sheet of falling water in the world in terms of area The Great Barrier Reef CN Tower Chichen Itza Old City of Jerusalem The Aurora Borealis or Northern Lights Grand Canyon The London sewerage system 's original Abbey Mills pumping station The Sydney Opera House <P> The historian Herodotus ( 484 -- ca . 425 BC ) and the scholar Callimachus of Cyrene ( ca . 305 -- 240 BC ) , at the Museum of Alexandria , made early lists of seven wonders . Their writings have not survived , except as references . </P> <P> The classic seven wonders were : </P> <Ul> <Li> Colossus of Rhodes </Li> <Li> Great Pyramid of Giza </Li> <Li> Hanging Gardens of Babylon </Li> <Li> Lighthouse of Alexandria </Li> <Li> Mausoleum at Halicarnassus </Li> <Li> Statue of Zeus at Olympia </Li> <Li> Temple of Artemis at Ephesus </Li> </Ul> <P> The only ancient world wonder that still exists is the Great Pyramid of Giza . </P> <H2> Lists from other eras </H2> <P> In the 19th and early 20th centuries , some writers wrote their own lists with names such as Wonders of the Middle Ages , Seven Wonders of the Middle Ages , Seven Wonders of the Medieval Mind , and Architectural Wonders of the Middle Ages . However , it is unlikely that these lists originated in the Middle Ages , because the word `` medieval '' was not invented until the Enlightenment - era , and the concept of a Middle Age did not become popular until the 16th century . Brewer 's Dictionary of Phrase and Fable refers to them as `` later list ( s ) '' , suggesting the lists were created after the Middle Ages . </P> <P> Many of the structures on these lists were built much earlier than the Medieval Ages but were well known . </P> <P> Typically representative are : </P> <Ul> <Li> Catacombs of Kom el Shoqafa </Li> <Li> Colosseum </Li> <Li> Great Wall of China </Li> <Li> Hagia Sophia </Li> <Li> Leaning Tower of Pisa </Li> <Li> Porcelain Tower of Nanjing </Li> <Li> Stonehenge </Li> </Ul> <P> Other sites sometimes included on such lists : </P> <Ul> <Li> Cairo Citadel </Li> <Li> Cluny Abbey </Li> <Li> Ely Cathedral </Li> <Li> Taj Mahal </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <P> </P> <H2> Recent lists </H2> <P> Following in the tradition of the classical list , modern people and organisations have made their own lists of wonderful things ancient and modern . Some of the most notable lists are presented below . </P> <H3> American Society of Civil Engineers </H3> <P> In 1994 , the American Society of Civil Engineers compiled a list of Seven Wonders of the Modern World , paying tribute to the `` greatest civil engineering achievements of the 20th century '' . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Wonder </Th> <Th> Date started </Th> <Th> Date finished </Th> <Th> Location </Th> <Th> Significance </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Channel Tunnel </Td> <Td> December 1 , 1987 </Td> <Td> May 6 , 1994 </Td> <Td> Strait of Dover , between the United Kingdom and France </Td> <Td> The longest undersea portion of any tunnel in the world . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> CN Tower </Td> <Td> February 6 , 1973 </Td> <Td> June 26 , 1976 </Td> <Td> Toronto , Ontario , Canada </Td> <Td> Tallest freestanding structure in the world 1976 -- 2007 . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Empire State Building </Td> <Td> January 22 , 1930 </Td> <Td> May 1 , 1931 </Td> <Td> New York City , New York , U.S. </Td> <Td> Tallest structure in the world 1931 -- 1967 . First building with 100 + stories . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Golden Gate Bridge </Td> <Td> January 5 , 1933 </Td> <Td> May 27 , 1937 </Td> <Td> Golden Gate Strait , north of San Francisco , California , U.S. </Td> <Td> The longest suspension bridge main span in the world from 1937 to 1964 . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Itaipu Dam </Td> <Td> January 1970 </Td> <Td> May 5 , 1984 </Td> <Td> Paraná River , between Brazil and Paraguay </Td> <Td> The largest operating hydroelectric facility in the world in terms of annual energy generation . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Delta and Zuiderzee Works </Td> <Td> 1920 </Td> <Td> May 10 , 1997 </Td> <Td> Zeeland , South Holland , North Holland , Friesland and Flevoland , Netherlands </Td> <Td> The largest hydraulic engineering project undertaken by the Netherlands during the twentieth century . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Panama Canal </Td> <Td> January 1 , 1880 </Td> <Td> January 7 , 1914 </Td> <Td> Isthmus of Panama </Td> <Td> One of the largest and most difficult engineering projects ever undertaken . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> USA Today 's New Seven Wonders </H3> <P> In November 2006 the American national newspaper USA Today and the American television show Good Morning America revealed a new list of New Seven Wonders as chosen by six judges . An eighth wonder was chosen on November 24 , 2006 from viewer feedback . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Number </Th> <Th> Wonder </Th> <Th> Location </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Potala Palace </Td> <Td> Lhasa , Tibet , China </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Old City of Jerusalem </Td> <Td> Jerusalem </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Polar ice caps </Td> <Td> Polar regions </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument </Td> <Td> Hawaii , United States </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> Internet </Td> <Td> Earth </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> Mayan ruins </Td> <Td> Yucatán Peninsula , México </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> Great Migration of Serengeti and Masai Mara </Td> <Td> Tanzania and Kenya </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> Grand Canyon ( viewer - chosen eighth wonder ) </Td> <Td> Arizona , United States </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Seven natural Wonders of the World </H3> <P> Similar to the other lists of wonders , there is no consensus on a list of seven natural wonders of the world , and there has been debate over how large the list should be . One of the many existing lists was compiled by CNN : </P> <Ul> <Li> Aurora </Li> <Li> Grand Canyon </Li> <Li> Great Barrier Reef </Li> <Li> Harbor of Rio de Janeiro </Li> <Li> Mount Everest </Li> <Li> Parícutin volcano </Li> <Li> Victoria Falls </Li> </Ul> <H3> New7Wonders of the World </H3> <P> In 2001 an initiative was started by the Swiss corporation New7Wonders Foundation to choose the New7Wonders of the World from a selection of 200 existing monuments . Twenty - one finalists were announced January 1 , 2006 . Egyptians were not happy that the only surviving original wonder , the Great Pyramid of Giza , would have to compete with the likes of the Statue of Liberty , the Sydney Opera House , and other landmarks , calling the project absurd . In response , Giza was named an honorary Candidate . The results were announced on July 7 , 2007 , in Lisbon , Portugal : </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Wonder </Th> <Th> Date of construction </Th> <Th> Location </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Great Wall of China </Td> <Td> Since 7th century BC </Td> <Td> China </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Petra </Td> <Td> c. 100 BC </Td> <Td> Jordan </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Christ the Redeemer </Td> <Td> Opened October 12 , 1931 </Td> <Td> Brazil </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Machu Picchu </Td> <Td> c . AD 1450 </Td> <Td> Peru </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Chichen Itza </Td> <Td> c . AD 600 </Td> <Td> Mexico </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Colosseum </Td> <Td> Completed AD 80 </Td> <Td> Italy </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Taj Mahal </Td> <Td> Completed c . AD 1648 </Td> <Td> India </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Great Pyramid of Giza ( honorary candidate ) </Td> <Td> Completed c. 2560 BC </Td> <Td> Egypt </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> </P> <H3> New7Wonders of Nature </H3> <P> New7Wonders of Nature ( 2007 -- 11 ) , a contemporary effort to create a list of seven natural wonders chosen through a global poll , was organized by the same group as the New7Wonders of the World campaign . </P> <Ul> <Li> Iguazu Falls </Li> <Li> Hạ Long Bay </Li> <Li> Jeju Island </Li> <Li> Puerto Princesa Underground River </Li> <Li> Table Mountain </Li> <Li> Komodo </Li> <Li> Amazon rainforest </Li> </Ul> <H3> New7Wonders Cities </H3> <P> New7Wonders Cities is the third global vote organized by New7Wonders . </P> <Ul> <Li> Durban , South Africa </Li> <Li> Vigan , The Philippines </Li> <Li> Havana , Cuba </Li> <Li> Kuala Lumpur , Malaysia </Li> <Li> Beirut , Lebanon </Li> <Li> Doha , Qatar </Li> <Li> La Paz , Bolivia </Li> </Ul> <H3> Seven Wonders of the Underwater World </H3> <P> The Seven Underwater Wonders of the World was a list drawn up by CEDAM International , an American - based non-profit group for divers , dedicated to ocean preservation and research . </P> <P> In 1989 CEDAM brought together a panel of marine scientists , including Dr. Eugenie Clark , to pick underwater areas which they considered to be worthy of protection . The results were announced at The National Aquarium in Washington DC by actor Lloyd Bridges , star of TV 's Sea Hunt : </P> <Ul> <Li> Palau </Li> <Li> Belize Barrier Reef </Li> <Li> Great Barrier Reef </Li> <Li> Deep - Sea Vents </Li> <Li> Galápagos Islands </Li> <Li> Lake Baikal </Li> <Li> Northern Red Sea </Li> </Ul> <H3> Seven Wonders of the Industrial World </H3> <P> British author Deborah Cadbury wrote Seven Wonders of the Industrial World , a book telling the stories of seven great feats of engineering of the 19th and early 20th centuries . In 2003 , the BBC aired a seven - part docudrama exploring the same feats , with Cadbury as a producer . Each episode dramatised the construction of one of the following industrial wonders : </P> <Ol> <Li> SS Great Eastern </Li> <Li> Bell Rock Lighthouse </Li> <Li> Brooklyn Bridge </Li> <Li> London sewerage system </Li> <Li> First Transcontinental Railroad </Li> <Li> Panama Canal </Li> <Li> Hoover Dam </Li> </Ol> <H3> Seven Wonders of the World film </H3> <P> Seven Wonders of the World is a 1956 film in which Lowell Thomas searches the world for natural and man made wonders and invites the audience to try to update the ancient Greek Wonders of the World list . </P> <H3> Seven Wonders of the Solar System </H3> <P> In a 1999 article , Astronomy magazine listed the `` Seven Wonders of the Solar System '' . This article was later made into a video . </P> <Ul> <Li> Enceladus , a moon of Saturn </Li> <Li> The Great red spot of Jupiter </Li> <Li> The Asteroid belt </Li> <Li> The surface of the Sun </Li> <Li> The Oceans of Earth </Li> <Li> The Rings of Saturn </Li> <Li> Olympus Mons on Mars </Li> </Ul> <H3> Other lists of Wonders of the World </H3> <P> Numerous other authors and organisations have composed lists of the wonders of the world . For example : </P> <Ul> <Li> British biographer , science writer , and novelist Ronald W. Clark published a book of man - made and natural wonders titled Wonders of the World , which lists 52 wonders , one for each week of the year . </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Travel writer Howard Hillman published two books on the subject , one with 10 man - made wonders , and one with 10 natural wonders . </Li> </Ul> <H2> See also </H2> <Ul> <Li> Eighth Wonder of the World </Li> <Li> National Seven Wonders <Ul> <Li> Seven Wonders of Canada </Li> <Li> Seven Wonders of Colombia </Li> <Li> Seven Wonders of Poland </Li> <Li> Seven Wonders of Portugal </Li> <Li> Seven Natural Wonders of Romania </Li> <Li> Seven Wonders of Russia </Li> <Li> Seven Wonders of Ukraine </Li> <Li> Seven Wonders of Wales </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 12 Treasures of Spain </Li> <Li> Seven Wonders of Fore ( Fore Abbey , Ireland ) </Li> <Li> World Heritage List -- a list of over 900 sites deemed by UNESCO to be of `` outstanding universal value '' </Li> <Li> Geography portal </Li> </Ul> <H2> Notes </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ Both the USA Today article and the Good Morning America broadcast described this wonder as `` Jerusalem 's Old City , Israel . '' The Old City is located in East Jerusalem , which is claimed by both the State of Israel and the State of Palestine . The UN and most countries do not recognize Israel 's claim to East Jerusalem , taking the position that the final status of Jerusalem is pending future negotiations between Israel and the Palestinian Authority . See Positions on Jerusalem for more information . </Li> </Ol> <H2> References </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ Anon. ( 1993 ) . The Oxford Illustrated Encyclopedia ( First ed . ) . Oxford : Oxford University . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Evans , IH ( reviser ( 1975 ) . Brewer 's Dictionary of Phrase and Fable ( Centenary edition Fourth impression ( corrected ) ed . ) . London : Cassell . p. 1163 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Hereward Carrington ( 1880 -- 1958 ) . The Seven Wonders of the World : ancient , medieval and modern `` , reprinted in the Carington Collection ( 2003 ) . ISBN 0 - 7661 - 4378 - 3 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ The Carrington Collection . Retrieved October 29 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Latham , Edward ( 1904 ) . A Dictionary of Names , Nicknames and Surnames , of Persons , Places and Things . p. 280 . OCLC 01038938 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Miller , Francis Trevelyan ; Woodrow , Wilson ; Taft , William Howard ; Roosevelt , Theodore ( 1915 ) . America , the Land We Love . p. 201 . OCLC 00334597 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ The Complete Idiot 's Guide to the Crusades. 2001 . p. 153 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Cluny Abbey '' . The Catholic Encyclopedia . 16 . 1913 . p. 74 . OCLC 06974688 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ The Rough Guide To England . 1994 . p. 596 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Palpa , as You Like it . p. 67 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` American Society of Civil Engineers Seven Wonders '' . ASCE.org . July 19 , 2010 . Archived from the original on August 2 , 2010 . Retrieved August 30 , 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ American Society of Civil Engineers . `` Seven Wonders of the Modern World '' . ASCE.org . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` New Seven Wonders panel '' . USA Today . October 27 , 2006 . Retrieved July 31 , 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Clark , Jayne ( December 22 , 2006 ) . `` The world 's 8th wonder : Readers pick the Grand Canyon '' . USA Today . Retrieved May 3 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Natural Wonders '' . CNN . November 11 , 1997 . Archived from the original on July 21 , 2006 . Retrieved July 31 , 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The multimedia campaign to choose the New 7 Wonders of the World is in its final stage '' . New7Wonders . Archived from the original on January 3 , 2007 . Retrieved 10 June 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` New 7 Wonders of the World Campaign announced 21 finalist candidates '' . New7Wonders . Archived from the original on February 7 , 2006 . Retrieved 10 June 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Egypt 's pyramids out of seven wonders contest '' . Daily News Egypt . April 20 , 2007 . Retrieved 25 June 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Reuters via ABC News Australia `` Opera House snubbed as new Wonders unveiled '' 7 July 2007 `` . Australia : ABC . July 8 , 2007 . Retrieved July 31 , 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Great Wall of China '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Underwater Wonders of the World '' . Wonderclub . Retrieved August 31 , 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kumar , Manjit ( 7 November 2003 ) . `` Review : Seven Wonders of the Industrial World by Deborah Cadbury '' . The Guardian . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Cadbury , Deborah ( 17 February 2011 ) . `` British History in Depth : Seven Wonders of the Industrial World '' . Retrieved 2015 - 03 - 25 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Seven Wonders of the Solar System Video : '' . Aaa.org. 1999 . Archived from the original on April 1 , 2014 . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 22 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Clark , Ronald W. ( 1980 ) . Wonders of the World . Artus Publishing Company Ltd . ISBN 978 - 0 - 668 - 04932 - 0 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Hillman , Howard . World 's Top 10 Man - made Travel Wonders . Hillman Quality Publications . Retrieved July 7 , 2007 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Hillman , Howard . World 's Top 10 Natural Travel Wonders . Hillman Quality Publications . Retrieved July 7 , 2007 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> Further reading </H2> <Ul> <Li> Ash , Russell ( 2000 ) . Great Wonders of the World . Dorling Kindersley . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7513 - 2886 - 8 . </Li> <Li> Cox , Reg & Morris , Neil & Field , James ( October 2000 ) . The Seven Wonders of the Medieval World ( Library ed . ) . Chelsea House Publications . ISBN 0 - 7910 - 6047 - 0 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) </Li> <Li> Cox , Reg & Morris , Neil ( October 2000 ) . The Seven Wonders of the Modern World ( Library ed . ) . Chelsea House Publications . ISBN 0 - 7910 - 6048 - 9 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) </Li> <Li> D'Epiro , Peter & Pinkowish , Mary Desmond ( December 1 , 1998 ) . What Are the Seven Wonders of the World ? and 100 Other Great Cultural Lists . Anchor . ISBN 0 - 385 - 49062 - 3 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) </Li> <Li> Morris , Neil ( December 30 , 2002 ) . The Seven Wonders of the Natural World . Chrysalis Books . ISBN 1 - 84138 - 495 - X . </Li> </Ul> <H2> External links </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wikimedia Commons has media related to Seven Wonders of the World . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ul> <Li> Africa portal </Li> <Li> Ancient Egypt portal </Li> <Li> Netherlands portal </Li> <Li> Australia portal </Li> <Li> Latin America portal </Li> <Li> Ecology portal </Li> <Li> Gardening portal </Li> <Li> Religion portal </Li> <Li> Queensland portal </Li> <Li> Ancient Greece portal </Li> <Li> San Francisco Bay Area portal </Li> <Li> Grand Canyon portal </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> 77 Wonders of the World in 360 ° A list of world wonders linking the ancient 7 Wonders of the World and the World Heritage List by UNESCO </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Seven Wonders of the Ancient World </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> The Seven Wonders </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Great Pyramid of Giza </Li> <Li> Hanging Gardens of Babylon </Li> <Li> Statue of Zeus at Olympia </Li> <Li> Temple of Artemis </Li> <Li> Mausoleum at Halicarnassus </Li> <Li> Colossus of Rhodes </Li> <Li> Lighthouse of Alexandria </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Related </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Wonders of the World </Li> <Li> Seven Wonders of the World ( 1956 film ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wonders_of_the_World&oldid=854355655 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> Ancient history </Li> <Li> Cultural lists </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> All articles with dead external links </Li> <Li> Articles with dead external links from May 2017 </Li> <Li> Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages </Li> <Li> Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages </Li> <Li> Use mdy dates from February 2012 </Li> <Li> CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> View source </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> Afrikaans </Li> <Li> Alemannisch </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> বাংলা </Li> <Li> Български </Li> <Li> Čeština </Li> <Li> Deutsch </Li> <Li> Ελληνικά </Li> <Li> فارسی </Li> <Li> ગુજરાતી </Li> <Li> 한국어 </Li> <Li> Հայերեն </Li> <Li> हिन्दी </Li> <Li> Hrvatski </Li> <Li> Bahasa Indonesia </Li> <Li> Italiano </Li> <Li> עברית </Li> <Li> ಕನ್ನಡ </Li> <Li> Latviešu </Li> <Li> Limburgs </Li> <Li> Македонски </Li> <Li> മലയാളം </Li> <Li> मराठी </Li> <Li> مصرى </Li> <Li> Bahasa Melayu </Li> <Li> မြန်မာဘာသာ </Li> <Li> Nederlands </Li> <Li> नेपाली </Li> <Li> 日本 語 </Li> <Li> Nordfriisk </Li> <Li> ਪੰਜਾਬੀ </Li> <Li> Polski </Li> <Li> Português </Li> <Li> Română </Li> <Li> Русский </Li> <Li> Shqip </Li> <Li> සිංහල </Li> <Li> Simple English </Li> <Li> Српски / srpski </Li> <Li> Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски </Li> <Li> తెలుగు </Li> <Li> ไทย </Li> <Li> Türkçe </Li> <Li> Українська </Li> <Li> اردو </Li> <Li> Tiếng Việt </Li> <Li> Walon </Li> <Li> ייִדיש </Li> <Li> 中文 </Li> 40 more </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 10 August 2018 , at 18 : 39 ( UTC ) . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . 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list the seven wonders of the modern world

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Rolling Stone 's 100 Greatest artists of All Time - wikipedia <H1> Rolling Stone 's 100 Greatest artists of All Time </H1> <P> `` The 100 Greatest Artists of All Time '' is a special issue published by the American magazine Rolling Stone in two parts in 2004 and 2005 , and updated in 2011 . The list presented was compiled based on input from musicians , writers , and industry figures , and is focused on the rock & roll era . It predominantly features American and British musicians . </P> <P> The publication also features comments written by musicians about their favorite colleagues ( e.g. , Elvis Costello on The Beatles , Janet Jackson on Tina Turner , etc . ) . Since its publication , the list has been frequently cited by many specialized and generalist publications . </P> <H2> Contents </H2> <Ul> <Li> 1 Background </Li> <Li> 2 List statistics </Li> <Li> 3 See also </Li> <Li> 4 References </Li> <Li> 5 External links </Li> </Ul> <H2> Background ( edit ) </H2> <P> The list , published in two issues in 2004 and 2005 and updated in 2011 , was based on the choices of a panel of 55 musicians , writers , and industry figures . As the editors explain , the artists were selected by `` their peers '' , and the list aims to be `` a broad survey of rock history '' , spanning from rock and roll , blues , indie rock , rap music and contemporary pop music . </P> <H2> List statistics ( edit ) </H2> <P> In both versions of the list , the top three positions are held by The Beatles , Bob Dylan and Elvis Presley . </P> <P> In 2011 , Rolling Stone published a revised edition of the list , with changes from 27th position onwards . The updated list features artists not present in the original ( including Queen , Metallica , Pink Floyd , Talking Heads , R.E.M. , Tom Petty and the Heartbreakers , and Jay - Z ) , removing a number of other artists ( including Etta James , Miles Davis , Roxy Music , N.W.A. , and Martha & The Vandellas ) . </P> <P> The list consists primarily of American or British artists , with following exceptions : AC / DC ( Australia ) , Bob Marley ( Jamaica ) , Joni Mitchell ( Canada ) , Lee `` Scratch '' Perry ( Jamaica ; only in the 2005 list ) , Carlos Santana ( Mexico / US ) , U2 ( Ireland ) , and Neil Young ( Canada ) . Tina Turner , who relinquished her American citizenship after obtaining Swiss citizenship in 2013 , was still an American citizen when included in the list . </P> <P> Most artists on the list were active in the 1960s and 1970s . </P> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> List of best - selling music artists </Li> <Li> The 100 Greatest Songwriters of All Time , also from Rolling Stone magazine </Li> <Li> The 500 Greatest Albums of All Time , also from Rolling Stone magazine </Li> <Li> The 500 Greatest Songs of All Time , also from Rolling Stone magazine </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> ^ Jump up to : 100 Greatest Artists of All Time Rolling Stone </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 100 Greatest Artists of All Time '' on bbc.co.uk </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 100 Greatest Artists of All Time '' on cnn.com </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 100 Greatest Artists of All Time '' on usatoday.com </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Google Scholar , `` 100 Greatest Artists of All Time '' , `` Rolling Stone '' </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Scott Witmer , History of Rock Bands , ABDO , 2009 . Page 21 </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> 100 Greatest Artists of All Time , Rolling Stone </Li> </Ul> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rolling_Stone%27s_100_Greatest_Artists_of_All_Time&oldid=847321900 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> Lists of albums </Li> <Li> Rolling Stone articles </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Use mdy dates from June 2018 </Li> <Li> All articles with unsourced statements </Li> <Li> Articles with unsourced statements from December 2017 </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> Čeština </Li> <Li> Deutsch </Li> <Li> Español </Li> <Li> Italiano </Li> <Li> Slovenčina </Li> <Li> Svenska </Li> </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 24 June 2018 , at 14 : 02 ( UTC ) . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul>

rolling stone top bands of all time list

https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Rolling_Stone%27s_100_Greatest_Artists_of_All_Time&amp;oldid=847321900

List of Premier League broadcasters - wikipedia <H1> List of Premier League broadcasters </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <P> This is a list of television broadcasters which provide coverage of the Premier League , English football 's top level competition , which is the most watched league in the world . The main broadcasters in the United Kingdom are Sky Sports , who broadcast 126 of the 168 televised games in the UK , and BT Sport . The BBC shows weekly highlights of the Premier League on its Match of the Day and Match of the Day 2 programmes on Saturdays and Sundays . </P> <P> The 168 UK televised games are also broadcast across the world ; the remaining 212 matches that are n't broadcast live in the UK are all broadcast elsewhere around the world . English - speaking countries ( excluding the UK ) are able to carry what is known as the ' International feed ' or ' World feed ' audio ; this is full match commentary provided by the Premier League . In Asia , and select other countries around the world , there is also a fully produced studio broadcast where pre , half time and post-match analysis is offered . This is currently hosted by John Dykes . </P> <P> The 3 : 00pm ( UK time ) Saturday kick - offs are not allowed to be shown live in the UK due to the hours of 2.45 pm - 5.15 pm being ' blocked broadcasting hours ' , as requested by the FA and enforced by UEFA . In Ireland , a different situation applies ; a package of only one Saturday 3 : 00pm kick off each week ( along with one game on the final Sunday ) is sold as an addition to the UK live rights packages , this package is currently held by Sky Sports . While there is no rule prohibiting the screening of the other 3 : 00pm games in Ireland , the Premier League does not make the rights to these games available to Irish broadcasters , due to the overlap in reception that is possible in Northern Ireland and mainland England and not 's total match completely absolute live in total all interviews season the paradox that total matches live other will only be seen on streaming sites of he Premier League TV . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Broadcasters <Ul> <Li> 1.1 Broadcasters by region <Ul> <Li> 1.1. 1 African broadcasters </Li> <Li> 1.1. 2 Asian broadcasters </Li> <Li> 1.1. 3 European broadcasters </Li> <Li> 1.1. 4 Latin American broadcasters </Li> <Li> 1.1. 5 Middle Eastern and North African broadcasters </Li> <Li> 1.1. 6 North American and Caribbean broadcasters </Li> <Li> 1.1. 7 Oceanian broadcasters </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2 References </Li> <Li> 3 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Broadcasters ( edit ) </H2> <P> These are the countries and channels that broadcast the Premier League for 2016 - 19 : </P> <H3> Broadcasters by region ( edit ) </H3> African broadcasters ( edit ) <Table> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Th> Language </Th> <Th> Broadcaster </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Sub-saharan Africa </Td> <Td> English French </Td> <Td> Supersport Kwesé Sports Canal+ </Td> </Tr> </Table> Asian broadcasters ( edit ) <Table> <Tr> <Th> Country </Th> <Th> Language </Th> <Th> Broadcasters </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Afghanistan </Td> <Td> Afghan </Td> <Td> Ariana TV </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Bhutan </Td> <Td> English </Td> <Td> STAR Sports </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> India </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Maldives </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Nepal </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Sri Lanka </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Bangladesh </Td> <Td> English </Td> <Td> STAR Sports Gazi TV </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Pakistan </Td> <Td> English </Td> <Td> STAR Sports PTV Sports </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> China ( mainland ) </Td> <Td> Mandarin </Td> <Td> CCTV CSPN BTV SMG SZMG GDTV GZTV CBG SDTV XJTV TJTV FMG DLTV JSBC ZZTV HBTV Tencent LeSports PPTV Super Sports </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Hong Kong </Td> <Td> English Cantonese </Td> <Td> now TV LeSports </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Indonesia </Td> <Td> English Indonesian </Td> <Td> beIN Sports RCTI MNCTV </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Japan </Td> <Td> Japanese </Td> <Td> J Sports NHK Sportsnavi </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Kazakhstan </Td> <Td> Kazakh </Td> <Td> Setanta Sports </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Kyrgyzstan </Td> <Td> Kyrgyz </Td> <Td> KTRK Sport </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Macau </Td> <Td> English Cantonese Portuguese </Td> <Td> Super Sports </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Mongolia </Td> <Td> Mongolian </Td> <Td> Sansar HD SPS Premier Sports Channel </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> South Korea </Td> <Td> English Korean </Td> <Td> SBS Sports SPOTV </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Malaysia & Brunei </Td> <Td> English Malay & Cantonese </Td> <Td> Astro </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Myanmar </Td> <Td> English Burmese </Td> <Td> Sky Net </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Philippines </Td> <Td> English Tagalog </Td> <Td> beIN Sports </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Singapore </Td> <Td> English </Td> <Td> Singtel TV </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Taiwan </Td> <Td> Mandarin English </Td> <Td> Eleven Sports </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Thailand , Laos & Cambodia </Td> <Td> Thai English </Td> <Td> beIN Sports PPTV </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Tajikistan </Td> <Td> Tajik </Td> <Td> Varzish TV Football TV </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Uzbekistan </Td> <Td> Uzbek </Td> <Td> UZ Report TV Futbol TV </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Vietnam </Td> <Td> Vietnamese English </Td> <Td> K+ TTTV , BDTV ( VTVCab ) FPT Telecom </Td> </Tr> </Table> European broadcasters ( edit ) <Table> <Tr> <Th> Country </Th> <Th> Language </Th> <Th> Broadcasters </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Albania </Td> <Td> Albanian </Td> <Td> SuperSport </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Kosovo </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Serbia </Td> <Td> Serbian Croatian Macedonian Slovenian </Td> <Td> Sport Klub </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Croatia </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Bosnia and Herzegovina </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Montenegro </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Macedonia </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Slovenia </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Andorra </Td> <Td> Spanish </Td> <Td> Movistar+ </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Armenia </Td> <Td> Armenian </Td> <Td> Armenia 2 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Austria </Td> <Td> German </Td> <Td> DAZN </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Azerbaijan </Td> <Td> Azerbaijani </Td> <Td> AzTV </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Belarus </Td> <Td> Belarusian </Td> <Td> Beltelradio </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Belgium </Td> <Td> Dutch French </Td> <Td> Play Sports VOO Sport </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Bulgaria </Td> <Td> Bulgarian </Td> <Td> Diema Sport </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Cyprus </Td> <Td> Greek </Td> <Td> CytaVision </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Czech Republic </Td> <Td> Czech </Td> <Td> Digi Sport </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Denmark </Td> <Td> Danish </Td> <Td> TV3 Sport 6'eren </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Estonia </Td> <Td> Estonian </Td> <Td> Viasat Sport Baltic </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Finland </Td> <Td> Finnish </Td> <Td> Viasat Sport </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> France </Td> <Td> French </Td> <Td> SFR Sport </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Georgia </Td> <Td> Georgian </Td> <Td> Silknet </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Germany </Td> <Td> German </Td> <Td> DAZN </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Greece </Td> <Td> Greek </Td> <Td> Cosmote Sport </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Hungary </Td> <Td> Hungarian </Td> <Td> Spíler TV </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Iceland </Td> <Td> Icelandic </Td> <Td> Stöð 2 Sport </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Ireland </Td> <Td> English </Td> <Td> Sky Sports BT Sport </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Italy </Td> <Td> Italian </Td> <Td> SKY Sport </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Latvia </Td> <Td> Latvian </Td> <Td> Viasat Sport Baltic </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Liechtenstein </Td> <Td> German </Td> <Td> DAZN </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Lithuania </Td> <Td> Lithuanian </Td> <Td> Viasat Sport Baltic </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Luxembourg </Td> <Td> French </Td> <Td> VOO Sport </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Malta </Td> <Td> English </Td> <Td> GO Sports </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Netherlands </Td> <Td> Dutch </Td> <Td> Ziggo Sport Totaal </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Norway </Td> <Td> English / Norwegian </Td> <Td> TV2 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Poland </Td> <Td> Polish </Td> <Td> NC+ </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Portugal </Td> <Td> Portuguese </Td> <Td> Sport TV </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Romania </Td> <Td> Romanian </Td> <Td> Eurosport 1 Telekom Sport </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Russia </Td> <Td> Russian </Td> <Td> Match TV </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> San Marino </Td> <Td> Italian </Td> <Td> SKY Sport </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Slovakia </Td> <Td> Czech </Td> <Td> Digi Sport </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Spain </Td> <Td> Spanish </Td> <Td> Movistar+ </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Sweden </Td> <Td> Swedish </Td> <Td> Viasat Sport </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Switzerland </Td> <Td> German French </Td> <Td> DAZN SFR Sport </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Turkey </Td> <Td> Turkish </Td> <Td> S Sport </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Ukraine </Td> <Td> Ukrainian </Td> <Td> Football TV Сhannel </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> United Kingdom </Td> <Td> English </Td> <Td> Sky Sports BT Sport BBC Sport ( Highlights only ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> Latin American broadcasters ( edit ) <Table> <Tr> <Th> Country </Th> <Th> Language </Th> <Th> Broadcasters </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Brazil </Td> <Td> Portuguese </Td> <Td> ESPN Brasil </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Argentina </Td> <Td> Spanish </Td> <Td> DirecTV Sports ESPN </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Chile </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Colombia </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Ecuador </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Peru </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Uruguay </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Venezuela </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Bolivia </Td> <Td> Spanish </Td> <Td> ESPN ( 3 matches ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Paraguay </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Costa Rica </Td> <Td> Spanish </Td> <Td> SKY Sports </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Dominican Republic </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> El Salvador </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Guatemala </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Honduras </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Mexico </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Nicaragua </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Panama </Td> </Tr> </Table> Middle Eastern and North African broadcasters ( edit ) <Table> <Tr> <Th> Country </Th> <Th> Language </Th> <Th> Broadcasters </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Israel </Td> <Td> Hebrew </Td> <Td> Sport 1 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Middle East and North Africa </Td> <Td> Arabic English French </Td> <Td> beIN Sports </Td> </Tr> </Table> North American and Caribbean broadcasters ( edit ) <Table> <Tr> <Th> Country </Th> <Th> Language </Th> <Th> Broadcasters </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Canada </Td> <Td> English </Td> <Td> TSN Sportsnet </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Caribbean </Td> <Td> English </Td> <Td> Flow Sports </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> United States ( including Puerto Rico & the U.S. Virgin Islands ) </Td> <Td> English Spanish </Td> <Td> NBC Sports Network Telemundo </Td> </Tr> </Table> Oceanian broadcasters ( edit ) <Table> <Tr> <Th> Country </Th> <Th> Language </Th> <Th> Broadcasters </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Australia </Td> <Td> English </Td> <Td> Optus Sport SBS </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> New Zealand </Td> <Td> English </Td> <Td> beIN Sports </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Pacific Islands </Td> <Td> English </Td> <Td> Sky Pacific </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Papua New Guinea </Td> <Td> English </Td> <Td> Digicel Play </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Who is the Premier League 's best ? '' . FIFA. 11 December 2007 . Retrieved 7 April 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` BT Sport '' . Premier League . Retrieved 29 July 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` BBC Sport '' . Premier League . Retrieved 29 July 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ http://www.uefa.com/news/newsid=19817.html </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Premier League international rights deals for 2016 - 19 '' . Premier League . Retrieved 15 May 2016 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Premier League official website </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Broadcasters in European Football ( UEFA ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Domestic leagues </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Albania </Li> <Li> Andorra </Li> <Li> Armenia </Li> <Li> Austria </Li> <Li> Azerbaijan </Li> <Li> Belarus </Li> <Li> Belgium </Li> <Li> Bosnia and Herzegovina </Li> <Li> Bulgaria </Li> <Li> Croatia </Li> <Li> Cyprus </Li> <Li> Czech Republic </Li> <Li> Denmark </Li> <Li> England </Li> <Li> Estonia </Li> <Li> Faroe Islands </Li> <Li> Finland </Li> <Li> France </Li> <Li> Georgia </Li> <Li> Germany </Li> <Li> Greece </Li> <Li> Hungary </Li> <Li> Iceland </Li> <Li> Israel </Li> <Li> Italy </Li> <Li> Kosovo </Li> <Li> Kazakhstan </Li> <Li> Latvia </Li> <Li> Lithuania </Li> <Li> Luxembourg </Li> <Li> Macedonia </Li> <Li> Malta </Li> <Li> Moldova </Li> <Li> Montenegro </Li> <Li> Netherlands </Li> <Li> Northern Ireland </Li> <Li> Norway </Li> <Li> Poland </Li> <Li> Portugal </Li> <Li> Republic of Ireland </Li> <Li> Romania </Li> <Li> Russia </Li> <Li> San Marino </Li> <Li> Scotland </Li> <Li> Serbia </Li> <Li> Slovakia </Li> <Li> Slovenia </Li> <Li> Spain </Li> <Li> Sweden </Li> <Li> Switzerland </Li> <Li> Turkey </Li> <Li> Ukraine </Li> <Li> Wales </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Domestic cups </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Albania </Li> <Li> Andorra </Li> <Li> Armenia </Li> <Li> Austria </Li> <Li> Azerbaijan </Li> <Li> Belarus </Li> <Li> Belgium </Li> <Li> Bosnia and Herzegovina </Li> <Li> Bulgaria </Li> <Li> Croatia </Li> <Li> Cyprus </Li> <Li> Czech Republic </Li> <Li> Denmark </Li> <Li> England </Li> <Li> Estonia </Li> <Li> Faroe Islands </Li> <Li> Finland </Li> <Li> France </Li> <Li> Georgia </Li> <Li> Germany </Li> <Li> Greece </Li> <Li> Hungary </Li> <Li> Iceland </Li> <Li> Israel </Li> <Li> Italy </Li> <Li> Kazakhstan </Li> <Li> Latvia </Li> <Li> Liechtenstein </Li> <Li> Lithuania </Li> <Li> Luxembourg </Li> <Li> Macedonia </Li> <Li> Malta </Li> <Li> Moldova </Li> <Li> Montenegro </Li> <Li> Netherlands </Li> <Li> Northern Ireland </Li> <Li> Norway </Li> <Li> Poland </Li> <Li> Portugal </Li> <Li> Republic of Ireland </Li> <Li> Romania </Li> <Li> Russia </Li> <Li> San Marino </Li> <Li> Scotland </Li> <Li> Serbia </Li> <Li> Slovakia </Li> <Li> Slovenia </Li> <Li> Spain </Li> <Li> Sweden </Li> <Li> Switzerland </Li> <Li> Turkey </Li> <Li> Ukraine </Li> <Li> Wales </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> League Cups </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> England </Li> <Li> Finland </Li> <Li> France </Li> <Li> Hungary </Li> <Li> Iceland </Li> <Li> Israel </Li> <Li> Northern Ireland </Li> <Li> Portugal </Li> <Li> Republic of Ireland </Li> <Li> Scotland </Li> <Li> Wales </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> UEFA competitions </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Champions League </Li> <Li> Europa League </Li> <Li> Super Cup </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Premier League </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Seasons </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 1992 -- 93 </Li> <Li> 1993 -- 94 </Li> <Li> 1994 -- 95 </Li> <Li> 1995 -- 96 </Li> <Li> 1996 -- 97 </Li> <Li> 1997 -- 98 </Li> <Li> 1998 -- 99 </Li> <Li> 1999 -- 2000 </Li> <Li> 2000 -- 01 </Li> <Li> 2001 -- 02 </Li> <Li> 2002 -- 03 </Li> <Li> 2003 -- 04 </Li> <Li> 2004 -- 05 </Li> <Li> 2005 -- 06 </Li> <Li> 2006 -- 07 </Li> <Li> 2007 -- 08 </Li> <Li> 2008 -- 09 </Li> <Li> 2009 -- 10 </Li> <Li> 2010 -- 11 </Li> <Li> 2011 -- 12 </Li> <Li> 2012 -- 13 </Li> <Li> 2013 -- 14 </Li> <Li> 2014 -- 15 </Li> <Li> 2015 -- 16 </Li> <Li> 2016 -- 17 </Li> <Li> 2017 -- 18 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Clubs </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> 2017 -- 18 </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> AFC Bournemouth </Li> <Li> Arsenal </Li> <Li> Brighton & Hove Albion </Li> <Li> Burnley </Li> <Li> Chelsea </Li> <Li> Crystal Palace </Li> <Li> Everton </Li> <Li> Huddersfield Town </Li> <Li> Leicester City </Li> <Li> Liverpool </Li> <Li> Manchester City </Li> <Li> Manchester United </Li> <Li> Newcastle United </Li> <Li> Southampton </Li> <Li> Stoke City </Li> <Li> Swansea City </Li> <Li> Tottenham Hotspur </Li> <Li> Watford </Li> <Li> West Bromwich Albion </Li> <Li> West Ham United </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Former </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Aston Villa </Li> <Li> Barnsley </Li> <Li> Birmingham City </Li> <Li> Blackburn Rovers </Li> <Li> Blackpool </Li> <Li> Bolton Wanderers </Li> <Li> Bradford City </Li> <Li> Cardiff City </Li> <Li> Charlton Athletic </Li> <Li> Coventry City </Li> <Li> Derby County </Li> <Li> Fulham </Li> <Li> Hull City </Li> <Li> Ipswich Town </Li> <Li> Leeds United </Li> <Li> Middlesbrough </Li> <Li> Norwich City </Li> <Li> Nottingham Forest </Li> <Li> Oldham Athletic </Li> <Li> Portsmouth </Li> <Li> Queens Park Rangers </Li> <Li> Reading </Li> <Li> Sheffield United </Li> <Li> Sheffield Wednesday </Li> <Li> Sunderland </Li> <Li> Swindon Town </Li> <Li> Wigan Athletic </Li> <Li> Wimbledon </Li> <Li> Wolverhampton Wanderers </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Competition </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Teams <Ul> <Li> winners </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Players <Ul> <Li> foreign </Li> <Li> foreign scorers </Li> <Li> winners </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Managers <Ul> <Li> </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Stadia </Li> <Li> Founding </Li> <Li> Broadcasting foundation </Li> <Li> Broadcasters </Li> <Li> Referees </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Statistics and awards </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Records </Li> <Li> All - time table </Li> <Li> Hat - tricks </Li> <Li> Highest scores </Li> <Li> Golden Boot </Li> <Li> Golden Glove </Li> <Li> Manager of the Season </Li> <Li> Player of the Season </Li> <Li> Manager of the Month </Li> <Li> Player of the Month </Li> <Li> Goal of the Month </Li> <Li> Players with 500 + appearances </Li> <Li> Players with 100 + goals </Li> <Li> Top scorers by season </Li> <Li> Goalkeepers with 100 + clean sheets </Li> <Li> 10 Seasons Awards </Li> <Li> 20 Seasons Awards </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Finances </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Richest clubs : <Ul> <Li> Deloitte list </Li> <Li> Forbes ' list </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Team owners </Li> <Li> Transfer records </Li> <Li> Game 39 </Li> <Li> Premier League -- Football League gulf </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Associated competitions </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Asia Trophy </Li> <Li> FA Community Shield </Li> <Li> FA Cup </Li> <Li> EFL Cup </Li> <Li> UEFA Champions League </Li> <Li> UEFA Europa League </Li> <Li> Premier League 2 </Li> <Li> U18 Premier League </Li> <Li> Premier League International Cup </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Association football on television </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Broadcasters by top level league </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Americas </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Superliga Argentina ( Argentina ) </Li> <Li> Campeonato Brasileiro Série A ( Brazil ) </Li> <Li> Major League Soccer ( MLS Cup ) ( United States / Canada ) </Li> <Li> Liga MX ( Mexico ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Europe </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Armenian Premier League ( Armenia ) </Li> <Li> Belgian Pro League ( Belgium ) </Li> <Li> Bundesliga ( Germany ) </Li> <Li> Ekstraklasa ( Poland ) </Li> <Li> Eredivisie ( Netherlands ) </Li> <Li> Czech First League ( Czech Republic ) </Li> <Li> La Liga ( Spain ) </Li> <Li> Liga I ( Romania ) </Li> <Li> Ligue 1 ( France ) </Li> <Li> Nemzeti Bajnokság I ( Hungary ) </Li> <Li> Premier League ( England ) </Li> <Li> Primeira Liga ( Portugal ) </Li> <Li> Russian Premier League ( Russia ) </Li> <Li> Scottish Premiership ( Scotland ) </Li> <Li> Serie A ( Italy ) </Li> <Li> Vala SuperLiga ( Kosovo ) </Li> <Li> Slovenian PrvaLiga ( Slovenia ) </Li> <Li> Super League Greece ( Greece ) </Li> <Li> Ukrainian Premier League ( Ukraine ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Other </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Ligue 1 ( Algeria ) </Li> <Li> A-League ( Australia ) </Li> <Li> Thai League ( Thailand ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Broadcast contracts by country </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Americas </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Canada ( history ) </Li> <Li> United States </Li> <Li> Central America </Li> <Li> South America </Li> <Li> Brazil </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Asia </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Japan </Li> <Li> Middle East </Li> <Li> Philippines </Li> <Li> Thailand </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Europe </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Albania </Li> <Li> Denmark </Li> <Li> Belgium </Li> <Li> Bosnia and Herzegovina </Li> <Li> Croatia </Li> <Li> France </Li> <Li> Germany </Li> <Li> Greece </Li> <Li> Ireland </Li> <Li> Israel </Li> <Li> Italy </Li> <Li> Kosovo </Li> <Li> Montenegro </Li> <Li> Netherlands </Li> <Li> Portugal </Li> <Li> Romania </Li> <Li> Russia </Li> <Li> Serbia </Li> <Li> Spain </Li> <Li> Sweden </Li> <Li> United Kingdom ( commentators , history ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Oceania </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Australia </Li> <Li> New Zealand </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Broadcasters by event </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Americas </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Copa Libertadores </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Europe </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> UEFA Champions League </Li> <Li> UEFA Europa League </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> FIFA World Cup </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 1998 </Li> <Li> 2002 </Li> <Li> 2006 </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> 2014 </Li> <Li> 2018 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> UEFA Euro </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 2000 </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> 2008 </Li> <Li> 2012 </Li> <Li> 2016 </Li> <Li> 2020 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Dedicated channels </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Canada </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> beIN Sports </Li> <Li> EuroWorld Sport </Li> <Li> Fox Sports World Canada </Li> <Li> Sportsnet World </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> France </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> beIN Sports </Li> <Li> Canal+ Sport </Li> <Li> SFR Sports 1 </Li> <Li> OM TV </Li> <Li> OL TV </Li> <Li> Girondins TV </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Italy </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Premium Calcio </Li> <Li> Sky Calcio </Li> <Li> Inter Channel </Li> <Li> Juventus Channel </Li> <Li> Milan Channel </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Spain </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> beIN Sports </Li> <Li> beIN LaLiga </Li> <Li> M. Fútbol </Li> <Li> M. Partidazo </Li> <Li> Real Madrid TV </Li> <Li> Barça TV </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> United Kingdom </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Sky Sports 1 </Li> <Li> BT Sport 1 </Li> <Li> Arsenal TV </Li> <Li> Celtic TV </Li> <Li> Chelsea TV </Li> <Li> LFC TV </Li> <Li> MUTV </Li> <Li> Rangers TV </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> United States </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> beIN Sports </Li> <Li> Fox Soccer Plus </Li> <Li> GOL TV </Li> <Li> MLS Direct Kick </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> ESPN Deportes </Li> <Li> Fox Deportes </Li> <Li> Univision Deportes Network </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Individual network coverage </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> A-League </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Fox Sports FC </Li> <Li> Shoot Out </Li> <Li> Thursday FC </Li> <Li> The World Game </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Bundesliga </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Soccer Made in Germany </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Major League Soccer </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> ESPN <Ul> <Li> MLS Game of the Week </Li> <Li> MLS Primetime Thursday </Li> <Li> MLS Soccer Saturday </Li> <Li> MLS Soccer Sunday </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Fox Soccer </Li> <Li> NBCSN </Li> <Li> TSN </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Ligue 1 </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Téléfoot </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Premier League </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Monday Night Football </Li> <Li> Super Sunday </Li> <Li> Match of the Day </Li> <Li> Match of the Day 2 </Li> <Li> The Premier League Show </Li> <Li> Match of the Day ( U.S. TV series ) </Li> <Li> The Premiership </Li> <Li> Soccer Central Matchday </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Premier_League_broadcasters&oldid=808611916 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> Premier League on television </Li> <Li> Premier League lists </Li> <Li> Association football on television </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> EngvarB from May 2014 </Li> <Li> Use dmy dates from May 2014 </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> Bahasa Indonesia </Li> </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 3 November 2017 , at 23 : 38 . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . 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what channel is the premier league on in france

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Java development Kit - wikipedia <H1> Java development Kit </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> Java Development Kit ( JDK ) <Tr> <Th> Developer ( s ) </Th> <Td> Oracle Corporation </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Stable release </Th> <Td> 10.0. 1 / 17 April 2018 ; 1 day ago ( 2018 - 04 - 17 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Operating system </Th> <Td> Windows NT , macOS , Linux , Solaris </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Platform </Th> <Td> IA - 32 , x64 , ARM , SPARC </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Type </Th> <Td> Software development kit </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> License </Th> <Td> Sun License ( most of it also under GPL ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Website </Th> <Td> www.oracle.com/technetwork/java/index.html </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The Java Development Kit ( JDK ) is an implementation of either one of the Java Platform , Standard Edition , Java Platform , Enterprise Edition , or Java Platform , Micro Edition platforms released by Oracle Corporation in the form of a binary product aimed at Java developers on Solaris , Linux , macOS or Windows . The JDK includes a private JVM and a few other resources to finish the development of a Java Application . Since the introduction of the Java platform , it has been by far the most widely used Software Development Kit ( SDK ) . On 17 November 2006 , Sun announced that they would release it under the GNU General Public License ( GPL ) , thus making it free software . This happened in large part on 8 May 2007 , when Sun contributed the source code to the OpenJDK . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 JDK contents </Li> <Li> 2 Ambiguity between a JDK and an SDK </Li> <Li> 3 Other JDKs </Li> <Li> 4 See also </Li> <Li> 5 References </Li> <Li> 6 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> JDK contents ( edit ) </H2> <P> The JDK has as its primary components a collection of programming tools , including : </P> <Ul> <Li> appletviewer -- this tool can be used to run and debug Java applets without a web browser </Li> <Li> apt -- the annotation - processing tool </Li> <Li> extcheck -- a utility that detects JAR file conflicts </Li> <Li> idlj -- the IDL - to - Java compiler . This utility generates Java bindings from a given Java IDL file . </Li> <Li> jabswitch -- the Java Access Bridge . Exposes assistive technologies on Microsoft Windows systems . </Li> <Li> java -- the loader for Java applications . This tool is an interpreter and can interpret the class files generated by the javac compiler . Now a single launcher is used for both development and deployment . The old deployment launcher , jre , no longer comes with Sun JDK , and instead it has been replaced by this new java loader . </Li> <Li> javac -- the Java compiler , which converts source code into Java bytecode </Li> <Li> javadoc -- the documentation generator , which automatically generates documentation from source code comments </Li> <Li> jar -- the archiver , which packages related class libraries into a single JAR file . This tool also helps manage JAR files . </Li> <Li> javafxpackager -- tool to package and sign JavaFX applications </Li> <Li> jarsigner -- the jar signing and verification tool </Li> <Li> javah -- the C header and stub generator , used to write native methods </Li> <Li> javap -- the class file disassembler </Li> <Li> javaws -- the Java Web Start launcher for JNLP applications </Li> <Li> JConsole -- Java Monitoring and Management Console </Li> <Li> jdb -- the debugger </Li> <Li> jhat -- Java Heap Analysis Tool ( experimental ) </Li> <Li> jinfo -- This utility gets configuration information from a running Java process or crash dump . ( experimental ) </Li> <Li> jmap Oracle jmap - Memory Map -- This utility outputs the memory map for Java and can print shared object memory maps or heap memory details of a given process or core dump . ( experimental ) </Li> <Li> jmc -- Java Mission Control </Li> <Li> jps -- Java Virtual Machine Process Status Tool lists the instrumented HotSpot Java Virtual Machines ( JVMs ) on the target system . ( experimental ) </Li> <Li> jrunscript -- Java command - line script shell . </Li> <Li> jstack -- utility that prints Java stack traces of Java threads ( experimental ) </Li> <Li> jstat -- Java Virtual Machine statistics monitoring tool ( experimental ) </Li> <Li> jstatd -- jstat daemon ( experimental ) </Li> <Li> keytool -- tool for manipulating the keystore </Li> <Li> pack200 -- JAR compression tool </Li> <Li> policytool -- the policy creation and management tool , which can determine policy for a Java runtime , specifying which permissions are available for code from various sources . </Li> <Li> VisualVM -- visual tool integrating several command - line JDK tools and lightweight performance and memory profiling capabilities </Li> <Li> wsimport -- generates portable JAX - WS artifacts for invoking a web service . </Li> <Li> xjc -- Part of the Java API for XML Binding ( JAXB ) API . It accepts an XML schema and generates Java classes . </Li> </Ul> <P> Experimental tools may not be available in future versions of the JDK . </P> <P> The JDK also comes with a complete Java Runtime Environment , usually called a private runtime , due to the fact that it is separated from the `` regular '' JRE and has extra contents . It consists of a Java Virtual Machine and all of the class libraries present in the production environment , as well as additional libraries only useful to developers , such as the internationalization libraries and the IDL libraries . </P> <P> Copies of the JDK also include a wide selection of example programs demonstrating the use of almost all portions of the Java API . </P> <H2> Ambiguity between a JDK and an SDK ( edit ) </H2> <P> The JDK forms an extended subset of a software development kit ( SDK ) . It includes `` tools for developing , debugging , and monitoring Java applications '' . Oracle strongly suggests to now use the term JDK to refer to the Java SE Development Kit . The Java EE SDK is available with or without the JDK , by which they specifically mean the Java SE 7 JDK . </P> <H2> Other JDKs ( edit ) </H2> <P> In addition to the most widely used JDK discussed in this article , there are other JDKs commonly available for a variety of platforms , some of which started from the Sun JDK source and some that did not . All adhere to the basic Java specifications , but often differ in explicitly unspecified areas , such as garbage collection , compilation strategies , and optimization techniques . They include : </P> <P> In development or in maintenance mode : </P> <Ul> <Li> Azul Systems Zing , low latency JDK for Linux ; </Li> <Li> Azul Systems / OpenJDK - based Zulu for Linux , Windows , Mac OS X , embedded and the cloud ; </Li> <Li> OpenJDK / IcedTea ; </Li> <Li> GNU 's Classpath and GCJ ( The GNU Compiler for Java ) ; </Li> <Li> Aicas JamaicaVM ; </Li> <Li> IBM J9 JDK , for AIX , Linux , Windows , MVS , OS / 400 , Pocket PC , z / OS ; </Li> </Ul> <P> Not being maintained or discontinued : </P> <Ul> <Li> Apache Harmony </Li> <Li> Apple 's Mac OS Runtime for Java JVM / JDK for Classic Mac OS </Li> <Li> Blackdown Java -- Port of Sun 's JDK for Linux </Li> <Li> Oracle Corporation 's JRockit JDK , for Windows , Linux , and Solaris ; </Li> </Ul> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Free software portal </Li> <Li> Java portal </Li> <Li> Computer programming portal </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Classpath ( Java ) </Li> <Li> Java platform </Li> <Li> Java version history </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Java SE 7 Features and Enhancements '' . Oracle Corporation . Retrieved 1 January 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` OpenJDK homepage '' . Oracle Corporation and / or its affiliates . Retrieved 1 January 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Sun 's May 8th announcement of source code for JDK '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` JDK 5.0 Java Annotation Processing Tool ( APT ) - related APIs & Developer Guides -- from Sun Microsystems '' . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 05 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Java SE Downloads '' . Oracle . Retrieved 10 July 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Java EE 7 SDK distributions require JDK 7 '' `` Java Platform , Enterprise Edition 7 SDK - Installation Instructions '' . Installing the Software . Oracle . Retrieved 10 July 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Azul Zing product page '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Azul Zulu download page '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` developerWorks : IBM developer kits : Downloads '' . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 05 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Support at Apple '' . Archived from the original on 13 December 2007 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Java Linux Contact Information '' . Archived from the original on 7 August 2007 . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 05 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Java - Linux Latest Information '' . Archived from the original on 19 October 1996 . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 05 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` JRockit Family Download page '' . 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what is the use of jdk in java

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Learner 's permit - wikipedia <H1> Learner 's permit </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> ( hide ) This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( September 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> The examples and perspective in this article may not represent a worldwide view of the subject . You may improve this article , discuss the issue on the talk page , or create a new article , as appropriate . ( April 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This article is written like a manual or guidebook . Please help rewrite this article from a descriptive , neutral point of view , and remove advice or instruction . ( August 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> A driver 's permit , learner 's permit , learner 's license or provisional license , is a restricted license that is given to a person who is learning to drive , but has not yet satisfied the requirement to obtain a driver 's license . Having a driver 's permit for a certain length of time is usually one of the requirements ( along with driver 's education and a road test ) for applying for a full driver 's license . To get a learner 's permit , one must typically pass a written permit test , traffic , and rules of the road . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Australia </Li> <Li> 2 Belgium </Li> <Li> 3 Canada </Li> <Li> 4 France </Li> <Li> 5 Germany </Li> <Li> 6 Hong Kong </Li> <Li> 7 India </Li> <Li> 8 Ireland </Li> <Li> 9 New Zealand </Li> <Li> 10 Norway </Li> <Li> 11 Singapore </Li> <Li> 12 South Africa </Li> <Li> 13 Sweden </Li> <Li> 14 United Kingdom </Li> <Li> 15 United States <Ul> <Li> 15.1 Learner 's permits </Li> <Li> 15.2 Intermediate license </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 16 References </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Australia ( edit ) </H2> <P> Laws regarding learner 's permits in Australia differ between states . However , all states require a number of hours supervised driving to be undertaken and for the permit to be held for a set period . The age to get a Learner Permit is 16 in all states and territories except the ACT where it is 15 and 9 months . When a person is on their learners permit , they have to log 50 -- 120 hours depending on the state they are in , and must obtain at least 5 night hours . They can be supervised or taught in their log book hours by any person / persons holding a full license . They must sign the log book for allocated hours . </P> <H2> Belgium ( edit ) </H2> <P> A provisional learners license can be obtained after passing a theoretical exam less than three years prior . The minimum age for a learners permit is 17 years . The learner needs to be accompanied by a designated person with a valid driving license . The vehicle needs to bear a clearly visible , predesignated `` learners '' sign , sporting the letter `` L '' . </P> <H2> Canada ( edit ) </H2> <P> In Canada , the minimum age varies from province to province and may be 14 or 16 . In Ontario , a G1 License is issued to new drivers at the age of 16 after completing a written test . G1 license restrictions include : </P> <Ul> <Li> Have time and / or road restrictions , and the learner must drive with a fully licensed driver of at least 4 years . After one year with a G2 , the learner may upgrade to their full G class license by taking another road test , which has a major highway component . A similar program is in effect for motorcycles , the M class license . </Li> </Ul> <P> In Nova Scotia , a beginner 's permit ( L ) is issued to new drivers after the age of 16 after a written test . The L license restrictions include : </P> <Ul> <Li> A fully licensed driver must sit in the seat adjacent the new driver </Li> <Li> There can not be additional other passengers </Li> <Li> The learner must have a blood alcohol count of 0 </Li> <Li> No time or road restrictions </Li> </Ul> <P> In Alberta , a learners permit is issued to those who complete a knowledge test , an eye exam and one who is 14 years of age or older . They 're then put into a GDL program with restrictions . Some include : having a 0 blood alcohol level , fully licensed driver in passenger seat , no more people than there are seats , and must hold the license for a one - year minimum before upgrading . </P> <P> In Alberta , one has to pass a basic road test after having a learner 's permit for at least a year and at or over the age of 16 , then can apply for a Class 5 GDL license , which carries some of the same restrictions , but no longer requires a fully licensed Class 5 non-GDL driver in the passenger seat . Once the person becomes 18 and holds the Class 5 GDL license for at least 2 years , they can do an advanced road test which if they pass , they 'll become a fully licensed Class 5 driver . </P> <H2> France ( edit ) </H2> See also : Driving licence in France <P> In France , exists a Graduated driver licensing for people between the age of 15 and 17 and half , for B Driving licence . </P> <P> Some restriction exist ; one of the main condition is that a fully agreed licensed must accompany the learner . </P> <P> With 18 , the learner 's permit can apply to a normal driving license , that it can pass more easily due to its previous experience ; additionally , its probation license is reduced from three to two years . </P> <P> This Graduated driver licensing is valid only within France , so it 's not possible to cross their border with the Graduated driver licensing . </P> <P> For people over 18 , a system similar to the Graduated driver licensing exists , but rules are slightly different , for instance it does not provide the reduction from three to two years for the probation licence . </P> <P> Furthermore , any person who initially gets a driving license , for the first one , has to mind following restrictions for two or three years known as permis probatoire . The permis probatoire starting with specific issue : </P> <Ul> <Li> Speed is reduced for new drivers : 110 km / h instead of 130 on motorways , 100 km / h instead of 110 , and 80 instead of 90 on rural roads . </Li> <Li> The permis probatoire has only six points , and the driver access to 12 points when the driver passes its three year term </Li> </Ul> <Table> Points <Tr> <Th> When </Th> <Th> General case </Th> <Th> Apprentissage anticipé case </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Driving licence passed </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> After one year </Td> <Td> + 2 → 8 ( if no point loss ) </Td> <Td> + 3 → 9 ( if no point loss ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> After two years </Td> <Td> + 2 → 10 ( if no point loss ) </Td> <Td> + 3 → 12 ( if no point loss ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> After three years </Td> <Td> + 2 → 12 ( if no point loss ) </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Some training to road traffic safety might help to recover points . </P> <H2> Germany ( edit ) </H2> <P> Since 2010 , it 's possible to get a learner 's permit at 17 in Germany . The only restriction is that a fully licensed and previously stated driver who is at least 30 years old must accompany the learner ( but is not allowed to intervene in the drive ) . That does not apply to light motorcycles , which can be driven freely with this license . </P> <P> Furthermore , any person who initially gets a driving license has to mind following restrictions for 2 years starting with its issue : </P> <Ul> <Li> The driver must have a blood alcohol count of 0 ( this applies at least until the age of 21 ) </Li> <Li> Any penalties are stricter than for advanced drivers </Li> </Ul> <P> With 18 , the learner 's permit will be automatically replaced by a normal driving license - no further test is needed . These legal circumstances in Germany are comparable to those in Austria in that matter - thus , it 's possible to cross their border with a learner 's permit . </P> <H2> Hong Kong ( edit ) </H2> <P> In Hong Kong any person aged 18 or above can apply for a Learner 's Driving License for private cars , light goods vehicle and motorcycles . For other types of vehicle the age required is 21 and the applicant must have a valid private car or light goods vehicle driving license for 3 years . Unlike other jurisdictions , a learner must be supervised by an approved driving instructor instead of an ordinary fully licensed driver , or attending an approved driving school to learn to drive ( except motorcycles , which learners can drive on their own , but motorcycle learners must pass a motorcycle course from an approved driving school before they can learn to drive on road ) . L - plate is also required when the learner is practicing . </P> <H2> India ( edit ) </H2> <P> In India , the minimum age at which a provisional licence is valid is 18 ( and 16 for riding a gear less scooter ) . When driving under a provisional license , the learner must be accompanied by a driver who holds a full driving license . The supervisor has to be in view of the road and be in a position to control the vehicle . The provisional license is available only after passing the theory test . A full licence can be acquired only after passing the driving test . Once the learner has passed the theory test , they may take the practical driving test . Once the practical driving test has been taken and passed , a full driving licence will be automatically issued . While it is possible to take both tests immediately after each other , most learner drivers take a period between taking the theory and applying for a practical test to carry out driving lessons , either with their supervisor or a professional Driving school . </P> <P> The vehicle being driven by the learner must also be fitted with L - plates on both the back and front of the vehicle . This tells other road users that the vehicle is being operated by a driver without their full license and that they may make mistakes easily and that the driver may not be fully competent yet . The L - plate consists of a white square plate with a large red L in the middle . </P> <H2> Ireland ( edit ) </H2> <P> In Ireland the learner may perform a theory test at the age of 16 which tests their knowledge of traffic situations and road signs . Upon passing this test the learner will receive a learner 's permit which permits them to drive on the road accompanied by a full licensed driver who has had their license for more than two years . The only restrictions are that the learner driver can not drive on motorways and must visibly display ' L ' plates at all times . They must have held their learner 's permit for 6 months before they can apply to perform road test to obtain their full license . This is known as the ' six - month rule ' . </P> <H2> New Zealand ( edit ) </H2> <P> In New Zealand any person 16 years or over can sit a learner 's licensing test , which is a theory multiple choice test on road rules . Once they have passed this , they may drive with an adult who has had their full license for at least two years . They must display L plates at all times when driving . They may drive up to the speed of 100 km / h in allowed areas . They may carry passengers with an adult in the car that has had their full licence for more than two years . After at least 6 months have passed , they take a road test in order to receive their restricted license . On a restricted license , the learner may only drive between 5am and 10pm , with no passengers other than their dependent children , spouse , or persons holding a full license for more than 2 years . A learner may only drive between 5am and 10pm . Learners who sit the practical test in an automatic car are only legally allowed to drive an automatic while restricted . People can also sit a full license road test after 18 months or a year if they have undertaken a defensive driving course . In March 2010 the New Zealand Government announced changes to licence regulations which included raising the minimum age for a learner 's licence to 16 , since September 2011 the minimum age to attempt to obtain a learners licence is the age of 16 . </P> <H2> Norway ( edit ) </H2> <P> In Norway , the learner may drive as long the learner is over 16 years of age , have passed a basic course in the rules of the road and first aid , and a person 25 or above who has had their driver 's license for more than 5 years is present . </P> <H2> Singapore ( edit ) </H2> <P> In Singapore , any persons aged 18 or above may obtain a provisional driving licence for a fee of S $25.00 after passing the Basic Theory Test . The provisional driving licence is valid for 6 months if the PDL licence is obtained before 1 December 2017 . From 1 December 2017 , the validity of a PDL licence is 2 years from the date of payment , with no change of cost . It permits the holder to drive on public roads ( with a few exceptions ) in the presence of a Certified Driving Instructor . A car driven by a learner must display an L - plate on the front and rear of the car . Passing the Final Theory Test enables a learner to apply for the Practical Driving Test and it is valid for 2 years . A valid provisional driving licence , passed FTT and a photo ID must be presented to be allowed to take the practical test . Should a learner 's provisional driving licence expire before the date of their practical test , he or she will have to renew it at the same cost . Expired PDL are not accepted and taking the practical tests will be rejected . </P> <P> A Qualified Driving Licence ( QDL ) is awarded to a person who has passed the practical test and made a one - time payment of S $50.00 . Any person who has possessed a QDL for a period of less than a year is required to display a probation plate at the top right of their front and rear windscreens . The probation plate is made of a reflective material and consists of an orange triangle on a yellow background . Failure to do so may cause the offending driver to receive a fine for the first time and then subsequently revoked from driving . See Driving licence in Singapore for detailed requirements of each class of licence . </P> <H2> South Africa ( edit ) </H2> <P> A South African learners license consists of three sections with the following criteria required : </P> <Ul> <Li> Rules of the road - There are 30 questions in this category with 22 being the pass mark </Li> <Li> Vehicle controls - There are 8 questions in this section , the required pass mark is 6 </Li> <Li> Road signs , road markings and traffic signals - There are 30 questions in this category with a pass mark of 23 </Li> </Ul> <P> There are primarily three codes to choose from : </P> <Ul> <Li> Code 1 - This is for motorcycles , motorised tricycle or quadrucycle not more than 125cc and the driver should be 16 or older on the date of the test . If the motorcycle engine in above 125cc , the driver will need to be 17 years or older . </Li> <Li> Code 2 - This is for motor vehicles , bus and minibus or goods vehicle up to a maximum vehicle mass of 3500 kg . The driver will need to be 17 years or older on the date of the test . </Li> <Li> Code 3 - This is for motor vehicles exceeding a gross vehicle mass of 3500 kg . The driver will need to be 18 years or older to apply for a learners license in this category . </Li> </Ul> <P> The following documents will need to be presented when applying for a learners license : </P> <Ul> <Li> Identity card or passport </Li> <Li> 2 Recent passport size photographs ( colour or black and white ) </Li> </Ul> <P> In South Africa , any person who is of the minimum required age and holds a valid ID document may sit a learner 's licence exam . The minimum required age varies by vehicle class and has the following minimum age restrictions : </P> <Ul> <Li> for a motorcycle ( without a sidecar ) with an engine not exceeding 125 cc -- 16 years </Li> <Li> for light motor vehicles with a mass not exceeding 3 500 kilograms -- 17 years </Li> <Li> for all other vehicles ( also motorcycles with an engine exceeding 125 cc ) -- 18 years </Li> </Ul> <P> The Learner 's Licence exam is a 68 question multiple choice exam with questions spread over three sections : Rules of the road ( 30 questions ) ; Signs , signals and road markings ( 30 questions ) , and vehicle controls ( 8 questions ) . The holder of a learner 's licence is allowed to drive only when supervised by a licensed driver . If the category of vehicle being driven requires a professional driving permit , the licensed driver must also hold a professional driving permit . South African Learners must carry their Learner 's Licence with them whenever they are driving a vehicle and have L plates on the rear window . The Learner 's Licence is valid for 24 months . </P> <H2> Sweden ( edit ) </H2> <P> In Sweden , the minimum age is 16 years old to get a basic car learner 's permit ; 17 years and six months are required for more advanced light vehicle combinations and up to 23 years for heavy vehicle combinations . Körkortslag 4kap 2 § </P> <H2> United Kingdom ( edit ) </H2> <P> In the United Kingdom , the minimum age at which a provisional licence is valid is 17 ( 16 for driving a tractor , riding a moped , or those receiving Disability Mobility Allowance ) . When driving under a provisional licence , the learner must be accompanied by a driver who has held a full driving licence for three years , and who is 21 or over . The supervisor has to be in view of the road , however the road safety act 1988 states that the supervisor does not have to be in the passenger seat , although the passenger in the front seat does have to be over the age of 15 . A full licence can be acquired as soon as the provisional licence is received , unlike many other countries where applicants must wait a minimum of 6 -- 12 months with this being said , before getting a full license . The provisional licence is available without taking a test , although to get a full , unrestricted licence - the applicant must take a written ' Theory ' test containing fifty multiple choice questions and fourteen - clip hazard perception test , both of which are done on a computer at one of the many DSA ( Driving Standards Agency ) Test centres . Once the learner has passed the theory test , they may take the practical driving test , however the practical driving test has to be done within 2 years of completing the theory test , as the theory test certificate expires 2 years after receiving it . Once the practical driving test has been taken and passed a full driving licence will be automatically issued . While it is possible to take both tests immediately after each other , most learner drivers take a period between taking the theory and applying for a practical test to carry out driving lessons , either with their supervisor or a professional Driving school . </P> <P> The vehicle being driven by the learner must also be fitted with L - plates on both the back and front of the vehicle . This tells other road users that the vehicle is being operated by a driver without their full licence and that they may make mistakes easily and that the driver may not be fully competent yet . The L - plate consists of a white square plate ( often tied to the vehicle or attached by magnets ) with a large red L in the middle . In Wales the L - plate or the D - plate may be used due to bilingual laws in effect in Wales . If the vehicle is operated by multiple named drivers ( As specified by the car insurance policy ) , then the L - Plate should be removed and stored if the current driver holds a full licence . When the learner has passed , they can get a non-compulsory ' P ' plate , which shows that they have just passed their test , and so may not have much experience on the road . The P plate has a white background , with a green ' P ' . </P> <P> In the UK , provisional licence holders are disallowed from driving on motorways until they pass the practical test . </P> <P> After gaining a full licence , the driver is subject to a probationary period ; 6 or more penalty points accumulated within 2 years of passing the test , will lead to a revocation of the licence and both test will need to be retaken . </P> <P> In Northern Ireland for one year after the passing of a driving test , the driver is defined as a `` restricted driver '' who must not exceed 45 mph ( 72 km / h ) and must display an `` R - plate '' consisting of an amber sans - serif R on a white background . </P> <H2> United states ( edit ) </H2> <P> In the United States , it is typical for states to have graduated driver 's license programs through which a driver first obtains a learner 's permit , qualifies for an intermediate driver 's license , and then ultimately qualifies for a full driver 's license . The rules governing learner 's permits can vary significantly by state . </P> <H3> Learner 's permits ( edit ) </H3> <P> In order for a minor to receive a learner 's permit , sometimes called an instructional permit , states typically require that the minor have signed permission from a parent or guardian . In the state of New Hampshire , a permit is not given but the young driver may begin to drive with a parent or guardian , or an adult 25 years of age , at the age of 15 and a half . </P> <P> Typically , a driver operating with a learner 's permit must be accompanied by an adult licensed driver who is at least 21 years of age or older and in the passenger seat of the vehicle at all times . </P> <P> In some states , permit holders are allowed to drive to and from school or work with a permit , without a supervising driver . In Indiana , Iowa , Texas , Rhode Island , Maryland and Kentucky , a permit holder between 17 and 18 may legally drive unaccompanied only if heading to work or to school . </P> <P> After a legally defined period of driving supervised with a permit , usually between six and twelve months , and upon reaching the requisite age , the holder of a learner 's permit can apply for a provisional license . Obtaining a provisional license allows certain restrictions to be lifted from the driver , such as the times that they are allowed to drive , and the number of people allowed in the car . </P> <P> The permit holder is required to document specific hours of driving under the permit before qualifying for an intermediate license , such as fifty hours of practice . </P> <H3> Intermediate license ( edit ) </H3> <P> An intermediate or provisional license allows the driver to drive a vehicle without supervision by a licensed driver . Driving is typically permitted during a limited range of mostly daylight hours , as well as to and from school , work and religious activities . Some states may require a road test before allowing a learner 's permit holder to obtain an intermediate license . </P> <P> In order to qualify for a provisional license the applicant must typically be at least the age of 16 and must have previously held an learner 's permit for at least six months . These requirements vary by state . For example , in Florida the prior period for holding a learner 's permit is twelve months . </P> <P> In many states the period of driving on a learner 's permit is shortened if the applicant is above the age of eighteen . For example , in Oklahoma if a driver is 18 or older a learner 's permit must only be held for one month before the driver qualifies for an intermediate license . Some states allow drivers over the age of twenty - one to bypass the entire graduated licensing process . For example , in Colorado , a driver over the age of twenty - one may apply for and pass the tests for a permit and a full driver 's license on the same day and , if successful in passing the tests , may obtain a full driver 's license as soon as the driver passes a scheduled driving test . </P> <P> Intermediate drivers are normally restricted in their transportation of passengers , especially minor passengers , without supervision . In some states , such as California , Nebraska , Oregon , Maine , New York , Florida , Kansas , Illinois , Oklahoma and Arizona , permitted drivers may legally drive family members under the age of 21 without adult supervision if they possess a signed note from a legal guardian . </P> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ https://www.service-public.fr/particuliers/vosdroits/F21012 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ https://www.service-public.fr/particuliers/vosdroits/F2390 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ https://www.permisapoints.fr/permis-a-points/permis-probatoire/ </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ https://www.service-public.fr/particuliers/vosdroits/F2390 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ ( NDLS , National Driver Licensing Service , 2017 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` About your licence '' . NZ Transport Agency . 30 September 2011 . Retrieved 14 October 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ John Hartevelt , Hank Schouten and NZPA ( 2 March 2010 ) . `` Government to raise driving age '' . Stuff.co.nz . Retrieved 14 October 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Øvelseskjøring ( Practise driving ) '' ( in Norwegian ) . Norwegian Public Roads Administration ( Statens Vegvesen ) . Retrieved 24 March 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` When can I apply for my Learners Licence ? What requirements do I need to meet ? - Page 3 '' . Retrieved 13 October 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Restrictions and Requirements - Light Motor Vehicle - African License '' . African Licence . Retrieved 13 October 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Preparation - Light Motor Vehicle - African License '' . African Licence . Retrieved 13 October 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Services '' . Retrieved 13 October 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` What the Licence Permits - Light Motor Vehicle - African License '' . African Licence . Retrieved 13 October 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Körkortslag ( 1998 : 488 ) '' . Retrieved 13 October 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Driving tests , motorcycle tests and learning to drive '' . Retrieved 13 October 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Theory test for cars and motorcycles '' . Retrieved 13 October 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Penalty points ( endorsements ) '' . Retrieved 13 October 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Oleen , Brooke ; Teigen , Ann ( September 2011 ) . `` Teen Driving '' ( PDF ) . National Conference of State Legislatures . Retrieved 5 December 2017 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Larson , Aaron ( 3 July 2017 ) . `` How do Graduated Driver 's License Programs and Permits Work '' . ExpertLaw . Retrieved 5 December 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ See , e.g. , `` Instructional Permit ( CP ) '' . Georgia Department of Driver Services . Retrieved 5 December 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ See , e.g. `` Important Information About Learner 's Permits '' ( PDF ) . Department of Motor Vehicles . State of New York . Retrieved 5 December 2017 . , `` Learner 's Permit '' . Utah Department of Public Safety . Retrieved 5 December 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Learning to Drive '' . Division of Motor Vehicles . New Hampshire Department of Safety . Retrieved 5 December 2017 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Graduated Driver 's Licensing '' . AAA . Retrieved 5 December 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Teen Drivers Overview '' . National Conference of State Legislatures. April 2017 . Retrieved 5 December 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ See , eg. , `` Graduated Driver Licensing Program '' . drive.ky.gov . State of Kentucky . Retrieved 5 December 2017 . , `` Teenage & Adult Driver Responsibility Act ( TADRA ) '' . Georgia Department of Driver Services . State of Georgia . Retrieved 5 December 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Licensing Requirements for Teens , Graduated Driver License Laws and Driving Curfews '' . Florida Highway Safety and Motor Vehicles . State of Florida . Retrieved 5 December 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Graduated Driver License ( GDL ) '' . Oklahoma Department of Public Safety . Retrieved 5 December 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` FAQ - Driver License '' . Colorado Department of Revenue . Retrieved 5 December 2017 . </Li> </Ol> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Learner%27s_permit&oldid=837013508 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> Identity documents </Li> <Li> Traffic law </Li> <Li> Driving licences </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> CS1 Norwegian - language sources ( no ) </Li> <Li> Articles needing additional references from September 2012 </Li> <Li> All articles needing additional references </Li> <Li> Articles with limited geographic scope from April 2015 </Li> <Li> Wikipedia articles needing style editing from August 2016 </Li> <Li> All articles needing style editing </Li> <Li> Articles with multiple maintenance issues </Li> <Li> Wikipedia articles needing clarification from December 2017 </Li> <Li> All articles with unsourced statements </Li> <Li> Articles with unsourced statements from July 2016 </Li> <Li> Articles with unsourced statements from December 2017 </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> 日本 語 </Li> <Li> Simple English </Li> </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 18 April 2018 , at 05 : 40 . </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul>

who needs to be in the car with a permit driver

https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Learner%27s_permit&amp;oldid=837013508

God 's Not Dead : a Light in Darkness - Wikipedia <H1> God 's Not Dead : a Light in Darkness </H1> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> God 's Not Dead : A Light in Darkness </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Theatrical release poster </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Directed by </Th> <Td> Michael Mason </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Produced by </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> David A.R. White </Li> <Li> Michael Scott </Li> <Li> Brittany Yost </Li> <Li> Elizabeth Travis </Li> <Li> Alysoun Wolfe </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Written by </Th> <Td> Michael Mason </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Starring </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> David A.R. White </Li> <Li> John Corbett </Li> <Li> Shane Harper </Li> <Li> Ted McGinley </Li> <Li> Tatum O'Neal </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Music by </Th> <Td> Pancho Burgos - Goizueta </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Cinematography </Th> <Td> Brian Shanley </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Edited by </Th> <Td> Joseph Sandoval </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Production company </Th> <Td> Pure Flix </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Distributed by </Th> <Td> Pure Flix Entertainment </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Release date </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> March 30 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 30 ) </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Running time </Th> <Td> 106 minutes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Country </Th> <Td> United States </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Language </Th> <Td> English </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Box office </Th> <Td> $5.7 million </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> God 's Not Dead : A Light in Darkness is a 2018 American Christian drama film written and directed by Michael Mason . It is the third installment of the God 's Not Dead series , following the 2014 film and its 2016 sequel . It stars David A.R. White , John Corbett , Shane Harper , Benjamin Onyango , Ted McGinley , Jennifer Taylor , Tatum O'Neal , Shwayze and Cissy Houston . </P> <P> Principal photography was completed in Little Rock , Arkansas in December 2017 . It was released in the United States on March 30 , 2018 . Unlike the first two films , A Light in Darkness was a box office bomb , making less in its entire theatrical run ( $5.7 million ) than the others grossed in their respective opening weekends ( $9.7 million and $7.6 million ) . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Plot summary </Li> <Li> 2 Cast </Li> <Li> 3 Production </Li> <Li> 4 Reception <Ul> <Li> 4.1 Box office </Li> <Li> 4.2 Critical response </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 5 References </Li> <Li> 6 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Plot summary ( edit ) </H2> <P> After a bunch of protests by college students against the church of St. James , the college starts the process of shutting down the church much to the dismay of Reverend Dave and his partner Jude . When informed of the decision to shut down the church and to replace it with a building to expand the school , Dave and Jude begin the process of suing the college to save St. James . Things get worse when college student Adam Richertson , a struggling Christian , in protest , tosses a brick into the church , igniting a fire that fatally wounds Jude . Reverend Dave is forced to come to grips with the loss of his dear friend . Adam is horrified by his actions and contemplates whether to confess to the crime , leading him to rediscover his faith in God . </P> <P> During the lawsuit , Dave seeks the help of his estranged brother , attorney Pearce Hill , who tries to explain to Dave that it is not a case worth fighting for . Dave refuses to listen to his brother 's advice and continues the case into court . After failing to reach a settlement with the college , the trial date is set for the lawsuit . At the same time , Adam sends an anonymous text to Reverend Dave confessing to the church fire and a furious Dave assaults him when confronting him . This severely wounds his lawsuit 's case and leads to Adam being arrested and charged as a felony case . </P> <P> After seeking God 's help in church through prayer , Reverend Dave eventually realizes that his case has only made things worse and that St. James is not the right church for God and his followers . He drops his lawsuit , reaches an out - of - court settlement with the college , and after talking with a repentant Adam and consulting with Jude 's family , ultimately asks to have the criminal charges against Adam dropped . He then announces to his college protesters that while St. James will be torn down , he will reopen a new church not far from the school for future followers . </P> <H2> Cast ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Jennifer Taylor as Meg Harvey </Li> <Li> John Corbett as Pearce Hill </Li> <Li> Tatum O'Neal as Barbara Solomon </Li> <Li> Ted McGinley as Thomas Ellsworth </Li> <Li> Shane Harper as Josh Wheaton </Li> <Li> David A.R. White as Reverend Dave Hill </Li> <Li> Benjamin Onyango as Reverend Jude </Li> <Li> Cissy Houston as lead choir vocalist </Li> <Li> Samantha Boscarino as Keaton </Li> <Li> Mike C. Manning as Adam Richertson </Li> <Li> Shwayze </Li> </Ul> <H2> Production ( edit ) </H2> <P> Principal photography took place in December 2017 around Little Rock , Arkansas . </P> <H2> Reception ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Box Office ( edit ) </H3> <P> In the United States and Canada , God 's Not Dead : A Light in Darkness was released on March 30 , 2018 , alongside Acrimony and Ready Player One , and was projected to gross $4 -- 6 million from 1,685 theaters in its opening weekend . It ended up debuting to just $2.6 million , finishing 12th at the box office and marking the lowest opening of the series . Deadline Hollywood noted the film suffered from being the third film of a trilogy and also said religious audiences saw the film as `` a cash grab and not a movie promoting a Christian message anymore '' , and were more inclined to go to other faith - based films in theaters like I Can Only Imagine and Paul , Apostle of Christ . It fell 58 % in its second weekend to $1.1 million , finishing 17th . By the end of its North American run the film grossed a total of $5.5 million , less than other two films grossed simply in their opening weekends ( $9.7 million and $7.6 million , respectively ) . </P> <H3> Critical response ( edit ) </H3> <P> On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes , the film has an approval rating of 13 % based on 15 reviews , and an average rating of 2.7 / 10 . On Metacritic , the film has a weighted average score of 33 out of 100 , based on 9 critics , indicating `` generally unfavorable reviews . '' Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of `` A -- '' on an A+ to F scale , though as with the second film , Deadline Hollywood noted that `` faith - based films have an easy time gaining an A on CinemaScore '' . </P> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ `` God 's Not Dead : A Light in Darkness ( 2018 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved May 31 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Truitt , Brian ( December 19 , 2017 ) . `` Watch the fiery trailer for the faith - based film ' God 's Not Dead : A Light in Darkness ' '' . USA Today . Retrieved December 20 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Pure Flix Announces Theatrical Release Date For GOD 'S NOT DEAD : A LIGHT IN DARKNESS '' ( Press release ) . Pure Flix . PR Newswire . December 19 , 2017 . Retrieved December 20 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ; Tartaglione , Nancy ( March 27 , 2018 ) . `` Steven Spielberg 's ' Ready Player One ' To Get Its Game On With $140 M+ Global Start '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved March 27 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( April 1 , 2018 ) . `` Audiences Plug Into ' Ready Player One ' : Steven Spielberg Movie Looking At $53 M+ 4 - Day Score -- Early Sunday Update '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved April 1 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( April 8 , 2018 ) . `` ' A Quiet Place ' Screams To $50 M+ Opening ; ' Blockers ' Breaks Through To $21 M+ -- Early Sunday Update '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved April 8 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` God 's Not Dead Movies at the Box Office '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved April 15 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` God 's Not Dead : A Light in Darkness ( 2018 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Fandango . Retrieved April 6 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` God 's Not Dead : A Light in Darkness Reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved April 6 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Brad Brevet ( March 31 , 2018 ) . `` ' Ready Player One ' Hopes to End March 2018 with a Bang , Not a Whimper '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved April 2 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( April 4 , 2016 ) . `` Batman V Superman 's Knock - Down , Drag - Out Fight with the Box Office : 2nd Weekend At $52 M+ , - 68 % '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved April 2 , 2018 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Official website </Li> <Li> God 's Not Dead : A Light in Darkness on IMDb </Li> <Li> God 's Not Dead : A Light in Darkness at Rotten Tomatoes </Li> <Li> God 's Not Dead : A Light in Darkness at Metacritic </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> hide <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> God 's Not Dead films </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> God 's Not Dead ( 2014 ) </Li> <Li> God 's Not Dead 2 ( 2016 ) </Li> <Li> God 's Not Dead : A Light in Darkness ( 2018 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=God%27s_Not_Dead:_A_Light_in_Darkness&oldid=845133328 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> 2018 films </Li> <Li> English - language films </Li> <Li> 2010s drama films </Li> <Li> American drama films </Li> <Li> American films </Li> <Li> American sequel films </Li> <Li> Films about Christianity </Li> <Li> Films about Evangelicalism </Li> <Li> Films shot in Arkansas </Li> <Li> Pure Flix Entertainment films </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Use mdy dates from December 2017 </Li> <Li> Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> Bahasa Indonesia </Li> </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 9 June 2018 , at 16 : 40 . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul>

god's not dead a light in the darkness release date

https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=God%27s_Not_Dead:_A_Light_in_Darkness&amp;oldid=845133328

Stephanie Courtney - wikipedia <H1> Stephanie Courtney </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Stephanie Courtney </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> ( 1970 - 02 - 08 ) February 8 , 1970 ( age 48 ) Stony Point , New York , U.S. </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Occupation </Th> <Td> Actress , comedian </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Years active </Th> <Td> 1995 -- present </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Known for </Th> <Td> Flo in Progressive Insurance ads </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Spouse ( s ) </Th> <Td> Scott Kolanach ( m . 2008 ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Stephanie Courtney ( born February 8 , 1970 ) is an American actress and comedian , best known for playing the advertising character Flo in television and radio commercials for Progressive Corporation beginning in 2008 , and noted for her recurring roles on several television series , including the voices of Renee the Receptionist and Joy Peters on the Adult Swim comedy Tom Goes to the Mayor ( 2004 -- 06 ) , Marge on the AMC drama Mad Men ( 2007 ) ; and Diane on the ABC comedy Cavemen ( 2007 ) . She also appeared in the season 2 premiere of Men of a Certain Age . Courtney was a member of The Groundlings , an improvisational and sketch comedy theater in Los Angeles , California . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Early life and education </Li> <Li> 2 Filmography </Li> <Li> 3 References </Li> <Li> 4 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Early Life and education ( edit ) </H2> <P> Courtney was born in Stony Point , Rockland County , New York the youngest of three children of a high school history teacher father and a singer mother . In 1992 she graduated from Binghamton University with a degree in English , where she had played Elizabeth Proctor in The Crucible . By then , she said , `` I was never tortured over whether I wanted to become an actress . There was never another option in my mind . '' After graduation , she moved to New York City , where her roommate was future author and columnist Megan Daum . While working as evening secretary for Smith Barney chairman Robert S. Greenhill , Courtney studied acting at the Neighborhood Playhouse . </P> <P> She moved to Los Angeles , where she roomed with her sister , actress Jennifer Courtney . The two wrote and performed the sketch `` Those Courtney Girls '' in Los Angeles and at the Aspen Comedy Festival . She joined the training program of the improvisational and sketch comedy group The Groundlings , and in 2004 became a member of its 30 - person main company . There she met the theater 's lighting director , Scott Kolanach , whom she married in 2008 . </P> <P> During her early time in Los Angeles she worked odd jobs , including catering , to support herself . </P> <P> She has appeared in such films as The Brothers Solomon , Blades of Glory , The Heartbreak Kid , Melvin Goes to Dinner , and Fred : The Movie . </P> <H2> Filmography ( edit ) </H2> <Table> Film <Tr> <Th> Year </Th> <Th> Title </Th> <Th> Role </Th> <Th> Notes </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1998 </Td> <Td> Sweet Bird of You </Td> <Td> Kate </Td> <Td> Short film </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2003 </Td> <Td> Melvin Goes to Dinner </Td> <Td> Alex </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2005 </Td> <Td> Broadcast 23 </Td> <Td> Mrs. Morgan </Td> <Td> Short film </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2006 </Td> <Td> For Your Consideration </Td> <Td> Boom operator </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2007 </Td> <Td> Blades of Glory </Td> <Td> Reporter at sign ups </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2007 </Td> <Td> Brothers Solomon , The The Brothers Solomon </Td> <Td> Sara </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2007 </Td> <Td> Heartbreak Kid , The The Heartbreak Kid </Td> <Td> Gayla </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2009 </Td> <Td> Coco Lipshitz : Behind the Laughter </Td> <Td> Karen Balsac </Td> <Td> Short film </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2009 </Td> <Td> Christmas Eve : Alaska </Td> <Td> Melissa </Td> <Td> Short film </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Fred : The Movie </Td> <Td> Kevin 's mom </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2011 </Td> <Td> Fred 2 : Night of the Living Fred </Td> <Td> Kevin 's mom </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Web </P> <Table> Television <Tr> <Th> Year </Th> <Th> Title </Th> <Th> Role </Th> <Th> Notes </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1998 </Td> <Td> Mr. Show with Bob and David </Td> <Td> Waitress </Td> <Td> Episode : `` Eat Rotten Fruit from a Shitty Tree '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2000 </Td> <Td> Tenacious D </Td> <Td> Various </Td> <Td> Episode : `` The Fan '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Angel </Td> <Td> Gwen ( Files and Records ) </Td> <Td> Episode : `` Dad '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2002 </Td> <Td> Everybody Loves Raymond </Td> <Td> Woman </Td> <Td> Episode : `` Cookies '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2003 </Td> <Td> Man Show , The The Man Show </Td> <Td> Various </Td> <Td> Episode : `` The New Guys '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2003 </Td> <Td> Sketch Pad </Td> <Td> Various </Td> <Td> Episode : `` Roller '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Significant Others </Td> <Td> Pam </Td> <Td> Episode : `` A School , Not Cool & a Fool '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Faking the Video </Td> <Td> Fake producer </Td> <Td> Main cast ; 7 episodes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Without a Trace </Td> <Td> Lynette Shaw </Td> <Td> Episode : `` American Goddess '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2004 -- 06 </Td> <Td> Tom Goes to the Mayor </Td> <Td> Various voices </Td> <Td> Main cast ; 27 episodes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2005 </Td> <Td> ER </Td> <Td> Charlotte </Td> <Td> Episode : `` Just as I Am '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2005 </Td> <Td> Comeback , The The Comeback </Td> <Td> Carolina </Td> <Td> 2 episodes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2006 </Td> <Td> Courting Alex </Td> <Td> Ticket agent </Td> <Td> Episode : `` Birthday '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2006 </Td> <Td> Lovespring International </Td> <Td> Woman on tape </Td> <Td> Episode : `` A Rear Window '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2006 </Td> <Td> Re-Animated </Td> <Td> Team member Donna </Td> <Td> Television film </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2007 </Td> <Td> Celebrity Deathmatch </Td> <Td> Tina Fey ( voice ) </Td> <Td> Episode : `` The Banter Bloodbath '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2007 </Td> <Td> Mad Men </Td> <Td> Marge </Td> <Td> 5 episodes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2007 -- 08 </Td> <Td> Cavemen </Td> <Td> Diane </Td> <Td> 3 episodes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2008 </Td> <Td> Tim and Eric Awesome Show , Great Job ! </Td> <Td> Demons casting director </Td> <Td> Episode : `` Robin '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2008 </Td> <Td> Kath & Kim </Td> <Td> Ruth </Td> <Td> Episode : `` Money '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2009 </Td> <Td> United States of Tara </Td> <Td> Beth </Td> <Td> Episode : `` Aftermath '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Jay Leno Show , The The Jay Leno Show </Td> <Td> Leno family member </Td> <Td> Episode 75 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Sons of Tucson </Td> <Td> Denise </Td> <Td> Episode : `` The Break - In '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> House </Td> <Td> Claire </Td> <Td> Episode : `` Selfish '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Men of a Certain Age </Td> <Td> Stephanie </Td> <Td> Episode : `` If I Could , I Surely Would '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2011 </Td> <Td> Looney Tunes Show , The The Looney Tunes Show </Td> <Td> Emma Webster ( young Granny ) </Td> <Td> Episode : `` Eligible Bachelors '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2012 </Td> <Td> Fred : The Show </Td> <Td> Kevin 's mom </Td> <Td> Main cast ; 4 episodes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2012 </Td> <Td> Phineas and Ferb </Td> <Td> Additional voices </Td> <Td> Episode : `` What 'd I Miss ? '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2014 </Td> <Td> 2 Broke Girls </Td> <Td> Eleanor </Td> <Td> Episode : `` And the Wedding Cake Cake Cake '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2014 </Td> <Td> Comedy Bang ! Bang ! </Td> <Td> Blanche </Td> <Td> Episode : `` Fred Armisen Wears Black Jeans & Glasses '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2014 </Td> <Td> You 're the Worst </Td> <Td> Bookstore manager </Td> <Td> 3 episodes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2015 </Td> <Td> Mike Tyson Mysteries </Td> <Td> Mrs. Ensler ( voice ) </Td> <Td> Episode : `` Ty - Stunned '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2015 </Td> <Td> W / Bob and David </Td> <Td> Jeannie </Td> <Td> Episode : `` 1.3 '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2016 </Td> <Td> Major Crimes </Td> <Td> Dr. Deb </Td> <Td> Episode : `` Off the Wagon '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2018 </Td> <Td> The Goldbergs </Td> <Td> Essie Karp </Td> <Td> 3 episodes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Year </Th> <Th> Title </Th> <Th> Role </Th> <Th> Notes </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2007 </Td> <Td> Derek and Simon : The Show </Td> <Td> Glenda </Td> <Td> Episode : `` Troubled Times : Part 2 -- Murder & Deception '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2008 </Td> <Td> Face to Bush </Td> <Td> Mary McQueegle </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2008 -- 09 </Td> <Td> Back on Topps </Td> <Td> Debbie Topps </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> Video games <Tr> <Th> Year </Th> <Th> Title </Th> <Th> Role </Th> <Th> Notes </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2003 </Td> <Td> Celebrity Deathmatch </Td> <Td> Mischa Barton </Td> <Td> Voice </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Russell , Mallory ( February 27 , 2012 ) . `` Meet Progressive 's Flo : Standup Comic Stephanie Courtney '' . Business Insider . Retrieved May 21 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Elliott , Stuart ( 2010 - 01 - 17 ) . `` Until Flo Ebbs , Progressive Will Capitalize on Her Popularity '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 09 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Hiltbrand , David ( April 8 , 2010 ) . `` Actress - comedian Stephanie Courtney finds her niche with insurance commercials '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved May 21 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Paknejad , Tina ( Summer 2009 ) . `` Newly Famous Pitchwoman '' . Binghamton University Magazine . Archived from the original on May 28 , 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Rudolph , Heather Wood ( April 6 , 2015 ) . `` Get That Life : How I Became `` Flo '' From the Progressive Commercials `` . Cosmopolitan . Retrieved April 9 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Parsley , Aaron ( September 2 , 2009 ) . `` 5 Things to Know About TV 's Progressive Insurance Lady '' . People . Retrieved May 21 , 2013 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Stephanie Courtney on IMDb </Li> </Ul> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stephanie_Courtney&oldid=842546602 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> 1970 births </Li> <Li> 20th - century American actresses </Li> <Li> 21st - century American actresses </Li> <Li> Actresses from New York ( state ) </Li> <Li> American film actresses </Li> <Li> American television actresses </Li> <Li> American voice actresses </Li> <Li> American women comedians </Li> <Li> Binghamton University alumni </Li> <Li> Living people </Li> <Li> People from Stony Point , New York </Li> <Li> Comedians from New York ( state ) </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Articles with hCards </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> Español </Li> <Li> فارسی </Li> <Li> Português </Li> <Li> Simple English </Li> <Li> اردو </Li> </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 23 May 2018 , at 04 : 22 . </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul>

who plays young flo in the progressive commercials

https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Stephanie_Courtney&amp;oldid=842546602

I Love It ( Icona Pop song ) - wikipedia <H1> I Love It ( Icona Pop song ) </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> `` I Love It '' </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Single by Icona Pop featuring Charli XCX </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> from the album Icona Pop and This Is ... Icona Pop </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Released </Th> <Td> 9 May 2012 ( 2012 - 05 - 09 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Format </Th> <Td> Digital download </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Recorded </Th> <Td> 2012 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Genre </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Electropop </Li> <Li> dance - pop </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Length </Th> <Td> 2 : 37 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Label </Th> <Td> Ten </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Songwriter ( s ) </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Charlotte Aitchison </Li> <Li> Patrik Berger </Li> <Li> Linus Eklöw </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Producer ( s ) </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Patrik Berger </Li> <Li> Style of Eye </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Icona Pop singles chronology </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Td> `` Mind Your Manners '' ( 2012 ) </Td> <Td> `` I Love It '' ( 2012 ) </Td> <Td> `` We Got the World '' ( 2012 ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Td> `` Mind Your Manners '' ( 2012 ) </Td> <Td> `` I Love It '' ( 2012 ) </Td> <Td> `` We Got the World '' ( 2012 ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Charli XCX singles chronology </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Td> `` Nuclear Seasons '' ( 2011 ) Nuclear Seasons 2011 </Td> <Td> `` I Love It '' ( 2012 ) I Love It2012 </Td> <Td> `` You 're the One '' ( 2012 ) You 're the One 2012 </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> `` I Love It '' is a song by Swedish DJ duo Icona Pop featuring vocals from British recording artist Charli XCX . It was released in May 2012 as a digital download in Sweden , where it peaked at number two on the singles chart . The song was added to their debut studio album , Icona Pop , as well as their EP Iconic and their debut international album , This Is ... Icona Pop . </P> <P> The song received positive reviews from music critics , and publications Rolling Stone and Pitchfork included it on their year - end lists for 2012 . The song went on to become Icona Pop and Charli XCX 's first US hit , peaking at number seven on the Billboard Hot 100 and was certified double - platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America , denoting over 2 million copies sold in the United States . In June 2013 , over a year after it was released elsewhere , the song charted at number 1 on the UK Singles Chart . It has gone on to sell 4.3 million certified downloads . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Background </Li> <Li> 2 Composition </Li> <Li> 3 Release and promotion </Li> <Li> 4 Critical reception </Li> <Li> 5 Music video </Li> <Li> 6 Track listing </Li> <Li> 7 Charts <Ul> <Li> 7.1 Weekly charts </Li> <Li> 7.2 Year - end charts </Li> <Li> 7.3 All - time chart </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 8 Sales and certifications </Li> <Li> 9 Cover versions </Li> <Li> 10 Release history </Li> <Li> 11 References </Li> <Li> 12 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Background ( edit ) </H2> Singer Charli XCX co-wrote and recorded an earlier version of `` I Love It '' . <P> The song was originally written by Charli XCX , whom Icona Pop met several times in London . Swedish producer Patrik Berger sent Charli two beats , and she quickly wrote songs for each of them , one of which became `` I Love It '' and the other of which became her following single `` You 're the One '' . However , she later stated that she knew she would not end up releasing it herself because she could not reconcile it with her sound . </P> <P> While recording `` Good for You '' with Icona Pop , Berger presented them with Charli 's work on `` I Love It '' . Band member Aino Jawo said she felt a connection to the song because it mirrored her own experiences , and the line `` You 're from the 70s but I 'm a 90s bitch '' reminded her of an older man she had known . Member Caroline Hjelt described Charli XCX 's original demo as `` more cute , in a way ... really cool and cocky '' . Icona Pop approached Swedish producer Style of Eye to make a rougher version of the track , telling him , `` We want the punkiness . We want the ' fuck it ' feeling . '' </P> <H2> Composition ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` I Love It '' The song 's chorus features all three singers shouting `` I do n't care / I love it '' in unison . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Problems playing this file ? See media help . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` I Love It ( Original Demo ) '' The original version of the song before its composition was reworked . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Problems playing this file ? See media help . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> `` I Love It '' is set in common time with a tempo of 126 beats per minute ( Allegro ) , and is described as an electropop and dance - pop song . It is written in A ♭ major , with an authentic cadence for the main chord progression . Billboard critic Jessica Hopper defined the instrumental by its `` swells of revving synths '' and prominent sub-bass sounds . Pitchfork writer Lindsay Zoladz commented that the song was `` basically just two - and - a-half minutes of drop '' ; colleague Larry Fitzmaurice noted the track 's maximalist approach fit the contemporary trends in electronic and pop music . </P> <P> The song 's lyrics describe breaking up with an older boyfriend . In its chorus , Icona Pop and Charli XCX shout in unison `` I do n't care / I love it '' . Critics compared the song 's breakup narrative to Kelly Clarkson 's 2004 single `` Since U Been Gone '' , and journalist Chuck Eddy wrote in a piece for Spin that the track 's brattiness was similar to British band Shampoo . </P> <H2> Release and promotion ( edit ) </H2> <P> `` I Love It '' was released in Sweden in May 2012 . It entered the Swedish Singles Chart the following month at number 48 , and after two months on the chart , the song peaked at number two for three consecutive weeks . After its January 2013 appearance on an episode of Girls , the song performed better in digital downloads than it had upon initial release . Ten days later it entered the Billboard Hot 100 , eventually climbing to number seven on the chart . Jawo and Hjelt 's first performance with Charli XCX happened in April 2013 , after seeing her back stage at a South by Southwest showcase where both acts were playing . </P> <P> In June 2013 , several cover versions of the song entered the UK Singles Chart , including one by vlogger Venus Angelic . When Icona Pop released their version , it entered at the top of the chart , overtaking Robin Thicke 's `` Blurred Lines '' featuring T.I. and Pharrell Williams . </P> <H2> Critical reception ( edit ) </H2> <P> `` I Love It '' was met with positive reviews from music critics . The song placed 15th on The Village Voice 's 2012 Pazz & Jop list , and it rose to eighth place the following year . Pitchfork Media labeled it `` Best New Music '' , calling the song `` delectable , empowering , infinitely repeatable '' . Pitchfork later listed the song number 50 on its `` Top 100 Tracks of 2012 '' list . Rolling Stone placed `` I Love It '' at number 35 on its year - end list , naming it `` the Euro - slut club jam of the summer '' . Amrit Singh for Stereogum described it as `` fun '' , Heather Phares commented Jawo and Hjelt `` half - sung , half - shouted vocals and revved - up synths make the song inescapably catchy '' . Kat Bein of the Miami New Times called the song a `` feminist pop anthem '' . </P> <H2> Music video ( edit ) </H2> <P> The music video for `` I Love It '' was directed by Fredrik Etoall . The video was shot in a day by friends of the band while they were in Paris . It shows Jawo and Hjelt playing a show for a crowd shouting the lyrics and dancing , with additional shots from backstage and an after - party . It also includes outdoor shots of them wearing fringed jackets that they made . Charli XCX does not appear in the video . </P> <H2> Track listing ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="3"> Digital download </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> No . </Th> <Th> Title </Th> <Th> Length </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1 . </Td> <Td> `` I Love It '' ( featuring Charli XCX ) </Td> <Td> 2 : 37 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="3"> Remixes </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> No . </Th> <Th> Title </Th> <Th> Length </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1 . </Td> <Td> `` I Love It '' ( Cobra Starship Remix ) ( Radio Edit ) </Td> <Td> 3 : 33 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2 . </Td> <Td> `` I Love It '' ( Nari & Milani Remix ) ( Radio Edit ) </Td> <Td> 3 : 20 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 3 . </Td> <Td> `` I Love It '' ( Style of Eye Remix ) </Td> <Td> 4 : 40 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 4 . </Td> <Td> `` I Love It '' ( Sick Individuals Club Edit ) </Td> <Td> 5 : 57 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 5 . </Td> <Td> `` I Love It '' ( Sazon Booya Moombahton Remix ) </Td> <Td> 4 : 22 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 6 . </Td> <Td> `` I Love It '' ( Volta Bureau Remix ) </Td> <Td> 5 : 25 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 7 . </Td> <Td> `` I Love It '' ( Wayne G & LFB Remix ) ( Radio Edit ) </Td> <Td> 3 : 44 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 8 . </Td> <Td> `` I Love It '' ( Steven Redant ' 90s Bitch Club Mix ) </Td> <Td> 6 : 53 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 9 . </Td> <Td> `` I Love It '' ( Tiësto 's Club Life Remix ) </Td> <Td> 4 : 30 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="3"> Remixes ( Part 2 ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> No . </Th> <Th> Title </Th> <Th> Length </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1 . </Td> <Td> `` I Love It '' ( Nari & Milani Remix ) </Td> <Td> 7 : 00 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2 . </Td> <Td> `` I Love It '' ( Sick Individuals Remix ) </Td> <Td> 6 : 45 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 3 . </Td> <Td> `` I Love It '' ( Skitzofrenix Remix ) </Td> <Td> 6 : 03 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 4 . </Td> <Td> `` I Love It '' ( Hot Mouth Remix ) </Td> <Td> 5 : 41 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 5 . </Td> <Td> `` I Love It '' ( Style of Eye Dub ) </Td> <Td> 4 : 41 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 6 . </Td> <Td> `` I Love It '' ( Fukkk Offf Remix ) </Td> <Td> 4 : 48 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 7 . </Td> <Td> `` I Love It '' ( Apocalypto Remix ) </Td> <Td> 6 : 13 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 8 . </Td> <Td> `` I Love It '' ( Cobra Starship Remix ) </Td> <Td> 5 : 08 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 9 . </Td> <Td> `` I Love It '' ( Wayne G & LFB Club Mix ) </Td> <Td> 6 : 27 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 10 . </Td> <Td> `` I Love It '' ( Steven Redant ' 90s Bitch Club Mix ) </Td> <Td> 6 : 52 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 11 . </Td> <Td> `` I Love It '' ( Solidisco Mix ) </Td> <Td> 5 : 18 </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="3"> CD single </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> No . </Th> <Th> Title </Th> <Th> Length </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1 . </Td> <Td> `` I Love It '' ( Original Version ) </Td> <Td> 2 : 37 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2 . </Td> <Td> `` I Love It '' ( Fukkk Offf Remix ) </Td> <Td> 4 : 48 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="3"> Beatport Remixes </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> No . </Th> <Th> Title </Th> <Th> Length </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1 . </Td> <Td> `` I Love It '' ( Nari & Milani Remix ) </Td> <Td> 7 : 00 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2 . </Td> <Td> `` I Love It '' ( Sick Individuals Remix ) </Td> <Td> 6 : 45 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 3 . </Td> <Td> `` I Love It '' ( Skitzofrenix Remix ) </Td> <Td> 6 : 03 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 4 . </Td> <Td> `` I Love It '' ( Hot Mouth Remix ) </Td> <Td> 5 : 41 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 5 . </Td> <Td> `` I Love It '' ( Sazon Booya Moombahton Remix ) </Td> <Td> 4 : 22 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 6 . </Td> <Td> `` I Love It '' ( Volta Bureau Remix ) </Td> <Td> 5 : 24 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 7 . </Td> <Td> `` I Love It '' ( Style of Eye Remix ) </Td> <Td> 4 : 39 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 8 . </Td> <Td> `` I Love It '' ( Style of Eye Dub ) </Td> <Td> 4 : 41 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 9 . </Td> <Td> `` I Love It '' ( Fukkk Offf Remix ) </Td> <Td> 4 : 48 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 10 . </Td> <Td> `` I Love It '' ( Apocalypto Remix ) </Td> <Td> 6 : 13 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 11 . </Td> <Td> `` I Love It '' ( Cobra Starship Remix ) </Td> <Td> 5 : 08 </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Charts ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> <H3> Weekly charts ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Chart ( 2012 -- 14 ) </Th> <Th> Peak position </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Australia ( ARIA ) </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Belgium ( Ultratop Flanders Dance ) </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Wallonia ) </Td> <Td> 20 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Belgium ( Ultratop Wallonia Dance ) </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Brazil ( Billboard Brasil Hot 100 ) </Td> <Td> 63 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Brazil Hot Pop Songs </Td> <Td> 22 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) </Td> <Td> 9 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Czech Republic ( Rádio Top 100 ) </Td> <Td> 15 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Czech Republic ( Singles Digitál Top 100 ) </Td> <Td> 92 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Europe ( Euro Digital Songs ) </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> France ( SNEP ) </Td> <Td> 18 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Germany ( Official German Charts ) </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Hungary ( Dance Top 40 ) </Td> <Td> 10 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Hungary ( Rádiós Top 40 ) </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Ireland ( IRMA ) </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Israel ( Media Forest ) </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Italy ( FIMI ) </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Japan ( Japan Hot 100 ) </Td> <Td> 12 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Mexico Top Anglo ( Monitor Latino ) </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) </Td> <Td> 13 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Netherlands ( Mega Dance Top 30 ) </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) </Td> <Td> 16 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Netherlands ( Mega Top 50 ) </Td> <Td> 10 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) </Td> <Td> 9 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Portugal ( Billboard ) </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Scotland ( Official Charts Company ) </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Slovakia ( Rádio Top 100 ) </Td> <Td> 15 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Slovenia ( SloTop50 ) </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) </Td> <Td> 10 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> US Billboard Hot 100 </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> US Hot Dance / Electronic Songs ( Billboard ) </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> US Adult Top 40 ( Billboard ) </Td> <Td> 11 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> US Dance Club Songs ( Billboard ) </Td> <Td> 25 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> US Dance / Mix Show Airplay ( Billboard ) </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> US Mainstream Top 40 ( Billboard ) </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> US Rhythmic ( Billboard ) </Td> <Td> 24 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Venezuela Pop Rock General ( Record Report ) </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> <Td> <H3> Year - end charts ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Chart ( 2013 ) </Th> <Th> Position </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Australia ( ARIA ) </Th> <Td> 41 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) </Th> <Td> 29 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Germany ( Media Control AG ) </Th> <Td> 19 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Hungary ( Rádiós Top 40 ) </Th> <Td> 12 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Slovenia ( SloTop50 ) </Th> <Td> 25 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) </Th> <Td> 28 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) </Th> <Td> 19 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> US Billboard Hot 100 </Th> <Td> 28 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> All - time chart ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Chart </Th> <Th> Position </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) </Th> <Td> 93 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Australia ( ARIA ) </Th> <Td> 400 </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Sales and certifications ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Region </Th> <Th> Certification </Th> <Th> Certified units / Sales </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Australia ( ARIA ) </Th> <Td> 4 × Platinum </Td> <Td> 280,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Austria ( IFPI Austria ) </Th> <Td> Gold </Td> <Td> 15,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Belgium ( BEA ) </Th> <Td> Gold </Td> <Td> 15,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Canada ( Music Canada ) </Th> <Td> 4 × Platinum </Td> <Td> 320,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Germany ( BVMI ) </Th> <Td> 3 × Gold </Td> <Td> 450,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Italy ( FIMI ) </Th> <Td> 2 × Platinum </Td> <Td> 60,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Mexico ( AMPROFON ) </Th> <Td> Gold </Td> <Td> 30,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> New Zealand ( RMNZ ) </Th> <Td> Gold </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> South Korea ( Gaon Chart ) Iconic EP version </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> 87,650 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> South Korea ( Gaon Chart ) Single version </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> 95,498 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Sweden ( GLF ) </Th> <Td> Platinum </Td> <Td> 40,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Switzerland ( IFPI Switzerland ) </Th> <Td> Platinum </Td> <Td> 30,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> United Kingdom ( BPI ) </Th> <Td> Platinum </Td> <Td> 600,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> United States ( RIAA ) </Th> <Td> 4 × Platinum </Td> <Td> 2,127,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Venezuela ( APFV ) </Th> <Td> 2x Platinum </Td> <Td> 20,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="3"> <P> sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone </P> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Cover versions ( edit ) </H2> <P> Several cover versions have charted in the UK . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Artist </Th> <Th> Peak position </Th> <Th> Reference </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Loreen Harris </Td> <Td> 74 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Venus Angelic </Td> <Td> 71 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Remix Junkies </Td> <Td> 49 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Remix Chix </Td> <Td> 61 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> New Music Masters </Td> <Td> 51 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> In 2017 , Swedish singer Moneybrother released a punk rock inspired cover version of the song as a part of the eighth season of Så mycket bättre . The track received mixed to positive reviews , ultimately failing to chart . </P> <H2> Release history ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Region </Th> <Th> Date </Th> <Th> Format </Th> <Th> Label </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Sweden </Td> <Td> 9 May 2012 </Td> <Td> Record Company TEN </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> 5 February 2013 </Td> <Td> Mainstream Airplay </Td> <Td> Atlantic / Big Beat Records </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> United Kingdom </Td> <Td> 21 June 2013 </Td> <Td> Digital EP </Td> <Td> Warner Records </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ Icona Pop 's ' All Night ' is now on the internet , as is the cover of their new album - Popjustice </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Trust , Gary . `` Pink Holds at No. 1 on Hot 100 While Rihanna Rules at Radio '' . Retrieved 2 May 2013 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Lipshutz , Jason ( 16 February 2013 ) . `` Icona Pop Makes Hot 100 Debut , Discusses The Anger Behind ' I Love It ' '' . Billboard. 125 ( 6 ) : 69 . Retrieved 27 December 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Nostro , Lauren ( 6 March 2013 ) . `` Interview : Charli XCX Talks Debut Album , Internet Haters , and Writing Icona Pop 's ' I Love It ' '' . Complex . Retrieved 27 December 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Savage , Mark ( 11 December 2013 ) . `` Charli XCX : Pop , punk and synaesthesia '' . BBC News . Retrieved 28 December 2013 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Werthman , Christine ( 19 December 2012 ) . `` Q&A : Icona Pop '' . CMJ . Retrieved 27 December 2013 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Grisham , Tyler ( 25 May 2012 ) . `` Rising : Icona Pop '' . Pitchfork Media . Retrieved 27 December 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Charli XCX : ' I do n't regret giving ' I Love It ' to Icona Pop ' '' . NME. 3 July 2013 . Retrieved 29 December 2013 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Singh , Amrit ( 3 May 2013 ) . `` Watch Icona Pop Play Fallon '' . Stereogum . Spin Media . Retrieved 19 May 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Ferreiro , Laura ( 16 July 2013 ) . `` Robin Thicke Covers Icona Pop 's Summer Hit `` I Love It '' `` . Yahoo Music . Yahoo !. Retrieved 16 July 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Walters , Barry ( 19 September 2013 ) . `` Icona Pop ( We Love It ) and Krewella ( We Do n't ) : Two Heroic , Sis - Centric Punk - Pop LPs '' . Spin . Retrieved 19 May 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Eklöw , Linus ; Berger , Patrik ; Aitchison , Charlotte ( 2012 ) . `` I Love It '' ( sheet music ) . Musicnotes.com . Universal Music Publishing Group . Retrieved 29 December 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Hopper , Jessica ( 31 August 2013 ) . `` Pop 's New Icons '' . 125 ( 33 ) . Billboard : 35 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Zoladz , Lindsay ( 17 October 2012 ) . `` Icona Pop : The Iconic EP '' . Pitchfork Media . Retrieved 12 January 2014 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Fitzmaurice , Larry ( 9 May 2012 ) . `` Icona Pop : `` I Love It '' `` . Pitchfork Media . Retrieved 27 December 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Trageser , Stephen ( 8 August 2013 ) . `` Icona Pop prepares to rule the global market in dance pop '' . Nashville Scene . Retrieved 12 January 2014 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Phillips , Amy ( 17 December 2012 ) . `` Staff Lists : The Top 100 Tracks of 2012 '' . Pitchfork Media . Retrieved 25 April 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Eddy , Chuck ( 27 September 2013 ) . `` Icona Pop 's Nightclubbing Catharsis Originated With ' 90s British Dance - Pop Duo Crush '' . Spin . Retrieved 12 January 2014 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Swedishcharts.com -- Icona Pop feat . Charli XCX -- I Love It '' . Singles Top 100 . Retrieved 13 January 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Unterberger , Andrew ( 2013 - 01 - 28 ) . `` Is `` Girls '' Finally Gonna Make a Hit Out of Icona Pop 's `` I Love It '' ? `` . Popdust Inc . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Cubarrubia , RJ ( 23 April 2013 ) . `` Icona Pop , Charli XCX Party Through ' I Love It ' at SXSW '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved 28 December 2013 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Venus Angelic '' . The Official Charts Company . Retrieved 24 June 2013 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` New York Pazz and Jop Singles '' . The Village Voice . Retrieved 28 December 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 2013 Pazz & Jop Singles Winners '' . The Village Voice. 15 January 2014 . Retrieved 19 January 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 50 Best Songs of 2012 : Icona Pop , ' I Love It ' '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved 28 December 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Phares , Heather . `` Icona Pop : Iconic '' . Allmusic . Rovi Corporation . Retrieved 19 May 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bein , Kat ( 6 August 2013 ) . `` Icona Pop 's Aino Jawo : `` We Are Feminists '' `` . Miami New Times . Retrieved 5 June 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Robertson , Derek ( 27 September 2012 ) . `` Icona Pop : A New Kind Of 90s Bitch '' . DIY . Retrieved 29 December 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Australian-charts.com -- Icona Pop feat . Charli XCX -- I Love It '' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . Retrieved 6 January 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Icona Pop feat . Charli XCX -- I Love It '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Retrieved 16 January 2013 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Ultratop.be -- Icona Pop feat . Charli XCX -- I Love It '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved 16 January 2013 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Ultratop.be -- Icona Pop feat . Charli XCX -- I Love It '' ( in French ) . Ultratop 50 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : BPP , ed . ( February -- March 2014 ) . `` Billboard Brasil Hot 100 Airplay '' . Billboard Brasil ( 47 ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Icona Pop Chart History ( Canadian Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` ČNS IFPI '' ( in Czech ) . Hitparáda -- Radio Top 100 Oficiální . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201329 into search . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` ČNS IFPI '' ( in Czech ) . Hitparáda -- Digital Top 100 Oficiální . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201432 into search . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Icona Pop -- Chart history '' Billboard Euro Digital Songs for Icona Pop . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Lescharts.com -- Icona Pop feat . Charli XCX -- I Love It '' ( in French ) . Les classement single . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Offiziellecharts.de -- Icona Pop feat . Charli XCX -- I Love It '' . GfK Entertainment Charts . Retrieved 5 December 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Archívum -- Slágerlisták -- MAHASZ '' ( in Hungarian ) . Dance Top 40 lista . Magyar Hanglemezkiadók Szövetsége . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Archívum -- Slágerlisták -- MAHASZ '' ( in Hungarian ) . Rádiós Top 40 játszási lista . Magyar Hanglemezkiadók Szövetsége . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Chart Track : Week 08 , 2013 '' . Irish Singles Chart . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Icona Pop feat . Charli XCX -- I Love It Media Forest '' . Israeli Airplay Chart . Media Forest . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Italiancharts.com -- Icona Pop -- I Love It '' . Top Digital Download . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Icona Pop Chart History ( Japan Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Top 20 Ingles '' . Monitor Latino ( in Spanish ) . RadioNotas . Archived from the original on 26 April 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Nederlandse Top 40 -- Icona Pop feat . Charli XCX '' ( in Dutch ) . Dutch Top 40 . Retrieved 5 December 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Dance Top 30 : 02 / 02 / 2013 ( in Dutch ) . dutchcharts.nl . Retrieved 22 December 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Icona Pop feat . Charli XCX -- I Love It '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Retrieved 22 December 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ 3fm Mega Top 50 : 30 / 03 / 2013 ( in Dutch ) . dutchcharts.nl . Retrieved 22 December 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Charts.org.nz -- Icona Pop feat . Charli XCX -- I Love It '' . Top 40 Singles . Retrieved 29 November 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Portugal Digital Songs - September 14 , 2013 '' . Billboard . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Official Scottish Singles Sales Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` SNS IFPI '' ( in Slovak ) . Hitparáda -- Radio Top 100 Oficiálna . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201327 into search . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` SloTop50 : Slovenian official singles weekly chart '' ( in Slovenian ) . SloTop50 . Retrieved 4 August 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Spanishcharts.com -- Icona Pop feat . Charli XCX -- I Love It '' Canciones Top 50 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Icona Pop -- I Love It '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Retrieved 24 February 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Icona Pop Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Icona Pop Chart History ( Hot Dance / Electronic Songs ) '' . Billboard . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Icona Pop Chart History ( Adult Pop Songs ) '' . Billboard . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Icona Pop Chart History ( Dance Club Songs ) '' . Billboard . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Icona Pop Chart History ( Dance Mix / Show Airplay ) '' . Billboard . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Icona Pop Chart History ( Pop Songs ) '' . Billboard . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Icona Pop Chart History ( Rhythmic ) '' . Billboard . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Pop Rock General '' . Record Report ( in Spanish ) . R.R. Digital C.A. 28 September 2013 . Archived from the original on 27 September 2013 . Retrieved 26 September 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 2013 Year End Singles Chart '' . ARIA . Retrieved February 7 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Best of 2013 : Canadian Hot 100 '' . Prometheus Gobal Media . Retrieved 13 December 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Singles Jahrescharts 2013 '' ( in German ) . VIVA . Viacom International Media Networks . Retrieved 12 January 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` MAHASZ Rádiós TOP 100 - radios 2013 '' ( in Hungarian ) . MAHASZ . Retrieved 22 January 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` SloTop50 : Slovenian official singles year end chart '' ( in Slovenian ) . SloTop50 . Retrieved 29 December 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Top 50 Canciones Anual 2013 '' . Promuiscae.es . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 03 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Lane , Daniel ( 1 January 2014 ) . `` The Official Top 40 Biggest Selling Singles Of 2013 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 1 January 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Best of 2013 -- Hot 100 Songs '' . Billboard.com . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 13 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Best of All Time -- Singles '' . Charts. org. sw . Hung Medien . Archived from the original on 21 February 2007 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` ARIA Charts -- Best of all time chart -- Top 1000 Singles '' . Archived from the original on 3 January 2014 . Retrieved 1 January 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` ARIA Charts -- Accreditations -- 2013 Singles '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Austrian single certifications -- Icona Pop -- I Love It '' ( in German ) . IFPI Austria . Enter Icona Pop in the field Interpret . Enter I Love It in the field Titel . Select single in the field Format . Click Suchen </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Ultratop − Goud en Platina -- 2013 '' . Ultratop . Hung Medien . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Canadian single certifications -- Icona Pop -- I Love It '' . Music Canada . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Gold - / Platin - Datenbank ( Icona Pop feat . Charli XCX ; ' I Love It ' ) '' ( in German ) . Bundesverband Musikindustrie . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Italian single certifications -- Icona Pop feat . Charli XCX -- I Love It '' ( in Italian ) . Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` ... : Certificaciones Mensuales 2015 : . '' Asociación Mexicana de Productores de Fonogramas y Videogramas . Facebook . 18 March 2015 . Retrieved 18 March 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` New Zealand single certifications -- Icona Pop -- I Love It '' . Recorded Music NZ . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ UNSUPPORTED OR EMPTY REGION : South Korea ( Gaon Chart ) . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` GAON DOWNLOAD CHART -- 2013 년 5 월 '' . Gaon Chart ( in Korean ) . Korea Music Content Industry Association . Archived from the original on 22 February 2014 . Retrieved 31 July 2013 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` GAON DOWNLOAD CHART -- 2013 년 6 월 '' . Gaon Chart ( in Korean ) . Korea Music Content Industry Association . Archived from the original on 29 October 2013 . Retrieved 31 July 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ UNSUPPORTED OR EMPTY REGION : South Korea ( Gaon Chart ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Veckolista Singlar - Vecka 10 , 10 maj 2013 '' ( in Swedish ) . Swedish Recording Industry Association . 1 May 2013 . Archived from the original on 28 September 2013 . Retrieved 28 May 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Official Swiss Charts and Music Community : Awards ( Icona Pop feat . Charli XCX ; ' I Love It ' ) '' . IFPI Switzerland . Hung Medien . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` British single certifications -- Icona Pop -- I Love It '' . British Phonographic Industry . Enter I Love It in the search field and then press Enter . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` American single certifications -- Icona Pop -- I Love It '' . Recording Industry Association of America . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Jason Lipshutz ( 11 December 2013 ) . `` Icona Pop Looking Forward To Miley Cyrus & Katy Perry Tours In 2014 '' . Billboard . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ APFV ( 30 November 2013 ) . `` Certificaciones De Venezuela Del 2013 '' ( PDF ) ( in Spanish ) . APFV . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 15 July 2014 . Retrieved 18 August 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` LOREEN HARRIS '' . The Official Charts Company . Retrieved 24 June 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` REMIX JUNKIES '' . The Official Charts Company . Retrieved 24 June 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` REMIX CHIX '' . The Official Charts Company . Retrieved 24 June 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` NEW MUSIC MASTERS '' . The Official Charts Company . Retrieved 7 June 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Som en lagom och uppsluppen personalfest '' . Aftonbladet . Retrieved 30 March 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Betyg : Så bra var tolkningar i `` Så mycket bättre '' `` . Expressen . Retrieved 30 March 2018 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` I Love It -- Single '' . iTunes Store ( SE ) . Apple Inc . Retrieved 29 November 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` I Love It -- EP '' . iTunes Store ( GB ) . Apple Inc . Retrieved 20 May 2013 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics </Li> <Li> `` I Love It '' on YouTube </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Icona Pop </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Caroline Hjelt </Li> <Li> Aino Jawo </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Studio albums </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Icona Pop ( 2012 ) </Li> <Li> This Is ... Icona Pop ( 2013 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Extended plays ( EP ) </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Nights Like This ( 2011 ) </Li> <Li> Iconic ( 2012 ) </Li> <Li> Emergency ( 2015 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Singles </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` Manners '' </Li> <Li> `` I Love It '' </Li> <Li> `` We Got the World '' </Li> <Li> `` Girlfriend '' </Li> <Li> `` All Night '' </Li> <Li> `` Just Another Night '' </Li> <Li> `` Get Lost '' </Li> <Li> `` Emergency '' </Li> <Li> `` Girls Girls '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Featured singles </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` Mind Your Manners '' </Li> <Li> `` Never Been In Love '' </Li> <Li> `` Let You Down '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Labels </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Atlantic Records </Li> <Li> Big Beat Records </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Related articles </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Discography </Li> <Li> Jersey Shore </Li> <Li> Snooki & JWoww </Li> <Li> Girls </Li> <Li> The Vampire Diaries </Li> <Li> Glee </Li> <Li> The Million Second Quiz </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Charli XCX </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Discography </Li> <Li> Awards and nominations </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Studio albums </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> True Romance </Li> <Li> Sucker </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Mixtapes </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Number 1 Angel </Li> <Li> Pop 2 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Extended plays </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> You 're the One </Li> <Li> Vroom Vroom </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Concert tours </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> As headliner </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Girl Power North America Tour </Li> <Li> Charli and Jack Do America Tour </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> As supporting act </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Show Us Yours Tour </Li> <Li> Mylo Xyloto Tour </Li> <Li> The Self - Titled Tour </Li> <Li> The Lonely Hearts Club Tour </Li> <Li> Prismatic World Tour </Li> <Li> Hopeless Fountain Kingdom World Tour </Li> <Li> Nostalgic for the Present Tour </Li> <Li> Taylor Swift 's Reputation Stadium Tour </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=I_Love_It_(Icona_Pop_song)&oldid=835147762 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> 2012 singles </Li> <Li> Songs written by Patrik Berger ( record producer ) </Li> <Li> Icona Pop songs </Li> <Li> Charli XCX songs </Li> <Li> Billboard Dance / Electronic Songs number - one singles </Li> <Li> Billboard Dance / Mix Show Airplay number - one singles </Li> <Li> UK Singles Chart number - one singles </Li> <Li> Television theme songs </Li> <Li> Songs written by Charli XCX </Li> <Li> 2012 songs </Li> <Li> Songs with feminist themes </Li> <Li> Songs written by Style of Eye </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) </Li> <Li> CS1 Slovenian - 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i love it (feat. charli xcx) icona pop

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United States courts of appeals - wikipedia <H1> United States courts of appeals </H1> This article is about the current system . For the pre-1912 system , see United States circuit court . Map of the geographic boundaries of the various United States Courts of Appeals and United States District Courts <Table> <Tr> <Td> This article is part of a series on the </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Politics of the United States of America </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Federal Government ( show ) <Ul> <Li> Constitution of the United States </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Law </Li> <Li> Taxation </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Legislature ( show ) <Ul> <Li> United States Congress </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <P> </P> <Ul> <Li> House of Representatives </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Speaker Paul Ryan ( R ) </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Majority Leader Kevin McCarthy ( R ) </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Minority Leader Nancy Pelosi ( D ) </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Congressional districts </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <Ul> <Li> Senate </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> President Mike Pence ( R ) </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> President Pro Tempore Orrin Hatch ( R ) </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> President Pro Tempore Emeritus Patrick Leahy ( D ) </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Majority Leader Mitch McConnell ( R ) </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Minority Leader Chuck Schumer ( D ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Executive ( show ) <Ul> <Li> President of the United States </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Donald Trump ( R ) </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <Ul> <Li> Vice President of the United States </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Mike Pence ( R ) </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Cabinet </Li> <Li> Federal agencies </Li> <Li> Executive Office </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Judiciary ( show ) <Ul> <Li> Supreme Court of the United States </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Chief Justice John Roberts </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Kennedy </Li> <Li> Thomas </Li> <Li> Ginsburg </Li> <Li> Breyer </Li> <Li> Alito </Li> <Li> Sotomayor </Li> <Li> Kagan </Li> <Li> Gorsuch </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Courts of Appeals </Li> <Li> District Courts ( list ) </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Other tribunals </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Elections ( show ) <Ul> <Li> Presidential elections </Li> <Li> Midterm elections </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Off - year elections </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Political parties ( show ) <Ul> <Li> Democratic </Li> <Li> Republican </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Third parties </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Federalism ( show ) <Ul> <Li> State Government </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Governors </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Legislatures ( List ) </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> State courts </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> <Ul> <Li> Local government </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Other countries </Li> <Li> Atlas </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The United States courts of appeals or circuit courts are the intermediate appellate courts of the United States federal court system . A court of appeals decides appeals from the district courts within its federal judicial circuit , and in some instances from other designated federal courts and administrative agencies . </P> <P> The United States courts of appeals are considered among the most powerful and influential courts in the United States . Because of their ability to set legal precedent in regions that cover millions of Americans , the United States courts of appeals have strong policy influence on U.S. law . Moreover , because the U.S. Supreme Court chooses to review fewer than 2 % of the more than 7,000 to 8,000 cases filed with it annually , the U.S. courts of appeals serve as the final arbiter on most federal cases . The Ninth Circuit in particular is very influential , covering 20 % of the American population . </P> <P> There are currently 179 judgeships on the U.S. courts of appeals authorized by Congress in 28 U.S.C. § 43 pursuant to Article III of the U.S. Constitution . These judges are nominated by the President of the United States and confirmed by the United States Senate . They have lifetime tenure , earning ( as of 2016 ) an annual salary of $215,400 . </P> <P> There are thirteen U.S. courts of appeals , although there are other tribunals that have `` Court of Appeals '' in their titles , such as the Court of Appeals for the Armed Forces , which hears appeals in court - martial cases , and the United States Court of Appeals for Veterans Claims , which reviews final decisions by the Board of Veterans ' Appeals in the Department of Veterans Affairs . The eleven numbered circuits and the D.C. Circuit are geographically defined . The thirteenth court of appeals is the United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit , which has nationwide jurisdiction over certain appeals based on their subject matter . All of the courts of appeals also hear appeals from some administrative agency decisions and rulemaking , with by far the largest share of these cases heard by the D.C. Circuit . The Federal Circuit hears appeals from specialized trial courts , primarily the United States Court of International Trade and the United States Court of Federal Claims , as well as appeals from the district courts in patent cases and certain other specialized matters . </P> <P> Decisions of the U.S. courts of appeals have been published by the private company West Publishing in the Federal Reporter series since the courts were established . Only decisions that the courts designate for publication are included . The `` unpublished '' opinions ( of all but the Fifth and Eleventh Circuits ) are published separately in West 's Federal Appendix , and they are also available in on - line databases like LexisNexis or Westlaw . More recently , court decisions have also been made available electronically on official court websites . However , there are also a few federal court decisions that are classified for national security reasons . </P> <P> The circuit with the smallest number of appellate judges is the First Circuit , and the one with the largest number of appellate judges is the geographically large and populous Ninth Circuit in the Far West . The number of judges that the U.S. Congress has authorized for each circuit is set forth by law in 28 U.S.C. § 44 , while the places where those judges must regularly sit to hear appeals are prescribed in 28 U.S.C. § 48 . </P> <P> Although the courts of appeals are frequently called `` circuit courts '' , they should not be confused with the former United States circuit courts , which were active from 1789 to 1911 , during the time when long - distance transportation was much less available , and which were primarily first - level federal trial courts that moved periodically from place to place in `` circuits '' in order to serve the dispersed population in towns and the smaller cities that existed then . The current `` courts of appeals '' system was established in the Judiciary Act of 1891 , also known as the Evarts Act . </P> <H2> Contents </H2> <Ul> <Li> 1 Procedure </Li> <Li> 2 Attorneys </Li> <Li> 3 Nomenclature </Li> <Li> 4 Judicial councils </Li> <Li> 5 Circuit composition </Li> <Li> 6 Circuit population </Li> <Li> 7 History </Li> <Li> 8 See also </Li> <Li> 9 Notes </Li> <Li> 10 References </Li> <Li> 11 External links </Li> </Ul> <H2> Procedure ( edit ) </H2> <P> Because the courts of appeals possess only appellate jurisdiction , they do not hold trials . Only courts with original jurisdiction hold trials and thus determine punishments ( in criminal cases ) and remedies ( in civil cases ) . Instead , appeals courts review decisions of trial courts for errors of law . Accordingly , an appeals court considers only the record ( that is , the papers the parties filed and the transcripts and any exhibits from any trial ) from the trial court , and the legal arguments of the parties . These arguments , which are presented in written form and can range in length from dozens to hundreds of pages , are known as briefs . Sometimes lawyers are permitted to add to their written briefs with oral arguments before the appeals judges . At such hearings , only the parties ' lawyers speak to the court . </P> <P> The rules that govern the procedure in the courts of appeals are the Federal Rules of Appellate Procedure . In a court of appeals , an appeal is almost always heard by a `` panel '' of three judges who are randomly selected from the available judges ( including senior judges and judges temporarily assigned to the circuit ) . Some cases , however , receive an en banc hearing . Except in the Ninth Circuit Courts , the en banc court consists of all of the circuit judges who are on active status , but it does not include the senior or assigned judges ( except that under some circumstances , a senior judge may participate in an en banc hearing when he or she participated at an earlier stage of the same case ) . </P> <P> Many decades ago , certain classes of federal court cases held the right of an automatic appeal to the Supreme Court of the United States . That is , one of the parties in the case could appeal a decision of a court of appeals to the Supreme Court , and it had to accept the case . The right of automatic appeal for most types of decisions of a court of appeals was ended by an Act of Congress , the Judiciary Act of 1925 . This law was urged by Chief Justice William Howard Taft , and it also reorganized many other things in the federal court system . </P> <P> The current procedure is that a party in a case may apply to the Supreme Court to review a ruling of the circuit court . This is called petitioning for a writ of certiorari , and the Supreme Court may choose , in its sole discretion , to review any lower court ruling . In extremely rare cases , the Supreme Court may grant the writ of certiorari before the judgment is rendered by the court of appeals , thereby reviewing the lower court 's ruling directly . Certiorari before judgment was granted in the Watergate scandal - related case , United States v. Nixon , and in the 2005 decision involving the Federal Sentencing Guidelines , United States v. Booker . </P> <P> A court of appeals may also pose questions to the Supreme Court for a ruling in the midst of reviewing a case . This procedure was formerly used somewhat commonly , but now it is quite rare . The Second Circuit , sitting en banc , attempted to use this procedure in the case United States v. Penaranda , as a result of the Supreme Court 's decision in Blakely v. Washington , but the Supreme Court dismissed the question after resolving the same issue in another case , which had come before the Court through the standard procedure . The last instance of the Supreme Court accepting a set of questions and answering them was in a case in 1982 . </P> <P> A court of appeals may convene a Bankruptcy Appellate Panel to hear appeals in bankruptcy cases directly from the bankruptcy court of its circuit . As of 2008 , only the First , Sixth , Eighth , Ninth , and Tenth Circuits have established a Bankruptcy Appellate Panel . Those circuits that do not have a Bankruptcy Appellate Panel have their bankruptcy appeals heard by the District Court . </P> <P> Courts of appeals decisions , unlike those of the lower federal courts , establish binding precedents . Other federal courts in that circuit must , from that point forward , follow the appeals court 's guidance in similar cases , regardless of whether the trial judge thinks that the case should be decided differently . </P> <P> Federal and state laws can and do change from time to time , depending on the actions of Congress and the state legislatures . Therefore , the law that exists at the time of the appeal might be different from the law that existed at the time of the events that are in controversy under civil or criminal law in the case at hand . A court of appeals applies the law as it exists at the time of the appeal ; otherwise , it would be handing down decisions that would be instantly obsolete , and this would be a waste of time and resources , since such decisions could not be cited as precedent . `` ( A ) court is to apply the law in effect at the time it renders its decision , unless doing so would result in manifest injustice , or there is statutory direction or some legislative history to the contrary . '' </P> <P> However , the above rule can not apply in criminal cases if the effect of applying the newer law would be to create an ex post facto law to the detriment of the defendant . </P> <H2> Attorneys ( edit ) </H2> <P> In order to serve as counsel in a case appealed to a circuit court the attorney must be admitted to the bar of that circuit . Admission to the bar of a circuit court is granted as a matter of course to any attorney who is admitted to practice law in any state of the United States . The attorney submits an application , pays a fee , and takes the oath of admission . Local practice varies as to whether the oath is given in writing or in open court before a judge of the circuit , and most courts of appeals allow the applicant attorney to choose which method he or she prefers . </P> <H2> Nomenclature ( edit ) </H2> <P> When the courts of appeals were created in 1891 , one was created for each of the nine circuits then existing , and each court was named the `` United States Circuit Court of Appeals for the _____ Circuit '' . When a court of appeals was created for the District of Columbia in 1893 , it was named the `` Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia '' , and it was renamed to the `` United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia '' in 1934 . In 1948 , Congress renamed all of the courts of appeals then existing to their current formal names : the court of appeals for each numbered circuit was named the `` United States Court of Appeals for the _____ Circuit '' , and the `` United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia '' became the `` United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit '' . The Tenth Circuit was created in 1929 by subdividing the existing Eighth Circuit , and the Eleventh Circuit was created in 1981 by subdividing the existing Fifth Circuit . The Federal Circuit was created in 1982 by the merger of the United States Court of Customs and Patent Appeals and the appellate division of the United States Court of Claims . </P> <H2> Judicial councils ( edit ) </H2> Main article : Judicial council ( United States ) <P> Judicial councils are panels in each circuit that are charged with making `` necessary and appropriate orders for the effective and expeditious administration of justice '' within their circuits . Among their responsibilities is judicial discipline , the formulation of circuit policy , the implementation of policy directives received from the Judicial Conference of the United States , and the annual submission of a report to the Administrative Office of the United States Courts on the number and nature of orders entered during the year that relate to judicial misconduct . Judicial councils consist of the chief judge of the circuit and an equal number of circuit judges and district judges of the circuit . </P> <H2> Circuit composition ( edit ) </H2> Map of the boundaries of the United States Courts of Appeals and United States District Courts <Table> <Tr> <Td> <P> District of Columbia Circuit ( Washington ) </P> <Ul> <Li> District of Columbia </Li> </Ul> <P> First Circuit ( Boston ) </P> <Ul> <Li> District of Maine </Li> <Li> District of Massachusetts </Li> <Li> District of New Hampshire </Li> <Li> District of Puerto Rico </Li> <Li> District of Rhode Island </Li> </Ul> <P> Second Circuit ( New York City ) </P> <Ul> <Li> District of Connecticut </Li> <Li> Eastern District of New York </Li> <Li> Northern District of New York </Li> <Li> Southern District of New York </Li> <Li> Western District of New York </Li> <Li> District of Vermont </Li> </Ul> <P> Third Circuit ( Philadelphia ) </P> <Ul> <Li> District of Delaware </Li> <Li> District of New Jersey </Li> <Li> Eastern District of Pennsylvania </Li> <Li> Middle District of Pennsylvania </Li> <Li> Western District of Pennsylvania </Li> <Li> District of the Virgin Islands </Li> </Ul> <P> Fourth Circuit ( Richmond ) </P> <Ul> <Li> District of Maryland </Li> <Li> Eastern District of North Carolina </Li> <Li> Middle District of North Carolina </Li> <Li> Western District of North Carolina </Li> <Li> District of South Carolina </Li> <Li> Eastern District of Virginia </Li> <Li> Western District of Virginia </Li> <Li> Northern District of West Virginia </Li> <Li> Southern District of West Virginia </Li> </Ul> <P> Fifth Circuit ( New Orleans ) </P> <Ul> <Li> Eastern District of Louisiana </Li> <Li> Middle District of Louisiana </Li> <Li> Western District of Louisiana </Li> <Li> Northern District of Mississippi </Li> <Li> Southern District of Mississippi </Li> <Li> Eastern District of Texas </Li> <Li> Northern District of Texas </Li> <Li> Southern District of Texas </Li> <Li> Western District of Texas </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <P> Sixth Circuit ( Cincinnati ) </P> <Ul> <Li> Eastern District of Kentucky </Li> <Li> Western District of Kentucky </Li> <Li> Eastern District of Michigan </Li> <Li> Western District of Michigan </Li> <Li> Northern District of Ohio </Li> <Li> Southern District of Ohio </Li> <Li> Eastern District of Tennessee </Li> <Li> Middle District of Tennessee </Li> <Li> Western District of Tennessee </Li> </Ul> <P> Seventh Circuit ( Chicago ) </P> <Ul> <Li> Central District of Illinois </Li> <Li> Northern District of Illinois </Li> <Li> Southern District of Illinois </Li> <Li> Northern District of Indiana </Li> <Li> Southern District of Indiana </Li> <Li> Eastern District of Wisconsin </Li> <Li> Western District of Wisconsin </Li> </Ul> <P> Eighth Circuit ( St. Louis ) </P> <Ul> <Li> Eastern District of Arkansas </Li> <Li> Western District of Arkansas </Li> <Li> Northern District of Iowa </Li> <Li> Southern District of Iowa </Li> <Li> District of Minnesota </Li> <Li> Eastern District of Missouri </Li> <Li> Western District of Missouri </Li> <Li> District of Nebraska </Li> <Li> District of North Dakota </Li> <Li> District of South Dakota </Li> </Ul> <P> Ninth Circuit ( San Francisco ) </P> <Ul> <Li> District of Alaska </Li> <Li> District of Arizona </Li> <Li> Central District of California </Li> <Li> Eastern District of California </Li> <Li> Northern District of California </Li> <Li> Southern District of California </Li> <Li> District of Guam </Li> <Li> District of Hawaii </Li> <Li> District of Idaho </Li> <Li> District of Montana </Li> <Li> District of Nevada </Li> <Li> District of the Northern Mariana Islands </Li> <Li> District of Oregon </Li> <Li> Eastern District of Washington </Li> <Li> Western District of Washington </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <P> Tenth Circuit ( Denver ) </P> <Ul> <Li> District of Colorado </Li> <Li> District of Kansas </Li> <Li> District of New Mexico </Li> <Li> Eastern District of Oklahoma </Li> <Li> Northern District of Oklahoma </Li> <Li> Western District of Oklahoma </Li> <Li> District of Utah </Li> <Li> District of Wyoming </Li> </Ul> <P> Eleventh Circuit ( Atlanta ) </P> <Ul> <Li> Middle District of Alabama </Li> <Li> Northern District of Alabama </Li> <Li> Southern District of Alabama </Li> <Li> Middle District of Florida </Li> <Li> Northern District of Florida </Li> <Li> Southern District of Florida </Li> <Li> Middle District of Georgia </Li> <Li> Northern District of Georgia </Li> <Li> Southern District of Georgia </Li> </Ul> <P> Federal Circuit ( Washington ) </P> <Ul> <Li> Courts <Ul> <Li> Court of Appeals for Veterans Claims </Li> <Li> Court of Federal Claims </Li> <Li> Court of International Trade </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Administrative agencies <Ul> <Li> Armed Services Board of Contract Appeals </Li> <Li> Patent Trial and Appeal Board </Li> <Li> Bureau of Justice Assistance </Li> <Li> Civilian Board of Contract Appeals </Li> <Li> International Trade Commission </Li> <Li> Merit Systems Protection Board </Li> <Li> Office of Compliance </Li> <Li> Personnel Appeals Board </Li> <Li> Trademark Trial and Appeal Board </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> </P> <Ol> <Li> ^ Jump up to : These are article IV territorial courts and are therefore not part of the federal judiciary . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ The Federal Circuit also has appellate jurisdiction over certain claims filed in any district court . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : These are article I tribunals and are therefore not part of the federal judiciary . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : These are administrative bodies within the executive branch and are therefore not part of the federal judiciary . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ This is an administrative body within the legislative branch are therefore not part of the federal judiciary . </Li> </Ol> <H2> Circuit population ( edit ) </H2> <P> Based on 2010 United States Census figures , the population residing in each circuit is as follows . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Circuit </Th> <Th> Authorized judges </Th> <Th> Population </Th> <Th> Percentage of US population </Th> <Th> Population per authorized judge </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> D.C. Circuit </Td> <Td> 7001110000000000000 ♠ 11 </Td> <Td> 7005601723000000000 ♠ 601,723 </Td> <Td> 6997190000000000000 ♠ 0.19 % </Td> <Td> 7004547020000000000 ♠ 54,702 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1st Circuit </Td> <Td> 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 </Td> <Td> 7007139708160000000 ♠ 13,970,816 </Td> <Td> 6998446999999999999 ♠ 4.47 % </Td> <Td> 7006232846900000000 ♠ 2,328,469 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2nd Circuit </Td> <Td> 7001130000000000000 ♠ 13 </Td> <Td> 7007235779400000000 ♠ 23,577,940 </Td> <Td> 6998754000000000000 ♠ 7.54 % </Td> <Td> 7006181368800000000 ♠ 1,813,688 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 3rd Circuit </Td> <Td> 7001140000000000000 ♠ 14 </Td> <Td> 7007224986120000000 ♠ 22,498,612 </Td> <Td> 6998719000000000000 ♠ 7.19 % </Td> <Td> 7006160704400000000 ♠ 1,607,044 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 4th Circuit </Td> <Td> 7001150000000000000 ♠ 15 </Td> <Td> 7007297884170000000 ♠ 29,788,417 </Td> <Td> 6998951999999999999 ♠ 9.52 % </Td> <Td> 7006198589400000000 ♠ 1,985,894 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 5th Circuit </Td> <Td> 7001170000000000000 ♠ 17 </Td> <Td> 7007326462300000000 ♠ 32,646,230 </Td> <Td> 6999104400000000000 ♠ 10.44 % </Td> <Td> 7006192036600000000 ♠ 1,920,366 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 6th Circuit </Td> <Td> 7001160000000000000 ♠ 16 </Td> <Td> 7007321056160000000 ♠ 32,105,616 </Td> <Td> 6999102600000000000 ♠ 10.26 % </Td> <Td> 7006200660100000000 ♠ 2,006,601 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 7th Circuit </Td> <Td> 7001110000000000000 ♠ 11 </Td> <Td> 7007250014200000000 ♠ 25,001,420 </Td> <Td> 6998799000000000000 ♠ 7.99 % </Td> <Td> 7006227285600000000 ♠ 2,272,856 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 8th Circuit </Td> <Td> 7001110000000000000 ♠ 11 </Td> <Td> 7007205682370000000 ♠ 20,568,237 </Td> <Td> 6998658000000000000 ♠ 6.58 % </Td> <Td> 7006186984000000000 ♠ 1,869,840 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 9th Circuit </Td> <Td> 7001290000000000000 ♠ 29 </Td> <Td> 7007617429080000000 ♠ 61,742,908 </Td> <Td> 6999197400000000000 ♠ 19.74 % </Td> <Td> 7006212906600000000 ♠ 2,129,066 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 10th Circuit </Td> <Td> 7001120000000000000 ♠ 12 </Td> <Td> 7007170203550000000 ♠ 17,020,355 </Td> <Td> 6998544000000000000 ♠ 5.44 % </Td> <Td> 7006141836300000000 ♠ 1,418,363 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 11th Circuit </Td> <Td> 7001120000000000000 ♠ 12 </Td> <Td> 7007332686990000000 ♠ 33,268,699 </Td> <Td> 6999106400000000000 ♠ 10.64 % </Td> <Td> 7006277239200000000 ♠ 2,772,392 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Federal Circuit </Td> <Td> 7001120000000000000 ♠ 12 </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Total </Th> <Th> 7002179000000000000 ♠ 179 </Th> <Th> 7008312790973000000 ♠ 312,790,973 </Th> <Th> 7000100000000000000 ♠ 100 % </Th> <Th> 7006174743600000000 ♠ 1,747,436 </Th> </Tr> </Table> <H2> History ( edit ) </H2> <P> The Judiciary Act of 1789 established three circuits , which were groups of judicial districts in which United States circuit courts were established . Each circuit court consisted of two Supreme Court justices and the local district judge ; the three circuits existed solely for the purpose of assigning the justices to a group of circuit courts . Some districts ( generally the ones most difficult for an itinerant justice to reach ) did not have a circuit court ; in these districts the district court exercised the original jurisdiction of a circuit court . As new states were admitted to the Union , Congress often did not create circuit courts for them for a number of years . </P> <P> The Midnight Judges Act reorganized the districts into six circuits , and created circuit judgeships so that Supreme Court justices would no longer have to ride circuit . This Act , however , was repealed in March 1802 , and Congress provided that the former circuit courts would be revived as of July 1 of that year . But it then passed the new Judiciary Act of 1802 in April , so that the revival of the old courts never took effect . The 1802 Act restored circuit riding , but with only one justice to a circuit ; it therefore created six new circuits , but with slightly different compositions than the 1801 Act . These six circuits later were augmented by others . Until 1866 , each new circuit ( except the short - lived California Circuit ) was accompanied by a newly created Supreme Court seat . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> State </Th> <Th> Judicial District ( s ) created </Th> <Th> Circuit assignment ( s ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> New Hampshire </Td> <Td> 1789 </Td> <Td> Eastern , 1789 -- 1801 1st , 1801 -- </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Massachusetts </Td> <Td> 1789 </Td> <Td> Eastern , 1789 -- 1801 1st , 1801 -- </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Maine </Td> <Td> 1789 </Td> <Td> Eastern , 1789 -- 1801 1st , 1801 -- 1820 1st , 1820 -- </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Rhode Island </Td> <Td> 1790 </Td> <Td> Eastern , 1790 -- 1801 1st , 1801 -- </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Connecticut </Td> <Td> 1789 </Td> <Td> Eastern , 1789 -- 1801 2nd , 1801 -- </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> New York </Td> <Td> 1789 </Td> <Td> Eastern , 1789 -- 1801 2nd , 1801 -- </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> New Jersey </Td> <Td> 1789 </Td> <Td> Middle , 1789 -- 1801 3rd , 1801 -- </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Pennsylvania </Td> <Td> 1789 </Td> <Td> Middle , 1789 -- 1801 3rd , 1801 -- </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Delaware </Td> <Td> 1789 </Td> <Td> Middle , 1789 -- 1801 3rd , 1801 -- 1802 4th , 1802 -- 1866 3rd , 1866 -- </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Maryland </Td> <Td> 1789 </Td> <Td> Middle , 1789 -- 1801 4th , 1801 -- </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Virginia </Td> <Td> 1789 </Td> <Td> Middle , 1789 -- 1801 4th , 1801 -- 1802 5th , 1802 -- 1842 4th , 1842 -- </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Kentucky </Td> <Td> 1789 </Td> <Td> 6th , 1801 -- 1802 7th , 1807 -- 1837 8th , 1837 -- 1863 6th , 1863 -- </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> North Carolina </Td> <Td> 1790 </Td> <Td> Southern , 1790 -- 1801 5th , 1801 -- 1842 6th , 1842 -- 1863 4th , 1863 -- </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> South Carolina </Td> <Td> 1789 </Td> <Td> Southern , 1789 -- 1801 5th , 1801 -- 1802 6th , 1802 -- 1863 5th , 1863 -- 1866 4th , 1866 -- </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Georgia </Td> <Td> 1789 </Td> <Td> Southern , 1789 -- 1801 5th , 1801 -- 1802 6th , 1802 -- 1863 5th , 1863 -- 1981 11th , 1981 -- </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Vermont </Td> <Td> 1791 </Td> <Td> Eastern , 1791 -- 1801 2nd , 1801 -- </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Tennessee </Td> <Td> 1796 </Td> <Td> 6th , 1801 -- 1802 7th , 1807 -- 1837 8th , 1837 -- 1863 6th , 1863 -- </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Ohio </Td> <Td> 1801 ( abolished 1802 ) </Td> <Td> 6th , 1801 -- 1802 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Ohio </Td> <Td> 1803 </Td> <Td> 7th , 1807 -- 1866 6th , 1866 -- </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Louisiana </Td> <Td> 1812 </Td> <Td> 9th , 1837 -- 1842 ( Eastern District ) 5th , 1842 -- 1863 6th , 1863 -- 1866 5th , 1866 -- </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Indiana </Td> <Td> 1816 </Td> <Td> 7th , 1837 -- </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Mississippi </Td> <Td> 1817 </Td> <Td> 9th , 1837 -- 1863 5th , 1863 -- </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Illinois </Td> <Td> 1818 </Td> <Td> 7th , 1837 -- 1863 8th , 1863 -- 1866 7th , 1866 -- </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Alabama </Td> <Td> 1819 </Td> <Td> 9th , 1837 -- 1842 5th , 1842 -- 1981 11th , 1981 -- </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Missouri </Td> <Td> 1821 </Td> <Td> 8th , 1837 -- 1863 9th , 1863 -- 1866 8th , 1866 -- </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Arkansas </Td> <Td> 1836 </Td> <Td> 9th , 1837 -- 1851 9th , 1851 -- 1863 ( Eastern District ) 6th , 1863 -- 1866 ( Eastern District ) 8th , 1866 -- </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Michigan </Td> <Td> 1837 </Td> <Td> 7th , 1837 -- 1863 8th , 1863 -- 1866 6th , 1866 -- </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Florida </Td> <Td> 1845 </Td> <Td> 5th , 1863 -- 1981 11th , 1981 -- </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Texas </Td> <Td> 1845 </Td> <Td> 6th , 1863 -- 1866 5th , 1866 -- </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Iowa </Td> <Td> 1846 </Td> <Td> 9th , 1863 -- 1866 8th , 1866 -- </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Wisconsin </Td> <Td> 1848 </Td> <Td> 8th , 1863 -- 1866 7th , 1866 -- </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> California </Td> <Td> 1850 </Td> <Td> California Circuit , 1855 -- 1863 10th , 1863 -- 1866 9th , 1866 -- </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Minnesota </Td> <Td> 1858 </Td> <Td> 9th , 1863 -- 1866 8th , 1866 -- </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Oregon </Td> <Td> 1859 </Td> <Td> 10th , 1863 -- 1866 9th , 1866 -- </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Kansas </Td> <Td> 1861 </Td> <Td> 9th , 1863 -- 1866 8th , 1866 -- 1929 10th , 1929 -- </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> West Virginia </Td> <Td> 1863 </Td> <Td> 4th , 1863 -- </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Nevada </Td> <Td> 1864 </Td> <Td> 9th , 1866 -- </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Nebraska </Td> <Td> 1867 </Td> <Td> 8th , 1867 -- </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Colorado </Td> <Td> 1876 </Td> <Td> 8th , 1876 -- 1929 10th , 1929 -- </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> North Dakota </Td> <Td> 1889 </Td> <Td> 8th , 1889 -- </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> South Dakota </Td> <Td> 1889 </Td> <Td> 8th , 1889 -- </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Montana </Td> <Td> 1889 </Td> <Td> 9th , 1889 -- </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Washington </Td> <Td> 1889 </Td> <Td> 9th , 1889 -- </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Idaho </Td> <Td> 1890 </Td> <Td> 9th , 1890 -- </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Wyoming </Td> <Td> 1890 </Td> <Td> 8th , 1890 -- 1929 10th , 1929 -- </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Utah </Td> <Td> 1896 </Td> <Td> 8th , 1896 -- 1929 10th , 1929 -- </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Oklahoma </Td> <Td> 1907 </Td> <Td> 8th , 1907 -- 1929 10th , 1929 -- </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> New Mexico </Td> <Td> 1912 </Td> <Td> 8th , 1912 -- 1929 10th , 1929 -- </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Arizona </Td> <Td> 1912 </Td> <Td> 9th , 1912 -- </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> District of Columbia </Td> <Td> 1948 </Td> <Td> District of Columbia Circuit , 1948 -- </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Alaska </Td> <Td> 1959 </Td> <Td> 9th , 1959 -- </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Hawaii </Td> <Td> 1959 </Td> <Td> 9th , 1959 -- </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Puerto Rico </Td> <Td> 1966 </Td> <Td> 1st , 1966 -- </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Guam </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Virgin Islands </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Philippines </Td> <Td> 1898 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Panama Canal Zone </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> List of United States courts of appeals cases </Li> <Li> State supreme court </Li> <Li> Judicial appointment history for United States federal courts </Li> <Li> United States Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court of Review </Li> </Ul> <H2> Notes ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ The Federal Circuit 's jurisdiction is not based on geography ; rather , the Federal Circuit has jurisdiction over the entire United States , for certain classes of cases . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ The Judiciary Act of 1789 divided Massachusetts into the Maine District , comprising what is now the State of Maine , and the Massachusetts District , comprising the remainder of the state . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ The Judiciary Act of 1789 divided Virginia into the Kentucky District , comprising what is now the Commonwealth of Kentucky , and the Virginia District , comprising the remainder of the state . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ The first District of Ohio encompassed the Northwest and Indiana Territories . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ The pre-existing courts of the District of Columbia were elevated to United States district court and court of appeals status in 1948 . The courts of the District had been incorporated into the Federal Court System by the Judiciary Act of 1925 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ The pre-existing territorial district court of Puerto Rico was elevated to United States district court status . Appellate jurisdiction from the Puerto Rico courts was assigned to the 1st Circuit in 1915 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ There were U.S. Federal Courts in the Philippines following the Spanish -- American War of 1898 up through the granting of independence to the Philippines on July 4 , 1946 -- with the exception of the Philippine occupation by the Japanese Army in 1942 -- 45 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ There were formerly U.S. Federal Courts in the Panama Canal Zone , until that Zone was returned to Panama by treaty on December 31 , 1999 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ 28 U.S.C. § 43 provides that `` There shall be in each circuit a court of appeals , which shall be a court of record , known as the United States Court of Appeals for the circuit '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ U.S. Supreme Court FAQ Retrieved 7 September 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Judicial Compensation U.S. Courts . Retrieved 7 September 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ The U.S. Courts of Appeals and the Federal Judiciary , History of the Federal Judiciary , Federal Judicial Center ( last visited March 5 , 2014 ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ United States v. Nixon , 418 U.S. 683 ( 1974 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ United States v. Booker , 543 U.S. 220 ( 2005 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Blakely v. Washington , 542 U.S. 296 ( 2004 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bradley v. Richmond Sch . Bd. , 416 U.S. 696 , 711 - 12 ( 1974 ) </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Barbour , Emily C. ( April 7 , 2011 ) , Judicial Discipline Process : An Overview ( PDF ) , Congressional Research Service </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ 28 U.S.C. § 332 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ 28 U.S.C. § 332 ( g ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ 28 U.S.C. § 332 ( 1 ) ( a ) </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wikimedia Commons has media related to United States courts of appeals . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ul> <Li> Info about U.S. courts </Li> <Li> History of the Federal Judiciary ( Federal Judicial Center ) </Li> <Li> Official site of the United States Courts </Li> <Li> United States Appeals Courts @ OpenJurist </Li> <Li> Federal Court Concepts , Georgia Tech </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Current judges of the United States courts of appeals </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1st Circuit </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Active </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Howard </Li> <Li> Torruella </Li> <Li> Lynch </Li> <Li> Thompson </Li> <Li> Kayatta </Li> <Li> Barron </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Senior </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Campbell </Li> <Li> Selya </Li> <Li> Boudin </Li> <Li> Stahl </Li> <Li> Lipez </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 2nd Circuit </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Active </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Katzmann </Li> <Li> Jacobs </Li> <Li> Cabranes </Li> <Li> Pooler </Li> <Li> Raggi </Li> <Li> Hall </Li> <Li> Livingston </Li> <Li> Chin </Li> <Li> Lohier </Li> <Li> Carney </Li> <Li> Droney </Li> <Li> 2 seats vacant </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Senior </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Newman </Li> <Li> Kearse </Li> <Li> Winter </Li> <Li> Walker </Li> <Li> Leval </Li> <Li> Calabresi </Li> <Li> Straub </Li> <Li> Sack </Li> <Li> Parker </Li> <Li> Wesley </Li> <Li> Lynch </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 3rd Circuit </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Active </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> D. 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the u.s. supreme court hears appeals from circuit courts

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RuPaul 's Drag Race All Stars ( season 2 ) - wikipedia <H1> RuPaul 's Drag Race All Stars ( season 2 ) </H1> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> RuPaul 's Drag Race All Stars </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Season 2 </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Broadcast from </Th> <Td> August 25 ( 2016 - 08 - 25 ) -- October 27 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 27 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Judges </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> RuPaul </Li> <Li> Michelle Visage </Li> <Li> Carson Kressley </Li> <Li> Todrick Hall </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Host ( s ) </Th> <Td> RuPaul </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Broadcaster </Th> <Td> Logo TV VH1 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Competitors </Th> <Td> 10 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Winner </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Alaska </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Origin </Th> <Td> Los Angeles , California </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Runner - up </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Detox </Li> <Li> Katya </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Chronology </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> ◀ </Li> <Li> Season 2 </Li> <Li> ▶ </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The second season of RuPaul 's Drag Race All Stars premiered on the Logo network on a new night ; Thursday , August 25 , 2016 . Returning judges included RuPaul , Michelle Visage , with Carson Kressley joining the panel , while the space previously occupied by Ross Matthews was filled by Todrick Hall . Cast members were announced on June 17 , 2016 . This season featured ten All - Star contestants , selected from the show 's second season through to its seventh season , who competed to be inducted into the `` Drag Race Hall of Fame '' . </P> <P> A new twist was revealed for this season , changing the format of the show . In previous seasons , the bottom two queens had to `` Lip - sync for their Life '' to avoid elimination . This season had the top two performing queens of the challenge `` Lip - sync for their Legacy , '' with the winner of the lip - sync earning $10,000 and choosing which one of the bottom queens gets eliminated . The prizes for the winner were a one - year supply of Anastasia Beverly Hills cosmetics and a cash prize of $100,000 . </P> <P> The winner of the second season of RuPaul 's Drag Race All Stars was Alaska , with Detox and Katya being the runners - up . </P> <H2> Contents </H2> <Ul> <Li> 1 Contestants </Li> <Li> 2 Contestant progress </Li> <Li> 3 Lip syncs </Li> <Li> 4 Guest judges <Ul> <Li> 4.1 Special guests </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 5 Episodes </Li> <Li> 6 Ratings </Li> <Li> 7 References </Li> <Li> 8 External links </Li> </Ul> <H2> Contestants ( edit ) </H2> <P> The drag queens who competed are : </P> <P> ( Ages and names stated are at time of contest ) </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Contestant </Th> <Th> Name </Th> <Th> Age </Th> <Th> Hometown </Th> <Th> Original season </Th> <Th> Original placement </Th> <Th> Outcome </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Alaska </Td> <Td> Justin Andrew Honard </Td> <Td> 30 </Td> <Td> Los Angeles , California </Td> <Td> Season 5 </Td> <Td> Runner - up </Td> <Td> Winner </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Detox </Td> <Td> Matthew Sanderson </Td> <Td> 30 </Td> <Td> Los Angeles , California </Td> <Td> Season 5 </Td> <Td> 4th Place </Td> <Td> Runner - up </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Katya </Td> <Td> Brian McCook </Td> <Td> 33 </Td> <Td> Boston , Massachusetts </Td> <Td> Season 7 </Td> <Td> 5th Place </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Roxxxy Andrews </Td> <Td> Michael Feliciano </Td> <Td> 31 </Td> <Td> Orlando , Florida </Td> <Td> Season 5 </Td> <Td> Runner - up </Td> <Td> 4th Place </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Alyssa Edwards </Td> <Td> Justin Johnson </Td> <Td> 35 </Td> <Td> Dallas , Texas </Td> <Td> Season 5 </Td> <Td> 6th Place </Td> <Td> 5th Place </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Tatianna </Td> <Td> Joey Santolini </Td> <Td> 27 </Td> <Td> Washington , D.C. </Td> <Td> Season 2 </Td> <Td> 4th Place </Td> <Td> 6th Place </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Phi Phi O'Hara </Td> <Td> Jaremi Carey </Td> <Td> 29 </Td> <Td> New York , New York </Td> <Td> Season 4 </Td> <Td> Runner - up </Td> <Td> 7th Place </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Ginger Minj </Td> <Td> Joshua Eads Brown </Td> <Td> 31 </Td> <Td> Orlando , Florida </Td> <Td> Season 7 </Td> <Td> Runner - up </Td> <Td> 8th Place </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Adore Delano </Td> <Td> Danny Noriega </Td> <Td> 25 </Td> <Td> Azusa , California </Td> <Td> Season 6 </Td> <Td> Runner - up </Td> <Td> 9th Place </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Coco Montrese </Td> <Td> Martin Cooper </Td> <Td> 41 </Td> <Td> Las Vegas , Nevada </Td> <Td> Season 5 </Td> <Td> 5th Place </Td> <Td> 10th Place </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ This contestant was voted as Miss Congeniality during her original season . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Alyssa Edwards originally placed 6th before winning entry back into the competition . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Tatianna originally placed 8th before winning entry back into the competition . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ This contestant quit the competition . </Li> </Ol> <H2> Contestant progress ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Contestant </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th> 5 </Th> <Th> 6 </Th> <Th> 7 </Th> <Th> 8 </Th> <Th> 9 </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Alaska </Td> <Td> SAFE </Td> <Td> WIN </Td> <Td> SAFE </Td> <Td> WIN </Td> <Td> WIN </Td> <Td> WIN </Td> <Td> BTM3 </Td> <Td> Winner </Td> <Td> Guest </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Detox </Td> <Td> SAFE </Td> <Td> BTM3 </Td> <Td> WIN </Td> <Td> SAFE </Td> <Td> WIN </Td> <Td> SAFE </Td> <Td> WIN </Td> <Td> Runner - Up </Td> <Td> Guest </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Katya </Td> <Td> SAFE </Td> <Td> WIN </Td> <Td> BTM2 </Td> <Td> BTM3 </Td> <Td> SAFE </Td> <Td> WIN </Td> <Td> WIN </Td> <Td> Runner - Up </Td> <Td> Guest </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Roxxxy Andrews </Td> <Td> WIN </Td> <Td> BTM3 </Td> <Td> SAFE </Td> <Td> BTM3 </Td> <Td> BTM2 </Td> <Td> BTM2 </Td> <Td> BTM3 </Td> <Td> Eliminated </Td> <Td> Guest </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Alyssa Edwards </Td> <Td> SAFE </Td> <Td> SAFE </Td> <Td> WIN </Td> <Td> ELIM </Td> <Td> WIN </Td> <Td> SAFE </Td> <Td> ELIM </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> </Td> <Td> Guest </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Tatianna </Td> <Td> WIN </Td> <Td> ELIM </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td> WIN </Td> <Td> ELIM </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td> Guest </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Phi Phi O'Hara </Td> <Td> BTM3 </Td> <Td> SAFE </Td> <Td> SAFE </Td> <Td> WIN </Td> <Td> ELIM </Td> <Td_colspan="4"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Ginger Minj </Td> <Td> SAFE </Td> <Td> SAFE </Td> <Td> ELIM </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> </Td> <Td> OUT </Td> <Td_colspan="3"> </Td> <Td> Guest </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Adore Delano </Td> <Td> BTM3 </Td> <Td> QUIT </Td> <Td_colspan="6"> </Td> <Td> Guest </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Coco Montrese </Td> <Td> ELIM </Td> <Td_colspan="3"> </Td> <Td> OUT </Td> <Td_colspan="3"> </Td> <Td> Guest </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Dl> <Dd> The contestant won RuPaul 's Drag Race All Stars . </Dd> <Dd> The contestant was the runner - up . </Dd> <Dd> The contestant was eliminated without lip - syncing entirely . </Dd> <Dd> The contestant won the challenge and won the `` Lip - Sync for their Legacy '' . </Dd> <Dd> The contestant won the challenge but lost the `` Lip - Sync for their Legacy '' . </Dd> <Dd> The contestant won the challenge , won the `` Lip - Sync for their Life '' and returned to the competition . </Dd> <Dd> The contestant came back for a chance to win re-entry into the competition but lost . </Dd> <Dd> The contestant won the challenge , but did not `` Lip - Sync for their Legacy '' . </Dd> <Dd> The contestant received judges ' critiques but were ultimately declared as safe . </Dd> <Dd> The contestant quit the competition . </Dd> <Dd> This contestant was in the bottom and eligible for elimination . </Dd> <Dd> The contestant was eliminated . </Dd> <Dd> The contestant returned as a guest for the finale episode . </Dd> </Dl> <H2> Lip syncs ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Episode </Th> <Th_colspan="3"> Contestants ( Pick for Elimination ) </Th> <Th> Song </Th> <Th> Winner </Th> <Th> Up For Elimination </Th> <Th> Eliminated </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Roxxxy Andrews ( Coco Montrese ) </Td> <Td> vs . </Td> <Td> Tatianna ( Coco Montrese ) </Td> <Td> `` Shake It Off '' ( Taylor Swift ) </Td> <Td> Roxxxy Andrews </Td> <Td> Adore Delano Coco Montrese Phi Phi O'Hara </Td> <Td> Coco Montrese </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Alaska ( Tatianna ) </Td> <Td> vs . </Td> <Td> Katya ( Tatianna ) </Td> <Td> `` Le Freak ( Freak Out ) '' ( Chic ) </Td> <Td> Alaska </Td> <Td> Detox Roxxxy Andrews Tatianna </Td> <Td> Tatianna </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Alyssa Edwards ( Ginger Minj ) </Td> <Td> vs . </Td> <Td> Detox ( Katya ) </Td> <Td> `` Tell It To My Heart '' ( Taylor Dayne ) </Td> <Td> Alyssa Edwards </Td> <Td> Ginger Minj Katya </Td> <Td> Ginger Minj </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Alaska ( Alyssa Edwards ) </Td> <Td> vs . </Td> <Td> Phi Phi O'Hara ( Alyssa Edwards ) </Td> <Td> `` Got to Be Real '' ( Cheryl Lynn ) </Td> <Td> Alaska </Td> <Td> Alyssa Edwards Katya Roxxxy Andrews </Td> <Td> Alyssa Edwards </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> Alyssa Edwards ( Phi Phi O'Hara ) </Td> <Td> vs . </Td> <Td> Tatianna ( Phi Phi O'Hara ) </Td> <Td> `` Shut Up & Drive '' ( Rihanna ) </Td> <Td> Alyssa Edwards & Tatianna </Td> <Td> Phi Phi O'Hara Roxxxy Andrews </Td> <Td> Phi Phi O'Hara </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> Alaska ( Tatianna ) </Td> <Td> vs . </Td> <Td> Katya ( Roxxxy Andrews ) </Td> <Td> `` Cherry Bomb '' ( Joan Jett & The Blackhearts ) </Td> <Td> Alaska </Td> <Td> Roxxxy Andrews Tatianna </Td> <Td> Tatianna </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> Detox ( Alyssa Edwards ) </Td> <Td> vs . </Td> <Td> Katya ( Roxxxy Andrews ) </Td> <Td> `` Step It Up '' ( RuPaul ft . Dave Audé ) </Td> <Td> Detox </Td> <Td> Alaska Alyssa Edwards Roxxxy Andrews </Td> <Td> Alyssa Edwards </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td_colspan="3"> Alaska vs. Detox vs. Katya </Td> <Td> `` If I Were Your Woman '' ( Gladys Knight & the Pips ) </Td> <Td> Alaska </Td> <Td> None </Td> <Td> Detox & Katya </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Dl> <Dd> The contestant was eliminated after their first time in the bottom . </Dd> <Dd> The contestant was eliminated after their second time in the bottom . </Dd> <Dd> The contestant was eliminated after the final lip sync . </Dd> </Dl> <H2> Guest judges ( edit ) </H2> <P> Guest judges for this season includes ( in order of appearance ) : </P> <Ul> <Li> Raven - Symoné , actress , comedian , singer and model </Li> <Li> Ross Mathews , comedian and television personality ; regular judge on RuPaul 's Drag Race </Li> <Li> Jeremy Scott , fashion designer </Li> <Li> Nicole Scherzinger , singer and actress </Li> <Li> Graham Norton , television and radio personality </Li> <Li> Aubrey Plaza , actress and comedian </Li> </Ul> <H3> Special guests ( edit ) </H3> <P> Guests who appeared in episodes , but did not judge on the main stage ( in order of appearance ) : </P> <Ul> <Li> Chad Michaels , runner - up from season four and winner of season one of All Stars </Li> <Li> Raven , runner up from season two and season one of All Stars </Li> <Li> Jujubee , contestant from season two and season one of All Stars </Li> <Li> Bianca Del Rio , winner of season six </Li> <Li> Shangela , contestant from season two and three </Li> <Li> Big Freedia , actor and singer </Li> <Li> Victoria `` Porkchop '' Parker , contestant from season one </Li> <Li> Chelsea Peretti , actress and comedian </Li> <Li> Akashia , contestant from season one </Li> <Li> Jessica Wild , contestant from season two </Li> <Li> Mystique Summers Madison , contestant from season two </Li> <Li> Nicole Paige Brooks , contestant from season two </Li> <Li> Sonique , contestant from season two </Li> <Li> Alexis Mateo , contestant from season three and season one of All Stars </Li> <Li> Mariah Paris Balenciaga , contestant from season three </Li> <Li> Yara Sofia , contestant from season three and season one of All Stars </Li> <Li> Jiggly Caliente , contestant from season four </Li> <Li> Madame LaQueer , contestant from season four </Li> <Li> Monica Beverly Hillz , contestant from season five </Li> <Li> Vivienne Pinay , contestant from season five </Li> <Li> Gia Gunn , contestant from season six </Li> <Li> Kelly Mantle , contestant from season six </Li> <Li> Laganja Estranja , contestant from season six </Li> <Li> Trinity K. Bonet , contestant from season six </Li> <Li> Vivacious , contestant on season six </Li> <Li> Jaidynn Diore Fierce , contestant from season seven </Li> <Li> Mrs. Kasha Davis , contestant from season seven </Li> <Li> Marcus Lemonis , investor , television personality and philanthropist </Li> <Li> Anastasia Soare , owner of Anastasia Beverly Hills cosmetics </Li> </Ul> <H2> Episodes ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th> No . overall </Th> <Th> No. in season </Th> <Th> Title </Th> <Th> Original air date </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 7 </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` All Star Talent Show Extravaganza '' </Td> <Td> August 25 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 25 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="4"> <P> </P> <Ul> <Li> Guest Judge : Raven - Symoné </Li> <Li> Mini-Challenge : Reading is Fundamental </Li> <Li> Mini-Challenge Winner : Alaska </Li> <Li> Mini-Challenge Prize : $2,000 shopping spree to L.A. Eyeworks </Li> <Li> Main Challenge : Show off their talent in front of the judges , a live audience , and their competitors </Li> <Li> Winners : Roxxxy Andrews & Tatianna </Li> <Li> Lip Sync for Your Legacy Winner : Roxxxy Andrews </Li> <Li> Main Challenge Prize : A collection of jewelry from Fierce Drag Jewels </Li> <Li> Lip - sync Song : `` Shake It Off '' by Taylor Swift </Li> <Li> Bottom Three : Adore Delano , Coco Montrese & Phi Phi O'Hara </Li> <Li> Eliminated : Coco Montrese </Li> <Li> Farewell Message : `` WE ARE ALLSTARS ! ♡ Coco Montrese '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 8 </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` All Stars Snatch Game '' </Td> <Td> September 1 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 01 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="4"> <P> </P> <Ul> <Li> Guest Judge : Ross Mathews </Li> <Li> Main Challenge : Impersonate celebrities in the Snatch Game </Li> <Li> Runway Theme : Latex Eleganza </Li> <Li> Winners : Alaska & Katya </Li> <Li> Lip Sync for Your Legacy Winner : Alaska </Li> <Li> Main Challenge Prize : Two VIP tickets to Cirque du Soleil cabaret `` Zumanity '' , including airfare and accommodations . </Li> <Li> Lip - sync Song : `` Le Freak '' by Chic </Li> <Li> Bottom Three : Detox , Roxxxy Andrews , & Tatianna </Li> <Li> Eliminated : Tatianna </Li> <Li> Farewell Message : `` Thank You ! ♡ Tati '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 9 </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` HERstory Of The World '' </Td> <Td> September 8 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 08 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="4"> <P> </P> <Ul> <Li> Guest Judge : Jeremy Scott </Li> <Li> Main Challenge : Perform a lip - syncing dance number inspired by legendary historical women </Li> <Li> Runway Theme : Future of Drag </Li> <Li> Winners : Alyssa Edwards & Detox </Li> <Li> Lip Sync for Your Legacy Winner : Alyssa Edwards </Li> <Li> Main Challenge Prize : A three - night getaway to Palm Springs , California </Li> <Li> Lip - sync Song : `` Tell It To My Heart '' by Taylor Dayne </Li> <Li> Bottom Two : Ginger Minj & Katya </Li> <Li> Eliminated : Ginger Minj </Li> <Li> Farewell Message : `` If men can look this good , there 's no excuse for ugly women ! ♡ The Minj '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 10 </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` Drag Movie Shequels '' </Td> <Td> September 15 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 15 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="4"> <P> </P> <Ul> <Li> Guest Judge : Nicole Scherzinger </Li> <Li> Main Challenge : Act in a parody movie sequel from one of RuPaul 's favorite movies </Li> <Li> Runway Theme : Two Looks in One </Li> <Li> Winners : Alaska & Phi Phi O'Hara </Li> <Li> Lip Sync for Your Legacy Winner : Alaska </Li> <Li> Main Challenge Prize : A $1,000 shopping spree to Fabric Planet </Li> <Li> Lip - sync Song : `` Got to Be Real '' by Cheryl Lynn </Li> <Li> Bottom Three : Alyssa Edwards , Katya , & Roxxxy Andrews </Li> <Li> Eliminated : Alyssa Edwards </Li> <Li> Farewell Message : `` ITS NOT Personell ( sic ) ... its DRAG ! PS Log Off Always & Forever Alyssa E 💋 '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 11 </Th> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> `` Revenge of the Queens '' </Td> <Td> September 22 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 22 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="4"> <P> </P> <Ul> <Li> Guest Judge : Ross Matthews </Li> <Li> Main Challenge : Perform a live stand - up comedy act in front of an audience of drag queens </Li> <Li> Winners : Alaska & Alyssa Edwards and Detox & Tatianna </Li> <Li> Lip Sync for Your Life Winner : Alyssa Edwards & Tatianna </Li> <Li> Main Challenge Prize : Couture Gown from SNL Designs </Li> <Li> Returned : Alyssa Edwards & Tatianna </Li> <Li> Lip - sync Song : `` Shut Up & Drive '' by Rihanna </Li> <Li> Bottom Two : Phi Phi O'Hara & Roxxxy Andrews </Li> <Li> Eliminated : Phi Phi O'Hara </Li> <Li> Farewell Message : `` I wanted to avoid hugs because of tears ! LOVE YOU ALL ! `` Jump in a car ! '' - Phi Phi '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 12 </Th> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> `` Drag Fish Tank '' </Td> <Td> September 29 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 29 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="4"> <P> </P> <Ul> <Li> Guest Judge : Graham Norton </Li> <Li> Mini-Challenge : Beastly Golf Challenge </Li> <Li> Mini-Challenge Winner : Alaska </Li> <Li> Mini-Challenge Prize : A $2,000 prize package from Klein Epstein & Parker </Li> <Li> Main Challenge : Market and design drag - influenced products </Li> <Li> Runway Theme : Pants </Li> <Li> Winners : Alaska & Katya </Li> <Li> Lip Sync for Your Legacy Winner : Alaska </Li> <Li> Main Challenge Prize : Receive a custom wig wardrobe from Weaven Steven , and have their merchandise sold at RuPaul 's Drag Con </Li> <Li> Lip - sync Song : `` Cherry Bomb '' by Joan Jett & The Blackhearts </Li> <Li> Bottom Two : Roxxxy Andrews & Tatianna </Li> <Li> Eliminated : Tatianna </Li> <Li> Farewell Message : `` Had a BLAST ! I Love you ALL ! They got me Gurl ! Lol Thankx ! ♡ Tati '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 13 </Th> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> `` Family That Drags Together '' </Td> <Td> October 6 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 06 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="4"> <P> </P> <Ul> <Li> Guest Judge : Aubrey Plaza </Li> <Li> Main Challenge : Dress one of their family members and decide what their drag name would be </Li> <Li> Runway Theme : Two Looks in One </Li> <Li> Winners : Detox & Katya </Li> <Li> Lip Sync for Your Legacy Winner : Detox </Li> <Li> Main Challenge Prize : Receive a $2,000 gift certificate from Marc Jacobs </Li> <Li> Lip - sync Song : `` Step It Up '' by RuPaul </Li> <Li> Bottom Three : Alaska , Alyssa Edwards , & Roxxxy Andrews </Li> <Li> Eliminated : Alyssa Edwards </Li> <Li> Farewell Message : `` Imagine , create & inspire ! ♡ you all ! Always & forever , Alyssa Edwards , All Stars '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 14 </Th> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> `` All Stars Supergroup '' </Td> <Td> October 13 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 13 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="4"> <P> </P> <Ul> <Li> Main Challenge : Write original rap lyrics for Ru 's bitch track `` Read U Wrote U '' and perform as the ultimate girl group </Li> <Li> Eliminated : Roxxxy Andrews </Li> <Li> Final Three : Alaska , Detox , & Katya </Li> <Li> Lip - sync Song : `` If I Were Your Woman '' by Gladys Knight & the Pips </Li> <Li> Runners - up : Detox & Katya </Li> <Li> Winner of RuPaul 's Drag Race All Stars Season Two : Alaska </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 15 </Th> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> `` Reunited '' </Td> <Td> October 27 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 27 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="4"> The queens from season 2 of Rupaul 's Drag Race All Stars reunite to discuss the season 's events . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Ratings ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Episode no . </Th> <Th> Title </Th> <Th> Airdate </Th> <Th> Logo Viewers </Th> <Th> Logo Ratings ( 18 - 49 ) </Th> <Th> VH1 Viewers </Th> <Th> VH1 Ratings ( 18 - 49 ) </Th> <Th> Total Viewers </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` All Star Talent Show Extravaganza '' </Td> <Td> August 25 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 25 ) </Td> <Td> 283,000 </Td> <Td> 0.14 </Td> <Td> 301,000 </Td> <Td> 0.13 </Td> <Td> 584,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` All Stars Snatch Game '' </Td> <Td> September 1 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 01 ) </Td> <Td> 240,000 </Td> <Td> 0.12 </Td> <Td> 385,000 </Td> <Td> 0.18 </Td> <Td> 625,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` HERstory Of The World '' </Td> <Td> September 8 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 08 ) </Td> <Td> 230,000 </Td> <Td> 0.12 </Td> <Td> 258,000 </Td> <Td> 0.12 </Td> <Td> 484,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` Drag Movie Shequels '' </Td> <Td> September 15 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 15 ) </Td> <Td> 226,000 </Td> <Td> 0.12 </Td> <Td> 335,000 </Td> <Td> 0.14 </Td> <Td> 561,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> `` Revenge of the Queens '' </Td> <Td> September 22 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 22 ) </Td> <Td> 386,000 </Td> <Td> 0.21 </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> <Td> 386,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> `` Drag Fish Tank '' </Td> <Td> September 29 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 29 ) </Td> <Td> 292,000 </Td> <Td> 0.17 </Td> <Td> 313,000 </Td> <Td> 0.15 </Td> <Td> 605,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> `` Family That Drags Together '' </Td> <Td> October 6 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 06 ) </Td> <Td> 266,000 </Td> <Td> 0.14 </Td> <Td> 270,000 </Td> <Td> 0.13 </Td> <Td> 536,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> `` All Stars Supergroup '' </Td> <Td> October 13 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 13 ) </Td> <Td> 243,000 </Td> <Td> 0.14 </Td> <Td> 303,000 </Td> <Td> 0.12 </Td> <Td> 546,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> `` Reunited '' </Td> <Td> October 27 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 27 ) </Td> <Td> 166,000 </Td> <Td> 0.09 </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Logo Announces Contestants For `` RuPaul 's All Star Drag Race '' Season 2 `` . LOGO News . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 17 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Sciullo , Maria ( September 24 , 2016 ) . `` Reality check : Former Pittsburghers go house hunting for HGTV '' . Pittsburgh Post-Gazette . Retrieved January 8 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` ' Drag Race ' performer jailed in SA '' . outinsa.com . Out In SA . March 31 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Boedeker , Hal ( February 27 , 2015 ) . `` Orlando actor runs ' RuPaul 's Drag Race ' '' . orlandosentinel.com . Orlando Sentinel . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Will Coco Montrese 's Age Help on ' RuPaul 's All Stars Drag Race ' '' . 2paragraphs.com . August 23 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` RuPaul 's All Stars Drag RaceEpisode Guide '' . Zap 2 It . Retrieved October 26 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Metcalfe , Mitch . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 8.25. 2016 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved September 24 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Metcalfe , Mitch . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 9.1. 2016 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved September 24 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Metcalfe , Mitch . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 9.8. 2016 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved September 24 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Metcalfe , Mitch . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 9.15. 2016 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved September 24 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Metcalfe , Mitch . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 9.22. 2016 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved September 24 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Dehnart , Andy . `` RuPaul 's Drag Race All Stars wo n't air on VH1 this week , when eliminated queens return '' . RealityBlurred . Retrieved September 24 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Metcalfe , Mitch ( September 30 , 2016 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 9.29. 2016 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved October 6 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( October 7 , 2016 ) . `` ShowbuzzDaily 's Top 100 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 10.6. 2016 '' . ShowbuzzDaily . Retrieved October 8 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( October 14 , 2016 ) . `` ShowbuzzDaily 's Top 100 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 10.13. 2016 '' . ShowbuzzDaily . Retrieved October 21 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( October 29 , 2016 ) . `` ShowbuzzDaily 's Top 100 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 10.27. 2016 '' . ShowbuzzDaily . 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President of the United Nations General Assembly - wikipedia <H1> President of the United Nations General Assembly </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> President of the United Nations General Assembly </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Emblem of the United Nations </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Incumbent Miroslav Lajčák </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Appointer </Th> <Td> United Nations General Assembly </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Term length </Th> <Td> 1 year </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Inaugural holder </Th> <Td> Paul - Henri Spaak </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Formation </Th> <Td> 1946 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Website </Th> <Td> List of Presidents of the UN General Assembly </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The President of the United Nations General Assembly is a position voted for by representatives in the United Nations General Assembly ( UNGA ) on a yearly basis . The President presides over the sessions of the General Assembly . </P> <P> Miroslav Lajčák of Slovakia has been elected as the United Nations General Assembly President of its 72nd session beginning in September 2017 . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Election </Li> <Li> 2 List of presidents </Li> <Li> 3 See also </Li> <Li> 4 References </Li> <Li> 5 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Election ( edit ) </H2> A map of the world showing the home countries of Presidents of the United Nations General Assembly up until the 69th session of the General Assembly in 2014 - 15 , with historical member states in inset . <P> The session of the assembly is scheduled for every year starting in September -- any special , or emergency special , assemblies over the next year will be headed by the President of the UN General Assembly . </P> <P> The presidency rotates annually between the five geographic groups : African , Asia - Pacific , Eastern European , Latin American and Caribbean , and Western European and other States . </P> <P> Because of their powerful stature globally , some of the largest , most powerful countries have never held the presidency , such as the People 's Republic of China , France , Japan , Russia , the United Kingdom , and the United States . In particular , it is customary that no permanent member of the United Nations Security Council ever serves as General Assembly president . </P> <P> The only country that had a national elected as President of the United Nations General Assembly twice is Argentina ; all the other member states had been represented only once by their nationals holding this office . This does not include special and emergency special sessions of the General Assembly . </P> <H2> List of Presidents ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Year elected </Th> <Th> Name of President </Th> <Th> UN member state </Th> <Th> Region </Th> <Th> Sessions </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1946 </Td> <Td> Paul - Henri Spaak </Td> <Td> Belgium </Td> <Td> WES </Td> <Td> First </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1947 </Td> <Td> Oswaldo Aranha </Td> <Td> Brazil </Td> <Td> LAS </Td> <Td> First special Second </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1948.1 ! 1948 </Td> <Td> José Arce </Td> <Td> Argentina </Td> <Td> LAS </Td> <Td> Second special </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1948.2 ! 1948 </Td> <Td> Herbert Vere Evatt </Td> <Td> Australia </Td> <Td> COS </Td> <Td> Third </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1949 </Td> <Td> Carlos P. Romulo </Td> <Td> Philippines </Td> <Td> EAS </Td> <Td> Fourth </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1950 </Td> <Td> Nasrollah Entezam </Td> <Td> Iran </Td> <Td> EAS </Td> <Td> Fifth </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1951 </Td> <Td> Luis Padilla Nervo </Td> <Td> Mexico </Td> <Td> LAS </Td> <Td> Sixth </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1952 </Td> <Td> Lester B. Pearson </Td> <Td> Canada </Td> <Td> COS </Td> <Td> Seventh </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1953 </Td> <Td> Vijaya Lakshmi Pandit </Td> <Td> India </Td> <Td> COS </Td> <Td> Eighth , First woman president </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1954 </Td> <Td> Eelco van Kleffens </Td> <Td> Netherlands </Td> <Td> WES </Td> <Td> Ninth </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1955 </Td> <Td> José Maza Fernández </Td> <Td> Chile </Td> <Td> LAS </Td> <Td> Tenth </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1956.1 ! 1956 </Td> <Td> Rudecindo Ortega ( de ) </Td> <Td> Chile </Td> <Td> LAS </Td> <Td> First emergency special Second emergency special </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1956.2 ! 1956 </Td> <Td> Wan Waithayakon </Td> <Td> Thailand </Td> <Td> EAS </Td> <Td> Eleventh </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1957 </Td> <Td> Leslie Munro </Td> <Td> New Zealand </Td> <Td> COS </Td> <Td> Twelfth Third emergency special </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1958 </Td> <Td> Charles Malik </Td> <Td> Lebanon </Td> <Td> MES </Td> <Td> Thirteenth </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1959 </Td> <Td> Víctor Andrés Belaúnde </Td> <Td> Peru </Td> <Td> LAS </Td> <Td> Fourteenth Fourth emergency special </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1960 </Td> <Td> Frederick Boland </Td> <Td> Ireland </Td> <Td> WES </Td> <Td> Fifteenth Third special </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1961 </Td> <Td> Mongi Slim </Td> <Td> Tunisia </Td> <Td> MES </Td> <Td> Sixteenth </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1962 </Td> <Td> Muhammad Zafarullah Khan </Td> <Td> Pakistan </Td> <Td> COS </Td> <Td> Seventeenth Fourth special </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1963 </Td> <Td> Carlos Sosa Rodríguez ( es ) </Td> <Td> Venezuela </Td> <Td> LAS </Td> <Td> Eighteenth </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1964 </Td> <Td> Alex Quaison - Sackey </Td> <Td> Ghana </Td> <Td> COS </Td> <Td> Nineteenth </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1965 </Td> <Td> Amintore Fanfani </Td> <Td> Italy </Td> <Td> WES </Td> <Td> Twentieth </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1966 </Td> <Td> Abdul Rahman Pazhwak </Td> <Td> Afghanistan </Td> <Td> Asia </Td> <Td> Twenty - first Fifth special Fifth emergency special </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1967 </Td> <Td> Corneliu Mănescu </Td> <Td> Romania </Td> <Td> EEG </Td> <Td> Twenty - second </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1968 </Td> <Td> Emilio Arenales Catalán </Td> <Td> Guatemala </Td> <Td> GRULAC </Td> <Td> Twenty - third </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1969 </Td> <Td> Angie Brooks </Td> <Td> Liberia </Td> <Td> Africa </Td> <Td> Twenty - fourth </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1970 </Td> <Td> Edvard Hambro </Td> <Td> Norway </Td> <Td> WEOG </Td> <Td> Twenty - fifth </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1971 </Td> <Td> Adam Malik </Td> <Td> Indonesia </Td> <Td> Asia </Td> <Td> Twenty - sixth </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1972 </Td> <Td> Stanisław Trepczyński </Td> <Td> Poland </Td> <Td> EEG </Td> <Td> Twenty - seventh </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1973 </Td> <Td> Leopoldo Benites </Td> <Td> Ecuador </Td> <Td> GRULAC </Td> <Td> Twenty - eighth Sixth special </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Abdelaziz Bouteflika </Td> <Td> Algeria </Td> <Td> Africa </Td> <Td> Twenty - ninth Seventh special </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Gaston Thorn </Td> <Td> Luxembourg </Td> <Td> WEOG </Td> <Td> Thirtieth </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1976 </Td> <Td> Hamilton Shirley Amerasinghe </Td> <Td> Sri Lanka </Td> <Td> Asia </Td> <Td> Thirty - first </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1977 </Td> <Td> Lazar Mojsov </Td> <Td> Yugoslavia </Td> <Td> EEG </Td> <Td> Thirty - second Eighth special Ninth special Tenth special </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1978 </Td> <Td> Indalecio Liévano </Td> <Td> Colombia </Td> <Td> GRULAC </Td> <Td> Thirty - third </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1979 </Td> <Td> Salim Ahmed Salim </Td> <Td> United Republic of Tanzania </Td> <Td> Africa </Td> <Td> Thirty - fourth Sixth emergency special Seventh emergency special Eleventh special </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1980 </Td> <Td> Rüdiger von Wechmar </Td> <Td> Federal Republic of Germany </Td> <Td> WEOG </Td> <Td> Thirty - fifth Eighth emergency special </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1981 </Td> <Td> Ismat T. Kittani </Td> <Td> Iraq </Td> <Td> Asia </Td> <Td> Thirty - sixth Seventh emergency special -- Continuation Ninth emergency special Twelfth special </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1982 </Td> <Td> Imre Hollai </Td> <Td> Hungary </Td> <Td> EEG </Td> <Td> Thirty - seventh </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Jorge Illueca </Td> <Td> Panama </Td> <Td> GRULAC </Td> <Td> Thirty - eighth </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1984 </Td> <Td> Paul J.F. Lusaka </Td> <Td> Zambia </Td> <Td> Africa </Td> <Td> Thirty - ninth </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1985 </Td> <Td> Jaime de Piniés </Td> <Td> Spain </Td> <Td> WEOG </Td> <Td> Fortieth Thirteenth special </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1986 </Td> <Td> Humayun Rashid Choudhury </Td> <Td> Bangladesh </Td> <Td> Asia </Td> <Td> Forty - first Fourteenth special </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Peter Florin </Td> <Td> German Democratic Republic </Td> <Td> EEG </Td> <Td> Forty - second Fifteenth special </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Dante Caputo </Td> <Td> Argentina </Td> <Td> GRULAC </Td> <Td> Forty - third </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Joseph Nanven Garba </Td> <Td> Nigeria </Td> <Td> Africa </Td> <Td> Forty - fourth Sixteenth special Seventeenth special Eighteenth special </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Guido de Marco </Td> <Td> Malta </Td> <Td> WEOG </Td> <Td> Forty - fifth </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1991 </Td> <Td> Samir Shihabi </Td> <Td> Saudi Arabia </Td> <Td> Asia </Td> <Td> Forty - sixth </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Stoyan Ganev </Td> <Td> Bulgaria </Td> <Td> EEG </Td> <Td> Forty - seventh </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Rudy Insanally </Td> <Td> Guyana </Td> <Td> GRULAC </Td> <Td> Forty - eighth </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Amara Essy </Td> <Td> Ivory Coast </Td> <Td> Africa </Td> <Td> Forty - ninth </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1995 </Td> <Td> Diogo de Freitas do Amaral </Td> <Td> Portugal </Td> <Td> WEOG </Td> <Td> Fiftieth </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Razali Ismail </Td> <Td> Malaysia </Td> <Td> Asia </Td> <Td> Fifty - first Tenth emergency special Nineteenth special </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Hennadiy Udovenko </Td> <Td> Ukraine </Td> <Td> EEG </Td> <Td> Fifty - second Tenth emergency special -- Continuation Twentieth special </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1998 </Td> <Td> Didier Opertti </Td> <Td> Uruguay </Td> <Td> GRULAC </Td> <Td> Fifty - third Tenth emergency special -- Continuation Twenty - first special </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1999 </Td> <Td> Theo - Ben Gurirab </Td> <Td> Namibia </Td> <Td> Africa </Td> <Td> Fifty - fourth Twenty - second special Twenty - third special Twenty - fourth special </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2000 </Td> <Td> Harri Holkeri </Td> <Td> Finland </Td> <Td> WEOG </Td> <Td> Fifty - fifth Tenth emergency special -- Continuation Twenty - fifth special Twenty - sixth special </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Han Seung - soo </Td> <Td> Republic of Korea </Td> <Td> Asia </Td> <Td> Fifty - sixth Tenth emergency special -- Continuation </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2002 </Td> <Td> Jan Kavan </Td> <Td> Czech Republic </Td> <Td> EEG </Td> <Td> Fifty - seventh Tenth emergency special -- Continuation </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2003 </Td> <Td> Julian Hunte </Td> <Td> Saint Lucia </Td> <Td> GRULAC </Td> <Td> Fifty - eighth Tenth emergency special -- Continuation </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Jean Ping </Td> <Td> Gabon </Td> <Td> Africa </Td> <Td> Fifty - ninth </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2005 </Td> <Td> Jan Eliasson </Td> <Td> Sweden </Td> <Td> WEOG </Td> <Td> Sixtieth </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2006 </Td> <Td> Haya Rashed Al - Khalifa </Td> <Td> Bahrain </Td> <Td> Asia </Td> <Td> Sixty - first Tenth emergency special -- Continuation </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2007 </Td> <Td> Srgjan Kerim </Td> <Td> Republic of Macedonia </Td> <Td> EEG </Td> <Td> Sixty - second </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2008 </Td> <Td> Miguel d'Escoto Brockmann </Td> <Td> Nicaragua </Td> <Td> GRULAC </Td> <Td> Sixty - third </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2009 </Td> <Td> Ali Treki </Td> <Td> Libya </Td> <Td> Africa </Td> <Td> Sixty - fourth </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Joseph Deiss </Td> <Td> Switzerland </Td> <Td> WEOG </Td> <Td> Sixty - fifth </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2011 </Td> <Td> Nassir Al - Nasser </Td> <Td> Qatar </Td> <Td> Asia - Pacific </Td> <Td> Sixty - sixth </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2012 </Td> <Td> Vuk Jeremić </Td> <Td> Serbia </Td> <Td> EEG </Td> <Td> Sixty - seventh ( election ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2013 </Td> <Td> John William Ashe </Td> <Td> Antigua and Barbuda </Td> <Td> GRULAC </Td> <Td> Sixty - eighth </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2014 </Td> <Td> Sam Kutesa </Td> <Td> Uganda </Td> <Td> Africa </Td> <Td> Sixty - ninth </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2015 </Td> <Td> Mogens Lykketoft </Td> <Td> Denmark </Td> <Td> WEOG </Td> <Td> Seventieth </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2016 </Td> <Td> Peter Thomson </Td> <Td> Fiji </Td> <Td> Asia - Pacific </Td> <Td> Seventy - first ( election ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2017 </Td> <Td> Miroslav Lajčák </Td> <Td> Slovakia </Td> <Td> EEG </Td> <Td> Seventy - second </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Abbreviations : </P> <Dl> <Dt> Pre-1966 </Dt> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> COS : Commonwealth Seat </Li> <Li> EAS : Eastern European and Asian Seat </Li> <Li> LAS : Latin American Seat </Li> <Li> MES : Middle Eastern Seat </Li> <Li> WES : Western European Seat </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dt> Since 1966 </Dt> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> Africa : African Group </Li> <Li> Asia - Pacific : Asian Group , since 2011 the Asia - Pacific Group </Li> <Li> EEG : Eastern European Group </Li> <Li> GRULAC : Latin American and Caribbean Group </Li> <Li> WEOG : Western European and Others Group </Li> </Ul> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> President of the United Nations Security Council </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ `` UN : About the General Assembly '' . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 16 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Presidents of the General Assembly of the United Nations . Un.org . 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Count Dracula - wikipedia <H1> Count Dracula </H1> Jump to : navigation , search For the film , see Count Dracula ( 1970 film ) . For other uses , see Dracula ( disambiguation ) . <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Count Dracula </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Dracula character </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Bela Lugosi as Count Dracula in the 1931 film Dracula . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Created by </Th> <Td> Bram Stoker </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Portrayed by </Th> <Td> See below </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Information </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Nickname ( s ) </Th> <Td> Evil Eye Ordog Pokol Stregoika Vrolok Vlkoslag D . Nosferatu </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Aliases </Th> <Td> Dracula Count De Ville Mr. De Ville </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Species </Th> <Td> Vampire Undead human Werewolf </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Gender </Th> <Td> Male </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Title </Th> <Td> Transylvanian Noble Voivode of Wallachia Solomonari Vampire King </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Spouse ( s ) </Th> <Td> Possibly Brides of Dracula ( unclear ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Nationality </Th> <Td> Székely </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Count Dracula is the title character of Bram Stoker 's 1897 gothic horror novel Dracula . He is considered to be both the prototypical and the archetypal vampire in subsequent works of fiction . He is also depicted in the novel to be the origin of werewolf legends . Some aspects of the character are believed to have been inspired by the 15th - century Wallachian Prince Vlad III the Impaler , who was also known as Dracula . Other character aspects have been added or altered in subsequent popular fictional works . The character has subsequently appeared frequently in popular culture , from films to animated media to breakfast cereals . </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Stoker 's creation <Ul> <Li> 1.1 Early life </Li> <Li> 1.2 Narrative <Ul> <Li> 1.2. 1 Short story </Li> <Li> 1.2. 2 Novel </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 1.3 Characteristics </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2 Powers and weaknesses <Ul> <Li> 2.1 Shapeshifting </Li> <Li> 2.2 Vampirism <Ul> <Li> 2.2. 1 Bloodletting </Li> <Li> 2.2. 2 Vampire 's Baptism of Blood </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2.3 Limitations of his powers </Li> <Li> 2.4 Weaknesses <Ul> <Li> 2.4. 1 Thirst </Li> <Li> 2.4. 2 Religious symbolism </Li> <Li> 2.4. 3 Death - sleep </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2.5 Other abilities </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 Character development subsequent to the novel </Li> <Li> 4 Modern and postmodern analyses of the character </Li> <Li> 5 Screen portrayals </Li> <Li> 6 In popular culture </Li> <Li> 7 See also </Li> <Li> 8 Notes </Li> <Li> 9 References </Li> <Li> 10 External links </Li> </Ul> <H2> Stoker 's creation ( edit ) </H2> <P> Bram Stoker 's novel takes the form of an epistolary tale , in which Count Dracula 's characteristics , powers , abilities and weaknesses are narrated by multiple narrators , from different perspectives . </P> <P> Count Dracula is an undead , centuries - old vampire , and a Transylvanian nobleman who claims to be a Székely descended from Attila the Hun . He inhabits a decaying castle in the Carpathian Mountains near the Borgo Pass . Unlike the vampires of Eastern European folklore , which are portrayed as repulsive , corpse - like creatures , Dracula wears a veneer of aristocratic charm . In his conversations with Jonathan Harker , he reveals himself as deeply proud of his boyar heritage and nostalgic for the past , which he admits have become only a memory of heroism , honour and valour in modern times . </P> <H3> Early life ( edit ) </H3> <P> Details of his early life are obscure , but it is mentioned `` he was in life a most wonderful man . Soldier , statesman , and alchemist ( which was the highest development of the science knowledge of his time ) . He had a mighty brain , a learning beyond compare , and a heart that knew no fear and no remorse ... there was no branch of knowledge of his time that he did not essay . '' He studied the black arts at the academy of Scholomance in the Carpathian Mountains , overlooking the town of Sibiu ( also known as Hermannstadt ) and has a deep knowledge of alchemy and magic . Taking up arms , as befitting his rank and status as a voivode , he led troops against the Turks across the Danube . According to his nemesis Abraham Van Helsing , `` He must indeed have been that Voivode Dracula who won his name against the Turk , over the great river on the very frontier of Turkey - land . If it be so , then was he no common man : for in that time , and for centuries after , he was spoken of as the cleverest and the most cunning , as well as the bravest of the sons of the land beyond the forest . '' Dead and buried in a great tomb in the chapel of his castle , Dracula returns from death as a vampire and lives for several centuries in his castle with three terrifyingly beautiful female vampires beside him . </P> <H3> Narrative ( edit ) </H3> Cover of Dracula 's Guest , a collection of short stories authored by Bram Stoker Short story ( edit ) <P> In `` Dracula 's Guest '' , the narrative follows an unnamed Englishman traveller as he wanders around Munich before leaving for Transylvania . It is Walpurgis Night and the young Englishman foolishly leaves his hotel , in spite of the coachman 's warnings , and wanders through a dense forest alone . Along the way , he feels that he is being watched by a tall and thin stranger ( possibly Count Dracula ) . </P> <P> The short story climaxes in an old graveyard , where the Englishman encounters a sleeping female vampire called Countess Dolingen in a marble tomb with a large iron stake driven into it . This malevolent and beautiful vampire awakens from her marble bier to conjure a snowstorm before being struck by lightning and returning to her eternal prison . However , the Englishman 's troubles are not quite over , as he is dragged away by an unseen force and rendered unconscious . He awakens to find a `` gigantic '' wolf lying on his chest and licking at his throat ; however , the wolf merely keeps him warm and protects him until help arrives . When the Englishman is finally taken back to his hotel , a telegram awaits him from his expectant host Dracula , with a warning about `` dangers from snow and wolves and night '' . </P> Novel ( edit ) <P> As the Dracula novel begins in the late 19th century , Dracula acts on a long - contemplated plan for world domination , and infiltrates London to begin his reign of terror . He summons Jonathan Harker , a newly qualified English solicitor , to provide legal support for a real estate transaction overseen by Harker 's employer . Dracula at first charms Harker with his cordiality and historical knowledge , and even rescues him from the clutches of the three female vampires in the castle . In truth , however , Dracula merely wishes to keep Harker alive long enough to complete the legal transaction and to learn as much as possible about England . </P> <P> Dracula leaves his castle and boards a Russian ship , the Demeter , taking along with him 50 boxes of Transylvanian soil , which he needs in order to regain his strength and rest during daylight . During the voyage to Whitby , a coastal town in northern England , he sustains himself on the ship 's crew members . Only one body is later found , that of the captain , who is found tied up to the ship 's helm . The captain 's log is recovered and tells of strange events that had taken place during the ship 's journey . Dracula leaves the ship in the form of a dog . </P> <P> Soon the Count is menacing Harker 's fiancée , Wilhelmina `` Mina '' Murray , and her friend , Lucy Westenra . There is also a notable link between Dracula and Renfield , a patient in an insane asylum overseen by John Seward , who is compelled to consume insects , spiders , birds , and other creatures -- in ascending order of size -- in order to absorb their `` life force '' . Renfield acts as a kind of sensor , reacting to Dracula 's proximity and supplying clues accordingly . Dracula begins to visit Lucy 's bed chamber on a nightly basis , draining her of blood while simultaneously infecting her with the curse of vampirism . Not knowing the cause for Lucy 's deterioration , her three suitors - Seward , Arthur Holmwood and Quincey Morris - call upon Seward 's mentor , the Dutch doctor Abraham Van Helsing. Van Helsing soon deduces her condition 's supernatural origins , but does not speak out . Despite an attempt at keeping the vampire at bay with garlic , Dracula attacks Lucy 's house one final time , killing her mother and transforming Lucy herself into one of the undead . </P> <P> Harker escapes Dracula 's castle and returns to England , barely alive and deeply traumatized . On Seward 's suggestion , Mina seeks Van Helsing 's assistance in assessing Harker 's health . She reads his journal and passes it along to Van Helsing . This unfolds the first clue to the identity of Lucy 's assailant , which later prompts Mina to collect all of the events of Dracula 's appearance in news articles , saved letters , newspaper clippings and the journals of each member of the group . This assists the group in investigating Dracula 's movements and later discovering that Renfield 's behaviour is directly influenced by Dracula . They then discover that Dracula has purchased a residence just next door to Seward 's . The group gathers intelligence to track the location of Dracula for the purpose of destroying him . </P> Max Schreck as Count Orlok , the first confirmed cinematic representation of Dracula ( in Nosferatu , 1922 ) . <P> After the undead Lucy attacks several children , Van Helsing , Seward , Holmwood and Morris enter her crypt and destroy her to save her soul . Later , Harker joins them and the party work to discover Dracula 's intentions . Harker aids the party in tracking down the locations of the boxes to the various residences of Dracula and discovers that Dracula purchased multiple real estate properties ' over the counter ' throughout the North , South , East and West sides of London under the alias ' Count De Ville ' . Dracula 's main plan was to move each of his 50 boxes of earth to his various properties in order to arrange multiple lairs throughout and around the perimeter of London . </P> <P> The party pries open each of the graves , places wafers of Sacramental bread within each of them , and seals them shut . This deprives the Count of his ability to seek safety in those boxes . Dracula gains entry into Seward 's residence by coercing an invitation out of Renfield . As he attempts to enter the room in which Harker and Mina are staying , Renfield tries to stop him ; Dracula then mortally wounds him . With his dying breath , Renfield tells Seward and Van Helsing that Dracula is after Mina. Van Helsing and Seward discover Dracula biting Mina then forcing her to drink his blood . The group repel Dracula using crucifixes and sacramental bread , forcing Dracula to flee by turning into a dark vapor . The party continue to hunt Dracula to search for his remaining lairs . Although Dracula 's ' baptism ' of Mina grants him a telepathic link to her , it backfires when Van Helsing hypnotizes Mina and uses her supernatural link with Dracula to track him as he flees back to Transylvania . </P> <P> The heroes follow Dracula back to Transylvania , and in a climactic battle with Dracula 's gypsy bodyguards , finally destroy him . Despite the popular image of Dracula having a stake driven through his heart to kill him , Mina 's narrative describes his decapitation by Harker 's kukri while Morris simultaneously pierced his heart with a Bowie knife ( Mina Harker 's Journal , 6 November , Dracula Chapter 27 ) . His body then turns into dust , but not before Mina sees an expression of peace on his face . </P> <H3> Characteristics ( edit ) </H3> <P> Although early in the novel Dracula dons a mask of cordiality , he often flies into fits of rage when his plans are frustrated . When the three vampire women who live in his castle attempt to seduce Jonathan Harker , Dracula physically assaults one and ferociously berates them for their insubordination . He then relents and talks to them more kindly , telling them that he does indeed love each of them . </P> <P> He has an appreciation for ancient architecture , and when purchasing a home he prefers them to be aged , saying `` A new home would kill me '' , and that to make a new home habitable to him would take a century . </P> <P> Dracula is very proud of his warrior heritage , proclaiming his pride to Harker on how the Székely people are infused with the blood of heroes . He also expresses an interest in the history of the British Empire , speaking admiringly of its people . He has a somewhat primal and predatory worldview ; he pities ordinary humans for their revulsion to their darker impulses . He is not without human emotions , however ; he often says that he too can love . </P> <P> Though usually portrayed as having a strong Eastern European accent , the original novel only specifies that his spoken English is excellent , though strangely toned . </P> <P> His appearance varies in age . He is described early in the novel as thin , with a long white mustache , pointed ears and sharp teeth . It is also noted later in the novel ( Chapter 11 subsection `` The Escaped Wolf '' ) by a zookeeper who sees him that he has a hooked nose and a pointed beard with a streak of white in it . He is dressed all in black and has hair on his palms . Jonathan Harker described him as an old man , `` cruel looking '' and giving an effect of `` extraordinary pallor '' . When angered , the Count showed his true bestial nature , his blue eyes flaming red . </P> <P> I saw ... Count Dracula ... with red light of triumph in his eyes , and with a smile that Judas in hell might be proud of . </P> -- Jonathan Harker 's journal , Dracula , Chapter 4 <P> As the novel progresses , Dracula is described as taking on a more and more youthful appearance . After Harker strikes him with a shovel , he is left with a scar on his forehead which he bears throughout the course of the novel . </P> <P> Dracula also possesses great wealth and having Romani people in his homeland who are loyal to him as servants and protectors . </P> <H2> Powers and weaknesses ( edit ) </H2> <P> Count Dracula is portrayed in the novel using many different supernatural abilities , and is believed to have gained his abilities through dealings with the Devil . Chapter 18 of the novel describes many of the abilities , limitations and weaknesses of Dracula and vampires in particular . Dracula has superhuman strength which , according to Van Helsing , is equivalent to that of 20 strong men . He does not cast a shadow or have a reflection from mirrors . He is immune to conventional means of attack ; a sailor tries to stab him in the back with a knife , but the blade goes through his body as though it is air . Why Harker 's and Morris ' physical attacks are able to harm him in other parts of the book is never explained although it is noteworthy that the failed stabbing by the sailor occurred at night and the successful attacks were during daylight hours . The Count can defy gravity to a certain extent and possesses superhuman agility , able to climb vertical surfaces upside down in a reptilian manner . He can travel onto `` unhallowed '' ground such as the graves of suicides and those of his victims . He has powerful hypnotic , telepathic and illusionary abilities . He also has the ability to `` within limitations '' vanish and reappear elsewhere at will . If he knows the path , he can come out from anything or into anything regardless of how close it is bound even if it is fused with fire . </P> <P> He has amassed cunning and wisdom throughout centuries , and he is unable to die by the mere passing of time alone . </P> <P> He can command animals such as rats , owls , bats , moths , foxes and wolves . However , his control over these animals is limited , as seen when the party first enters his house in London . Although Dracula is able to summon thousands of rats to swarm and attack the group , Seward summons a pack of hounds to devour the rats . The rats are so frightened of the dogs that they flee , and any control which Dracula had over them is gone . </P> <P> Dracula can also manipulate the weather and , within his range , is able to direct the elements , such as storms , fog and mist . </P> <H3> Shapeshifting ( edit ) </H3> <P> Dracula can shapeshift at will , able to grow and become small , his featured forms in the novel being that of a bat , a wolf , a large dog and a fog or mist . When the moonlight is shining , he can travel as elemental dust within its rays . He is able to pass through tiny cracks or crevices while retaining his human form or in the form of a vapour ; described by Van Helsing as the ability to slip through a hairbreadth space of a tomb door or coffin . This is also an ability used by his victim Lucy as a vampire . When the party breaks into her tomb , they dismantle the secured coffin to find it completely empty ; her corpse being no longer located within . </P> <H3> Vampirism ( edit ) </H3> <P> One of Dracula 's most mysterious powers is the ability to turn others into vampires by biting them . According to Van Helsing : </P> <P> When they become such , there comes with the change the curse of immortality ; they can not die , but must go on age after age adding new victims and multiplying the evils of the world . For all that die from the preying of the Un-dead become themselves Un-dead , and prey on their kind . And so the circle goes on ever widening , like as the ripples from a stone thrown in the water . Friend Arthur , if you had met that kiss which you know of before poor Lucy die , or again , last night when you open your arms to her , you would in time , when you had died , have become nosferatu , as they call it in Eastern europe , and would for all time make more of those Un-Deads that so have filled us with horror . </P> -- Dr. Seward 's journal , Dracula , Chapter 16 <P> The vampire bite itself does not cause death . It is the method vampires use to drain blood of the victim and to increase their influence over them . This is described by Van Helsing : </P> <P> The Nosferatu do not die like the bees when they sting once . He is only stronger , and being stronger , have yet more power to work evil . </P> -- Mina Harker 's journal , Dracula , Chapter 18 <P> Victims who are bitten by a vampire and do not die , are hypnotically influenced by them : </P> <P> Those children whose blood she suck are not yet so much worse ; but if she live on , Un-Dead , more and more lose their blood and by her power over them they come to her . </P> -- Mina Harker 's journal , Dracula , Chapter 18 <P> Van Helsing later describes the aftermath of a bitten victim when the vampire has been killed : </P> <P> But if she die in truth , then all cease ; the tiny wounds of the throats disappear , and they go back to their plays unknowing of whatever has been . </P> -- Mina Harker 's journal , Dracula , Chapter 18 <P> As Dracula slowly drains Lucy 's blood , she dies from acute blood loss and later transforms into a vampire , despite the efforts of Seward and Van Helsing to provide her with blood transfusions . </P> <P> He is aided by powers of necromancy and divination of the dead , that all who die by his hand may reanimate and do his bidding . </P> Bloodletting ( edit ) <P> Dracula requires no other sustenance but fresh human blood , which has the effect of rejuvenating him and allowing him to grow younger . His power is drawn from the blood of others , and he can not survive without it . Although drinking blood can rejuvenate his youth and strength , it does not give him the ability to regenerate ; months after being struck on the head by a shovel , he still bears a scar from the impact . </P> <P> Dracula 's preferred victims are women . Harker states that he believes Dracula has a state of fasting as well as a state of feeding . Dracula does state to Mina however that exerting his abilities caused a desire to feed . </P> Vampire 's baptism of blood ( edit ) <P> Count Dracula is depicted as the `` King Vampire '' , and can control other vampires . To punish Mina and the party for their efforts against him , Dracula bites her on at least three occasions . He also forces her to drink his blood ; this act curses her with the effects of vampirism and gives him a telepathic link to her thoughts . However , hypnotism was only able to be done before dawn . Van Helsing refers to the act of drinking blood by both the vampire and the victim `` the Vampire 's Baptism of Blood '' . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Td> `` </Td> <Td> you , their best beloved one , are now to me , flesh of my flesh , blood of my blood , kin of my kin , my bountiful wine - press for a while , and shall be later on my companion and my helper . You shall be avenged in turn , for not one of them but shall minister to your needs . But as yet you are to be punished for what you have done . You have aided in thwarting me . Now you shall come to my call . When my brain says ' Come ! ' to you , you shall cross land or sea to do my bidding . </Td> <Td> '' </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The effects changes Mina ' physically and mentally over time . A few moments after Dracula attacks her , Van Helsing takes a wafer of sacramental bread and places it on her forehead to bless her ; when the bread touches her skin , it burns her and leaves a scar on her forehead . Her teeth start growing longer but do not grow sharper . She begins to lose her appetite , feeling repulsed by normal food , begins to sleep more and more during the day ; can not wake unless at sunset and stops writing in her diary . When Van Helsing later crumbles the same bread in a circle around her , she is unable to cross or leave the circle , discovering a new form of protection . </P> <P> Dracula 's death can release the curse on any living victim of eventual transformation into vampire . However , Van Helsing reveals that were he to successfully escape , his continued existence would ensure that even if he did not victimize Mina further , she would transform into a vampire upon her eventual natural death . </P> <H3> Limitations of his powers ( edit ) </H3> <P> Dracula is much less powerful in daylight and is only able to shift his form at dawn , noon , and dusk ( he can shift his form freely at night or if he is at his grave ) . The sun is not fatal to him , as sunlight does not burn and destroy him upon contact , though most of his abilities cease . </P> <P> The sun that rose on our sorrow this morning guards us in its course . Until it sets to - night , that monster must retain whatever form he now has . He is confined within the limitations of his earthly envelope . He can not melt into thin air nor disappear through cracks or chinks or crannies . If he go through a doorway , he must open the door like a mortal . </P> -- Johnathan Harker 's journal , Dracula , Chapter 22 <P> His power ceases , as does that all of all evil things , at the coming of the day . Only at certain times can he have limited freedom . If he be not at the place whither he is bound , he can only change himself at noon or exact sunrise or sunset . </P> -- Mina Harker 's journal , Dracula , Chapter 18 <P> He is also limited in his ability to travel , as he can only cross running water at low or high tide . Due to this , he is unable to fly across a river in the form of a bat or mist or even by himself board a boat or step off a boat onto a dock unless he is physically carried over with assistance . He is also unable to enter a place unless invited to do so by someone of the household , even a visitor ; once invited , he can enter and leave the premises at will . </P> <H3> Weaknesses ( edit ) </H3> Thirst ( edit ) <P> Dracula has a bloodlust which he is seemingly unable to control . At the sight of blood he becomes enveloped in a demonic fury which is fueled by the need to feed . Other adaptations call this uncontrollable state ' the thirst ' . </P> Religious symbolism ( edit ) <P> There are items which afflict him to the point he has no power and can even calm him from his insatiable appetite for blood . He is repulsed by garlic , as well as sacred items and symbols such as crucifixes , and sacramental bread . </P> <P> at the instant I saw that the cut had bled a little , and the blood was trickling over my chin . I laid down the razor , turning as I did so half round to look for some sticking plaster . When the Count saw my face , his eyes blazed with a sort of demoniac fury , and he suddenly made a grab at my throat . I drew away and his hand touched the string of beads which held the crucifix . It made an instant change in him , for the fury passed so quickly that I could hardly believe that it was ever there . </P> -- Jonathan Harker 's journal , Dracula , Chapter 2 <P> Placing the branch of a wild rose upon the top of his coffin will render him unable to escape it ; a sacred bullet fired into the coffin could kill him so that he remain true - dead . </P> <P> Mountain Ash is also described as a form of protection from a vampire although the effects are unknown . This was believed to be used as protection against evil spirits and witches during the Victorian era . </P> Death - sleep ( edit ) <P> The state of rest to which vampires are prone to during times of day is described in the novel as a deathlike sleep where the vampire sleeps open - eyed , is unable to awaken or move , yet also may be unaware of any presence of individuals who may be trespassing . Dracula is portrayed as being active in daylight at least once in order to pursue a victim . Dracula also purchases many properties throughout London ' over the counter ' which shows that he does have the ability to have some type of presence in daylight . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Td> `` </Td> <Td> on a pile of newly dug earth , lay the Count ! He was either dead or asleep . I could not say which , for eyes were open and stony , but without the glassiness of death , and the cheeks had the warmth of life through all their pallor . The lips were as red as ever . But there was no sign of movement , no pulse , no breath , no beating of the heart . I bent over him , and tried to find any sign of life , but in vain ... I thought he might have the keys on him , but when I went to search I saw the dead eyes , and in them dead though they were , such a look of hate , though unconscious of me or my presence , that I fled from the place , and leaving the Count 's room by the window </Td> <Td> '' </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> He requires Transylvanian soil to be nearby to him in a foreign land or to be entombed within his coffin within Transylvania in order to successfully rest ; otherwise , he will be unable to recover his strength . This has forced him to transport many boxes of Transylvanian earth to each of his residences in London . It should be noted however that he is most powerful when he is within his Earth - Home , Coffin - Home , Hell - Home , or any place unhallowed . </P> <P> Further , if Dracula or any vampire has had their fill in blood upon feeding , they will be caused to rest in this dead state even longer than usual . </P> <H3> Other abilities ( edit ) </H3> <P> While universally feared by the local people of Transylvania and even beyond , Dracula commands the loyalty of gypsies and a band of Slovaks who transport his boxes on their way to London and to serve as an armed convoy bringing his coffin back to his castle . The Slovaks and gypsies appear to know his true nature , for they laugh at Harker when he tries to communicate his plight , and betray Harker 's attempt to send a letter through them by giving it to the Count . </P> <P> Dracula seems to be able to hold influence over people with mental disorders , such as Renfield , who is never bitten but who worships Dracula , referring to him over the course of the novel as `` Master '' and `` Lord '' . Dracula also afflicts Lucy with chronic sleepwalking , putting her into a trance - like state that allows them not only to submit to his will but also seek him and satisfy his need to feed . </P> <P> Dracula 's powers and weaknesses vary greatly in the many adaptations . Previous and subsequent vampires from different legends have had similar vampire characteristics . </P> <H2> Character development subsequent to the novel ( edit ) </H2> Main article : Dracula in popular culture Statue of Béla Lugosi as Count Dracula , at the Hollywood Wax Museum <P> Dracula is one of the most famous characters in popular culture . He has been portrayed by more actors in more visual media adaptations of the novel than any other horror character . Actors who have played him include Max Schreck , Béla Lugosi , John Carradine , Christopher Lee , Francis Lederer , Denholm Elliott , Jack Palance , Louis Jourdan , Frank Langella , Klaus Kinski , Gary Oldman , Leslie Nielsen , George Hamilton , Keith - Lee Castle , Gerard Butler , Duncan Regehr , Richard Roxburgh , Marc Warren , Rutger Hauer , Stephen Billington , Thomas Kretschmann , Dominic Purcell , Luke Evans and Lon Chaney Jr ... In 2003 , Count Dracula , as portrayed by Lugosi in the 1931 film , was named as the 33rd greatest movie villain by the AFI . </P> Gary Oldman as Dracula in Bram Stoker 's Dracula . <P> The character is closely associated with the western cultural archetype of the vampire , and remains a popular Halloween costume . </P> <Ul> <Li> Count Dracula appears in Mad Monster Party ? voiced by Allen Swift . This version is shown to be wearing a monocle . Count Dracula is among the monsters that Baron Boris von Frankenstein invites to the Isle of Evil in order to show off the secret of total destruction and announce his retirement from the Worldwide Organization of Monsters . </Li> <Li> In Sesame Street , there is a character called Count von Count who was based on Bela Lugosi 's interpretation of Count Dracula and Jack Davis ' design for Dracula from Mad Monster Party ? . </Li> <Li> Count Dracula appears in Mad Mad Mad Monsters ( a `` prequel of sorts '' to Mad Monster Party ? ) voiced again by Allen Swift . He and his son are invited by Baron Henry von Frankenstein to attend the wedding of Frankenstein 's Monster and its mate at the Transylvania Astoria Hotel . </Li> <Li> Dracula is the primary antagonist of the Castlevania video game series and the main protagonist of the Lords of Shadow reboot series . </Li> <Li> Dracula appears as the lead character of Dracula the Un-dead , a novel by Stoker 's great - grand nephew Dacre presented as a sequel to the original . </Li> <Li> Count Dracula is the main character of the Hotel Transylvania franchise , voiced by Adam Sandler . </Li> </Ul> <H2> Modern and postmodern analyses of the character ( edit ) </H2> Portrait of Vlad III Dracula . <P> Already in 1958 , Cecil Kirtly proposed that Count Dracula shared his personal past with the historical Transylvanian - born Voivode Vlad III Dracula of Wallachia , also known as Vlad the Impaler or Vlad Țepeș . Following the publication of In Search of Dracula by Radu Florescu and Raymond McNally in 1972 , this supposed connection attracted much popular attention . This work argued that Bram Stoker based his Dracula on Vlad the Impaler . </P> <P> Historically , the name `` Dracula '' is the given name of Vlad Țepeș ' family , a name derived from a secret fraternal order of knights called the Order of the Dragon , founded by Sigismund of Luxembourg ( king of Hungary and Bohemia , and Holy Roman Emperor ) to uphold Christianity and defend the Empire against the Ottoman Turks . Vlad II Dracul , father of Vlad III , was admitted to the order around 1431 because of his bravery in fighting the Turks and was dubbed Dracul ( Dragon ) thus his son became Dracula ( son of the dragon ) . From 1431 onward , Vlad II wore the emblem of the order and later , as ruler of Wallachia , his coinage bore the dragon symbol . </P> <P> Stoker came across the name Dracula in his reading on Romanian history , and chose this to replace the name ( Count Wampyr ) that he had originally intended to use for his villain . However , some Dracula scholars , led by Elizabeth Miller , have questioned the depth of this connection as early as 1998 . They argue that Stoker in fact knew little of the historic Vlad III , Vlad the Impaler and that he used only the name `` Dracula '' and some miscellaneous scraps of Romanian history . As well , and there are no comments about Vlad III in the author 's working notes . </P> <P> While having a conversation with Jonathan Harker in Chapter 3 , Dracula refers to his own background , and these speeches show elements which Stoker directly copied from Wilkinson 's book . Stoker mentions the Voivode of the Dracula race who fought against the Turks after the defeat in the Battle of Kosovo , and was later betrayed by his brother , historical facts which unequivocally point to Vlad III , described as `` Voïvode Dracula '' by Wilkinson : </P> <P> Who was it but one of my own race who as Voivode crossed the Danube and beat the Turk on his own ground ? This was a Dracula indeed ! Woe was it that his own unworthy brother , when he had fallen , sold his people to the Turk and brought the shame of slavery on them ! Was it not this Dracula , indeed , who inspired that other of his race who in a later age again and again brought his forces over the great river into Turkey - land ; who , when he was beaten back , came again , and again , though he had to come alone from the bloody field where his troops were being slaughtered , since he knew that he alone could ultimately triumph ! ( Chapter 3 , pp. 19 ) </P> <P> The Count 's intended identity is later commented by Professor Van Helsing , referring to a letter from his friend Arminius : </P> <P> He must , indeed , have been that Voivode Dracula who won his name against the Turk , over the great river on the very frontier of Turkey - land . ( Chapter 18 , pp. 145 ) </P> <P> This indeed encourages the reader to identify the Count with the Voivode Dracula first mentioned by him in Chapter 3 , the one betrayed by his brother : Vlad III Dracula , betrayed by his brother Radu the Handsome , who had chosen the side of the Turks . But as noted by the Dutch author Hans Corneel de Roos , in Chapter 25 , Van Helsing and Mina drop this rudimentary connection to Vlad III and instead describe the Count 's personal past as that of `` that other of his race '' who lived `` in a later age '' . By smoothly exchanging Vlad III for a nameless double , Stoker avoided that his main character could be unambiguously linked to a historical person traceable in any history book . </P> <P> Similarly , the novelist did not want to disclose the precise site of the Count 's residence , Castle Dracula . As confirmed by Stoker 's own handwritten research notes , the novelist had a specific location for the Castle in mind while writing the narrative : an empty mountain top in the Transylvanian Kelemen Alps near the former border with Moldavia . Efforts to promote the Poenari Castle ( ca . 200 km away from the novel 's place of action near the Borgo Pass ) as the `` real Castle Dracula '' have no basis in Stoker 's writing ; Stoker did not know this building . Regarding the Bran Castle near Brașov , Stoker possibly saw an illustration of Castle Bran ( Törzburg ) in Charles Boner 's book on Transylvania . Although Stoker may have been inspired by its romantic appearance , neither Boner , nor Mazuchelli nor Crosse ( who also mention Terzburg or Törzburg ) associate it with Vlad III ; for the site of his fictitious Castle Dracula , Stoker preferred an empty mountain top . </P> <P> Furthermore , Stoker 's detailed notes reveal that the novelist was very well aware of the ethnic and geo - political differences between the `` Roumanians '' or `` Wallachs '' / `` Wallachians '' , descendants of the Dacians , and the Székelys or Szeklers , allies of the Magyars or Hungarians , whose interests were opposed to that of the Wallachians . In the novel 's original typewritten manuscript , the Count speaks of throwing off the `` Austrian yoke '' , which corresponds to the Szekler political point of view . This expression is crossed out , however , and replaced by `` Hungarian yoke '' ( as appearing in the printed version ) , which matches the historical perspective of the Wallachians . This has been interpreted by some to mean that Stoker opted for the Wallachian , not the Szekler interpretation , thus lending more consistency to the Romanian identity of his Count : although not identical with Vlad III , the Vampire is portrayed as one of the `` Dracula race '' . </P> <H2> Screen portrayals ( edit ) </H2> Bela Lugosi as Count Dracula in the 1931 film Dracula . <Table> <Tr> <Th> Year </Th> <Th> Title </Th> <Th> Actor playing Dracula </Th> <Th> Notes </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1921 </Td> <Td> Dracula 's Death </Td> <Td> Vanko ! Erik Vanko </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1922 </Td> <Td> Nosferatu </Td> <Td> Schreck ! Max Schreck </Td> <Td> Renamed Count Orlok for legal reasons </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1931.1 ! 1931 </Td> <Td> Dracula </Td> <Td> Lugosi ! Bela Lugosi </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1931.2 ! 1931 </Td> <Td> Dracula </Td> <Td> Villar ! Carlos Villar </Td> <Td> Spanish version using Lugosi 's sets and a different cast and crew . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1943 </Td> <Td> Son of Dracula </Td> <Td> Chaney ! Lon Chaney , Jr . </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1944 </Td> <Td> House of Frankenstein </Td> <Td> Carradine ! John Carradine </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1945 </Td> <Td> House of Dracula </Td> <Td> Carradine ! John Carradine </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1948 </Td> <Td> Abbott and Costello Meet Frankenstein </Td> <Td> Lugosi ! Bela Lugosi </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1953 </Td> <Td> Drakula İstanbul'da </Td> <Td> Kaptan ! Atıf Kaptan </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1958.1 ! 1958 </Td> <Td> Dracula </Td> <Td> Lee ! Christopher Lee </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1958.2 ! 1958 </Td> <Td> return ! The Return of Dracula </Td> <Td> Lederer ! Francis Lederer </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1966.1 ! 1966 </Td> <Td> Dracula : Prince of Darkness </Td> <Td> Lee ! Christopher Lee </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1966.2 ! 1966 </Td> <Td> Billy the Kid vs Dracula </Td> <Td> Carradine ! John Carradine </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1968.1 ! 1968 </Td> <Td> Dracula Has Risen from the Grave </Td> <Td> Lee ! Christopher Lee </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1968.2 ! 1968 </Td> <Td> Dracula </Td> <Td> Elliott ! Denholm Elliott </Td> <Td> Episode of UK TV series Mystery and Imagination </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1969 </Td> <Td> magic ! The Magic Christian </Td> <Td> Lee ! Christopher Lee </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1970.1 ! 1970 </Td> <Td> Count Dracula </Td> <Td> Lee ! Christopher Lee </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1970.2 ! 1970 </Td> <Td> Taste the Blood of Dracula </Td> <Td> Lee ! Christopher Lee </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1970.3 ! 1970 </Td> <Td> One More Time </Td> <Td> Lee ! Christopher Lee </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1970.4 ! 1970 </Td> <Td> Scars of Dracula </Td> <Td> Lee ! Christopher Lee </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1971 </Td> <Td> Cuadecuc , vampir </Td> <Td> Lee ! Christopher Lee </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1972.1 ! 1972 </Td> <Td> Blacula </Td> <Td> Macaulay ! Charles Macaulay </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1972.2 ! 1972 </Td> <Td> Dracula A.D. 1972 </Td> <Td> Lee ! Christopher Lee </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1972.3 ! 1972 </Td> <Td> Count Dracula 's Great Love </Td> <Td> Naschy ! Paul Naschy </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1974.1 ! 1974 </Td> <Td> Dan Curtis ' Dracula </Td> <Td> Palance ! Jack Palance </Td> <Td> TV movie </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1974.2 ! 1974 </Td> <Td> Blood for Dracula </Td> <Td> Kier ! Udo Kier </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1976 </Td> <Td> Dracula and Son </Td> <Td> Lee ! Christopher Lee </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1977 </Td> <Td> Count Dracula </Td> <Td> Jourdan ! Louis Jourdan </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1979.1 ! 1979 </Td> <Td> Nosferatu the Vampyre </Td> <Td> Kinski ! Klaus Kinski </Td> <Td> Remake of Nosferatu ( 1922 ) with the novel 's character names restored . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1979.2 ! 1979 </Td> <Td> Cliffhangers </Td> <Td> Nouri ! Michael Nouri </Td> <Td> Episode : `` The Curse of Dracula '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1979.3 ! 1979 </Td> <Td> Love at First Bite </Td> <Td> Hamilton ! George Hamilton </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1979.4 ! 1979 </Td> <Td> Dracula </Td> <Td> Langella ! Frank Langella </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> mons ! The Monster Squad </Td> <Td> Regehr ! Duncan Regehr </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Waxwork </Td> <Td> O'Keeffe ! Miles O'Keeffe </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Bram Stoker 's Dracula </Td> <Td> Oldman ! Gary Oldman </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1995 </Td> <Td> Dracula : Dead and Loving It </Td> <Td> Nielsen ! Leslie Nielsen </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2000.1 ! 2000 </Td> <Td> Dracula 2000 </Td> <Td> Butler ! Gerard Butler </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2000.2 ! 2000 </Td> <Td> Buffy the Vampire Slayer </Td> <Td> Martin ! Rudolf Martin </Td> <Td> Episode : `` Buffy vs. Dracula '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Dracula , the Musical </Td> <Td> Hewitt ! Tom Hewitt </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2004.1 ! 2004 </Td> <Td> Van Helsing </Td> <Td> Roxburgh ! Richard Roxburgh </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2004.2 ! 2004 </Td> <Td> Blade : Trinity </Td> <Td> Purcell ! Dominic Purcell </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2004.3 ! 2004 </Td> <Td> Dracula 3000 </Td> <Td> Kirkwood ! Langley Kirkwood </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2005 </Td> <Td> bat ! The Batman vs. Dracula </Td> <Td> Stormare ! Peter Stormare </Td> <Td> Animated film </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2006 </Td> <Td> Dracula </Td> <Td> Warren ! Marc Warren </Td> <Td> Television film </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2006 - 2014 </Td> <Td> Young Dracula </Td> <Td> Castle ! Keith - Lee Castle </Td> <Td> TV series </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2012.1 ! 2012 </Td> <Td> Dracula 3D </Td> <Td> Kretschmann ! Thomas Kretschmann </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2012.2 ! 2012 </Td> <Td> Hotel Transylvania </Td> <Td> Sandler ! Adam Sandler </Td> <Td> Animated film </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2013 </Td> <Td> Dracula </Td> <Td> Meyers ! Jonathan Rhys Meyers </Td> <Td> TV series </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2014 </Td> <Td> Dracula Untold </Td> <Td> Evans ! Luke Evans </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2015 </Td> <Td> Hotel Transylvania 2 </Td> <Td> Sandler ! Adam Sandler </Td> <Td> Animated film </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2016 </Td> <Td> Penny Dreadful </Td> <Td> Camargo ! Christian Camargo </Td> <Td> TV series </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2018 </Td> <Td> Hotel Transylvania 3 </Td> <Td> Sandler ! Adam Sandler </Td> <Td> Animated film </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> In popular culture ( edit ) </H2> Main article : Dracula in popular culture <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Novels portal </Li> <Li> Fictional characters portal </Li> <Li> Horror fiction portal </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Dracula </Li> <Li> Tables of vampire traits </Li> <Li> Count Orlok </Li> <Li> Carmilla </Li> <Li> Varney the Vampire </Li> <Li> Vlad III the Impaler </Li> <Li> Elizabeth Báthory </Li> <Li> Mina Harker </Li> <Li> List of fictional vampires </Li> <Li> Alucard ( Hellsing ) </Li> <Li> Werewolf </Li> <Li> Renfield Syndrome </Li> <Li> List of horror film antagonists </Li> </Ul> <H2> Notes ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ Stoker , Bram . Dracula ( PDF ) . pp. 10 , 14 , 499 , 517 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Stoker , Bram . Dracula ( PDF ) . Chapter 2 , Johnathon Harker 's Journal . p. 9 . ' Ordog ' -- Satan , ' Pokol ' -- hell , ' stregoica ' -- witch , ' vrolok ' and ' vlkoslak ' -- both mean the same thing , one being Slovak and the other Servian for something that is either werewolf or vampire . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Stoker , Bram . Dracula ( PDF ) . Ch 23 , Dr Seward 's Diary . p. 436 . ' Look out for D. He has just now , 12 : 45 , come from Carfax hurriedly and hastened towards the South . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Stoker , Bram . Drracula ( PDF ) . Chapter 20 , Johnathon Harker 's Journal , LETTER , MITCHELL , SONS & CANDY TO LORD GODALMING , October 1st . p. 391 . The purchaser is a foreign nobleman , Count de Ville </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Stoker , Bram . Dracula ( PDF ) . Chapter 6 , Johnathon Harker 's Journal . p. 500 . He had received a letter from Mr. de Ville of London </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Stoker , Bram . Dracula ( PDF ) . pp. 9 , 42 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Stoker , Bram . Dracula 's Guest ( PDF ) . p. 11 . A wolf -- and yet not a wolf ! '' another put in shudderingly . `` No use trying for him without the sacred bullet . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Stoker , Bram . Dracula ( PDF ) . Chapter 2 , Johnathon Harker 's Journal . p. 35 . We Transylvanian nobles love not to think that our bones may lie amongst the common dead . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Stoker , Bram . Dracula ( PDF ) . pp. 43 , 344 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Stoker , Bram . Dracula ( PDF ) . Chapter 18 , Dr. Seward 's Diary . p. 344 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Stoker , Bram . Dracula ( PDF ) . Ch 27 , DR . VAN HELSING 'S MEMORANDUM , 5 November . p. 531 . DRACULA This then was the Undead home of the King Vampire , to whom so many more were due . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Stoker , Bram . Dracula ( PDF ) . Ch 3 , Johnathon Harker 's Journal . p. 42 . ' We Szekelys have a right to be proud , for in our veins flows the blood of many brave races who fought as the lion fights , for lordship . Here , in the whirlpool of European races , the Ugric tribe bore down from Iceland the fighting spirit which Thor and Wodin gave them , which their Berserkers displayed to such fell intent on the seaboards of Europe , aye , and of Asia and Africa too , till the peoples thought that the werewolves themselves had come . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Carol N. Senf `` Dracula : The Unseen Face in the Mirror '' in the Norton Critical Edition of Dracula ( 1997 ) by Bram Stoker , edited by Nina Auerbach and David J. Skal : 421 - 31 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Stoker , Bram . Dracula ( PDF ) . Chapter 23 . p. 434 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Dracula Chapter 18 and Chapter 23 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Mina Harker 's Journal , 30 September , Dracula , Chapter 18 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Dracula Chapter 27 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Stoker , Bram . Dracula ( PDF ) . Chapter 20 , Johnathon Harker 's Journal . pp. 373 , 374 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Stoker , Bram . Dracula ( PDF ) . Chapter 20 , Johnathon Harker 's Journal , Letter , Mitchell , Sons , and Candy to Lord Godalming . p. 329 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Stoker , Bram . Dracula ( PDF ) . Chapter 20 , Johnathon Harker 's Journal . pp. 373 , 374 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Stoker , Bram . Dracula ( PDF ) . Chapter 18 , Dr. Seward 's Diary . p. 346 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Stoker , Bram . Dracula ( PDF ) . Chapter 21 , Dr. Seward 's Diary . p. 404,405,406 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Stoker , Bram . Dracula ( PDF ) . Chapter 2 , Johnathon Harker 's Journal . p. 35 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Stoker , Bram . Dracula ( PDF ) . Ch 3 , Johnathon Harker 's Journal . p. 57 . ' Yes , I too can love . You yourselves can tell it from the past . Is it not so ? </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Dracula , Chapter 2 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Stoker , Bram . Dracula . Chapter 7 , Log of the Demeter , 3 August . p. 102 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 00 - 742008 - 7 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Dracula , Chapter 18 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Stoker , Bram . Dracula . p. 303 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 00 - 742008 - 7 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Stoker , Bram . Dracula ( PDF ) . Chapter 15 , Dr. Stweard 's Diary . pp. 281 , 282 . Taking the edge of the loose flange , he bent it back towards the foot of the coffin , and holding up the candle into the aperture , motioned to me to look . I drew near and looked . The coffin was empty . It was certainly a surprise to me , and gave me a considerable shock </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Stoker , Bram . Dracula . Chapter 10 , Dr. Seward 's Diary . p. 174 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Stoker , Bram . Dracula ( PDF ) . Ch 18 , Dr. Seward 's Diary . p. 341 . on the blood of the living . Even more , we have seen amongst us that he can even grow younger , that his vital faculties grow strenuous , and seem as though they refresh themselves when his special pabulum is plenty . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Stoker , Bram . Dracula ( PDF ) . Ch 21 , Johnathon Harker 's Journal . pp. 411 -- 412 . I knew him at once from the description of the others ... I knew , too , the red scar on his forehead where Jonathan had struck him . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Stoker , Bram . Dracula ( PDF ) . Ch 15 , Westminster Gazette . pp. 252 -- 254 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Stoker , Bram . Dracula ( PDF ) . Ch 19 , Johnathon Harker 's Journal . p. 358 . and when I had seen him he was either in the fasting stage of his existence in his rooms or , when he was bloated with fresh blood , </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Stoker , Bram . Dracula ( PDF ) . Ch 21 , Dr. Seward 's Diary , 3 October . p. 412 . First , a little refreshment to reward my exertions . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Stoker , Bram . Dracula ( PDF ) . Chapter 23 , Dr. Stweard 's Diary . p. 448 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Stoker , Bram . Dracula ( PDF ) . Ch 20 , Johnathon Harker 's Journal . p. 376 . hypnotize before dawn </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Stoker , Bram . Dracula ( PDF ) . pp. 462 , 492 , 523 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Stoker , Bram . Dracula ( PDF ) . Chapter 21 , Dr. Seward 's Diary . p. 413 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Stoker , Bram . Dracula ( PDF ) . Ch. 27 , Mina Harker 's Journal , 6 November . p. 533 . But I could not eat , to even try to do so was repulsive to me , and much as I would have liked to please him , I could not bring myself to the attempt . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Stoker , Bram . Dracula ( PDF ) . Chapter 27 , Memorandum by Abraham Van Helsing , 4 November . pp. 519 -- 527 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Dracula , Chapter 3 , second page </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Stoker , Bram . Dracula ( PDF ) . Chapter 4 , Johnathon Harker 's ournal . pp. 70 , 71 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Stoker , Bram . Dracula ( PDF ) . Chapter 18 , Doctor Seward 's Diary . p. 343 . Thus , whereas he can do as he will within his limit , when he have his earth - home , his coffin - home , his hell - home , the place unhallowed , as we saw when he went to the grave of the suicide at Whitby , still at other time he can only change when the time come . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Stoker , Bram . Dracula ( PDF ) . Chapter 22 , Johnathon Harker 's Journal , October 23 . p. 424 . The Count may come to Piccadilly earlier than we think . ' ' Not so ! ' said Van Helsing , holding up his hand . ' But why ? ' I asked . ' Do you forget , ' he said , with actually a smile , ' that last night he banqueted heavily , and will sleep late ? </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Guinness World Records Experience </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Dearden , Lizzie ( 20 May 2014 ) . `` Radu Florescu dead : Legacy of the Romanian ' Dracula professor ' remembered '' . The Independent . Retrieved 14 September 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Vlad III Encyclopædia Britannica </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Berni , Simone ( 2016 ) . `` The Romanian Edition ( 1990 ) '' . Dracula by Bram Stoker The Mystery of The Early Editions . Translated by Bigliardi , Stefano . United States : Lulu Press . p. 67 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 326 - 62179 - 7 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Cain , Jimmie E. ( 2006 ) . `` Notes -- Chapter Four '' . Bram Stoker and Russophobia : Evidence of the British Fear of Russia in Dracula and The Lady of the Shroud . Jefferson , N.C. : McFarland & Co. p. 182 . ISBN 0 - 7864 - 2407 - 9 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Miller , Elizabeth ( 2005 ) . `` The Voivode and the Count '' . A Dracula Handbook . Philadelphia , PA : Xlibris . pp. 112 -- 113 . ISBN 1 - 4134 - 8095 - 0 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Hans Corneel de Roos , The Dracula Maps , in : The Ultimate Dracula , Moonlake Editions , Munich , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Charles Boner , Transylvania : Its Products and Its People . London : Longmans , 1865 . Referred to by Marius Crişan , The Models for Castle Dracula in Stoker 's Sources on Transylvania , Journal of Dracula Studies Nr 10 ( 2008 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Hans Corneel de Roos , Stoker 's Vampire Trap : Vlad the Impaler and his Nameless Double , Linkoeping University Electronic Press , Linköping Electronic Articles in Computer and Information Science , ISSN 1401 - 9841 , Vol. 15 ( 2012 ) : no . 2 . 2012 , p. 7 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Clive Leatherdale ( 1985 ) Dracula : the Novel and the Legend . Desert Island Books . </Li> <Li> Bram Stoker ( 1897 ) Dracula . Norton Critical Edition ( 1997 ) edited by Nina Auerbach and David J. Skal . </Li> <Li> Senf , Carol . Dracula : Between Tradition and Modernism ( Twayne , 1998 ) . </Li> <Li> Senf , Carol A. Bram Stoker . University of Wales Press , 2010 . </Li> </Ul> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Count Dracula on IMDb </Li> <Li> Bram Stoker Online Full text , PDF and audio versions of Dracula . </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Bram Stoker 's Dracula </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Characters </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Original novel </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Count Dracula </Li> <Li> Abraham Van Helsing </Li> <Li> Jonathan Harker </Li> <Li> Mina Harker </Li> <Li> Lucy Westenra </Li> <Li> Arthur Holmwood </Li> <Li> Dr. John Seward </Li> <Li> Quincey Morris </Li> <Li> Renfield </Li> <Li> Brides </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Other works </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Adri Nital </Li> <Li> Alucard </Li> <Li> Count Alucard </Li> <Li> Count Orlok </Li> <Li> Count von Count </Li> <Li> Doctor Sun </Li> <Li> Eva </Li> <Li> Hamilton Slade </Li> <Li> Janus </Li> <Li> Postmortem </Li> <Li> Turac </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Historical </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Vlad Călugărul </Li> <Li> Vlad the Impaler </Li> <Li> Vlad II Dracul </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Films </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Universal series </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Dracula ( 1931 English - language ) </Li> <Li> Drácula ( 1931 Spanish - language ) </Li> <Li> Dracula 's Daughter ( 1936 ) </Li> <Li> Son of Dracula ( 1943 ) </Li> <Li> House of Frankenstein ( 1944 ) </Li> <Li> House of Dracula ( 1945 ) </Li> <Li> Abbott and Costello Meet Frankenstein ( 1948 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Hammer series </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Dracula ( 1958 ) </Li> <Li> The Brides of Dracula ( 1960 ) </Li> <Li> Dracula : Prince of Darkness ( 1966 ) </Li> <Li> Dracula Has Risen from the Grave ( 1968 ) </Li> <Li> Taste the Blood of Dracula ( 1970 ) </Li> <Li> Scars of Dracula ( 1970 ) </Li> <Li> Dracula A.D. 1972 ( 1972 ) </Li> <Li> The Satanic Rites of Dracula ( 1973 ) </Li> <Li> The Legend of the 7 Golden Vampires ( 1974 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Dracula 2000 </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Dracula 2000 ( 2000 ) </Li> <Li> Dracula II : Ascension ( 2003 ) </Li> <Li> Dracula III : Legacy ( 2005 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Parodies </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Mad Monster Party ? ( 1967 ) </Li> <Li> Batman Fights Dracula ( 1967 ) </Li> <Li> Blacula ( 1972 ) </Li> <Li> Mad Mad Mad Monsters ( 1972 ) </Li> <Li> Blood for Dracula ( 1974 ) </Li> <Li> Vampira ( 1974 ) </Li> <Li> Son of Dracula ( 1974 ) </Li> <Li> Dracula in the Provinces ( 1975 ) </Li> <Li> Dracula and Son ( 1976 ) </Li> <Li> Love at First Bite ( 1979 ) </Li> <Li> The Halloween That Almost Was n't ( 1979 ) </Li> <Li> Fracchia contro Dracula ( 1985 ) </Li> <Li> The Monster Squad ( 1987 ) </Li> <Li> Scooby - Doo ! and the Reluctant Werewolf ( 1988 ) </Li> <Li> Dracula : Dead and Loving It ( 1995 ) </Li> <Li> Monster Mash ( 1995 ) </Li> <Li> Monster Mash ( 2000 ) </Li> <Li> Zora the Vampire ( 2000 ) </Li> <Li> Hotel Transylvania ( 2012 ) </Li> <Li> Hotel Transylvania 2 ( 2015 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Other </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Dracula 's Death ( 1921 ) </Li> <Li> Nosferatu ( 1922 ) </Li> <Li> The Return of the Vampire ( 1943 ) </Li> <Li> Drakula İstanbul'da ( 1953 ) </Li> <Li> Blood of Dracula ( 1957 ) </Li> <Li> The Return of Dracula ( 1958 ) </Li> <Li> Batman Dracula ( 1964 ) </Li> <Li> Billy the Kid Versus Dracula ( 1966 ) </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Dracula ( 1968 ) </Li> <Li> Blood of Dracula 's Castle ( 1969 ) </Li> <Li> Count Dracula ( 1970 ) </Li> <Li> Los Monstruos del Terror ( 1970 ) </Li> <Li> Cuadecuc , vampir ( 1971 ) </Li> <Li> Vampyros Lesbos ( 1971 ) </Li> <Li> Dracula vs. Frankenstein ( 1971 ) </Li> <Li> Bram Stoker 's Dracula ( 1973 ) </Li> <Li> Count Dracula 's Great Love ( 1974 ) </Li> <Li> Count Dracula ( 1977 ) </Li> <Li> Dracula 's Dog ( 1978 ) </Li> <Li> Doctor Dracula ( 1978 ) </Li> <Li> Nosferatu the Vampyre ( 1979 ) </Li> <Li> Dracula ( 1979 ) </Li> <Li> Nocturna : Granddaughter of Dracula ( 1979 ) </Li> <Li> Dracula 's Widow ( 1988 ) </Li> <Li> To Die For ( 1989 ) </Li> <Li> Sundown : The Vampire in Retreat ( 1989 ) </Li> <Li> Bram Stoker 's Dracula ( 1992 ) </Li> <Li> Nadja ( 1994 ) </Li> <Li> Shadow of the Vampire ( 2000 ) </Li> <Li> Dark Prince : The True Story of Dracula ( 2000 ) </Li> <Li> Dracula : Pages from a Virgin 's Diary ( 2002 ) </Li> <Li> Dracula ( 2002 ) </Li> <Li> The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen ( 2003 ) </Li> <Li> Van Helsing ( 2004 ) </Li> <Li> Van Helsing : The London Assignment ( 2004 ) </Li> <Li> Dracula 3000 ( 2004 ) </Li> <Li> The Vulture 's Eye ( 2004 ) </Li> <Li> Blade : Trinity ( 2004 ) </Li> <Li> The Batman vs. Dracula ( 2005 ) </Li> <Li> Bram Stoker 's Dracula 's Curse ( 2006 ) </Li> <Li> Dracula ( 2006 ) </Li> <Li> Bram Stoker 's Dracula 's Guest ( 2008 ) </Li> <Li> The Librarian : Curse of the Judas Chalice ( 2008 ) </Li> <Li> House of the Wolf Man ( 2009 ) </Li> <Li> Young Dracula ( 2011 ) </Li> <Li> Dracula Reborn ( 2012 ) </Li> <Li> Dracula 3D ( 2012 ) </Li> <Li> Saint Dracula 3D ( 2012 ) </Li> <Li> Dracula 2012 ( 2013 ) </Li> <Li> Dracula : The Dark Prince ( 2013 ) </Li> <Li> Dracula Untold ( 2014 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Television </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Series </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Draculas ring ( 1978 ) </Li> <Li> Cliffhangers ( 1979 ) </Li> <Li> Drak Pack ( 1980 ) </Li> <Li> Count Duckula ( 1988 -- 1993 ) </Li> <Li> Dracula : The Series ( 1990 -- 1991 ) </Li> <Li> Little Dracula ( 1991 -- 1999 ) </Li> <Li> Ace Kilroy ( 2011 -- 2012 ) </Li> <Li> Young Dracula ( 2006 -- 2014 ) <Ul> <Li> characters </Li> <Li> episodes </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Dracula ( 2013 -- 2014 ) </Li> <Li> Penny Dreadful ( 2014 -- 2016 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Episodes </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` Treehouse of Horror IV '' ( 1993 ) </Li> <Li> `` Treehouse of Horror XXI '' ( 2010 ) </Li> <Li> `` Buffy vs. Dracula '' ( 2000 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Other novels </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> The Dracula Tape and sequels ( 1975 -- 2002 ) </Li> <Li> Anno Dracula series ( 1992 -- present ) <Ul> <Li> Anno Dracula </Li> <Li> The Bloody Red Baron </Li> <Li> Dracula Cha Cha Cha </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Dracula 's Guest and Other Weird Stories ( 1914 ) </Li> <Li> The Revenge of Dracula ( 1978 ) </Li> <Li> Little Dracula ( 1986 ) </Li> <Li> Dracula the Undead ( 1997 ) </Li> <Li> The Historian ( 2005 ) </Li> <Li> The Book of Renfield ( 2005 ) </Li> <Li> Bloodline ( 2005 ) </Li> <Li> Young Dracula and Young Monsters ( 2006 ) </Li> <Li> Fangland ( 2007 ) </Li> <Li> Dracula the Un-dead ( 2009 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Plays </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Dracula ( 1924 ) </Li> <Li> Dracula ( 1977 ) </Li> <Li> Dracula ( 1995 ) </Li> <Li> Dracula ( 1996 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Musicals </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Dracula ( Czech musical ) ( 1995 ) </Li> <Li> Dracula : A Chamber Musical ( 1997 ) </Li> <Li> Dracula , the Musical ( 2004 ) </Li> <Li> Dracula -- Entre l'amour et la mort ( 2006 ) </Li> <Li> Dracula : the Musical ( 2010 ) </Li> <Li> Dracula -- L'amour plus fort que la mort ( 2011 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Comics </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> The Tomb of Dracula </Li> <Li> Dracula ( Marvel Comics ) </Li> <Li> Dracula ( Dell Comics ) </Li> <Li> Dracula Lives </Li> <Li> Hellsing </Li> <Li> The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen </Li> <Li> Sword of Dracula </Li> <Li> Batman & Dracula : Red Rain </Li> <Li> Victorian Undead </Li> <Li> Wolves at the Gate </Li> <Li> X-Men : Apocalypse vs. Dracula </Li> <Li> Purgatori </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Video games </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> The Count ( 1981 ) </Li> <Li> Ghost Manor ( 1983 ) </Li> <Li> Castlevania series <Ul> <Li> 1986 -- present </Li> <Li> Dracula </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Dracula ( 1986 ) </Li> <Li> Dracula the Undead ( 1991 ) </Li> <Li> Dracula Hakushaku ( 1992 ) </Li> <Li> Bram Stoker 's Dracula ( 1993 ) </Li> <Li> Bram Stoker 's Dracula ( handheld ) ( 1993 ) </Li> <Li> Dracula Unleashed ( 1993 ) </Li> <Li> Dracula : Resurrection ( 2000 ) </Li> <Li> Dracula 2 : The Last Sanctuary ( 2000 ) </Li> <Li> Van Helsing ( 2004 ) </Li> <Li> Dracula 3 : The Path of the Dragon ( 2008 ) </Li> <Li> Dracula : Origin ( 2008 ) </Li> <Li> Vampire Season 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<Td> <Ul> <Li> Legend of the Cybermen </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Related topics </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Dracula in popular culture </Li> <Li> Don Dracula </Li> <Li> Transylvanian Society of Dracula </Li> <Li> Dracula Society </Li> <Li> Dracula tourism </Li> <Li> Lugosi v. Universal Pictures </Li> <Li> `` Dracula / The Rose '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Universal Monsters </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Films </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Dracula </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Dracula ( English ) / ( Spanish ) ( 1931 ) </Li> <Li> Dracula 's Daughter ( 1936 ) </Li> <Li> Son of Dracula ( 1943 ) </Li> <Li> Remakes <Ul> <Li> Dracula ( 1979 ) </Li> <Li> Dracula Untold ( 2014 ) </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Frankenstein </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Frankenstein ( 1931 ) </Li> <Li> Bride of Frankenstein ( 1935 ; character ) </Li> <Li> Son of Frankenstein ( 1939 ) </Li> <Li> The Ghost of Frankenstein ( 1942 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Edgar Allan Poe </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Murders in the Rue Morgue ( 1932 ) </Li> <Li> The Black Cat ( 1934 ) </Li> <Li> The Raven ( 1935 ) </Li> <Li> The Black Cat ( 1941 ) </Li> <Li> The Mystery of Marie Roget ( 1942 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Mummy ( Imhotep Kharis ) </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> The Mummy ( 1932 ) </Li> <Li> The Mummy 's Hand ( 1940 ) </Li> <Li> The Mummy 's Tomb ( 1942 ) </Li> <Li> The Mummy 's Ghost </Li> <Li> The Mummy 's Curse ( 1944 ) </Li> <Li> Dark Universe <Ul> <Li> The Mummy ( 2017 ) </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th> The Mummy </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> The Mummy ( 1999 ) </Li> <Li> Returns ( 2001 ) </Li> <Li> Tomb of the Dragon Emperor ( 2008 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Invisible Man </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Invisible Man ( 1933 ) </Li> <Li> Returns </Li> <Li> Invisible Woman ( 1940 ) </Li> <Li> Invisible Agent ( 1942 ) </Li> <Li> The Invisible Man 's Revenge ( 1944 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Werewolves ( The Wolf Man ) </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Werewolf of London ( 1935 ) </Li> <Li> The Wolf Man ( 1941 ) </Li> <Li> She - Wolf of London ( 1946 ) </Li> <Li> The Wolfman ( 2010 remake ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Crossovers </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Frankenstein Meets the Wolf Man ( 1943 ) </Li> <Li> House of Frankenstein ( 1944 ) </Li> <Li> House of Dracula ( 1945 ) </Li> <Li> Van Helsing ( 2004 ) </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Abbott and Costello Meet </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Frankenstein ( 1948 ) </Li> <Li> Killer , Boris Karloff ( 1949 ) </Li> <Li> Invisible Man ( 1951 ) </Li> <Li> Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde ( 1953 ) </Li> <Li> Mummy ( 1955 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Ape Woman </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Captive Wild Woman ( 1943 ) </Li> <Li> Jungle Woman ( 1944 ) </Li> <Li> The Jungle Captive ( 1945 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Inner Sanctum Mysteries </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Calling Dr. Death ( 1943 ) </Li> <Li> Weird Woman </Li> <Li> Dead Man 's Eyes ( 1944 ) </Li> <Li> The Frozen Ghost </Li> <Li> Strange Confession </Li> <Li> Pillow of Death ( 1945 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Gill - man </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Creature from the Black Lagoon ( 1954 ) </Li> <Li> Revenge of the Creature ( 1955 ) </Li> <Li> The Creature Walks Among Us ( 1956 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Other films </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Hunchback of Notre Dame ( 1923 ) </Li> <Li> Cat and the Canary ( 1927 ) </Li> <Li> Man Who Laughs ( 1928 ) </Li> <Li> Last Warning </Li> <Li> Last Performance ( 1929 ) </Li> <Li> Cat Creeps </Li> <Li> La Voluntad del muerto ( 1930 ) </Li> <Li> Old Dark House ( 1932 ) </Li> <Li> Secret of the Blue Room ( 1933 ) </Li> <Li> Mystery of Edwin Drood ( 1935 ) </Li> <Li> Invisible Ray ( 1936 ) </Li> <Li> Night Key ( 1937 ) </Li> <Li> Phantom Creeps ( 1939 ) </Li> <Li> Phantom of the Opera <Ul> <Li> The Phantom of the Opera ( 1925 ) </Li> <Li> Phantom of the Opera ( 1943 ) </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Tower of London ( 1939 ) </Li> <Li> Black Friday ( 1940 ) </Li> <Li> Man Made Monster </Li> <Li> Horror Island ( 1941 ) </Li> <Li> Mad Doctor of Market Street </Li> <Li> Strange Case of Doctor Rx </Li> <Li> Night Monster ( 1942 ) </Li> <Li> Mad Ghoul ( 1943 ) </Li> <Li> The Climax ( 1944 ) </Li> <Li> Spider Woman Strikes Back </Li> <Li> Cat Creeps ( 1946 ) </Li> <Li> The Creeper <Ul> <Li> House of Horrors ( 1946 ) </Li> <Li> The Brute Man ( 1946 ) </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> The Strange Door ( 1951 ) </Li> <Li> The Black Castle ( 1952 ) </Li> <Li> It Came from Outer Space ( 1953 ) </Li> <Li> Tarantula </Li> <Li> Cult of the Cobra </Li> <Li> This Island Earth ( 1955 ) </Li> <Li> Curucu , Beast of the Amazon </Li> <Li> Mole People ( 1956 ) </Li> <Li> Incredible Shrinking Man </Li> <Li> Deadly Mantis </Li> <Li> Land Unknown </Li> <Li> Monolith Monsters ( 1957 ) </Li> <Li> Thing That Could n't Die </Li> <Li> Monster on the Campus ( 1958 ) </Li> <Li> Curse of the Undead ( 1959 ) </Li> <Li> Leech Woman ( 1960 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Tributes </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Boo ! ( 1932 ) </Li> <Li> Shock Theater ( 1957 ) </Li> <Li> Tales of Frankenstein ( 1958 ) </Li> <Li> The Munsters ( 1964 -- 66 ) </Li> <Li> Mad Monster Party ? ( 1967 ) </Li> <Li> Mad Mad Mad Monsters ( 1972 ) </Li> <Li> Young Frankenstein ( 1974 ) </Li> <Li> Monster Squad ( 1976 -- 77 ) </Li> <Li> Love at First Bite ( 1979 ) </Li> <Li> Frankenweenie ( 1984 ) </Li> <Li> The Monster Squad ( 1987 ) </Li> <Li> Dracula : Dead and Loving It ( 1995 ) </Li> <Li> House of the Wolf Man ( 2009 ) </Li> <Li> Monster High ( 2010 ) </Li> <Li> Hotel Transylvania ( 2012 ) </Li> <Li> Frankenweenie ( 2012 ) </Li> <Li> Hotel Transylvania 2 ( 2015 ) </Li> <Li> Hotel Transylvania : The Series ( 2017 -- present ) </Li> <Li> Hotel Transylvania 3 ( 2018 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Count_Dracula&oldid=800643279 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> Dracula </Li> <Li> Dracula characters </Li> <Li> Dracula in written fiction </Li> <Li> Fictional alchemists </Li> <Li> Fictional characters introduced in 1897 </Li> <Li> Fictional characters who can control the weather </Li> <Li> Fictional characters who can morph animal or plant forms </Li> <Li> Fictional characters with superhuman strength </Li> <Li> Fictional counts and countesses </Li> <Li> Fictional Hungarian people </Li> <Li> Fictional hypnotists and indoctrinators </Li> <Li> Fictional mass murderers </Li> <Li> Fictional shapeshifters </Li> <Li> Fictional telepaths </Li> <Li> Fictional undead </Li> <Li> Fictional vampires </Li> <Li> Cultural depictions of people </Li> <Li> Literary villains </Li> <Li> Characters in British novels of the 19th century </Li> <Li> Supervillains with their own comic book titles </Li> <Li> Video game bosses </Li> <Li> Artificial mythology </Li> <Li> Vlad the Impaler </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Pages using deprecated image syntax </Li> <Li> Pages using infobox character with unknown parameters </Li> <Li> All articles with unsourced statements </Li> <Li> Articles with unsourced statements from July 2017 </Li> <Li> Articles with unsourced statements from February 2015 </Li> <Li> Use dmy dates from January 2011 </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> Afrikaans </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> Asturianu </Li> <Li> Azərbaycanca </Li> <Li> Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ </Li> <Li> Dansk </Li> <Li> Español </Li> <Li> فارسی </Li> <Li> Français </Li> <Li> Galego </Li> <Li> 한국어 </Li> <Li> Հայերեն </Li> <Li> हिन्दी </Li> <Li> Hrvatski </Li> <Li> Bahasa Indonesia </Li> <Li> Íslenska </Li> <Li> Italiano </Li> <Li> עברית </Li> <Li> മലയാളം </Li> <Li> Bahasa Melayu </Li> <Li> Nederlands </Li> <Li> 日本 語 </Li> <Li> ਪੰਜਾਬੀ </Li> <Li> Polski </Li> <Li> Português </Li> <Li> Română </Li> <Li> Русский </Li> <Li> Српски / srpski </Li> <Li> Suomi </Li> <Li> Svenska </Li> <Li> Türkçe </Li> <Li> Українська </Li> <Li> Tiếng Việt </Li> <Li> 中文 </Li> </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 14 September 2017 , at 20 : 26 . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . 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why does the author say that the vampire in nosferatu is named count orlok and not count dracula

https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Count_Dracula&amp;oldid=800643279

Andy Dwyer - wikipedia <H1> Andy Dwyer </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Andy Dwyer </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Parks and Recreation character </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> First appearance </Th> <Td> `` Pilot '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Last appearance </Th> <Td> `` One Last Ride '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Portrayed by </Th> <Td> Chris Pratt </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Information </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Aliases </Th> <Td> Burt Macklin , FBI Kip Hackman Andy Radical Tim Buckanowski Brother Nature Johnny Karate Johnathon Karate Sgt . Thunderfist , MD Eagle One </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Gender </Th> <Td> Male </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Occupation </Th> <Td> Shoeshinist ( shoeshiner ) Musician Assistant O'possum Tackle Security Officer Star of Johnny Karate 's Super Awesome Musical Explosion Show </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Spouse ( s ) </Th> <Td> April Ludgate </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Significant other ( s ) </Th> <Td> Ann Perkins ( ex-girlfriend ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Children </Th> <Td> Burt Snakehole Ludgate Karate Dracula Macklin Demon Jack - o - Lantern `` Jack '' Dwyer </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Sir Andrew Maxwell `` Andy '' Dwyer KBE / ˈdwaɪ. ər / is a fictional character in the NBC comedy Parks and Recreation portrayed by Chris Pratt . Originally meant to be a temporary character , Andy was so likable that producers asked Pratt back as a series regular . He appears in the first season as Ann Perkins ' unemployed slacker boyfriend , then takes a job as a shoe - shiner at Pawnee City Hall in the second season . Andy eventually marries April Ludgate and is later promoted to Leslie Knope 's assistant . Pratt was credited as a guest star for the first season , despite appearing in every episode ; he is part of the main cast for every season after season one . </P> <P> Andy is one of the few starring characters not to appear in every episode , as he was absent for a multi-episode arc in season six while Pratt was filming Guardians of the Galaxy . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Background </Li> <Li> 2 Storyline <Ul> <Li> 2.1 Season one </Li> <Li> 2.2 Season two </Li> <Li> 2.3 Season three </Li> <Li> 2.4 Season four </Li> <Li> 2.5 Season five </Li> <Li> 2.6 Season six </Li> <Li> 2.7 Season seven </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 Development </Li> <Li> 4 Controversy </Li> <Li> 5 References </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Background ( edit ) </H2> <P> At the start of the series , Andy Dwyer is dating Ann Perkins . Ann matured faster than Andy did ; while Ann entered into a career in nursing , Andy remained lazy and spoiled . </P> <P> Andy remained unemployed after school but was the lead singer and guitarist for his rock band , which underwent numerous name changes ( starting with `` Teddy Bear Suicide '' prior to the show 's first season ) , including `` MouseRat , '' `` God Hates Figs , '' `` Department of Homeland Obscurity , '' `` Flames For Flames , '' `` Muscle Confusion , '' `` Nothing Rhymes With Orange '' ( then , `` Everything Rhymes With Orange '' ) , `` Punch Face Champions , '' `` Rad Wagon , '' `` Puppy Pendulum , '' `` Possum Pendulum , '' `` Penis Pendulum , '' `` Handrail Suicide , '' `` Angel Snack , '' `` Just The Tip , '' `` Jet - Black Pope , '' `` Four - Skin '' ( later `` Three - Skin '' when one member quit ) , `` MouseRat '' ( again ) , `` RatMouse '' ( without Dwyer ) , `` Scarecrow Boat , '' `` Tackleshaft '' and then `` MouseRat '' ( yet again ) . </P> <P> Though absentminded and possessing an extremely short attention span , Andy is shown to have a savant - like memory . For instance , he received the highest grade the police academy had ever seen on the written entrance test , has an uncanny ability to remember movies word for word , and is able to memorize a long list of facts for his feminist college class in the episode , `` Smallest Park . '' Andy also had perfect SAT scores , but mentioned it was probably due to broken Scantron machines . </P> <H2> Storyline ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Season one ( edit ) </H3> <P> Before the start of the first season , a drunken Andy fell into a large construction pit and broke both his legs while attempting to retrieve a discarded toaster from the bottom of the pit . Ann is at first unaware that Andy was drunk at the time of the fall , and the incident inspires her to attend Parks and Recreation meetings to advocate for filling in the pit . It is at these meetings that Ann first befriends Parks Deputy Director Leslie Knope . </P> <P> With both of Andy 's legs in casts , Ann pampers him , bringing him food and letting him play video games all day . When the doctors inform Andy that the casts can be removed , he delays their removal for several weeks so he can continue receiving this treatment from Ann . After the casts are removed , Ann discovers the truth and furiously breaks up with Andy . </P> <H3> Season two ( edit ) </H3> <P> Andy moves into a tent pitched in the pit and watches Ann , claiming to be protecting her . He makes many failed attempts to reconcile with Ann . After Mark Brendanawicz begins dating Ann , Andy grows to hate him , but pretends to like him whenever Ann is around . Andy is injured in the pit a second time when Leslie arranges to have it filled with dirt , unaware that Andy is still in the pit . Andy considers suing the town with the hopes of getting money and winning Ann back , but Leslie convinces him to settle out of court in exchange for having the pit filled in . Leslie gives Andy a job as the shoe - shiner at the Pawnee City Hall as part of his settlement . April Ludgate , the parks department intern , begins to develop a crush on Andy , but he is for a long time unaware of her feelings toward him . As time goes on , Andy begins to develop feelings for April , though he is unsure about dating her due to their age difference and his own unresolved feelings for Ann . Simultaneously , Ann begins to show similar feelings for Andy after her relationship with Mark ends . At the end of the season , having broken up with Mark , Ann kisses Andy , who does not reciprocate . This later causes him problems with April , who continues to believe he is still in love with Ann . </P> <H3> Season Three ( edit ) </H3> <P> Andy has been unsuccessfully trying to get in touch with April . When she finally returns from Venezuela , she arrives with a new boyfriend , Eduardo . Leslie encourages Andy to not give up . In the episode `` Time Capsule '' , Andy befriends Eduardo at the advice of Chris Traeger . As a result , April begins hating her new boyfriend , and he moves back to Venezuela . Andy also becomes the new coach of one of the two youth basketball teams , with Ron serving as the other coach . Andy 's coaching style is much lazier than Ron 's strict style . He is also briefly Ron 's receptionist in `` Flu Season '' . In the episode `` Media Blitz '' , April leads Andy to believe that if he completes the tasks she hates every day for a month , she will consider being with him . Although she begins this as a bluff , after seeing Andy complete even the most humiliating of these tasks happily , she kisses him . In the episode `` Andy and April 's Fancy Party '' Andy reveals that he had proposed to April a day earlier after only one month of dating to which April replied , `` Fine . '' They are married at the end of the episode in a surprise ceremony . </P> <H3> Season four ( edit ) </H3> <P> At the beginning of season four , Tom asks Andy to join his new company . He declines Tom 's offer and instead joins Leslie 's campaign as her assistant and head of security , a role he enjoys very much . At the end of the season , he is encouraged by April to pursue a career as a police officer as all his `` dream jobs , '' with the exception of rock star , revolve around law enforcement . </P> <H3> Season five ( edit ) </H3> <P> During the fifth season , Andy continues to pursue his ambition to become a police officer and seeks help from others to better his chances of passing the police academy entrance exams . He asks Chris to help him get fit enough to pass the police physical . His marriage to April is not strained by the distance between them : they exchange care packages and he visits her in Washington , DC . </P> <P> Andy earns a perfect score on the written portion of the police officers ' exam . When he fails the personality portion of the exam , he gets a rousing pep talk from Chris . Ben then gives Andy a job working with him at the Sweetum 's charity foundation . </P> <H3> Season six ( edit ) </H3> <P> Andy 's role is reduced in the sixth season , as Chris Pratt was busy with other filming commitments . Andy spends the early part of season 6 in England attending to Sweetum 's charity work . Before he went to England , he loses 50 pounds after giving up beer . He briefly visits Pawnee and does not want to return to England , but April convinces him to go back . In the season finale , Andy reunites with MouseRat and sings a Li'l Sebastian memorial song at the Pawnee Unity concert . </P> <H3> Season seven ( edit ) </H3> <P> Andy remains married to April Ludgate , and the two have become responsible adults , to their horror . He has a TV show on public access , The Johnny Karate Super Awesome Musical Explosion Show , where he is knighted by Lord Edgar Covington in its final episode , and later works part - time at the National Parks service . His friendship with Tom has grown since the previous seasons . After April decides to leave for a new job in Washington , D.C. , Andy goes with her . </P> <P> In a series of flash - forwards in the final episode , April and Andy ask Leslie and Ben for advice regarding the prospect of having children , which Andy very much wants but April does not . They decide to try for it and their son , Burt Snakehole Ludgate Karate Dracula Macklin Demon Jack - o - Lantern `` Jack '' Dwyer is born on Halloween 2023 . By 2025 the couple is expecting their second child . </P> <H2> Development ( edit ) </H2> <P> Chris Pratt was credited as a guest star throughout the entire first season , but was promoted to the main cast in the second season . The Andy character was originally supposed to appear only in the first season , but the producers liked Pratt so much that almost immediately after casting him , they decided to make Andy a regular character . </P> <H2> Controversy ( edit ) </H2> <P> In the second season , Pratt did a scene with Amy Poehler while he was naked . Poehler was not expecting this and Pratt was reprimanded for it . The take was later aired on TV . He was expected to wear skin tone briefs . </P> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ Busis , Hillary ( April 15 , 2011 ) . `` ' Parks and Recreation ' : I now pronounce you man and ... wait , seriously ? '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on June 23 , 2011 . Retrieved April 17 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kandell , Steve ( April 15 , 2011 ) . `` Parks and Recreation Recap : A Wedding '' . New York . Retrieved April 23 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Collis , Clark ( July 11 , 2014 ) . `` How Chris Pratt Went from Zero to Hero '' . Entertainment Weekly . pp. 24 -- 31 . Retrieved February 2 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Sepinwall , Alan . `` Parks and Recreation : Interviewing co-creator Mike Schur '' . The Star - Ledger . Newark , N.J. Retrieved July 13 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Ditzian , Eric ( September 17 , 2009 ) . `` '' Parks and Recreation '' Star Chris Pratt Talks Amy Poehler , Adorableness And Cracking Some Beers `` . MTV News . Retrieved September 22 , 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Brown , Brigid ( April 23 , 2009 ) . `` TV Recap : Parks and Recreation - The Reporter '' . Cinema Blend . Archived from the original on April 26 , 2009 . Retrieved April 26 , 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Phipps , Keith ( April 9 , 2009 ) . `` Parks and Recreation : Season 1 : Episode 1 : `` Pilot '' `` . The A.V. Club . Archived from the original on April 12 , 2009 . Retrieved April 13 , 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Fowler , Matt ( May 15 , 2009 ) . `` Parks and Recreation : `` Rock Show '' Review `` . IGN . Archived from the original on May 19 , 2009 . Retrieved May 15 , 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Fog , Henning ( October 2 , 2009 ) . `` '' Parks and Recreation '' recap : Herstory lessons `` . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on October 8 , 2009 . Retrieved October 20 , 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Fog , Henning ( October 23 , 2009 ) . `` '' Parks and Recreation '' recap : Kaboom ! `` . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on January 22 , 2011 . Retrieved October 27 , 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Fowler , Matt ( November 6 , 2009 ) . `` Parks and Recreation : `` Ron and Tammy '' Review `` . IGN . Archived from the original on November 10 , 2009 . Retrieved November 6 , 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Heisler , Steve ( November 19 , 2009 ) . `` Parks and Recreation : `` Hunting Trip '' `` . The A.V. Club . Archived from the original on November 22 , 2009 . Retrieved November 22 , 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Parks and Recreation Season 7 Premiere Review : Back to the Future '' . TV.com . CBS Interactive . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Rashida Jones and Chris Pratt Talk Parks and Recreation '' . MovieWeb . October 30 , 2009 . Archived from the original on November 7 , 2009 . Retrieved December 8 , 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Sepinwall , Alan ( September 17 , 2009 ) . `` Parks and Recreation : Interviewing co-creator Mike Schur '' . The Star - Ledger . Retrieved January 1 , 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Chris Pratt Improvised a Parks and Rec Scene by Going Naked -- and Scaring Amy Poehler '' . PEOPLE.com. 2014 - 07 - 31 . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 03 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Watch Chris Pratt Explain The Nude Stunt That Got Him Into Trouble With NBC - CINEMABLEND '' . CINEMABLEND. 2015 - 06 - 08 . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 03 . </Li> </Ol> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Parks and Recreation </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Episodes </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Season 1 </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` Pilot '' </Li> <Li> `` Canvassing '' </Li> <Li> `` The Reporter '' </Li> <Li> `` Boys ' Club '' </Li> <Li> `` The Banquet '' </Li> <Li> `` Rock Show '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Season 2 </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` Pawnee Zoo '' </Li> <Li> `` The Stakeout '' </Li> <Li> `` Beauty Pageant '' </Li> <Li> `` Practice Date '' </Li> <Li> `` Sister City '' </Li> <Li> `` Kaboom '' </Li> <Li> `` Greg Pikitis '' </Li> <Li> `` Ron and Tammy '' </Li> <Li> `` The Camel '' </Li> <Li> `` Hunting Trip '' </Li> <Li> `` Tom 's Divorce '' </Li> <Li> `` Christmas Scandal '' </Li> <Li> `` The Set Up '' </Li> <Li> `` Leslie 's House '' </Li> <Li> `` Sweetums '' </Li> <Li> `` Galentine 's Day '' </Li> <Li> `` Woman of the Year '' </Li> <Li> `` The Possum '' </Li> <Li> `` Park Safety '' </Li> <Li> `` Summer Catalog '' </Li> <Li> `` 94 Meetings '' </Li> <Li> `` Telethon '' </Li> <Li> `` The Master Plan '' </Li> <Li> `` Freddy Spaghetti '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Season 3 </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` Go Big or Go Home '' </Li> <Li> `` Flu Season '' </Li> <Li> `` Time Capsule '' </Li> <Li> `` Ron & Tammy : Part Two '' </Li> <Li> `` Media Blitz '' </Li> <Li> `` Indianapolis '' </Li> <Li> `` Harvest Festival '' </Li> <Li> `` Camping '' </Li> <Li> `` Andy and April 's Fancy Party '' </Li> <Li> `` Soulmates '' </Li> <Li> `` Jerry 's Painting '' </Li> <Li> `` Eagleton '' </Li> <Li> `` Road Trip '' </Li> <Li> `` The Fight '' </Li> <Li> `` The Bubble '' </Li> <Li> `` Li'l Sebastian '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Season 4 </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` I 'm Leslie Knope '' </Li> <Li> `` Ron and Tammys '' </Li> <Li> `` Born & Raised '' </Li> <Li> `` Pawnee Rangers '' </Li> <Li> `` End of the World '' </Li> <Li> `` Bowling for Votes '' </Li> <Li> `` Operation Ann '' </Li> <Li> `` The Debate '' </Li> <Li> `` Bus Tour '' </Li> <Li> `` Win , Lose , or Draw '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Season 5 </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` Ms. Knope Goes to Washington '' </Li> <Li> `` Soda Tax '' </Li> <Li> `` How a Bill Becomes a Law '' </Li> <Li> `` Sex Education '' </Li> <Li> `` Halloween Surprise '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Season 6 </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Season 7 </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` Leslie and Ron '' </Li> <Li> `` One Last Ride '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Characters </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Leslie Knope </Li> <Li> Ron Swanson </Li> <Li> Tom Haverford </Li> <Li> Ann Perkins </Li> <Li> April Ludgate </Li> <Li> Andy Dwyer </Li> <Li> Ben Wyatt </Li> <Li> Chris Traeger </Li> <Li> Jerry Gergich </Li> <Li> Donna Meagle </Li> <Li> Mark Brendanawicz </Li> <Li> Craig Middlebrooks </Li> <Li> Jean - Ralphio Saperstein </Li> <Li> Marlene Griggs - Knope </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Related </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Pawnee </Li> <Li> Awards and nominations </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Andy_Dwyer&oldid=801935128 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> Parks and Recreation characters </Li> <Li> Fictional characters introduced in 2009 </Li> <Li> Fictional civil servants </Li> <Li> Fictional rock musicians </Li> <Li> Fictional television personalities </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Use mdy dates from January 2017 </Li> <Li> Pages using deprecated image syntax </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> Русский </Li> </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 22 September 2017 , at 21 : 40 . </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul>

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Powerball - wikipedia <H1> Powerball </H1> Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the U.S. lottery game . For the Australian lottery game , see Powerball ( Australia ) . For other uses , see Powerball ( disambiguation ) . <Table> Powerball <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Powerball logo </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Formation </Th> <Td> April 19 , 1992 ; 25 years ago ( 1992 - 04 - 19 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Location </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> United States </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Owner </Th> <Td> Multi-State Lottery Association </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Website </Th> <Td> powerball.com </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Powerball is an American lottery game offered by 44 states , the District of Columbia , Puerto Rico and the US Virgin Islands . It is coordinated by the Multi-State Lottery Association ( MUSL ) , a nonprofit organization formed by an agreement with US lotteries . Powerball 's minimum advertised jackpot is $40 million ( annuity ) ; Powerball 's annuity is paid in 30 graduated installments or winners may choose a lump sum payment instead . One lump sum payment will be less than the total of the 30 annual payments because of the time value of money . </P> <P> Drawings for Powerball are held every Wednesday and Saturday evening at 10 : 59 p.m. Eastern Time . Since October 7 , 2015 , the game has used a 5 / 69 ( white balls ) + 1 / 26 ( Powerballs ) matrix from which winning numbers are chosen , resulting in odds of 1 in 292,201,338 of winning a jackpot per play . Each play costs $2 , or $3 with the Power Play option . ( Originally , Powerball plays cost $1 ; when PowerPlay began , such games were $2 . ) The official cutoff for ticket sales is 10 : 00 p.m. Eastern Time ; some lotteries cut off sales earlier . The drawings are usually held at the Florida Lottery 's studio in Tallahassee . </P> <P> On January 13 , 2016 , Powerball produced the largest lottery jackpot in history ; the $1.586 billion jackpot was split by three tickets sold in Chino Hills , California , in Munford , Tennessee , and in Melbourne Beach , Florida . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Powerball members <Ul> <Li> 1.1 Mega Millions and Powerball </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2 History <Ul> <Li> 2.1 1988 precursor : Lotto * America </Li> <Li> 2.2 Powerball begins </Li> <Li> 2.3 2009 : Florida became host to drawings </Li> <Li> 2.4 2010 cross-sell expansion </Li> <Li> 2.5 2012 format change </Li> <Li> 2.6 2015 format change </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 Playing the game <Ul> <Li> 3.1 Basic game </Li> <Li> 3.2 Power Play </Li> <Li> 3.3 Prizes and odds </Li> <Li> 3.4 Jackpot accumulation and payment options </Li> <Li> 3.5 Claiming prizes </Li> <Li> 3.6 Secondary prizes </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 Notable wins </Li> <Li> 5 Fortune cookie payout </Li> <Li> 6 Computers and slot machines </Li> <Li> 7 See also </Li> <Li> 8 References </Li> <Li> 9 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Powerball members ( edit ) </H2> U.S. lotteries . As of 2016 , all states with lotteries ( in blue ) plus the District of Columbia , Puerto Rico and the US Virgin Islands offer Powerball . <P> Powerball replaced Lotto * America in April 1992 ; Mega Millions replaced The Big Game 10 years later . ( See below for the evolution of the name Mega Millions . ) </P> <H3> Mega Millions and Powerball ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Lottery </Th> <Th> Powerball </Th> <Th> Mega Millions </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Arizona </Td> <Td> 000000001994 - 04 - 04 - 0000 April 4 , 1994 </Td> <Td> 000000002010 - 04 - 18 - 0000 April 18 , 2010 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Arkansas </Td> <Td> 000000002009 - 10 - 31 - 0000 October 31 , 2009 </Td> <Td> 000000002010 - 01 - 31 - 0000 January 31 , 2010 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> California </Td> <Td> 000000002013 - 04 - 08 - 0000 April 8 , 2013 </Td> <Td> 000000002005 - 06 - 22 - 0000 June 22 , 2005 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Connecticut </Td> <Td> 000000001995 - 11 - 28 - 0000 November 28 , 1995 </Td> <Td> 000000002010 - 01 - 31 - 0000 January 31 , 2010 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Colorado </Td> <Td> 000000002001 - 08 - 02 - 0000 August 2 , 2001 </Td> <Td> 000000002010 - 05 - 16 - 0000 May 16 , 2010 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Delaware </Td> <Td> 000000001991 - 01 - 14 - 0000 January 14 , 1991 </Td> <Td> 000000002010 - 01 - 31 - 0000 January 31 , 2010 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> District of Columbia </Td> <Td> 000000001988 - 02 - 13 - 0000 February 13 , 1988 </Td> <Td> 000000002010 - 01 - 31 - 0000 January 31 , 2010 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Florida </Td> <Td> 000000002009 - 01 - 04 - 0000 January 4 , 2009 </Td> <Td> 000000002013 - 05 - 15 - 0000 May 15 , 2013 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Georgia </Td> <Td> 000000002010 - 01 - 31 - 0000 January 31 , 2010 </Td> <Td> 000000001996 - 09 - 06 - 0000 September 6 , 1996 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Idaho </Td> <Td> 000000001990 - 02 - 01 - 0000 February 1 , 1990 </Td> <Td> 000000002010 - 01 - 31 - 0000 January 31 , 2010 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Illinois </Td> <Td> 000000002010 - 01 - 31 - 0000 January 31 , 2010 </Td> <Td> 000000001996 - 09 - 06 - 0000 September 6 , 1996 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Indiana </Td> <Td> 000000001990 - 10 - 14 - 0000 October 14 , 1990 </Td> <Td> 000000002010 - 01 - 31 - 0000 January 31 , 2010 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Iowa </Td> <Td> 000000001988 - 02 - 13 - 0000 February 13 , 1988 </Td> <Td> 000000002010 - 01 - 31 - 0000 January 31 , 2010 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Kansas </Td> <Td> 000000001988 - 02 - 13 - 0000 February 13 , 1988 </Td> <Td> 000000002010 - 01 - 31 - 0000 January 31 , 2010 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Kentucky </Td> <Td> 000000001991 - 01 - 10 - 0000 January 10 , 1991 </Td> <Td> 000000002010 - 01 - 31 - 0000 January 31 , 2010 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Louisiana </Td> <Td> 000000001995 - 03 - 05 - 0000 March 5 , 1995 </Td> <Td> 000000002011 - 11 - 16 - 0000 November 16 , 2011 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Maine </Td> <Td> 000000002004 - 07 - 30 - 0000 July 30 , 2004 </Td> <Td> 000000002010 - 05 - 09 - 0000 May 9 , 2010 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Maryland </Td> <Td> 000000002010 - 01 - 31 - 0000 January 31 , 2010 </Td> <Td> 000000001996 - 09 - 06 - 0000 September 6 , 1996 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Massachusetts </Td> <Td> 000000002010 - 01 - 31 - 0000 January 31 , 2010 </Td> <Td> 000000001996 - 09 - 06 - 0000 September 6 , 1996 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Michigan </Td> <Td> 000000002010 - 01 - 31 - 0000 January 31 , 2010 </Td> <Td> 000000001996 - 09 - 06 - 0000 September 6 , 1996 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Minnesota </Td> <Td> 000000001990 - 08 - 14 - 0000 August 14 , 1990 </Td> <Td> 000000002010 - 01 - 31 - 0000 January 31 , 2010 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Missouri </Td> <Td> 000000001988 - 02 - 13 - 0000 February 13 , 1988 </Td> <Td> 000000002010 - 01 - 31 - 0000 January 31 , 2010 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Montana </Td> <Td> 000000001989 - 11 - 09 - 0000 November 9 , 1989 </Td> <Td> 000000002010 - 03 - 01 - 0000 March 1 , 2010 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Nebraska </Td> <Td> 000000001994 - 07 - 21 - 0000 July 21 , 1994 </Td> <Td> 000000002010 - 03 - 20 - 0000 March 20 , 2010 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> New Hampshire </Td> <Td> 000000001995 - 11 - 05 - 0000 November 5 , 1995 </Td> <Td> 000000002010 - 01 - 31 - 0000 January 31 , 2010 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> New Jersey </Td> <Td> 000000002010 - 01 - 31 - 0000 January 31 , 2010 </Td> <Td> 000000001999 - 05 - 01 - 0000 May 1999 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> New Mexico </Td> <Td> 000000001996 - 10 - 20 - 0000 October 20 , 1996 </Td> <Td> 000000002010 - 01 - 31 - 0000 January 31 , 2010 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> New York </Td> <Td> 000000002010 - 01 - 31 - 0000 January 31 , 2010 </Td> <Td> 000000002002 - 05 - 17 - 0000 May 17 , 2002 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> North Carolina </Td> <Td> 000000002006 - 05 - 30 - 0000 May 30 , 2006 </Td> <Td> 000000002010 - 01 - 31 - 0000 January 31 , 2010 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> North Dakota </Td> <Td> 000000002004 - 03 - 25 - 0000 March 25 , 2004 </Td> <Td> 000000002010 - 01 - 31 - 0000 January 31 , 2010 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Ohio </Td> <Td> 000000002010 - 04 - 16 - 0000 April 16 , 2010 </Td> <Td> 000000002002 - 05 - 17 - 0000 May 17 , 2002 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Oklahoma </Td> <Td> 000000002006 - 01 - 12 - 0000 January 12 , 2006 </Td> <Td> 000000002010 - 01 - 31 - 0000 January 31 , 2010 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Oregon </Td> <Td> 000000001988 - 02 - 13 - 0000 February 13 , 1988 </Td> <Td> 000000002010 - 03 - 28 - 0000 March 28 , 2010 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Pennsylvania </Td> <Td> 000000002002 - 06 - 29 - 0000 June 29 , 2002 </Td> <Td> 000000002010 - 01 - 31 - 0000 January 31 , 2010 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Puerto Rico </Td> <Td> 000000002014 - 09 - 28 - 0000 September 28 , 2014 </Td> <Td> Not offered </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Rhode Island </Td> <Td> 000000001988 - 02 - 13 - 0000 February 13 , 1988 </Td> <Td> 000000002010 - 01 - 31 - 0000 January 31 , 2010 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> South Carolina </Td> <Td> 000000002002 - 10 - 06 - 0000 October 6 , 2002 </Td> <Td> 000000002010 - 01 - 31 - 0000 January 31 , 2010 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> South Dakota </Td> <Td> 000000001990 - 11 - 15 - 0000 November 15 , 1990 </Td> <Td> 000000002010 - 05 - 16 - 0000 May 16 , 2010 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Tennessee </Td> <Td> 000000002004 - 04 - 21 - 0000 April 21 , 2004 </Td> <Td> 000000002010 - 01 - 31 - 0000 January 31 , 2010 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Texas </Td> <Td> 000000002010 - 01 - 31 - 0000 January 31 , 2010 </Td> <Td> 000000002003 - 12 - 05 - 0000 December 5 , 2003 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> US Virgin Islands </Td> <Td> 000000002010 - 11 - 14 - 0000 November 14 , 2010 </Td> <Td> 000000002002 - 01 - 01 - 0000 2002 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Vermont </Td> <Td> 000000002003 - 07 - 01 - 0000 July 1 , 2003 </Td> <Td> 000000002010 - 01 - 31 - 0000 January 31 , 2010 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Virginia </Td> <Td> 000000002010 - 01 - 31 - 0000 January 31 , 2010 </Td> <Td> 000000001996 - 09 - 06 - 0000 September 6 , 1996 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Washington </Td> <Td> 000000002010 - 01 - 31 - 0000 January 31 , 2010 </Td> <Td> 000000002002 - 06 - 01 - 0000 June 2002 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> West Virginia </Td> <Td> 000000001988 - 02 - 13 - 0000 February 13 , 1988 </Td> <Td> 000000002010 - 01 - 31 - 0000 January 31 , 2010 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Wisconsin </Td> <Td> 000000001989 - 08 - 10 - 0000 August 10 , 1989 </Td> <Td> 000000002010 - 01 - 31 - 0000 January 31 , 2010 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Wyoming </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> 000000002014 - 08 - 24 - 0000 August 24 , 2014 ( both games ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Alabama , Alaska , Hawaii , Mississippi , Nevada and Utah do not sell lottery tickets . In 2013 , Wyoming became the 44th state to establish a lottery ; the next year , it began , initially offering both Mega Millions and Powerball . </P> <H2> History ( edit ) </H2> <H3> 1988 precursor : Lotto * America ( edit ) </H3> <P> Powerball 's predecessor began in 1988 ; the multi-state game was known as Lotto * America . The game , and name , were changed to Powerball on April 19 , 1992 ; its first drawing was held April 22 . </P> <H3> Powerball begins ( edit ) </H3> <P> When it was launched in 1992 Powerball became the first game to use two drums . Using two drums to draw numbers from offers more manipulation by simultaneously allowing high jackpot odds , numerous prize levels and low overall odds of winning ( as explained later , a ticket can win by matching only one number ) . The two - drum concept was suggested by Steve Caputo of the Oregon Lottery . The two - drum concept has since been used by The Big Game ( now Mega Millions ) in the US , Australia 's Powerball , Thunderball in the UK , Eurojackpot and EuroMillions ( unlike most two - drum games , Euromillions selects two numbers called `` Lucky Stars '' from the 2nd drum ; jackpot winners must make a total of seven matches ) . </P> <P> Through 2008 , Powerball drawings usually were held at Screenscape Studios in West Des Moines , Iowa . The drawings ' host was longtime Iowa radio personality Mike Pace , who had hosted MUSL drawings since Lotto * America began in 1988 . In 1996 , Powerball went `` on the road '' for the first time , holding five remote drawings at the Summer Olympics in Atlanta . A few weeks later , Georgia became the only jurisdiction to leave Powerball ( Maine , which joined MUSL in 1990 , left when Powerball began ) . In August 1996 , Georgia joined the then - new The Big Game , then the other major U.S. lottery group . It planned to sell tickets for both games for the rest of 1996 ; but within days Georgia was removed from MUSL , not to return until the 2010 cross-sell expansion . </P> <P> On November 2 , 1997 , the annuity was changed from 20 to 25 yearly payments ; the cash option was added . The annuity comprises 30 graduated payments , increasing 5 % annually . </P> <P> In 1998 , Florida was given permission by its government to participate in a multi-state game . It was set to offer Powerball ; but in early 1999 , new governor Jeb Bush prevented Florida from joining since he believed Powerball would hurt the existing Florida Lottery games . In 2008 , Governor Charlie Crist finally allowed Florida to join MUSL , on Jan 4 , 2009 . </P> <P> On March 7 , 2001 , an optional multiplier ( called Power Play ) was added , allowing players to multiply non-jackpot winnings by up to five by paying an extra $1 per game . A wheel was introduced to select the Power Play multiplier for each drawing ( the next year , the 1x was removed from the Power Play wheel . ) </P> <H3> 2009 : Florida became host to drawings ( edit ) </H3> <P> With the start of Powerball sales in Florida on January 4 , 2009 ( with its first drawing on January 7 ) , the matrices changed to 5 / 59 + 1 / 39 ( adding four white ball numbers and dropping three red balls ) . This changed the jackpot probability from 1 : 146 million to 1 : 195 million ; the overall probability became 1 : 35 . </P> <P> Based on statistical projections , the average jackpot win increased from $95 million to $141 million . Over 3.5 million additional prizes were expected to be won yearly due to the change in probability . The starting jackpot increased to $20 million , with minimum rollovers of $5 million . The jackpot contribution increased from 30.3 % to 32.5 % of total sales . The Power Play option was modified ; second prize , usually $200,000 , was given an automatic 5x multiplier , making the 5 + 0 prize $1 million cash . The bonus second prize if the jackpot exceeded its previous record by $25 million , triggered only twice , was eliminated with the 2012 format change . </P> <P> The conditions for Florida joining Powerball included a move of the live drawings from Iowa to Universal Studios in Orlando . The three hosts rotating announcing duties from Universal Studios were Tracy Wiu , Elizabeth Hart and Scott Adams ( MUSL headquarters remained in Iowa , where its other draws are held ) . The wheel that was used to determine the Power Play multiplier was retired when the drawings moved to Florida ; a random number generator ( RNG ) was used until the 2012 format change . </P> <P> Arkansas became the 33rd MUSL member on October 31 , 2009 , the last to join before the 2010 cross-sell expansion . The Ohio Lottery added Powerball on April 16 , 2010 ; it joined Mega Millions ( along with New York ) years earlier , when The Big Game added Mega Millions to its name . </P> <H3> 2010 cross-sell expansion ( edit ) </H3> <P> In March 2009 , it was reported that New Jersey , already a Mega Millions member , sought permission to join Powerball . Shortly after , discussions were revealed about allowing each US lottery to offer both games . On Oct 13 , the Mega Millions consortium and MUSL reached an agreement in principle to cross-sell Mega Millions and Powerball . In Nov , MUSL signed an agreement to start streaming Powerball drawings online . </P> <P> On Jan 31 , 2010 , the date of the cross-sell expansion , Mega Millions and MUSL each added lotteries ; eight Powerball members added Mega Millions by May . The Montana Lottery joined Mega Millions on March 1 . Nebraska added Mega Millions on March 20 ; Oregon followed on March 28 ; Arizona joined Mega Millions on April 18 ; Maine added Mega Millions on May 9 ; Colorado and South Dakota joined Mega Millions on May 16 . The U.S. Virgin Islands joined Mega Millions in Oct 2010 . </P> <P> Before the agreement , the only places that sold both Mega Millions and Powerball tickets were retailers straddling a border ; one retailer on the Sharon , Pennsylvania / Masury , Ohio border sold both Mega Millions ( via the Ohio Lottery ) and Powerball ( Pennsylvania ) before the agreement and continued to be the only retailer to sell tickets for both lotteries . </P> <P> Illinois joining Powerball on the expansion date , it became the second multi-jurisdictional lottery game ( after Mega Millions , which Illinois already participated in ) whose drawings were carried nationally . Both games ' drawings were simulcast via Chicago cable superstation WGN - TV through its national WGN America feed . WGN - TV aired Illinois Lottery drawings nationally from 1992 to 2015 after acquiring broadcast rights from Chicago 's Fox owned - and - operated station WFLD in 1988 , which took the rights from WGN - TV in 1987 . Powerball drawings were aired on WGN - TV and WGN America on Wednesday and Saturday immediately following the station 's 9pm ( Central Time ) newscast with the Mega Millions drawings being aired Tue and Fri evenings after the newscast . WGN served as a default carrier of Mega Millions or Powerball where no local television station carries either multi-jurisdictional lottery 's drawings . </P> <P> On March 13 , 2010 , New Jersey became the first previous Mega Millions - only member ( just before the cross-selling expansion ) to produce a jackpot - winning Powerball ticket . It was worth over $211 million in annuity payments ; it was sold in Morris Plains . On May 28 , 2010 , North Carolina became the first previous MUSL member ( just before the cross-selling expansion ) to produce a jackpot - winning Mega Millions ticket ; that jackpot was $12 million ( annuity ) . </P> <P> On June 2 , 2010 , Ohio won a Powerball jackpot ; it became the first lottery selling either Mega Millions or Powerball ( when 2010 began ) to provide a jackpot - winning ticket for its newer game . The ticket was worth a $261 million annuity ; it was sold in Sunbury . Ohio 's second Powerball jackpot - winning ticket , sold for the June 23 , 2010 drawing , was part of another first ; since Montana also provided a jackpot winner for that drawing , it was the first time a jackpot was shared through lotteries which sold competing games before the cross-selling expansion , as Montana sold only Powerball before the expansion date . </P> <H3> 2012 format change ( edit ) </H3> <P> On January 15 , 2012 , the price of each basic Powerball play doubled to $2 , while PowerPlay games became $3 ; the minimum jackpot doubled to $40 million . A non-jackpot play matching the five white balls won $1 million . The red balls decreased from 39 to 35 . The drawings were moved from Universal Studios Orlando to the Florida Lottery 's studios in Tallahassee . Sam Arlen served as host , with Alexa Fuentes substituting . </P> <P> These changes were made to increase the frequency of nine - figure jackpots ; a Powerball spokesperson believed a $500 million jackpot was feasible ( it became a reality within the year , ) and that the 1st $1 billion jackpot in US history would occur by 2012 Less than three months after the Powerball changes , Mega Millions ' jackpot reached $656,000,000 despite remaining a $1 - per - play game . The random Power Play multiplier was retired for a set , fixed dollar amount payout . The $25 million rollover `` cap '' ( creating larger 5 + 0 prizes ) was eliminated . </P> <P> California joined on April 8 , 2013 ; it has never offered the Power Play option , as all payouts in California Lottery drawing games , by law , are parimutuel . Mega Millions , which became available in California in 2005 , offers its Megaplier in its other 45 jurisdictions . </P> <P> On January 22 , 2014 , the variable Power Play option returned ( 2x - 5x ) for multiplying non-jackpot prizes . </P> <P> In October 2014 , Puerto Rico joined Powerball ; the first mainly Spanish - speaking jurisdiction offering the game ; as of 2016 it had not joined Mega Millions . </P> <H3> 2015 format change ( edit ) </H3> <P> On Oct 4 , 2015 , the Powerball format changed again ; the white - ball pool increased from 59 to 69 while the Powerball pool decreased from 35 to 26 . While this improved the chance of winning any prize to 1 in 24 , it also lengthened the jackpot odds to 1 in 292,201,338 . The 4 + 1 prize became $50,000 ; the 10x PowerPlay became available in drawings with a jackpot of under $150 million . Three months later , the format produced a $1.5 billion jackpot , double the previous record , after 20 consecutive rollovers . </P> <H2> Playing the game ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Basic game ( edit ) </H3> <P> The minimum Powerball bet is $2 . In each game , players select five numbers from a set of 69 white balls and one number from 26 red Powerballs ; the red ball number can be the same as one of the white balls . The drawing order of the five white balls is irrelevant ; all tickets show the white ball numbers in ascending order . Players can not use the drawn Powerball to match two of their white numbers , or vice versa . Players can select their own numbers , or have the terminal pseudorandomly select the numbers ( called `` quick pick '' , `` easy pick '' , etc . ) . </P> <P> In each drawing , winning numbers are selected using two ball machines : one containing the white balls and the other containing the red Powerballs . Five white balls are drawn from the first machine and the red ball from the second machine . Games matching at least three white balls or the red Powerball win . </P> <P> Two identical machines are used for each drawing , randomly selected from four sets . The model of machine used is the Halogen , manufactured by Smartplay International of Edgewater Park , New Jersey . There are eight ball sets ( four of each color ) ; one set of each color is randomly selected before a drawing . The balls are mixed by a turntable at the bottom of the machine that propels the balls around the chamber . When the machine selects a ball , the turntable slows to catch it , sends it up the shaft , and then down the rail to the display . </P> <P> The double matrixes and probabilities in the game 's history : </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Starting date </Th> <Th> Pick 5 of </Th> <Th> Pick 1 of </Th> <Th> Jackpot chance </Th> <Th> Power Play multipliers </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> April 22 , 1992 </Td> <Td> 45 </Td> <Td> 45 </Td> <Td> 1 : 54,979,154 </Td> <Td> none † </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> November 5 , 1997 </Td> <Td> 49 </Td> <Td> 42 </Td> <Td> 1 : 80,089,127 </Td> <Td> none † </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> March 7 , 2001 </Td> <Td> 49 </Td> <Td> 42 </Td> <Td> 1 : 80,089,127 </Td> <Td> 1 × - 5 × </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> October 9 , 2002 </Td> <Td> 53 </Td> <Td> 42 </Td> <Td> 1 : 120,526,769 </Td> <Td> 2 × - 5 × </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> August 28 , 2005 </Td> <Td> 55 </Td> <Td> 42 </Td> <Td> 1 : 146,107,961 </Td> <Td> 2 × - 5 × </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> January 7 , 2009 </Td> <Td> 59 </Td> <Td> 39 </Td> <Td> 1 : 195,249,054 </Td> <Td> 2 × - 5 × </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> January 15 , 2012 </Td> <Td> 59 </Td> <Td> 35 </Td> <Td> 1 : 175,223,510 </Td> <Td> none </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> January 19 , 2014 </Td> <Td> 59 </Td> <Td> 35 </Td> <Td> 1 : 175,223,510 </Td> <Td> 2 × - 5 × </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> October 7 , 2015 </Td> <Td> 69 </Td> <Td> 26 </Td> <Td> 1 : 292,201,338 </Td> <Td> 2 × - 5 × ; 10 × ‡ </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> † Power Play was introduced in 2001 . ‡ 10 × available if jackpot is under $150 million . </P> <P> While Mega Millions and Powerball each have similar jackpot odds despite having a different double matrix ( Mega Millions is 5 / 75 + 1 / 15 ) , since Powerball is $2 per play , it now takes $584,402,676 ( not counting Power Play side bets ) on average to produce a jackpot - winning ticket . </P> <H3> Power Play ( edit ) </H3> <P> For an additional $1 per game , a player may activate the Power Play option . Activating it multiplies lower - tier winnings ( base prize $50,000 or less ) by up to 5 , or 10 when the jackpot is under $150 million . Power Play is drawn separate from the 6 numbers . The 5 + 0 prize is automatically doubled to $2 million if Power Play is activated . </P> <P> The dilemma for players is whether to maximize the chance at the jackpot or increase lower - tier winnings . If a player selects a fixed amount of money to spend on tickets at a certain time , the player will give up one guess of the winning set of numbers every two times this player activates Power Play in respect of one of the purchased tickets . </P> <P> Power Play , when it began in 2001 , was drawn with a special wheel . In 2006 and 2007 , MUSL replaced one of the 5 × spaces on the Power Play wheel with a 10 × . During each month - long promotion , MUSL guaranteed that there would be at least one drawing with a 10 × multiplier . The promotion returned in 2008 ; the ball landed in the 10 × space twice . After being absent in 2009 , the 10 × multiplier returned in May 2010 ( after the Power Play drawing was changed to RNG . ) The promotion was extended for the only time , as the 10 × multiplier was not drawn until June 12 . The second prize 5 × guarantee continued ; the 10 × applied to all non-jackpot prizes , as in previous promotions . </P> <P> Power Play ′ s success has led to similar multipliers in other games , most notably Megaplier , available through all Mega Millions members except California . The 2012 Powerball changes resulted in all eight lower - tier levels having `` fixed '' Power Play prizes . </P> <P> On Jan 19 , 2014 , PowerPlay was modified ; it used 30 balls with the following distribution : </P> <Ul> <Li> 2x ( 15 ) </Li> <Li> 3x ( 9 ) </Li> <Li> 4x / 5x : 3 each </Li> </Ul> <P> On Oct 4 , 2015 , PowerPlay changed again , using 42 or 43 † balls as follows : </P> <Ul> <Li> 2x ( 24 ) </Li> <Li> 3x ( 13 ) </Li> <Li> 4x ( 3 ) </Li> <Li> 5x ( 2 ) </Li> <Li> 10x ( 1 ) † </Li> </Ul> <P> † 10x available when jackpot is under $150 million . </P> <H3> Prizes and odds ( edit ) </H3> <P> Payouts as of October 7 , 2015 : </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Matches </Th> <Th> Prize </Th> <Th> Power Play 2x ( 1 in 1.75 ) </Th> <Th> Power Play 3x ( 1 in 3.23 ) </Th> <Th> Power Play 4x ( 1 in 14 ) </Th> <Th> Power Play 5x ( 1 in 21 ) </Th> <Th> Odds of winning </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> PB only ( 0 + 1 ) </Td> <Td> $4 </Td> <Td> $8 </Td> <Td> $12 </Td> <Td> $16 </Td> <Td> $20 </Td> <Td> 1 in 38.32 § </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1 number plus PB ( 1 + 1 ) </Td> <Td> $4 </Td> <Td> $8 </Td> <Td> $12 </Td> <Td> $16 </Td> <Td> $20 </Td> <Td> 1 in 91.98 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2 + 1 </Td> <Td> $7 </Td> <Td> $14 </Td> <Td> $21 </Td> <Td> $28 </Td> <Td> $35 </Td> <Td> 1 in 701.33 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 3 + 0 </Td> <Td> $7 </Td> <Td> $14 </Td> <Td> $21 </Td> <Td> $28 </Td> <Td> $35 </Td> <Td> 1 in 579.76 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 3 + 1 </Td> <Td> $100 </Td> <Td> $200 </Td> <Td> $300 </Td> <Td> $400 </Td> <Td> $500 </Td> <Td> 1 in 14,494.11 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 4 + 0 </Td> <Td> $100 </Td> <Td> $200 </Td> <Td> $300 </Td> <Td> $400 </Td> <Td> $500 </Td> <Td> 1 in 36,525.17 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 4 + 1 </Td> <Td> $50,000 </Td> <Td> $100,000 </Td> <Td> $150,000 </Td> <Td> $200,000 </Td> <Td> $250,000 </Td> <Td> 1 in 913,129.18 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 5 + 0 </Td> <Td> $1,000,000 </Td> <Td_colspan="4"> $2,000,000 </Td> <Td> 1 in 11,688,053.52 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 5 + 1 </Td> <Td_colspan="5"> Jackpot </Td> <Td> 1 in 292,201,338 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Overall odds of winning a prize are 1 in 24.87 . </P> <P> Former prizes / odds ( January 19 , 2014 -- October 3 , 2015 ) : </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Matches </Th> <Th> Prize </Th> <Th> Power Play 2x ( 1 in 2 ) </Th> <Th> Power Play 3x ( 1 in 3 1 / 3 ) </Th> <Th> Power Play 4x ( 1 in 10 ) </Th> <Th> Power Play 5x ( 1 in 10 ) </Th> <Th> Odds of winning </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> PB only </Td> <Td> $4 </Td> <Td> $8 </Td> <Td> $12 </Td> <Td> $16 </Td> <Td> $20 </Td> <Td> 1 in 55.41 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1 number plus PB </Td> <Td> $4 </Td> <Td> $8 </Td> <Td> $12 </Td> <Td> $16 </Td> <Td> $20 </Td> <Td> 1 in 110.81 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2 numbers plus PB </Td> <Td> $7 </Td> <Td> $14 </Td> <Td> $21 </Td> <Td> $28 </Td> <Td> $35 </Td> <Td> 1 in 706.43 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 3 numbers ; no PB </Td> <Td> $7 </Td> <Td> $14 </Td> <Td> $21 </Td> <Td> $28 </Td> <Td> $35 </Td> <Td> 1 in 360.14 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 3 numbers plus PB </Td> <Td> $100 </Td> <Td> $200 </Td> <Td> $300 </Td> <Td> $400 </Td> <Td> $500 </Td> <Td> 1 in 12,244.83 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 4 numbers ; no PB </Td> <Td> $100 </Td> <Td> $200 </Td> <Td> $300 </Td> <Td> $400 </Td> <Td> $500 </Td> <Td> 1 in 19,087.53 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 4 numbers plus PB </Td> <Td> $10,000 </Td> <Td> $20,000 </Td> <Td> $30,000 </Td> <Td> $40,000 </Td> <Td> $50,000 </Td> <Td> 1 in 648,975.96 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 5 numbers ; no PB </Td> <Td> $1,000,000 </Td> <Td_colspan="4"> $2,000,000 </Td> <Td> 1 in 5,153,632.65 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 5 numbers plus PB </Td> <Td_colspan="5"> Jackpot </Td> <Td> 1 in 175,223,510.00 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Overall odds of winning were 1 in 31.85 . </P> <Ol> <Li> ^ Jump up to : California 's prize amounts are always parimutuel because its state penal code distinguishes between a `` lottery '' which can not be broken and a `` banked game '' whose bank theoretically could be broken . Only a `` lottery '' was authorized by the state Lottery Act . Therefore , Power Play is not offered in California . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : $2,000,000 fixed for match 5 + 0 with Power Play as of 2012 format change . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Power Play multipliers do not apply to jackpot . Jackpot is split among multiple winners . </Li> </Ol> <P> § Odds of winning 0 + 1 prize are 1 : 38.32 instead of 1 : 26 as there is the possibility of also matching at least one white ball . </P> <P> All non-jackpot prizes are fixed amounts ( except in California ) ; they may be reduced and paid on a parimutuel basis , with each member paying differing amounts for the same prize tier , if the liability exceeds the funds in the prize pool for any game member . </P> <H3> Jackpot accumulation and payment options ( edit ) </H3> <P> Jackpot winners have the option of receiving their prize in cash ( in two installments ; one from the winning jurisdiction , then the combined funds from the other members ) or as a graduated annuity paid in 30 yearly installments . Each annuity payment is 5 % higher than in the previous year to adjust for inflation . </P> <P> The advertised estimated jackpot represents the total payments that would be paid to jackpot winner ( s ) should they accept the annuity option . This estimate is based on the funds accumulated in the jackpot pool rolled over from prior drawings , expected sales for the next drawing , and market interest rates for the securities that would be used to fund the annuity . The estimated jackpot usually is 32.5 % of the ( non-Power Play ) revenue of each base ( $1 ) play , submitted by game members to accumulate into a prize pool to fund the jackpot . If the jackpot is not won in a particular drawing , the prize pool carries over to the next drawing , accumulating until there is a jackpot winner . This prize pool is the cash that is paid to a jackpot winner if they choose cash . If the winner chooses the annuity , current market rates are used to calculate the graduated payment schedule and the initial installment is paid . The remaining funds in the prize pool are invested to generate the income required to fund the remaining installments . If there are multiple jackpot winners for a drawing , the jackpot prize pool is divided equally for all such plays . </P> <P> MUSL and its members accept all investment risk and are contractually obligated and liable to the winner to make all scheduled payments to annuity winners . If a jackpot ticket is not claimed , the funds in the prize pool are returned to members in proportion to the amount they contributed to the prize pool . The members have different rules regulating how unclaimed funds are used . </P> <P> When the Powerball jackpot is won , the next jackpot is guaranteed to be $40 million ( annuity ) . If a jackpot is not won , the minimum rollover is $10 million . The cash in the jackpot pool is guaranteed to be the current value of the annuity . If revenue from ticket sales falls below expectations , game members must contribute additional funds to the jackpot pool to cover the shortage ; the most likely scenario where this can occur is if the jackpot is won in consecutive drawings . </P> <H3> Claiming prizes ( edit ) </H3> <P> A winning ticket must be claimed in the jurisdiction in which it was purchased , regardless of residence . The minimum age to play Powerball is 18 , except in Nebraska ( 19 ) ; and Arizona , Iowa , and Louisiana ( 21 ) . </P> <P> Generally , Powerball players do not have to choose cash or annuity unless they win a jackpot ( then they usually have 60 days to choose . ) Exceptions include Florida and Missouri ; the 60 - day `` clock '' starts with the drawing , so a jackpot winner who wishes to take the cash option needs to make immediate plans to claim their prize . New Jersey and Texas require the cash / annuity choice to be made when playing ; in New Jersey , an annuity ticket can be changed to cash after winning , while in Texas , the choice is binding ( when the cash option was introduced in 1997 , all Powerball players had to make the choice when playing . This regulation was phased out by 1999 . ) All Powerball prizes must be claimed within a period ranging from 90 days to a year , depending on where the ticket was bought . </P> <P> Powerball winnings in California and Pennsylvania are subject to Federal income tax only . There is no state income tax in Florida , South Dakota , Texas , Washington and Wyoming , and only on interest and dividends in Tennessee and New Hampshire . Winnings from tickets purchased outside of one 's home state may be subject to the income tax laws of both states ( with possible credit based on the two jurisdictions . ) </P> <H3> Secondary prizes ( edit ) </H3> <P> Unlike the jackpot pool , other prizes are the responsibility and liability of each participating lottery . All revenue for Powerball ticket sales not used for jackpots is retained by each member ; none of this revenue is shared with other lotteries . Members are liable only for the payment of secondary prizes sold there . </P> <P> Since the secondary prizes are defined in fixed amounts ( except in California ) , if the liability for a given prize level exceed the funds in the prize pool for that level the amount of the prize may be reduced and the prize pool be distributed on a parimutuel basis and result in a prize lower than the fixed amounts given in the prize tables . Because the secondary prize pools are calculated independently , it is possible lower - tier prizes will differ among the game members . </P> <H2> Notable wins ( edit ) </H2> Main article : Lottery jackpot records § United States <P> Because the quoted jackpot amount is an annuity of 30 graduated annual payments , its cash value relative to the annuity fluctuates . The actual ratio depends on projected interest rates and other factors . MUSL starts with the cash value , built from a percentage of sales , and then calculates the advertised jackpot amount from that value , based on the average costs of the three best securities bids . </P> <P> On August 23 , 2017 , the owner of a Powerball ticket sold in Chicopee , Massachusetts won more than $750 million , one of the largest prizes in the lottery 's history . </P> <P> On January 13 , 2016 , the world 's largest lottery jackpot , an annuity of approximately $1.586 billion , was split among three Powerball tickets in Chino Hills , California , Melbourne Beach , Florida and Munford , Tennessee , each worth $528.8 million . Since there is no income tax in Florida or Tennessee ( and California does not tax lottery winnings ) , the cash option after Federal withholdings is $187.2 million each . </P> <P> On May 18 , 2013 , the world 's largest one - ticket jackpot , an annuity of approximately $590.5 million ( $607 million today ) , was won by a Powerball ticket sold in Zephyrhills , Florida . On June 5 , Florida Lottery officials announced the winner : Gloria C. MacKenzie , 84 , who purchased the `` quick pick '' ticket at a Publix supermarket . MacKenzie chose the cash option of approximately $370.8 million , before Federal withholding ; Florida does not have a state income tax . </P> <P> Other winners in excess of $250 million : On December 25 , 2002 , Jack Whittaker , president of a construction firm in Putnam County , West Virginia , won $314.9 million ( $419 million today ) , then a new record for a single ticket in an American lottery . Whittaker chose the cash option of $170 million , receiving approximately $83 million after West Virginia and Federal withholdings . </P> <P> On October 19 , 2005 , the West family of Jacksonville , Oregon won $340 million ( $417 million today ) . The Wests chose the cash payout of $164.4 million ( before withholdings ) , smaller than Whittaker 's cash payout in 2002 due to a then - recent change in the annuity structure . </P> <P> A jackpot of $365 million ( $434 million today ) was won on February 18 , 2006 by one ticket in Nebraska . It was shared by eight people who worked at a meatpacking plant . The group chose the cash option of approximately $177.3 million , before withholdings . </P> <P> On August 25 , 2007 , a jackpot worth $314 million ( $363 million today ) was won by a retired auto worker from Ohio ; that ticket was bought in Richmond , Indiana , a community that had previously sold a jackpot - winning ticket of over $200 million . </P> <P> In November 2011 , three Greenwich , Connecticut , financial executives shared a jackpot of $254.2 million ( $271 million today ) , the largest prize on a Connecticut - bought ticket . Choosing the cash option , the men split nearly $104 million after withholdings . The jackpot , at the time , was the 12th largest in Powerball history . </P> <H2> Fortune cookie payout ( edit ) </H2> <P> The Powerball drawing on March 30 , 2005 , produced 110 second - prize winners . The total payout to these winners was $19.4 million , with 89 winners receiving $100,000 each , while the other 21 winners received $500,000 each as they were Power Play selections . </P> <P> MUSL officials initially suspected fraud or a reporting error . However , all 110 winners had played numbers from fortune cookies made by Wonton Food Inc. of Long Island City , New York . The factory had printed the numbers `` 22 , 28 , 32 , 33 , 39 , 40 '' on thousands of fortunes . The `` 40 '' in the fortune did not match the Powerball number , 42 . None of the employees of Wonton Food played those numbers ; at the time , the closest game member was Connecticut . Since the ticket holders had won as result of a coincidence rather than foul play , the payouts were made . </P> <P> Had the fortune cookie given 42 as the Powerball number , these winners would have shared the $25 million jackpot : each $227,272 annuity or $122,727 cash ( before withholdings ) . The fortune on the inspiring cookie read : `` All the preparation you 've done will finally be paying off . '' </P> <H2> Computers and slot machines ( edit ) </H2> <P> In 2006 , WMS Gaming released a range of slot machines under the Powerball brand name . In 2007 , the Oregon Lottery released a Windows Sidebar gadget that displays the winning numbers for Powerball in real - time . The gadget also provides large jackpot announcements . </P> <P> The New York Lottery introduced a Powerball scratchcard in 2010 . Five winning numbers plus a powerball were printed across the top of the card , with 12 opportunities to match . Matching the winning numbers or the powerball won . The top prize was $1 million ( annuity ) ; unlike actual Powerball , there was no cash option for the top prize . </P> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Mega Millions </Li> <Li> Multi-State Lottery Association ( MUSL ) </Li> <Li> Lottery jackpot records </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ `` How Powerball manipulated the odds to create a $1.5 billion jackpot '' . Washington Post . January 13 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Frequently Asked Questions '' . Powerball . Retrieved April 14 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Danielle Abreu ( 12 January 2016 ) . `` Powerball Jackpot Jumps Again to Record $1.5 Billion '' . Retrieved 12 January 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Powerball has a winner in $1.6 billion jackpot '' . Washington Post . January 13 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Helsel , Phil ( January 14 , 2016 ) . `` Powerball Jackpot : Winning Tickets in $1.5 Billion Lottery Sold in Calif. , Fla. , Tenn . '' . NBC News . Retrieved January 14 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Hoosier Lottery History Archived February 6 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` History '' . Powerball . Retrieved April 14 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ ( 1 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Mega Millions Official Home '' . Megamillions.com . October 13 , 2009 . Archived from the original on July 14 , 2011 . Retrieved April 14 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Powerball Lottery Drawings to Be Available Live on the Internet '' , TransWorldNews , November 9 , 2009 . Retrieved on 2009 - 12 - 07 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Live Powerball drawings online '' . Powerballlive.com . Retrieved September 4 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Penn Ohio Lottery & Deli in Sharon , PA 16146 '' . Local.post-gazette.com . Retrieved September 4 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Lotto , Lucy ( June 30 , 2011 ) . `` Powerball Lottery Changes for 2012 '' . WorldLottery.net . Archived from the original on August 23 , 2013 . Retrieved September 4 , 2013 . The first and biggest change to the Powerball Lottery is the introduction of the $40 million base jackpot . Now , when the Powerball Lottery jackpot is reset after a win it will start at $40 million , tempting even more players in for those early draws . Another promise , that is sure to be popular with lottery players , is the introduction of more prizes . From January , Powerball players will have even better odds of winning a prize worth at least $1 million , and it 's that fact that may soften the third and biggest ever change . From January 15 , 2012 , Powerball Lottery tickets are doubling in price , in what is the biggest change to the Powerball Lottery draw since its launch in 1994 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Lokay , Jim . `` Changes to Powerball coming in 2012 '' . CBS Pittsburgh . Retrieved July 11 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ On November 27 . Powerball jackpot hits record $500 m as lotteries work to build up higher prizes </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Strauss , Gary ( February 14 , 2012 ) . Lottery jackpots may get bigger . USA Today . Retrieved February 14 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Mega Millions jackpot reaches record $500 million '' . Komo News . Sinclair Interactive Media . March 28 , 2012 . Retrieved September 4 , 2013 . The jackpot was originally announced at $476 million early Wednesday morning but rampant ticket sales boosted the estimated payout to the $500 million mark . Tuesday night 's jackpot was $363 million , fed by weeks of drawings without a top winner . It has rolled 18 times since Marcia Adams of College Park won $72 million in the Jan. 24 drawing . A winner could get $19.2 million a year for 26 years or a single payment of $359 million . The previous record jackpot in the Mega Millions game was $390 million in 2007 , split by two winners in New Jersey and Georgia . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Powerball - History '' . www.powerball.com . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 13 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` How Powerball manipulated the odds to create a $1.6 billion jackpot '' . Washington Post . Retrieved 13 January 2016 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Redfern , Mike ( 7 July 2015 ) . `` Powerball Changes to Take Effect in October 2015 '' . Lottery World . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Three - way split for winners of record $1.6 bn lottery '' . Yahoo !. Agence France - Presse . January 14 , 2016 . Retrieved January 15 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Odds are , you wo n't like this Powerball story Retrieved 2015 - 07 - 09 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Changes Coming to Powerball ... '' . Multi-State Lottery Association . Archived from the original on January 23 , 2012 . Retrieved January 22 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` NEW YORK STATE GAMING COMMISSION AMENDMENT OF SECTIONS 5004.9 , 5007.2 , 5007.13 , 5007.15 , 5007.16 , 5009.2 and 5010.2 OF NEW YORK CODES , RULES AND REGULATIONS TITLE 9 , SUBTITLE T , CHAPTER III , SUBCHAPTER A '' ( PDF ) . New York State Gaming Commission . New York State Gaming Commission . p. 4 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on August 24 , 2015 . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 02 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Powerball as of January 19 , 2014 -- New Prize Structure '' . nmlottery.com . Retrieved January 10 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Powerball - Contact '' . Multi-State Lottery Association . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 02 . Sure , the odds of matching 1 red ball out of 35 are 1 in 35 , but we are not giving the odds for matching a red ball . We give the odds for winning a prize for matching one red ball ALONE . If you match the red ball plus at least one white ball , you win some other prize , but not this prize . The odds of matching one red ball ALONE are harder than 1 in 35 because there is some risk that you will also match one or more white ball numbers - and then win a different prize . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Welcome to Powerball -- Prizes '' . Powerball.com . Retrieved April 14 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Powerball - How To Play '' . Powerball.com . Retrieved January 12 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Powerball '' . Floridalottery.com . January 18 , 2016 . Retrieved January 16 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Why Has the Cash Jackpot Gone Down ? '' Powerball Frequently Asked Questions . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ ( 2 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Powerball winners : Annuity or lump sum ? '' . Money.CNN.com . January 14 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` $590 M Zephyrhills Powerball winner announced during news conference '' . WFTV . Retrieved June 5 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Strauss , Gary ( June 5 , 2013 ) . `` And the winner of the $590.5 million Powerball jackpot is ... '' . USA Today . Retrieved June 5 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ https://www.bloomberg.com/bw/articles/2012-12-13/lottery-winner-jack-whittakers-losing-ticket `` Lottery Winner Jack Whittaker 's Losing Ticket '' </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Winners of $340 million Powerball lottery step forward -- Lottery News '' . Lotterypost.com . November 8 , 2005 . Retrieved April 14 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Who won Powerball 's $365 million ? -- US news -- Life '' . MSNBC . February 23 , 2006 . Retrieved April 14 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Retired auto worker , 2 children claim $314 M Powerball lottery jackpot -- Lottery News '' . Lotterypost.com . September 12 , 2007 . Retrieved April 14 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Helhoski , Anna . `` Greenwich Powerball Winners To Give to Charity '' . The Greenwich Daily Voice . Retrieved July 18 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` 110 players share powerball pay - out thanks to fortune cookie numbers '' . Multilotto.com . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Fortune cookie bet made Powerball lottery players rich '' . The Seattle Times . May 11 , 2005 . Retrieved February 13 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Powerball Drawing Detail for Wednesday , March 30 , 2005 '' . USA Mega . March 30 , 2005 . Retrieved February 13 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` New York Lottery '' . Nylottery.org . Retrieved April 14 , 2011 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Official website </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Td> Preceded by Mega Millions </Td> <Td> World 's largest lottery jackpot January 13 , 2016 -- present </Td> <Td> Succeeded by </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Lotteries in the United States </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> US lotteries </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Arizona </Li> <Li> Arkansas </Li> <Li> California </Li> <Li> Colorado </Li> <Li> Connecticut </Li> <Li> Delaware </Li> <Li> District of Columbia </Li> <Li> Florida </Li> <Li> Georgia </Li> <Li> Idaho </Li> <Li> Illinois </Li> <Li> Indiana </Li> <Li> Iowa </Li> <Li> Kansas </Li> <Li> Kentucky </Li> <Li> Louisiana </Li> <Li> Maine </Li> <Li> Maryland </Li> <Li> Massachusetts </Li> <Li> Michigan </Li> <Li> Minnesota </Li> <Li> Missouri </Li> <Li> Montana </Li> <Li> Nebraska </Li> <Li> New Hampshire </Li> <Li> New Jersey </Li> <Li> New Mexico </Li> <Li> New York </Li> <Li> North Carolina </Li> <Li> North Dakota </Li> <Li> Ohio </Li> <Li> Oklahoma </Li> <Li> Oregon </Li> <Li> Pennsylvania </Li> <Li> Puerto Rico </Li> <Li> Rhode Island </Li> <Li> South Carolina </Li> <Li> South Dakota </Li> <Li> Tennessee </Li> <Li> Texas </Li> <Li> US Virgin Islands </Li> <Li> Vermont </Li> <Li> Virginia </Li> <Li> Washington </Li> <Li> West Virginia </Li> <Li> Wisconsin </Li> <Li> Wyoming </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Multi-state games ( by number of jurisdictions ) </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Powerball ( 47 ) </Li> <Li> Mega Millions ( 46 ) </Li> <Li> Lucky for Life ( 25 ) </Li> <Li> Cash4Life ( 9 ) </Li> <Li> MegaHits ( 5 ) </Li> <Li> 2by2 ( 3 ) </Li> <Li> Tri-State Lottery ( 3 ) </Li> <Li> All or Nothing ( 2 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Former multi-state games </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Cash4Life ( 1998 -- 2000 ) </Li> <Li> Daily Millions </Li> <Li> Decades of Dollars </Li> <Li> Hot Lotto </Li> <Li> Lotto * America ( originally 1988 -- 1992 ; new version to begin November 12 , 2017 ) </Li> <Li> Lotto South </Li> <Li> Midwest Millions </Li> <Li> Monopoly Millionaires ' Club </Li> <Li> Wild Card </Li> <Li> Win for Life </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Powerball&oldid=807097187 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> 1992 establishments in the United States </Li> <Li> Lottery games in the United States </Li> <Li> Lottery monopolies </Li> <Li> Mega Ball lottery games </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Webarchive template wayback links </Li> <Li> All articles with dead external links </Li> <Li> Articles with dead external links from April 2011 </Li> <Li> Use mdy dates from March 2014 </Li> <Li> Pages using deprecated image syntax </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> Deutsch </Li> <Li> Español </Li> <Li> فارسی </Li> <Li> Français </Li> <Li> 한국어 </Li> <Li> עברית </Li> <Li> 日本 語 </Li> <Li> Norsk </Li> <Li> Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча </Li> <Li> Română </Li> <Li> Русский </Li> <Li> Slovenščina </Li> <Li> ייִדיש </Li> <Li> 中文 </Li> </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 25 October 2017 , at 21 : 48 . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . 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when do they pull the powerball numbers 2016

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Solar eclipse of August 21 , 2017 - Wikipedia <H1> Solar eclipse of August 21 , 2017 </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Solar eclipse of August 21 , 2017 </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Totality as seen from Simpsonville , South Carolina </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Map </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Type of eclipse </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Nature </Th> <Td> Total </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Gamma </Th> <Td> 0.4367 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Magnitude </Th> <Td> 1.0306 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Maximum eclipse </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Duration </Th> <Td> 160 sec ( 2 m 40 s ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> 37 ° 00 ′ N 87 ° 42 ′ W  /  37 ° N 87.7 ° W  / 37 ; - 87.7 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Max . width of band </Th> <Td> 115 km ( 71 mi ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Times ( UTC ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> ( P1 ) Partial begin </Th> <Td> 15 : 46 : 48 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> ( U1 ) Total begin </Th> <Td> 16 : 48 : 32 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Greatest eclipse </Th> <Td> 18 : 26 : 40 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> ( U4 ) Total end </Th> <Td> 20 : 01 : 35 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> ( P4 ) Partial end </Th> <Td> 21 : 04 : 19 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> References </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Saros </Th> <Td> 145 ( 22 of 77 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Catalog # ( SE5000 ) </Th> <Td> 9546 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The solar eclipse of August 21 , 2017 , dubbed `` The Great American Eclipse '' by the media , was a total solar eclipse visible within a band across the entire contiguous United States , passing from the Pacific to the Atlantic coasts . As a partial solar eclipse , it was visible on land from Nunavut in northern Canada to as far south as northern South America . In northwestern Europe and Africa , it was partially visible in the late evening . In Asia , it was visible only at the eastern extremity , the Chukchi Peninsula . </P> Play media Video of the eclipse second contact in Simpsonville , South Carolina . Crowd reaction is heard on audio . <P> Prior to this event , no solar eclipse had been visible across the entire contiguous United States since June 8 , 1918 ; not since the February 1979 eclipse had a total eclipse been visible from anywhere in the mainland United States . The path of totality touched 14 states , and the rest of the U.S. had a partial eclipse . The area of the path of totality was about 16 percent of the area of the United States , with most of this area over the ocean , not land . The event 's shadow began to cover land on the Oregon coast as a partial eclipse at 4 : 05 p.m. UTC ( 9 : 05 a.m. PDT ) , with the total eclipse beginning there at 5 : 16 p.m. UTC ( 10 : 16 a.m. PDT ) ; the total eclipse 's land coverage ended along the South Carolina coast at about 6 : 44 p.m. UTC ( 2 : 44 p.m. EDT ) . Visibility as a partial eclipse in Honolulu , Hawaii began with sunrise at 4 : 20 p.m. UTC ( 6 : 20 a.m. HST ) and ended by 5 : 25 p.m. UTC ( 7 : 25 a.m. HST ) . </P> <P> This total solar eclipse marked the first such event in the smartphone and social media era in America . Information , personal communication , and photography were widely available as never before , capturing popular attention and enhancing the social experience . </P> <P> Marriage proposals took place coinciding with the eclipse , and at least one wedding was also planned and took place to coincide with the eclipse . Logistical problems were expected with the influx of visitors , especially for smaller communities . The sale of counterfeit eclipse glasses was also anticipated to be a hazard for eye injuries . </P> <P> Future total solar eclipses will cross the United States in April 2024 ( 12 states ) and August 2045 ( 10 states ) , and annular solar eclipses -- wherein the Moon appears smaller than the Sun -- will occur in October 2023 ( 9 states ) and June 2048 ( 9 states ) . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Visibility </Li> <Li> 2 Other celestial bodies </Li> <Li> 3 Other eclipses over the United States </Li> <Li> 4 Total eclipse viewing events <Ul> <Li> 4.1 Oregon </Li> <Li> 4.2 Idaho </Li> <Li> 4.3 Wyoming </Li> <Li> 4.4 Nebraska </Li> <Li> 4.5 Kansas </Li> <Li> 4.6 Missouri </Li> <Li> 4.7 Illinois </Li> <Li> 4.8 Kentucky </Li> <Li> 4.9 Tennessee </Li> <Li> 4.10 North Carolina </Li> <Li> 4.11 Georgia </Li> <Li> 4.12 South Carolina </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 5 Viewing from outside the United States <Ul> <Li> 5.1 Canada </Li> <Li> 5.2 Mexico , Central America , Caribbean islands , South America </Li> <Li> 5.3 Russia </Li> <Li> 5.4 Europe </Li> <Li> 5.5 West Africa </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 6 Media and scientific coverage </Li> <Li> 7 Counterfeit eclipse glasses </Li> <Li> 8 Eye damage </Li> <Li> 9 Planning </Li> <Li> 10 Post-eclipse traffic problems </Li> <Li> 11 Impact on solar power </Li> <Li> 12 Commemorative stamp </Li> <Li> 13 Videos </Li> <Li> 14 Gallery <Ul> <Li> 14.1 Totality </Li> <Li> 14.2 Transition </Li> <Li> 14.3 Partial </Li> <Li> 14.4 Images produced by natural pinholes </Li> <Li> 14.5 Views outside of the US </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 15 Related eclipses <Ul> <Li> 15.1 Solar eclipses 2015 -- 2018 </Li> <Li> 15.2 Saros series 145 </Li> <Li> 15.3 Metonic series </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 16 See also </Li> <Li> 17 References </Li> <Li> 18 Further reading </Li> <Li> 19 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Visibility ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> Play media Time - lapse footage of Falls Park on the Reedy in Greenville , South Carolina during the eclipse </Td> <Td> Play media Video of shadow bands on the ground as seen in Simpsonville , South Carolina . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The total eclipse had a magnitude of 1.0306 and was visible within a narrow corridor 70 miles ( 110 km ) wide , crossing fourteen of the contiguous United States : Oregon , Idaho , Montana , Wyoming , Nebraska , Kansas , Iowa , Missouri , Illinois , Kentucky , Tennessee , Georgia , North Carolina , and South Carolina . It was first seen from land in the U.S. shortly after 10 : 15 a.m. PDT ( 17 : 15 UTC ) at Oregon 's Pacific coast , and then it progressed eastward through Salem , Oregon ; Idaho Falls , Idaho ; Casper , Wyoming ; Lincoln , Nebraska ; Kansas City , Missouri ; St. Louis , Missouri ; Hopkinsville , Kentucky ; Nashville , Tennessee ; Columbia , South Carolina about 2 : 41 p.m. ; and finally Charleston , South Carolina . A partial eclipse was seen for a greater time period , beginning shortly after 9 : 00 a.m. PDT along the Pacific Coast of Oregon . Weather forecasts predicted clear skies in Western U.S. and some Eastern states , but clouds in the Midwest and East Coast . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Td> Animation of the eclipse shadow . The dot in the center represents the path of totality . </Td> <Td> View of the lunar shadow tracking across Earth from the Deep Space Climate Observatory ( DSCOVR ) satellite </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The longest ground duration of totality was 2 minutes 41.6 seconds at about 37 ° 35 ′ 0 '' N 89 ° 7 ′ 0 '' W  /  37.58333 ° N 89.11667 ° W  / 37.58333 ; - 89.11667 in Giant City State Park , just south of Carbondale , Illinois , and the greatest extent ( width ) was at 36 ° 58 ′ 0 '' N 87 ° 40 ′ 18 '' W  /  36.96667 ° N 87.67167 ° W  / 36.96667 ; - 87.67167 near the village of Cerulean , Kentucky , located in between Hopkinsville and Princeton . This was the first total solar eclipse visible from the Southeastern United States since the solar eclipse of March 7 , 1970 . Two NASA WB - 57F flew above the clouds , prolonging the observation time spent in the umbra . A partial solar eclipse was seen from the much broader path of the Moon 's penumbra , including all of North America , particularly areas just south of the totality pass , where the eclipse lasted about 3 -- 5 hours , northern South America , Western Europe , and some of Africa and north - east Asia . </P> <P> At one location in Wyoming , a small group of astronomers used telescopic lenses to photograph the sun as it was in partial eclipse , while the ISS was also seen to briefly transit the sun . </P> <H2> Other celestial bodies ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> During totality stars and 4 planets were visible , including Regulus close to the Sun . Mars was 8 degrees to the right , and Venus 34 degrees right . Mercury was 10 degrees left , and Jupiter 51 degrees left . </Td> <Td> Solar eclipse and star - system Regulus ( upper left ) viewed from Cullowhee , NC . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> During the eclipse for a long span of its path of totality , several bright stars and four planets were visible . The star - system Regulus was visible slightly to the west of the Sun . Mars was 8 degrees to the right , and Venus 34 degrees right . Mercury was 10 degrees left , and Jupiter 51 degrees left . </P> <H2> Other eclipses over the United States ( edit ) </H2> <P> This was the first total solar eclipse visible from the United States since that of July 11 , 1991 -- which was seen only from part of Hawaii -- and the first visible from the contiguous United States since 1979 . An eclipse of comparable length ( up to 3 minutes , 8 seconds , with the longest eclipse being 6 minutes and 54 seconds ) occurred over the contiguous United States on March 7 , 1970 along the southern portions of the Eastern Seaboard , from Florida to Virginia . </P> <P> The path of totality of the solar eclipse of February 26 , 1979 crossed only the states of Washington , Oregon , Idaho , Montana , and North Dakota . Many enthusiasts traveled to the Pacific Northwest to view the eclipse , since it would be the last chance to view such an eclipse in the contiguous United States for almost four decades . </P> <P> Some American scientists and interested amateurs who wanted to experience a total eclipse participated in a four - day Atlantic Ocean cruise to view the solar eclipse of July 10 , 1972 as it passed near Nova Scotia . ( This is referenced in the Carly Simon hit song `` You 're So Vain '' in the lyric , `` Then you flew your Lear Jet up to Nova Scotia to see the total eclipse of the Sun . '' ) Organizers of the cruise advertised in astronomical journals and in planetarium announcements , emphasizing the rarity of the event . </P> The path of totality across the United States <P> The August 2017 eclipse was the first with a path of totality crossing the Pacific and Atlantic coasts of the U.S. since 1918 . Also , its path of totality made landfall exclusively within the United States , making it the first such eclipse since the country 's declaration of independence in 1776 . Prior to this , the path of totality of the eclipse of June 13 , 1257 , was the last to make landfall exclusively on lands currently part of the United States . </P> <P> The path of the 2017 eclipse crosses with the path of the upcoming total solar eclipse of April 8 , 2024 , with the intersection of the two paths being in southern Illinois in Makanda Township at Cedar Lake , just south of Carbondale . An area of about 9,000 square miles , including the cities of Makanda , Carbondale , Cape Girardeau , Missouri , and Paducah , Kentucky , will thus experience two total solar eclipses within a span of less than seven years . The cities of Benton , Carbondale , Chester , Harrisburg , Marion , and Metropolis in Illinois ; Cape Girardeau , Farmington , and Perryville in Missouri , as well as Paducah , Kentucky , will also be in the path of the 2024 eclipse , thereby earning the distinction of witnessing two total solar eclipses in seven years . </P> <P> The solar eclipse of August 12 , 2045 will have a very similar path of totality over the U.S. to the 2017 eclipse : about 400 km ( 250 mi ) to the southwest , also crossing the Pacific and Atlantic coasts of the country ; however , totality will be more than twice as long . </P> <H2> Total eclipse viewing events ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Oregon ( edit ) </H3> Viewing the eclipse at Oregon State University Campers on a field near Madras , Oregon , three days before the eclipse Totality over Timothy Lake , Oregon Diamond ring effect and some prominences at the end of totality in Oregon <Ul> <Li> Corvallis -- The Corvallis campus of Oregon State University hosted `` OSU150 Space Grant Festival : A Total Eclipse Experience '' , a weekend - long celebration of the eclipse . A watch party was also hosted on campus the day of the eclipse . </Li> <Li> Huntington -- Historic Farewell Bend State Recreation Area hosted the RASC : Yukon Centre ( Yukon Astronomical Society ) and the RASC : Okanagan Centre . Solar viewing and presentations on the eclipse were given along with a dark - sky presentation . </Li> <Li> Keizer -- The Salem - Keizer Volcanoes , a Class A baseball team , played a morning game against the visiting Hillsboro Hops that featured the first ever `` eclipse delay '' in baseball history . </Li> <Li> Madras -- The city sponsored a four - day Solarfest at two locations . </Li> <Li> Prineville -- Symbiosis Gathering hosted a seven - day eclipse festival which included rave - style music dubbed `` Oregon Eclipse '' . </Li> <Li> Rickreall -- The Polk County Fairgrounds organized a series of events and an eclipse gathering . </Li> <Li> Salem -- The Oregon Museum of Science and Industry hosted an event at the Oregon State Fairgrounds . </Li> </Ul> <H3> Idaho ( edit ) </H3> A display of books related to eclipses and astronomy Total eclipse from Weiser , Idaho <Ul> <Li> Arco -- High altitude balloon launches by the USC Astronautical Engineering department and NASA . </Li> <Li> Craters of the Moon -- The National Monument and Preserve hosted NASA presentations , evening star parties hosted by the Idaho Falls Astronomical Society , and presentations by the New Mexico Chapter of the Charlie Bates Solar Astronomy Project . </Li> <Li> Idaho Falls -- Free entertainment and educational seminars and an eclipse - watching event at the Museum of Idaho ( an official NASA viewing site ) and elsewhere , and a free eclipse - watching event at Melaleuca Field . </Li> <Li> Rexburg -- Brigham Young University Idaho offered a series of eclipse - related educational events . </Li> <Li> Weiser -- The city sponsored a five - day festival prior to the eclipse . </Li> </Ul> <H3> Wyoming ( edit ) </H3> People watching and photographing the eclipse in Yellowstone National Park <Ul> <Li> Casper -- The Astronomical League , an alliance of amateur astronomy clubs , held its annual Astrocon conference , and there were other public events , called Wyoming Eclipse Festival 2017 . </Li> <Li> Fort Laramie -- Fort Laramie held an eclipse viewing event , which included a Special `` Great American Eclipse '' Program . </Li> </Ul> <H3> Nebraska ( edit ) </H3> A crowd observes the eclipse in Ravenna , Nebraska <Ul> <Li> Alliance -- Entertainment and educational seminars were offered . ABC News reported live from Carhenge during totality . </Li> <Li> Auburn -- Nemaha County Hospital hosted an eclipse viewing event , including sharing safety tips from Lifetime Vision Center . </Li> <Li> Beatrice -- Homestead National Monument of America -- Events were held with representatives from NASA on Saturday , Sunday and the day of the eclipse . </Li> <Li> Grand Island -- Stuhr Museum hosted an eclipse viewing event , including the launch of a NASA eclipse observing balloon . </Li> <Li> Lincoln -- At Haymarket Park , the Lincoln Saltdogs , an independent baseball team in the American Association , defeated the Gary SouthShore RailCats 8 - 5 in a special eclipse game , with 6,956 in attendance . The game was paused for 26 minutes in the middle of the third inning to observe the eclipse . The Saltdogs players wore special eclipse - themed uniforms that were auctioned off after the game . </Li> </Ul> <H3> Kansas ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Atchison -- Benedictine College hosted thousands in its football stadium . There were students from schools from Kansas , Missouri , Nebraska , and Oklahoma attending , plus numerous other guests who heard from , amongst others , astronomers from the Vatican Observatory . </Li> </Ul> <H3> Missouri ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Columbia -- The Cosmo Park and the Gans Creek Park were open for the eclipse . There was a watch party on campus for the students of the University of Missouri , and the MU Health Care system released eye safety information . </Li> <Li> Kansas City -- A 5 - mile ( 8 km ) bicycle ride from downtown KCMO ( where totality only lasted about 30 seconds ) to Macken Park in North Kansas City ( where totality lasted 1 minute 13 seconds ) was organized by KC Pedal Party Club , a local Meetup group . </Li> <Li> Lathrop -- The city celebrated its 150th anniversary with an eclipse festival . </Li> <Li> Parkville -- TotalEclipseofthePark -- August 20 educational program featuring NASA Glenn Research Center Hall of Famer Lynn Bondurant , ' 61 , and August 21 watch party organized by Park University . </Li> <Li> Potosi -- Hora Eclipse , an Israeli folkdance camp coordinated with the eclipse , was held at YMCA Trout Lodge and Camp Lakewood , near the Mark Twain National Forest . More information at the event 's website , especially its post-mortem page . </Li> <Li> St. Clair -- An event organized by the St. Clair City Chamber of Commerce . </Li> <Li> St. Joseph -- An event organized by Front Page Science was held at Rosecrans Memorial Airport . </Li> <Li> St. Louis -- David Tipper hosted his Tipper & Friends 4321 electronic music event at Astral Valley Art Park featuring 5 days of music , art , and eclipse viewing . </Li> </Ul> <H3> Illinois ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Carbondale -- Southern Illinois University sponsored many eclipse related educational events , including the two day Crossroads Astronomy , Science and Technology Expo , and viewing at Saluki Stadium . Amtrak ran a special train , the Eclipse Express , from Chicago to Carbondale . NASA EDGE was there broadcasting live from Southern Illinois University Carbondale with a four - hour and thirty - minute show ( 11 : 45 a.m. -- 4 : 15 p.m. EDT ) . </Li> <Li> Carterville -- A three - day rock festival called Moonstock was headlined by Ozzy Osbourne , who performed during the eclipse . </Li> <Li> Goreville -- View the eclipse with the University of Illinois Astronomy Department . </Li> </Ul> <H3> Kentucky ( edit ) </H3> An eclipse photographer in Madisonville , Kentucky <Ul> <Li> Bowling Green -- Western Kentucky University hosted thousands of K - 12 students in its football stadium . At Bowling Green Ballpark , the Bowling Green Hot Rods , a Class A baseball team , played an eclipse game against the visiting West Michigan Whitecaps . </Li> <Li> Hopkinsville -- A four - day eclipse festival was held at Jefferson Davis State Historic Site . </Li> </Ul> <H3> Tennessee ( edit ) </H3> Totality from Tennessee Technological University in Cookeville , Tennessee NASA TV 's live coverage was being watched by 4.4 million people at 1 : 40 EDT , accounting for 87 % of all traffic to U.S. federal government websites <Ul> <Li> Athens -- The City of Athens hosted `` Total Eclipse of the Park '' at Athens Regional Park , including entertainment , food , and vendors . </Li> <Li> Clarksville -- Austin Peay State University presented several educational events , including an appearance by astronaut Rhea Seddon . </Li> <Li> Cookeville -- Tennessee Technological University hosted a solar eclipse viewing party at Tucker Stadium . Cookeville hosted special events from Saturday to Monday . </Li> <Li> McMinnville -- celebrated the eclipse by hosting BLACKOUT 2017 , an eclipse viewing event held in the city square . In addition to the viewing , a selection of food trucks and musical acts which features The Pink Floyd Appreciation Society band who performed Pink Floyd 's The Dark Side of the Moon in its entirety prior to the totality event . </Li> <Li> Memphis -- At AutoZone Park , the Memphis Redbirds , a Class AAA baseball team , played an eclipse game against the visiting New Orleans Baby Cakes . </Li> <Li> Nashville -- offered many special events , including the Music City Eclipse Science & Technology Festival at the Adventure Science Center . The Italian Lights Festival hosted the largest Eclipse Viewing Party in Nashville , a free NASA - Certified Eclipse Event held at the Bicentennial Mall . Two astrophysicists from NASA 's Jet Propulsion Laboratory emceed the countdown . </Li> </Ul> <H3> North Carolina ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Bryson City -- Planetarium shows were offered , as well as rides on the Great Smoky Mountains Railroad to an eclipse location . </Li> <Li> Cullowhee -- The eclipse was visible in totality , and classes were cancelled for several hours during the first day of classes at Western Carolina University . </Li> <Li> Rosman -- Pisgah Astronomical Research Institute ( PARI ) hosted a viewing event . The event at PARI has garnered international attention and the visitors included amateur astronomers . </Li> </Ul> <H3> Georgia ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Athens -- Viewing at Sanford Stadium at the University of Georgia . </Li> <Li> Blairsville -- Get off the Grid Festival on three days preceding the eclipse . </Li> <Li> Elberty County - Approximately 400 people gathered at the Georgia Guidestones . </Li> </Ul> <H3> South Carolina ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Anderson - Viewing at the Green Pond Landing on Lake Hartwell with food trucks , astronomer , and music . Unfortunately clouds blocked the sun at the time of totality . </Li> <Li> Charleston - The College of Charleston hosted NASA 's `` eclipse headquarters '' broadcast as part of an afternoon eclipse viewing celebration on the green behind the campus library . </Li> <Li> Clemson -- Viewing at Clemson University . </Li> <Li> Columbia -- The South Carolina State Museum hosted four days of educational events , including an appearance by Apollo 16 astronaut Charles Duke . At Spirit Communications Park , the Columbia Fireflies , a Class A baseball team , played an eclipse game against the visiting Rome Braves . </Li> <Li> Greenville -- Viewing at Furman University . Events include streaming coverage from NASA , educational activities , and live music . At Fluor Field , the Greenville Drive , a Class A baseball team , played an eclipse game against the visiting West Virginia Power . </Li> <Li> Sumter -- Viewing at Dillon Park . Eclipse viewing glasses given away for free . </Li> </Ul> <H2> Viewing from outside the United States ( edit ) </H2> Boundaries of the sunset partial eclipse in Western Europe <H3> Canada ( edit ) </H3> <P> A partial eclipse was visible across the width of Canada , ranging from 89 percent in Victoria , British Columbia to 11 percent in Resolute , Nunavut . In Ottawa , viewing parties were held at the Canada Aviation and Space Museum . In Toronto , viewing parties were held at the CNE and the Ontario Science Centre </P> <H3> Mexico , central America , Caribbean islands , South America ( edit ) </H3> <P> A partial eclipse was visible from Central America , Mexico , the Caribbean islands , and ships and aircraft in and above the adjacent oceans , as well as the northern countries of South America such as Colombia , Venezuela , and several others . </P> <H3> Russia ( edit ) </H3> <P> A partial eclipse was visible only in the Chukchi Peninsula . In Anadyr , the maximum obscuration was 27.82 % . </P> <H3> Europe ( edit ) </H3> <P> In northwestern Europe , a partial eclipse was visible in the evening or at sunset . Only those in Iceland , Ireland , Northern Ireland , Scotland and the Portuguese Azores archipelago saw the eclipse from beginning to end ; in the rest of the UK , Norway , the Netherlands , Belgium , France , Spain , and Portugal , sunset occurred before the end of the eclipse . In Germany , the beginning of the eclipse was visible just at sunset only in the extreme northwest of the country . In all regions east of the orange line on the map , the eclipse was not visible . </P> <H3> West Africa ( edit ) </H3> <P> In some locations in West Africa and western North Africa , a partial eclipse was seen just before and during sunset . </P> <H2> Media and scientific coverage ( edit ) </H2> The Moon 's umbra , as seen from the International Space Station <P> A large number of media outlets broadcast coverage of the eclipse , including television and internet outlets . NASA announced plans to offer streaming coverage through its NASA TV and NASA Edge outlets , using cameras stationed on the ground along the path of totality , along with cameras on high - altitude balloons , jets , and coverage from the International Space Station ; NASA stated that `` never before will a celestial event be viewed by so many and explored from so many vantage points -- from space , from the air , and from the ground . '' ABC , CBS , and NBC announced that they would respectively broadcast live television specials to cover the eclipse with correspondents stationed across the path of totality , along with CNN , Fox News Channel , Science , and The Weather Channel . The PBS series Nova presented streaming coverage on Facebook hosted by Miles O'Brien , and aired a special episode chronicling the event -- `` Eclipse Over America '' -- later in the day ( which marked the fastest production turnaround time in Nova history ) . </P> <P> Other institutions and services also announced plans to stream their perspectives of the eclipse , including the Exploratorium in San Francisco , the Elephant Sanctuary of Hohenwald , Tennessee , the Slooh robotic telescope app , and The Virtual Telescope Project . The Eclipse Ballooning Project , a consortium of schools and colleges that sent 50 high - altitude balloons into the sky during the eclipse to conduct experiments , provided streams of footage and GPS tracking of its launches . Contact with one balloon with $13,000 of scientific equipment , launched under the aegis of the LGF Museum of Natural History near Vale , Oregon , was lost at 20,000 feet ( 6,100 m ) . Given that the balloon was believed to have burst at 100,000 feet ( 30,000 m ) , it could have parachuted down anywhere from eastern Oregon to Caldwell , Idaho ( most likely ) to Sun Valley , Idaho ; a $1,000 reward is offered for its recovery . </P> <P> The National Solar Observatory organized Citizen CATE volunteers to man 60 identical telescopes and instrumentation packages along the totality path to study changes in the corona over the duration of the eclipse . </P> <P> In orbit , the satellites Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter , the International Space Station , the Solar Dynamics Observatory , the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer , Solar and Heliospheric Observatory , and Hinode gathered data from the eclipse . </P> <P> A viewing party was held at the White House , during which President Donald Trump appeared on the Truman Balcony with First Lady Melania Trump . With the sun partially eclipsed , President Trump looked briefly in the general direction of the sun before using solar viewing glasses . </P> <P> The rapper Joey Badass boasted of watching the solar eclipse without viewing glasses , considering that `` our ancestors ai n't have no fancy eyewear ( and ) they ai n't all go blind '' . Unlike the US president , he did not wear viewing glasses during the entire eclipse . Later , he complained of vision problems and had to cancel his Cleveland , Chicago & Toronto shows on the Everybody Tour , due to `` unforeseen circumstances '' . </P> <P> The eclipse generated reports of abnormal behavior in animal and plant life . Some farm animals including domestic chickens came out from under their coops and began grooming , usually an evening activity . Horses also displayed increased whinnying , running , and jumping after the event . Cicadas were reported to grow louder before going silent during totality . Various birds were also observed flying in unusually large formations . Flowers such as the Hibiscus closed their petals which typically happens at night , before opening again after the solar event . </P> <P> NASA reported over 90 million page views of the eclipse on its websites , making it the agency 's biggest online event ever , beating the previous web traffic record about seven times over . </P> <H2> Counterfeit eclipse glasses ( edit ) </H2> See also : Solar viewer <P> In the months leading up to the eclipse , many counterfeit glasses were put up for sale . Effective eclipse glasses must not only block most visible light , but most UV and infrared light as well . For visible light , the user should only be able to see the Sun , sunglint reflected off shiny metal , halogen bulbs , the filament in unfrosted incandescent bulbs , and similarly intense sources . Determining whether the glasses effectively block enough UV and infrared light requires the use of spectrophotometer , which is a rather expensive piece of lab equipment . </P> <P> The eye 's retina lacks pain receptors , and thus damage can occur without one 's awareness . </P> <P> The American Astronomical Society ( AAS ) said products meeting the ISO 12312 - 2 standard avoid risk to one 's eyes , and issued a list of reputable vendors of eclipse glasses . The organization warned against products claiming ISO certification or even citing the same number , but not tested by an accredited laboratory . Another problem was counterfeits of reputable vendors ' products , some even claiming the company 's name such as with American Paper Optics which published information detailing the differences between its glasses and counterfeits . </P> <P> Andrew Lund , the owner of a company which produces eclipse glasses , noted that not all counterfeit glasses were necessarily unsafe . He stated to Quartz that the counterfeits he tested blocked the majority of harmful light spectrum , concluding that `` the IP is getting ripped off , but the good news is there are no long - term harmful effects . '' As one example , the Springdale Library in metropolitan Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania , accidentally passed out dozens of pairs of counterfeit eclipse glasses , but as of August 23 had not received any reports of eye damage . </P> <P> On July 27 , 2017 , Amazon required all eclipse viewing products sold on its website have a submission of origin and safety information , and proof of an accredited ISO certification . In mid-August 2017 , Amazon recalled and pulled listings for eclipse viewing glasses that `` may not comply with industry standards '' , and gave refunds to customers who had purchased them . </P> <H2> Eye damage ( edit ) </H2> <P> Short - term damage includes solar keratitis , which is similar to sunburn of the cornea . Symptoms usually occur within twenty - four hours and include eye pain and light sensitivity . </P> <P> Long - term or permanent damage includes solar retinopathy , which occurs when the sun burns a hole in the retina , usually at the fovea ( the focus of the retina ) . Symptoms can occur as long as several weeks after the incident , and can include loss of central vision and / or other vision , as well as eye pain and light sensitivity , afterimages , and changes in color vision . </P> <P> Depending on the severity of damage , vision problems can last for several months or be permanent . </P> <P> Dr. Avnish Deobhakta , an ophthalmologist in New York , states that , `` `` If you 're looking at the sun you 're actually focusing , intentionally , the light of the sun onto the spot ( fovea ) where you want the most precise vision . '' </P> <P> Following a total eclipse in the United Kingdom in 1999 , at least 14 cases of permanent damage were confirmed . </P> <P> One story of solar eclipse danger was illustrated by the case of Mr. Tomososki , who damaged his eyesight when viewing a 1962 eclipse , leaving him with a pea - sized blind spot for the rest of his life . During the 2017 eclipse he warned the country to not make the mistake he did . While some can recover , the danger of an eclipse comes in part because the excitement can override the instinct to not look at the sun . </P> <H2> Planning ( edit ) </H2> A message board on U.S. Route 64 in North Carolina alerting drivers of the eclipse <P> Officials inside and near the path of totality planned -- sometimes for years -- for the sudden influx of people . Smaller towns struggled to arrange viewing sites and logistics for what could have been a tourism boom or a disaster . </P> <P> In the American West , illegal camping was a major concern , including near cities like Jackson Hole , Wyoming . Idaho 's Office of Emergency Management said Idaho was a prime viewing state , and advised jurisdictions to prepare for service load increases ; nearly every hotel and motel room , campground , and in some cases backyards for nearly 100 miles ( 160 km ) north and south of the path of totality had been reserved several months , if not years , in advance . The state anticipated up to 500,000 visitors to join its 1.6 million residents . </P> <P> Oregon deployed six National Guard aircraft and 150 soldiers because the influx of visitors coincided with the state 's fire season . Hospital staffing , and supplies of blood and anti -- snake bite antidote , were augmented along the totality line . </P> <P> In Oregon , there were reports of hoteliers canceling existing reservations made at the regular market rate and increasing their rate , sometimes threefold or more , for guests staying to view the eclipse . The Oregon Department of Justice ( DOJ ) investigated various complaints and reached settlements with affected customers of at least 10 hotels in the state . These settlements included refunds to the customers and fines paid to the DOJ . </P> <H2> Post-eclipse traffic problems ( edit ) </H2> <P> Although traffic to areas within the path of totality was somewhat spread out over the days prior to the eclipse , there were widespread traffic problems across the United States after the event ended . Michael Zeiler , an eclipse cartographer , had estimated that between 1.85 million and 7.4 million people would travel to the path of the eclipse . </P> <P> In Oregon , an estimated one million people were expected to arrive that the Oregon National Guard was called in to help manage traffic in Madras along US 26 and US 97 . Madras Municipal Airport received more than 400 mostly personal planes that queued for hours while waiting to leave after the eclipse . </P> <P> Officials in Idaho , where the totality path crossed the center of the state , began planning for the eclipse a year in advance . The state Transportation Department suspended construction projects along Interstate 15 , which traverses Eastern Idaho , from August 18 -- 22 in order to have all lanes open ; their counterparts in neighboring Utah , where many were expected to travel the 220 miles ( 350 km ) north via the highway from the Salt Lake City metropolitan area , did the same . On the morning of the eclipse , many drivers left before dawn , creating traffic volume along I - 15 normally not seen until morning rush hour ; northbound traffic on the interstate in Box Elder County north of Salt Lake City slowed to 10 -- 15 miles per hour ( 16 -- 24 km / h ) . The Idaho State Police ( ISP ) stationed a patrol car along I - 15 every 15 miles ( 24 km ) between Shelley and the Utah border . </P> Traffic backed up on I - 15 / US 26 south of Idaho Falls <P> After the eclipse , traffic more than doubled along I - 15 southbound , with extensive traffic jams continuing for eight hours as viewers who had traveled north into the totality path from Utah returned there and to points south . The ISP tweeted a picture of bumper - to - bumper traffic stalled on the interstate just south of Idaho Falls . Motorists reported to local news outlets that it was taking them two hours to travel the 47 miles ( 76 km ) from that city to Pocatello to the south , a journey that normally takes 45 minutes . Others reported that it took three hours to travel from Idaho Falls to the closer city of Blackfoot , 30 miles ( 48 km ) farther north of Pocatello . </P> <P> In the rest of the state the impact was less severe . Traffic nearly doubled on US 93 , and was up 55 percent on US 20 . </P> <P> For some northbound travelers on I - 15 , the Montana Department of Transportation had failed to make similar plans to those in Idaho , scheduling a road construction project to begin on August 21 that narrowed a section of the highway to a single northbound lane , near the exit to Clark Canyon Dam south of Dillon . Though that stretch of highway generally has a traffic count of less than 1,000 vehicles per day , on the day of the eclipse there were over a thousand vehicles per hour at peak times . As a result , traffic backed up as far as Lima , creating a delay of at least an hour for travelers heading northward . Further , as construction had not yet begun , drivers observed cones set up but no workers present on the road . While the state traditionally halts construction projects during high traffic periods , a state official admitted `` we ... probably made a bad mistake here in this regard . '' </P> Traffic waiting to get on Interstate 25 at Glendo , Wyoming , after the eclipse <P> In Wyoming , estimates were that the population of the state , officially 585,000 , may have doubled or even tripled , with traffic counts on August 21 showing 536,000 more cars than the five - year average for the third Monday in August ; a 68 percent increase . One official offered an estimate of `` two people in every car '' to arrive at a one - million - visitor figure , and others noted that one million was a conservative estimate based on a one - day traffic count of limited portions of major highways . There were additional arrivals by aircraft , plus travelers who arrived early or stayed for additional days . Two days before the eclipse , traffic increased 18 percent over a five - year average , with an additional 131,000 vehicles on the road . Sunday saw an additional 217,000 - vehicle increase . </P> <P> Following the eclipse , more than 500,000 vehicles traveled Wyoming roads , creating large traffic jams , particularly on southbound and eastbound highways . Drivers reported that it took up to 10 hours to travel 160 miles ( 260 km ) into northern Colorado . There was one traffic fatality , and another fatality related to an off - highway ATV accident , but in general there were far fewer incidents and traffic citations than authorities had anticipated . </P> <P> In Tennessee , the Knoxville News Sentinel described the traffic problems created by the eclipse as the worst ever seen in that part of the state . One backup along Interstate 75 reached 34 miles ( 55 km ) in length , between Niota and the Interstate 40 interchange at Farragut . A spokesman for the state 's Department of Transportation allowed that the traffic jams were the worst he had seen in six and a half years on the job , noting that accidents had aggravated the already heavy traffic flows , attributed the I - 75 congestion to Knoxville - area residents heading for the totality path at Sweetwater and returning during what was the city 's normal afternoon rush hour . </P> <P> Before the eclipse , state officials had described their traffic expectations as equivalent to that generated by the Bonnaroo Music Festival , the twice - a-season NASCAR Monster Energy Cup races at Bristol or the formerly - held Boomsday fireworks festival . `` Maybe they should have considered a tsunami of traffic combining all three of those heavily attended events '' , the News Sentinel commented . The Tennessee Highway Patrol made sure that `` ( e ) very trooper not on sick leave or military leave or pre-approved leave ( wa ) s working '' the day of the eclipse ; the state DOT made sure its full complement of emergency - aid HELP trucks were available as well . Alert signs on the highways also warned motorists not to pull over onto the shoulders to watch the eclipse as it could increase the risk of dangerous accidents and block the path of emergency vehicles . </P> <P> In North Carolina , the Department of Transportation added cameras , message boards and safety patrols in the counties where the total eclipse would take place , as well as stopping road work . The department warned that due to `` unprecedented '' traffic ordinary activities requiring driving might prove difficult , and advised people to act as if there were snow . </P> <P> In Kentucky , particularly around the Hopkinsville area , which was dubbed `` Eclipseville , USA '' , post-eclipse traffic caused extensive delays . The en masse departure of tourists via Interstate 69 as well as the Western Kentucky Parkway resulted in commute times double or even triple of normal . The Hopkinsville - to - Lexington commute under normal circumstances lasts three and a half hours . </P> <H2> Impact on solar power ( edit ) </H2> <P> An eclipse causes a reduction of solar power generation where the Moon shadow covers any solar panel , as do clouds . </P> <P> The North American Electric Reliability Corporation predicted minor impacts , and attempted to measure the impact of the 2017 eclipse . In California , solar power was projected to decrease by 4 -- 6,000 megawatts at 70 MW / minute , and then ramp up by 90 MW / minute as the shadow passes . CAISO 's typical ramp rate is 29 megawatts per minute . Around 4 GW mainly in North Carolina and Georgia were expected to be 90 percent obscured . </P> <P> After the 2017 eclipse , grid operators in California reported having lost 3,000 -- 3,500 megawatts of utility - scale solar power , which was made up for by hydropower and gas reliably and as expected , mimicking the usual duck curve . Energy demand management was also used to mitigate the solar drop . </P> <P> NV Energy prepared for the solar eclipse months in advance and collaborated with 17 western states . When the eclipse began covering California with partial darkness , which reduced its usual amount of solar - generated electricity , NV Energy sent power there . Likewise , when Nevada received less sunlight , other west coast states supplied electricity to it . During the solar eclipse , the state of Nevada lost about 450 megawatts of electricity , the amount used by about a quarter million typical residences . </P> <P> The 2015 eclipse caused manageable solar power decreases in Europe ; in Germany , solar power dropped from 14 GW to 7 GW , of a 38 GW solar power capacity . </P> <H2> Commemorative stamp ( edit ) </H2> Main article : 2017 Total Solar Eclipse stamp <P> On June 20 , 2017 , the United States Postal Service released the first application of thermochromic ink to postage stamps in its Total Eclipse of the Sun Forever stamp to commemorate the solar eclipse of August 21 , 2017 . When pressed with a finger , body heat turns the black circle in the center of the stamp into an image of the full moon . The stamp image is a photo of the solar eclipse of March 29 , 2006 seen in Jalu , Libya . The photo was taken by retired NASA astrophysicist Fred Espenak . </P> <H2> Videos ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> <P> Animation showing shadow movement of event from space . </P> </Li> <Li> Play media <P> Illustration showing umbra ( black oval ) , penumbra ( concentric shaded ovals ) , and path of totality ( red ) . </P> </Li> <Li> Play media <P> Illustration featuring several visualizations of the event . </P> </Li> <Li> Play media <P> Short time - lapse showing umbra as it moves across the clouds . </P> </Li> <Li> Play media <P> Video of the moment totality occurred in Newberry , South Carolina </P> </Li> </Ul> <H2> Gallery ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Totality ( edit ) </H3> <P> ( Images where the sun is completely eclipsed by the moon ) </P> <Ul> <Li> <P> Sequence starting at 9 : 06am , totality at 10 : 19am , and ending at 10 : 21am PDT , as seen from Corvallis , Oregon </P> </Li> <Li> <P> Totality and prominences as seen from Glenrock , Wyoming </P> </Li> <Li> <P> Totality as seen from Columbia , Missouri </P> </Li> <Li> <P> Totality as seen from Sweetwater , Tennessee </P> </Li> <Li> <P> Totality as seen from Saint Paul , Clarendon County , South Carolina </P> </Li> <Li> <P> Totality as seen from Newberry , South Carolina </P> </Li> </Ul> <H3> Transition ( edit ) </H3> <P> ( Images showing Baily 's beads or a Diamond ring , which occur just as totality begins or ends ) </P> <Ul> <Li> <P> Beginning of Diamond ring as seen from Glenrock , Wyoming </P> </Li> <Li> <P> Diamond ring as seen from Jay Em , Wyoming </P> </Li> <Li> <P> Baily 's beads before totality from far western Nebraska </P> </Li> <Li> <P> Diamond ring as seen from Corvallis , Oregon </P> </Li> <Li> <P> Diamond ring as seen from Saint Paul , South Carolina </P> </Li> <Li> <P> Diamond ring as seen from Newberry , South Carolina </P> </Li> <Li> <P> Diamond ring ( with large flare ) as seen from Cullowhee , NC </P> </Li> </Ul> <H3> Partial ( edit ) </H3> <P> ( Images where the sun is partially eclipsed by the moon ) </P> <Ul> <Li> <P> Seattle , Washington </P> </Li> <Li> <P> North Cascades National Park , Washington </P> </Li> <Li> <P> San Francisco , California </P> </Li> <Li> <P> Mira Mesa in San Diego , California </P> </Li> <Li> <P> Far western Nebraska </P> </Li> <Li> <P> White House , Tennessee </P> </Li> <Li> <P> Maine at 2 : 41 p.m. EDT before maximum 68 % coverage at 2 : 45 p.m. </P> </Li> <Li> <P> Brooklyn , New York </P> </Li> <Li> <P> Ellicott City , Maryland shortly before maximum eclipse ( ~ 80 % ) </P> </Li> <Li> <P> Virginia Beach , Virginia </P> </Li> <Li> <P> Simpsonville , South Carolina </P> </Li> <Li> <P> Newberry , South Carolina </P> </Li> </Ul> <H3> Images produced by natural pinholes ( edit ) </H3> <P> ( Images of the eclipse created by natural pinholes formed by tree leaves ) </P> <Ul> <Li> <P> North Cascade mountains ( British Columbia and Washington ) . </P> </Li> <Li> <P> Moon , Pennsylvania </P> </Li> </Ul> <H3> Views outside of the U.S. ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> <P> Tuxtla Gutiérrez ( Chiapas ) , Mexico at 12 : 36 GMT - 6 . </P> </Li> <Li> <P> Chihuahua , Mexico at 11 : 40 a.m. </P> </Li> <Li> <P> Sunset from Zarautz , Basque Country Spain </P> </Li> <Li> <P> Sunset , viewed from Coimbra , Portugal </P> </Li> </Ul> <H2> Related eclipses ( edit ) </H2> <P> Astronomers Without Borders began collecting eclipse glasses for redistribution to Latin America for the total solar eclipse occurring on July 2 , 2019 and to Asia for the annular eclipse on December 26 , 2019 . </P> <P> A partial lunar eclipse took place on August 7 , 2017 , in the same eclipse season . It was visible over Africa , Asia , Australia , and eastern Europe . </P> <H3> Solar eclipses 2015 -- 2018 ( edit ) </H3> <P> Each member in a semester series of solar eclipses repeats approximately every 177 days and 4 hours ( a semester ) at alternating nodes of the Moon 's orbit . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="5"> ( show ) Solar eclipse series sets from 2015 -- 18 </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Descending node </Th> <Td> </Td> <Th_colspan="2"> Ascending node </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Saros </Th> <Th> Map </Th> <Th> Saros </Th> <Th> Map </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 120 Longyearbyen , Svalbard </Td> <Td> March 20 , 2015 Total </Td> <Td> 125 </Td> <Td> September 13 , 2015 Partial </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 130 Balikpapan , Indonesia </Td> <Td> March 9 , 2016 Total </Td> <Td> 135 L'Étang - Salé , Réunion </Td> <Td> September 1 , 2016 Annular </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 140 Partial from Buenos Aires </Td> <Td> February 26 , 2017 Annular </Td> <Td> 145 Oregon </Td> <Td> August 21 , 2017 Total </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 150 </Td> <Td> February 15 , 2018 Partial </Td> <Td> 155 </Td> <Td> August 11 , 2018 Partial </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="7"> Partial solar eclipses on July 13 , 2018 , and January 6 , 2019 , occur during the next semester series . </Th> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Saros series 145 ( edit ) </H3> <P> This solar eclipse is a part of Saros cycle 145 , repeating every 18 years , 11 days , 8 hours , containing 77 events . The series started with a partial solar eclipse on January 4 , 1639 , and reached a first annular eclipse on June 6 , 1891 . It was a hybrid event on June 17 , 1909 , and total eclipses from June 29 , 1927 , through September 9 , 2648 . The series ends at member 77 as a partial eclipse on April 17 , 3009 . The longest eclipse will occur on June 25 , 2522 , with a maximum duration of totality of 7 minutes , 12 seconds . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="3"> ( show ) Series members 16 -- 26 occur between 1901 and 2100 </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 16 </Th> <Th> 17 </Th> <Th> 18 </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> June 17 , 1909 </Td> <Td> June 29 , 1927 </Td> <Td> July 9 , 1945 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 19 </Th> <Th> 20 </Th> <Th> 21 </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> July 20 , 1963 </Td> <Td> July 31 , 1981 </Td> <Td> August 11 , 1999 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 22 </Th> <Th> 23 </Th> <Th> 24 </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> August 21 , 2017 </Td> <Td> September 2 , 2035 </Td> <Td> September 12 , 2053 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 25 </Th> <Th> 26 </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> September 23 , 2071 </Td> <Td> October 4 , 2089 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Metonic series ( edit ) </H3> <P> The metonic series repeats eclipses every 19 years ( 6939.69 days ) , lasting about 5 cycles . Eclipses occur in nearly the same calendar date . In addition , the octon subseries repeats 1 / 5 of that or every 3.8 years ( 1387.94 days ) . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="5"> ( show ) 21 eclipse events , progressing from north to south between June 10 , 1964 , and August 21 , 2036 </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> June 10 -- 11 </Th> <Th> March 27 -- 29 </Th> <Th> January 15 -- 16 </Th> <Th> November 3 </Th> <Th> August 21 -- 22 </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 117 </Th> <Th> 119 </Th> <Th> 121 </Th> <Th> 123 </Th> <Th> 125 </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> June 10 , 1964 </Td> <Td> March 28 , 1968 </Td> <Td> January 16 , 1972 </Td> <Td> November 3 , 1975 </Td> <Td> August 22 , 1979 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 127 </Th> <Th> 129 </Th> <Th> 131 </Th> <Th> 133 </Th> <Th> 135 </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> June 11 , 1983 </Td> <Td> March 29 , 1987 </Td> <Td> January 15 , 1991 </Td> <Td> November 3 , 1994 </Td> <Td> August 22 , 1998 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 137 </Th> <Th> 139 </Th> <Th> 141 </Th> <Th> 143 </Th> <Th> 145 </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> June 10 , 2002 </Td> <Td> March 29 , 2006 </Td> <Td> January 15 , 2010 </Td> <Td> November 3 , 2013 </Td> <Td> August 21 , 2017 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 147 </Th> <Th> 149 </Th> <Th> 151 </Th> <Th> 153 </Th> <Th> 155 </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> June 10 , 2021 </Td> <Td> March 29 , 2025 </Td> <Td> January 14 , 2029 </Td> <Td> November 3 , 2032 </Td> <Td> August 21 , 2036 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> List of solar eclipses visible from the United States </Li> </Ul> <P> Notable total solar eclipses crossing the United States from 1900 to 2050 : </P> <Ul> <Li> Solar eclipse of June 8 , 1918 </Li> <Li> Solar eclipse of April 8 , 2024 </Li> <Li> Solar eclipse of August 12 , 2045 </Li> </Ul> <P> Notable annular solar eclipses crossing the United States from 1900 to 2050 : </P> <Ul> <Li> Solar eclipse of May 10 , 1994 </Li> <Li> Solar eclipse of October 14 , 2023 </Li> <Li> Solar eclipse of June 11 , 2048 </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ Steed , Edward ( September 4 , 2017 ) . `` The Great American Eclipse of 2017 '' . 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Dr. Avnish Deobhakta is an ophthalmologist at the New York Eye and Ear Infirmary of Mount Sinai . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Do n't let the solar eclipse destroy your eyes : Experts explain signs , symptoms of vision damage , Ashley Williams , AccuWeather staff writer . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Man With Eye Damage From 1962 Eclipse Warns Others To Be Careful '' . simplemost.com . August 18 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` What looking at the solar eclipse without glasses could do to your eyes '' . Business Insider . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 24 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Mariano , Nick ( June 17 , 2016 ) . `` Local tourism , businesses make plans for solar eclipse in 2017 '' . The Southern Illinosian . Retrieved July 29 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Serven , Ruth ( July 13 , 2017 ) . `` Total solar eclipse offers small towns a tourism boom -- if they can get ready '' . The Kansas City Star . Retrieved July 29 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Richy , Brad ( July 29 , 2017 ) . `` Letter to Eclipse Communities '' ( PDF ) . Idaho Office of Emergency Management . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Moeller , Katy ( August 17 , 2017 ) . `` Oregon eclipse traffic is already backing up . Idaho has an app for that '' . The Idaho Statesman . Retrieved August 17 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Oregon governor authorizes National Guard for solar eclipse '' . KBTX - TV . Associated Press . July 27 , 2017 . Retrieved July 29 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Lynne , Terry ( August 10 , 2017 ) . `` Eclipse 2017 : Hospitals stock up on blood , rattlesnake bite antidote '' . The Oregonian . Retrieved August 10 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Hale , Jamie ( 3 April 2017 ) . `` Oregon hotels unapologetic , silent about widespread eclipse cancellations '' . OregonLive.com . Retrieved 8 September 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Guevarra , Ericka ( 28 July 2017 ) . `` Customers Get Payments From Oregon Hotels That Canceled , Raised Prices For Eclipse '' . Oregon Public Broadcasting . Retrieved 8 September 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bach , Jonathan ( 31 July 2017 ) . `` Grand Hotel to pay customers for eclipse reservation problems '' . Statesman Journal . Retrieved 8 September 2017 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Erickson , David ( August 23 , 2017 ) . `` Eclipse : Construction causes huge I - 15 traffic jam ; Montana official apologizes '' . Missoulian . Retrieved August 24 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Rao , Joe ( August 19 , 2017 ) . `` Get Ready for Major Traffic Jams During the 2017 Solar Eclipse '' . Space.com . Retrieved August 21 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Mitchell , Russ ( August 20 , 2017 ) . `` Solar eclipse gridlock : It was so busy in Madras , Ore. , they called in the National Guard '' . Los Angeles Times . ISSN 0458 - 3035 . Retrieved August 21 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Harbager , Molly ( August 21 , 2017 ) . `` Eclipse jams traffic on runways , not just roads , with hundreds of planes in Madras waiting '' . The Oregonian . Retrieved August 22 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` I - 15 projects to shut down for eclipse '' . KIFI - TV . August 17 , 2017 . Retrieved August 24 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Mims , Bob ( August 21 , 2017 ) . `` Traffic into Utah jammed as eclipse fans head home on Interstate 15 '' . Salt Lake Tribune . Retrieved August 24 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Carr , Ada ; Breslin , Sean ( August 21 , 2017 ) . `` Solar Eclipse Traffic : Interstates Busy as Final Travelers Hit the Road '' . The Weather Channel . Retrieved August 21 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Sunderland , Nate ( August 21 , 2017 ) . `` Bumper - to - bumper traffic on I - 15 as eclipse viewers leave Idaho '' . KSL - TV . Retrieved August 24 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Solar Eclipse Traffic Counts '' . Idaho Transportation Department . August 18 , 2017 . Retrieved August 21 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Peterson , Christine ( August 23 , 2017 ) . `` More than a million people may have visited Wyoming for eclipse ; one person came by sea plane '' . Casper Star - Tribune Online . Retrieved August 24 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Traffic increases 18 percent over a five - year average on Saturday as Aug. 21 eclipse nears '' . Wyoming Department of Transportation . Retrieved August 21 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Rainey , Libby ( August 22 , 2017 ) . `` Wyoming solar eclipse traffic jam was one for the record books '' . The Denver Post . Retrieved August 24 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Sanderson , Shane ( August 23 , 2017 ) . `` Highway patrol releases new details about Colorado motorcyclist killed in Eclipse traffic '' . Casper Star - Tribune Online . Retrieved August 24 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Sanderson , Shane . `` Eclipse keeps highway patrol busy , but local authorities respond to fewer incidents than expected '' . Casper Star - Tribune Online . Retrieved August 24 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Jacobs , Don ( August 21 , 2017 ) . `` Worst traffic snarls ever seen in East Tennessee '' . Knoxville News Sentinel . Retrieved August 26 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Western NC ready for eclipse , but roads clogged '' . Winston - Salem Journal . Associated Press . August 21 , 2017 . Retrieved August 21 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Williams , Chris ( July 22 , 2017 ) . `` Welcome to ' Eclipseville , ' Hopkinsville , Ky , USA '' . WHAS . Retrieved October 17 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Stunson , Mike ( August 22 , 2017 ) . `` The rare eclipse was memorable . The ride home was something they want to forget '' . Lexington Herald - Leader . Retrieved October 17 , 2017 . Once we left Hopkinsville ... It took us 10 hours to go 210 miles , and we did n't return to our home in Lexington until just after midnight . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Helmer , Katrina ( August 21 , 2017 ) . `` As solar eclipse ends , traffic stalls heading out of Hopkinsville '' . WDRB . Retrieved October 17 , 2017 . As of 10 p.m. , drivers were still on the roads trying to get back to Louisville more than seven hours after leaving Hopkinsville . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` A Wide - Area Perspective on the August 21 , 2017 Total Solar Eclipse '' ( PDF ) . North American Electric Reliability Corporation . April 2017 . p. 20 . Retrieved May 1 , 2017 . The analysis performed in this study showed no reliability impacts to bulk power system ( BPS ) operations . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 2016 Long - Term Reliability Assessment '' ( PDF ) . North American Electric Reliability Corporation . December 2016 . p. 70 . Retrieved April 18 , 2017 . causes substantial effects to wide - scale solar generation within a very short amount of time . The output generated by PV / solar systems will be either diminished or drastically reduced within the window of this event . Sudden widespread diminishing of solar irradiance may heavily affect areas with large amounts of utility scale PV energy installations or behind - the - meter DERs . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Solar eclipse on August 21 will affect photovoltaic generators across the country -- Today in Energy '' . U.S. Energy Information Administration ( EIA ) . August 7 , 2017 . Retrieved August 13 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Pyper , Julia ( May 11 , 2017 ) . `` This Summer 's Eclipse Will Put California 's Solar - Powered Grid to the Test '' . Greentech Media . Retrieved May 14 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Grandoni , Dino ( August 21 , 2017 ) . `` California is the state that most depends on the sun for energy . It survived the eclipse without losing any '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved August 23 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Baker , David R. ( August 21 , 2017 ) . `` California power grid survives solar eclipse unscathed '' . SFGate . Retrieved August 23 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Pyper , Julia ( August 21 , 2017 ) . `` Looking Beyond the Eclipse : How the Historic Event Tested Customer Engagement on the Electric Grid '' . Retrieved August 23 , 2017 . Today 's eclipse is a test run for the electricity community . So we have exactly the same challenge on a regular basis within the grid because of solar . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Mendoza , Jullie Anne ( August 21 , 2017 ) . `` NV Energy all set for solar eclipse in Nevada , despite loss of power '' . Centrio News . Henderson , Nevada : Centrio Media Network . Retrieved August 22 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` European power grids keep lights on through solar eclipse '' . Reuters . March 20 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` German power net survives solar eclipse '' . dw.com . Deutsche Welle . March 20 , 2015 . Retrieved May 14 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Total Eclipse of the Sun to be commemorated on a Forever Stamp '' . United States Postal Service . April 27 , 2017 . Retrieved July 10 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Total Eclipse of the Sun '' . United States Postal Service ( store ) . Retrieved June 27 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Cooper , Gael ( 2017 - 08 - 22 ) . `` Wait ! Dig those eclipse glasses out of the garbage Here comes the sun . Astronomers Without Borders will be collecting the protective eyewear for use in future eclipses worldwide '' . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 27 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Espenak , Fred ( September 26 , 2009 ) . `` Statistics for Solar Eclipses of Saros 145 '' . NASA . Archived from the original on September 30 , 2009 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> Further reading ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Bakich , Michael E. ( 2016 ) . Your Guide to the 2017 Total Solar Eclipse . The Patrick Moore Practical Astronomy Series . New York , NY : Springer . ISBN 978 - 3 - 319 - 27630 - 4 . </Li> </Ul> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> Find more aboutSolar eclipse of August 21 , 2017at Wikipedia 's sister projects <Ul> <Li> Media from Commons </Li> <Li> Data from Wikidata </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> August 21 , 2017 eclipse -- NASA </Li> <Li> Color map -- NASA </Li> <Li> Eclipse 2017 : One Nation Under The Sun ( NPR ) A synopsis of people 's reactions as the eclipse moved across the U.S. , ( published August 27 , 2017 ) . </Li> <Li> Eclipse Across America ( Celestron ) A synopsis of people 's reactions as the eclipse moved across the U.S. , ( published September 26 , 2017 ) . </Li> <Li> Photos and videos Space.com </Li> <Li> Gallery of photos from Casper , Wyoming </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Solar eclipses </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Lists of eclipses </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> By century </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Antiquity </Li> <Li> 20th BC </Li> <Li> 19th BC </Li> <Li> 18th BC </Li> <Li> 17th BC </Li> <Li> 16th BC </Li> <Li> 15th BC </Li> <Li> 14th BC </Li> <Li> 13th BC </Li> <Li> 12th BC </Li> <Li> 11th BC </Li> <Li> 10th BC </Li> <Li> 9th BC </Li> <Li> 8th BC </Li> <Li> 7th BC </Li> <Li> 6th BC </Li> <Li> 5th BC </Li> <Li> 4th BC </Li> <Li> 3rd BC </Li> <Li> 2nd BC </Li> <Li> 1st BC </Li> <Li> 1st </Li> <Li> 2nd </Li> <Li> 3rd </Li> <Li> 4th </Li> <Li> 5th </Li> <Li> 6th </Li> <Li> 7th </Li> <Li> 8th </Li> <Li> 9th </Li> <Li> 10th </Li> <Li> 11th </Li> <Li> 12th </Li> <Li> 13th </Li> <Li> 14th </Li> <Li> 15th </Li> <Li> 16th </Li> <Li> 17th </Li> <Li> 18th </Li> <Li> 19th </Li> <Li> 20th </Li> <Li> 21st </Li> <Li> 22nd </Li> <Li> 23rd </Li> <Li> 24th </Li> <Li> 25th </Li> <Li> 26th </Li> <Li> 27th </Li> <Li> 28th </Li> <Li> 29th </Li> <Li> 30th </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Saros series </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 110 </Li> <Li> 111 </Li> <Li> 112 </Li> <Li> 113 </Li> <Li> 114 </Li> <Li> 115 </Li> <Li> 116 </Li> <Li> 117 </Li> <Li> 118 </Li> <Li> 119 </Li> <Li> 120 </Li> <Li> 121 </Li> <Li> 122 </Li> <Li> 123 </Li> <Li> 124 </Li> <Li> 125 </Li> <Li> 126 </Li> <Li> 127 </Li> <Li> 128 </Li> <Li> 129 </Li> <Li> 130 </Li> <Li> 131 </Li> <Li> 132 </Li> <Li> 133 </Li> <Li> 134 </Li> <Li> 135 </Li> <Li> 136 </Li> <Li> 137 </Li> <Li> 138 </Li> <Li> 139 </Li> <Li> 140 </Li> <Li> 141 </Li> <Li> 142 </Li> <Li> 143 </Li> <Li> 144 </Li> <Li> 145 </Li> <Li> 146 </Li> <Li> 147 </Li> <Li> 148 </Li> <Li> 149 </Li> <Li> 150 </Li> <Li> 151 </Li> <Li> 152 </Li> <Li> 153 </Li> <Li> 154 </Li> <Li> 155 </Li> <Li> 156 </Li> <Li> 157 </Li> <Li> 158 </Li> <Li> 159 </Li> <Li> 160 </Li> <Li> 161 </Li> <Li> 162 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Visibility </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Australia </Li> <Li> China </Li> <Li> Philippines </Li> <Li> Russia </Li> <Li> Ukraine </Li> <Li> United Kingdom </Li> <Li> United States </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Historical </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Mursili 's eclipse ( 1312 BC ) </Li> <Li> Assyrian eclipse ( 763 BC ) </Li> <Li> Eclipse of Thales ( 585 BC ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Total / hybrid eclipses → symbol denotes next total / hybrid eclipse </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 1560 Aug 21 </Li> <Li> 1598 Mar 7 </Li> <Li> 1652 Apr 8 </Li> <Li> 1654 Aug 12 </Li> <Li> 1673 Aug 12 </Li> <Li> 1699 Sep 23 </Li> <Li> 1715 May 3 </Li> <Li> 1724 May 22 </Li> <Li> 1766 Feb 9 </Li> <Li> 1778 Jun 24 </Li> <Li> 1780 Oct 27 </Li> <Li> 1806 Jun 16 </Li> <Li> 1816 Nov 19 </Li> <Li> 1824 Jun 26 </Li> <Li> 1842 Jul 8 </Li> <Li> 1851 Jul 28 </Li> <Li> 1853 Nov 30 </Li> <Li> 1857 Mar 25 </Li> <Li> 1858 Sep 7 </Li> <Li> 1860 Jul 18 </Li> <Li> 1865 Apr 25 </Li> <Li> 1867 Aug 29 </Li> <Li> 1868 Aug 18 </Li> <Li> 1869 Aug 7 </Li> <Li> 1870 Dec 22 </Li> <Li> 1871 Dec 12 </Li> <Li> 1874 Apr 16 </Li> <Li> 1875 Apr 6 </Li> <Li> 1878 Jul 29 </Li> <Li> 1882 May 17 </Li> <Li> 1883 May 6 </Li> <Li> 1885 Sep 8 </Li> <Li> 1886 Aug 29 </Li> <Li> 1887 Aug 19 </Li> <Li> 1889 Jan 1 </Li> <Li> 1889 Dec 22 </Li> <Li> 1893 Apr 16 </Li> <Li> 1896 Aug 9 </Li> <Li> 1898 Jan 22 </Li> <Li> 1900 May 28 </Li> <Li> 1901 May 18 </Li> <Li> 1903 Sep 21 </Li> <Li> 1904 Sep 9 </Li> <Li> 1905 Aug 30 </Li> <Li> 1907 Jan 14 </Li> <Li> 1908 Jan 3 </Li> <Li> 1908 Dec 23 </Li> <Li> 1909 Jun 17 </Li> <Li> 1910 May 9 </Li> <Li> 1911 Apr 28 </Li> <Li> 1912 Apr 17 </Li> <Li> 1912 Oct 10 </Li> <Li> 1914 Aug 21 </Li> <Li> 1916 Feb 3 </Li> <Li> 1918 Jun 8 </Li> <Li> 1919 May 29 </Li> <Li> 1921 Oct 1 </Li> <Li> 1922 Sep 21 </Li> <Li> 1923 Sep 10 </Li> <Li> 1925 Jan 24 </Li> <Li> 1926 Jan 14 </Li> <Li> 1927 Jun 29 </Li> <Li> 1928 May 19 </Li> <Li> 1929 May 9 </Li> <Li> 1930 Apr 28 </Li> <Li> 1930 Oct 21 </Li> <Li> 1932 Aug 31 </Li> <Li> 1934 Feb 14 </Li> <Li> 1936 Jun 19 </Li> <Li> 1937 Jun 8 </Li> <Li> 1938 May 29 </Li> <Li> 1939 Oct 12 </Li> <Li> 1940 Oct 1 </Li> <Li> 1941 Sep 21 </Li> <Li> 1943 Feb 4 </Li> <Li> 1944 Jan 25 </Li> <Li> 1944 Jul 20 </Li> <Li> 1945 Jul 9 </Li> <Li> 1947 May 20 </Li> <Li> 1948 Nov 1 </Li> <Li> 1950 Sep 12 </Li> <Li> 1952 Feb 25 </Li> <Li> 1954 Jun 30 </Li> <Li> 1955 Jun 20 </Li> <Li> 1956 Jun 8 </Li> <Li> 1957 Oct 23 </Li> <Li> 1958 Oct 12 </Li> <Li> 1959 Oct 2 </Li> <Li> 1961 Feb 15 </Li> <Li> 1962 Feb 5 </Li> <Li> 1963 Jul 20 </Li> <Li> 1965 May 30 </Li> <Li> 1966 Nov 12 </Li> <Li> 1967 Nov 2 </Li> <Li> 1968 Sep 22 </Li> <Li> 1970 Mar 7 </Li> <Li> 1972 Jul 10 </Li> <Li> 1973 Jun 30 </Li> <Li> 1974 Jun 20 </Li> <Li> 1976 Oct 23 </Li> <Li> 1977 Oct 12 </Li> <Li> 1979 Feb 26 </Li> <Li> 1980 Feb 16 </Li> <Li> 1981 Jul 31 </Li> <Li> 1983 Jun 11 </Li> <Li> 1984 Nov 22 </Li> <Li> 1985 Nov 12 </Li> <Li> 1986 Oct 3 </Li> <Li> 1987 Mar 29 </Li> <Li> 1988 Mar 18 </Li> <Li> 1990 Jul 22 </Li> <Li> 1991 Jul 11 </Li> <Li> 1992 Jun 30 </Li> <Li> 1994 Nov 3 </Li> <Li> 1995 Oct 24 </Li> <Li> 1997 Mar 9 </Li> <Li> 1998 Feb 26 </Li> <Li> 1999 Aug 11 </Li> <Li> 2001 Jun 21 </Li> <Li> 2002 Dec 4 </Li> <Li> 2003 Nov 23 </Li> <Li> 2005 Apr 8 </Li> <Li> 2006 Mar 29 </Li> <Li> 2008 Aug 1 </Li> <Li> 2009 Jul 22 </Li> <Li> 2010 Jul 11 </Li> <Li> 2012 Nov 13 </Li> <Li> 2013 Nov 3 </Li> <Li> 2015 Mar 20 </Li> <Li> 2016 Mar 9 </Li> <Li> 2017 Aug 21 </Li> <Li> → 2019 Jul 2 </Li> <Li> 2020 Dec 14 </Li> <Li> 2021 Dec 4 </Li> <Li> 2023 Apr 20 </Li> <Li> 2024 Apr 8 </Li> <Li> 2026 Aug 12 </Li> <Li> 2027 Aug 2 </Li> <Li> 2028 Jul 22 </Li> <Li> 2030 Nov 25 </Li> <Li> 2031 Nov 14 </Li> <Li> 2033 Mar 30 </Li> <Li> 2034 Mar 20 </Li> <Li> 2035 Sep 2 </Li> <Li> 2037 Jul 13 </Li> <Li> 2038 Dec 26 </Li> <Li> 2039 Dec 15 </Li> <Li> 2041 Apr 30 </Li> <Li> 2042 Apr 20 </Li> <Li> 2043 Apr 9 </Li> <Li> 2044 Aug 23 </Li> <Li> 2045 Aug 12 </Li> <Li> 2046 Aug 2 </Li> <Li> 2048 Dec 5 </Li> <Li> 2049 Nov 25 </Li> <Li> 2050 May 20 </Li> <Li> 2052 Mar 30 </Li> <Li> 2053 Sep 12 </Li> <Li> 2055 Jul 24 </Li> <Li> 2057 Jan 5 </Li> <Li> 2057 Dec 26 </Li> <Li> 2059 May 11 </Li> <Li> 2060 Apr 30 </Li> <Li> 2061 Apr 20 </Li> <Li> 2063 Aug 24 </Li> <Li> 2064 Aug 12 </Li> <Li> 2066 Dec 17 </Li> <Li> 2067 Dec 6 </Li> <Li> 2068 May 31 </Li> <Li> 2070 Apr 11 </Li> <Li> 2071 Sep 23 </Li> <Li> 2072 Sep 12 </Li> <Li> 2073 Aug 3 </Li> <Li> 2075 Jan 16 </Li> <Li> 2076 Jan 6 </Li> <Li> 2077 May 22 </Li> <Li> 2078 May 11 </Li> <Li> 2079 May 1 </Li> <Li> 2081 Sep 3 </Li> <Li> 2082 Aug 24 </Li> <Li> 2084 Dec 27 </Li> <Li> 2086 Jun 11 </Li> <Li> 2088 Apr 21 </Li> <Li> 2089 Oct 4 </Li> <Li> 2090 Sep 23 </Li> <Li> 2091 Aug 15 </Li> <Li> 2093 Jan 27 </Li> <Li> 2094 Jan 16 </Li> <Li> 2095 Jun 2 </Li> <Li> 2096 May 22 </Li> <Li> 2097 May 11 </Li> <Li> 2099 Sep 14 </Li> <Li> 2100 Sep 4 </Li> <Li> 2114 Jun 3 </Li> <Li> 2132 Jun 13 </Li> <Li> 2150 Jun 25 </Li> <Li> 2168 Jul 5 </Li> <Li> 2186 Jul 16 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Annular eclipses → symbol denotes next annular eclipse </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 1820 Sep 7 </Li> <Li> 1854 May 26 </Li> <Li> 1879 Jan 22 </Li> <Li> 1889 Jun 28 </Li> <Li> 1901 Nov 11 </Li> <Li> 1903 Mar 29 </Li> <Li> 1904 Mar 17 </Li> <Li> 1905 Mar 6 </Li> <Li> 1907 Jul 10 </Li> <Li> 1908 Jun 28 </Li> <Li> 1911 Oct 22 </Li> <Li> 1914 Feb 25 </Li> <Li> 1915 Feb 14 </Li> <Li> 1915 Aug 10 </Li> <Li> 1916 Jul 30 </Li> <Li> 1917 Dec 14 </Li> <Li> 1918 Dec 3 </Li> <Li> 1919 Nov 22 </Li> <Li> 1921 Apr 8 </Li> <Li> 1922 Mar 28 </Li> <Li> 1923 Mar 17 </Li> <Li> 1925 Jul 20 </Li> <Li> 1926 Jul 9 </Li> <Li> 1927 Jan 3 </Li> <Li> 1929 Nov 1 </Li> <Li> 1932 Mar 7 </Li> <Li> 1933 Feb 24 </Li> <Li> 1933 Aug 21 </Li> <Li> 1934 Aug 10 </Li> <Li> 1935 Dec 25 </Li> <Li> 1936 Dec 13 </Li> <Li> 1937 Dec 2 </Li> <Li> 1939 Apr 19 </Li> <Li> 1940 Apr 7 </Li> <Li> 1941 Mar 27 </Li> <Li> 1943 Aug 1 </Li> <Li> 1945 Jan 14 </Li> <Li> 1947 Nov 12 </Li> <Li> 1948 May 9 </Li> <Li> 1950 Mar 18 </Li> <Li> 1951 Mar 7 </Li> <Li> 1951 Sep 1 </Li> <Li> 1952 Aug 20 </Li> <Li> 1954 Jan 5 </Li> <Li> 1954 Dec 25 </Li> <Li> 1955 Dec 14 </Li> <Li> 1957 Apr 30 </Li> <Li> 1958 Apr 19 </Li> <Li> 1959 Apr 8 </Li> <Li> 1961 Aug 11 </Li> <Li> 1962 Jul 31 </Li> <Li> 1963 Jan 25 </Li> <Li> 1965 Nov 23 </Li> <Li> 1966 May 20 </Li> <Li> 1969 Mar 18 </Li> <Li> 1969 Sep 11 </Li> <Li> 1970 Aug 31 </Li> <Li> 1972 Jan 16 </Li> <Li> 1973 Jan 4 </Li> <Li> 1973 Dec 24 </Li> <Li> 1976 Apr 29 </Li> <Li> 1977 Apr 18 </Li> <Li> 1979 Aug 22 </Li> <Li> 1980 Aug 10 </Li> <Li> 1981 Feb 4 </Li> <Li> 1983 Dec 4 </Li> <Li> 1984 May 30 </Li> <Li> 1987 Sep 23 </Li> <Li> 1988 Sep 11 </Li> <Li> 1990 Jan 26 </Li> <Li> 1991 Jan 15 </Li> <Li> 1992 Jan 4 </Li> <Li> 1994 May 10 </Li> <Li> 1995 Apr 29 </Li> <Li> 1998 Aug 22 </Li> <Li> 1999 Feb 16 </Li> <Li> 2001 Dec 14 </Li> <Li> 2002 Jun 10 </Li> <Li> 2003 May 31 </Li> <Li> 2005 Oct 3 </Li> <Li> 2006 Sep 22 </Li> <Li> 2008 Feb 7 </Li> <Li> 2009 Jan 26 </Li> <Li> 2010 Jan 15 </Li> <Li> 2012 May 20 </Li> <Li> 2013 May 10 </Li> <Li> 2014 Apr 29 </Li> <Li> 2016 Sep 1 </Li> <Li> 2017 Feb 26 </Li> <Li> → 2019 Dec 26 </Li> <Li> 2020 Jun 21 </Li> <Li> 2021 Jun 10 </Li> <Li> 2023 Oct 14 </Li> <Li> 2024 Oct 2 </Li> <Li> 2026 Feb 17 </Li> <Li> 2027 Feb 6 </Li> <Li> 2028 Jan 26 </Li> <Li> 2030 Jun 1 </Li> <Li> 2031 May 21 </Li> <Li> 2032 May 9 </Li> <Li> 2034 Sep 12 </Li> <Li> 2035 Mar 9 </Li> <Li> 2038 Jan 5 </Li> <Li> 2038 Jul 2 </Li> <Li> 2039 Jun 21 </Li> <Li> 2041 Oct 25 </Li> <Li> 2042 Oct 14 </Li> <Li> 2043 Oct 3 </Li> <Li> 2044 Feb 28 </Li> <Li> 2045 Feb 16 </Li> <Li> 2046 Feb 5 </Li> <Li> 2048 Jun 11 </Li> <Li> 2049 May 31 </Li> <Li> 2052 Sep 22 </Li> <Li> 2053 Mar 20 </Li> <Li> 2056 Jan 16 </Li> <Li> 2056 Jul 12 </Li> <Li> 2057 Jul 1 </Li> <Li> 2059 Nov 5 </Li> <Li> 2060 Oct 24 </Li> <Li> 2061 Oct 13 </Li> <Li> 2063 Feb 28 </Li> <Li> 2064 Feb 17 </Li> <Li> 2066 Jun 22 </Li> <Li> 2067 Jun 11 </Li> <Li> 2070 Oct 4 </Li> <Li> 2071 Mar 31 </Li> <Li> 2074 Jan 27 </Li> <Li> 2074 Jul 24 </Li> <Li> 2075 Jul 13 </Li> <Li> 2077 Nov 15 </Li> <Li> 2078 Nov 4 </Li> <Li> 2079 Oct 24 </Li> <Li> 2081 Mar 10 </Li> <Li> 2082 Feb 27 </Li> <Li> 2084 Jul 3 </Li> <Li> 2085 Jun 22 </Li> <Li> 2085 Dec 16 </Li> <Li> 2088 Oct 14 </Li> <Li> 2089 Apr 10 </Li> <Li> 2092 Feb 7 </Li> <Li> 2092 Aug 3 </Li> <Li> 2093 Jul 23 </Li> <Li> 2095 Nov 27 </Li> <Li> 2096 Nov 15 </Li> <Li> 2097 Nov 4 </Li> <Li> 2099 Mar 21 </Li> <Li> 2100 Mar 10 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Partial eclipses → symbol denotes next partial eclipse </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 1902 Apr 8 </Li> <Li> 1902 May 7 </Li> <Li> 1902 Oct 31 </Li> <Li> 1906 Feb 23 </Li> <Li> 1906 Jul 21 </Li> <Li> 1906 Aug 20 </Li> <Li> 1909 Dec 12 </Li> <Li> 1910 Nov 2 </Li> <Li> 1913 Apr 6 </Li> <Li> 1913 Aug 31 </Li> <Li> 1913 Sep 30 </Li> <Li> 1916 Dec 24 </Li> <Li> 1917 Jan 23 </Li> <Li> 1917 Jun 19 </Li> <Li> 1917 Jul 19 </Li> <Li> 1920 May 18 </Li> <Li> 1920 Nov 10 </Li> <Li> 1924 Mar 5 </Li> <Li> 1924 Jul 31 </Li> <Li> 1924 Aug 30 </Li> <Li> 1927 Dec 24 </Li> <Li> 1928 Jun 17 </Li> <Li> 1928 Nov 12 </Li> <Li> 1931 Apr 18 </Li> <Li> 1931 Sep 12 </Li> <Li> 1931 Oct 11 </Li> <Li> 1935 Jan 5 </Li> <Li> 1935 Feb 3 </Li> <Li> 1935 Jun 30 </Li> <Li> 1935 Jul 30 </Li> <Li> 1938 Nov 21 </Li> <Li> 1942 Mar 16 </Li> <Li> 1942 Aug 12 </Li> <Li> 1942 Sep 10 </Li> <Li> 1946 Jan 3 </Li> <Li> 1946 May 30 </Li> <Li> 1946 Jun 29 </Li> <Li> 1946 Nov 23 </Li> <Li> 1949 Apr 28 </Li> <Li> 1949 Oct 21 </Li> <Li> 1953 Feb 14 </Li> <Li> 1953 Jul 11 </Li> <Li> 1953 Aug 9 </Li> <Li> 1956 Dec 2 </Li> <Li> 1960 Mar 27 </Li> <Li> 1960 Sep 20 </Li> <Li> 1964 Jan 14 </Li> <Li> 1964 Jun 10 </Li> <Li> 1964 Jul 9 </Li> <Li> 1964 Dec 4 </Li> <Li> 1967 May 9 </Li> <Li> 1968 Mar 28 </Li> <Li> 1971 Feb 25 </Li> <Li> 1971 Jul 22 </Li> <Li> 1971 Aug 20 </Li> <Li> 1974 Dec 13 </Li> <Li> 1975 May 11 </Li> <Li> 1975 Nov 3 </Li> <Li> 1978 Apr 7 </Li> <Li> 1978 Oct 2 </Li> <Li> 1982 Jan 25 </Li> <Li> 1982 Jun 21 </Li> <Li> 1982 Jul 20 </Li> <Li> 1982 Dec 15 </Li> <Li> 1985 May 19 </Li> <Li> 1986 Apr 9 </Li> <Li> 1989 Mar 7 </Li> <Li> 1989 Aug 31 </Li> <Li> 1992 Dec 24 </Li> <Li> 1993 May 21 </Li> <Li> 1993 Nov 13 </Li> <Li> 1996 Apr 17 </Li> <Li> 1996 Oct 12 </Li> <Li> 1997 Sep 2 </Li> <Li> 2000 Feb 5 </Li> <Li> 2000 Jul 1 </Li> <Li> 2000 Jul 31 </Li> <Li> 2000 Dec 25 </Li> <Li> 2004 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when do the eclipse supposed to take place

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Dubai - Wikipedia <H1> Dubai </H1> Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the city . For other uses , see Dubai ( disambiguation ) . <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> ( hide ) This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( November 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This article has an unclear citation style . The references used may be made clearer with a different or consistent style of citation , footnoting , or external linking . the proper template is used consistently , dates are sometimes given in ISO 8301 format and many references need to complete information about their author , date or access date . ( May 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This article cites its sources but does not provide page references . You can help to improve it by introducing citations that are more precise . ( November 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This article needs to be updated . Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information . ( December 2016 ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Dubai دبي </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Metropolis </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Dubai </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Clockwise from top left : skyline with Burj Khalifa ; Burj Al Arab ; satellite image showing Palm Jumeirah and The World Islands ; Dubai Marina ; and Sheik Zayed Road . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Td> Flag </Td> <Td> Coat of arms </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Dubai Dubai Show map of United Arab Emirates Show map of Asia Show all Location of Dubai within the UAE </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Coordinates : 25 ° 15 ′ 47 '' N 55 ° 17 ′ 50 '' E  /  25.26306 ° N 55.29722 ° E  / 25.26306 ; 55.29722 Coordinates : 25 ° 15 ′ 47 '' N 55 ° 17 ′ 50 '' E  /  25.26306 ° N 55.29722 ° E  / 25.26306 ; 55.29722 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Country </Th> <Td> United Arab Emirates </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Emirate </Th> <Td> Dubai </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Founded by </Th> <Td> Ubaid bin Saeed and Maktum bin Butti Al Maktoum </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Seat </Th> <Td> Dubai </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Subdivisions </Th> <Td> Towns and villages ( show ) <Ul> <Li> Jebel Ali </Li> <Li> Al Aweer </Li> <Li> Al Lusayli </Li> <Li> Marqab </Li> <Li> Al Faq </Li> <Li> Ud al - Bayda </Li> <Li> Urqub Juwayza </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Government </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Type </Th> <Td> Absolute monarchy </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Emir </Th> <Td> Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Crown Prince </Th> <Td> Hamdan bin Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Area </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Total </Th> <Td> 4,114 km ( 1,588 sq mi ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Population ( 12 January 2018 ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Total </Th> <Td> 2,983,248 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> Nationalities : 43.3 % Indian 23 % Emirati 17 % Pakistani 7.5 % Bangladeshi 4.2 % Filipino 1.5 % Sri Lankan 0.3 % American 5.2 % other countries </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Time zone </Th> <Td> UAE Standard Time ( UTC + 4 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Nominal GDP </Th> <Td> 2016 estimate </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Total </Th> <Td> USD 108 billion </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Per capita </Th> <Td> USD 28,396 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Website </Th> <Td> Dubai Municipality Dubai Tourism </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This article contains Arabic text . Without proper rendering support , you may see question marks , boxes , or other symbols . </Td> </Tr> </Table> ْUmm Hurair Road in Dubai <P> Dubai ( / duːˈbaɪ / doo - BY ; Arabic : دبي ‎ Dubay , Gulf pronunciation : ( dʊˈbɑj ) ) is the largest and most populous city in the United Arab Emirates ( UAE ) . It is located on the southeast coast of the Persian Gulf and is the capital of the Emirate of Dubai , one of the seven emirates that make up the country . Abu Dhabi and Dubai are the only two emirates to have veto power over critical matters of national importance in the country 's Federal Supreme Council . The city of Dubai is located on the emirate 's northern coastline and heads the Dubai - Sharjah - Ajman metropolitan area . Dubai will host World Expo 2020 . </P> <P> Dubai emerged as a global city and business hub of the Middle East . It is also a major transport hub for passengers and cargo . By the 1960s , Dubai 's economy was based on revenues from trade and , to a smaller extent , oil exploration concessions , but oil was not discovered until 1966 . Oil revenue first started to flow in 1969 . Dubai 's oil revenue helped accelerate the early development of the city , but its reserves are limited and production levels are low : today , less than 5 % of the emirate 's revenue comes from oil . </P> <P> The Emirate 's Western - style model of business drives its economy with the main revenues now coming from tourism , aviation , real estate , and financial services . Dubai was recently named the best destination for Muslim travellers by Salam Standard . Dubai has recently attracted world attention through many innovative large construction projects and sports events . The city has become iconic for its skyscrapers and high - rise buildings , in particular the world 's tallest building , the Burj Khalifa . Dubai has been criticised for human rights violations concerning the city 's largely South Asian and Filipino workforce . Dubai 's property market experienced a major deterioration in 2008 -- 09 following the financial crisis of 2007 -- 08 , but the emirate 's economy has made a return to growth , with a projected 2015 budget surplus . </P> <P> As of 2012 , Dubai was the 22nd most expensive city in the world and the most expensive city in the Middle East . In 2014 , Dubai 's hotel rooms were rated as the second most expensive in the world , after Geneva . In 2013 , U.S. global consulting firm Mercer rated Dubai the best place to live in the Middle East . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Etymology </Li> <Li> 2 History <Ul> <Li> 2.1 Pre-oil Dubai </Li> <Li> 2.2 Oil era </Li> <Li> 2.3 Reaching the UAE 's Act of Union </Li> <Li> 2.4 Modern Dubai </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 Geography </Li> <Li> 4 Climate </Li> <Li> 5 Governance and politics <Ul> <Li> 5.1 Law enforcement </Li> <Li> 5.2 Sharia laws </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 6 Human rights </Li> <Li> 7 Demographics <Ul> <Li> 7.1 Ethnicity and languages </Li> <Li> 7.2 Religion <Ul> <Li> 7.2. 1 Minorities </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 8 Economy <Ul> <Li> 8.1 Tourism and retail <Ul> <Li> 8.1. 1 Ski Dubai </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 8.2 Expo 2020 </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 9 Cityscape <Ul> <Li> 9.1 Architecture <Ul> <Li> 9.1. 1 Burj Al Arab </Li> <Li> 9.1. 2 Burj Khalifa </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 9.2 Artificial Islands <Ul> <Li> 9.2. 1 Palm Jumeirah </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 9.3 Dubai Miracle Garden </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 10 Transportation <Ul> <Li> 10.1 Road </Li> <Li> 10.2 Air </Li> <Li> 10.3 Metro rail </Li> <Li> 10.4 Palm Jumeirah Monorail </Li> <Li> 10.5 Tram </Li> <Li> 10.6 High speed rail </Li> <Li> 10.7 Waterways </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 11 Culture <Ul> <Li> 11.1 Food <Ul> <Li> 11.1. 1 Dubai Food Festival </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 11.2 Entertainment </Li> <Li> 11.3 Dubai Shopping Festival </Li> <Li> 11.4 Media </Li> <Li> 11.5 Sports <Ul> <Li> 11.5. 1 Cricket </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 11.6 Dress code </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 12 Education </Li> <Li> 13 Healthcare </Li> <Li> 14 Notable people </Li> <Li> 15 International relations <Ul> <Li> 15.1 Twin towns and sister cities </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 16 See also </Li> <Li> 17 References </Li> <Li> 18 Further reading </Li> <Li> 19 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Etymology ( edit ) </H2> <P> Many theories have been proposed as to the origin of the word `` Dubai '' . One theory suggests the word was used to describe the souq , which was similar to the souq in Ba . An Arabic proverb says `` Daba Dubai '' ( Arabic : دبا دبي ‎ ) , meaning `` They came with a lot of money . '' According to Fedel Handhal , a scholar on the UAE 's history and culture , the word Dubai may have come from the word daba ( Arabic : دبا ‎ ) ( a past tense derivative of yadub ( Arabic : يدب ‎ ) , which means `` to creep '' ) , referring to the slow flow of Dubai Creek inland . The poet and scholar Ahmad Mohammad Obaid traces it to the same word , but to its alternative meaning of `` baby locust '' ( Arabic : جراد ‎ ) due to the abundant nature of locusts in the area before settlement . An inhabitant or native of the city is a Dubaian . </P> <H2> History ( edit ) </H2> Main articles : History of Dubai and Timeline of Dubai Typical scene in old Dubai , Old District of Al Bastakiya <P> Although stone tools have been found at many archaeological sites , little is known about the UAE 's early inhabitants as only a few settlements have been found . Many ancient towns in the area were trading centres between the Eastern and Western worlds . The remnants of an ancient mangrove swamp , dated at 7000 BC , were discovered during the construction of sewer lines near Dubai Internet City . The area was covered with sand about 5,000 years ago as the coast retreated inland , becoming part of the city 's present coastline . Pre-Islamic ceramics have been found from the 3rd and 4th centuries . Prior to the introduction of Islam to the area , the people in this region worshiped Bajir ( or Bajar ) . After the spread of Islam in the region , the Umayyad Caliph of the eastern Islamic world invaded south - east Arabia and drove out the Sassanians . Excavations by the Dubai Museum in the region of Al - Jumayra ( Jumeirah ) found several artefacts from the Umayyad period . </P> <P> The earliest recorded mention of Dubai is in 1095 in the Book of Geography by the Andalusian - Arab geographer Abu Abdullah al - Bakri . The Venetian pearl merchant Gasparo Balbi visited the area in 1580 and mentioned Dubai ( Dibei ) for its pearling industry . </P> <P> Dubai is thought to have been established as a fishing village in the early 18th century and was , by 1822 , a town of some 7 -- 800 members of the Baniyas tribe and subject to the rule of Sheikh Tahnoon of Abu Dhabi . </P> <P> In 1833 , following tribal feuding , members of the Al Bu Falasa tribe seceded from Abu Dhabi and established themselves in Dubai . The exodus from Abu Dhabi was led by Ubaid bin Saeed and Maktum bin Butti who became joint leaders of Dubai until Ubaid died in 1836 , leaving Maktum to establish the Maktoum dynasty . </P> <P> Dubai signed the first treaty of Perpetual Maritime Truce in 1820 along with other Trucial States , which was followed by a further treaty in 1853 . It also -- like its neighbours on the Trucial Coast -- entered into an exclusivity agreement in which the United Kingdom took responsibility for the emirate 's security in 1892 . </P> <P> Two catastrophes struck the town during the 1800s . First , in 1841 , a smallpox epidemic broke out in the Bur Dubai locality , forcing residents to relocate east to Deira . Then , in 1894 , fire swept through Deira , burning down most homes . However , the town 's geographical location continued to attract traders and merchants from around the region . The emir of Dubai was keen to attract foreign traders and lowered trade tax brackets , which lured traders away from Sharjah and Bandar Lengeh , the region 's main trade hubs at the time . Persian merchants naturally looked across to the Arab shore of the Persian Gulf finally making their homes in Dubai . They continued to trade with Lingah , however , as do many of the dhows in Dubai Creek today , and they named their district Bastakiya , after the Bastak region in southern Persia . </P> <H3> Pre-oil Dubai ( edit ) </H3> Typical Bastakiya street in Deira <P> Dubai 's geographical proximity to Iran made it an important trade location . The town of Dubai was an important port of call for foreign tradesmen , chiefly those from Iran , many of whom eventually settled in the town . By the beginning of the 20th century , it was an important port . </P> <P> Dubai was known for its pearl exports until the 1930s ; the pearl trade was damaged irreparably by the Great Depression in the 1930s and the innovation of cultured pearls . With the collapse of the pearling industry , Dubai fell into a deep depression and many residents starved or migrated to other parts of the Persian Gulf . </P> <P> In the early days since its inception , Dubai was constantly at odds with Abu Dhabi . In 1947 , a border dispute between Dubai and Abu Dhabi on the northern sector of their mutual border escalated into war . Arbitration by the British and the creation of a buffer frontier running south eastwards from the coast at Ras Hasian resulted in a temporary cessation of hostilities . </P> <P> Despite a lack of oil , Dubai 's ruler from 1958 , Sheikh Rashid bin Saeed Al Maktoum , used revenue from trading activities to build infrastructure . Private companies were established to build and operate infrastructure , including electricity , telephone services and both the ports and airport operators . An airport of sorts ( a runway built on salt flats ) was established in Dubai in the 1950s and , in 1959 , the emirate 's first hotel , the Airlines Hotel , was constructed . This was followed by the Ambassador and Carlton Hotels in 1968 . </P> The Al Ras district in Deira , Dubai in the 1960s <P> On 7 April 1961 , the Dubai - based MV Dara , a five thousand ton British flagged vessel that plied the route between Basra ( Iraq ) , Kuwait and Bombay ( India ) , was caught in unusually high winds off Dubai . Early the next morning in heavy seas off Umm al - Quwain , an explosion tore out the second class cabins and started fires . The captain gave the order to abandon ship but two lifeboats capsized and a second explosion occurred . A flotilla of small boats from Dubai , Sharjah , Ajman and Umm al - Quwain picked up survivors but in all 238 lives were lost in the disaster . </P> <P> In 1962 the British Political Agent noted that `` Many new houses and blocks of offices and flats are being built ... the Ruler is determined , against advice ( from the British ) to press on with the construction of a jet airport ... More and more European and Arab firms are opening up and the future looks bright . '' </P> <P> In 1962 , with expenditure on infrastructure projects already approaching levels some thought imprudent , Sheikh Rashid approached his brother in law , the Ruler of Qatar , for a loan to build the first bridge crossing Dubai 's creek . This crossing was finished in May 1963 and was paid for by a toll levied on the crossing from the Dubai side of the creek to the Deira side . </P> <P> BOAC was originally reluctant to start regular flights between Bombay and Dubai , fearing a lack of demand for seats . However , by the time the asphalt runway of Dubai Airport was constructed in 1965 , opening Dubai to both regional and long haul traffic , a number of foreign airlines were competing for landing rights . In 1970 a new airport terminal building was constructed which included Dubai 's first duty - free shops . </P> <H3> Oil era ( edit ) </H3> View of Downtown Dubai from Burj Khalifa <P> After years of exploration following large finds in neighbouring Abu Dhabi , oil was eventually discovered in territorial waters off Dubai in 1966 , albeit in far smaller quantities . The first field was named ' Fateh ' or ' good fortune ' . This led the emirate to grant concessions to international oil companies , thus leading to a massive influx of foreign workers , mainly Asians and Middle easterners . Between 1968 and 1975 the city 's population grew by over 300 % . </P> <P> As part of the infrastructure for pumping and transporting oil from the Fateh field , located offshore of the Jebel Ali area of Dubai , a number of 50,000 gallon storage tanks were built , known locally as ' Kazzans ' , by welding them together on the beach and then digging them out and floating them to drop onto the seabed at the Fateh field . These were constructed by the Chicago Bridge and Iron Company , which gave the beach its local name ( Chicago Beach ) until the Chicago Beach Hotel was demolished and replaced by the Jumeirah Beach Hotel in the late 1990s . </P> <P> Dubai had already embarked on a period of infrastructural development and expansion . Oil revenue , flowing from 1969 onwards supported a period of growth with Sheikh Rashid embarking on a policy of building infrastructure and a diversified trading economy before the emirate 's limited reserves were depleted . Oil accounted for 24 % of GDP in 1990 , but had reduced to 7 % of GDP by 2004 . </P> <P> Critically , one of the first major projects Sheikh Rashid embarked upon when oil revenue started to flow was the construction of Port Rashid , a deep water free port constructed by British company Halcrow . Originally intended to be a four - berth port , it was extended to sixteen berths as construction was ongoing . The project was an outstanding success , with shipping queuing to access the new facilities . The port was inaugurated on 5 October 1972 , although its berths were each pressed into use as soon as they had been built . Port Rashid was to be further expanded in 1975 to add a further 35 berths before the larger port of Jebel Ali was constructed . </P> <P> Port Rashid was the first of a swath of projects designed to create a modern trading infrastructure , including roads , bridges , schools and hospitals . </P> <H3> Reaching the UAE 's Act of union ( edit ) </H3> Adi Bitar in a meeting with Sheiks Rashid Al Maktoum , Mohammad Al Maktoum , and Maktoum Al Maktoum in Dubai , 1968 <P> Dubai and the other ' trucial states ' had long been a British protectorate where the British took care of foreign policy and defence , as well as arbitrating between the rulers of the Eastern Gulf . This was to change with PM Harold Wilson 's announcement , on 16 January 1968 , that all British troops were to be withdrawn from ' East of Aden ' . The decision was to pitch the coastal emirates , together with Qatar and Bahrain , into fevered negotiations to fill the political vacuum that the British withdrawal would leave behind . </P> <P> The principle of union was first agreed between the ruler of Abu Dhabi , Sheikh Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan , and Sheikh Rashid of Dubai on 18 February 1968 meeting in an encampment at Argoub Al Sedirah , near Al Semeih , a desert stop between the two emirates . The two agreed to work towards bringing the other emirates , including Qatar and Bahrain , into the union . Over the next two years , negotiations and meetings of the rulers followed - often stormy - as a form of union was thrashed out . The nine - state union was never to recover from the October 1969 meeting where heavy - handed British intervention resulted in a walk - out by Qatar and Ras Al Khaimah . Bahrain and Qatar were to drop out of talks , leaving six emirates to agree on union on 18 July 1971 . </P> <P> On 2 December 1971 , Dubai , together with Abu Dhabi , Sharjah , Ajman , Umm al - Quwain and Fujairah joined in the Act of Union to form the United Arab Emirates . The seventh emirate , Ras Al Khaimah , joined the UAE on 10 February 1972 , following Iran 's annexation of the RAK - claimed Tunbs islands . </P> <P> In 1973 , Dubai joined the other emirates to adopt a uniform currency : the UAE dirham . In that same year , the prior monetary union with Qatar was dissolved and the UAE Dirham was introduced throughout the Emirates . </P> <H3> Modern Dubai ( edit ) </H3> Dubai Palm Jumeirah and Marina in 2011 <P> During the 1970s , Dubai continued to grow from revenues generated from oil and trade , even as the city saw an influx of immigrants fleeing the Lebanese civil war . Border disputes between the emirates continued even after the formation of the UAE ; it was only in 1979 that a formal compromise was reached that ended disagreements . The Jebel Ali port was established in 1979 . JAFZA ( Jebel Ali Free Zone ) was built around the port in 1985 to provide foreign companies unrestricted import of labour and export capital . Dubai airport and the aviation industry also continued to grow . </P> <P> The Gulf War of 1990 had a negative financial effect on the city , as depositors withdrew their money and traders withdrew their trade , but subsequently , the city recovered in a changing political climate and thrived . Later in the 1990s , many foreign trading communities -- first from Kuwait , during the Gulf War , and later from Bahrain , during the Shia unrest -- moved their businesses to Dubai . Dubai provided refuelling bases to allied forces at the Jebel Ali Free Zone during the Gulf War , and again during the 2003 Invasion of Iraq . Large increases in oil prices after the Gulf War encouraged Dubai to continue to focus on free trade and tourism . </P> <H2> Geography ( edit ) </H2> Main article : Geography of Dubai See also : List of communities in Dubai Play media This time - lapse video shows the rate of Dubai 's growth at one frame per year from 2000 through 2011 . In the false - color satellite images making up the video , bare desert is tan , plant - covered land is red , water is black and urban areas are silver . Sand dunes on the city outskirts Abras across the Dubai Creek <P> Dubai is situated on the Persian Gulf coast of the United Arab Emirates and is roughly at sea level ( 16 m or 52 ft above ) . The emirate of Dubai shares borders with Abu Dhabi in the south , Sharjah in the northeast , and the Sultanate of Oman in the southeast . Hatta , a minor exclave of the emirate , is surrounded on three sides by Oman and by the emirates of Ajman ( in the west ) and Ras Al Khaimah ( in the north ) . The Persian Gulf borders the western coast of the emirate . Dubai is positioned at 25 ° 16 ′ 11 '' N 55 ° 18 ′ 34 '' E  /  25.2697 ° N 55.3095 ° E  / 25.2697 ; 55.3095 and covers an area of 1,588 sq mi ( 4,110 km ) , which represents a significant expansion beyond its initial 1,500 sq mi ( 3,900 km ) designation due to land reclamation from the sea . </P> <P> Dubai lies directly within the Arabian Desert . However , the topography of Dubai is significantly different from that of the southern portion of the UAE in that much of Dubai 's landscape is highlighted by sandy desert patterns , while gravel deserts dominate much of the southern region of the country . The sand consists mostly of crushed shell and coral and is fine , clean and white . East of the city , the salt - crusted coastal plains , known as sabkha , give way to a north - south running line of dunes . Farther east , the dunes grow larger and are tinged red with iron oxide . </P> <P> The flat sandy desert gives way to the Western Hajar Mountains , which run alongside Dubai 's border with Oman at Hatta . The Western Hajar chain has an arid , jagged and shattered landscape , whose mountains rise to about 1,300 metres ( 4,265 feet ) in some places . Dubai has no natural river bodies or oases ; however , Dubai does have a natural inlet , Dubai Creek , which has been dredged to make it deep enough for large vessels to pass through . Dubai also has multiple gorges and waterholes , which dot the base of the Western Al Hajar mountains . A vast sea of sand dunes covers much of southern Dubai and eventually leads into the desert known as The Empty Quarter . Seismically , Dubai is in a very stable zone -- the nearest seismic fault line , the Zagros Fault , is 200 kilometres ( 124 miles ) from the UAE and is unlikely to have any seismic impact on Dubai . Experts also predict that the possibility of a tsunami in the region is minimal because the Persian Gulf waters are not deep enough to trigger a tsunami . </P> <P> The sandy desert surrounding the city supports wild grasses and occasional date palms . Desert hyacinths grow in the sabkha plains east of the city , while acacia and ghaf trees grow in the flat plains within the proximity of the Western Al Hajar mountains . Several indigenous trees such as the date palm and neem as well as imported trees such as the eucalypts grow in Dubai 's natural parks . The houbara bustard , striped hyena , caracal , desert fox , falcon and Arabian oryx are common in Dubai 's desert . Dubai is on the migration path between Europe , Asia and Africa , and more than 320 migratory bird species pass through the emirate in spring and autumn . The waters of Dubai are home to more than 300 species of fish , including the hammour . The typical marine life off the Dubai coast includes tropical fish , jellyfish , coral , dugong , dolphins , whales and sharks . Various types of turtles can also be found in the area including the hawksbill turtle and green turtle , which are listed as endangered species . </P> <P> Dubai Creek runs northeast - southwest through the city . The eastern section of the city forms the locality of Deira and is flanked by the emirate of Sharjah in the east and the town of Al Aweer in the south . The Dubai International Airport is located south of Deira , while the Palm Deira is located north of Deira in the Persian Gulf . Much of Dubai 's real - estate boom is concentrated to the west of Dubai Creek , on the Jumeirah coastal belt . Port Rashid , Jebel Ali , Burj Al Arab , the Palm Jumeirah and theme - based free - zone clusters such as Business Bay are all located in this section . Dubai is notable for sculpted artificial island complexes including the Palm Islands and The World archipelago . </P> <H2> Climate ( edit ) </H2> Main article : Climate of Dubai <P> Dubai has a hot desert climate . Summers in Dubai are extremely hot , windy , and humid , with an average high around 41 ° C ( 106 ° F ) and overnight lows around 30 ° C ( 86 ° F ) in the hottest month , August . Most days are sunny throughout the year . Winters are warm with an average high of 24 ° C ( 75 ° F ) and overnight lows of 14 ° C ( 57 ° F ) in January , the coldest month . Precipitation , however , has been increasing in the last few decades , with accumulated rain reaching 94.3 mm ( 3.71 in ) per year . Dubai summers are also known for the very high humidity level , which can make it very uncomfortable for many with exceptionally high dewpoints in summer . The highest recorded temperature in the UAE is 52.1 ° C ( 126 ° F ) , reached in July 2002 . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="14"> ( hide ) Climate data for Dubai </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Month </Th> <Th> Jan </Th> <Th> Feb </Th> <Th> Mar </Th> <Th> Apr </Th> <Th> May </Th> <Th> Jun </Th> <Th> Jul </Th> <Th> Aug </Th> <Th> Sep </Th> <Th> Oct </Th> <Th> Nov </Th> <Th> Dec </Th> <Th> Year </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Record high ° C ( ° F ) </Th> <Td> 31.8 ( 89.2 ) </Td> <Td> 37.9 ( 100.2 ) </Td> <Td> 41.3 ( 106.3 ) </Td> <Td> 43.5 ( 110.3 ) </Td> <Td> 47.0 ( 116.6 ) </Td> <Td> 48.5 ( 119.3 ) </Td> <Td> 52.1 ( 125.8 ) </Td> <Td> 51.3 ( 124.3 ) </Td> <Td> 45.1 ( 113.2 ) </Td> <Td> 42.4 ( 108.3 ) </Td> <Td> 41.0 ( 105.8 ) </Td> <Td> 35.0 ( 95 ) </Td> <Td> 52.1 ( 125.8 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Average high ° C ( ° F ) </Th> <Td> 25.4 ( 77.7 ) </Td> <Td> 24.8 ( 76.6 ) </Td> <Td> 29.1 ( 84.4 ) </Td> <Td> 35.7 ( 96.3 ) </Td> <Td> 39.4 ( 102.9 ) </Td> <Td> 41.7 ( 107.1 ) </Td> <Td> 44.3 ( 111.7 ) </Td> <Td> 43.6 ( 110.5 ) </Td> <Td> 41.3 ( 106.3 ) </Td> <Td> 37.9 ( 100.2 ) </Td> <Td> 30.7 ( 87.3 ) </Td> <Td> 27.8 ( 82 ) </Td> <Td> 33.4 ( 92.1 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Daily mean ° C ( ° F ) </Th> <Td> 21.1 ( 70 ) </Td> <Td> 20.6 ( 69.1 ) </Td> <Td> 24.8 ( 76.6 ) </Td> <Td> 30.1 ( 86.2 ) </Td> <Td> 33.4 ( 92.1 ) </Td> <Td> 35.8 ( 96.4 ) </Td> <Td> 38.7 ( 101.7 ) </Td> <Td> 38.5 ( 101.3 ) </Td> <Td> 35.2 ( 95.4 ) </Td> <Td> 32.6 ( 90.7 ) </Td> <Td> 25.4 ( 77.7 ) </Td> <Td> 23.4 ( 74.1 ) </Td> <Td> 29.97 ( 85.94 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Average low ° C ( ° F ) </Th> <Td> 16.5 ( 61.7 ) </Td> <Td> 16.6 ( 61.9 ) </Td> <Td> 20.4 ( 68.7 ) </Td> <Td> 24.4 ( 75.9 ) </Td> <Td> 27.4 ( 81.3 ) </Td> <Td> 30.0 ( 86 ) </Td> <Td> 33.1 ( 91.6 ) </Td> <Td> 33.3 ( 91.9 ) </Td> <Td> 29.0 ( 84.2 ) </Td> <Td> 27.2 ( 81 ) </Td> <Td> 20.0 ( 68 ) </Td> <Td> 19.0 ( 66.2 ) </Td> <Td> 22.5 ( 72.5 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Record low ° C ( ° F ) </Th> <Td> 6.1 ( 43 ) </Td> <Td> 6.9 ( 44.4 ) </Td> <Td> 9.0 ( 48.2 ) </Td> <Td> 13.4 ( 56.1 ) </Td> <Td> 15.1 ( 59.2 ) </Td> <Td> 18.2 ( 64.8 ) </Td> <Td> 20.4 ( 68.7 ) </Td> <Td> 23.1 ( 73.6 ) </Td> <Td> 16.5 ( 61.7 ) </Td> <Td> 15.0 ( 59 ) </Td> <Td> 11.8 ( 53.2 ) </Td> <Td> 8.2 ( 46.8 ) </Td> <Td> 6.1 ( 43 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Average precipitation mm ( inches ) </Th> <Td> 18.8 ( 0.74 ) </Td> <Td> 25.0 ( 0.984 ) </Td> <Td> 22.1 ( 0.87 ) </Td> <Td> 7.2 ( 0.283 ) </Td> <Td> 0.4 ( 0.016 ) </Td> <Td> 0.0 ( 0 ) </Td> <Td> 0.0 ( 0 ) </Td> <Td> 0.0 ( 0 ) </Td> <Td> 0.0 ( 0 ) </Td> <Td> ( 0.043 ) </Td> <Td> 2.7 ( 0.106 ) </Td> <Td> 16.2 ( 0.638 ) </Td> <Td> 93.5 ( 3.68 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Average precipitation days </Th> <Td> 2.0 </Td> <Td> 4.7 </Td> <Td> 4.0 </Td> <Td> 2.6 </Td> <Td> 0.3 </Td> <Td> 0.0 </Td> <Td> 0.0 </Td> <Td> 0.5 </Td> <Td> 0.1 </Td> <Td> 0.2 </Td> <Td> 1.3 </Td> <Td> 3.8 </Td> <Td> 19.5 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Average relative humidity ( % ) </Th> <Td> 65 </Td> <Td> 65 </Td> <Td> 63 </Td> <Td> 55 </Td> <Td> 53 </Td> <Td> 58 </Td> <Td> 56 </Td> <Td> 57 </Td> <Td> 60 </Td> <Td> 60 </Td> <Td> 61 </Td> <Td> 64 </Td> <Td> 59.8 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Mean monthly sunshine hours </Th> <Td> 254.2 </Td> <Td> 229.6 </Td> <Td> 254.2 </Td> <Td> 294.0 </Td> <Td> 344.1 </Td> <Td> 342.0 </Td> <Td> 322.4 </Td> <Td> 316.2 </Td> <Td> 309.0 </Td> <Td> 303.8 </Td> <Td> 285.0 </Td> <Td> 254.2 </Td> <Td> 3,508.7 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Percent possible sunshine </Th> <Td> 75 </Td> <Td> 75 </Td> <Td> 68 </Td> <Td> 75 </Td> <Td> 85 </Td> <Td> 81 </Td> <Td> 74 </Td> <Td> 78 </Td> <Td> 86 </Td> <Td> 82 </Td> <Td> 86 </Td> <Td> 75 </Td> <Td> 78.3 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="14"> Source # 1 : Dubai Meteorological Office </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="14"> Source # 2 : climatebase.ru ( extremes , sun ) , NOAA ( humidity , 1974 -- 1991 ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="14"> Climate data for Dubai </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Month </Th> <Th> Jan </Th> <Th> Feb </Th> <Th> Mar </Th> <Th> Apr </Th> <Th> May </Th> <Th> Jun </Th> <Th> Jul </Th> <Th> Aug </Th> <Th> Sep </Th> <Th> Oct </Th> <Th> Nov </Th> <Th> Dec </Th> <Th> Year </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Average sea temperature ° C ( ° F ) </Th> <Td> 23.4 ( 74.2 ) </Td> <Td> 21.9 ( 71.4 ) </Td> <Td> 23.2 ( 73.8 ) </Td> <Td> 25.5 ( 77.9 ) </Td> <Td> 28.8 ( 8.8 ) </Td> <Td> 31.6 ( 88.8 ) </Td> <Td> 32.7 ( 90.9 ) </Td> <Td> 33.5 ( 92.3 ) </Td> <Td> 33.1 ( 91.5 ) </Td> <Td> 31.3 ( 88.4 ) </Td> <Td> 28.6 ( 83.4 ) </Td> <Td> 25.4 ( 77.8 ) </Td> <Td> 28.3 ( 76.6 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Average Ultraviolet index </Th> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> 11 + </Td> <Td> 11 + </Td> <Td> 11 + </Td> <Td> 11 + </Td> <Td> 11 + </Td> <Td> 11 </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> 9.1 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="14"> Source # 1 : seatemperature.org </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="14"> Source # 2 : Weather Atlas </Th> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Governance and Politics ( edit ) </H2> Main articles : Al Maktoum , Government of Dubai , Dubai Municipality , and Politics of the United Arab Emirates Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum , the Emir of Dubai <P> Dubai has been ruled by the Al Maktoum family since 1833 ; the emirate is an absolute monarchy with no elections ( other than the few thousand Dubai citizens participating in the electoral college for the Federal National Council of the UAE ) . The ruler , His Highness Sheikh Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum , is also the Vice President and Prime Minister of the United Arab Emirates and member of the Supreme Council of the Union ( SCU ) . Dubai appoints 8 members in two - term periods to the Federal National Council ( FNC ) of the UAE , the supreme federal legislative body . </P> <P> The Dubai Municipality ( DM ) was established by the then - ruler of Dubai , Rashid bin Saeed Al Maktoum , in 1954 for purposes of city planning , citizen services and upkeep of local facilities . DM is chaired by Hamdan bin Rashid Al Maktoum , deputy ruler of Dubai , and comprises several departments such as the Roads Department , Planning and Survey Department , Environment and Public Health Department and Financial Affairs Department . In 2001 , Dubai Municipality embarked on an e-Government project with the intention of providing 40 of its city services through its web portal , ( dubai.ae ) . Thirteen such services were launched by October 2001 , while several other services were expected to be operational in the future . Dubai Municipality is also in charge of the city 's sanitation and sewage infrastructure . </P> <P> The UAE has a Minister of Happiness , appointed by Mohammed Bin Rashid Al Maktoum . The UAE has also appointed a Minister of Tolerance to promote tolerance as a fundamental value of the UAE , a country filled with a diverse range of faiths and ethnicities , and also a Minister for Youth Affairs . </P> <H3> Law enforcement ( edit ) </H3> <P> The Dubai Police Force , founded in 1956 in the locality of Naif , has law enforcement jurisdiction over the emirate . The force is under direct command of Mohammed bin Rashid al Maktoum . </P> Dubai Police operates a fleet of exotic cars . <P> Dubai and Ras al Khaimah are the only emirates that do not conform to the federal judicial system of the United Arab Emirates . The emirate 's judicial courts comprise the Court of First Instance , the Court of Appeal , and the Court of Cassation . The Court of First Instance consists of the Civil Court , which hears all civil claims ; the Criminal Court , which hears claims originating from police complaints ; and Sharia Court , which is responsible for matters between Muslims . Non-Muslims do not appear before the Sharia Court . The Court of Cassation is the supreme court of the emirate and hears disputes on matters of law only . </P> <H3> Sharia laws ( edit ) </H3> <P> Kissing in certain places is illegal and can result in deportation . Sometimes , certain narrow exemptions to Islamic law are made for adult non-Muslims . Adult non-Muslims are allowed to consume alcohol in licensed venues , typically within hotels , or at home with the possession of an alcohol license . Restaurants outside hotels in Dubai are typically not permitted to sell alcohol . Like other parts of the world , drinking and driving is illegal . </P> <H2> Human rights ( edit ) </H2> Main article : Human rights in Dubai <P> Human rights organisations have heavily criticised violations of human rights in Dubai . In a notorious case , a Norwegian businesswoman who claimed to have been raped was arrested and sentenced to sixteen months in prison for having extra-marital sex . </P> <P> Some of the 250,000 foreign labourers in the city have been alleged to live in conditions described by Human Rights Watch as `` less than humane '' . The mistreatment of foreign workers was a subject of the difficult - to - make documentary , Slaves in Dubai ( 2009 ) . The Dubai government has denied labour injustices and stated that the watchdog 's ( Human Rights Watch ) accusations were ' misguided ' . The filmmaker explained in interviews how it was necessary to go undercover to avoid discovery by the authorities , who impose high fines on reporters attempting to document human rights abuses , including the conditions of construction workers . Towards the end of March 2006 , the government had announced steps to allow construction unions . UAE labour minister Ali al - Kaabi said : `` Labourers will be allowed to form unions . '' </P> <H2> Demographics ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="3"> Historical population </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Year </Th> <Th> Pop . </Th> <Th> ± % </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1822 </Th> <Td> 1,200 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1900 </Th> <Td> 10,000 </Td> <Td> + 733.3 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1930 </Th> <Td> 20,000 </Td> <Td> + 100.0 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1940 </Th> <Td> 38,000 </Td> <Td> + 90.0 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1960 </Th> <Td> 40,000 </Td> <Td> + 5.3 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1968 </Th> <Td> 58,971 </Td> <Td> + 47.4 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> 183,000 </Td> <Td> + 210.3 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1985 </Th> <Td> 370,800 </Td> <Td> + 102.6 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1995 </Th> <Td> 674,000 </Td> <Td> + 81.8 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 2005 </Th> <Td> 1,204,000 </Td> <Td> + 78.6 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 2014 </Th> <Td> 2,250,000 </Td> <Td> + 86.9 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 2016 </Th> <Td> 2,502,715 </Td> <Td> + 11.2 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="3"> c - census ; e-estimate </Td> </Tr> </Table> Main article : Demographics of Dubai <H3> Ethnicity and languages ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Emirati people See also : Indians in the United Arab Emirates , Pakistanis in the United Arab Emirates , Filipinos in the United Arab Emirates , Bangladeshis in the United Arab Emirates , and Expatriates in the United Arab Emirates <P> According to the census conducted by the Statistics Centre of Dubai , the population of the emirate was 1,771,000 as of 2009 , which included 1,370,000 males and 401,000 females . As of June 2017 , the population is 2,789,000 . The region covers 1,287.5 square kilometres ( 497.1 sq mi ) . The population density is 408.18 / km -- more than eight times that of the entire country . Dubai is the second most expensive city in the region and 20th most expensive city in the world . </P> <P> As of 2013 , only about 15 % of the population of the emirate was made up of UAE nationals , with the rest comprising expatriates , many of whom either have been in the country for generations or were born in the UAE . Approximately 85 % of the expatriate population ( and 71 % of the emirate 's total population ) was Asian , chiefly Indian ( 51 % ) and Pakistani ( 16 % ) ; other significant Asian groups include Bangladeshis ( 9 % ) and Filipinos ( 3 % ) . There is a sizable community of Somalis numbering around 30,000 , as well as other communities of various nationalities . A quarter of the population ( local and foreign ) reportedly traces their origins to Iran . In addition , 16 % of the population ( or 288,000 persons ) living in collective labour accommodation were not identified by ethnicity or nationality , but were thought to be primarily Asian . There are over 100,000 British expatriates in Dubai , by far the largest group of Western expatriates in the city . The median age in the emirate was about 27 years . In 2014 , there were estimated to be 15.54 births and 1.99 deaths per 1,000 people . There are other Arab nationals , including GCC nationals . </P> <P> Arabic is the national and official language of the United Arab Emirates . The Gulf dialect of Arabic is spoken natively by the Emirati people . English is used as a second language . Other major languages spoken in Dubai due to immigration are Malayalam , Hindi - Urdu ( or Hindustani ) , Gujarati , Persian , Sindhi , Tamil , Punjabi , Pashto , Bengali , Balochi , Tulu , Kannada , Sinhala , Marathi , Telugu , Tagalog and Chinese , in addition to many other languages . </P> <H3> Religion ( edit ) </H3> See also : Islam in the United Arab Emirates and Religion in the United Arab Emirates Jumeirah Mosque <P> Article 7 of the UAE 's Provisional Constitution declares Islam the official state religion of the UAE . The government subsidises almost 95 % of mosques and employs all Imams ; approximately 5 % of mosques are entirely private , and several large mosques have large private endowments . All mosques in Dubai are managed by the Islamic Affairs and Charitable Activities Department also known as `` Awqaf '' under the Government of Dubai and all Imams are appointed by the Government . Any person held preaching racism , religious hatred or promoting religious extremism is usually jailed and deported . </P> Minorities ( edit ) Evangelical church in Dubai <P> Dubai also has large Christian , Hindu , Sikh , Bahá'í , Buddhist and other religious communities residing in the city . </P> <P> Non-Muslim groups can own their own houses of worship , where they can practice their religion freely , by requesting a land grant and permission to build a compound . Groups that do not have their own buildings must use the facilities of other religious organisations or worship in private homes . Non-Muslim religious groups are permitted to advertise group functions openly and distribute various religious literature . However , outright proselytising is strictly prohibited under penalty of criminal prosecution , imprisonment and deportation for engaging in behaviour offensive to Islam . Catholics are served pastorally by the Apostolic Vicariate of Southern Arabia . British preacher Reverend Andrew Thompson claimed that the United Arab Emirates is one of the most tolerant places in the world towards Christians , and that it is easier to be a Christian in the UAE , than in the UK . </P> <H2> Economy ( edit ) </H2> Main article : Economy of Dubai Jebel Ali Port <P> One of the world 's fastest growing economies , Dubai 's gross domestic product is projected at US $107.1 billion , with a growth rate of 6.1 % in 2014 . Although a number of core elements of Dubai 's trading infrastructure were built on the back of the oil industry , revenues from oil and natural gas account for less than 5 % of the emirate 's revenues . It is estimated that Dubai produces 50,000 to 70,000 barrels ( 7,900 to 11,100 m ) of oil a day and substantial quantities of gas from offshore fields . The emirate 's share in the UAE 's total gas revenues is about 2 % . Dubai 's oil reserves have diminished significantly and are expected to be exhausted in 20 years . Real estate and construction ( 22.6 % ) , trade ( 16 % ) , entrepôt ( 15 % ) and financial services ( 11 % ) are the largest contributors to Dubai 's economy . </P> <P> Dubai 's non-oil foreign trade stood at $362 billion in 2014 . Of the overall trade volumes , imports had the biggest share with a value of $230 billion while exports and re-exports to the emirate stood at $31 billion and $101 billion respectively . </P> <P> By 2014 , China had emerged as Dubai 's largest international trading partner , with a total of $47.7 billion in trade flows , up 29 % from 2013 . India was second among Dubai 's key trading partners with a trade of $29.7 billion , followed by the United States at $22.62 billion . The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia was Dubai 's fourth trading partner globally and first in the GCC and Arab world with a total trade value of $14.2 billion . Trade with Germany in 2014 totalled $12.3 , Switzerland and Japan both at $11.72 billion and UK trade totalled $10.9 billion . </P> Dubai Creek , which separates Deira from Bur Dubai , played a vital role in the economic development of the city <P> Historically , Dubai and its twin across Dubai Creek , Deira ( independent of Dubai City at that time ) , were important ports of call for Western manufacturers . Most of the new city 's banking and financial centres were headquartered in the port area . Dubai maintained its importance as a trade route through the 1970s and 1980s . Dubai has a free trade in gold and , until the 1990s , was the hub of a `` brisk smuggling trade '' of gold ingots to India , where gold import was restricted . Dubai 's Jebel Ali port , constructed in the 1970s , has the largest man - made harbour in the world and was ranked seventh globally for the volume of container traffic it supports . Dubai is also a hub for service industries such as information technology and finance , with industry - specific free zones throughout the city . Dubai Internet City , combined with Dubai Media City as part of TECOM ( Dubai Technology , Electronic Commerce and Media Free Zone Authority ) , is one such enclave , whose members include IT firms such as Hewlett Packard Enterprise , HP Inc. , Google , EMC Corporation , Oracle Corporation , Microsoft , Dell and IBM , and media organisations such as MBC , CNN , BBC , Reuters , Sky News and AP . </P> <P> The government 's decision to diversify from a trade - based , oil - reliant economy to one that is service - and tourism - oriented made property more valuable , resulting in the property appreciation from 2004 to 2006 . A longer - term assessment of Dubai 's property market , however , showed depreciation ; some properties lost as much as 64 % of their value from 2001 to November 2008 . The large - scale real estate development projects have led to the construction of some of the tallest skyscrapers and largest projects in the world such as the Emirates Towers , the Burj Khalifa , the Palm Islands and the most expensive hotel , the Burj Al Arab . Dubai 's property market experienced a major downturn in 2008 and 2009 as a result of the slowing economic climate . By early 2009 , the situation had worsened with the Great Recession taking a heavy toll on property values , construction and employment . This has had a major impact on property investors in the region , some of whom were unable to release funds from investments made in property developments . As of February 2009 , Dubai 's foreign debt was estimated at approximately $80 billion , although this is a tiny fraction of the sovereign debt worldwide . Dubai real estate and UAE property experts believe that by avoiding the mistakes of the past , Dubai 's realty market can achieve stability in the future . </P> Downtown Dubai <P> The Dubai Financial Market ( DFM ) was established in March 2000 as a secondary market for trading securities and bonds , both local and foreign . As of fourth quarter 2006 , its trading volume stood at about 400 billion shares , worth $95 billion in total . The DFM had a market capitalisation of about $87 billion . The other Dubai - based stock exchange is NASDAQ Dubai , which is the international stock exchange in the Middle East . It enables a range of companies , including UAE and regional small and medium - sized enterprises , to trade on an exchange with an international brand name , with access by both regional and international investors . </P> <P> DMCC ( Dubai Multi Commodities Centre ) was established in 2002 . It 's world 's fastest growing free zone and been nominated as `` Global Free Zone of the Year 2016 '' by The Financial Times fDi Magazine . </P> <P> Dubai is also known as the City of Gold , because a major part of the economy is based on gold trades , with Dubai 's total gold trading volumes in H1 2011 reaching 580 tonnes , with an average price of US $1,455 per troy ounce . </P> <P> A City Mayors survey ranked Dubai 44th among the world 's best financial cities in 2007 , while another report by City Mayors indicated that Dubai was the world 's 27th richest city in 2012 , in terms of purchasing power parity ( PPP ) . Dubai is also an international financial centre ( IFC ) and has been ranked 37th within the top 50 global financial cities as surveyed by the MasterCard Worldwide Centres of Commerce Index ( 2007 ) , and 1st within the Middle East . Since it opened in September 2004 , the Dubai IFC has attracted , as a regional hub , leading international firms and set - up the NASDAQ Dubai which lists equity , derivatives , structured products , Islamic bonds ( sukuk ) and other bonds . The Dubai IFC model is an independent risk - based regulator with a legislative system consistent with English common law . </P> <P> In 2012 , the Global City Competitiveness Index by the Economist Intelligence Unit ranked Dubai at No. 40 with a total score of 55.9 . According to its 2013 research report on the future competitiveness of cities , in 2025 , Dubai will have moved up to 23rd place overall in the Index . Indians , followed by Britons and Pakistanis are the top foreign investors in Dubai realty . </P> <P> Dubai has launched several major projects to support its economy and develop different sectors . These include Dubai Fashion 2020 , and Dubai Design District , expected to become a home to leading local and international designers . The AED 4 billion first phase of the project will be complete by January 2015 . </P> <H3> Tourism and retail ( edit ) </H3> See also : Tourism in Dubai , List of tourist attractions in Dubai , and List of shopping malls in Dubai Dubai Marina beach in the Jumeirah Beach Residence ( JBR ) View of Atlantis , The Palm luxury hotel <P> Tourism is an important part of the Dubai government 's strategy to maintain the flow of foreign cash into the emirate . Dubai 's lure for tourists is based mainly on shopping , but also on its possession of other ancient and modern attractions . As of 2013 , Dubai was the 7th most visited city of the world based on air traffic and the fastest growing , increasing by a 10.7 % rate . Dubai hosted 14.9 million overnight visitors in 2016 , and is expected to reach 20 million tourists by 2020 . </P> The Dubai Fountain in Burj Khalifa lake , Dubai Mall <P> Dubai has been called the `` shopping capital of the Middle East '' . Dubai alone has more than 70 shopping centres , including the world 's largest shopping centre , Dubai Mall . Dubai is also known for the traditional souk districts located on either side of its creek . Traditionally , dhows from East Asia , China , Sri Lanka , and India would discharge their cargo and the goods would be bargained over in the souks adjacent to the docks . Dubai Creek played a vital role in sustaining the life of the community in the city and was the resource which originally drove the economic boom in Dubai . As of September 2013 , Dubai creek has been proposed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site . Many boutiques and jewellery stores are also found in the city . Dubai is also referred to as `` the City of Gold '' as the Gold Souk in Deira houses nearly 250 gold retail shops . </P> <P> Dubai Creek Park in Dubai Creek also plays a vital role in Dubai tourism as it showcase some of the most famous tourist attractions in Dubai such as Dolphinarium , Cable Car , Camel Ride , Horse Carriage and Exotic Birds Shows . </P> <P> Dubai has a wide range of parks like Safa park , Mushrif park , Hamriya park etc . Each park is uniquely distinct from the other . Mushrif park showcases different houses around the world . A visitor can check out the architectural features of the outside as well as the inside of each house . </P> Ski Dubai ( edit ) Ski slope in Ski Dubai Main article : Ski Dubai <P> Ski Dubai is a large indoor skiing facility at Mall of the Emirates , offering snowboarding , ski lessons , a children 's play area and a café . It opened in November 2005 and houses the world 's largest indoor snow park . It is operated by Majid Al Futtaim Leisure & Entertainment . </P> <H3> Expo 2020 ( edit ) </H3> See also : Expo 2020 <P> On 2 November 2011 , four cities had their bids for Expo 2020 already lodged , with Dubai making a last - minute entry . The delegation from the Bureau International des Expositions , which visited Dubai in February 2013 to examine the Emirate 's readiness for the largest exposition , was impressed by the infrastructure and the level of national support . In May 2013 , Dubai Expo 2020 Master Plan was revealed . Dubai then won the right to host Expo 2020 on 27 November 2013 . The event will bring huge economic benefits by generating activities worth billions of dirhams and may create over 270,000 jobs . The main site of Dubai Expo 2020 will be a 438 - hectare area ( 1,083 acres ) , part of the new Dubai Trade Centre Jebel Ali urban development , located midway between Dubai and Abu Dhabi . Moreover , the Expo 2020 also created various social enlistment projects and monetary boons to the city targeting the year 2020 . Such as initiating the world 's largest solar project , the real estate upsurge , to focus on the GDP growth and to make Dubai a `` Happy Dubai '' for the people of the city . </P> <H2> Cityscape ( edit ) </H2> Dubai skyline <H3> Architecture ( edit ) </H3> See also : List of tallest buildings in Dubai and Developments in Dubai Burj Khalifa , the world 's tallest man - made structure Skyscraper Dubai <P> Dubai has a rich collection of buildings and structures of various architectural styles . Many modern interpretations of Islamic architecture can be found here , due to a boom in construction and architectural innovation in the Arab World in general , and in Dubai in particular , supported not only by top Arab or international architectural and engineering design firms such as Al Hashemi and Aedas , but also by top firms of New York and Chicago . The most recent addition to the magnificent skyline of Dubai is the 150 meter high Dubai Frame ( Arabic : برواز دبي ‎ ) located in Zabeel Park , Dubai . It has been described by The Guardian as `` the biggest picture frame on the planet '' , however is also controversial as the `` biggest stolen building of all time '' . It is alleged that the designer Fernando Donis had his intellectual property stolen and was denied credit for the design . As a result of this boom , modern Islamic -- and world -- architecture has literally been taken to new levels in skyscraper building design and technology . Dubai now has more completed or topped - out skyscrapers higher than ⁄ km ( 2,200 ft ) , ⁄ km ( 1,100 ft ) , or ⁄ km ( 820 ft ) than any other city . A culmination point was reached in 2010 with the completion of the Burj Khalifa ( Khalifa Tower ) , now by far the world 's tallest building at 829.8 m ( 2,722 ft ) . The Burj Khalifa 's design is derived from the patterning systems embodied in Islamic architecture , with the triple - lobed footprint of the building based on an abstracted version of the desert flower hymenocallis which is native to the Dubai region . The completion of the Khalifa Tower , following the construction boom that began in the 1980s , accelerated in the 1990s , and took on a rapid pace of construction unparalleled in modern human history during the decade of the 2000s , leaves Dubai with the world 's tallest skyline as of 4 January 2010 . At the Top , Burj Khalifa , the world 's highest observatory deck with an outdoor terrace is one of Dubai 's most popular tourist attractions , with over 1.87 million visitors in 2013 . </P> Burj Al Arab ( edit ) Main article : Burj Al Arab <P> The Burj Al Arab ( Arabic : برج العرب , Tower of the Arabs ) , a luxury hotel , is frequently described as `` the world 's only 7 - star '' , though its management has said it has never made that claim . A Jumeirah Group spokesperson is quoted as saying : `` There 's not a lot we can do to stop it . We 're not encouraging the use of the term . We 've never used it in our advertising . '' The hotel opened in December 1999 . </P> Burj Khalifa ( edit ) Main article : Burj Khalifa Dubai Police Agusta A-109K - 2 in flight near Burj Khalifa <P> Burj Khalifa known as the Burj Dubai before its inauguration is an 828 metres ( 2,717 ft ) high skyscraper in Dubai , and the tallest building in the world . The tower was inspired by the structure of the desert flower Hymenocallis . It was constructed by more than 30 contracting companies around the world with 100 nationalities of workers . It is a building icon . The building opened in 2010 . </P> <H3> Artificial Islands ( edit ) </H3> The Palm Jumeirah <P> Dubai is home to several man - made islands , most of which were created in the 2000s and 2010s . </P> Palm Jumeirah ( edit ) Main article : Palm Jumeirah <P> The Palm Jumeirah is an artificial archipelago , created using land reclamation by Nakheel , a company owned by the Dubai government , and designed and developed by Helman Hurley Charvat Peacock / Architects , Inc . It is one of three planned islands called the Palm Islands which extend into the Persian Gulf . The Palm Jumeirah is the smallest and the original of three Palm Islands , and it is located on the Jumeirah coastal area of Dubai . It was built between 2001 and 2006 . </P> <H3> Dubai Miracle garden ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Dubai Miracle Garden <P> On 14 February 2013 , the Dubai Miracle Garden , a 72,000 - metre ( 236,000 - foot ) flower garden , opened in Dubailand . It is the world 's largest flower garden . The garden has a total of 45 million flowers with re-use of waste water through drip irrigation . During the summer seasons from late May to September when the climate can get extremely hot with an average high of about 40 ° C ( 104 ° F ) , the garden stays closed . </P> <H2> Transportation ( edit ) </H2> Main article : Transportation in Dubai Dubai Bus in Dubai Marina Dubai Metro 's Red Line , Arabian Peninsula 's first urban train network Interior of Dubai International Airport Abras , traditional mode of transport between Deira and Bur Dubai Dubai Metro is the first kind of rail transportation in UAE . Palm Jumeirah Monorail Dubai E 11 <P> Transport in Dubai is controlled by the Roads and Transport Authority ( RTA ) , an agency of the government of Dubai , formed by royal decree in 2005 . The public transport network has in the past faced congestion and reliability issues which a large investment programme has addressed , including over AED 70 billion of improvements planned for completion by 2020 , when the population of the city is projected to exceed 3.5 million . In 2009 , according to Dubai Municipality statistics , there were an estimated 1,021,880 cars in Dubai . In January 2010 , the number of Dubai residents who use public transport stood at 6 % . </P> <H3> Road ( edit ) </H3> See also : List of roads in Dubai , Dubai route numbering system , and List of bridges and tunnels in Dubai <P> Five main routes -- E 11 ( Sheikh Zayed Road ) , E 311 ( Sheikh Mohammed Bin Zayed Road ) , E 44 ( Dubai - Hatta Highway ) , E 77 ( Dubai - Al Habab Road ) and E 66 ( Oud Metha Road ) -- run through Dubai , connecting the city to other towns and emirates . Additionally , several important intra-city routes , such as D 89 ( Al Maktoum Road / Airport Road ) , D 85 ( Baniyas Road ) , D 75 ( Sheikh Rashid Road ) , D 73 ( Al Dhiyafa Road now named as 2 December street ) , D 94 ( Jumeirah Road ) and D 92 ( Al Khaleej / Al Wasl Road ) connect the various localities in the city . The eastern and western sections of the city are connected by Al Maktoum Bridge , Al Garhoud Bridge , Al Shindagha Tunnel , Business Bay Crossing and Floating Bridge . </P> <P> The Public Bus Transport system in Dubai is run by the RTA . The bus system services 140 routes and transported over 109 million people in 2008 . By the end of 2010 , there will be 2,100 buses in service across the city . In 2006 , the Transport authority announced the construction of 500 air - conditioned ( A / C ) Passenger Bus Shelters , and planned for 1,000 more across the emirates in a move to encourage the use of public buses . </P> <P> All taxi services are licensed by the RTA . Dubai licensed taxis are easily identifiable by their cream bodywork colour and varied roof colours identifying the operator . Dubai Taxi Corporation , a division of the RTA , is the largest operator and has taxis with red roofs . There are five private operators : Metro Taxis ( orange roofs ) ; Network Taxis ( yellow roofs ) ; Cars Taxis ( blue roofs ) ; Arabia Taxis ( green roofs ) ; and City Taxis ( purple roof ) . In addition , Dubai Taxi Corporation has a Ladies Taxi service , with pink roofs , which caters exclusively for female passengers , using female drivers . The Dubai International Airport taxi concession is operated by Dubai Taxi Corporation . There are more than 3000 taxis operating within the emirate making an average of 192,000 trips every day , carrying about 385,000 persons . In 2009 taxi trips exceeded 70 million trips serving around 140.45 million passengers . </P> <H3> Air ( edit ) </H3> <P> Dubai International Airport ( IATA : DXB ) , the hub for Emirates and flydubai , serves the city of Dubai and other emirates in the country . The airport was the 3rd busiest airport in the world by passenger traffic handling 83.6 million passengers in 2016 . The airport is also the busiest airport in the world by international passenger traffic . In addition to being an important passenger traffic hub , the airport is the 7th busiest cargo airport in world , handling 2.37 million tons of cargo in 2014 Emirates is the national airline of Dubai . As of 2014 , it operated internationally serving 142 destinations in over 70 countries across six continents . </P> <P> The development of Al Maktoum International Airport ( IATA : DWC ) was announced in 2004 . The first phase of the airport , featuring one A380 capable runway , 64 remote stands , one cargo terminal with annual capacity for 250,000 tonnes of cargo and a passenger terminal building designed to accommodate five million passengers per year , has been opened . When completed , Dubai World Central - Al Maktoum International will be the largest airport in the world with five runways , four terminal buildings and capacity for 160 million passengers and 12 million tons of cargo . </P> <H3> Metro rail ( edit ) </H3> <P> The $3.89 billion Dubai Metro project is operational . It consists of two lines ( Red line and Green line ) which run through the financial and residential areas of the city . The Metro system was partially opened on September 2009 . UK - based international service company Serco is responsible for operating the metro . The metro comprises the Green Line , which has 20 stations ( 8 underground , 12 elevated ) and runs from the Etisalat Station to the Creek Station and the Red Line , the major back bone line , which has 29 stations ( 4 underground , 24 elevated and 1 at ground level ) and runs from Rashidiya Station to UAE Xchange Station Jebel Ali . In July 2016 a contract was awarded to add a branch to the Red Line running to the EXPO 2020 site ; this extension is due to open in April 2020 . A Blue and a Purple Line have also been planned . The Dubai Metro ( Green and Blue Lines ) will have 70 km ( 43.5 mi ) of track and 43 stations , 37 above ground and ten underground . The Dubai Metro is the first urban train network in the Arabian Peninsula . All the trains run without a driver and are based on automatic navigation . </P> <H3> Palm Jumeirah monorail ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Palm Jumeirah Monorail <P> The Palm Jumeirah Monorail is a monorail line on the Palm Jumeirah . It connects the Palm Jumeirah to the mainland , with a planned further extension to the Red Line of the Dubai Metro . The line opened on 30 April 2009 . It is the first monorail in the Middle East . Two tram systems are expected to be built in Dubai by 2011 . The first is the Downtown Burj Khalifa Tram System and the second is the Al Sufouh Tram . The Downtown Burj Khalifa Tram System is a 4.6 km ( 2.9 mi ) tram service that is planned to service the area around the Burj Khalifa , and the second tram will run 14.5 km ( 9.0 mi ) along Al Sufouh Road from Dubai Marina to the Burj Al Arab and the Mall of the Emirates . </P> <H3> Tram ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Dubai Tram <P> A tramway located in Al Sufouh , Dubai , will run for 14.5 kilometres ( 9.0 miles ) along Al Sufouh Road from Dubai Marina to the Burj Al Arab and the Mall of the Emirates with two interchanges with Dubai Metro 's Red Line . The first section , a 10.6 - kilometer ( 6.6 mi ) long tram line which serves 11 stations , was opened on 11 November 2014 , by H.H. Sheikh Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum , The Vice-President and Prime Minister of UAE and Ruler of Dubai , with the line opening to the public at 6 am on 12 November 2014 . </P> <H3> High speed rail ( edit ) </H3> <P> Dubai has announced it will complete a link of the UAE high - speed rail system which will eventually hook up with the whole GCC ( Gulf Cooperation Council , also known as Cooperation Council for the Arab States of the Gulf ) and then possibly Europe . The High Speed Rail will serve passengers and cargo . </P> <H3> Waterways ( edit ) </H3> See also : Dubai Water Canal <P> There are two major commercial ports in Dubai , Port Rashid and Port Jebel Ali . Port Jebel Ali is the world 's largest man - made harbour , the biggest port in the Middle East , and the 7th - busiest port in the world . One of the more traditional methods of getting across Bur Dubai to Deira is by abras , small boats that ferry passengers across the Dubai Creek , between abra stations in Bastakiya and Baniyas Road . The Marine Transport Agency has also implemented the Dubai Water Bus System . Water bus is a fully air conditioned boat service across selected destinations across the creek . One can also avail oneself of the tourist water bus facility in Dubai . Latest addition to the water transport system is the Water Taxi . </P> <H2> Culture ( edit ) </H2> See also : Culture of Dubai Further information : Culture of the United Arab Emirates Meydan Beach Club , Dubai Marina <P> The UAE culture mainly revolves around traditional Arab culture . The influence of Arab and Islamic culture on its architecture , music , attire , cuisine and lifestyle are very prominent as well . Five times every day , Muslims are called to prayer from the minarets of mosques which are scattered around the country . Since 2006 , the weekend has been Friday - Saturday , as a compromise between Friday 's holiness to Muslims and the Western weekend of Saturday - Sunday . Prior to 2006 , the weekend was Thursday - Friday . </P> <P> Due to the touristic approach of many Dubaites in the entrepreneurial sector and the high standard of living , Dubai 's culture has gradually evolved towards one of luxury , opulence and lavishness with a high regard for leisure - related extravagance . Annual entertainment events such as the Dubai Shopping Festival ( DSF ) and Dubai Summer Surprises ( DSS ) attract over 4 million visitors from across the region and generate revenues in excess of $2.7 billion . </P> <P> Dubai is known for its nightlife . Clubs and bars are found mostly in hotels due to the liquor laws . The New York Times described Dubai as `` the kind of city where you might run into Michael Jordan at the Buddha Bar or stumble across Naomi Campbell celebrating her birthday with a multiday bash '' . </P> A traditional souk in Deira , Old Dubai <P> The city 's cultural imprint as a small , ethnically homogeneous pearling community was changed with the arrival of other ethnic groups and nationals -- first by the Iranians in the early 1900s , and later by Indians and Pakistanis in the 1960s . In 2005 , 84 % of the population of metropolitan Dubai was foreign - born , about half of them from India . </P> <P> Major holidays in Dubai include Eid al Fitr , which marks the end of Ramadan , and National Day ( 2 December ) , which marks the formation of the United Arab Emirates . </P> <P> The International Festivals and Events Association ( IFEA ) , the world 's leading events trade association , has crowned Dubai as IFEA World Festival and Event City , 2012 in the cities category with a population of more than one million . Large shopping malls in the city , such as Deira City Centre , Mirdiff City Centre , BurJuman , Mall of the Emirates , Dubai Mall ( the world 's largest ) and Ibn Battuta Mall as well as traditional Dubai Gold Souk and other souks attract shoppers from the region . </P> <H3> Food ( edit ) </H3> See also : Emirati cuisine <P> Arabic food is very popular and is available everywhere in the city , from the small shawarma diners in Deira and Al Karama to the restaurants in Dubai 's hotels . Fast food , South Asian , and Chinese cuisines are also very popular and are widely available . The sale and consumption of pork , though legal , is regulated and is sold only to non-Muslims , in designated areas of supermarkets and airports . Similarly , the sale of alcoholic beverages is regulated . A liquor permit is required to purchase alcohol ; however , alcohol is available in bars and restaurants within hotels . Shisha and qahwa boutiques are also popular in Dubai . Biryani is also a popular cuisine across Dubai with being the most popular among Indians and Pakistanis present in Dubai . </P> Dubai Food Festival ( edit ) <P> The inaugural Dubai Food Festival was held between 21 February to 15 March 2014 . According to Vision magazine , the event was aimed at enhancing and celebrating Dubai 's position as the gastronomic capital of the region . The festival was designed to showcase the variety of flavours and cuisines on offer in Dubai featuring the cuisines of over 200 nationalities at the festival . The next food festival was held between 23 February 2017 to 11 March 2017 . </P> <H3> Entertainment ( edit ) </H3> See also : Music of the United Arab Emirates Dubai International Film Festival 2010 Live performance in Dubai Media City Amphitheater <P> Arabic and Hollywood movies are popular in Dubai ( UAE ) . Since 2004 , the city has hosted the annual Dubai International Film Festival which serves as a showcase for Arab film making talent . Musicians Amr Diab , Diana Haddad , Aerosmith , Santana , Mark Knopfler , Rick Ross , Elton John , Pink , Shakira , Celine Dion , Coldplay , Lady Gaga , Jennifer Lopez , Rihanna , Justin Bieber , Selena Gomez and Roxette have performed in the city . Kylie Minogue was reportedly paid $3.5 million to perform at the opening of the Atlantis resort on 20 November 2008 . The Dubai Desert Rock Festival was also another major festival consisting of heavy metal and rock artists but is no longer held in Dubai . </P> <P> Popular films set in Dubai include : Balram vs. Tharadas , Black Friday ( 2004 film ) , Body of Lies ( film ) , Boom ( film ) , City of Life , Deewane Huye Paagal , Dubai ( 2001 film ) , Dubai ( 2005 film ) , Glitter Dust : Finding Art in Dubai , Happy New Year ( 2014 film ) , Hungama in Dubai , Italians ( film ) , Mission : Impossible -- Ghost Protocol , Naqaab , Silver Bears ( film ) , Switch ( 2013 film ) , Welcome ( 2007 film ) and Kung Fu Yoga . </P> <P> One of the lesser known sides of Dubai is the importance of its young contemporary art gallery scene . Since 2008 , the leading contemporary art galleries such as Carbon 12 Dubai , Green Art , gallery Isabelle van den Eynde , and The Third Line have brought the city onto the international art map . Art Dubai , the growing and reputable art fair of the region is as well a major contributor of the contemporary art scene 's development . </P> <P> The largest Cinema Hall in UAE is Reel Cinemas located at Dubai Mall . It has 22 screens available with a total of 2800 seats . </P> <H3> Dubai shopping Festival ( edit ) </H3> <P> The Dubai Shopping Festival is a yearly event in Dubai . It started in 1995 , attracts a lot of visitors from worldwide to visit Dubai and get advantage of the sales during this festival . </P> <P> In 2015 it started from 1 January and went until 1 February , but , The Department of Tourism and Commerce Marketing in Dubai announced the cessation of all entertainment and musical activities related to the Dubai Shopping Festival for 3 days , starting from Friday , 23 January to Sunday , 25 January due to the death of King Abdullah bin Abdulaziz former ruler of Saudi Arabia . </P> <H3> Media ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Dubai Media Incorporated See also : List of media outlets in Dubai Media City and Radio and television channels of Dubai View of Dubai Media City <P> Many international news agencies such as Reuters , APTN , Bloomberg L.P. and Middle East Broadcasting Center ( MBC ) operate in Dubai Media City and Dubai Internet City . Additionally , several local network television channels such as Dubai One ( formerly Channel 33 ) , and Dubai TV ( EDTV ) provide programming in English and Arabic respectively . Dubai is also the headquarters for several print media outlets . Dar Al Khaleej , Al Bayan and Al Ittihad are the city 's largest circulating Arabic language newspapers , while Gulf News , Khaleej Times , Khaleej Mag and 7days are the largest circulating English newspapers . </P> <P> Etisalat , the government - owned telecommunications provider , held a virtual monopoly over telecommunication services in Dubai prior to the establishment of other , smaller telecommunications companies such as Emirates Integrated Telecommunications Company ( EITC -- better known as Du ) in 2006 . Internet was introduced into the UAE ( and therefore Dubai ) in 1995 . The network has an Internet bandwidth of 7.5 Gbit / s with capacity of 49 STM1 links . Dubai houses two of four Domain Name System ( DNS ) data centres in the country ( DXBNIC1 , DXBNIC2 ) . Censorship is common in Dubai and used by the government to control content that it believes violates the cultural and political sensitivities of Emirates . Homosexuality , drugs , and the theory of evolution are generally considered taboo . </P> <P> Internet content is regulated in Dubai . Etisalat uses a proxy server to filter Internet content that the government deems to be inconsistent with the values of the country , such as sites that provide information on how to bypass the proxy ; sites pertaining to dating , gay and lesbian networks , and pornography ; and sites originating from Israel . Emirates Media and Internet ( a division of Etisalat ) notes that as of 2002 , 76 % of Internet users are male . About 60 % of Internet users were Asian , while 25 % of users were Arab . Dubai enacted an Electronic Transactions and Commerce Law in 2002 which deals with digital signatures and electronic registers . It prohibits Internet Service Providers ( ISPs ) from disclosing information gathered in providing services . The penal code contains official provisions that prohibit digital access to pornography ; however , it does not address cyber crime or data protection . </P> <H3> Sports ( edit ) </H3> Main article : List of sports venues in Dubai See also : Traditional sports in the United Arab Emirates Dubai Tennis Stadium <P> Football and cricket are the most popular sports in Dubai . Five teams ( Al Wasl FC , Al - Ahli Dubai , Al Nasr SC , Al Shabab Al Arabi Club and Dubai Club ) represent Dubai in UAE Pro-League . Al - Wasl have the second-most number of championships in the UAE League , after Al Ain . Dubai also hosts both the annual Dubai Tennis Championships and The Legends Rock Dubai tennis tournaments , as well as the Dubai Desert Classic golf tournament and the Dubai World Championship , all of which attract sports stars from around the world . The Dubai World Cup , a thoroughbred horse race , is held annually at the Meydan Racecourse . Dubai also hosts the traditional rugby union tournament Dubai Sevens , part of the Sevens World Series Event pictures of Rugby 7 Dubai 2015 . In 2009 , Dubai hosted the 2009 Rugby World Cup Sevens . Auto racing is also a big sport in Dubai , the Dubai Autodrome is home to many auto racing events throughout the year . It also features a state - of - the - art indoor and outdoor Kartdrome , popular among racing enthusiasts and recreational riders . </P> Cricket ( edit ) Australia vs. Pakistan at Dubai Sports City Cricket Ground <P> Cricket is followed by Dubai 's large community of Indians and Pakistanis alongside the residents from other cricket playing nations ( Sri Lanka , Bangladesh , England , Australia , South Africa and Nepal ) . In 2005 , the International Cricket Council ( ICC ) moved its headquarters from London to Dubai . The city has hosted several Pakistan matches and two new grass grounds are being developed in Dubai Sports City . Numerous tournaments also take place in Dubai . Since Pakistan played Australia in a One - Day International in Dubai in 2009 , not only have top international teams competed in the city , but the emirate is helping to improve the standard of cricket around the world with the ICC Cricket Academy , a training and coaching facility which is used by the world 's leading nations . Board of Control for Cricket in India played some Indian Premier League matches here . Pakistan Super League was also played here . </P> <H3> Dress code ( edit ) </H3> <P> The Emirati attire is typical of several countries in the Arabian peninsula . Women usually wear the `` Abaya '' , a long black robe with a hijab ( the head - scarf which covers the neck and part of the head ) . Some women may add a niqab which cover the mouth and nose and only leaves the eyes exposed . Men wear the `` Kandurah '' also referred to as `` dishdasha '' or even `` thawb '' ( long white robe ) and the headscarf ( Ghotrah ) . The UAE traditional Ghotrah is white and is held in place by an accessory called `` Egal '' , which resembles a black cord . The younger Emiratis prefer to wear red and white Ghotras and tie it round their head like a turban . </P> <P> The above dress code is never compulsory and many people wear western or other eastern clothing without any problems ; but prohibitions on wearing `` indecent clothing '' or revealing too much skin are aspects of the UAE to which Dubai 's visitors are expected to conform , and are encoded in Dubai 's criminal law . The UAE has enforced decency regulations in most public places , aside from waterparks , beaches , clubs , and bars . </P> <H2> Education ( edit ) </H2> Main article : Education in Dubai See also : List of universities and colleges in Dubai <P> The school system in Dubai follows that of the United Arab Emirates . As of 2009 , there are 79 public schools run by the Ministry of Education that serve Emiratis and expatriate Arab people as well as 145 private schools . The medium of instruction in public schools is Arabic with emphasis on English as a second language , while most of the private schools use English as their medium of instruction . Most private schools cater to one or more expatriate communities . </P> <P> More than 15 schools offer an international education using the one or more of the four International Baccalaureate Programmes for students aged 3 -- 19 . Several schools have introduced the new IB Career - related Programme that can be combined with a vocational qualification such as a BTEC . The Abu Dhabi Education Council ( ADEC ) signed an agreement with the IB in efforts to widen the options offered for parents and to meet the different needs of students in the United Arab Emirates ( UAE ) . </P> <P> Additionally a number of schools offer either a CBSE or an Indian Certificate of Secondary Education Indian syllabus . The Indian High School , DPS are some examples . Similarly , there are also several reputable Pakistani schools offering FBISE curriculum for expatriate children in Dubai . </P> <P> A number of schools also offer British primary education up to the age of eleven . British style eleven - to - eighteen secondary schools offering General Certificate of Secondary Education and A-Levels include Dubai Gem Private School , Dubai British School , English Language School Pvt . Some schools , such as The American School of Dubai , also offer the curriculum of the United States . </P> <P> The most well - known universities in Dubai are American University in Dubai , Hult International Business School , Al Ghurair University , The American College of Dubai , University of Wollongong in Dubai , British University in Dubai offering courses in Business Administration , Engineering , Architecture and Interior Design . American University in Dubai is one of the six UAE universities featured in QS World University Rankings 2014 / 2015 . In 2013 Synergy University Dubai Campus opened its campus in Jumeirah Lakes Towers being a first University in Dubai to be located outside of Educational Zones ( Knowledge Village or Academic City ) . </P> <H2> Healthcare ( edit ) </H2> Main articles : Dubai Health Authority and List of hospitals in Dubai Dubai 's Iranian Hospital <P> Healthcare in Dubai can be divided into two different sectors : public and private . Each Emirate is able to dictate healthcare standards according to their internal laws , although the standards and regulations rarely have extreme differences . Public hospitals in Dubai were first built in the late 1950s and continued to grow with public health initiatives . There are now 28 hospitals in Dubai , 6 public and 22 private , with 3 more major hospitals scheduled to be built by 2025 . </P> <P> By the end of 2012 , there were also a total of 1,348 medical clinics , 97 % of which are operated privately . In 2015 , Dubai phased in mandatory health insurance for all inhabitants , thereby leading to increased demand for medical services . </P> <H2> Notable people ( edit ) </H2> Main article : List of people from Dubai <Ul> <Li> Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum </Li> <Li> Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan </Li> <Li> Hamdan bin Rashid Al Maktoum </Li> </Ul> <H2> International relations ( edit ) </H2> See also : List of twin towns and sister cities in UAE <H3> Twin towns and sister cities ( edit ) </H3> <P> Dubai is twinned with the following cities : </P> <Ul> <Li> Barcelona , Catalonia , Spain ( 2006 ) </Li> <Li> Busan , South Korea ( 2006 ) </Li> <Li> Detroit , Michigan , United States ( 2003 ) </Li> <Li> Frankfurt , Hessen , Germany , as a Friendship city since 2005 </Li> <Li> Gold Coast , Queensland , Australia ( 2001 ) </Li> <Li> Shanghai , China ( 2009 ) </Li> <Li> Istanbul , Turkey ( 1997 ) </Li> <Li> Padang , Indonesia ( 2015 ) </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Kuala Lumpur , Malaysia ( 2010 ) </Li> <Li> Dundee , Scotland , UK ( 2004 ) </Li> </Ul> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> United Arab Emirates portal </Li> <Li> Dubai portal </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Al Sufouh Archaeological Site </Li> <Li> Dubai Desert Conservation Reserve </Li> <Li> Dubai Silicon Oasis </Li> <Li> Jumeirah Lake Towers </Li> <Li> List of buildings in Dubai </Li> <Li> List of cities with the most skyscrapers </Li> <Li> Sustainability in Dubai </Li> <Li> LGBT rights in the United Arab Emirates </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Population Clock '' . www.dsc.gov.ae . 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The Dubai Tram . Archived from the original on 15 February 2016 . Retrieved 12 February 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` GCC Rail Network '' . zawya projects . 14 April 2010 . Archived from the original on 17 June 2011 . Retrieved 25 April 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Port of Jebel Ali '' . worldportsource.com. 14 August 2008 . Archived from the original on 16 April 2010 . Retrieved 25 April 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Abra - services Archived 17 August 2010 at the Wayback Machine . dubai - online </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` RTA launches Water Bus System on Dubai Creek '' . AMEinfo. 16 July 2007 . Archived from the original on 2 June 2010 . Retrieved 25 April 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Jonathan Sheikh - Miller . `` UAE Weekend Switchover '' . AMEinfo . Archived from the original on 12 February 2011 . 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Retrieved 11 December 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Dubai is world 's festival city '' . khaleejtimes.com. 23 September 2012 . Archived from the original on 24 September 2012 . Retrieved 30 September 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Dubai crowned World Festival and Event City by IFEA '' . news.definitelydubai.com. 23 September 2012 . Archived from the original on 28 September 2012 . Retrieved 30 September 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Top 7 Places to go Shopping in Dubai -- Dubai Expats Guide '' . Dubai Expats Guide . 29 September 2013 . Archived from the original on 2 February 2017 . Retrieved 2 February 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Food and Agricultural Import Regulations and Standards Archived 26 February 2008 at the Wayback Machine ... GAIN Report . United States Department of Agriculture </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Dubai Culture Archived 6 March 2010 at the Wayback Machine . dubai-livethedream.com </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Biryani in Dubai '' . zomato.com . Archived from the original on 7 February 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Dubai Food Festival '' . Dubai Food Festival . Archived from the original on 15 November 2014 . Retrieved 20 November 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ East , Ben ( February 2014 ) . `` Taste of culture : Dubai Food Festival '' . Vision.ae . Archived from the original on 30 October 2014 . Retrieved 20 November 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Dubai Food Festival 2017 '' . Archived from the original on 10 October 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` About Dubai Film Festival ( DFF ) '' . 7th Dubai International Film Festival . Archived from the original on 22 August 2008 . Retrieved 23 April 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` du sponsors AR Rahman Live in Concert '' . ameinfo.com. 16 April 2008 . Archived from the original on 8 November 2010 . Retrieved 25 April 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Ferris - Lay , Claire ( 11 September 2008 ) . `` Kylie ' being paid $3.5 mn ' for Atlantis gig '' . Arab Business.com . 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February 2010 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Etisalat ramps up UAE bandwidth '' . arabianbusiness.com. 11 June 2006 . Archived from the original on 12 August 2011 . Retrieved 3 May 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Hashim , Abdulla ( 5 May 2005 ) . `` UAEnicat a Glance '' ( PDF ) . isoc.org . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 11 March 2010 . Retrieved 21 April 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ United Arab Emirates Archived 9 September 2008 at the Wayback Machine ... OpenNet Interactive . 2008 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Jack , Malvern ( 16 February 2009 ) . `` Geraldine Bedell 's novel banned in Dubai because of gay character '' . The Times . UK . Retrieved 22 April 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Internet Filtering in the United Arab Emirates in 2004 -- 2005 : A Country Study '' . OpenNet Initiative . 5 May 2005 . Archived from the original on 11 June 2010 . Retrieved 9 June 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Electronic Transactions and Commerce Law No. 2 / 2002 '' . Dubai Technology and Media Free Zone Authority . Archived from the original on 31 May 2011 . Retrieved 9 June 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Silenced -- United Arab Emirates '' . Privacyinternational.org. 21 September 2003 . Archived from the original on 3 September 2010 . Retrieved 20 April 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` ICC moves to new headquarters in Sports City '' . Gulf News . 18 April 2009 . Archived from the original on 16 May 2013 . Retrieved 20 April 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Criminal Law of Dubai '' . Archived from the original on 6 October 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Leijen , Majorie van . `` UAE laws you must know to stay out of trouble '' . Emirates 24 7 . Archived from the original on 28 December 2016 . Retrieved 2 February 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Mansell , Warwick ( 30 April 2010 ) . `` Expat guide to the UAE : schools '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . Archived from the original on 23 October 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Middle East International Baccalaureate Association ( MEIBA ) of Schools '' . Archived from the original on 13 February 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Welcome to BTEC '' . Archived from the original on 7 May 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` ADEC signs a protocol agreement with the International Baccalaureate Organization today '' . ADEC . Archived from the original on 5 January 2016 . Retrieved 12 February 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` List of schools in Dubai , Dubai school finder '' . Dubaifaqs.com. 5 June 2012 . Archived from the original on 28 April 2013 . Retrieved 20 April 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` QS World University Rankings ® 2014 / 15 '' . topuniversities.com . Archived from the original on 5 February 2016 . Retrieved 12 February 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Synergy University Dubai Campus . `` Synergy University Dubai Campus -- Home Page '' . Synergy University Dubai Campus . 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Retrieved 28 October 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Dubai and Busan are sister cities , on the municipality 's website Archived 18 March 2016 at Archive.is , 13 November 2006 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Sister Cities Agreement between Detroit and Dubai Archived 22 December 2015 at the Wayback Machine. , 28 September 2003 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Partnerships : Frankfurt am Main '' ( in German ) . Council of European Municipalities and Regions . Archived from the original on 8 February 2015 . Retrieved 16 February 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Dubai and Gold Coast are sister cities , on the municipality 's website Archived 13 February 2015 at the Wayback Machine ... Retrieved 28 October 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Dubai is sister city to Shanghai , on the municipality 's site Archived 3 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine. , 27 July 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Dubai and Istanbul are sister cities , on the municipality 's website Archived 15 October 2016 at the Wayback Machine . ( in Turkish ) , 22 March 1997 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Wako : Kerjasama Padang - Perth - Dubai Saling Menguntungkan '' . ANTARA ( in Indonesian ) . 15 September 2015 . Archived from the original on 27 December 2015 . Retrieved 27 December 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Dubai is listed as one of Kuala Lumpur 's sister cities Archived 30 August 2013 at the Wayback Machine . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ https://stv.tv/news/tayside/110625-scotlands-links-with-uae-celebrated-in-dundee/ </Li> </Ol> <H2> Further reading ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Syed Ali . Dubai : Gilded Cage ( Yale University Press ; 2010 ) 240 pages . Focuses on the Arab emirate 's treatment of foreign workers . </Li> <Li> Heiko Schmid : Economy of Fascination : Dubai and Chicago as Themed Urban Landscapes , Berlin , Stuttgart 2009 , ISBN 978 - 3 - 443 - 37014 - 5 . </Li> <Li> John M. Smith : Dubai The Maktoum Story , Norderstedt 2007 , ISBN 3 - 8334 - 4660 - 9 . </Li> </Ul> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> Find more aboutDubaiat Wikipedia 's sister projects <Ul> <Li> Definitions from Wiktionary </Li> <Li> Media from Wikimedia Commons </Li> <Li> News from Wikinews </Li> <Li> Quotations from Wikiquote </Li> <Li> Texts from Wikisource </Li> <Li> Textbooks from Wikibooks </Li> <Li> Learning resources from Wikiversity </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Dubai travel guide from Wikivoyage </Li> <Li> www.dubai.ae -- The Official Portal of Dubai Government </Li> <Li> www.dm.gov.ae -- Dubai Municipality website </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Places adjacent to Dubai </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Td> Persian Gulf </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Dubai </Td> <Td> Sharjah </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Abu Dhabi </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> 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</Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Sister cities </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Chennai </Li> <Li> Detroit </Li> <Li> Geneva </Li> <Li> Shanghai </Li> <Li> Casablanca </Li> <Li> Frankfurt </Li> <Li> Guangzhou </Li> <Li> Osaka </Li> <Li> Beirut </Li> <Li> Dundee </Li> <Li> Gold Coast </Li> <Li> Moscow </Li> <Li> Istanbul </Li> <Li> Damascus </Li> <Li> Barcelona </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Portal </Li> <Li> WikiProject </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Neighbourhoods and communities in Dubai </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Deira and eastern Dubai </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Abu Hail </Li> <Li> Al Baraha </Li> <Li> Al Buteen </Li> <Li> Al Dhagaya </Li> <Li> Al Garhoud </Li> <Li> Al Hamriya Port </Li> <Li> Al Karama </Li> <Li> Al Khabisi </Li> <Li> Al Mamzar </Li> <Li> Al Mizhar </Li> <Li> Al Muraqqabat </Li> <Li> Al Murar </Li> <Li> Al Muteena </Li> <Li> Al Nahda </Li> <Li> Al Qusais </Li> <Li> Al Ras </Li> <Li> Al Rashidiya </Li> <Li> Al Rigga </Li> <Li> Al Sabkha </Li> <Li> Al Twar </Li> <Li> Al Waheda </Li> <Li> Al Warqaa </Li> <Li> Ayal Nasir </Li> <Li> Dubai International Airport </Li> <Li> Hor Al Anz </Li> <Li> Mirdif </Li> <Li> Muhaisnah </Li> <Li> Nad Al Hammar </Li> <Li> Nad Shamma </Li> <Li> Naif </Li> <Li> Port Saeed </Li> <Li> Rigga Al Buteen </Li> <Li> Umm Ramool </Li> <Li> Warisan </Li> <Li> Al Amardhi </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Bur Dubai and western Dubai </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Al Bada </Li> <Li> Al Barsha </Li> <Li> Al Hamriya </Li> <Li> Al Hudaiba </Li> <Li> Al Jaddaf </Li> <Li> Al Jafilia </Li> <Li> Al Karama </Li> <Li> Al Kefaf </Li> <Li> Al Manara </Li> <Li> Al Mankhool </Li> <Li> Al Markada </Li> <Li> Al Quoz </Li> <Li> Al Rifa </Li> <Li> Al Safa </Li> <Li> Al Satwa </Li> <Li> Al Shindagha </Li> <Li> Al Souk Al Kabir </Li> <Li> Al Sufouh </Li> <Li> Al Wasl </Li> <Li> Bu Kadra </Li> <Li> Business Bay </Li> <Li> Dubai Marina </Li> <Li> Emirates Hills </Li> <Li> Dubai International City </Li> <Li> Jebel Ali </Li> <Li> Jumeirah </Li> <Li> Jumeirah Islands </Li> <Li> Jumeirah Lake Towers </Li> <Li> Nad Al Sheba </Li> <Li> Oud Metha </Li> <Li> Port Rashid </Li> <Li> Ras Al Khor </Li> <Li> Ras Al Khor Industrial Area </Li> <Li> Trade Centre 1 </Li> <Li> Trade Centre 2 </Li> <Li> Umm Al Sheif </Li> <Li> Umm Hurair </Li> <Li> Umm Suqeim </Li> <Li> Zabeel </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Landmarks and attractions in Dubai </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Al Bastakiya </Li> <Li> Al Fahidi Fort </Li> <Li> Bait Al Wakeel </Li> <Li> Burj Al Arab </Li> <Li> Burj Khalifa </Li> <Li> Deira Clocktower </Li> <Li> Deira Twin Towers </Li> <Li> Dubai Chamber of Commerce and Industry </Li> <Li> Dubai Dolphinarium </Li> <Li> Dubai Gold Souk </Li> <Li> Dubai Spice Souk </Li> <Li> Dubai Textile Souk </Li> <Li> Dubai World Trade Centre </Li> <Li> Emirates Towers </Li> <Li> Etisalat Tower 1 </Li> <Li> Fish Roundabout </Li> <Li> The Gate </Li> <Li> Hyatt Regency Dubai </Li> <Li> Jumeirah Beach Hotel </Li> <Li> Naif Square </Li> <Li> National Bank of Dubai </Li> <Li> Palm Islands </Li> <Li> Queen Elizabeth 2 </Li> <Li> Saeed Al Maktoum House </Li> <Li> Ski Dubai </Li> <Li> Wild Wadi </Li> <Li> Dubai Mall </Li> <Li> Hatta Heritage Village </Li> <Li> Dubai Autodrome </Li> <Li> Dubai Trolley </Li> <Li> The World </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Developments in Dubai </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Skyscrapers </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Burj Al Alam </Li> <Li> Infinity Tower </Li> <Li> Damac Heights </Li> <Li> Dubai Pearl </Li> <Li> Emirates Towers </Li> <Li> Burj Al Arab </Li> <Li> Burj Khalifa </Li> <Li> Almas Tower </Li> <Li> Address Boulevard </Li> <Li> Jumeirah Lake Towers </Li> <Li> 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Business Bay </Li> <Li> Mohammed bin Rashid City </Li> <Li> Hydropolis </Li> <Li> Atlantis , The Palm </Li> <Li> Falconcity of Wonders </Li> <Li> Downtown Dubai </Li> <Li> Dubai Multi Commodities Centre </Li> <Li> Akoya Oxygen </Li> <Li> Arabian Ranches </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> List of development projects in Dubai </Li> <Li> List of tallest buildings in Dubai </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Emirate of Dubai </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Settlements </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Dubai </Li> <Li> Hatta </Li> <Li> Jebel Ali </Li> <Li> Al Aweer </Li> <Li> Al Hajaran </Li> <Li> Al Hunaiwah </Li> <Li> Lahbab </Li> <Li> Al Lusayli </Li> <Li> Al Marqab </Li> <Li> Al Faq </Li> <Li> Hail </Li> <Li> Assama </Li> <Li> Ud al - Bayda </Li> <Li> Al Malaiha </Li> <Li> Al Madam </Li> <Li> Margham </Li> <Li> Urqub Juwayza </Li> <Li> Al Qima </Li> <Li> Al Zahid </Li> <Li> Al Tawae </Li> <Li> Al Mimzar </Li> <Li> Al Warqa </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Major cities of the United Arab Emirates </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Abu Dhabi </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Abu Dhabi </Li> <Li> Al Ain </Li> <Li> Sila </Li> <Li> Al Khatam </Li> <Li> Al Mushrif </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Dubai </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Dubai </Li> <Li> Hatta </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Sharjah </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Sharjah </Li> <Li> Dhaid </Li> <Li> Dibba Al - Hisn </Li> <Li> Kalba </Li> <Li> Khor Fakkan </Li> <Li> Nahwa </Li> <Li> Al Jazirah </Li> <Li> Al Khan </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Ajman </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Ajman </Li> <Li> Masfut </Li> <Li> Al - Manamah </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Umm al - Quwain </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Umm al - Quwain </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Ras Al - Khaima </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Ras al - Khaimah </Li> <Li> Khatt </Li> <Li> ' Asamah </Li> <Li> ' Uraybi </Li> <Li> Adhan , Ras al - Khaimah </Li> <Li> Al Fahlayn </Li> <Li> 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https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Dubai&amp;oldid=821745147

List of National Basketball Association career scoring leaders - wikipedia <H1> List of National Basketball Association career scoring leaders </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This article 's lead section does not adequately summarize key points of its contents . Please consider expanding the lead to provide an accessible overview of all important aspects of the article . Please discuss this issue on the article 's talk page . ( March 2018 ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> Kareem Abdul - Jabbar has scored the most career points in NBA history . <P> This article provides two lists : </P> <Dl> <Dd> A list of National Basketball Association players by total career regular season points scored . </Dd> <Dd> A progressive list of scoring leaders showing how the record increased through the past seasons . </Dd> </Dl> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Scoring Leaders </Li> <Li> 2 Progressive list of scoring leaders </Li> <Li> 3 See also </Li> <Li> 4 References </Li> <Li> 5 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Scoring leaders ( edit ) </H2> <P> The following is a list of National Basketball Association players by total career regular season points scored . </P> <Dl> <Dd> Statistics accurate as of April 5 , 2018 . </Dd> </Dl> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Active NBA player </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> * </Td> <Td> Inducted into the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> † </Td> <Td> Not yet eligible for Hall of Fame consideration </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Rank </Th> <Th> Player </Th> <Th> Position ( s ) </Th> <Th> Team ( s ) played for ( years ) </Th> <Th> Total points </Th> <Th> Games played </Th> <Th> Points per game average </Th> <Th> Field goals made </Th> <Th> Three - point field goals made </Th> <Th> Free throws made </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Abdul - Jabbar , Kareem Kareem Abdul - Jabbar * </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Milwaukee Bucks ( 1969 -- 1975 ) Los Angeles Lakers ( 1975 -- 1989 ) </Td> <Td> 38,387 </Td> <Td> 1,560 </Td> <Td> 24.6 </Td> <Td> 15,837 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 6,712 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Malone , Karl Karl Malone * </Td> <Td> PF </Td> <Td> Utah Jazz ( 1985 -- 2003 ) Los Angeles Lakers ( 2003 -- 2004 ) </Td> <Td> 36,928 </Td> <Td> 1,476 </Td> <Td> 25.0 </Td> <Td> 13,528 </Td> <Td> 85 </Td> <Td> 9,787 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Bryant , Kobe Kobe Bryant </Td> <Td> SG </Td> <Td> Los Angeles Lakers ( 1996 -- 2016 ) </Td> <Td> 33,643 </Td> <Td> 1,346 </Td> <Td> 25.0 </Td> <Td> 11,719 </Td> <Td> 1,827 </Td> <Td> 8,378 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Jordan , Michael Michael Jordan * </Td> <Td> SG </Td> <Td> Chicago Bulls ( 1984 -- 1993 , 1995 -- 1998 ) Washington Wizards ( 2001 -- 2003 ) </Td> <Td> 32,292 </Td> <Td> 1,072 </Td> <Td> 30.1 </Td> <Td> 12,192 </Td> <Td> 581 </Td> <Td> 7,327 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> Chamberlain , Wilt Wilt Chamberlain * </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Philadelphia / San Francisco Warriors ( 1959 -- 1965 ) Philadelphia 76ers ( 1965 -- 1968 ) Los Angeles Lakers ( 1968 -- 1973 ) </Td> <Td> 31,419 </Td> <Td> 1,045 </Td> <Td> 30.1 </Td> <Td> 12,681 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 6,057 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> Nowitzki , Dirk Dirk Nowitzki ^ </Td> <Td> PF / C </Td> <Td> Dallas Mavericks ( 1999 -- present ) </Td> <Td> 31,187 </Td> <Td> 1,471 </Td> <Td> 21.2 </Td> <Td> 11,034 </Td> <Td> 1,918 </Td> <Td> 7,201 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> James , LeBron LeBron James ^ </Td> <Td> SF / PF </Td> <Td> Cleveland Cavaliers ( 2003 -- 2010 , 2014 -- present ) Miami Heat ( 2010 -- 2014 ) </Td> <Td> 30,925 </Td> <Td> 1,139 </Td> <Td> 27.2 </Td> <Td> 11,240 </Td> <Td> 1,607 </Td> <Td> 6,838 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> O'Neal , Shaquille Shaquille O'Neal * </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Orlando Magic ( 1992 -- 1996 ) Los Angeles Lakers ( 1996 -- 2004 ) Miami Heat ( 2004 -- 2008 ) Phoenix Suns ( 2008 -- 2009 ) Cleveland Cavaliers ( 2009 -- 2010 ) Boston Celtics ( 2010 -- 2011 ) </Td> <Td> 28,596 </Td> <Td> 1,207 </Td> <Td> 23.7 </Td> <Td> 11,330 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 5,935 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> Malone , Moses Moses Malone * </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Buffalo Braves ( 1976 ) Houston Rockets ( 1976 -- 1982 ) Philadelphia 76ers ( 1982 -- 1986 , 1993 -- 1994 ) Washington Bullets ( 1986 -- 1988 ) Atlanta Hawks ( 1988 -- 1991 ) Milwaukee Bucks ( 1991 -- 1993 ) San Antonio Spurs ( 1994 -- 1995 ) </Td> <Td> 27,409 </Td> <Td> 1,329 </Td> <Td> 20.6 </Td> <Td> 9,435 </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> 8,531 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> Hayes , Elvin Elvin Hayes * </Td> <Td> PF / C </Td> <Td> San Diego / Houston Rockets ( 1968 -- 1972 , 1981 -- 1984 ) Baltimore / Capital / Washington Bullets ( 1972 -- 1981 ) </Td> <Td> 27,313 </Td> <Td> 1,303 </Td> <Td> 21.0 </Td> <Td> 10,976 </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> 5,356 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 11 </Td> <Td> Olajuwon , Hakeem Hakeem Olajuwon * </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Houston Rockets ( 1984 -- 2001 ) Toronto Raptors ( 2001 -- 2002 ) </Td> <Td> 26,946 </Td> <Td> 1,238 </Td> <Td> 21.8 </Td> <Td> 10,749 </Td> <Td> 25 </Td> <Td> 5,423 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 12 </Td> <Td> Robertson , Oscar Oscar Robertson * </Td> <Td> PG </Td> <Td> Cincinnati Royals ( 1960 -- 1970 ) Milwaukee Bucks ( 1970 -- 1974 ) </Td> <Td> 26,710 </Td> <Td> 1,040 </Td> <Td> 25.7 </Td> <Td> 9,508 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 7,694 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 13 </Td> <Td> Wilkins , Dominique Dominique Wilkins * </Td> <Td> SF </Td> <Td> Atlanta Hawks ( 1982 -- 1994 ) Los Angeles Clippers ( 1994 ) Boston Celtics ( 1994 -- 1995 ) San Antonio Spurs ( 1996 -- 1997 ) Orlando Magic ( 1999 ) </Td> <Td> 26,668 </Td> <Td> 1,074 </Td> <Td> 24.8 </Td> <Td> 9,963 </Td> <Td> 711 </Td> <Td> 6,031 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 14 </Td> <Td> Duncan , Tim Tim Duncan </Td> <Td> PF / C </Td> <Td> San Antonio Spurs ( 1997 -- 2016 ) </Td> <Td> 26,496 </Td> <Td> 1,392 </Td> <Td> 19.0 </Td> <Td> 10,285 </Td> <Td> 30 </Td> <Td> 5,896 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 15 </Td> <Td> Pierce , Paul Paul Pierce </Td> <Td> SF / SG </Td> <Td> Boston Celtics ( 1999 -- 2013 ) Brooklyn Nets ( 2013 -- 2014 ) Washington Wizards ( 2014 -- 2015 ) Los Angeles Clippers ( 2015 -- 2017 ) </Td> <Td> 26,397 </Td> <Td> 1,343 </Td> <Td> 19.7 </Td> <Td> 8,668 </Td> <Td> 2,143 </Td> <Td> 6,918 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 16 </Td> <Td> Havlicek , John John Havlicek * </Td> <Td> SF / SG </Td> <Td> Boston Celtics ( 1962 -- 1978 ) </Td> <Td> 26,395 </Td> <Td> 1,270 </Td> <Td> 20.8 </Td> <Td> 10,513 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 5,369 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 17 </Td> <Td> Garnett , Kevin Kevin Garnett </Td> <Td> PF / C </Td> <Td> Minnesota Timberwolves ( 1995 -- 2007 , 2015 -- 2016 ) Boston Celtics ( 2007 -- 2013 ) Brooklyn Nets ( 2013 -- 2015 ) </Td> <Td> 26,071 </Td> <Td> 1,462 </Td> <Td> 17.8 </Td> <Td> 10,505 </Td> <Td> 174 </Td> <Td> 4,887 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 18 </Td> <Td> English , Alex Alex English * </Td> <Td> SF </Td> <Td> Milwaukee Bucks ( 1976 -- 1978 ) Indiana Pacers ( 1978 -- 1980 ) Denver Nuggets ( 1980 -- 1990 ) Dallas Mavericks ( 1990 -- 1991 ) </Td> <Td> 25,613 </Td> <Td> 1,193 </Td> <Td> 21.5 </Td> <Td> 10,659 </Td> <Td> 18 </Td> <Td> 4,277 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 19 </Td> <Td> Anthony , Carmelo Carmelo Anthony ^ </Td> <Td> SF </Td> <Td> Denver Nuggets ( 2003 -- 2011 ) New York Knicks ( 2011 -- 2017 ) Oklahoma City Thunder ( 2017 -- present ) </Td> <Td> 25,374 </Td> <Td> 1,051 </Td> <Td> 24.1 </Td> <Td> 9,073 </Td> <Td> 1,336 </Td> <Td> 5,892 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 20 </Td> <Td> Miller , Reggie Reggie Miller * </Td> <Td> SG </Td> <Td> Indiana Pacers ( 1987 -- 2005 ) </Td> <Td> 25,279 </Td> <Td> 1,389 </Td> <Td> 18.2 </Td> <Td> 8,241 </Td> <Td> 2,560 </Td> <Td> 6,237 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 21 </Td> <Td> West , Jerry Jerry West * </Td> <Td> PG / SG </Td> <Td> Los Angeles Lakers ( 1960 -- 1974 ) </Td> <Td> 25,192 </Td> <Td> 932 </Td> <Td> 27.0 </Td> <Td> 9,016 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 7,160 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 22 </Td> <Td> Carter , Vince Vince Carter ^ </Td> <Td> SG / SF </Td> <Td> Toronto Raptors ( 1999 -- 2004 ) New Jersey Nets ( 2004 -- 2009 ) Orlando Magic ( 2009 -- 2010 ) Phoenix Suns ( 2010 -- 2011 ) Dallas Mavericks ( 2011 -- 2014 ) Memphis Grizzlies ( 2014 -- 2017 ) Sacramento Kings ( 2017 -- present ) </Td> <Td> 24,850 </Td> <Td> 1,402 </Td> <Td> 17.7 </Td> <Td> 8,984 </Td> <Td> 2,103 </Td> <Td> 4,779 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 23 </Td> <Td> Ewing , Patrick Patrick Ewing * </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> New York Knicks ( 1985 -- 2000 ) Seattle SuperSonics ( 2000 -- 2001 ) Orlando Magic ( 2001 -- 2002 ) </Td> <Td> 24,815 </Td> <Td> 1,183 </Td> <Td> 21.0 </Td> <Td> 9,702 </Td> <Td> 19 </Td> <Td> 5,392 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 24 </Td> <Td> Allen , Ray Ray Allen * </Td> <Td> SG </Td> <Td> Milwaukee Bucks ( 1996 -- 2003 ) Seattle SuperSonics ( 2003 -- 2007 ) Boston Celtics ( 2007 -- 2012 ) Miami Heat ( 2012 -- 2014 ) </Td> <Td> 24,505 </Td> <Td> 1,300 </Td> <Td> 18.9 </Td> <Td> 8,567 </Td> <Td> 2,973 </Td> <Td> 4,398 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 25 </Td> <Td> Iverson , Allen Allen Iverson * </Td> <Td> SG / PG </Td> <Td> Philadelphia 76ers ( 1996 -- 2006 , 2009 -- 2010 ) Denver Nuggets ( 2006 -- 2008 ) Detroit Pistons ( 2008 -- 2009 ) Memphis Grizzlies ( 2009 ) </Td> <Td> 24,368 </Td> <Td> 914 </Td> <Td> 26.7 </Td> <Td> 8,467 </Td> <Td> 1,059 </Td> <Td> 6,375 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 26 </Td> <Td> Barkley , Charles Charles Barkley * </Td> <Td> PF </Td> <Td> Philadelphia 76ers ( 1984 -- 1992 ) Phoenix Suns ( 1992 -- 1996 ) Houston Rockets ( 1996 -- 2000 ) </Td> <Td> 23,757 </Td> <Td> 1,073 </Td> <Td> 22.1 </Td> <Td> 8,435 </Td> <Td> 538 </Td> <Td> 6,349 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 27 </Td> <Td> Parish , Robert Robert Parish * </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Golden State Warriors ( 1976 -- 1980 ) Boston Celtics ( 1980 -- 1994 ) Charlotte Hornets ( 1994 -- 1996 ) Chicago Bulls ( 1996 -- 1997 ) </Td> <Td> 23,334 </Td> <Td> 1,611 </Td> <Td> 14.5 </Td> <Td> 9,614 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 4,106 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 28 </Td> <Td> Dantley , Adrian Adrian Dantley * </Td> <Td> SF </Td> <Td> Buffalo Braves ( 1976 -- 1977 ) Indiana Pacers ( 1977 ) Los Angeles Lakers ( 1977 -- 1979 ) Utah Jazz ( 1979 -- 1986 ) Detroit Pistons ( 1986 -- 1989 ) Dallas Mavericks ( 1989 -- 1990 ) Milwaukee Bucks ( 1991 ) </Td> <Td> 23,177 </Td> <Td> 955 </Td> <Td> 24.3 </Td> <Td> 8,169 </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> 6,832 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 29 </Td> <Td> Baylor , Elgin Elgin Baylor * </Td> <Td> SF </Td> <Td> Minneapolis / Los Angeles Lakers ( 1958 -- 1971 ) </Td> <Td> 23,149 </Td> <Td> 846 </Td> <Td> 27.4 </Td> <Td> 8,693 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 5,763 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 30 </Td> <Td> Drexler , Clyde Clyde Drexler * </Td> <Td> SG </Td> <Td> Portland Trail Blazers ( 1983 -- 1995 ) Houston Rockets ( 1995 -- 1998 ) </Td> <Td> 22,195 </Td> <Td> 1,086 </Td> <Td> 20.4 </Td> <Td> 8,335 </Td> <Td> 827 </Td> <Td> 4,698 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 31 </Td> <Td> Wade , Dwyane Dwyane Wade ^ </Td> <Td> SG </Td> <Td> Miami Heat ( 2003 -- 2016 , 2018 -- present ) Chicago Bulls ( 2016 -- 2017 ) Cleveland Cavaliers ( 2017 -- 2018 ) </Td> <Td> 22,058 </Td> <Td> 979 </Td> <Td> 22.5 </Td> <Td> 8,028 </Td> <Td> 462 </Td> <Td> 5,540 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 32 </Td> <Td> Payton , Gary Gary Payton * </Td> <Td> PG </Td> <Td> Seattle SuperSonics ( 1990 -- 2003 ) Milwaukee Bucks ( 2003 ) Los Angeles Lakers ( 2003 -- 2004 ) Boston Celtics ( 2004 -- 2005 ) Miami Heat ( 2005 -- 2007 ) </Td> <Td> 21,813 </Td> <Td> 1,335 </Td> <Td> 16.3 </Td> <Td> 8,708 </Td> <Td> 1,132 </Td> <Td> 3,265 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 33 </Td> <Td> Bird , Larry Larry Bird * </Td> <Td> SF / PF </Td> <Td> Boston Celtics ( 1979 -- 1992 ) </Td> <Td> 21,791 </Td> <Td> 897 </Td> <Td> 24.3 </Td> <Td> 8,591 </Td> <Td> 649 </Td> <Td> 3,960 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 34 </Td> <Td> Greer , Hal Hal Greer * </Td> <Td> SG / PG </Td> <Td> Syracuse Nationals / Philadelphia 76ers ( 1958 -- 1973 ) </Td> <Td> 21,586 </Td> <Td> 1,122 </Td> <Td> 19.2 </Td> <Td> 8,504 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 4,578 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 35 </Td> <Td> Bellamy , Walt Walt Bellamy * </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Chicago Packers / Zephyrs / Baltimore Bullets ( 1961 -- 1965 ) New York Knicks ( 1965 -- 1968 ) Detroit Pistons ( 1968 -- 1970 ) Atlanta Hawks ( 1970 -- 1974 ) New Orleans Jazz ( 1974 ) </Td> <Td> 20,941 </Td> <Td> 1,043 </Td> <Td> 20.1 </Td> <Td> 7,914 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 5,113 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 36 </Td> <Td> Pettit , Bob Bob Pettit * </Td> <Td> PF / C </Td> <Td> Milwaukee / St. Louis Hawks ( 1954 -- 1965 ) </Td> <Td> 20,880 </Td> <Td> 792 </Td> <Td> 26.4 </Td> <Td> 7,349 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 6,182 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 37 </Td> <Td> Durant , Kevin Kevin Durant ^ </Td> <Td> SF / SG </Td> <Td> Seattle SuperSonics / Oklahoma City Thunder ( 2007 -- 2016 ) Golden State Warriors ( 2016 -- present ) </Td> <Td> 20,815 </Td> <Td> 767 </Td> <Td> 27.1 </Td> <Td> 7,058 </Td> <Td> 1,425 </Td> <Td> 5,274 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 38 </Td> <Td> Robinson , David David Robinson * </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> San Antonio Spurs ( 1989 -- 2003 ) </Td> <Td> 20,790 </Td> <Td> 987 </Td> <Td> 21.1 </Td> <Td> 7,365 </Td> <Td> 25 </Td> <Td> 6,035 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 39 </Td> <Td> Gasol , Pau Pau Gasol ^ </Td> <Td> C / PF </Td> <Td> Memphis Grizzlies ( 2001 -- 2008 ) Los Angeles Lakers ( 2008 -- 2014 ) Chicago Bulls ( 2014 -- 2016 ) San Antonio Spurs ( 2016 -- present ) </Td> <Td> 20,759 </Td> <Td> 1,193 </Td> <Td> 17.4 </Td> <Td> 7,932 </Td> <Td> 172 </Td> <Td> 4,723 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 40 </Td> <Td> Gervin , George George Gervin * </Td> <Td> SG / SF </Td> <Td> San Antonio Spurs ( 1976 -- 1985 ) Chicago Bulls ( 1985 -- 1986 ) </Td> <Td> 20,708 </Td> <Td> 791 </Td> <Td> 26.2 </Td> <Td> 8,045 </Td> <Td> 77 </Td> <Td> 4,541 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 41 </Td> <Td> Richmond , Mitch Mitch Richmond * </Td> <Td> SG </Td> <Td> Golden State Warriors ( 1988 -- 1991 ) Sacramento Kings ( 1991 -- 1998 ) Washington Wizards ( 1999 -- 2001 ) Los Angeles Lakers ( 2001 -- 2002 ) </Td> <Td> 20,497 </Td> <Td> 976 </Td> <Td> 21.0 </Td> <Td> 7,305 </Td> <Td> 1,326 </Td> <Td> 4,561 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 42 </Td> <Td> Johnson , Joe Joe Johnson ^ </Td> <Td> SG / SF </Td> <Td> Boston Celtics ( 2001 -- 2002 ) Phoenix Suns ( 2002 -- 2005 ) Atlanta Hawks ( 2005 -- 2012 ) Brooklyn Nets ( 2012 -- 2016 ) Miami Heat ( 2016 ) Utah Jazz ( 2016 -- 2018 ) Houston Rockets ( 2018 -- present ) </Td> <Td> 20,386 </Td> <Td> 1,272 </Td> <Td> 16.0 </Td> <Td> 7,815 </Td> <Td> 1,976 </Td> <Td> 2,780 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 43 </Td> <Td> Chambers , Tom Tom Chambers </Td> <Td> PF </Td> <Td> San Diego Clippers ( 1981 -- 1983 ) Seattle SuperSonics ( 1983 -- 1988 ) Phoenix Suns ( 1988 -- 1993 ) Utah Jazz ( 1993 -- 1995 ) Charlotte Hornets ( 1997 ) Philadelphia 76ers ( 1997 ) </Td> <Td> 20,049 </Td> <Td> 1,107 </Td> <Td> 18.1 </Td> <Td> 7,378 </Td> <Td> 227 </Td> <Td> 5,066 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 44 </Td> <Td> Jamison , Antawn Antawn Jamison </Td> <Td> PF / SF </Td> <Td> Golden State Warriors ( 1999 -- 2003 ) Dallas Mavericks ( 2003 -- 2004 ) Washington Wizards ( 2004 -- 2010 ) Cleveland Cavaliers ( 2010 -- 2012 ) Los Angeles Lakers ( 2012 -- 2013 ) Los Angeles Clippers ( 2013 -- 2014 ) </Td> <Td> 20,042 </Td> <Td> 1,083 </Td> <Td> 18.5 </Td> <Td> 7,679 </Td> <Td> 1,163 </Td> <Td> 3,521 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 45 </Td> <Td> Stockton , John John Stockton * </Td> <Td> PG </Td> <Td> Utah Jazz ( 1984 -- 2003 ) </Td> <Td> 19,711 </Td> <Td> 1,504 </Td> <Td> 13.1 </Td> <Td> 7,039 </Td> <Td> 845 </Td> <Td> 4,788 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 46 </Td> <Td> King , Bernard Bernard King * </Td> <Td> SF </Td> <Td> New Jersey Nets ( 1977 -- 1979 , 1993 ) Utah Jazz ( 1979 ) Golden State Warriors ( 1980 -- 1982 ) New York Knicks ( 1982 -- 1985 , 1987 ) Washington Bullets ( 1987 -- 1991 ) </Td> <Td> 19,655 </Td> <Td> 874 </Td> <Td> 22.5 </Td> <Td> 7,830 </Td> <Td> 23 </Td> <Td> 3,972 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 47 </Td> <Td> Robinson , Clifford Clifford Robinson </Td> <Td> PF / SF </Td> <Td> Portland Trail Blazers ( 1989 -- 1997 ) Phoenix Suns ( 1997 -- 2001 ) Detroit Pistons ( 2001 -- 2003 ) Golden State Warriors ( 2003 -- 2005 ) New Jersey Nets ( 2005 -- 2007 ) </Td> <Td> 19,591 </Td> <Td> 1,380 </Td> <Td> 14.2 </Td> <Td> 7,389 </Td> <Td> 1,253 </Td> <Td> 3,560 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 48 </Td> <Td> Davis , Walter Walter Davis </Td> <Td> SG / SF </Td> <Td> Phoenix Suns ( 1977 -- 1988 ) Denver Nuggets ( 1988 -- 1991 , 1991 -- 1992 ) Portland Trail Blazers ( 1991 ) </Td> <Td> 19,521 </Td> <Td> 1,033 </Td> <Td> 18.9 </Td> <Td> 8,118 </Td> <Td> 157 </Td> <Td> 3,128 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 49 </Td> <Td> Cummings , Terry Terry Cummings </Td> <Td> PF </Td> <Td> San Diego Clippers ( 1982 -- 1984 ) Milwaukee Bucks ( 1984 -- 1989 , 1995 -- 1996 ) San Antonio Spurs ( 1989 -- 1995 ) Seattle SuperSonics ( 1996 -- 1997 ) Philadelphia 76ers ( 1997 -- 1998 ) New York Knicks ( 1998 ) Golden State Warriors ( 1999 -- 2000 ) </Td> <Td> 19,460 </Td> <Td> 1,183 </Td> <Td> 16.4 </Td> <Td> 8,045 </Td> <Td> 44 </Td> <Td> 3,326 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 50 </Td> <Td> Lanier , Bob Bob Lanier * </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Detroit Pistons ( 1970 -- 1980 ) Milwaukee Bucks ( 1980 -- 1984 ) </Td> <Td> 19,248 </Td> <Td> 959 </Td> <Td> 20.1 </Td> <Td> 7,761 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 3,724 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Progressive list of scoring leaders ( edit ) </H2> <P> This is a progressive list of scoring leaders showing how the record increased through the years . </P> <Dl> <Dd> Statistics accurate as of March 23 , 2018 . </Dd> </Dl> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Active NBA player </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> * </Td> <Td> Inducted into the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> † </Td> <Td> Not yet eligible for Hall of Fame consideration </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Dl> <Dd> Only players with at least 50 win shares are shown for 1st time eligible Hall of Fame consideration . </Dd> <Dd> Win Shares is a player statistic which attempts to divvy up credit for team success to the individuals on the team . </Dd> </Dl> <Table> Team abbreviations Team ( s ) listed is the one player was on when he established the record . <Tr> <Td> ATL </Td> <Td> Atlanta Hawks </Td> <Td> DET </Td> <Td> Detroit Pistons </Td> <Td> MIL </Td> <Td> Milwaukee Bucks </Td> <Td> PHX </Td> <Td> Phoenix Suns </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> BOS </Td> <Td> Boston Celtics </Td> <Td> FTW </Td> <Td> Fort Wayne Pistons </Td> <Td> MIN </Td> <Td> Minnesota Timberwolves </Td> <Td> PHW </Td> <Td> Philadelphia Warriors </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> BUF </Td> <Td> Buffalo Braves </Td> <Td> GSW </Td> <Td> Golden State Warriors </Td> <Td> MNL </Td> <Td> Minneapolis Lakers </Td> <Td> SAS </Td> <Td> San Antonio Spurs </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> CHI </Td> <Td> Chicago Bulls </Td> <Td> HOU </Td> <Td> Houston Rockets </Td> <Td> NOJ </Td> <Td> New Orleans Jazz </Td> <Td> SDR </Td> <Td> San Diego Rockets </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> CHS </Td> <Td> Chicago Stags </Td> <Td> IND </Td> <Td> Indiana Pacers </Td> <Td> NOP </Td> <Td> New Orleans Pelicans </Td> <Td> SFW </Td> <Td> San Francisco Warriors </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> CLE </Td> <Td> Cleveland Cavaliers </Td> <Td> KCO </Td> <Td> Kansas City - Omaha Kings </Td> <Td> OKC </Td> <Td> Oklahoma City Thunder </Td> <Td> STL </Td> <Td> St. Louis Hawks </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> DAL </Td> <Td> Dallas Mavericks </Td> <Td> LAL </Td> <Td> Los Angeles Lakers </Td> <Td> ORL </Td> <Td> Orlando Magic </Td> <Td> SYR </Td> <Td> Syracuse Nationals </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> DEN </Td> <Td> Denver Nuggets </Td> <Td> MIA </Td> <Td> Miami Heat </Td> <Td> PHI </Td> <Td> Philadelphia 76ers </Td> <Td> UTA </Td> <Td> Utah Jazz </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> Scoring Leader at the end of every season <Tr> <Th> Season </Th> <Th> Year - by - year leader </Th> <Th> Points </Th> <Th> Active player points leader </Th> <Th> Total points </Th> <Th> Career points record </Th> <Th> Total points </Th> <Th> Single - season points record </Th> <Th> Points </Th> <Th> Season </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1946 -- 47 </Td> <Td> Joe Fulks * 000PHW </Td> <Td> 1,389 </Td> <Td> Joe Fulks * 000PHW </Td> <Td> 1,389 </Td> <Td> Joe Fulks * 000PHW </Td> <Td> 1,389 </Td> <Td> Joe Fulks * 000PHW </Td> <Td> 1,389 </Td> <Td> 1946 -- 47 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1947 -- 48 </Td> <Td> Max Zaslofsky 000CHS </Td> <Td> 1,007 </Td> <Td> 2,338 </Td> <Td> 2,338 </Td> <Td> 1947 -- 48 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1948 -- 49 </Td> <Td> George Mikan * 000MNL </Td> <Td> 1,698 </Td> <Td> 3,898 </Td> <Td> 3,898 </Td> <Td> George Mikan * 000MNL </Td> <Td> 1,698 </Td> <Td> 1948 -- 49 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1949 -- 50 </Td> <Td> 1,865 </Td> <Td> 4,863 </Td> <Td> 4,863 </Td> <Td> 1,865 </Td> <Td> 1949 -- 50 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1950 -- 51 </Td> <Td> 1,932 </Td> <Td> 6,099 </Td> <Td> 6,099 </Td> <Td> 1,932 </Td> <Td> 1950 -- 51 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1951 -- 52 </Td> <Td> Paul Arizin * 000PHW </Td> <Td> 1,674 </Td> <Td> 7,021 </Td> <Td> 7,021 </Td> <Td> 1951 -- 52 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1952 -- 53 </Td> <Td> Neil Johnston * 000PHW </Td> <Td> 1,564 </Td> <Td> George Mikan * 000MNL </Td> <Td> 8,460 </Td> <Td> George Mikan * 000MNL </Td> <Td> 8,460 </Td> <Td> 1952 -- 53 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1953 -- 54 </Td> <Td> 1,759 </Td> <Td> 9,766 </Td> <Td> 9,766 </Td> <Td> 1953 -- 54 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1954 -- 55 </Td> <Td> 1,631 </Td> <Td> Max Zaslofsky 000FTW </Td> <Td> 7,902 </Td> <Td> 1954 -- 55 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1955 -- 56 </Td> <Td> Bob Pettit * 000STL </Td> <Td> 1,849 </Td> <Td> George Mikan * 000MNL </Td> <Td> 10,156 </Td> <Td> 10,156 </Td> <Td> 1955 -- 56 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1956 -- 57 </Td> <Td> Paul Arizin * 000PHW </Td> <Td> 1,817 </Td> <Td> Ed Macauley * 000STL </Td> <Td> 10,150 </Td> <Td> 1956 -- 57 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1957 -- 58 </Td> <Td> George Yardley * 000DET </Td> <Td> 2,001 </Td> <Td> Dolph Schayes * 000SYR </Td> <Td> 11,764 </Td> <Td> Dolph Schayes * 000SYR </Td> <Td> 11,764 </Td> <Td> George Yardley * 000DET </Td> <Td> 2,001 </Td> <Td> 1957 -- 58 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1958 -- 59 </Td> <Td> Bob Pettit * 000STL </Td> <Td> 2,105 </Td> <Td> 13,298 </Td> <Td> 13,298 </Td> <Td> Bob Pettit * 000STL </Td> <Td> 2,105 </Td> <Td> 1958 -- 59 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1959 -- 60 </Td> <Td> Wilt Chamberlain * 000PHW 1959 -- 62 000SFW 1962 -- 65 000PHI 1965 -- 66 </Td> <Td> 2,707 </Td> <Td> 14,987 </Td> <Td> 14,987 </Td> <Td> Wilt Chamberlain * 000PHW </Td> <Td> 2,707 </Td> <Td> 1959 -- 60 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1960 -- 61 </Td> <Td> 3,033 </Td> <Td> 16,855 </Td> <Td> 16,855 </Td> <Td> 3,033 </Td> <Td> 1960 -- 61 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1961 -- 62 </Td> <Td> 4,029 </Td> <Td> 17,677 </Td> <Td> 17,677 </Td> <Td> 4,029 </Td> <Td> 1961 -- 62 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1962 -- 63 </Td> <Td> 3,586 </Td> <Td> 18,304 </Td> <Td> 18,304 </Td> <Td> 1962 -- 63 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1963 -- 64 </Td> <Td> 2,948 </Td> <Td> Bob Pettit * 000STL </Td> <Td> 19,756 </Td> <Td> Bob Pettit * 000STL </Td> <Td> 19,756 </Td> <Td> 1963 -- 64 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1964 -- 65 </Td> <Td> 2,534 </Td> <Td> 20,880 </Td> <Td> 20,880 </Td> <Td> 1964 -- 65 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1965 -- 66 </Td> <Td> 2,649 </Td> <Td> Wilt Chamberlain * 000PHI 1965 -- 68 000LAL 1968 -- 73 </Td> <Td> 21,486 </Td> <Td> Wilt Chamberlain * 000PHI 1965 -- 68 000LAL 1968 -- 73 </Td> <Td> 21,486 </Td> <Td> 1965 -- 66 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1966 -- 67 </Td> <Td> Rick Barry * 000SFW </Td> <Td> 2,775 </Td> <Td> 23,442 </Td> <Td> 23,442 </Td> <Td> 1966 -- 67 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1967 -- 68 </Td> <Td> Dave Bing * 000DET </Td> <Td> 2,142 </Td> <Td> 25,434 </Td> <Td> 25,434 </Td> <Td> 1967 -- 68 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1968 -- 69 </Td> <Td> Elvin Hayes * 000SDR </Td> <Td> 2,327 </Td> <Td> 27,098 </Td> <Td> 27,098 </Td> <Td> 1968 -- 69 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1969 -- 70 </Td> <Td> Kareem Abdul - Jabbar * 000MIL </Td> <Td> 2,361 </Td> <Td> 27,426 </Td> <Td> 27,426 </Td> <Td> 1969 -- 70 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1970 -- 71 </Td> <Td> 2,596 </Td> <Td> 29,122 </Td> <Td> 29,122 </Td> <Td> 1970 -- 71 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1971 -- 72 </Td> <Td> 2,822 </Td> <Td> 30,335 </Td> <Td> 30,335 </Td> <Td> 1971 -- 72 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1972 -- 73 </Td> <Td> Tiny Archibald * 000KCO </Td> <Td> 2,719 </Td> <Td> 31,419 </Td> <Td> 31,419 </Td> <Td> 1972 -- 73 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1973 -- 74 </Td> <Td> Bob McAdoo * 000BUF </Td> <Td> 2,261 </Td> <Td> Oscar Robertson * 000MIL </Td> <Td> 26,710 </Td> <Td> 1973 -- 74 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1974 -- 75 </Td> <Td> 2,831 </Td> <Td> John Havlicek * 000BOS </Td> <Td> 22,389 </Td> <Td> 1974 -- 75 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1975 -- 76 </Td> <Td> 2,427 </Td> <Td> 23,678 </Td> <Td> 1975 -- 76 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1976 -- 77 </Td> <Td> Pete Maravich * 000NOJ </Td> <Td> 2,273 </Td> <Td> 25,073 </Td> <Td> 1976 -- 77 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1977 -- 78 </Td> <Td> George Gervin * 000SAS </Td> <Td> 2,232 </Td> <Td> 26,395 </Td> <Td> 1977 -- 78 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1978 -- 79 </Td> <Td> 2,365 </Td> <Td> Kareem Abdul - Jabbar * 000LAL </Td> <Td> 22,141 </Td> <Td> 1978 -- 79 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1979 -- 80 </Td> <Td> 2,585 </Td> <Td> 24,175 </Td> <Td> 1979 -- 80 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1980 -- 81 </Td> <Td> Adrian Dantley * 000UTA </Td> <Td> 2,452 </Td> <Td> 26,270 </Td> <Td> 1980 -- 81 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1981 -- 82 </Td> <Td> George Gervin * 000SAS </Td> <Td> 2,551 </Td> <Td> 28,088 </Td> <Td> 1981 -- 82 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1982 -- 83 </Td> <Td> Alex English * 000DEN </Td> <Td> 2,326 </Td> <Td> 29,810 </Td> <Td> 1982 -- 83 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1983 -- 84 </Td> <Td> Adrian Dantley * 000UTA </Td> <Td> 2,418 </Td> <Td> 31,527 </Td> <Td> Kareem Abdul - Jabbar * 000LAL </Td> <Td> 31,527 </Td> <Td> 1983 -- 84 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1984 -- 85 </Td> <Td> Michael Jordan * 000CHI </Td> <Td> 2,313 </Td> <Td> 33,262 </Td> <Td> 33,262 </Td> <Td> 1984 -- 85 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1985 -- 86 </Td> <Td> Alex English * 000DEN </Td> <Td> 2,414 </Td> <Td> 35,108 </Td> <Td> 35,108 </Td> <Td> 1985 -- 86 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1986 -- 87 </Td> <Td> Michael Jordan * 000CHI </Td> <Td> 3,041 </Td> <Td> 36,474 </Td> <Td> 36,474 </Td> <Td> 1986 -- 87 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1987 -- 88 </Td> <Td> 2,868 </Td> <Td> 37,639 </Td> <Td> 37,639 </Td> <Td> 1987 -- 88 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1988 -- 89 </Td> <Td> 2,633 </Td> <Td> 38,387 </Td> <Td> 38,387 </Td> <Td> 1988 -- 89 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1989 -- 90 </Td> <Td> 2,753 </Td> <Td> Moses Malone * 000ATL 1989 -- 91 000MIL 1991 -- 93 000PHI 1993 -- 94 000SAS 1994 -- 95 </Td> <Td> 24,868 </Td> <Td> 1989 -- 90 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1990 -- 91 </Td> <Td> 2,580 </Td> <Td> 25,737 </Td> <Td> 1990 -- 91 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1991 -- 92 </Td> <Td> 2,404 </Td> <Td> 27,016 </Td> <Td> 1991 -- 92 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1992 -- 93 </Td> <Td> 2,541 </Td> <Td> 27,066 </Td> <Td> 1992 -- 93 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1993 -- 94 </Td> <Td> David Robinson * 000SAS </Td> <Td> 2,383 </Td> <Td> 27,360 </Td> <Td> 1993 -- 94 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1994 -- 95 </Td> <Td> Shaquille O'Neal * 000ORL </Td> <Td> 2,315 </Td> <Td> 27,409 </Td> <Td> 1994 -- 95 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1995 -- 96 </Td> <Td> Michael Jordan * 000CHI </Td> <Td> 2,491 </Td> <Td> Michael Jordan * 000CHI </Td> <Td> 24,489 </Td> <Td> 1995 -- 96 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1996 -- 97 </Td> <Td> 2,431 </Td> <Td> 26,920 </Td> <Td> 1996 -- 97 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1997 -- 98 </Td> <Td> 2,357 </Td> <Td> 29,277 </Td> <Td> 1997 -- 98 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1998 -- 99 </Td> <Td> Shaquille O'Neal * 000LAL </Td> <Td> 1,289 </Td> <Td> Karl Malone * 000UTA 1998 -- 2003 000LAL 2003 -- 04 </Td> <Td> 28,946 </Td> <Td> 1998 -- 99 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1999 -- 00 </Td> <Td> 2,344 </Td> <Td> 31,041 </Td> <Td> 1999 -- 00 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2000 -- 01 </Td> <Td> Jerry Stackhouse 00DET </Td> <Td> 2,380 </Td> <Td> 32,919 </Td> <Td> 2000 -- 01 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2001 -- 02 </Td> <Td> Paul Pierce 000BOS </Td> <Td> 2,144 </Td> <Td> 34,707 </Td> <Td> 2001 -- 02 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2002 -- 03 </Td> <Td> Kobe Bryant 000LAL </Td> <Td> 2,461 </Td> <Td> 36,374 </Td> <Td> 2002 -- 03 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2003 -- 04 </Td> <Td> Kevin Garnett 000MIN </Td> <Td> 1,987 </Td> <Td> 36,928 </Td> <Td> 2003 -- 04 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2004 -- 05 </Td> <Td> Allen Iverson * 000PHI </Td> <Td> 2,302 </Td> <Td> Reggie Miller * 000IND </Td> <Td> 25,279 </Td> <Td> 2004 -- 05 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2005 -- 06 </Td> <Td> Kobe Bryant 000LAL </Td> <Td> 2,832 </Td> <Td> Shaquille O'Neal * 000MIA 2005 -- 08 000PHO 2008 -- 09 000CLE 2009 -- 10 000BOS 2010 -- 11 </Td> <Td> 24,764 </Td> <Td> 2005 -- 06 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2006 -- 07 </Td> <Td> 2,430 </Td> <Td> 25,454 </Td> <Td> 2006 -- 07 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2007 -- 08 </Td> <Td> 2,323 </Td> <Td> 26,286 </Td> <Td> 2007 -- 08 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2008 -- 09 </Td> <Td> Dwyane Wade ^ 000MIA </Td> <Td> 2,386 </Td> <Td> 27,619 </Td> <Td> 2008 -- 09 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2009 -- 10 </Td> <Td> Kevin Durant ^ 000OKC </Td> <Td> 2,472 </Td> <Td> 28,255 </Td> <Td> 2009 -- 10 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2010 -- 11 </Td> <Td> 2,161 </Td> <Td> 28,596 </Td> <Td> 2010 -- 11 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2011 -- 12 </Td> <Td> 1,850 </Td> <Td> Kobe Bryant 000LAL </Td> <Td> 29,484 </Td> <Td> 2011 -- 12 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2012 -- 13 </Td> <Td> 2,280 </Td> <Td> 31,617 </Td> <Td> 2012 -- 13 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2013 -- 14 </Td> <Td> 2,593 </Td> <Td> 31,700 </Td> <Td> 2013 -- 14 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2014 -- 15 </Td> <Td> James Harden ^ 000HOU </Td> <Td> 2,217 </Td> <Td> 32,482 </Td> <Td> 2014 -- 15 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2015 -- 16 </Td> <Td> 2,376 </Td> <Td> 33,643 </Td> <Td> 2015 -- 16 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2016 -- 17 </Td> <Td> Russell Westbrook ^ 000OKC </Td> <Td> 2,558 </Td> <Td> Dirk Nowitzki ^ 000DAL </Td> <Td> 30,260 </Td> <Td> 2016 -- 17 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2017 -- 18 </Td> <Td> Lebron James ^ 000CLE </Td> <Td> 2,138 </Td> <Td> 31,187 </Td> <Td> Abdul - Jabbar * 0 35 yrs </Td> <Td> 38,387 </Td> <Td> Chamberlain * 059 yrs </Td> <Td> 4,029 </Td> <Td> 2017 -- 18 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Season </Th> <Th> Year - by - Year Leader </Th> <Th> Points </Th> <Th> Active Player Points Leader </Th> <Th> Total points </Th> <Th> Career Points Record </Th> <Th> Total points </Th> <Th> Single Season Points Record </Th> <Th> Points </Th> <Th> Season </Th> </Tr> </Table> <P> </P> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> List of National Basketball Association annual scoring leaders </Li> <Li> List of National Basketball Association career playoff scoring leaders </Li> <Li> National Basketball Association portal </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` NBA Progressive Leaders and Records for Points '' . Basketball-Reference.com . Retrieved 25 March 2015 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : A player is not eligible for induction into the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame until he has been fully retired for three calendar years . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ American Basketball Association ( ABA ) teams other than those admitted into the NBA in 1976 are not included ; each year is linked to an article about that particular NBA season . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Average is rounded to the nearest tenth . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ First adopted in the 1979 -- 80 season . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Previously known as Lew Alcindor prior to an official name change on May 1 , 1971 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Previously written as Akeem Olajuwon prior to an official spelling change on March 9 , 1991 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` NBA Win Shares '' . Basketball-reference.com . 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who holds the nba record for most points in a career

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All that is gold does not glitter - wikipedia <H1> All that is gold does not glitter </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This article is written like a personal reflection or opinion essay that states a Wikipedia editor 's personal feelings about a topic . Please help improve it by rewriting it in an encyclopedic style . ( January 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This article possibly contains original research . Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations . Statements consisting only of original research should be removed . ( September 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> `` All That is Gold Does Not Glitter '' ( alternatively known as `` The Riddle of Strider '' or `` Song of Aragorn '' ) is a poem written by J.R.R. Tolkien for his fantasy novel The Lord of the Rings . It alludes to an integral part of the plot , and describes Aragorn , son of Arathorn . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Poem </Li> <Li> 2 Overview </Li> <Li> 3 Older version </Li> <Li> 4 References </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Poem ( edit ) </H2> <Dl> <Dd> All that is gold does not glitter , </Dd> <Dd> Not all those who wander are lost ; </Dd> <Dd> The old that is strong does not wither , </Dd> <Dd> Deep roots are not reached by the frost . </Dd> </Dl> <Dl> <Dd> From the ashes , a fire shall be woken , </Dd> <Dd> A light from the shadows shall spring ; </Dd> <Dd> Renewed shall be blade that was broken , </Dd> <Dd> The crownless again shall be king . </Dd> </Dl> <H2> Overview ( edit ) </H2> <P> The poem appears twice in The Fellowship of the Ring , the first volume of The Lord of the Rings . It appears first in Chapter Ten , `` Strider '' , in Gandalf 's letter to Frodo Baggins in Bree , although when Frodo reads it he does not realize that Strider ( Aragorn ) is the subject of the verse . </P> <P> The verse is repeated by Bilbo at the Council of Elrond . He whispers to Frodo that he wrote it many years before , when Aragorn first revealed who he was . </P> <P> In Peter Jackson 's adaptation of The Lord of the Rings for film , the poem appears in The Return of the King , when Arwen recites the last four lines of the poem as her father Elrond prepares to reforge the shards of Narsil for Aragorn . In the 1981 BBC radio dramatisation , the entire poem is heard in its original context , the letter left at Bree by Gandalf . </P> <P> The way appearance displays reality in our world is largely inverted in Middle - earth with respect to the subject matter of the poem . The first line is a variant and rearrangement of the proverb `` All that glitters is not gold '' , known primarily from Shakespeare 's The Merchant of Venice , resulting in a proposition bearing a completely different meaning : Aragorn is vastly more important than he looks . The second line emphasizes the importance of the Rangers , suspiciously viewed as wanderers or vagabonds by those the Rangers actually protect from evil . Lines three and four emphasize the endurance of Aragorn 's royal lineage , while five and six emphasizes its renewal . They can also be seen to represent a spark of hope during a time of despair and danger . Line seven refers to the sword Narsil . Line eight foreshadows the crownless Aragorn 's accession to the throne of both the kingless Gondor and the vanished Arnor . </P> <P> Older editions of The Lord of the Rings indexed the poem as `` The Riddle of Strider '' . From the 50th anniversary edition of 2005 on , the new , enlarged index by Wayne G. Hammond and Christina Scull list it as `` All that is gold does not glitter '' . </P> <H2> Older version ( edit ) </H2> <P> The early versions of the poem are recorded in The Treason of Isengard , part of The History of Middle - earth book series by Christopher Tolkien . The first draft of the poem , which at that stage of composition was the only content of Gandalf 's letter , reads : </P> <Dl> <Dd> All that is gold does not glitter ; </Dd> <Dd> all that is long does not last ; </Dd> <Dd> All that is old does not wither ; </Dd> <Dd> not all that is over is past . </Dd> </Dl> <P> The second quatrain was added during the following revision : </P> <Dl> <Dd> Not all that have fallen are vanquished ; </Dd> <Dd> a king may yet be without crown , </Dd> <Dd> A blade that was broken be brandished ; </Dd> <Dd> and towers that were strong may fall down . </Dd> </Dl> <P> The lines were changed in stages , with many experimental forms rejected . Christopher Tolkien also suggested that `` the Sword that was Broken ( Narsil ) actually emerged from the verse ' All that is gold does not glitter ' : on this view , in ( the last version cited above ) the words a king may yet be without crown , A blade that was broken be brandished were no more than a further exemplification of the general moral . '' </P> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Middle - earth portal </Li> </Ul> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ Tolkien , J.R.R. ( 1954 ) , The Fellowship of the Ring , The Lord of the Rings , Boston : Houghton Mifflin ( published 1987 ) , `` Strider '' , ISBN 0 - 395 - 08254 - 4 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ The Fellowship of the Ring , `` The Council of Elrond '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Tolkien , J.R.R. ( 1989 ) , Christopher Tolkien , ed. , The Treason of Isengard , Boston : Houghton Mifflin , p. 50 , ISBN 0 - 395 - 51562 - 9 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ The Treason of Isengard , p. 80 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ The Treason of Isengard , p. 137 . </Li> </Ol> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> J.R.R. Tolkien 's The Lord of the Rings </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> The Fellowship of the Ring </Li> <Li> The Two Towers </Li> <Li> The Return of the King </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Production and reception </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Composition </Li> <Li> Themes </Li> <Li> Influences </Li> <Li> Translations <Ul> <Li> Russian </Li> <Li> Swedish </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Reception </Li> <Li> Fandom </Li> <Li> Study </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Related works </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> The Hobbit </Li> <Li> The Adventures of Tom Bombadil </Li> <Li> The Road Goes Ever On </Li> <Li> The Silmarillion </Li> <Li> Unfinished Tales </Li> <Li> The History of Middle - earth </Li> <Li> The History of The Lord of the Rings </Li> <Li> Bilbo 's Last Song </Li> <Li> The Children of Húrin </Li> <Li> The History of The Hobbit </Li> <Li> The Tale of Beren and Lúthien </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Characters </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Aragorn </Li> <Li> Arwen </Li> <Li> Bilbo </Li> <Li> Boromir </Li> <Li> Butterbur </Li> <Li> Celeborn </Li> <Li> Ceorl </Li> <Li> Denethor </Li> <Li> Elladan and Elrohir </Li> <Li> Elrond </Li> <Li> Éomer </Li> <Li> Éowyn </Li> <Li> Faramir </Li> <Li> Frodo </Li> <Li> Galadriel </Li> <Li> Gandalf </Li> <Li> Gildor </Li> <Li> Gimli </Li> <Li> Glorfindel </Li> <Li> Gollum </Li> <Li> Legolas </Li> <Li> Merry </Li> <Li> Mouth of Sauron </Li> <Li> Old Man Willow </Li> <Li> Pippin </Li> <Li> Radagast </Li> <Li> Sam </Li> <Li> Saruman </Li> <Li> Sauron </Li> <Li> Shelob </Li> <Li> Théoden </Li> <Li> Tom Bombadil </Li> <Li> Treebeard </Li> <Li> Witch - king </Li> <Li> Wormtongue </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Adaptations and other derivative works </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Books </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Bored of the Rings ( 1969 ) </Li> <Li> The Last Ringbearer ( 1999 ) </Li> <Li> Muddle Earth ( 2003 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Theatre </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Fellowship ! ( 2005 ) </Li> <Li> Lord of the Rings ( 2006 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Radio </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> The Lord of the Rings ( 1955 ) </Li> <Li> The Lord of the Rings ( 1979 ) </Li> <Li> Hordes of the Things ( 1980 ) </Li> <Li> The Lord of the Rings ( 1981 ) </Li> <Li> Der Herr der Ringe ( 1992 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Film </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Animated </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> The Lord of the Rings ( 1978 ) </Li> <Li> The Return of the King ( 1980 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Peter Jackson series </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> The Lord of the Rings : The Fellowship of the Ring ( 2001 ) </Li> <Li> The Lord of the Rings : The Two Towers ( 2002 ) </Li> <Li> The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King ( 2003 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Fan - made </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> The Hunt for Gollum ( 2009 ) </Li> <Li> Born of Hope ( 2009 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Video games </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Journey to Rivendell </Li> <Li> Game One </Li> <Li> Game Two : Shadows of Mordor </Li> <Li> War in Middle Earth </Li> <Li> Vol . 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when was all that is gold does not glitter written

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List of Italian musical terms used in English - wikipedia <H1> List of Italian musical terms used in English </H1> Jump to : navigation , search For a general , non-specific list of terms , see Musical terminology . <P> Many musical terms are in Italian , because many of the most important early composers from the Renaissance to the Baroque period were Italian , and that period is when numerous musical indications were used extensively for the first time . ( See also sheet music . ) </P> <P> Here are some of these expressions : </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Musical forms </Li> <Li> 2 Musical instruments </Li> <Li> 3 Voices </Li> <Li> 4 Tempo </Li> <Li> 5 Dynamics -- volume </Li> <Li> 6 Moods </Li> <Li> 7 Musical expression ( general ) </Li> <Li> 8 Patterns within the musical score </Li> <Li> 9 Directions </Li> <Li> 10 Techniques </Li> <Li> 11 Roles </Li> <Li> 12 Criticism </Li> <Li> 13 Musical direction and staging </Li> <Li> 14 See also </Li> <Li> 15 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Musical forms ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Italian term </Th> <Th> Literal translation </Th> <Th> Definition </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> A cappella </Td> <Td> in chapel style </Td> <Td> Sung with no ( instrumental ) accompaniment , has lots of harmonizing </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Aria </Td> <Td> air </Td> <Td> sang with mouth as instruments </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Aria di sorbetto </Td> <Td> sorbet air </Td> <Td> A lesser aria within an opera </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Arietta </Td> <Td> little air </Td> <Td> A short or light aria </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Arioso </Td> <Td> airy </Td> <Td> A type of solo vocal piece during an opera or operetta </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Ballabile </Td> <Td> danceable </Td> <Td> ( song ) to be danced to </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Battaglia </Td> <Td> battle </Td> <Td> An instrumental or vocal piece suggesting a battle </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Bergamasca </Td> <Td> from Bergamo </Td> <Td> A peasant dance from Bergamo </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Burletta </Td> <Td> a little joke </Td> <Td> A light comic or farcical opera </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Cabaletta </Td> <Td> from copola ( couplet ) </Td> <Td> A two - part musical form </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Cadenza </Td> <Td> falling </Td> <Td> A florid solo at the end of a performance </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Cantata </Td> <Td> sung </Td> <Td> A piece for orchestra and singers </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Capriccio </Td> <Td> caprice </Td> <Td> A lively piece , free in form , often used to show musical skill </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Cavatina </Td> <Td> small instrumental tone </Td> <Td> A simple melody or song </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Coda </Td> <Td> tail </Td> <Td> The end of a piece </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Concerto </Td> <Td> concert </Td> <Td> A work for one or more solo instruments accompanied by an orchestra </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Concertino </Td> <Td> little concert </Td> <Td> A short concerto ; the solo instrument in a concerto </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Concerto grosso </Td> <Td> big concert </Td> <Td> A Baroque form of concerto , with a group of solo instruments </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Da capo aria </Td> <Td> from the head aria </Td> <Td> A three - section musical form </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Dramma giocoso </Td> <Td> jocular drama </Td> <Td> A form of opera </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Dramma per musica </Td> <Td> drama for music </Td> <Td> Libretto </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Fantasia </Td> <Td> fantasy </Td> <Td> A musical composition or `` idea '' typified by improvisation </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Farsa </Td> <Td> farce </Td> <Td> A one - act comical opera </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> festa teatrale </Td> <Td> theatrical party </Td> <Td> A genre of opera </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Fioritura </Td> <Td> flowery </Td> <Td> A highly embellised vocal line </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Intermedio </Td> <Td> intermediate </Td> <Td> A short connecting instrumental movement -- an intermezzo </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Intermezzo </Td> <Td> interval </Td> <Td> A short connecting instrumental movement </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Libretto </Td> <Td> little book </Td> <Td> A work containing the words to an opera , musical , or ballet </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Melodramma </Td> <Td> melodrama </Td> <Td> A style of opera </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Opera </Td> <Td> work </Td> <Td> A drama set to music for singers and instrumentalists </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Opera buffa </Td> <Td> humorous opera </Td> <Td> A comic opera </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Opera semiseria </Td> <Td> semi-serious opera </Td> <Td> A variety of opera </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Opera seria </Td> <Td> serious opera </Td> <Td> An opera with a serious , esp . classical theme </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Operetta </Td> <Td> little opera </Td> <Td> A variety of light opera </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Oratorio </Td> <Td> oratory </Td> <Td> Large musical composition for orchestra , choir , and soloists </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Pasticcio </Td> <Td> pastiche </Td> <Td> A musical piece containing works by different composers </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Ripieno concerto </Td> <Td> padding concert </Td> <Td> A form of Baroque concerto with no solo parts </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Serenata </Td> <Td> Serenade </Td> <Td> A song or composition in someone 's honour . Originally , a musical greeting performed for a lover </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Soggetto cavato </Td> <Td> carved subject </Td> <Td> A musical cryptogram , using coded syllables as a basis for the composition </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Sonata </Td> <Td> sounded </Td> <Td> A composition for one or two instruments in sonata form </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Verismo </Td> <Td> realism </Td> <Td> A genre of operas with scenarios based on contemporary everyday life </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Musical instruments ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> Piano ( forte ) </Td> <Td> soft - loud </Td> <Td> A keyboard instrument </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> viola </Td> <Td> viola , orig . Latin vitulari `` be joyful '' </Td> <Td> A medium - sized stringed instrument </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> ( Violon ) cello </Td> <Td> Small violone ( violone means `` big viola '' ) </Td> <Td> A large stringed instrument </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Viola da gamba </Td> <Td> leg viola </Td> <Td> A stringed instrument held between the legs </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Viola da braccio </Td> <Td> arm viola </Td> <Td> A stringed instrument held in the arm , such as a violin or viola </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Viola d'amore </Td> <Td> love viola </Td> <Td> A tenor viol with no frets </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Tuba </Td> <Td> tube </Td> <Td> A large brass instrument </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Piccolo </Td> <Td> little </Td> <Td> A tiny woodwind instrument </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Sordun </Td> <Td> deaf , dull in sound </Td> <Td> An archaic double - reed wind instrument </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Timpani </Td> <Td> drums </Td> <Td> Large drums </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Cornetto </Td> <Td> little horn </Td> <Td> An old woodwind instrument </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Campana </Td> <Td> bell </Td> <Td> A bell used in an orchestra ; also campane `` bells '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Orchestra </Td> <Td> orchestra , orig . Greek orkesthai `` dance '' </Td> <Td> An ensemble of instruments </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Voices ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> Soprano </Td> <Td> upper </Td> <Td> The highest vocal line </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Mezzo - soprano </Td> <Td> middle - upper </Td> <Td> Between soprano and alto </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Alto </Td> <Td> high </Td> <Td> Second - highest vocal line </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Contralto </Td> <Td> against high </Td> <Td> Alto , esp . a female alto </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Basso </Td> <Td> low </Td> <Td> Or `` bass ; '' the lowest vocal line </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Basso profondo </Td> <Td> deep and low </Td> <Td> A very deep bass voice </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Coloratura soprano </Td> <Td> colouring soprano </Td> <Td> A soprano specialised in complex , ornamented melody </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Soprano sfogato </Td> <Td> unlimited soprano </Td> <Td> A soprano who has extended her upper range beyond the usual range of a soprano </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Spinto soprano </Td> <Td> pushed soprano </Td> <Td> A soprano whose voice , while normally of lyric weight and fluidity , can be pushed to a more forceful weight </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Squillo </Td> <Td> ringing </Td> <Td> The resonant clarity of an operatic singer 's voice </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Tenore contraltino </Td> <Td> ' </Td> <Td> A tenor voice capable of a slightly higher range of sustainable notes than usual </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Tenore di grazia or ' ' ' Leggiero tenor ' ' ' </Td> <Td> ' </Td> <Td> A lightweight , flexible tenor voice </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Tessitura </Td> <Td> texture </Td> <Td> A singer 's comfortable range </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Falsetto </Td> <Td> little false </Td> <Td> A vocal register immediately above the modal voice range </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Falsettone </Td> <Td> ' </Td> <Td> Falsetto , sung using the usual techniques of modal voice register </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Castrato </Td> <Td> castrated </Td> <Td> A male singer , castrated so as to be able to sing soprano ( now sung by women , conventional countertenors , or sopranisti ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Musico </Td> <Td> musician </Td> <Td> Originally , a trained musician ; later , a castrato or female singer </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Spinto </Td> <Td> pushed </Td> <Td> A forceful voice , between the lyric and dramatic in weight </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Passaggio </Td> <Td> crossing </Td> <Td> A vocal range </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Tempo ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> Tempo </Td> <Td> time </Td> <Td> The speed of music e.g. 120 BPM </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Grave </Td> <Td> solemn </Td> <Td> Slow and solemn , slower than largo </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Largo </Td> <Td> broad </Td> <Td> Slow and dignified </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Larghetto </Td> <Td> a little bit broad </Td> <Td> Not as slow as largo </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Lentando </Td> <Td> slowing </Td> <Td> Becoming slower </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Lento </Td> <Td> slow </Td> <Td> Slow </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Tardo </Td> <Td> slow </Td> <Td> Slow </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Adagio </Td> <Td> ad agio , at ease </Td> <Td> Slow , but not as slow as largo </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Adagietto </Td> <Td> little adagio </Td> <Td> Faster than adagio ; or a short adagio composition </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Andante </Td> <Td> at a walking pace </Td> <Td> Moderately slow , flowing along </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Andantino </Td> <Td> slightly faster than andante </Td> <Td> slightly faster than andante </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Moderato </Td> <Td> moderately </Td> <Td> At a moderate speed </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Allegretto </Td> <Td> a little bit joyful </Td> <Td> Slightly slower than allegro </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Largamente </Td> <Td> broadly </Td> <Td> Slow and dignified </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Mosso </Td> <Td> moved </Td> <Td> Agitated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Allegro </Td> <Td> joyful ; lively and fast </Td> <Td> Moderately fast </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Sostenuto </Td> <Td> sustained </Td> <Td> A slowing of tempo , often accompanied by legato playing </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Fermata </Td> <Td> stopped </Td> <Td> Marks a note to be held or sustained </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Presto </Td> <Td> ready </Td> <Td> Very fast </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Prestissimo </Td> <Td> very ready </Td> <Td> Very very fast , as fast as possible </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Accelerando </Td> <Td> accelerating </Td> <Td> Accelerating </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Affrettando </Td> <Td> becoming hurried </Td> <Td> Accelerating </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Allargando </Td> <Td> slowing and broadening </Td> <Td> Slowing down and broadening , becoming more stately and majestic , possibly louder </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Ritardando </Td> <Td> slowing down </Td> <Td> Decelerating </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Rallentando </Td> <Td> becoming progressively slower </Td> <Td> Decelerating </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Rubato </Td> <Td> robbed </Td> <Td> Free flowing and exempt from steady rhythm </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Tenuto </Td> <Td> sustained </Td> <Td> Holding or sustaining a single note </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Accompagnato </Td> <Td> accompanied </Td> <Td> The accompaniment must follow the singer who can speed up or slow down at will </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Alla marcia </Td> <Td> as a march </Td> <Td> In strict tempo at a marching pace ( e.g. 120 bpm ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> A tempo </Td> <Td> to time </Td> <Td> Return to previous tempo </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> L'istesso tempo </Td> <Td> Same speed </Td> <Td> At the same speed </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Dynamics -- volume ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> Calando </Td> <Td> quietening </Td> <Td> Becoming softer and slower </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Crescendo </Td> <Td> growing </Td> <Td> Becoming louder </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Decrescendo </Td> <Td> shrinking </Td> <Td> Becoming softer </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Diminuendo </Td> <Td> dwindling </Td> <Td> Becoming softer </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Forte </Td> <Td> strong </Td> <Td> Loud </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Fortissimo </Td> <Td> very strong </Td> <Td> Very loud </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Marcato </Td> <Td> marked </Td> <Td> A note played forcefully </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Mezzo forte </Td> <Td> half - strong </Td> <Td> Moderately loud </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Piano </Td> <Td> gentle </Td> <Td> Soft </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Pianissimo </Td> <Td> very gentle </Td> <Td> Very soft </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Mezzo piano </Td> <Td> half - gentle </Td> <Td> Moderately soft </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Sforzando </Td> <Td> strained </Td> <Td> Sharply accented </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Stentato </Td> <Td> in the manner of Stentor </Td> <Td> Loud , boisterous </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Tremolo </Td> <Td> trembling </Td> <Td> A rapid repetitive variation in the volume ( or pitch ) of a tone </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Messa di voce </Td> <Td> placing the voice </Td> <Td> A style of singing involving changing volume while holding a single note </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Moods ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> Affettuoso </Td> <Td> with feeling </Td> <Td> Tenderly </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Agitato </Td> <Td> agitated </Td> <Td> Excited and fast </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Animato </Td> <Td> animated </Td> <Td> Animated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Brillante </Td> <Td> brilliant </Td> <Td> Brilliant , bright </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Bruscamente </Td> <Td> brusquely </Td> <Td> Brusquely -- abruptly </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Cantabile </Td> <Td> singable </Td> <Td> In a singing style </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Colossale </Td> <Td> colossal </Td> <Td> In a fashion which suggests immensity </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Comodo </Td> <Td> convenient </Td> <Td> Comfortably , moderately </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Con amore </Td> <Td> with love </Td> <Td> With love </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Con fuoco </Td> <Td> with fire </Td> <Td> With fiery manner </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Con brio </Td> <Td> with bright </Td> <Td> brightly </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Con moto </Td> <Td> with movement </Td> <Td> With ( audible ) movement </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Con spirito </Td> <Td> with spirit </Td> <Td> With spirit </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Dolce </Td> <Td> sweetly </Td> <Td> Sweet </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Espressivo </Td> <Td> expressive </Td> <Td> Expressively </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Festoso </Td> <Td> happy </Td> <Td> With happiness </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Furioso </Td> <Td> furious </Td> <Td> With passion </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Grazioso </Td> <Td> graciously or gracefully </Td> <Td> With charm </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Lacrimoso </Td> <Td> teary </Td> <Td> Tearfully , sadly </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Maestoso </Td> <Td> majestic </Td> <Td> Stately </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Misterioso </Td> <Td> mysterious </Td> <Td> Mysteriously , secretively , enigmatic </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Pesante </Td> <Td> heavy </Td> <Td> Heavy , slowly , sadly </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Risoluto </Td> <Td> resolved </Td> <Td> Resolved , decisive </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Scherzando </Td> <Td> playfully </Td> <Td> Playfully </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Sotto </Td> <Td> subdued </Td> <Td> Subdued </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Semplicemente </Td> <Td> simply </Td> <Td> Simply </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> slancio </Td> <Td> passion </Td> <Td> Enthusiasm </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Vivace </Td> <Td> vivacious </Td> <Td> Up - tempo </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Musical expression ( general ) ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> Molto </Td> <Td> very </Td> <Td> Used with other terms , such as molto allegro </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Assai </Td> <Td> very </Td> <Td> Used with other terms , such as allegro assai </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Più </Td> <Td> more </Td> <Td> Used with other terms , such as più mosso </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Poco </Td> <Td> little </Td> <Td> `` A little '' . Used with other terms , such as poco diminuendo </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> poco a poco </Td> <Td> little by little </Td> <Td> `` little by little '' , `` slowly but steadily '' . Used with other terms , such as poco a poco crescendo </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> ma non tanto </Td> <Td> but not so much </Td> <Td> Used with other terms , such as adagio ma non tanto </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> ma non troppo </Td> <Td> but not too much </Td> <Td> Used with other terms , such as allegro ma non troppo </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Meno </Td> <Td> less </Td> <Td> Used with other terms , such as meno mosso </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Subito </Td> <Td> suddenly , quickly </Td> <Td> Used with other terms , such as subito fortissimo </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Patterns within the musical score ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> Lacuna </Td> <Td> gap </Td> <Td> A silent pause in a piece of music </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Ossia </Td> <Td> alternatively </Td> <Td> A secondary passage of music which may be played in place of the original </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Ostinato </Td> <Td> stubborn </Td> <Td> A repeated motif or phrase in a piece of music </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Ritornello </Td> <Td> little return </Td> <Td> A recurring passage in a piece of Baroque music </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Segue </Td> <Td> it follows </Td> <Td> A smooth movement from one passage to another with no pause </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Stretto </Td> <Td> tightened </Td> <Td> In a fugue , the repeating of a motif by a second voice before the first rendition is completed </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Pensato </Td> <Td> thought </Td> <Td> A composed imaginary note </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Directions ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> Attacca </Td> <Td> attach </Td> <Td> Proceed to the next section without pause </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Cambiare </Td> <Td> change </Td> <Td> Any change , such as to a new instrument </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Da Capo ( al fine ) </Td> <Td> from the beginning ( to the end ) </Td> <Td> Abbreviated as D.C. , informs the performer to go back to the beginning ( capo ) ( finishing where the part is marked fine ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Dal Segno </Td> <Td> from the sign </Td> <Td> Abbreviated as D.S. , informs the performer to repeat a specific section marked by a sign ( segno ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Divisi </Td> <Td> divided </Td> <Td> Instructs one section to divide into two or more separate sections , each playing a separate part . Often these separate parts are written on the same staff . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Oppure </Td> <Td> otherwise </Td> <Td> Informs the player of alternative ways to play a passage . See Ossia . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> solo </Td> <Td> alone </Td> <Td> A piece or performance to be played by a single musician </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Techniques ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> Altissimo </Td> <Td> very high </Td> <Td> Very high </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Arpeggio </Td> <Td> harp - like </Td> <Td> A chord with the notes spread out in time </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Acciaccatura </Td> <Td> crushing </Td> <Td> An extra , very fast grace note </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Appoggiatura </Td> <Td> leaning </Td> <Td> A type of ornament </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Basso continuo </Td> <Td> continuous bass </Td> <Td> Continuous bass accompaniment ( see figured bass . ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> A bocca chiusa </Td> <Td> mouth closed </Td> <Td> Wordless humming in a choral piece </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Chiuso </Td> <Td> closed </Td> <Td> Calls for a horn to be muted by hand </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Coll'arco </Td> <Td> with the bow </Td> <Td> Cancels col legno and pizzicato ( in a string passage , arco is usually expected and is not written except at the end of col legno or pizzicato passages . ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Colla voce </Td> <Td> with the voice </Td> <Td> A note to accompanists to play with ( in time with ) the singer , especially when slowing for textual effect </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Col legno </Td> <Td> with the wood </Td> <Td> Calls for a bowed instrument to be struck with the wood rather than the hair of the bow </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Coloratura </Td> <Td> coloration </Td> <Td> Elaborate ornamentation of a vocal line </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Glissando </Td> <Td> glide </Td> <Td> A sweeping glide from one pitch to another </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Legato </Td> <Td> tied together </Td> <Td> A series of notes played with a smooth connection between them </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Martellato </Td> <Td> hammered </Td> <Td> Notes are strongly accented and detached </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Con sordino </Td> <Td> with mute </Td> <Td> Calls for mute to be applied , esp. to string instruments . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Senza sordino </Td> <Td> without mute </Td> <Td> Calls for mute to be removed , esp. from string instruments . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Pizzicato </Td> <Td> plucked </Td> <Td> Calls for a bowed instrument to be plucked with the fingers </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Portamento </Td> <Td> carrying </Td> <Td> A sliding of pitch between two notes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Portato </Td> <Td> carried </Td> <Td> A style of playing between staccato and legato </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Sforzando </Td> <Td> using force </Td> <Td> Played with strong , marked emphasis </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Coperti </Td> <Td> covered </Td> <Td> Of a drum , muted with a cloth </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Una corda </Td> <Td> one string </Td> <Td> With the soft pedal , on a piano </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Due corde </Td> <Td> two strings </Td> <Td> With the soft pedal , on a piano . For why both terms exist , see piano . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Tre corde or tutte le corde </Td> <Td> Three strings or all the strings </Td> <Td> Cancels an una corda </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Spiccato </Td> <Td> separated </Td> <Td> Playing a stringed instrument by bouncing the bow lightly on the strings </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Tutti </Td> <Td> all </Td> <Td> A direction for the entire ensemble to play or sing , rather than a soloist </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> staccatissimo </Td> <Td> very detached </Td> <Td> Forcefully exaggerated staccato </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Staccato </Td> <Td> detached </Td> <Td> A form of musical articulation in which notes are distinct and separated from each other by short gaps </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Scordatura </Td> <Td> mistuning </Td> <Td> Alternate tuning ( of strings ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> vibrato </Td> <Td> vibrating </Td> <Td> A rapid repetitive variation in the pitch of a tone </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Roles ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> Prima donna </Td> <Td> first lady </Td> <Td> Leading female role </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Primo uomo </Td> <Td> first man </Td> <Td> Leading male role </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Banda </Td> <Td> band </Td> <Td> A small music ensemble used as a supplement to the orchestra in an opera </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Comprimario </Td> <Td> con primario , with the first </Td> <Td> A supporting role </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Concertino </Td> <Td> little concert </Td> <Td> The smaller , more virtuosic , group of musicians in a concerto grosso </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Coro </Td> <Td> choir </Td> <Td> An ensemble of singers </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Diva </Td> <Td> female deity </Td> <Td> A leading female singer </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Ripieno </Td> <Td> filling or stuffing </Td> <Td> The larger group of musicians in a concerto grosso </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Convenienze </Td> <Td> conveniences </Td> <Td> The rules relating to the ranking of singers in opera </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Criticism ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> Bel canto </Td> <Td> beautiful voice </Td> <Td> Any fine singing , esp. that popular in 18th - and 19th - century Italian opera </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Bravura </Td> <Td> skill </Td> <Td> A performance of extraordinary virtuosity </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Bravo </Td> <Td> skillful </Td> <Td> A cry of congratulation to a male singer or performer . Fem . brava , pl . bravi , fem.pl . brave . The use of ! after `` Bravo / a / i / e ( ! ) '' strongly emphasizes the written expression . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Musical direction and staging ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> Maestro </Td> <Td> Master , teacher </Td> <Td> Conductor , music director , music teacher , also composer and other eminent musicians and singers </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Maestro sostituto </Td> <Td> Deputy master </Td> <Td> Assistant conductor </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Maestro collaboratore </Td> <Td> Collaborating master </Td> <Td> Assistant conductor </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Maestro suggeritore </Td> <Td> Master prompter </Td> <Td> Prompter </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Stagione </Td> <Td> season </Td> <Td> A variety of formal organisation of players and crew in the staging of operas </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Musical terminology </Li> </Ul> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> 8notes glossary </Li> <Li> Pronounce It Right : Italian musical terms </Li> </Ul> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Italian_musical_terms_used_in_English&oldid=802664430 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> Musical terminology </Li> <Li> Lists of English words of Italian origin </Li> <Li> Italian words and phrases </Li> <Li> Glossaries of music </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> All articles with unsourced statements </Li> <Li> Articles with unsourced statements from May 2009 </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> Français </Li> <Li> Nederlands </Li> <Li> Português </Li> <Li> Suomi </Li> <Li> Tiếng Việt </Li> </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 27 September 2017 , at 17 : 20 . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . 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what is the musical term for fast tempo

https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=List_of_Italian_musical_terms_used_in_English&amp;oldid=802664430

List of volcanoes in New Zealand - Wikipedia <H1> List of volcanoes in New Zealand </H1> See also : Volcanism of New Zealand and Lists of volcanoes <P> This is a list of active , dormant , and extinct volcanoes in New Zealand . </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Kermadec Arc and Havre Trough </Li> <Li> 2 North Island <Ul> <Li> 2.1 Taupo Volcanic Zone </Li> <Li> 2.2 Elsewhere </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 South Island </Li> <Li> 4 Other <Ul> <Li> 4.1 Ross Dependency </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 5 References </Li> <Li> 6 External links </Li> </Ul> <H2> Kermadec Arc and Havre Trough ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> Name </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> Elevation </Td> <Td> Location </Td> <Td> Last eruption </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> metres </Td> <Td> feet </Td> <Td> Coordinates </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Brothers volcano </Td> <Td> - 1350 </Td> <Td> - 4400 </Td> <Td> - </Td> <Td> - </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Clark ( volcano ) </Td> <Td> - 860 </Td> <Td> - 2800 </Td> <Td> 36 ° 26 ′ 46 '' S 177 ° 50 ′ 20 '' E  /  36.446 ° S 177.839 ° E  / - 36.446 ; 177.839  ( Clark ) </Td> <Td> - </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Cole ( volcano ) </Td> <Td> - </Td> <Td> - </Td> <Td> - </Td> <Td> - </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Cotton ( volcano ) </Td> <Td> - 950 </Td> <Td> - 3100 </Td> <Td> 35 ° 03 ′ S 178 ° 59 ′ E  /  35.05 ° S 178.99 ° E  / - 35.05 ; 178.99  ( Cotton ) </Td> <Td> - </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Curtis Island </Td> <Td> 137 </Td> <Td> 449 </Td> <Td> 30 ° 32 ′ 31 '' S 178 ° 33 ′ 40 '' E  /  30.542 ° S 178.561 ° E  / - 30.542 ; 178.561  ( Curtis Island ) </Td> <Td> - </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Gamble ( volcano ) </Td> <Td> - </Td> <Td> - </Td> <Td> - </Td> <Td> - </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Giggenbach ( volcano ) </Td> <Td> - 65 </Td> <Td> - 210 </Td> <Td> 30 ° 02 ′ 10 '' S 178 ° 42 ′ 43 '' E  /  30.036 ° S 178.712 ° E  / - 30.036 ; 178.712  ( Giggenbach ) </Td> <Td> - </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Havre Seamount </Td> <Td> - </Td> <Td> - </Td> <Td> 31 ° 07 ′ 13 '' S 179 ° 58 ′ 07 '' W  /  31.12028 ° S 179.96861 ° W  / - 31.12028 ; - 179.96861 </Td> <Td> 2012 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Healy ( volcano ) </Td> <Td> - 1150 </Td> <Td> - 3800 </Td> <Td> 34 ° 59 ′ S 179 ° 00 ′ E  /  34.98 ° S 179.00 ° E  / - 34.98 ; 179.00  ( Healy ) </Td> <Td> 1360 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Hinepuia ( volcano ) </Td> <Td> - </Td> <Td> - </Td> <Td> - </Td> <Td> - </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Hinetāpeka ( volcano ) </Td> <Td> - </Td> <Td> - </Td> <Td> - </Td> <Td> - </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Macauley Island </Td> <Td> 238 </Td> <Td> 781 </Td> <Td> 30 ° 12 ′ S 178 ° 28 ′ E  /  30.20 ° S 178.47 ° E  / - 30.20 ; 178.47  ( Macauley Island ) </Td> <Td> Holocene </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Monowai Seamount </Td> <Td> - 100 </Td> <Td> - 330 </Td> <Td> 25 ° 53 ′ 13 '' S 177 ° 11 ′ 17 '' E  /  25.887 ° S 177.188 ° E  / - 25.887 ; 177.188  ( Monowai Seamount ) </Td> <Td> 2008 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Pūtoto ( volcano ) </Td> <Td> - </Td> <Td> - </Td> <Td> - </Td> <Td> - </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Rakahore ( volcano ) </Td> <Td> - </Td> <Td> - </Td> <Td> - </Td> <Td> - </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Rumble I </Td> <Td> - 1100 </Td> <Td> - 3610 </Td> <Td> 35 ° 30 ′ S 178 ° 54 ′ E  /  35.5 ° S 178.9 ° E  / - 35.5 ; 178.9  ( Rumble I ) </Td> <Td> - </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Rumble II </Td> <Td> - 880 </Td> <Td> - 2890 </Td> <Td> 35 ° 24 ′ S 178 ° 36 ′ E  /  35.4 ° S 178.6 ° E  / - 35.4 ; 178.6  ( Rumble II ) </Td> <Td> - </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Rumble III </Td> <Td> - 140 </Td> <Td> - 459 </Td> <Td> 35 ° 44 ′ 42 '' S 178 ° 28 ′ 41 '' E  /  35.745 ° S 178.478 ° E  / - 35.745 ; 178.478  ( Rumble III ) </Td> <Td> 1986 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Rumble IV </Td> <Td> - 450 </Td> <Td> - 1476 </Td> <Td> 36 ° 08 ′ S 178 ° 03 ′ E  /  36.13 ° S 178.05 ° E  / - 36.13 ; 178.05  ( Rumble IV ) </Td> <Td> - </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Rumble V </Td> <Td> - 1100 </Td> <Td> - 3610 </Td> <Td> 36 ° 08 ′ 20 '' S 178 ° 11 ′ 49 '' E  /  36.139 ° S 178.197 ° E  / - 36.139 ; 178.197  ( Rumble V ) </Td> <Td> - </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Raoul Island </Td> <Td> 516 </Td> <Td> 1693 </Td> <Td> 29 ° 16 ′ 08 '' S 177 ° 55 ′ 40 '' E  /  29.2689 ° S 177.9279 ° E  / - 29.2689 ; 177.9279  ( Raoul Island ) </Td> <Td> 2006 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Silent I </Td> <Td> - </Td> <Td> - </Td> <Td> - </Td> <Td> - </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Silent II </Td> <Td> - </Td> <Td> - </Td> <Td> - </Td> <Td> - </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Tangaroa ( volcano ) </Td> <Td> - 600 </Td> <Td> - 2000 </Td> <Td> 36 ° 19 ′ 16 '' S 178 ° 01 ′ 41 '' E  /  36.321 ° S 178.028 ° E  / - 36.321 ; 178.028  ( Tangaroa ) </Td> <Td> - </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Volcano W </Td> <Td> - 900 </Td> <Td> - 3000 </Td> <Td> 31 ° 51 ′ S 179 ° 11 ′ E  /  31.85 ° S 179.18 ° E  / - 31.85 ; 179.18  ( Volcano W ) </Td> <Td> - </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Wright ( volcano ) </Td> <Td> - 750 </Td> <Td> - 2500 </Td> <Td> 31 ° 30 ′ S 179 ° 12 ′ E  /  31.5 ° S 179.2 ° E  / - 31.5 ; 179.2  ( Wright ) </Td> <Td> - </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> North Island ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Taupo Volcanic Zone ( edit ) </H3> Major volcanoes of New Zealand <Table> <Tr> <Td> Name </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> Elevation </Td> <Td> Location </Td> <Td> Last eruption </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> metres </Td> <Td> feet </Td> <Td> Coordinates </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Putauaki ( Mt Edgecumbe ) </Td> <Td> 867 </Td> <Td> - </Td> <Td> 38 ° 06 ′ S 176 ° 48 ′ E  /  38.1 ° S 176.8 ° E  / - 38.1 ; 176.8  ( Mount Edgecumbe ) </Td> <Td> ~ 300 BC </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Hauhungatahi </Td> <Td> 1521 </Td> <Td> 4990 </Td> <Td> 39 ° 14 ′ S 175 ° 26 ′ E  /  39.23 ° S 175.44 ° E  / - 39.23 ; 175.44  ( Hauhungatahi ) </Td> <Td> - </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Kawerau </Td> <Td> - </Td> <Td> - </Td> <Td> - </Td> <Td> - </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Manawahe </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 37 ° 57 ′ 50 '' S 176 ° 40 ′ 17 '' E  /  37.9639 ° S 176.6713 ° E  / - 37.9639 ; 176.6713  ( Manawahe ) </Td> <Td> ~ 400,000 years ago </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Maungakakaramea / Rainbow Mountain </Td> <Td> 743 </Td> <Td> 2437 </Td> <Td> 38 ° 19 ′ 08 '' S 176 ° 23 ′ 17 '' E  /  38.319 ° S 176.388 ° E  / - 38.319 ; 176.388  ( Rainbow Mountain ) </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Maungaongaonga </Td> <Td> 509 </Td> <Td> 1670 </Td> <Td> 38 ° 19 ′ 34 '' S 176 ° 20 ′ 42 '' E  /  38.326 ° S 176.345 ° E  / - 38.326 ; 176.345  ( Maungaongaonga ) </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Maroa Caldera </Td> <Td> 1156 </Td> <Td> 3793 </Td> <Td> 38 ° 25 ′ S 176 ° 05 ′ E  /  38.42 ° S 176.08 ° E  / - 38.42 ; 176.08  ( Maroa ) </Td> <Td> 180 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Mauao ( Mt Maunganui ) </Td> <Td> 232 </Td> <Td> - </Td> <Td> 37 ° 37 ′ 48 '' S 176 ° 10 ′ 16 '' E  /  37.630 ° S 176.171 ° E  / - 37.630 ; 176.171  ( Mt Manganui ) </Td> <Td> - </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Mayor Island / Tuhua </Td> <Td> 338 </Td> <Td> 1165 </Td> <Td> 37 ° 17 ′ S 176 ° 15 ′ E  /  37.283 ° S 176.250 ° E  / - 37.283 ; 176.250  ( Mayor Island ) </Td> <Td> 4390 BC ± 200 years </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Mokoia Island </Td> <Td> - </Td> <Td> - </Td> <Td> - </Td> <Td> - </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Mount Ngauruhoe </Td> <Td> 2291 </Td> <Td> 7516 </Td> <Td> 39 ° 48 ′ S 175 ° 23 ′ E  /  39.8 ° S 175.39 ° E  / - 39.8 ; 175.39  ( Ngauruhoe ) </Td> <Td> 1977 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Mount Ngongotaha </Td> <Td> 487 </Td> <Td> - </Td> <Td> - </Td> <Td> - </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Okataina Caldera </Td> <Td> 1111 </Td> <Td> 3645 </Td> <Td> 38 ° 07 ′ S 176 ° 30 ′ E  /  38.12 ° S 176.50 ° E  / - 38.12 ; 176.50  ( Okataina ) </Td> <Td> 1973 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Pihanga </Td> <Td> 1325 </Td> <Td> 4347 </Td> <Td> 39 ° 02 ′ 28.75 '' S 175 ° 46 ′ 7 '' E  /  39.0413194 ° S 175.76861 ° E  / - 39.0413194 ; 175.76861  ( Pihanga ) </Td> <Td> - </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Reporoa Caldera </Td> <Td> 592 </Td> <Td> 1942 </Td> <Td> 38 ° 25 ′ S 176 ° 20 ′ E  /  38.42 ° S 176.33 ° E  / - 38.42 ; 176.33  ( Reporoa Caldera ) </Td> <Td> 1180 ( hydrothermal ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Lake Rotorua </Td> <Td> 757 </Td> <Td> 2484 </Td> <Td> 38 ° 05 ′ S 176 ° 16 ′ E  /  38.08 ° S 176.27 ° E  / - 38.08 ; 176.27  ( Lake Rotorua ) </Td> <Td> Pleistocene </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Mount Ruapehu </Td> <Td> 2797 </Td> <Td> 9177 </Td> <Td> 39 ° 11 ′ S 175 ° 21 ′ E  /  39.18 ° S 175.35 ° E  / - 39.18 ; 175.35  ( Mount Ruapehu ) </Td> <Td> 2007 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Tama Lakes </Td> <Td> - </Td> <Td> - </Td> <Td> - </Td> <Td> - </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Mount Tarawera ( part of the Okataina caldera ) </Td> <Td> 1111 </Td> <Td> 3644 </Td> <Td> 38 ° 13 ′ S 176 ° 30 ′ E  /  38.22 ° S 176.5 ° E  / - 38.22 ; 176.5  ( Mount Tarawera ) </Td> <Td> 1886 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Mount Tauhara </Td> <Td> 1087 </Td> <Td> 3569 </Td> <Td> - </Td> <Td> Pleistocene </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Lake Taupo </Td> <Td> 760 </Td> <Td> 2493 </Td> <Td> 38 ° 49 ′ S 176 ° 00 ′ E  /  38.82 ° S 176.00 ° E  / - 38.82 ; 176.00  ( Lake Taupo ) </Td> <Td> 181 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Mount Tongariro </Td> <Td> 1968 </Td> <Td> 6456 </Td> <Td> 39 ° 8 ′ S 175 ° 39 ′ E  /  39.133 ° S 175.650 ° E  / - 39.133 ; 175.650  ( Mount Tongariro ) </Td> <Td> 2012 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Waiotapu </Td> <Td> 592 </Td> <Td> 1942 </Td> <Td> 38 ° 25 ′ S 176 ° 20 ′ E  /  38.42 ° S 176.33 ° E  / - 38.42 ; 176.33  ( Waiotapu ) </Td> <Td> 1180 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Whakaari / White Island </Td> <Td> 321 </Td> <Td> 1053 </Td> <Td> 37 ° 31 ′ S 177 ° 11 ′ E  /  37.52 ° S 177.18 ° E  / - 37.52 ; 177.18  ( White Island ) </Td> <Td> 2017 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Moutohora Island </Td> <Td> 354 </Td> <Td> 1161 </Td> <Td> 37 ° 51 ′ 29 '' S 176 ° 58 ′ 48 '' E  /  37.858 ° S 176.98 ° E  / - 37.858 ; 176.98  ( Whale Island ) </Td> <Td> Pleistocene </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Whakamuru </Td> <Td> - </Td> <Td> - </Td> <Td> - </Td> <Td> - </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Whakatane volcano </Td> <Td> - 980 </Td> <Td> - 3200 </Td> <Td> 36 ° 48 ′ S 177 ° 30 ′ E  /  36.8 ° S 177.5 ° E  / - 36.8 ; 177.5  ( Whakatane volcano ) </Td> <Td> - </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Elsewhere ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Td> Name </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> Elevation </Td> <Td> Location </Td> <Td> Last eruption </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> metres </Td> <Td> feet </Td> <Td> Coordinates </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Auckland volcanic field </Td> <Td> 260 </Td> <Td> 853 </Td> <Td> 36 ° 54 ′ S 174 ° 52 ′ E  /  36.90 ° S 174.87 ° E  / - 36.90 ; 174.87  ( Auckland volcanic field ) </Td> <Td> 1350 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Bombay Hills </Td> <Td> - </Td> <Td> - </Td> <Td> - </Td> <Td> 500,000 years ago </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Gannet Island </Td> <Td> - </Td> <Td> - </Td> <Td> - </Td> <Td> 500,000 years ago </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Little Barrier Island </Td> <Td> 722 </Td> <Td> 2360 </Td> <Td> - </Td> <Td> 1.5 million years ago </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Kaikohe - Bay of Islands volcanic field </Td> <Td> 388 </Td> <Td> 1273 </Td> <Td> 35 ° 18 ′ S 173 ° 54 ′ E  /  35.30 ° S 173.90 ° E  / - 35.30 ; 173.90  ( Kaikohe ) </Td> <Td> 400 ± 300 years </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Kaitake </Td> <Td> - </Td> <Td> - </Td> <Td> - </Td> <Td> 500,000 years ago </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Kakepuku </Td> <Td> 449 </Td> <Td> 1473 </Td> <Td> 38 ° 04 ′ S 175 ° 15 ′ E </Td> <Td> 1.6 million years ago </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Karioi </Td> <Td> 756 </Td> <Td> 2480 </Td> <Td> 37 ° 30 ′ S 174 ° 29 ′ E  /  37.50 ° S 174.49 ° E  / - 37.50 ; 174.49  ( Karioi ) </Td> <Td> 2.4 million years ago </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Manukau volcano </Td> <Td> 474 </Td> <Td> 1555 </Td> <Td> - </Td> <Td> 16 million years ago </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Maungatautari </Td> <Td> 797 </Td> <Td> 2615 </Td> <Td> - </Td> <Td> - </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Mount Pirongia </Td> <Td> 962 </Td> <Td> 3156 </Td> <Td> - </Td> <Td> - </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Paritutu and the Sugar Loaf Islands </Td> <Td> 153 </Td> <Td> - </Td> <Td> - </Td> <Td> 1.7 million years ago </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Poor Knights Islands </Td> <Td> - </Td> <Td> - </Td> <Td> - </Td> <Td> 4 million years ago </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Pouakai </Td> <Td> - </Td> <Td> - </Td> <Td> - </Td> <Td> 240,000 years ago </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Rangitoto Island ( part of the Auckland volcanic field ) </Td> <Td> 260 </Td> <Td> 853 </Td> <Td> 36 ° 47 ′ 13 '' S 174 ° 51 ′ 29 '' E  /  36.78694 ° S 174.85806 ° E  / - 36.78694 ; 174.85806  ( Rangitoto Island ) </Td> <Td> 1350 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Mount Taranaki or Mount Egmont </Td> <Td> 2518 </Td> <Td> 8261 </Td> <Td> 39 ° 18 ′ S 174 ° 06 ′ E  /  39.3 ° S 174.1 ° E  / - 39.3 ; 174.1  ( Mount Taranaki ) </Td> <Td> 1755 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Whangarei volcanic field </Td> <Td> 397 </Td> <Td> 1302 </Td> <Td> 35 ° 45 ′ S 174 ° 16 ′ E  /  35.75 ° S 174.27 ° E  / - 35.75 ; 174.27  ( Whangarei ) </Td> <Td> - </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> South Island ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> Name </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> Elevation </Td> <Td> Location </Td> <Td> Last eruption </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> meters </Td> <Td> feet </Td> <Td> Coordinates </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Akaroa Volcano </Td> <Td> - </Td> <Td> - </Td> <Td> 43 ° 48 ′ S 172 ° 57 ′ E  /  43.800 ° S 172.950 ° E  / - 43.800 ; 172.950  ( Akaroa ) </Td> <Td> Miocene </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Lyttelton Volcano </Td> <Td> 919 </Td> <Td> 3010 </Td> <Td> 43 ° 36 ′ S 172 ° 43 ′ E  /  43.600 ° S 172.717 ° E  / - 43.600 ; 172.717  ( Lyttelton Harbour ) </Td> <Td> Miocene </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Mount Horrible ( near Timaru ) </Td> <Td> - </Td> <Td> - </Td> <Td> 44 ° 23 ′ S 171 ° 3 ′ E  /  44.383 ° S 171.050 ° E  / - 44.383 ; 171.050  ( Mount Horrible ) </Td> <Td> 2 million years ago </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Otago Volcano </Td> <Td> 680 </Td> <Td> 2218 </Td> <Td> 45 ° 49 ′ S 170 ° 39 ′ E  /  45.817 ° S 170.650 ° E  / - 45.817 ; 170.650  ( Otago Harbour ) </Td> <Td> c. 10 million years ago </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Other ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> Name </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> Elevation </Td> <Td> Location </Td> <Td> Last eruption </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> meters </Td> <Td> feet </Td> <Td> Coordinates </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Antipodes Islands </Td> <Td> 402 </Td> <Td> 1319 </Td> <Td> 49 ° 41 ′ S 178 ° 46 ′ E  /  49.68 ° S 178.77 ° E  / - 49.68 ; 178.77  ( Antipodes Islands ) </Td> <Td> Holocene </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Auckland Island </Td> <Td> 650 </Td> <Td> 1981 </Td> <Td> 50 ° 41 ′ S 166 ° 05 ′ E  /  50.69 ° S 166.08 ° E  / - 50.69 ; 166.08  ( Auckland Island ) </Td> <Td> Miocene </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Pitt Island </Td> <Td> 241 </Td> <Td> 791 </Td> <Td> 44 ° 11 ′ S 176 ° 08 ′ W  /  44.18 ° S 176.13 ° W  / - 44.18 ; - 176.13  ( Pitt Island ) </Td> <Td> Ancient </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Mount Dick ( Adams Island ) </Td> <Td> 705 </Td> <Td> 2313 </Td> <Td> 50 ° 52 ′ 28 '' S 166 ° 4 ′ 55 '' E  /  50.87444 ° S 166.08194 ° E  / - 50.87444 ; 166.08194 </Td> <Td> - </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Solander Islands </Td> <Td> 330 </Td> <Td> 1080 </Td> <Td> 46 ° 34 ′ S 166 ° 53 ′ E  /  46.567 ° S 166.883 ° E  / - 46.567 ; 166.883  ( Solander Islands ) </Td> <Td> Pleistocene </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Ross Dependency ( edit ) </H3> <P> New Zealand also has de facto administration over Ross Dependency in Antarctica , which contains the following volcanoes : </P> <Table> <Tr> <Td> Name </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> Elevation </Td> <Td> Location </Td> <Td> Last eruption </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> meters </Td> <Td> feet </Td> <Td> Coordinates </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Brown Peak </Td> <Td> 1500 </Td> <Td> 5000 </Td> <Td> 67 ° 24 ′ S 164 ° 50 ′ E  /  67.40 ° S 164.83 ° E  / - 67.40 ; 164.83  ( Brown Peak ) </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Buckle Island </Td> <Td> 1239 </Td> <Td> 4065 </Td> <Td> 66 ° 48 ′ S 163 ° 15 ′ E  /  66.80 ° S 163.25 ° E  / - 66.80 ; 163.25  ( Buckle Island ) </Td> <Td> 1899 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Mount Erebus </Td> <Td> 3794 </Td> <Td> 12448 </Td> <Td> 77 ° 32 ′ S 167 ° 17 ′ E  /  77.533 ° S 167.283 ° E  / - 77.533 ; 167.283  ( Mount Erebus ) </Td> <Td> 2008 ( continuing ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Young Island </Td> <Td> 1340 </Td> <Td> 4396 </Td> <Td> 66 ° 25 ′ S 162 ° 27 ′ E  /  66.42 ° S 162.45 ° E  / - 66.42 ; 162.45  ( Young Island ) </Td> <Td> - </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> ^ Jump up to : John H. Latter , Edwards F. Lloyd , Ian E.M. Smith , and Simon Nathan . ( ) New Zealand 's volcanoes : Kermadec Islands Archived 2010 - 05 - 22 at the Wayback Machine ... Volcanic Hazards Working Group , Civil Defence Scientific Advisory Committee . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Okataina : Eruptive History '' . Global Volcanism Program . Smithsonian Institution . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Nairn , I.A. ; Beanland , S. ( 1989 ) . `` Geological setting of the 1987 Edgecumbe earthquake , New Zealand '' . New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics. 32 : 1 -- 13 . doi : 10.1080 / 00288306.1989. 10421383 . Retrieved 30 October 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Price , R. C ; R.B. Stewart ; J.D. Woodhead ; I.E.M. Smith ( 1999 ) . `` Petrogenesis of High - K Arc Magmas : Evidence from Egmont Volcano , North Island , New Zealand '' ( PDF ) . Journal of Petrology. 40 ( 1 ) : 167 -- 197 . doi : 10.1093 / petrology / 40.1. 167 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Wilson , John ( 2009 ) . `` South Canterbury region -- Landscape and geology '' . Te Ara -- the Encyclopedia of New Zealand . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bishop , D.G. , and Turnbull , I.M. ( compilers ) ( 1996 ) . Geology of the Dunedin Area . Lower Hutt , NZ : Institute of Geological & Nuclear Sciences . ISBN 0 - 478 - 09521 - X . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Adams , C.J ( 1983 ) . `` Age of the volcanoes and granite basements of the Auckland Islands , Southwest Pacific '' . New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics. 26 : 227 -- 237 . doi : 10.1080 / 00288306.1983. 10422237 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Auckland Islands Archived 2009 - 03 - 20 at Archive.is . Polar Conservation Organisation . </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> Map all coordinates using : OpenStreetMap Google Maps </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Download coordinates as : KML GPX </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ul> <Li> New Zealand 's Volcanoes at GNS Science </Li> </Ul> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_volcanoes_in_New_Zealand&oldid=830263306 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> Volcanoes of New Zealand </Li> <Li> Lists of volcanoes </Li> <Li> Lists of landforms of New Zealand </Li> <Li> New Zealand geology - related lists </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Webarchive template wayback links </Li> <Li> Articles using GVP links in vnum format </Li> <Li> Webarchive template archiveis links </Li> <Li> All Wikipedia articles needing clarification </Li> <Li> Wikipedia articles needing clarification from May 2009 </Li> <Li> Lists of coordinates </Li> <Li> Geographic coordinate lists </Li> <Li> Articles with Geo </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> Deutsch </Li> <Li> Español </Li> <Li> Français </Li> <Li> Svenska </Li> </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 13 March 2018 , at 19 : 24 ( UTC ) . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul>

is there an active volcano in new zealand

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Once Upon a Time ( season 6 ) - wikipedia <H1> Once Upon a Time ( season 6 ) </H1> <P> </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Once Upon a Time ( season 6 ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> DVD cover </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Starring </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Ginnifer Goodwin </Li> <Li> Jennifer Morrison </Li> <Li> Lana Parrilla </Li> <Li> Josh Dallas </Li> <Li> Emilie de Ravin </Li> <Li> Colin O'Donoghue </Li> <Li> Jared S. Gilmore </Li> <Li> Rebecca Mader </Li> <Li> Robert Carlyle </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Country of origin </Th> <Td> United States </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> No. of episodes </Th> <Td> 22 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Release </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Original network </Th> <Td> ABC </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Original release </Th> <Td> September 25 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 25 ) -- May 14 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 14 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Season chronology </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> ← Previous Season 5 Next → Season 7 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> List of Once Upon a Time episodes </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The sixth season of the American ABC fantasy - drama Once Upon a Time was ordered on March 3 , 2016 . It debuted on September 25 , 2016 , and concluded on May 14 , 2017 . In January 2017 , it was stated that the sixth season would end the main storyline , and for a seventh season , the series would be softly rebooted with a new storyline . </P> <P> Existing fictional characters introduced to the series during the season include Aladdin , Princess Jasmine , the Count of Monte Cristo , Captain Nemo , Lady Tremaine , Beowulf , Tiger Lily and the Tin Man . Original new characters include Gideon , the Black Fairy , Mary Lydgate , and Robert . The show also reintroduced Jafar and Dr. Arthur Lydgate , who previously appeared in Once Upon a Time in Wonderland . </P> <P> This season also marks the final appearance of Emma Swan ( Jennifer Morrison ) as a series regular . Morrison announced she would be departing the series after the sixth - season finale , but if the series receives a seventh season renewal she has agreed to appear in at least one episode . After serving as a series regular for two seasons , Rebecca Mader also announced that season six would be her last on the show as a regular . Shortly after , Adam Horowitz and Edward Kitsis announced that original cast members Ginnifer Goodwin , Josh Dallas , and Jared Gilmore , as well as Emilie de Ravin who joined the main cast in season two , would also exit the show at the end of the season . </P> <H2> Contents </H2> <Ul> <Li> 1 Premise </Li> <Li> 2 Cast and characters <Ul> <Li> 2.1 Regular </Li> <Li> 2.2 Recurring </Li> <Li> 2.3 Guest </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 Episodes </Li> <Li> 4 Production <Ul> <Li> 4.1 Development <Ul> <Li> 4.1. 1 Musical episode </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4.2 Casting </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 5 Ratings </Li> <Li> 6 References </Li> <Li> 7 External links </Li> </Ul> <H2> Premise ( edit ) </H2> <P> The residents of Storybrooke are faced with threats from the Evil Queen and Mr. Hyde , both with different agendas following the arrival of refugees from the Land of Untold Stories . This leads to events to test Emma 's savior abilities that results in the arrival of the Black Fairy to begin the Final Battle that was prophesied centuries ago . As dark and light collides , a new , and darker curse is unleashed , leading to the fall of all the realms with magic . The Final Battle is fought and won , leading to the heroes earning their happy beginnings , but a new adventure begins in the far future for an adult Henry involving his daughter Lucy , and another curse looming across the New Enchanted Forest inhabitants . </P> <H2> Cast and characters ( edit ) </H2> Main article : List of Once Upon a Time characters <H3> Regular ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Ginnifer Goodwin as Snow White / Mary Margaret Blanchard </Li> <Li> Jennifer Morrison as Emma Swan </Li> <Li> Lana Parrilla as Evil Queen / Regina Mills </Li> <Li> Josh Dallas as Prince Charming / David Nolan </Li> <Li> Emilie de Ravin as Belle / Lacey </Li> <Li> Colin O'Donoghue as Captain Hook / Killian Jones </Li> <Li> Jared S. Gilmore as Henry Mills </Li> <Li> Rebecca Mader as Wicked Witch of the West / Zelena </Li> <Li> Robert Carlyle as Rumplestiltskin / Mr. Gold </Li> </Ul> <H3> Recurring ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Beverley Elliott as Widow Lucas / Granny </Li> <Li> Raphael Sbarge as Jiminy Cricket / Dr. Archie Hopper </Li> <Li> Lee Arenberg as Dreamy / Grumpy / Leroy </Li> <Li> David Paul Grove as Doc </Li> <Li> Gabe Khouth as Sneezy / Mr. Clark </Li> <Li> Faustino Di Bauda as Sleepy / Walter </Li> <Li> Mig Macario as Bashful </Li> <Li> Geoff Gustafson as Stealthy </Li> <Li> Tony Amendola as Geppetto / Marco </Li> <Li> Keegan Connor Tracy as the Blue Fairy / Mother Superior </Li> <Li> Eion Bailey as Pinocchio / August Booth </Li> <Li> David Anders as Victor Frankenstein / Dr. Whale </Li> <Li> Jessy Schram as Cinderella / Ashley Boyd </Li> <Li> Tim Phillipps as Prince Thomas / Sean Herman </Li> <Li> Gabrielle Rose as Ruth </Li> <Li> Alan Dale as King George / Albert Spencer </Li> <Li> Jaime Murray as Fiona / the Black Fairy </Li> <Li> Giles Matthey as Gideon / Morpheus </Li> <Li> Sean Maguire as Robin of Locksley </Li> <Li> Tony Perez as Prince Henry </Li> <Li> Rose McIver as Tinker Bell </Li> <Li> JoAnna Garcia Swisher as Ariel </Li> <Li> Gil McKinney as Prince Eric </Li> <Li> Giancarlo Esposito as Magic Mirror / Sidney Glass </Li> <Li> Chris Gauthier as William Smee </Li> <Li> Hank Harris as Dr. Henry Jekyll </Li> <Li> Sam Witwer as Mr. Hyde </Li> <Li> Deniz Akdeniz as Aladdin </Li> <Li> Karen David as Princess Jasmine </Li> <Li> Olivia Steele Falconer as Violet </Li> <Li> Tzi Ma as the Dragon </Li> <Li> Patrick Fischler as Isaac Heller </Li> <Li> Sara Tomko as Tiger Lily </Li> <Li> Wil Traval as the Sheriff of Nottingham / Keith </Li> </Ul> <H3> Guest ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Oded Fehr as Jafar </Li> <Li> Tarun Keram as Emir </Li> <Li> Jordyn Ashley Olson as the Oracle </Li> <Li> Craig Horner as Edmond Dantès / Count of Monte Cristo </Li> <Li> Andrea Brooks as Charlotte </Li> <Li> Andrew Kavadas as Baron Danglars </Li> <Li> Lisa Banes as Lady Tremaine </Li> <Li> Mekenna Melvin as Clorinda Tremaine </Li> <Li> Goldie Hoffman as Tisbe Tremaine </Li> <Li> Max Lloyd - Jones as Jacob </Li> <Li> Jarod Joseph as Gus / Billy </Li> <Li> Jonny Coyne as Dr. Arthur Lydgate </Li> <Li> Elizabeth Blackmore as Mary Lydgate </Li> <Li> Reilly Jacob as Tom Sawyer </Li> <Li> Cedric De Souza as the Sultan </Li> <Li> Kate Dion - Richard as Goldilocks </Li> <Li> Faran Tahir as Captain Nemo </Li> <Li> Nick Eversman as First Mate Liam Jones II </Li> <Li> Paul Johansson as Gabriel / the Woodcutter </Li> <Li> Nick Hunnings as Jack </Li> <Li> Tammy Gillis as Jill </Li> <Li> Mckenna Grace as young Emma </Li> <Li> Rustin Gresiuk as teen August / Pinocchio <Ul> <Li> Jack Davies as young Pinocchio </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> David Cubitt as Robert </Li> <Li> Tara Wilson as young Ruth </Li> <Li> Luke Roessler as young David / young James </Li> <Li> Brandon Spink as young Baelfire </Li> <Li> Torstein Bjørklund as Beowulf </Li> <Li> Zahf Paroo as Prince Achmed </Li> <Li> Charles Mesure as Blackbeard </Li> <Li> Anton Starkman as young Gideon </Li> <Li> Grayson Gabriel as Roderick <Ul> <Li> Mason McKenzie as young Roderick </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Isabella Blake - Thomas as young Zelena </Li> <Li> Alex Désert as Stanum / Tin Man <Ul> <Li> Austin Obiajunwa as young Stanum </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Stephen Lord as Malcolm </Li> <Li> Andrew J. West as adult Henry Mills </Li> <Li> Alison Fernandez as Lucy </Li> </Ul> <H2> Episodes ( edit ) </H2> See also : List of Once Upon a Time episodes <Table> <Tr> <Th> No . overall </Th> <Th> No. in season </Th> <Th> Title </Th> <Th> Directed by </Th> <Th> Written by </Th> <Th> Original air date </Th> <Th> US viewers ( millions ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 112 </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` The Savior '' </Td> <Td> Eagle Egilsson </Td> <Td> Edward Kitsis & Adam Horowitz </Td> <Td> September 25 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 25 ) </Td> <Td> 3.99 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="7"> In the past , Aladdin , a `` Savior '' , is taunted by Jafar over the inevitable downfall of all Saviors . In Storybrooke , refugees arrive from the Land of Untold Stories . Emma experiences tremors and visions ; an arrested Hyde helps her receive an oracle 's vision of a hooded figure killing her . Guided by Morpheus , Gold enters Belle 's dreams to lift the sleeping curse ; he tries to renew their love , but she rejects him . `` Morpheus '' reveals he is really their unborn son , and desired this outcome . Belle wakes and leaves Gold . Henry convinces Regina that Hades may have lied about Robin Hood 's soul having been destroyed . Zelena moves in with Regina but , after learning her sister blames her for Robin Hood 's death , moves out and is approached by the Evil Queen . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 113 </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` A Bitter Draught '' </Td> <Td> Ron Underwood </Td> <Td> Andrew Chambliss & Dana Horgan </Td> <Td> October 2 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 02 ) </Td> <Td> 3.72 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="7"> In the past in the Enchanted Forest , the Evil Queen offers to aid the revenge plot of Edmond Dantes , The Count of Monte Cristo , if he kills Snow and David . When he falls in love with Snow 's handmaiden , he reneges and flees with her to the Land of Untold Stories to save her from poison . In Storybrooke , the Evil Queen recruits Zelena and uses Edmond 's heart to set him against Snow and David ; Regina kills Edmond to save the others , and realizes she retains the capacity for darkness . The Evil Queen declares that the undesirable `` untold stories '' will be played out . She gives David evidence that his father 's death was not accidental . Belle lives on Hook 's ship ; in a deal with Gold , the Evil Queen will not harm her or the baby . Emma tells Archie about her visions and notes that Regina is n't present in them and could be the hooded figure . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 114 </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` The Other Shoe '' </Td> <Td> Steve Pearlman </Td> <Td> Jane Espenson & Jerome Schwartz </Td> <Td> October 9 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 09 ) </Td> <Td> 4.11 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="7"> In the past in the Enchanted Forest , Cinderella meets Prince Thomas at the ball , but flees when she believes he loves her stepsister Clorinda ; Clorinda actually plans to elope with Thomas ' footman , Jacob , but her mother , Lady Tremaine , abducts her to the Land of Untold Stories after forcing Cinderella to betray Clorinda 's location . In Storybrooke , Ashley hopes to reconcile with Clorinda . Aided by the Evil Queen , Tremaine lures Ashley into a trap for her and Jacob . Ashley protects Jacob ; Clorinda reunites with him and forgives Cinderella , while Tremaine is arrested . Emma struggles to control her magic . Whale helps Jekyll recreate his serum , while the Evil Queen and Hyde form an alliance and she releases him . Snow White wants normality , but David secretly investigates his father 's death ; Gold provides information in exchange for David delivering a message to Belle . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 115 </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` Strange Case '' </Td> <Td> Alrick Riley </Td> <Td> David H. Goodman & Nelson Soler </Td> <Td> October 16 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 16 ) </Td> <Td> 3.53 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="7"> In the past in Victorian England , Jekyll petitions the Academy of Science for membership but Dr. Lydgate rejects him . Rumplestiltskin arrives and magically perfects Jekyll 's serum ; Jekyll transforms into Hyde , who blackmails Lydgate for Jekyll 's membership . Mary is Lydgate 's daughter and Jekyll 's unrequited love ; she and Hyde fall in love . Jekyll accidentally fatally defenestrates Mary ; he frames Hyde . In Storybrooke , Gold imprisons Belle on the ship to protect her from Hyde ; but it is Jekyll who tries to kill Belle in revenge for Rumplestiltskin 's role in Mary 's death . Hook saves Belle by killing Jekyll , and Hyde dies of identical wounds ; Regina asks Emma to kill her if necessary to stop the Evil Queen . Gold warns Belle that their child will need his protection . Mary Margaret resumes teaching , and her assistant Shirin inspires her to draw on her life as Snow . Shirin is secretly Princess Jasmine , working with the Oracle to search for Aladdin . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 116 </Th> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> `` Street Rats '' </Td> <Td> Norman Buckley </Td> <Td> Edward Kitsis & Adam Horowitz </Td> <Td> October 23 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 23 ) </Td> <Td> 3.40 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="7"> In the past in Agrabah , Aladdin seeks a magical weapon for Jasmine , to save the kingdom from Jafar ; he is the weapon and a Savior . Jafar tempts Aladdin with magical shears that can sever him from his fate as the Savior and from his resulting death . Aladdin rejects Jafar and saves Jasmine . In Storybrooke , the Oracle is murdered . Emma helps Jasmine , hoping Aladdin 's survival ensures her own . Having faked his death , Aladdin reveals himself to Emma and confesses that he doomed Agrabah by using the shears , which he gives to her ; she asks Hook to dispose of them , but he secretly keeps them . The Evil Queen impersonates Archie to learn of Emma 's visions , and convinces Zelena to turn Archie back into a cricket . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 117 </Th> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> `` Dark Waters '' </Td> <Td> Robert Duncan </Td> <Td> Andrew Chambliss & Brigitte Hales </Td> <Td> October 30 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 30 ) </Td> <Td> 3.06 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="7"> During the Dark Curse , Captain Nemo abducts Hook and invites him to join the crew `` family '' of his submarine , Nautilus , in their quest for the `` Mysterious Island '' , which is the Land of Untold Stories . Hook discovers the first mate is his half - brother , Liam , and decides to leave to avoid confrontation ; but Liam attacks him , instead mortally wounding Nemo , who steps in . In the present , Archie is freed . Henry confronts Hook over lying about the shears , and Liam imprisons them on Nautilus . Hook opens up and Henry accepts him as family ; they save each other and dispose of the shears . Modern medicine saves Nemo ; he , Liam , and Hook make amends . Emma and Aladdin discuss being a Savior . Jasmine reveals that Agrabah vanished . Snow supports Belle at her ultrasound . The Evil Queen seduces Gold and offers the retrieved shears in exchange for help taking Snow 's heart . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 118 </Th> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> `` Heartless '' </Td> <Td> Ralph Hemecker </Td> <Td> Jane Espenson </Td> <Td> November 6 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 06 ) </Td> <Td> 3.56 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="7"> In the past , fugitive Snow and shepherd David separately travel to Longbourn ; she to flee the kingdom and he to sell his struggling farm . Without ever seeing each other 's faces , David saves Snow from a bounty hunter and she repays him with money to save the farm , deciding not to flee . Their hands touch and a magical sapling is created . In the present , the Evil Queen threatens to destroy Storybrooke with River of Lost Souls water unless Mary Margaret and David hand over their hearts . They learn the sapling could stop the Queen , who destroys it just after they find it . But it has shown them their previous meeting , and they conclude that their love can endure anything ; they surrender themselves . The Queen casts a sleeping curse on their hearts ; because they share Snow 's heart , the curse affects them both ; each can wake the other but immediately succumbs to the curse , so they can never be awake together . Regina uses Gold 's relationship with the Queen to separate the latter from Zelena , who earns Gold 's enmity by exposing his schemes to Belle . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 119 </Th> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> `` I 'll Be Your Mirror '' </Td> <Td> Jennifer Lynch </Td> <Td> Jerome Schwartz & Leah Fong </Td> <Td> November 13 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 13 ) </Td> <Td> 3.40 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="7"> Regina and Emma try to magically trap the Evil Queen in the World Behind the Mirror , but she traps them there , where the Dragon is already imprisoned . Henry prepares for a date with Violet ; the Queen impersonates Regina and tries to manipulate him but he recognizes her . Emma and Regina discover Sidney was building a mirror portal out of the world and try and finish it , but the Evil Queen forces the Dragon to attack Emma and Regina , using his heart , and tries to make Henry kill the Dragon with the Hammer of Hephaestus ; he instead uses it to free his mothers . Mary Margaret and David adjust to living in shifts . Belle asks Zelena to help her escape Storybrooke via magical portal , and they form an alliance with Aladdin and Jasmine . Aladdin steals the Genie 's lamp and the Sorcerer 's wand from Gold 's shop , but Gold takes the wand back from Zelena and puts a magical tracking device on Belle . He asks the Queen to kill Zelena , as the connection between his and Zelena 's hearts protects her from him . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 120 </Th> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> `` Changelings '' </Td> <Td> Mairzee Almas </Td> <Td> David H. Goodman & Brian Ridings </Td> <Td> November 27 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 27 ) </Td> <Td> 3.28 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="7"> In the Enchanted Forest , while served by Belle , Rumplestiltskin abducts a baby to use as bait for the Black Fairy , the mother who abandoned him ; she escapes without answering his questions . In the present , Belle receives advice from her unborn child while Gold becomes increasingly unhinged . Resenting Gold 's order to attack Zelena , the Evil Queen accelerates Belle 's pregnancy ; Mother Superior delivers Belle 's son , Gideon , and sends him into hiding ; Gold vows to find him . As the Genie has been freed , Aladdin takes his place . Zelena and Regina continue to feud . Emma obtains the sword from her vision . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 121 </Th> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> `` Wish You Were Here '' </Td> <Td> Ron Underwood </Td> <Td> Edward Kitsis & Adam Horowitz </Td> <Td> December 4 , 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 04 ) </Td> <Td> 3.27 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="7"> The Black Fairy abducts Gideon . Emma discovers the sword can kill the Evil Queen without hurting Regina . The Queen steals the lamp and wishes Emma to an alternate reality where she was never the Savior ; Regina follows her . David and his allies take the lamp from the Queen , who is turned into a serpent by the hooded figure , revealed to be the adult Gideon . Jasmine wishes herself and Aladdin to Agrabah . In the `` wish realm '' , Emma lives as a princess until Regina traumatically restores her memory . Regina frees Rumplestiltskin in exchange for a magic bean , but the portal to Storybrooke closes while Regina is distracted by the appearance of Robin Hood . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 122 </Th> <Td> 11 </Td> <Td> `` Tougher Than the Rest '' </Td> <Td> Billy Gierhart </Td> <Td> Edward Kitsis & Adam Horowitz </Td> <Td> March 5 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 05 ) </Td> <Td> 3.03 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="7"> In 1990 Minnesota , a young Emma is told by a teenager that she has the power to change her fate . In present day , after they miss their way out of the Wish realm , Emma and Regina find another option for escape when they come across August , who agrees to help create a new portal . Regina goes to find Robin Hood to see if he would 've been better off without her . After Regina finds Robin , they 're caught by the Sheriff of Nottingham and later by the Wish realm Rumple . Robin believes Regina when she tells him about their being in an alternate reality . Emma discovers that August was the teenager she met back in Minnesota and inspires him to complete the portal . Emma , Regina , and Robin return to Storybrooke , where Gideon explains to Gold and Belle his intention to kill Emma so that he can acquire her savior powers and kill the Black Fairy , a move that has David furious and Belle concerned . Emma and Gideon finally meet for the battle , but Emma survives , choosing her own fate . Gideon retreats , proclaiming this far from over . Gold and Belle decide to work together for the good of their son . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 123 </Th> <Td> 12 </Td> <Td> `` Murder Most Foul '' </Td> <Td> Morgan Beggs </Td> <Td> Jerome Schwartz & Jane Espenson </Td> <Td> March 12 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 12 ) </Td> <Td> 3.06 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="7"> The events of how Robert , the father of David and James , was murdered are detailed in a flashback , in which Robert learns what happened to James after he ran away from King George . With help from Rumple , he tracks him to Pleasure Island , but their reunion is cut short by King George , who orders Robert 's execution . His death affects David in the present day after he sees visions of Robert and asks Hook to help him , despite his being reformed . When Hook becomes concerned that David is taking this investigation too far by going after Albert , he intervenes and brings David back to sanity . Hook is also worried about whether David will give him his blessing to marry Emma , but David does . Meanwhile , Regina tries to get the Wish Realm Robin assimilated into Storybrooke , but soon questions why he agreed to follow her , as it turns out that he had something else planned after he steals a chest from the vault . The truth as to who really murdered Robert is revealed when August gives Hook missing pages he took from Henry 's book . When Hook sees an illustration of David 's dad , he recognizes him and recalls murdering him during a robbery in the Enchanted Forest so that there was no witness to his crime . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 124 </Th> <Td> 13 </Td> <Td> `` Ill - Boding Patterns '' </Td> <Td> Ron Underwood </Td> <Td> Andrew Chambliss & Dana Horgan </Td> <Td> March 19 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 19 ) </Td> <Td> 2.71 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="7"> During the First Ogres War , Beowulf leads a fearsome charge on the battlefield in the Enchanted Forest of old . After every last soldier had been slain , Beowulf surrenders to death just as Rumplestiltskin intervenes , killing all the ogres . Hailed as a hero in the village , Beowulf is irked by Rumple 's new title . He creates a ruse to lead Rumple to his demise . Fearing he would not be able to follow through on protecting the villagers without Dark Magic , Rumple bestows his dagger upon Baelfire as an insurance policy . Following a turbulent exchange and threat to frame Rumplestiltskin as a murderer , Beowulf retreats . Feeling the pressure of his threat , Bae commands his father to kill him . Rumple later doses Bae with a memory potion to erase the ordeal from his mind and restore his innocence . In Storybrooke , Rumple recognizes a familiar pattern in Gideon , who makes strides in his quest to kill Emma Swan at the cost of The Blue Fairy 's vitality . Hook worries about the repercussions of telling Emma his newly unveiled secret . Meanwhile , Emma unknowingly forces a proposal after happening upon Hook 's engagement ring . Robin of Locksley attempts to flee the town , but to no avail . The Evil Queen escapes her reptilian confinement and indoctrinates Robin . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 125 </Th> <Td> 14 </Td> <Td> `` Page 23 '' </Td> <Td> Kate Woods </Td> <Td> David H. Goodman & Brigitte Hales </Td> <Td> March 26 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 26 ) </Td> <Td> 2.85 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="7"> In the Enchanted Forest , The Evil Queen is in search of a spell that will help her end Snow White for good , but her father has love in mind for his daughter and leads her on a quest to Cupid 's Arrow . However , The Evil Queen rebrands the arrow to follow hatred and discovers that the person she despises the most is herself . In Storybrooke , The Evil Queen and Regina face off in a final confrontation . Just when Regina wins the upper hand , she remembers the Evil Queen 's self - loating and evenly splits the light and the darkness in their hearts , to share their love and hate and allow the Evil Queen to reform . After Emma calls off the engagement , Hook decides to board the Nautilus with Captain Nemo . Hook later changes his mind following a conversation with Snow but , before he can return , Gideon hijacks the vessel and sends it out of Storybrooke . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 126 </Th> <Td> 15 </Td> <Td> `` A Wondrous Place '' </Td> <Td> Steve Pearlman </Td> <Td> Jane Espenson & Jerome Schwartz </Td> <Td> April 2 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 02 ) </Td> <Td> 2.80 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="7"> At a loss for hope , Regina suggests a `` girls ' night out '' for Emma with her and Snow . While at the bar , she confides in the mixologist and sheds a tear . Meanwhile , the Nautilus is transported to the Enchanted Forest , where Aladdin and Jasmine board . They have yet to locate Agrabah and are growing weary . After Hook and Jasmine confide in one another , the vessel is irrevocably damaged and Jasmine uses a genie wish to relocate the group to the island where Jafar is located . They discover a cabana belonging to Ariel and Prince Eric . Ariel has collected a genie lamp that houses Jafar . Jasmine is able to sway him into divulging the location of the hidden Agrabah before defeating him with magic dust . Through true love 's kiss , Aladdin and Jasmine , along with Hook and Ariel , are transported to the restored city and Aladdin 's genie curse is broken . Ariel supplies Hook with a means to reach Emma . Emma receives the message and Gideon , no longer masquerading as the mixologist , threatens that he will use her tears to keep Hook from returning to Storybrooke unless she helps him kill the Black Fairy . Flashbacks to Ariel and Jasmine 's first meeting show the princess falter under Jafar 's trickery . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 127 </Th> <Td> 16 </Td> <Td> `` Mother 's Little Helper '' </Td> <Td> Billy Gierhart </Td> <Td> Story by : Edward Kitsis & Adam Horowitz Teleplay by : Paul Karp </Td> <Td> April 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 09 ) </Td> <Td> 2.60 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="7"> In Storybrooke , Gold reveals to Emma and Snow that the Black Fairy is his mother and that the Dark Curse Regina cast was created by the Black Fairy . Emma agrees to help Gideon kill the Black Fairy , but is double - crossed by Gideon and left to die at the hands of a giant spider . Gideon opens a portal with the sword , allowing the Black Fairy to slip through into Storybrooke . Meanwhile in the Enchanted Forest , Hook wagers the Jolly Roger for a magic bean in a game of cards with Blackbeard . As Blackbeard and Hook go through the portal , it malfunctions thanks to Gideon and the duo ends up in Neverland , on the run from the remnants of Peter Pan 's Lost Boys . Back in Storybrooke , Henry experiences a disorienting shift in his Author powers , so he and Regina seek help from the only person who can aid them : the previous Author , Isaac . Isaac reveals to Regina and Henry that they are nearing the end of the story in which the savior must fight the Final Battle . Flashbacks reveal the abuses the Black Fairy inflicted on Gideon and that the Black Fairy ripped out Gideon 's heart and is controlling him to kill Emma . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 128 </Th> <Td> 17 </Td> <Td> `` Awake '' </Td> <Td> Sharat Raju </Td> <Td> Andrew Chambliss & Leah Fong </Td> <Td> April 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 16 ) </Td> <Td> 2.51 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="7"> Regina works feverishly to wake Snow and Charming from the Sleeping Curse . Gold comes face to face with the Black Fairy , the powerful enemy Emma must fight in the Final Battle . Hook , still in Neverland , meets up with Tiger Lily , who gives him a piece of an ancient fairy wand to aid Emma in defeating the Black Fairy . Gold confronts the Black Fairy over her manipulating Gideon with his heart and she maintains that Storybrooke would be destroyed if the two of them fought . A pixie flower allows Emma to open a doorway to Neverland and rescue Hook , who then re-proposes properly . The townsfolk gather around Emma 's sleeping parents and each take small amounts of the Sleeping Curse unto themselves , diluting it and allowing Snow and David to finally reunite . In 1993 , a pixie flower awakens Snow and Charming from their cursed selves , but an awakened Rumplestiltskin tells them they must make a difficult decision to ensure that Emma fulfills her destiny as the Savior . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 129 </Th> <Td> 18 </Td> <Td> `` Where Bluebirds Fly '' </Td> <Td> Michael Schultz </Td> <Td> David H. Goodman & Brigitte Hales </Td> <Td> April 23 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 23 ) </Td> <Td> 2.69 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="7"> In Zelena 's past , her childhood friend Stanum asks for her help in finding the Crimson Heart , a magical artifact that would be able to restore his human form after having been cursed by the Wicked Witch of the North to slowly turn into tin . Zelena 's refusal to give up her magic leads to her betraying Stanum , as she keeps the Heart and leaves him to become the Tin Man . In the Present , The Black Fairy tempts Zelena with an offer to join her , only to have Zelena oppose her instead . Regina is brought into the chaos by trying to stop her sister and they find the Black Fairy and Gideon in the crystal mines , with the Black Fairy tricking Zelena into utilizing her unstable Dark Magic to strengthen her for the Final Battle . Realizing that there is nothing left for her back in Oz , Zelena decides to help the residents fight back against the Black Fairy by using the Crimson Heart to give up her magic , thereby undoing the mess she made in the mines . Emma then uses her magic and one of the crystals to bring Mother Superior out of her coma with some help from Regina and Zelena . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 130 </Th> <Td> 19 </Td> <Td> `` The Black Fairy '' </Td> <Td> Alrick Riley </Td> <Td> Jerome Schwartz & Dana Horgan </Td> <Td> April 30 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 30 ) </Td> <Td> 3.05 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="7"> The origin of Rumplestiltskin 's true destiny is revealed , as his mother Fiona learns from the Blue Fairy and Tiger Lily that he was destined to become The Savior . When Fiona fears for her son and chooses power over protecting Rumple , it results in her becoming the Black Fairy , and the Blue Fairy banishing her to the Dark Realm . In the Present , as everyone looks for the missing wand , Gold brings Gideon and Emma into the Dream World to search for Gideon 's heart , where the events of the flashbacks unfold . Gold then confronts Fiona , but she reveals the real reason behind why he was abandoned . Gold later retrieves Gideon 's heart and tells everyone that the Black Fairy is dead , paving the way for Emma and Hook 's wedding . However , Gold and Fiona make a deal that will see the Final Battle go forward , with Emma being the Savior that will fight in it . Meanwhile , Regina helps Zelena adjust to life without her powers . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 131 </Th> <Td> 20 </Td> <Td> `` The Song in Your Heart '' </Td> <Td> Ron Underwood </Td> <Td> David H. Goodman & Andrew Chambliss </Td> <Td> May 7 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 07 ) </Td> <Td> 2.87 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="7"> In the past , Snow makes a wish that grants the entire Enchanted Forest the ability to use the gift of song as a strength , which also spreads to Oz as well . When Regina becomes affected by the wish , she finds a way to end it before the first curse takes place , but the Blue Fairy , who granted Snow the wish , tells Snow and David that the wish will be part of Emma 's destiny . In Emma 's past , her chance to make use of her talent is held back by being told she 'll be alone . This would come back to taunt Emma in the present day , as Fiona returns to use that weakness to take Emma 's heart before unleashing a new curse on her wedding day , with help from Gold by freezing her family . When Henry discovers the page in the book that reveals the song in Emma 's heart will make her stronger , not only does it embolden Emma , it stops Fiona from crushing her heart , but Fiona still tells Emma that the battle will continue . On their wedding day , Emma and Hook finally marry , just in time for the dark clouds of the Black Fairy 's curse to erupt from the clock tower and engulf them at 6 : 00 PM , setting up the final battle . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 132 133 </Th> <Td> 21 22 </Td> <Td> `` The Final Battle '' </Td> <Td> Steve Pearlman Ralph Hemecker </Td> <Td> Edward Kitsis & Adam Horowitz </Td> <Td> May 14 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 14 ) </Td> <Td> 2.95 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="7"> Fiona 's curse alters Storybrooke , institutionalizing Emma and leaving only Henry and Gold `` awake , '' while sending Emma 's other allies to their home realms . The Final Battle begins over Emma 's belief ; if she stops believing in the realms of story , they will be consumed by the Darkness and cease to exist . If all the realms are destroyed , Fiona would gain unchecked powers and be able to break the Laws of Magic at will . In the Enchanted Forest , the banished characters gather at Regina 's castle ; David and Hook obtain a magic bean and the Evil Queen sacrifices herself , holding off the Darkness to delay the group 's destruction . Fiona convinces Emma to destroy the book , but Henry hand - draws one that restores her belief in time to save everyone in the castle . Gold kills Fiona , who had hidden Belle and turned her into a coward ; this breaks the Curse , which restores everyone 's memories and reunites them in Storybrooke . However , Gideon is still under orders to kill Emma . Gold attempts to free Gideon 's heart ; however , a spell cast by the Black Fairy prevents him from doing so . Emma lays down her sword , allowing Gideon to impale her ; this releases Emma 's light magic and ends the battle . With both Gold and Emma having chosen good , Gideon is returned to infancy and the realms are restored , and those who died in the crisis are revived . The characters embark on their `` happy beginnings . '' Many years later in the New Enchanted Forest , an adult Henry vanishes while defending his daughter Lucy from an unidentified entity . Guided by Tiger Lily , Lucy travels to Seattle , where Henry no longer remembers her . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Production ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Development ( edit ) </H3> <P> Executive producers Adam Horowitz and Edward Kitsis announced that they were ending the half - season arc structure that was seen in seasons three through five , with Horowitz saying , `` We 're also planning a 22 - episode story as opposed to breaking it up into two halves this year . It has been really exciting and fun . '' Kitsis added : `` We are changing around what we 're doing this year and going back to that season 1 mentality of small town stories and smaller arcs . '' This season will focus on Storybrooke as the main setting , but will also show new realms and there will be the exploration of the Savior 's mythology . Kitsis and Horowitz hired two directors from their Freeform series Dead of Summer , Norman Buckley , Mairzee Almas , and Michael Schultz helm episodes of the season . Jennifer Lynch directed the eighth episode of the season , `` I 'll Be Your Mirror '' . </P> <P> In January 2017 , ABC president Channing Dungey had been the first to suggest that the current narrative of the show would end with season six , regardless of whether or not there is a season seven . Shortly after this news , Jennifer Morrison revealed that the contracts for the original main cast members were expiring in April , expressing uncertainty about the future of the show and her participation in it beyond the current season . Robert Carlyle also expressed that he 'd have to make a decision about his future on the show by the end of that month . In March 2017 , several sources had reported that four of the current main cast members in particular - Morrison , Carlyle , Lana Parrilla , and Colin O'Donoghue - were in negotiations to renew their contracts for a potential seventh season . In April 2017 , Horowitz and Kitsis confirmed that a group of characters will indeed have their stories wrapped up by the end of the season in acknowledging the potential cast changes , saying : `` We planned this finale from the beginning of the year , so whoever stays and whoever goes ... all those questions have already been dealt with . The audience does not have to fear ( anything feeling ) incomplete . '' On May 8 , Morrison confirmed that she had declined an offer to remain on the show and that the sixth season would be her last , signaling the end of Emma 's time on the show as the main protagonist . On May 11 , Rebecca Mader announced that she would also be leaving the show at the end of the season , citing creative decisions beyond her control . On May 12 , season six was announced to be the last for four additional main actors : Ginnifer Goodwin , Josh Dallas , Jared Gilmore , and Emilie de Ravin . Thus , characters seeing their storylines wrapped up in the season six finale include Emma Swan , Snow White , Prince Charming , Belle , and Zelena . The season finale revealed that Henry Mills will remain a series protagonist , with the setting shifting to a later time period in which he is portrayed as an adult by Andrew J. West . </P> Musical episode ( edit ) Main article : The Song in Your Heart <P> In January 2017 , TV Line reported that the series would feature a musical episode later in the season . Creators Kitsis and Horowitz had spoken about the desire to do a musical installment previously , but did n't `` even know where to begin . '' Kitsis and Horowitz confirmed the report in February . They have also since confirmed that the episode will feature 7 original songs , including solos by Jennifer Morrison and Rebecca Mader , as well as a `` sing - off '' musical number featuring the Evil Queen and the Charmings . Composers Alan Zachary and Michael Weiner will be writing the original numbers featured , with arrangements provided by the show 's long - time composer Mark Isham . Kitsis and Hororwitz spoke about the nature of the episode saying , `` It actually is a huge part of the mythology of the show and there are some big things that happen in the episode , frankly , it 's been one of the challenges of doing the musical because we never wanted to do something where it was just like a to - the - side , one - off thing , and then get back to the main story . We want to see it part of the main story , which meant we had to really plan out this season with some great detail . '' </P> <H3> Casting ( edit ) </H3> Horowitz : There certainly are nods to the film that we all love so much , that we 're peppering in throughout . We 're , right now , focusing on ( Aladdin , Jasmine , and Jafar ) . Kitsis : Obviously , I do n't think we would touch the genie . I would like to see a monkey but I ca n't promise anything . I think , whereas some stories , like Frozen , we were very faithful to Frozen , I think you will see Aladdin will have its own Once twist . <P> -- Executive producers Kitsis and Horowitz on Once 's interpretation of Aladdin . </P> <P> Emilie de Ravin told fans that she will be returning for the sixth season . It was also announced later that Sam Witwer and Hank Harris have signed a contract to play two new recurring characters on the sixth season of the show . On March 29 , 2016 , Lana Parrilla confirmed she would be returning for the sixth season . Robert Carlyle was confirmed to be returning for the sixth season as Rumplestiltskin along with Rebecca Mader as Zelena and Jared Gilmore as Henry Mills . </P> <P> It was announced that Giles Matthey was cast as Morpheus , who is slated to appear in the first episode of the season . On July 20 , it was announced that Craig Horner would be portraying the Count of Monte Cristo , who was introduced in the second episode of the season . At the 2016 San Diego Comic Con International it was revealed that the season would see the introduction of Aladdin ( Deniz Akdeniz ) , and his story featuring the return of Jafar , now portrayed by Oded Fehr ( the role had been previously played by Naveen Andrews on Once Upon a Time in Wonderland ) . Andrews was unavailable due to his previous commitment to Netflix 's Sense8 . It was also announced that Galavant 's Karen David was cast as Princess Jasmine . She made her debut in the fourth episode of the season . </P> <P> In early July , it was announced that Raphael Sbarge would be reprising his role as Jiminy Cricket / Dr. Archie Hopper in the season premiere . The character 's last appearance was in the season 4 episode `` Rocky Road . '' On July 20 , it was announced that Jessy Schram would be reprising her role as Cinderella in the third episode of the season . The episode explored a connection that her character has to someone from the Land of Untold Stories , as well as the start of her friendship with Snow White . That same episode also introduced Cinderella 's stepmother and stepsisters . David Anders returned this season as Victor Frankenstein . The character has a connection with Jekyll and Hyde . On August 15 , it was announced that Jonny Coyne would be reprising his role as Dr. Lydgate from Once Upon a Time in Wonderland , in the fourth episode of the season . On August 26 , it was announced that Faran Tahir was cast as Captain Nemo , and would have ties to Captain Hook . On September 22 , it was announced that Tzi Ma would be reprising his role as the Dragon sometime in the season . Gabrielle Rose would also be returning as David 's mother , Ruth , who appeared via flashback in episode 7 . On September 27 , it was announced that Sean Maguire would be returning as Robin Hood . The former main character , who died on - screen near the end of season 5 , will not be brought back from the dead but would appear in a multi-episode arc in a different capacity . </P> <P> For the second half of the season , Wil Traval would be returning for multiple episodes , starting in episode 11 , as the Sheriff of Nottingham . On October 31 , it was announced that Mckenna Grace would be returning as a younger version of Emma . On December 11 , Robert Carlyle revealed that Brandon Spink would be portraying a young Baelfire in episode 13 . On January 6 , 2017 , it was announced that JoAnna Garcia would be returning as Ariel . The story line involves a team - up between Ariel , Jasmine , and Hook . On January 7 , Horowitz confirmed that Gil McKinney would also be returning as Prince Eric . Two days later , it was announced that Rose McIver would also be coming back as Tinker Bell . On January 20 , it was revealed that Sara Tomko was cast as Tiger Lily . The recurring character appears in at least two episodes starting in episode 17 . On January 23 , Horowitz announced that Patrick Fischler would return as former author Isaac Heller at some point in the second half of the season . On March 14 , it was announced that episode 18 would introduce the Tin Man , played by Alex Désert , and the Cowardly Lion from the Wizard of Oz tale . </P> <P> On February 16 , TVLine released casting call descriptions for two characters who appear in the season 6 finale , with potential to continue into season 7 if the show is to be renewed . One is a man in his late 20s - early 30s who `` was once optimistic and hopeful but now is a friendless , cynical recluse '' but `` still possesses a dormant , deep - seated spark of hope that waits for the right person to reignite it . '' The other is a 10 - year - old girl who `` comes from a broken home '' but `` those struggles have only made her stronger -- something which will come in handy when darkness threatens everything she holds dear . '' On March 8 , it was announced that Andrew J. West had been cast in the unidentified male role , later revealed in `` The Final Battle '' as an adult Henry Mills . On March 9 , it was announced that Alison Fernandez had been cast in the unidentified female role , also revealed to be Henry 's daughter , Lucy . </P> <P> On May 8 , 2017 , Jennifer Morrison announced that she had declined an offer to remain on the show through season 7 and would not be returning to Once Upon a Time as a series regular in the event the series was renewed by ABC . However , Morrison noted that she had signed a contract to appear in one episode in season 7 . </P> <P> On May 12 , 2017 , showrunners Horowitz and Kitsis confirmed that five more cast members , in addition to Morrison , would not be returning to the show for a seventh season : Ginnifer Goodwin , Josh Dallas , Jared Gilmore , Emilie de Ravin , and Rebecca Mader . In their personal goodbyes to fans , both de Ravin and Mader cited the show 's decision to move forward in a new creative direction as the reason for their departures . Gilmore expressed similar sentiments . Meanwhile , Goodwin and Dallas had informed the showrunners a year prior that they intended to leave the show at the end of the sixth season . </P> <H2> Ratings ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th> No . </Th> <Th> Title </Th> <Th> Air date </Th> <Th> Rating / share ( 18 -- 49 ) </Th> <Th> Viewers ( millions ) </Th> <Th> DVR ( 18 -- 49 ) </Th> <Th> DVR viewers ( millions ) </Th> <Th> Total ( 18 -- 49 ) </Th> <Th> Total viewers ( millions ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` The Savior '' </Td> <Td> September 25 , 2016 </Td> <Td> 1.3 / 4 </Td> <Td> 3.99 </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` A Bitter Draught '' </Td> <Td> October 2 , 2016 </Td> <Td> 1.1 / 4 </Td> <Td> 3.72 </Td> <Td> 0.7 </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> <Td> 1.8 </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` The Other Shoe '' </Td> <Td> October 9 , 2016 </Td> <Td> 1.2 / 4 </Td> <Td> 4.11 </Td> <Td> 0.7 </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> <Td> 1.9 </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` Strange Case '' </Td> <Td> October 16 , 2016 </Td> <Td> 1.1 / 4 </Td> <Td> 3.53 </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> `` Street Rats '' </Td> <Td> October 23 , 2016 </Td> <Td> 1.0 / 3 </Td> <Td> 3.40 </Td> <Td> 0.7 </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> <Td> 1.7 </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> `` Dark Waters '' </Td> <Td> October 30 , 2016 </Td> <Td> 0.9 / 3 </Td> <Td> 3.06 </Td> <Td> 0.7 </Td> <Td> 1.57 </Td> <Td> 1.6 </Td> <Td> 4.63 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> `` Heartless '' </Td> <Td> November 6 , 2016 </Td> <Td> 1.1 / 3 </Td> <Td> 3.56 </Td> <Td> 0.6 </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> <Td> 1.7 </Td> <Td> 5.2 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> `` I 'll Be Your Mirror '' </Td> <Td> November 13 , 2016 </Td> <Td> 0.9 / 3 </Td> <Td> 3.40 </Td> <Td> 0.7 </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> <Td> 1.6 </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> `` Changelings '' </Td> <Td> November 27 , 2016 </Td> <Td> 1.0 / 3 </Td> <Td> 3.28 </Td> <Td> 0.6 </Td> <Td> 1.46 </Td> <Td> 1.6 </Td> <Td> 4.74 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> `` Wish You Were Here '' </Td> <Td> December 4 , 2016 </Td> <Td> 0.9 / 3 </Td> <Td> 3.27 </Td> <Td> 0.6 </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> <Td> 1.5 </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 11 </Td> <Td> `` Tougher Than the Rest '' </Td> <Td> March 5 , 2017 </Td> <Td> 0.9 / 3 </Td> <Td> 3.03 </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 12 </Td> <Td> `` Murder Most Foul '' </Td> <Td> March 12 , 2017 </Td> <Td> 0.9 / 3 </Td> <Td> 3.06 </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 13 </Td> <Td> `` Ill - Boding Patterns '' </Td> <Td> March 19 , 2017 </Td> <Td> 0.8 / 3 </Td> <Td> 2.71 </Td> <Td> 0.5 </Td> <Td> 1.25 </Td> <Td> 1.3 </Td> <Td> 3.96 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 14 </Td> <Td> `` Page 23 '' </Td> <Td> March 26 , 2017 </Td> <Td> 0.9 / 3 </Td> <Td> 2.85 </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 15 </Td> <Td> `` A Wondrous Place '' </Td> <Td> April 2 , 2017 </Td> <Td> 0.8 / 3 </Td> <Td> 2.80 </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 16 </Td> <Td> `` Mother 's Little Helper '' </Td> <Td> April 9 , 2017 </Td> <Td> 0.7 / 3 </Td> <Td> 2.60 </Td> <Td> 0.5 </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 17 </Td> <Td> `` Awake '' </Td> <Td> April 16 , 2017 </Td> <Td> 0.7 / 3 </Td> <Td> 2.51 </Td> <Td> 0.6 </Td> <Td> 1.19 </Td> <Td> 1.3 </Td> <Td> 3.70 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 18 </Td> <Td> `` Where Bluebirds Fly '' </Td> <Td> April 23 , 2017 </Td> <Td> 0.8 / 3 </Td> <Td> 2.69 </Td> <Td> 0.5 </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> <Td> 1.3 </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 19 </Td> <Td> `` The Black Fairy '' </Td> <Td> April 30 , 2017 </Td> <Td> 0.9 / 4 </Td> <Td> 3.05 </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 20 </Td> <Td> `` The Song in Your Heart '' </Td> <Td> May 7 , 2017 </Td> <Td> 0.8 / 3 </Td> <Td> 2.87 </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 21 / 22 </Td> <Td> `` The Final Battle '' </Td> <Td> May 14 , 2017 </Td> <Td> 0.9 / 4 </Td> <Td> 2.95 </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ Webb Mitovich , Matt ( March 3 , 2016 ) . `` Once Upon a Time Renewed for Season 6 '' . TVLine . United States : Penske Media Corporation . Retrieved March 3 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Stanhope , Kate ( June 28 , 2016 ) . `` ABC Announces Fall Premiere Dates '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved June 28 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie ( January 10 , 2017 ) . `` ' Once Upon A Time ' : Current Narrative To Wrap At End Of Season 6 ; Will There Be Season 7 ? '' . Deadline . Retrieved April 25 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie ( May 8 , 2017 ) . `` Jennifer Morrison On Why She Is Leaving ' Once Upon a Time ' , Emma 's Final Battle & What 's Next '' . Deadline . Retrieved May 9 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Abrams , Natalie ( May 11 , 2017 ) . `` Once Upon a Time : Rebecca Mader exiting after season 6 '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved May 11 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Abrams , Natalie ( May 12 , 2017 ) . `` Once Upon a Time : Ginnifer Goodwin , Josh Dallas , Emilie de Ravin and Jared Gilmore exit '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved May 12 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Adam Horowitz ( @ AdamHorowitzLA ) ( July 6 , 2016 ) . `` @ IdkiloveMinaj if they 're not , not sure what they 're doing in Vancouver '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Adam Horowitz ( @ AdamHorowitzLA ) ( May 29 , 2016 ) . `` @ Pirate_Mia I hope you enjoy what we have in store for Hook and Emma next season ! '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Lana Parrilla ( @ LanaParrilla ) ( March 30 , 2016 ) . ``. # OnceUponATime fans today in Steveston aka Storybrooke ! Thank you for your loving support ! See you in S6 ! @ OnceABC '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Instagram '' . Instagram . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Jared Gilmore ( @ Jared_Gilmore ) ( May 16 , 2016 ) . `` You guys are so awesome ! Thank you for all your questions tonight . I ca n't wait to start on season 6 soon '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Courtney Ann Thieman ( @ courtneyann2009 ) ( May 16 , 2016 ) . `` @ bexmader ready for next season # OnceUponATime ? '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . Rebecca Mader ( @ bexmader ) ( May 16 , 2016 ) . `` Yep ! 💚 👏 🏻 '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` E.T '' . E.T . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Jacobsen , Kevin ( September 8 , 2016 ) . `` ' Once Upon a Time ' Season 6 News : Emma ' Develops Side Effect ' In Dealing With Hyde ? ( VIDEO ) '' . Enstarz . Retrieved February 16 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Once Upon a Time 's Archie Hopper to Return -- But Who Is His Patient ? '' . TVLine . July 5 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` The Savior '' . The Futon Critic . Retrieved September 7 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` ( # 604 ) `` Strange Case '' `` . The Futon Critic . Retrieved October 11 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` ( # 608 ) `` I 'll Be Your Mirror '' `` . The Futon Critic . Retrieved November 7 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` ( # 610 ) `` Wish You Were Here '' `` . The Futon Critic . Retrieved November 29 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Abrams , Natalie ( March 17 , 2017 ) . `` Spoiler Room : Scoop on Once Upon a Time , Arrow , Riverdale , and more '' . Entertainment Weekly . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` ( # 607 ) `` Heartless '' `` . The Futon Critic . Retrieved November 1 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Aguilera , Leanne ( October 12 , 2016 ) . `` EXCLUSIVE ! ' Once Upon a Time ' Scoop : Eion Bailey Will Return as Pinocchio to ' Save the Day ' '' . Entertainment Tonight . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Abrams , Natalie ( August 5 , 2016 ) . `` Once Upon a Time : David Anders returning in season 6 -- exclusive '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved August 5 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Mitovich , Matt ( July 20 , 2016 ) . `` Once Upon a Time : Cinderella Returns -- To Explore Two Past Connections '' . TVLine . Retrieved July 20 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` ( # 603 ) `` The Other Shoe '' `` . The Futon Critic . Retrieved October 3 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Gelman , Vlada ( September 22 , 2016 ) . `` TVLine Items : Once Mom Returns , Odd Renewal , Legends Poster and More '' . TV Line . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Abrams , Natalie ( November 1 , 2016 ) . `` Once Upon a Time : Alan Dale books return trip -- exclusive '' . TV Line . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Mitovich , Matt Webb ( November 15 , 2016 ) . `` Once Upon a Time : Yep , Defiance 's Jaime Murray Is Playing ( Spoiler ) '' . TV Line . Retrieved November 15 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Abrams , Natalie ; Slead , Evan ( July 15 , 2016 ) . `` Once Upon a Time casts 24 star as Morpheus -- exclusive '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved July 15 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Abrams , Natalie ( September 27 , 2016 ) . `` Once Upon a Time : Sean Maguire returning as Robin Hood -- exclusive '' . TV Line . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` ( # 614 ) `` Page 23 '' `` . The Futon Critic . Retrieved March 20 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Abrams , Natalie ( January 9 , 2017 ) . `` Once Upon a Time : Rose McIver books Tinker Bell return '' . Entertainment Weekly . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Abrams , Natalie ( January 6 , 2017 ) . `` Once Upon a Time : Ariel returns for princess team - up ! '' . Entertainment Weekly . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Gil McKinney ( @ GilMcKinney ) ( January 7 , 2017 ) . `` Thrilled to be back on an incredible show . Thanks @ AdamHorowitzLA '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved February 24 , 2017 -- via Twitter . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` ( # 620 ) `` The Song in Your Heart '' `` . The Futon Critic . Retrieved May 1 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Once Upon a Time Finale : New Fairytale Characters Arrive & A Familiar Face Returns - E ! News '' . E ! Online . May 15 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Mitovich , Matt Webb ( July 23 , 2016 ) . `` Once Upon a Time Reveals Aladdin Storyline , Casts Oded Fehr as Jafar '' . TV Line . Retrieved July 23 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Abrams , Natalie ; Slead , Evan ( July 23 , 2016 ) . `` Once Upon a Time casts Galavant star as Princess Jasmine '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved July 23 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Karen David ( @ KarenDavid ) ( September 24 , 2016 ) . `` I 'm recurring at the moment . Xo '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved September 26 , 2016 -- via Twitter . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Abrams , Natalie ( September 22 , 2016 ) . `` Once Upon a Time : The Dragon returns in season 6 '' . Entertainment Weekly . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Adam Horowitz ( @ AdamHorowitzLA ) ( January 23 , 2017 ) . `` So happy to have the amazing @ PFischler back for some more fun on # OnceUponATime -- hope to see ya March 5 ! '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved January 23 , 2017 -- via Twitter . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Abrams , Natalie ( January 20 , 2017 ) . `` Spoiler Room : Scoop on Timeless , Blacklist , Once Upon a Time and more '' . Entertainment Weekly . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Wil Traval ( @ WilTraval ) ( October 18 , 2016 ) . `` Here he comes ! # ouat # sheriffofnottingham # onceuponatime # badguy # abc '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved October 18 , 2016 -- via Twitter . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Abrams , Natalie ( July 20 , 2016 ) . `` Once Upon a Time books Legend of the Seeker star -- exclusive '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved July 20 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` ( # 602 ) `` A Bitter Draught '' `` . The Futon Critic . Retrieved September 27 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Mitovich , Matt Webb ; Roots , Kimberly ( August 15 , 2016 ) . `` TVLine Items : Wonderland Doc on Once , Sleepy Premiere Reveal and More '' . TV Line . Retrieved August 15 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` ( # 605 ) `` Street Rats ( FKA Diamond in the Rough ) '' `` . The Futon Critic . Retrieved October 18 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Abrams , Natalie ( August 26 , 2016 ) . `` Once Upon a Time casts Captain Nemo -- exclusive '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved August 26 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` ( # 606 ) `` Dark Waters '' `` . The Futon Critic . Retrieved October 24 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` ( # 609 ) `` Changelings '' `` . The Futon Critic . Retrieved November 15 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Adam Horowitz ( @ AdamHorowitzLA ) ( October 31 , 2016 ) . `` Young Emma is back on # OnceUponATime -- coming soon ! Hope to see ya Sunday ! '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved October 31 , 2016 -- via Twitter . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` ( # 611 ) `` Tougher Than the Rest '' `` . The Futon Critic . Retrieved February 15 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` ( # 612 ) `` Murder Most Foul '' `` . The Futon Critic . Retrieved March 4 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Robert Carlyle ( @ robertcarlyle_ ) ( December 11 , 2016 ) . `` No OUAT tonight , but just finished ep 613 with the latest Baelfire ... the lovely and hugely talented @ brandonsspink '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved December 11 , 2016 -- via Twitter . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` ( # 613 ) `` Ill - Boding Patterns '' `` . The Futon Critic . Retrieved March 13 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` ( # 615 ) `` A Wondrous Place '' `` . The Futon Critic . Retrieved March 27 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` ( # 616 ) `` Mother 's Little Helper '' `` . The Futon Critic . Retrieved April 9 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` ( # 618 ) `` Where Bluebirds Fly '' `` . The Futon Critic . 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Retrieved March 7 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 16 , 2017 ) . `` ' American Crime ' premieres low , ' Chicago Justice ' fairly steady : Sunday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 16 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 21 , 2017 ) . `` ' Little Big Shots ' adjusts up , ' NCIS : LA ' adjusts down : Sunday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 21 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 28 , 2017 ) . `` ' Family Guy ' and ' America 's Funniest Home Videos ' adjust down : Sunday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 28 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 4 , 2017 ) . `` ' Little Big Shots ' adjusts up : Sunday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 4 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 11 , 2017 ) . `` ' Chicago Justice , ' ' Madam Secretary ' and ' 60 Minutes ' adjust up : Sunday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 11 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 18 , 2017 ) . `` ' Elementary , ' ' Shades of Blue ' and others unchanged : Sunday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 18 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 25 , 2017 ) . `` ' Little Big Shots , ' ' Bob 's Burgers , ' ' Last Man on Earth , ' ' AFV ' all adjust up : Sunday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 25 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 2 , 2017 ) . `` ' Chicago Justice , ' ' America 's Funniest Home Videos ' adjust up : Sunday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 2 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 9 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Simpsons ' , ' NCIS : LA ' and other originals unchanged : Sunday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 9 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ http://ew.com/tv/2017/12/13/once-upon-a-time-rebecca-mader-zelena-return/ </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 16 , 2017 ) . `` ' NCIS : Los Angeles ' finale adjusts up : Sunday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 16 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Once Upon a Time bosses tease new format for season 6 '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved June 20 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Aguilera , Leanne ( February 28 , 2017 ) . `` EXCLUSIVE : ' Once Upon a Time ' Bosses Reveal New Musical Episode Secrets and If Colin O'Donoghue Will Sing ! '' . ETOnline . Retrieved February 28 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Hot Seat : Once Upon a Time bosses answer your burning questions '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved July 25 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` EXCLUSIVE ! ' Once Upon a Time ' Bosses Address Those Dreaded Death Rumors : ' A Grenade of Emotions ' Is About to Explode ! '' . Entertainment News . Retrieved July 25 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Adam Horowitz and Edward Kitsis ( OUAT ) at San Diego Comic - Con 2016 '' . YouTube . 2016 - 07 - 23 . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 11 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Horowitz , Adam . `` @ dorothyarzner2 yes . Norman is doing 1 ep. of OUAT . Mairzee is directing 2 episodes of OUAT '' . Twitter . Retrieved August 11 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Lynch , Jennifer . `` # gratitude # ilovemyjob '' . Instagram . Retrieved September 30 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Abrams , Natalie ( January 12 , 2017 ) . `` Once Upon a Time : Jennifer Morrison addresses her future on the show '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved April 25 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Sandwell , Ian ( January 26 , 2017 ) . `` Is Robert Carlyle going to leave Once Upon a Time ? `` I 'm going to have to make some decisions '' `` . Digital Spy . Retrieved April 25 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Gelman , Vlada ( March 10 , 2017 ) . `` Once Upon a Time Shake - Up : 4 Vets in Talks to Return for Possible Season 7 '' . TVLine . Retrieved April 25 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( March 10 , 2017 ) . `` ' Once Upon a Time ' Zeroes In On 4 Cast Members For Potential Season 7 Reboot '' . Deadline . Retrieved April 25 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Mitovich , Matt ( April 15 , 2017 ) . `` Once Upon a Time Cast Shake - Up : Finale Will Accommodate Any Changes , No Story Will Feel ' Incomplete ' '' . TVLine . Retrieved April 25 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` ' Once Upon a Time ' Creators Explain the `` Next Chapter '' to Come in Season 7 `` . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 15 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Aguilera , Leanne ( February 28 , 2017 ) . `` EXCLUSIVE : ' Once Upon a Time ' Bosses Reveal New Musical Episode Secrets and If Colin O'Donoghue Will Sing ! '' . E ! Online . Retrieved February 28 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Mitovich , Matt Webb ( January 22 , 2017 ) . `` Once Upon a Time Eyes Musical Episode for Spring -- Who Will Sing ? '' . TV Line . Retrieved January 22 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Abrams , Natalie ( February 2 , 2017 ) . `` Once Upon a Time doing a musical episode '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved February 2 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Halterman , Jim ( February 6 , 2017 ) . `` ' Once Upon A Time ' at the Atlanta TV Festival : Musical Episode Scoop and Jennifer Morrison 's Moving Award Speech ( VIDEO ) '' . TV Insider . Retrieved February 6 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( February 28 , 2017 ) . `` Ask Ausiello : Spoilers on Big Bang , Bates , Bones , Nashville , Walking Dead , Flash , Once , Grimm and More '' . TV Line . Retrieved February 28 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Abrams , Natalie ( February 17 , 2017 ) . `` Once Upon a Time : New musical details unveiled '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved February 17 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Adam Horowitz ( @ AdamHorowitzLA ) ( February 28 , 2017 ) . `` And of course we could n't do it without the phenomenal @ markisham ! Hope you all check out the # OnceUponATime musical and see us back 3 / 5 ! '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved February 28 , 2017 -- via Twitter . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Whitney , Alyse ( July 29 , 2016 ) . `` ' Once Upon a Time ' Bosses Open Up About Aladdin Story , Jasmine 's `` Agenda '' `` . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved July 30 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Denise Petski . `` ' Once Upon A Time ' Casts Duo For Mental Hospital Arc '' . Deadline . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Abrams , Natalie ( September 23 , 2016 ) . `` Spoiler Room : Scoop on Agents of SHIELD , Grey 's Anatomy , The Flash and more '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved September 23 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Wil Traval ( @ WilTraval ) ( December 9 , 2016 ) . `` Love working with this guy . Hope enjoy our episodes together . Back in 2017 March 5. ... '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved December 9 , 2016 -- via Twitter . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Mitovich , Matt Webb ( January 11 , 2017 ) . `` Once Upon a Time Is Casting Tiger Lily , Princess From Peter Pan 's Neverland '' . TVLine . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Mitovich , Matt Webb ( March 14 , 2017 ) . `` Inside Line : Scoop on The Flash , Once , Supergirl , Five - 0 , Blindspot , Grimm , Chicago Fire , The Originals and More '' . TVLine . Retrieved March 14 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Mitovich , Matt Webb ( February 16 , 2017 ) . `` The Once Upon a Time ' Reset ' Plan : How Do These New Characters Fit In ? '' . TVLine . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` ' Once Upon A Time ' : Jennifer Morrison Exits , Others Near Deals For Season 7 '' . deadline.com . deadline.com . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Jennifer Morrison '' . www.facebook.com . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Mitovich , Matt ( May 8 , 2017 ) . `` Once Upon a Time 's Jennifer Morrison Opens Up About Her Exit : ' Emma Had Reached a Really Beautiful Place ' '' . TV Line . Retrieved May 11 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ https://www.instagram.com/p/BUA5q9Ejdm5/ </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Jared Gilmore ( @ Jared_Gilmore ) ( May 16 , 2017 ) . `` I will miss working with everyone and would have loved growing up more on the show but I do understand the direction the writers are going '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved May 16 , 2017 -- via Twitter . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Gajewski , Ryan ( May 15 , 2017 ) . `` ' Once Upon a Time ' Creators Defend Cast Shakeup , Joke Fans Want Them to ' Rot in Hell ' '' . The Wrap . Retrieved May 21 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 11 , 2016 ) . `` ' Designated Survivor ' posts more big DVR gains : Broadcast Live + 7 ratings for Sept. 26 - Oct. 2 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 11 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 19 , 2016 ) . `` Rich get richer as ' Empire , ' ' Big Bang , ' ' Designated Survivor ' lead broadcast Live + 7 ratings for Oct. 3 - 9 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 19 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 4 , 2016 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' and ' Agents of SHIELD ' score in broadcast Live + 7 ratings for Oct. 17 - 23 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 4 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 10 , 2016 ) . `` ' This Is Us , ' ' Designated Survivor ' stay on top in broadcast Live + 7 ratings for Oct. 24 - 30 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 10 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ studios , abc ( November 6 , 2016 ) . `` ABC 's Sunday Is Up by Double Digits , With ' Once Upon a Time ' at 4 - Week Highs '' . Disneyabcpress . Retrieved November 6 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 23 , 2016 ) . `` ' Designated Survivor ' makes more big gains in week 8 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 23 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 7 , 2016 ) . `` ' New Girl ' and ' Quantico ' double in week 10 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 7 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 21 , 2016 ) . `` 6 shows double in week 11 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 21 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 30 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' finale , ' Designated Survivor ' top week 26 's broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 30 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 20 , 2017 ) . `` ' iZombie ' premiere gets decent bump in week 29 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 20 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 26 , 2017 ) . `` 6 shows double , led by ' Designated Survivor ' : Week 30 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 26 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 4 , 2017 ) . `` ' Designated Survivor ' makes more big gains : Week 31 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 4 , 2017 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Official website </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Once Upon a Time </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Episodes </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Season 1 </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> 5 </Li> <Li> 6 </Li> <Li> 7 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Characters </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Mary Margaret Blanchard </Li> <Li> Emma Swan </Li> <Li> Regina Mills </Li> <Li> David Nolan </Li> <Li> Henry Mills </Li> <Li> Rumplestiltskin </Li> <Li> Hook </Li> <Li> Belle </Li> <Li> Zelena </Li> <Li> Robin Hood </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Universe </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Items </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Related </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Awards and nominations </Li> <Li> List of cast members </Li> <Li> Once Upon a Time in Wonderland </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Once Upon a Time episodes </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Season 1 </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` Pilot '' </Li> <Li> `` The Thing You Love Most '' </Li> <Li> `` Snow Falls '' </Li> <Li> `` The Price of Gold '' </Li> <Li> `` That Still Small Voice '' </Li> <Li> `` The Shepherd '' </Li> <Li> `` The Heart Is a Lonely Hunter '' </Li> <Li> `` Desperate Souls '' </Li> <Li> `` True North '' </Li> <Li> `` 7 : 15 A.M. 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'' </Li> <Li> `` Homecoming '' </Li> <Li> `` Leaving Storybrooke '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Wonderland </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` Down the Rabbit Hole '' </Li> <Li> `` Trust Me '' </Li> <Li> `` Forget Me Not '' </Li> <Li> `` The Serpent '' </Li> <Li> `` Heart of Stone '' </Li> <Li> `` Who 's Alice '' </Li> <Li> `` Bad Blood '' </Li> <Li> `` Home '' </Li> <Li> `` Nothing to Fear '' </Li> <Li> `` Dirty Little Secrets '' </Li> <Li> `` Heart of the Matter '' </Li> <Li> `` To Catch a Thief '' </Li> <Li> `` And They Lived ... 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once upon a time season 6 episode list

https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Once_Upon_a_Time_(season_6)&amp;oldid=848398047

Gun laws in Georgia - wikipedia <H1> Gun laws in Georgia </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <P> Gun laws in the state of Georgia regulate the sale , possession , and use of firearms and ammunition in the state of Georgia in the United States . It does not however affect the laws of other states . The Georgia Constitution , like many other state constitutions , guarantees to its citizen the right to keep and bear arms . Article one , section one , paragraph VII of the Georgia Constitution states : `` The right of the People to keep and bear arms shall not be infringed , but the General Assembly shall have the power to prescribe the manner in which arms may be borne . '' </P> Location of Georgia in the United States <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Overview </Li> <Li> 2 Summary table </Li> <Li> 3 See also </Li> <Li> 4 References </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Overview ( edit ) </H2> <P> On June 8 , 2010 , Senate Bill 308 was signed by Governor Sonny Perdue reforming and clarifying many of Georgia 's Gun Laws , while leaving certain restrictions in place . </P> <P> Georgia is a `` shall issue '' state , with the Georgia Weapons Carry License application to be submitted through the probate court of the county of residence . </P> <P> Georgia reciprocates in recognizing firearms licenses with the following states : Alabama , Alaska , Arizona , Arkansas , Colorado , Florida , Idaho , Indiana , Iowa , Kansas , Kentucky , Louisiana , Maine , Michigan , Mississippi , Missouri , Montana , New Hampshire , North Carolina , North Dakota , Ohio , Oklahoma , Pennsylvania , South Carolina , South Dakota , Tennessee , Texas , Utah , Virginia , West Virginia , Wisconsin , and Wyoming . </P> <P> South Carolina H3799 was signed by Gov Haley on June 3 , 2016 , allowing reciprocity with Georgia CCW permits . </P> <P> There are a number of ways a firearm can be carried without a permit . No permit is needed : </P> <Ul> <Li> To carry a firearm in a person 's home , place of business , or vehicle </Li> <Li> To carry a long gun in a fully open and exposed manner </Li> <Li> To carry an unloaded firearm in a case </Li> <Li> To carry a firearm in someone else 's vehicle , provided you would qualify for a permit </Li> <Li> To carry a firearm while fishing or hunting , if you have a valid fishing or hunting license </Li> </Ul> <P> State preemption laws prohibit localities from regulating the ownership , transportation , and possession of firearms . Georgia also has a law preventing localities from enacting ordinances or lawsuits to classify gun ranges as nuisances . This means that local parks , offices , etc. of non-Federal government agencies may not prohibit those with a valid Georgia Weapons License from carrying . Federal regulations continue to prohibit carrying weapons on Corps of Engineers and US Postal Service property . </P> Beyond a few exceptions , a person may not carry a handgun openly in Georgia without having a valid GWCL <P> Firearm regulations are uniform throughout the state , and a firearms permit is valid throughout the state , in all areas other than in a few specially - defined areas . These specially - defined prohibited areas include : </P> <Ul> <Li> In a government building , where ingress into such building is restricted or screened by security personnel and overseen by a POST certified swore peace officer </Li> <Li> In a courthouse </Li> <Li> In a jail or prison </Li> <Li> In a place of worship , unless the governing body or authority of the place of worship permits the carrying of weapons or long guns by license holders </Li> <Li> In a state mental health facility </Li> <Li> On the premises of a nuclear power facility </Li> <Li> Within 150 feet ( 46 m ) of any polling place , only during an election . </Li> <Li> On school grounds ( incl . building and grounds ) , unless carrying or picking up a student , or permitted in writing by an official of the school , however weapons may be securely stored in vehicles parked on school grounds . </Li> </Ul> <P> As exceptions to the above list , a person may keep their firearm in a locked compartment of their vehicle at any of the above places except nuclear power facilities . Also , a person may approach security or management of any of the above places ( except schools and nuclear power facilities ) and ask them for directions on removing , securing , storing , or temporarily surrendering the weapon . </P> <P> As of July 1 , 2006 , Georgia became a `` Stand Your Ground '' state , and requires no duty to retreat before using deadly force in self - defense , or defense of others . </P> <P> Georgia law allows private firearm sales between residents without requiring any processing through an FFL . </P> <P> A Kennesaw , GA city ordinance requires that all homeowners own a firearm and ammunition ( Sec 34 - 1a ) . No one has ever been charged with violating this ordinance . An amendment exempts those who conscientiously object to owning a firearm , convicted felons , those who can not afford a firearm , and those with a mental or physical disability that would prevent them from owning a firearm . </P> <P> As of the 23rd of April , 2014 , Georgia 's gun laws were drastically revised when Governor Nathan Deal signed House Bill 60 , or the Safe Carry Protection Act , into action . The Safe Carry Protection Act changed many of the currently enacted gun laws in place beforehand . </P> <P> In 2017 , the Georgia legislature passed HB 280 , which allows for concealed carry permit holders to carry concealed handguns on public college campuses . Governor Nathan Deal signed it into law on May 4 , 2017 . The law took effect July 1 , 2017 on all University System of Georgia Campuses , including universities , colleges , and trade schools under the University System . Under HB280 any Georgia Weapons Licensee may carry on University System of Georgia property if they are carrying concealed . They may not carry in any dormitory or Greek house owned by the University System , in any athletic venue used for intercollegiate sports , in any daycare facility on campus with limited entry ( gated ) , in any classroom with a currently enrolled high school student , in any private office space , or in any room currently in use for disciplinary proceedings . HB280 does not remove the prohibition against carry on private university and college property under Georgia Law . </P> <H2> Summary table ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Subject / Law </Th> <Th> Long guns </Th> <Th> Handguns </Th> <Th> Relevant Statutes </Th> <Th> Notes </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> State Permit to Purchase ? </Td> <Td> No </Td> <Td> No </Td> <Td> None </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Firearm registration ? </Td> <Td> No </Td> <Td> No </Td> <Td> None </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Assault weapon law ? </Td> <Td> No </Td> <Td> No </Td> <Td> None </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Magazine Capacity Restriction ? </Td> <Td> No </Td> <Td> No </Td> <Td> None </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Owner license required ? </Td> <Td> No </Td> <Td> No </Td> <Td> None </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Carry permits required ? </Td> <Td> No </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> <Td> O.C.G.A § 16 - 11 - 129 </Td> <Td> Concealed or open carry allowed with permit . See also O.C.G.A § 43 -- 38 -- 10 which is a special permit for armed security guards . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Open Carry ? </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> <Td> O.C.G.A § 16 - 11 - 126 </Td> <Td> Open carry of handguns allowed with a license issued under O.C.G.A § 16 - 11 - 129 . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> State Preemption of local restrictions ? </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> <Td> O.C.G.A § 16 - 11 - 173 </Td> <Td> Despite state preemption , several localities continue to have local gun restrictions . Recent court rulings have resulted in many of these ordinances being withdrawn . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> NFA weapons restricted ? </Td> <Td> No </Td> <Td> No </Td> <Td> None </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Peaceable Journey laws ? </Td> <Td> No </Td> <Td> No </Td> <Td> None </Td> <Td> Federal rules observed . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Background checks required for private sales ? </Td> <Td> No </Td> <Td> No </Td> <Td> None </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Georgia ( U.S. state ) portal </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Law of Georgia ( U.S. state ) </Li> <Li> Safe Carry Protection Act </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> ^ Jump up to : See O.C.G.A. § 16 - 11 - 129 </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` A Bill To Be Entitled An Act '' . Legis.state.ga.us . Retrieved November 23 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` See O.C.G.A. § 16 - 11 - 129 '' . web.lexisnexis.com . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 24 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ NRA - ILA . `` NRA - ILA Georgia : Pro-Gun Reciprocity Legislation Signed Into Law '' . NRA - ILA . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 06 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Georgia 's Firearm Permit Reciprocity Georgia Department of Public Safety '' . dps.georgia.gov . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 24 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ House Bill 492 ( AS PASSED HOUSE AND SENATE ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` See O.C.G.A. § 16 - 11 - 130.1 '' . web.lexisnexis.com . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 24 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Senate Bill 396 , Georgia General Assembly '' . Legis.state.ga.us . Retrieved November 23 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ http://www.legis.ga.gov/Legislation/20132014/144825.pdf Line 45 states name directly . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ http://college.usatoday.com/2014/07/14/georgias-guns-everywhere-law-stirs-controversy-among-students-teachers/ </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ NRA - ILA . `` NRA - ILA Georgia : Governor Deal Signs Campus Carry Legislation into Law '' . NRA - ILA . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 05 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ https://www.usg.edu/assets/usg/docs/USG_HB_280_Guidance_%28003%29.pdf </Li> </Ol> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Gun laws in the United States by state </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Alabama </Li> <Li> Alaska </Li> <Li> Arizona </Li> <Li> Arkansas </Li> <Li> California </Li> <Li> Colorado </Li> <Li> Connecticut </Li> <Li> Delaware </Li> <Li> Florida </Li> <Li> Georgia </Li> <Li> Hawaii </Li> <Li> Idaho </Li> <Li> Illinois </Li> <Li> Indiana </Li> <Li> Iowa </Li> <Li> Kansas </Li> <Li> Kentucky </Li> <Li> Louisiana </Li> <Li> Maine </Li> <Li> Maryland </Li> <Li> Massachusetts </Li> <Li> Michigan </Li> <Li> Minnesota </Li> <Li> Mississippi </Li> <Li> Missouri </Li> <Li> Montana </Li> <Li> Nebraska </Li> <Li> Nevada </Li> <Li> New Hampshire </Li> <Li> New Jersey </Li> <Li> New Mexico </Li> <Li> New York </Li> <Li> North Carolina </Li> <Li> North Dakota </Li> <Li> Ohio </Li> <Li> Oklahoma </Li> <Li> Oregon </Li> <Li> Pennsylvania </Li> <Li> Rhode Island </Li> <Li> South Carolina </Li> <Li> South Dakota </Li> <Li> Tennessee </Li> <Li> Texas </Li> <Li> Utah </Li> <Li> Vermont </Li> <Li> Virginia </Li> <Li> Washington </Li> <Li> West Virginia </Li> <Li> Wisconsin </Li> <Li> Wyoming </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> District of Columbia </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> American Samoa </Li> <Li> Guam </Li> <Li> Northern Mariana Islands </Li> <Li> Puerto Rico </Li> <Li> U.S. Virgin Islands </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gun_laws_in_Georgia&oldid=801284260 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> Georgia ( U.S. state ) law </Li> <Li> United States gun laws by state </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> Add links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 18 September 2017 , at 19 : 49 . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . 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Broadcast syndication - Wikipedia <H1> Broadcast syndication </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> hide This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2008 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This article possibly contains original research . Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations . Statements consisting only of original research should be removed . ( February 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This article may be in need of reorganization to comply with Wikipedia 's layout guidelines . Please help by editing the article to make improvements to the overall structure . ( March 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> The examples and perspective in this article may not represent a worldwide view of the subject . You may improve this article , discuss the issue on the talk page . ( March 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Broadcasting syndication is the license to broadcast television programs and radio programs by multiple television stations and radio stations , without going through a broadcast network . It is common in the United States where broadcast programming is scheduled by television networks with local independent affiliates . Syndication is less of a practice in the rest of the world , as most countries have centralized networks or television stations without local affiliates ; although less common , shows can be syndicated internationally . The three main types of syndication are `` first - run syndication '' , which is programming that is broadcast for the first time as a syndicated show and is made specifically to sell directly into syndication ; `` off - network syndication '' , which is the licensing of a program that was originally run on network TV or , in some cases , first - run syndication ( colloquially called a `` rerun '' ) ; and `` public broadcasting syndication '' . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Types </Li> <Li> 2 First - run syndication in the U.S. <Ul> <Li> 2.1 1970s and 1980s <Ul> <Li> 2.1. 1 First - run syndicated comedy </Li> <Li> 2.1. 2 Dramatic first - run syndicated programs </Li> <Li> 2.1. 3 Animated series </Li> <Li> 2.1. 4 News programming and late - night talk shows </Li> <Li> 2.1. 5 Reality and live - action children 's shows </Li> <Li> 2.1. 6 Game shows </Li> <Li> 2.1. 7 Stripped talk shows </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2.2 2000s </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 Influence on television schedules </Li> <Li> 4 Off - network syndication <Ul> <Li> 4.1 Strip / daily syndication </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 5 Monetary rates </Li> <Li> 6 Types of deals </Li> <Li> 7 Radio syndication <Ul> <Li> 7.1 History </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 8 International syndication <Ul> <Li> 8.1 U.S. - style syndication internationally </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 9 Regional syndication </Li> <Li> 10 See also </Li> <Li> 11 References </Li> <Li> 12 Sources </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Types ( edit ) </H2> <Dl> <Dt> First - run syndication </Dt> <Dd> In first - run syndication , a program is broadcast for the first time as a syndicated show , and is made specifically to sell directly into syndication ( not any one particular network ) , or at least first so offered in a given country ( programs originally created and broadcast outside the U.S. , first presented on a network in their country of origin , have often been syndicated in the U.S. and in some other countries ) ; </Dd> <Dt> Off - network syndication </Dt> <Dd> In off - network syndication , a program that originally aired on network television ( or , in some cases , first - run syndication ) is licensed for broadcast on another network . Reruns are usually found on stations affiliated with smaller networks like Fox or The CW , especially since these networks broadcast one less hour of prime time network programming than the Big Three television networks and far less network - provided daytime television ( only one hour for The CW , none at all for Fox ) . A show usually enters off - network syndication when it has built up about four seasons ' worth or between 80 and 100 episodes , though for some genres the number could be as low as 65 . Successful shows in syndication can cover production costs and make a profit , even if the first run of the show was not profitable . </Dd> <Dt> Public broadcasting syndication </Dt> <Dd> This type of syndication has arisen in the U.S. as a parallel service to member stations of the Public Broadcasting Service ( PBS ) and the handful of independent public broadcasting stations . This form of syndication more closely resembles the news agency model , where nominally competing networks share resources and rebroadcast each other 's programs . For example , National Public Radio ( NPR ) stations commonly air the Public Radio Exchange 's This American Life , which may contain stories produced by NPR journalists . </Dd> </Dl> <P> When syndicating a show , the production company , or a distribution company called a syndicator , attempts to license the show to one station in each media market or area , or to a commonly owned station group , within the country and internationally . If successful , this can be lucrative , but the syndicator may only be able to license the show in a small percentage of the markets . Syndication differs from licensing the show to a television network . Once a network picks up a show , it is usually guaranteed to run on most or all the network 's affiliates on the same day of the week and at the same time ( in a given time zone , in countries where this is a concern ) . Some production companies create their shows and license them to networks at a loss , at least at first , hoping that the series will succeed and that eventual off - network syndication will turn a profit for the show . A syndicated program is licensed to stations for `` cash '' ( the stations purchase the rights to insert some or all of the advertisements at their level ) ; given to stations for access to airtime ( wherein the syndicators get the advertising revenue ) ; or the combination of both . The trade of program for airtime is called `` barter . '' </P> <P> In the United States ( as a result of continued relaxation of station ownership regulations since the 1970s ) , syndicated programs are usually licensed to stations on a group level , with multiple stations owned and / or operated by the same broadcasting group carrying the program in different markets ( except in areas where another station holds the market rights to the program ) -- making it increasingly more efficient for syndicators to gain widespread national clearances for their programs . Many syndicated programs are traditionally sold first to one of five `` key '' station groups ( ABC Owned Television Stations , NBC Owned Television Stations , CBS Television Stations , Fox Television Stations and Tribune Broadcasting ) , allowing their programs to gain clearances in the largest U.S. TV markets ( such as New York City , Los Angeles , Chicago and Philadelphia , where all five aforementioned groups each own stations ) , before striking deals with other major and smaller station owners . Shows airing in first - run syndication that are carried primarily by an owned - and - operated station of a network may sometimes be incorrectly referenced as a network program , regardless to its distribution to stations of varying network affiliations and despite the fact it is not part of an individual network 's base schedule . </P> <P> Since the early 2000s , some programs being proposed for national distribution in first - run syndication have been test marketed on a selected number of or all stations owned by certain major station group , allowing the distributor to determine whether a national roll - out is feasible based on the ratings accrued in the selected markets where the program is being aired . </P> <P> While market penetration can vary widely and revenues can be unreliable , the producers often enjoy more content freedom in the absence of network 's standards and practices departments ; frequently , some innovative ideas are explored by first - run syndicated programming which the networks are leery of giving airtime to . Meanwhile , top - rated syndicated shows in the United States usually have a domestic market reach as high as 98 % . Very often , series ' that are aired in syndication have reduced running times . For example , a standard American sitcom runs 22 minutes , but in syndication it may be reduced to 20 minutes to make room for more commercials . </P> <P> Syndication can take the form of either weekly or daily syndication . Game shows , some `` tabloid '' and entertainment news shows , and talk shows are broadcast daily on weekdays , while most other first - run syndicated shows are broadcast on a weekly basis and are usually aired on weekends only . Big discussion occurred in the 1990s and 2000s about whether previously aired episodes of a show could become syndicated while new episodes of it continued to air on its original network . There had been much opposition to this idea and it was generally viewed to lead to the death of the show . However , licensing a program for syndication actually resulted in the increased popularity for shows that remained in production . A prime example is Law & Order . </P> <H2> First - run syndication in the U.S. ( edit ) </H2> <P> As with radio in the U.S. , television networks , particularly in their early years , did not offer a full day 's worth of programming for their affiliates , even in the evening or `` prime time '' hours . In the early days of television , this was less of an issue , as there were in most markets fewer TV stations than there were networks ( at the time four ) , which meant that the stations that did exist affiliated with multiple networks and , when not airing network or local programs , typically signed off . The loosening of licensing restrictions , and the subsequent passage of the All - Channel Receiver Act , meant that by the early 1960s , the situation had reversed . There were now more stations than the networks , now down to three after the failure of the DuMont Television Network , could serve . Some stations were not affiliated with any network , operating as independent stations . Both groups sought to supplement their locally produced programming with content that could be flexibly scheduled . The development of videotape and , much later , enhanced satellite downlink access furthered these options . While most past first - run syndicated shows were shown only in syndication , some canceled network shows continued to be produced for first - run syndication or were revived for syndication several years after their original cancellation . Until about 1980 , most syndicated series were distributed to stations either on 16mm film prints ( off - network reruns , feature films , and cartoons ) or videotape ( topical series such as the talk shows of Mike Douglas and Merv Griffin , and variety and quiz shows . ) </P> <P> Ziv Television Programs , Inc. , after establishing itself as a major radio syndicator , was the first major first - run television syndicator , creating several long - lived series in the 1950s and selling them directly to regional sponsors , who in turn sold the shows to local stations . Ziv 's first major TV hit was The Cisco Kid . Ziv had the foresight to film the Cisco Kid series in color , even though color TV was still in its infancy and most stations did not yet support the technology . Among the most widely seen Ziv offerings were Sea Hunt , I Led Three Lives , Highway Patrol and Ripcord . Some first - run syndicated series were picked up by networks in the 1950s and early 1960s , such as the Adventures of Superman and Mr. Ed . The networks began syndicating their reruns in the late 1950s , and first - run syndication shrank sharply , for a decade . Some stalwart series continued , including Death Valley Days ; other ambitious projects were also to flourish , however briefly , such as The Play of the Week ( 1959 -- 1961 ) , produced by David Susskind ( of the syndicated talk show Open End and also producer of such network fare as NYPD ) . </P> <P> Among other syndicated series of the 1950s were MCA 's The Abbott and Costello Show ( vaudeville - style comedy ) and Guild Films ' Liberace ( musical variety ) and Life With Elizabeth , a domestic situation comedy that introduced Betty White to a national audience . In addition to the Adventures of Superman , many other series were based on comic strips and aimed at the juvenile audience , including Flash Gordon , Dick Tracy , Sheena , Queen of the Jungle , and Joe Palooka . Original juvenile adventure series included Captain Gallant of the Foreign Legion , Cowboy G - Men , and Ramar of the Jungle . Series based on literary properties included Sherlock Holmes , Long John Silver ( based on Treasure Island ) , and The Three Musketeers . Several of these were co-productions between U.S. and European ( usually British ) companies . Crusader Rabbit pioneered in the area of first - run animated series ; followed by Bucky and Pepito , Colonel Bleep , Spunky and Tadpole , Q.T. Hush , and others . ( All of these were five - minute shorts designed to be placed within locally hosted kiddie shows . ) Syndicated sports programming included Championship Bowling and All - Star Golf , both produced by Chicago - based Walter Schwimmer , Inc . </P> <P> In addition to regular series , syndicators also offered packages of feature films , cartoons , and short subjects originally made for movie theatres . Until late in the 1950s , however , much of the theatrical product available consisted of low - budget secondary features ( mainly Westerns ) with relatively few notable stars . One syndication company , National Telefilm Associates , attempted to create a `` film network '' of stations showing its lineup of first - run series , which included syndicated programs such as Police Call ( 1955 ) , How to Marry a Millionaire ( 1957 - 1959 ) , The Passerby , Man Without a Gun ( 1957 - 1959 ) , and This is Alice ( 1958 ) . The venture lasted five years and closed down in 1961 . </P> <P> By the late 1960s , a de facto two - tiered system had developed in the United States , with the major network affiliates ( usually on longer - range VHF stations ) consistently were drawing more viewers than their UHF , independent counterparts ; syndicators thus hoped to get their programs onto the major network stations , where spots in the lineup were far more scarce . FCC rulings in 1971 curtailed the U.S. networks ' ability to schedule programming in what has become known as the `` early fringe '' , notably the 7 -- 8 p.m. ( Eastern and Pacific Time ) hour of `` prime time '' , with the stated hope that this might encourage more local programming of social and cultural relevance to communities ( off - network syndicated repeats were also banned ) ; some projects of this sort came to fruition , though usually relatively commercial and slick ones such as Group W 's Evening Magazine / PM Magazine franchise , and such pre-existing national projects as the brief commercial - television run of William F. Buckley , Jr. 's interview / debate series Firing Line . The more obvious result was an increase in Canadian - produced syndicated dramatic series , such as Dusty 's Trail and the Colgate - sponsored Dr. Simon Locke . Game shows , often evening editions of network afternoon series , flourished , and a few odd items such as Wild Kingdom , canceled by NBC in 1971 , had a continuing life as syndicated programming tailor - made for the early fringe . </P> <H3> 1970s and 1980s ( edit ) </H3> <P> In 1971 , the U.S. Federal Communications Commission passed the Prime Time Access Rule and Financial Interest and Syndication Rules , which prevented networks from programming one particular hour of prime time programming on its television stations each night and required the networks to spin off their syndication arms as independent companies . Although the intent of the rule was to encourage local stations to produce their own programs for this time slot , budgetary limits instead prompted stations to buy syndicated programs to fill the slot . This , coupled with an increase in UHF independent stations , caused a boom in the syndication market . In the 1970s , first - run syndication continued to be an odd mix : cheaply produced , but not always poor quality , `` filler '' programming . These included the dance - music show Soul Train , and 20th Century Fox 's That 's Hollywood , a television variation on the popular That 's Entertainment ! theatrically released collections of film clips from the Metro - Goldwyn - Mayer library . </P> <P> There were also many imported programs distributed this way . These include the documentary series Wild , Wild World of Animals ( repackaged by Time - Life with narration by William Conrad ) and Thames Television 's sober and necessarily grim The World at War . The Starlost ( 1973 ) was a Canadian series , apparently modified from the vision of science fiction writers Harlan Ellison and Ben Bova . Britain 's ITC Entertainment , headed by Lew Grade , made UFO ( 1970 ) and Space : 1999 ( 1975 ) . These two series were created by Gerry Anderson ( and his associates ) , who was previously best known for Supermarionation ( a combination of puppetry and animation ) series such as Thunderbirds . The most successful syndicated show in the United States in the 1970s was probably The Muppet Show , also from Lew Grade 's company . Animated series from the 1980s Dogtanian and the Three Muskehounds and Around the World with Willy Fog came from Spanish animation production company BRB Internacional and their Japanese co-producers Nippon Animation . </P> <P> Game shows thrived in syndication during the decade . Nightly versions of What 's My Line ? , Truth or Consequences , Beat the Clock and To Tell the Truth premiered in the late 1960s and found loyal audiences for many years . Several daytime network games began producing once - a-week nighttime versions for broadcast in the early evening hours , usually with bigger prizes and often featuring different hosts ( emcees were limited to appearing on one network and one syndicated game simultaneously ) and modified titles ( Match Game PM , The $100,000 Name That Tune or The $25,000 Pyramid , for example ) . A few independent game shows , such as Sports Challenge and Celebrity Bowling , also entered the syndication market around this time . Of these shows , Let 's Make a Deal and Hollywood Squares were the first to jump to twice - a-week syndicated versions around 1973 . Another popular daytime show to have a weekly syndicated version was The Price Is Right , which began concurrently in weekly syndication and on CBS ; the syndicated `` nighttime '' version was hosted by Dennis James for its first five years , after which daytime host Bob Barker took over for another three years of weekly episodes ( even though , by this point , the daytime and nighttime shows had diverged noticeably ) . The nighttime version of Family Feud ( 1977 ) quickly jumped from once - weekly to twice , and finally to five - day - a-week airings , and its massive popularity , along with that of new five - day - a-week entries like Jack Barry 's The Joker 's Wild ( 1977 ) and Tic - Tac - Dough ( 1978 ) and Chuck Barris 's increasingly raunchy remakes of his 1960s hits The Newlywed Game and The Dating Game , brought an end ( with rare exceptions ) to the era of once - a-week games . Also popular in first - run syndication and daytime was The Gong Show , hosted by Barris throughout most of its run ( Gary Owens hosted the first syndicated season ) . </P> <P> A number of half - hour musical - variety shows were also offered in the early 1970s , generally built around personable middle - of - the - road singers like Bobby Vinton , Bobby Goldsboro , Dolly Parton , and Andy Williams , or groups like Sha Na Na , The Johnny Mann Singers , and The Golddiggers . Wait Till Your Father Gets Home ( 1972 ) was a Hanna - Barbera cartoon series attempting to ape the All in the Family - style sitcoms ; Skippy the Bush Kangaroo ( 1969 ) , an Australian children 's series , or Gentle Ben ( a decade later , the decidedly not - for - children Australian Prisoner : Cell Block H would have a brief U.S. syndicated run ) ; and a Canadian sketch - comedy series began appearing on U.S. television stations in 1977 -- Second City Television , which would eventually find a home , for two seasons , on NBC , as SCTV Network 90 ( and on premium cable channel Cinemax by 1983 ) . </P> <P> The Universal / Paramount - produced package of original programming , Operation Prime Time , began appearing on ad hoc quasi-networks of ( almost by necessity ) non-network stations in the U.S. in 1978 , with a mini-series adaptation of John Jakes 's The Bastard . From the later 1960s into the late 1970s , Westinghouse also found considerable success with The Mike Douglas Show , a variety / talk show hosted by a singer with an easygoing interview style , which aired in the afternoons in most markets ; similar programs soon followed featuring Merv Griffin , who had been the host of CBS ' most sustained late - night answer to The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson previously , and another network veteran , Dinah Shore . Also notable was the growing success of audience - participation talk shows , particularly that of the innovator of the format , Phil Donahue . </P> <P> First - run syndication in the 1970s also made it possible for some shows that were no longer wanted by television networks to remain on the air . In 1971 , ABC canceled The Lawrence Welk Show , which went on to produce new episodes in syndication for another 11 years , and currently continues to much success in weekend reruns ( with new segments featuring Welk cast members inserted within the episodes ) distributed to PBS stations by the Oklahoma Educational Television Authority . Also in 1971 , CBS dropped Lassie and Hee Haw , the latter show 's run ending as part of the network 's cancellation of all of its rural - oriented shows ( known then as `` rural purge '' , which also resulted in the cancellations of The Beverly Hillbillies and Green Acres ) . Lassie entered first - run syndication for two years , while Hee Haw continued to produce new episodes until 1992 . </P> First - run syndicated comedy ( edit ) Main article : List of sitcoms broadcast in first - run syndication <P> Throughout the mid-to - late 1980s into the early 1990s , sitcoms continued to enter first - run syndication after being canceled by the networks , the most successful of which were Mama 's Family and Charles In Charge . Other sitcoms during this time to enter first - run syndication after network cancellation included Silver Spoons , Punky Brewster , Webster , It 's a Living , Too Close for Comfort , 9 to 5 , What 's Happening ! ! , and WKRP in Cincinnati . Many of these sitcoms produced new shows in syndication mainly to have enough episodes for a profitable run in reruns . Other sitcoms , such as Small Wonder , Out of This World , The Munsters Today , and Harry and the Hendersons ( as well as more action - adventure oriented series like Superboy and My Secret Identity ) enjoyed success in syndication throughout their entire run . </P> Dramatic first - run syndicated programs ( edit ) <P> The broadcast networks aired many action - adventure programs from the 1950s to the 1980s . By the late 1980s , however , increasing production costs made them less attractive to the networks . Studios found that reruns of one - hour dramas did not sell as well as sitcoms , so they were unable to fully recoup the shows ' costs using the traditional deficit financing model . When NBC canceled the television series adaptation of Fame after only two seasons , the producers made special arrangements with LBS Communications , which resulted in MGM reviving the series for first - run syndication in the fall of 1983 , where it continued for four more seasons , with the last first - run episode airing in the U.S. on May 18 , 1987 . </P> <P> Star Trek : The Next Generation debuted in 1987 , and became the most - watched syndicated show throughout its seven - year run . Its great success caused many others to debut . Friday the 13th : The Series ( a horror series which shared its title with the successful movie franchise ) also debuted in 1987 . The next syndicated shows that debuted in 1988 were War of the Worlds and Freddy 's Nightmares . Baywatch , which debuted in 1989 on NBC and was canceled after one season also became one of the most watched syndicated shows throughout its ten - year - run , garnering a worldwide audience . </P> <P> By 1994 , there were more than 20 one - hour syndicated shows . Star Trek : Deep Space Nine and Renegade were also syndicated . Hercules : The Legendary Journeys and its spin - off series Xena : Warrior Princess were also popular , often tying Deep Space Nine at 5 % to 6 % of the Nielsen - monitored audience . Forever Knight drew devoted `` cult '' audiences ( 3 % rating ) . Psi Factor and Poltergeist : The Legacy attempted to draw on the audience for the Fox series The X-Files ( as did the short - lived spinoff Baywatch Nights ) . Among the other series were Relic Hunter , VIP , High Tide , She Spies and Once a Thief . </P> <P> Babylon 5 began life in 1993 on the Prime Time Entertainment Network ( PTEN ) , moved into syndicated distribution when its network was displaced by WB / UPN - affiliated stations , and eventually ended its final season on TNT ( 1998 ) . In 1997 Earth : Final Conflict , based on ideas from Gene Roddenberry , premiered in syndication . Three years later , a second Gene Roddenberry series , Andromeda also premiered in syndication . As emerging networks WB and UPN signed contracts with formerly - independent stations , and the syndication market shrunk , Andromeda season 5 moved to the Syfy Channel ( 2004 ) . </P> <P> There would not be a first - run syndicated drama ( or a first - run scripted series in syndication ) until 2008 , when Disney - ABC Domestic Television and ABC Studios teamed up with Sam Raimi to launch a new first - run syndicated series , Legend of the Seeker , based on Terry Goodkind 's Sword of Truth novel series . Another gap in first - run scripted series in syndication followed for four years after Legend of the Seeker was canceled in 2009 , until Trifecta Entertainment & Media ( a company that mainly distributes programs for off - network syndication ) began producing SAF3 ( pronounced `` safe '' ) in 2013 . </P> Animated series ( edit ) Main articles : List of animated television series created for syndication and Weekday cartoon <P> During the late 1970s and 1980s , independent stations signed on in mid-sized and many small markets . The market for made - for - television cartoons grew as a result to include a branch for such stations . It usually had a greater artistic freedom , and looser standards ( not mandated by a network ) . The older Bugs Bunny and Popeye cartoons made way for first - run syndicated cartoons such as He - Man and the Masters of the Universe , Inspector Gadget , ThunderCats , My Little Pony , The Transformers , G.I. Joe , Voltron , Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles , and reruns of Scooby - Doo , Garfield and Friends , and The Pink Panther , among many others . </P> <P> In 1987 , The Walt Disney Company tried its luck at syndication ; DuckTales premiered that September and would eventually last for 100 episodes . The success of DuckTales paved the way for a second series two years later , Chip ' n Dale Rescue Rangers . The following year , the two shows aired together under the umbrella block The Disney Afternoon . In the fall of 1990 , Disney added another hour to The Disney Afternoon ; the block continued in syndication , running additional first - run animated series until 1999 . </P> <P> These cartoons initially competed with the ones that were nationally televised on the broadcast networks . In the 1980s , national broadcast networks only aired cartoons on Saturday mornings , not competing with the weekday and Sunday syndication blocks aired by local independent stations ; however , by the 1990s , Fox and then The WB launched their own weekday afternoon children 's program blocks . By the end of the 1990s , both syndication distributors and broadcast networks ended up losing most of its children 's market to the rise of cable television channels aimed at that audience such as Nickelodeon and Cartoon Network , which provided appealing children 's entertainment throughout the week at nearly all hours . </P> <P> Syndication remains a method of choice for distributing children 's programming , although this has gradually shifted to only produce programs to satisfy the federally mandated `` educational - informational '' ( E / I ) rule imposed in the late 1990s as part of an amendment to the Children 's Television Act of 1990 that requires stations to air three hours of educational children 's programs every week , regardless of the station 's format . Syndication is generally a less expensive option for a local station than to attempt to produce its own locally originated E / I programming ; not all networks provide their own E / I programs , so stations that are affiliated with networks that do not carry children 's program blocks acquire E / I programs off the syndication market to fulfill the requirements . </P> News programming and late - night talk shows ( edit ) <P> Also in the 1980s , news programming of various sorts began to be offered widely to stations . Independent Network News , which was produced by WPIX in New York City , was a half - hour nightly program that ran from 1980 to 1990 on independent stations ( in some markets , INN was paired with a locally produced primetime newscast ) ; CNN would offer a simulcast of programming from its sister network Headline News ( now HLN ) to broadcast stations later , though it was used mainly to fill overnight time periods and was effectively discontinued in syndication with the 2006 launch of that network 's `` Headline Prime '' talk show block . Entertainment Tonight began its long and continuing run as a `` soft '' news daily strip , with a number of imitations following ( among which have included such entertainment news shows as TMZ on TV , Extra and ET 's own spin - off The Insider ) ; and `` tabloid '' television , in the wake of ABC 's 20 / 20 and , more immediately , 20th Television 's A Current Affair , would become a syndication staple with such series as Hard Copy and Real TV . </P> <P> Another area where network dominance was challenged by syndicated programming in the 1980s was with late - night talk shows ; The Arsenio Hall Show was the only very successful one ( it would be canceled after five years in 1994 due to ratings declines spurred by many CBS affiliates pushing the show to later timeslots following the debut of the Late Show with David Letterman , and was later revived in 2013 ) , but similar programs were attempted such as Alan Thicke 's earlier short - lived Thicke of the Night , Lauren Hutton 's innovatively shot Lauren Hutton and ... , and talk shows hosted by Dennis Miller , Whoopi Goldberg , David Brenner and Keenen Ivory Wayans ; Magic Johnson 's The Magic Hour was seen as a massive flop , similar to Thicke of the Night . The popularity of syndicated talk shows fell dramatically in the mid-1990s as network and cable offerings expanded in the wake of Johnny Carson 's retirement . </P> Reality and live - action children 's shows ( edit ) <P> Long before their popularity on network television from the 2000s onward , reality competition shows in one form or another , such as Star Search and American Gladiators , enjoyed popularity in syndication as early as the mid-1980s . Since the now - defunct networks UPN and The WB began offering their affiliates additional nights of prime time programming in the late 1990s , there have been fewer first - run scripted series in syndication , at least , in the U.S. ; much as with the closing of windows that provided opportunity for Ziv in the 1950s and various producers in the early 1970s . The more expensive dramatic projects are less attractive to syndicators ( particularly when they might be sold , with somewhat less risk , to cable channels ) ; `` reality '' series such as Cheaters and Maximum Exposure and several dating series began to be more common in the early 2000s . Some of the more low - key programs in this category were designed to appeal to children , such as Beakman 's World , Disney 's Sing Me A Story with Belle , Animal Rescue and Jack Hanna 's Animal Adventures . They were able to get significant clearance because of stricter Federal Communications Commission ( FCC ) enforcement of rules on children 's television programming . </P> Game shows ( edit ) <P> Several game shows are currently syndicated ; historically , the most popular has been Wheel of Fortune and the current version of Jeopardy ! , both created by television personality Merv Griffin , respectively premiering in 1983 and 1984 . The shows have been # 1 and # 2 or # 1 to # 3 in the syndication ratings consistently since at least the late 1980s . In fact , according to the Guinness Book of World Records , Wheel is the most popular syndicated television program both within and outside the United States . Family Feud ended its first syndication run in 1985 . Three years later , a revival of the program featuring Ray Combs as host became a moderate hit and continued for seven seasons , its last year featuring the return of original host Richard Dawson in a failed attempt to save the series . A third revival hit the airwaves in 1999 and has gone through four hosts . The first three hosts ( Louie Anderson , Richard Karn and John O'Hurley ) struggled in their respective runs and only lasted three to four years . The current run of the program , hosted by Steve Harvey , has been a major ratings success ; on the week of June 12 , 2015 , for the first time ever , Family Feud was the highest - rated syndicated program in terms of average household ratings . A Hollywood Squares revival also thrived beginning in 1998 , running six seasons until its 2004 cancellation . By far the most successful entry into the market in the 2000s has been the daily version of Who Wants to Be a Millionaire , which premiered in 2002 . </P> <P> Because game shows are very inexpensive to produce , with many episodes completed each day of production , successful ones are very profitable ; for example , in 1988 Jeopardy ! cost an estimated $5 million to produce but earned almost $50 million in revenue . New game show concepts ( that is , not based on an existing or pre-existing format ) are rarely tried and usually unsuccessful in syndication ; somewhat of an exception to this was Street Smarts , which lasted from 2001 to 2006 ( despite the series airing in late night slots in many markets ) . Between 2003 and 2007 , no new game shows debuted in syndication , marking four consecutive seasons where no new shows with that genre debuted , a syndication first . That streak ended with the fall 2007 debuts of Temptation and Merv Griffin 's Crosswords , bringing the daytime tally to six game shows ; both ended production after one year , though Crosswords aired in reruns in some cities during the 2008 -- 09 season before those reruns moved exclusively to cable . </P> <P> More new shows were added for the 2008 -- 09 fall season , including a daytime run of Deal or No Deal ( which featured certain elements that differed from the show 's franchised format , most notably with prospective players instead of models holding briefcases that held the monetary amounts ) and an adaptation of the popular board game Trivial Pursuit . While Deal caught on and was renewed for the 2009 -- 2010 season , Trivial Pursuit : America Plays suffered low ratings throughout its run and was canceled . </P> <P> For the 2009 -- 2010 season , the Fox game show Are You Smarter than a 5th Grader ? moved to syndication with a new , less expensive format . Do n't Forget the Lyrics ! followed for the 2010 -- 2011 season . Deal , suffering from falling ratings , was canceled in February 2010 , with the final episodes airing in late May of that same year . 5th Grader and Do n't Forget the Lyrics were canceled the following year for the same reason ( although reruns of 5th Grader remain on cable ) . Reruns of the popular Discovery Channel show Cash Cab began airing in syndication in January 2011 . Reruns of the GSN dating game show Baggage first aired in syndication as a test run in early 2011 on stations owned by the Sinclair Broadcast Group , which preceded its full launch into other markets in fall 2012 ; although it was removed from syndication after one season . </P> <P> The 2014 - 15 season saw the introduction of Celebrity Name Game , hosted by former The Late Late Show host Craig Ferguson ; the series was renewed for a second season in January 2015 , while Ferguson would also win a Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Game Show Host for his work on the program . In January 2016 , Fox owned - and - operated stations began a test run of South of Wilshire -- a game show produced by TMZ . The 2017 summer season includes the game show `` iWitness '' created by TV judge Judith Sheindlin . </P> Stripped talk shows ( edit ) <P> The dominant form of first - run syndication in the U.S. for the last three decades has been the `` stripped '' ( or `` strip '' ) talk show , such as Donahue , Oprah Winfrey , The Tyra Banks Show , and The Jerry Springer Show . Strip programming is a technique used for scheduling television and radio programming to ensure consistency and coherency . Strip programming is used to deliver consistent content to targeted audiences . Broadcasters know or predict the times at which certain demographics will be listening to or watching their programs and play them at that time . As with game shows , talk shows are inexpensive to produce and very profitable if successful . In many markets , a stripped show will be seen twice daily , usually with different episodes ( one being a more recent episode and the other being an episode from a previous season ) . Sometimes , station groups with more than one station in a market , or a `` duopoly '' , will run one episode of a strip on one of their stations in the morning , and the other available episode on another of their stations that night . </P> <P> Meanwhile , the popularity of some of the audience - participation talk shows continues to encourage new participants , some of whom , such as Morton Downey , Jr. and Rosie O'Donnell , have brief periods of impressive ratings and influence ; others , such as Oprah Winfrey and Maury Povich , have a sustained run . A notable scheduling decision was made by KRON - TV in San Francisco : a 2000 dispute with NBC led to that station 's disaffiliation from that network after 52 years , and since all the other larger networks were already represented in San Francisco , KRON decided to become one of the largest commercial independent stations by market size on the VHF band in the U.S. , and soon tried running Dr. Phil , a popular new stripped series hosted by Winfrey - associate Phil McGraw , in primetime , with impressive ratings results . </P> <H3> 2000s ( edit ) </H3> Main article : First - run syndication in the United States , 2000s <P> First - run syndicated shows in the United States include talk shows ( e.g. , The Dr. Oz Show , Dr. Phil and The Ellen DeGeneres Show ) ; tabloid / newsmagazine shows ( e.g. , TMZ Live ) ; crime / law enforcement shows ( e.g. , Crime Watch Daily ) ; game shows ( e.g. , Family Feud , Jeopardy ! and Wheel of Fortune ) ; reality court shows ( e.g. , Judge Judy ) ; and sitcoms ( e.g. , The First Family ) . </P> <H2> Influence on television schedules ( edit ) </H2> <P> In earlier times , independent stations thrived on syndicated programming , including some venerable and quite profitable stations such as KMSP - TV in the Minneapolis - St. Paul market . With the loosening of FCC regulations and the creation of new additional broadcast networks ( such as Fox , The CW , MyNetworkTV and Ion Television ) , most of these independents have joined one or another of these or smaller ( religious or low - budget ) networks . </P> <P> In another case , like those of KCAL - TV in Los Angeles , KMCI - TV in Lawrence - Kansas City and WMLW - TV in Racine - Milwaukee , those independent stations are used to complement their network - affiliated sister station ( respectively in the mentioned cases , KCBS - TV , KSHB - TV and WDJT - TV ) by allowing a duopoly control of more syndicated programming than would be possible on one station ( and to spread it throughout the schedule of the two stations , often several times a day ) , or to air news programming in times unavailable on the larger network station , along with fulfilling network and syndicated programming commitments , which allows popular or network programming to be moved to the independent stations due to breaking news or sports commitments without the traditional inconvenience of a late night or weekend airing of the pre-empted show . A duopoly of a network - affiliated and independent station also allows a network station to move a low - rated syndicated program to their sister independent station to stem revenue losses . </P> <H2> Off - network syndication ( edit ) </H2> <P> Off - network syndication occurs when a network television show is syndicated in packages containing some or all episodes , and sold to as many television stations and markets as possible to be used in local programming timeslots . In this manner , sitcoms are preferred and more successful because they are less serialized , and can be run non-sequentially , which is more beneficial and less costly for the station . In the United States , local stations now rarely broadcast reruns of primetime dramas ( or simply air them primarily on weekends ) ; instead , they usually air on basic cable channels , which may air each episode 30 to 60 times . </P> <P> Syndication rights typically last for six consecutive showings of a series within three to five years ; if a program continues to perform well enough in broadcast or cable syndication during the initial cycle , television stations or cable networks can opt to renew an off - network program for an additional cycle . </P> <P> Syndication has been known to spur the popularity of a series that only experienced moderate success during its network run . The best known example of this is the original series of Star Trek , which ran for three seasons on NBC from 1966 to 1969 , gaining only modest ratings , but became a worldwide phenomenon after it entered off - network syndication . Its success in syndication led to the Star Trek film series , Star Trek : The Next Generation , and the later versions in the franchise . </P> <P> It is common for long - running series to have early seasons syndicated while the series itself is still in first - run network production . In order to differentiate between new and rebroadcast content , until the 1980s it was not uncommon for series to be syndicated under a different title than that used in their original broadcast run . Examples include Bonanza ( which was syndicated as Ponderosa ) , Gunsmoke ( as Marshall Dillon , a title still used to differentiate reruns from the early , half - hour and black - and - white episodes of the show from the later one - hour color episodes ) , Emergency ! ( as Emergency One ) , Ironside ( as The Raymond Burr Show ) , Hawaii Five - O ( as McGarrett ) , M * A * S * H ( as M * A * S * H 4077th ) , Marcus Welby , M.D. ( as Robert Young , Family Doctor ) , CHiPs ( as CHiPs Patrol ) , and Happy Days ( as Happy Days Again ) . </P> <P> Syndication of older episodes can also increase exposure for a television show that is still airing first - run network episodes . In the case of the CBS sitcom The Big Bang Theory , its syndication , particularly on TBS , is one of the reasons attributed for a rise in first - run ratings for its sixth season . The sixth - season episode `` The Bakersfield Expedition '' , for example , was the first episode of that series to attract 20 million viewers . </P> <H3> Strip / daily syndication ( edit ) </H3> <P> Off - network syndication can take several forms . The most common form is known as strip syndication or daily syndication , when episodes of a television series are shown daily five times a week in the same time slot . In the 1960s and 1970s , independent stations with no news departments began viewing strip syndication as a necessary means of obtaining effective counterprogramming to the local news programs airing on network affiliates . Typically , this means that enough episodes must exist ( 88 episodes , or four seasons , is the usual minimum , though many syndicators prefer a fully rounded 100 episodes ) to allow for continual strip syndication to take place over the course of several months , without episodes being repeated . However , there are exceptions , such as the 65 - episode block ( common in children 's programming ) , which allows for a 13 - week cycle of daily showings , so there will only be four repeats in a year . </P> <P> In some cases , more than one episode is shown daily . Half - hour sitcoms are sometimes syndicated in groups of two or four episodes , taking up one or two hours of broadcast time . If a series is not strip syndicated , it may be aired once a week , instead of five times a week . This allows shows with fewer episodes to last long in syndication , but it also may mean viewers will tire of waiting a week for the next episode of a show they have already seen and stop watching . More often , hour - long dramas in their first several runs in syndication are offered weekly ; sitcoms are more likely to get stripped . In recent years , there has been something of a trend toward showing two consecutive episodes of a program on Saturday and Sunday nights after prime time ( generally following the local news ) . This pattern has been particularly prominent for shows which are still in production but have run long enough to have many previous episodes available . </P> <P> As with commercial stations , not all the airtime nor all the perceived audience are met by the productions offered U.S. public - broadcasting stations by PBS ; additionally , there are some independent public television stations in the U.S. which take no programming from that ( somewhat ) decentralized network . As a result , there are several syndicators of programming for the non-profit stations , several of which are descendants of the regional station groups which combined some , not all , of their functions into the creation of PBS in 1969 . American Public Television ( APT ) is the largest of these , nearly matched by the National Educational Telecommunications Association ( NETA ) ; similarly , the now defunct Continental Program Marketing was another of the syndicator - descendants ( of the Northeastern , Southeastern , and Rocky Mountain educational networks , respectively ) of the pre-PBS era . Among the other notable organizations in the U.S. are Westlink Satellite Operations ( based at Albuquerque 's KNME ) , BBC Worldwide Americas ( which often works with other distributors and individual stations , since it has no satellite access of its own in the U.S. ) , Deutsche Welle , Executive Program Services , the Program Resource Group and PBS 's Long Island , New York member station WLIW , which is ( with the arguable exception of KNME ) the most prolific contributor of any individual station of syndicated programming , most obviously the BBC World News , Doctor Who and Monty Python 's Flying Circus in the U.S. </P> <P> Off - network syndication in its various forms , including Internet , international and traditional direct - to - station sales , constitute roughly half of an individual television program 's overall revenue stream , with the other half taken up by advertising . </P> <H2> Monetary rates ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This section needs to be updated . In particular : None of the data here is from after 1997 ... Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information . ( August 2013 ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> In 1993 , Universal Studios became one of the first studios to cash in on the cable trend , first selling repeats of Major Dad to USA Network in 1993 for $600,000 per episode , the first time a network program was exclusively sold to a cable network for its first run rights . Later it sold reruns of Law & Order to A&E for about $155,000 an episode ; in 1996 , the studio got $275,000 from USA Network for repeats of New York Undercover , a far less successful show . Law & Order drew A&E 's highest daytime ratings -- one million viewers per episode . </P> <P> Universal sold reruns of Xena : Warrior Princess and Hercules : The Legendary Journeys to USA Network for $300,000 each . And even long - forgotten shows can find new life : The Nashville Network bought The Dukes of Hazzard from Warner Bros. in 1997 for well over $10 million . USA Network paid $750,000 for the rights to Walker , Texas Ranger ; while USA 's reruns of the show drew an average of 2.3 million viewers -- outstanding by cable standards -- Perth says the show will need an enormous number of airings to have any sort of profitability . '' </P> <Dl> <Dt> Dramatic reruns </Dt> <Dd> Rerun Prices at a Glance </Dd> </Dl> <P> Sources : Industry sources and Paul Kagan Associates , Inc . Per episode </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Year sold </Th> <Th> Show </Th> <Th> Studio </Th> <Th> Cable network </Th> <Th> Price * </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1986 </Td> <Td> Falcon Crest </Td> <Td> Lorimar - Telepictures </Td> <Td> Turner Broadcasting </Td> <Td> $10,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Knots Landing </Td> <Td> Lorimar - Telepictures </Td> <Td> Turner Broadcasting </Td> <Td> $12,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Murder , She Wrote </Td> <Td> Universal Television </Td> <Td> USA Network </Td> <Td> $525,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1991 </Td> <Td> Unsolved Mysteries </Td> <Td> Buena Vista Television </Td> <Td> Lifetime </Td> <Td> $180,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> The Commish </Td> <Td> ABC Productions </Td> <Td> Lifetime </Td> <Td> $195,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Law & Order </Td> <Td> Universal Television </Td> <Td> A&E </Td> <Td> $155,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1995 </Td> <Td> Melrose Place </Td> <Td> Spelling Television </Td> <Td> E ! </Td> <Td> $200,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Picket Fences </Td> <Td> 20th Television </Td> <Td> FX </Td> <Td> $190,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Lois & Clark : The New Adventures of Superman </Td> <Td> Warner Bros . </Td> <Td> TNT </Td> <Td> $275,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Dr. Quinn , Medicine Woman </Td> <Td> MTM Enterprises </Td> <Td> The Family Channel </Td> <Td> $250,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> NYPD Blue </Td> <Td> 20th Television </Td> <Td> FX </Td> <Td> $400,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Xena : Warrior Princess </Td> <Td> Universal Television </Td> <Td> USA </Td> <Td> $300,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Hercules : The Legendary Journeys </Td> <Td> Universal Television </Td> <Td> USA </Td> <Td> $300,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Chicago Hope </Td> <Td> 20th Television </Td> <Td> Lifetime </Td> <Td> $475,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Homicide : Life on the Street </Td> <Td> NBC Productions </Td> <Td> Lifetime </Td> <Td> $425,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> The X-Files </Td> <Td> 20th Television </Td> <Td> FX </Td> <Td> $600,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Walker , Texas Ranger </Td> <Td> Columbia TriStar </Td> <Td> USA </Td> <Td> $750,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> ER </Td> <Td> Warner Bros . </Td> <Td> TNT </Td> <Td> $1.2 million </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Not all programs in syndication are sold for a fee . Less popular programming may be distributed by barter , in which the syndicator , instead of selling the show to a station , offers the show for free , with the caveat that the station give up its advertising time on other shows to the syndicator 's advertisers . Barter syndication , in addition to the cost advantage , is popular because of its flexibility ; a station can typically pick up a barter syndicated program for only a few weeks or months , without the long - term financial commitment of a traditional syndicated series , allowing the station to plug the show into its lineup to fill a hole in the schedule . </P> <H2> Types of deals ( edit ) </H2> <P> Cash deals are when a distributor offers a syndicated program to the highest bidder . A cash plus deal is when the distributor retains advertising space to offset some of the cost for the program . The station gets the program for a little less in exchange for some ad space for the producer . </P> <P> Barter deals are usually for new untested shows or older shows . In this type of deal , distributors get a fraction of the advertisement revenue in exchange for their program . For example , in a 7 / 5 deal the producer gets seven minutes of advertising time , leaving five minutes for the station to insert local as well as national advertisements . </P> <H2> Radio syndication ( edit ) </H2> <P> Radio syndication generally works the same way as television syndication , except that radio stations usually are not organized into strict affiliate - only networks . Radio networks generally are only distributors of radio shows , and individual stations ( though often owned by large conglomerates ) decide which shows to carry from a wide variety of networks and independent radio providers . As a result , radio networks such as WestwoodOne or Premiere Networks , despite their influence in broadcasting , are not as recognized among the general public as television networks like CBS or ABC ( many of these distributors ally themselves with television networks ; WestwoodOne , for instance , is allied with NBC , while Premiere is allied with Fox ) . Some examples of widely syndicated commercial broadcasting music programs include weekly countdowns like Rick Dees ' Weekly Top 40 , the American Top 40 , American Country Countdown with Kix Brooks , Canada 's Top 20 Countdown , the Canadian Hit 30 Countdown and the nightly program , Delilah , heard on many U.S. stations . </P> <P> Syndication is particularly popular in talk radio . While syndicated music shows ( with the exception of some evening and overnight shows such as Delilah mentioned above ) tend to air once a week and are mostly recorded , most popular talk radio programs are syndicated daily and are broadcast live . Also , with relatively few 24 - hour live talk radio networks ( though this , in recent times , has been changing ) , most radio stations are free to assemble their own lineup of talk show hosts as they so choose . Examples of syndicated talk programs are Premiere Networks ' The Bob & Tom Show , Dial Global 's The Jim Bohannon Show , and the self - syndicated The Dave Ramsey Show ( more recently , talk networks such as Talk Radio Network have been marketing and packaging all - day lineups , marking a departure from the syndication model ; as such , popular shows such as Cumulus Media Networks ' The Savage Nation and Premiere 's The Rush Limbaugh Show now air as part of a broader network lineup in many markets , particularly on Premiere owned - and - operated stations , though they continue to be syndicated to non-network stations as well ) . Talk syndication tends to be more prevalent because voice tracking , a practice used by many music stations to have disc jockeys host multiple supposedly local shows at once , is not feasible with live talk radio . </P> <P> National Public Radio , Public Radio International , and American Public Media all sell programming to local member stations in the U.S. , most of which are subsidized through the Corporation for Public Broadcasting but operated by private nonprofit organizations , universities , state or local governments . This is in contrast to centralized public radio networks in other countries ( such as Canada 's CBC , Australia 's ABC and the United Kingdom 's BBC ) that own and operate all of their stations as arms of the national government and run them as a strict network ( from 1948 to 2013 , the United States had a strict anti-propaganda law , the Smith -- Mundt Act , that prohibited broadcasting government - owned networks such as Voice of America to American audiences . The law was mostly repealed in 2013 , but distribution of VOA or other federally produced radio programming is still rare ) . Two independently produced , non-commercial syndicated programs , heard on hundreds of community radio and indie radio stations , are Alternative Radio and Democracy Now ! . Some ( in fact , most ) radio programs are also offered on a barter system usually at no charge to the radio station . The system is used for live programming or preproduced programs and include a mixture of ad time sold by the program producer as well as time set aside for the radio station to sell . </P> <H3> History ( edit ) </H3> <P> Before radio networks matured in the United States , some early radio shows were reproduced on transcription disks and mailed to individual stations . An example of syndication using this method was RadiOzark Enterprises , Inc. based in Springfield , Missouri , co-owned with KWTO . The Assembly of God , with national headquarters in Springfield , sponsored a half - hour program on the station called Sermons in Song . RadiOzark began transcribing the show for other stations in the 1940s , and eventually 200 stations carried the program . The company later produced country music programs starring among others , Smiley Burnette , George Morgan , Bill Ring and Tennessee Ernie Ford ( 260 15 - minute episodes of The Tennessee Ernie Show were distributed ) , and more than 1,200 U.S. and Canadian stations aired the programs . Many syndicated radio programs were distributed through the U.S. mail or another delivery service , although the medium changed as technology developed , going from transcription disks to phonograph records , tape recordings , cassette tapes and eventually CDs . Many smaller weekend programs still use this method to this day , though with the rise of the Internet , many stations have since opted to distribute programs via CD - quality MP3s through FTP downloads . </P> <P> It was not until the advent of satellite communications in the 1980s that live syndication became popular ( though it could be transmitted through network lines , it was not particularly common because of cost , network congestion and quality issues ) . Since then , most syndicated radio programs are distributed using satellite subcarrier audio technology . Shortly after satellite networks such as RKO , Transtar and SMN began , the Fairness Doctrine was repealed , which is credited with helping Rush Limbaugh become the first national talk radio superstar . At the same time , the FCC began issuing more FM radio licenses to suburban and rural areas in the late 1980s , which allowed more room for music stations on the FM dial ; radio formats such as country music that were traditionally AM fixtures even after most pop and rock music moved to FM were now moving to FM as well , leaving much more room for talk formats on the AM dial . As the 1990s went on , Dr. Laura and Howard Stern began their national shows , rising to become national icons . The Telecommunications Act of 1996 , which led to significant concentration of media ownership , facilitated the rapid deployment of both existing and new syndicated programs in the late 1990s , putting syndication on par with , and eventually surpassing , the network radio format . </P> <P> After the September 11 , 2001 terrorist attacks , syndicated talk radio saw a notably rapid rise in popularity , as networks rushed new national shows into syndication to meet the demand for discussion of national issues . Many of these , such as Laura Ingraham , Bill O'Reilly , Sean Hannity and Glenn Beck , were mostly supportive of the actions of the Republican - led government ; a few others , such as Alex Jones , were openly critical of the government 's actions and motives . After the Democrats took control in the late 2000s , the gap between the two styles narrowed due to the mutual opposition of both camps to the government 's actions , which allowed Jones greater clearance on stations . </P> <P> In contrast to conservative talk radio , which has predominantly been driven by syndication , progressive talk radio has almost always been a network - driven model . The incompatibility of conservative and progressive ideologies and the lack of syndicated progressive hosts required solutions that could produce all - day programming to individual stations . It was not until Air America Radio launched in 2004 that progressive talk would become viable ; though it failed several years later , Dial Global now carries a network slate that is carried on most progressive talk stations . Sports radio is likewise mostly a network phenomenon , partially because the irregular nature of sports pre-emptions makes having a full - time network to be able to cut into and join in progress at any time highly convenient . Syndicated radio is not as popular in other parts of the world . Canada has a few independently syndicated shows , but the bulk of syndicated content there comes from the United States , and the sum total of syndicated programming is far less than most American stations , as Canadian stations rely more heavily on local content . Most other countries still follow the network radio model . </P> <H2> International syndication ( edit ) </H2> <P> Syndication also applies to international markets . Same language countries often syndicate programs to each other -- such as programs from the United Kingdom being syndicated to Australia and vice versa . Another example would be programs from the United Kingdom , Mexico , Brazil , and Argentina being syndicated to local television stations in the United States , and programs from the United States being syndicated elsewhere in the world . One of the best - known internationally syndicated television series has been The Muppet Show , which was produced by Grade 's English ITV franchise company ATV at Elstree Studios in Hertfordshire , and was shown around the world , including the United States , where it aired in syndication ( including the owned - and - operated stations of CBS ) , and Canada , where CBC Television aired the show . The 1970s was a time when many British comedies , including The Benny Hill Show and Monty Python 's Flying Circus were syndicated to the United States and worldwide . Many soaps and long - running series are also successfully syndicated around the globe . </P> <P> The television show CSI earned $1.6 million per episode in its first cycle in cable syndication . There were many different versions of the show making it an international success . It was already popular in the U.S. , so becoming a success internationally as well as within the U.S. made syndication sensible . Whether a series is produced in the U.S. or not is based on the economic value and potential viability of its sales internationally with the possibility of syndication . </P> <P> Economic factors that influence production outside the U.S. play a major role in deciding if a television show will be syndicated , internally and internationally . International syndication has sustained a growing of prosperity and monetary value amongst the distributors who sell to them . Due to a rise in competition , syndicators have upheld high standards for different countries to buy the rights to distribute shows . During the 1990s poor ratings were common amongst syndicated shows , but distributors still made it possible for international competition to happen and buy U.S. shows . Colombian , Brazilian , Mexican and Venezuelan telenovelas are programmed throughout the Portuguese and Spanish - speaking world , and in many parts of India , China and Europe , while Turkish television drama is broadcast in the Balkans , some other European countries , Western and Central Asia and North Africa . </P> <H3> U.S. - style syndication internationally ( edit ) </H3> <P> Because of the structural differences discussed above , there are presently very few areas where a true U.S. - style syndication model operates , whereby programs are sold on a per - area basis ( within a single country ) to local or regional stations with differing ( or no ) network affiliations . Canada was historically one of the few exceptions . Until the mid-1990s , television stations in Canada , like those in the U.S. , were typically run as separate local operations , with a small number of moderately sized ownership groups such as Baton , CanWest , WIC , and CHUM . Those stations that were affiliated with a national network , i.e. CBC or CTV , did not always receive a full schedule of programming from that network . </P> <P> At this time , it was not uncommon for U.S. syndicators to treat Canada as an extension of their domestic syndication operations , for both their first - run and off - network offerings . This is still the case for American radio programs ; Canadian radio networks are not assembled as rigidly into networks ( except for the CBC 's radio division ) . However , an alternate form of first - run syndication was performed by some domestic broadcasters : as the Canadian rights to U.S. primetime series were often acquired by individual station groups ( as opposed to full - fledged national networks ) , they would in turn resell local rights for those programs to stations in areas where they did not operate . A few of Canada 's independent stations , most notably CHCH - TV and CITY - TV , also resyndicated their own locally produced programs to other television stations . Unlike in the United States , however , few Canadian programs were ever created solely for syndication without officially belonging to at least one specific station or network ; those that did exist were intended primarily to be syndicated into the American system , and even those were typically distributed in Canada as `` network '' programs rather than being sold to individual stations . </P> <P> Since the late 1990s , as most stations have been consolidated into national networks consisting almost entirely of owned - and - operated stations and with full - day network schedules , both types of syndication have largely disappeared from the Canadian broadcast landscape . Programs that are sold in syndication in the U.S. are now generally sold to Canadian media groups to air across all their properties , with per - market sales now being very rare . For example , American shows that air in syndication in the United States , such as Live with Kelly and Ryan or The Ellen DeGeneres Show , air in Canada as core parts of the CTV Television Network schedule . The Oprah Winfrey Show appears to have been the last significant holdout to this model , having aired primarily on CTV stations , but in some markets airing instead on a Global station , and even some CBC affiliates . </P> <P> One syndication service remains in Canada , yes TV , which serves the few remaining independent stations in the country with mostly American programs ( Judge Judy , Wheel of Fortune and Jeopardy ! are currently syndicated in Canada through yes TV ) . These independent stations can also secure deals with American syndicators ; CHCH , for example , has a direct deal with 20th Television to carry some of that company 's classic sitcoms , including those from the MTM Enterprises library . </P> <H2> Regional syndication ( edit ) </H2> <P> There are three key reasons why a radio station will decide to pick up a syndicated show -- the program is unique and difficult to replicate content , has a decent ratings track record , and whether or not it has a celebrity host . New developing radio programs are generally able to claim one of these attributes , but not all three . Regional syndication attempts to replace these benchmark attributes with other benefits that are generally recognized by the industry as also being important . Given the financial downturn within the industry , the need for quality cost effective locally relevant programming is greater than ever before . Programs that offer regionally specific content while providing the economic benefits of syndication can be especially appealing to potential affiliates . Regional syndication can also be more attractive to area advertisers who share a common regional trading area versus assembling a radio network of stations that hopscotch across the United States . </P> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> 100 episodes </Li> <Li> Direct - to - video </Li> <Li> Flagship ( broadcasting ) </Li> <Li> First run ( filmmaking ) </Li> <Li> Rerun </Li> <Li> Syndication exclusivity </Li> <Li> Print syndication </Li> <Li> Web syndication </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Campbell , Richard , Christopher R. Martin , and Bettina Fabos . `` Sounds and Images . '' Media and Culture : An Introduction to Mass Communication . Boston : Bedford / St. Martin 's , 2000 . 113 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Fredale , Jennifer Ph. D. ( 2008 ) `` The rhetorics of context : An ethics of belonging '' University of Arizona </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Stilson , Janet ( January 26 , 2014 ) . `` Binge Viewing , Cord Cutting and Streaming Platforms Are All the Rage at NATPE ' The syndicated model is broken ' '' . AdWeek . Mediabistro Holdings . Retrieved June 25 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Video on YouTube </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Billboard Magazine '' . August 18 , 1956 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Cerone , Daniel ( 1992 - 11 - 01 ) . `` TELEVISION : Action , Adventure , Aliens ... Ratings ? : Syndication is going where the action was . Mixing revivals of old TV hits with brand - new series , programmers are pinning hopes on a once - vibrant genre '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved May 11 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Cerone , Daniel ( 1994 - 04 - 02 ) . `` Trek On Into the 21st Century '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved March 7 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Ratings : ' Family Feud ' Tops All of Syndication for First Time '' . Variety . Retrieved 14 January 2016 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Eisendrath , John ( 1988 - 09 - 04 ) . `` The Syndication Game '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved May 11 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Boardman , Madeline ( 27 April 2015 ) . `` Daytime Emmys 2015 Complete Winners List : Soaps , Talk Shows Win Big '' . Us Weekly . Retrieved 12 August 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Courteney Cox , David Arquette Sell Game Show Pilot to CBS ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 30 April 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Craig Ferguson Talks Latenight Moves , New Game Show at NATPE '' . Variety . Retrieved 30 April 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( January 8 , 2015 ) . `` ' Celebrity Name Game ' Renewed for Season 2 by Fremantle & Debmar - Mercury '' . TV By the Numbers ( Press release ) . Zap2it . Retrieved May 24 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Fox TV Stations , ' TMZ ' Producers Set Test Run For Game Show ' South of Wilshire ' '' . Variety . Retrieved 29 April 2016 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Gerbrandt , Larry . `` Hour dramas face risky economics '' The Hollywood Reporter , 19 March 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Vogel , Harold ( 2011 ) . `` Television - programming accounting '' . Entertainment Industry Economics : A Guide for Financial Analysis ( Eighth ed . ) . Cambridge University Press . p. 213 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 107 - 00309 - 5 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Meehan , Eileen R. ( 2005 ) . Why TV is not our fault : television programming , viewers , and who 's really in control . Rowman & Littlefield . ISBN 0 - 7425 - 2486 - 8 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Schneider , Michael ( January 28 , 2013 ) . `` Bigger Bang Than Ever '' . TV Guide . pp. 6 and 7 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( January 11 , 2013 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory ' , ' 30 Rock ' & ' Grey 's Anatomy ' Adjusted Up ; No Adjustment for ' Scandal ' '' . Retrieved January 11 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ http://buffalonews.com/2017/05/19/networks-may-struggling-new-shows-keep-coming/ </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Pendleton , Jennifer ( 15 February 1993 ) . `` Syndication no joking matter for sitcoms '' . Variety . Retrieved 15 February 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Flint , Joe . ( 1997 - 10 - 17 ) Divine ( TV ) Profits . EW.com . Retrieved on 2013 - 08 - 18 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Divine ( TV ) Profits . EW.com . Retrieved on 2013 - 08 - 18 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ International News Service `` Rural Music Rocks , Too '' ( April 29 , 1956 ) , Springfield News & Leader , p . A16 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Lotz , Amanda D. ( 2007 ) . The Television Will Be Revolutionized . New York : New York University Press . p. 86 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8147 - 5219 - 7 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Dupagne , Michel ( 1992 ) . `` Factors Influencing the International Syndication Marketplace in the 1990s '' . Journal of Media Economics . 5 ( 3 ) : 3 -- 29 ( pp. 3 -- 5 ) . doi : 10.1080 / 08997769209358225 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> Sources ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> `` The Museum of Broadcast Communications '' . Archived from the original on 2009 - 10 - 09 . Retrieved 2004 - 10 - 08 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) </Li> <Li> Television Obscurities -- The Syndicated Season : 1987 -- 1988 </Li> <Li> C21 Media -- daily news about the TV business </Li> <Li> Radio-Info.com Discussion Boards > NATIONAL TELEVISION TOPICS > Syndication TV </Li> <Li> Uso del Feed para sindicación Web de Mangotropia </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Broadcast television networks in the United States </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> English - language broadcast television networks in the United States </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Major </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> ABC </Li> <Li> CBS </Li> <Li> The CW </Li> <Li> Fox </Li> <Li> NBC </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Minor </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> AMG </Li> <Li> Ion </Li> <Li> MyNetwork </Li> <Li> Youtoo America </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Public TV </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> PBS <Ul> <Li> Kids </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> American Public Television <Ul> <Li> Create </Li> <Li> World </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Classic Arts Showcase </Li> <Li> MHz Networks <Ul> <Li> MHz Worldview </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> NASA TV </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Specialty </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Information </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Cheddar </Li> <Li> Doctor TV </Li> <Li> Weather <Ul> <Li> AccuWeather </Li> <Li> WeatherNation </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Sports </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Frost </Li> <Li> Pursuit </Li> <Li> Rev'n </Li> <Li> Stadium </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Other </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Family Channel </Li> <Li> Justice </Li> <Li> Qubo </Li> <Li> Quest </Li> <Li> TBD </Li> <Li> Ethnic <Ul> <Li> Asia Vision </Li> <Li> Bounce </Li> <Li> Soul of the South </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Gender <Ul> <Li> Escape </Li> <Li> Grit </Li> <Li> Tuff </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Lifestyle <Ul> <Li> Ion Life </Li> <Li> LWN </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Music <Ul> <Li> Country Network </Li> <Li> Heartland </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> International </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> CaribVision </Li> <Li> Deutsche Welle </Li> <Li> France 24 </Li> <Li> NHK </Li> <Li> Korean <Ul> <Li> ArirangTV </Li> <Li> KBS America </Li> <Li> KEMS </Li> <Li> MBC </Li> <Li> SBS </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Classic </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Antenna </Li> <Li> Cozi TV </Li> <Li> Decades </Li> <Li> fetv </Li> <Li> getTV </Li> <Li> Light TV </Li> <Li> MeTV </Li> <Li> Retro TV </Li> <Li> Movies <Ul> <Li> Movies ! </Li> <Li> This </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Genre </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Buzzr </Li> <Li> Charge ! </Li> <Li> Comet </Li> <Li> H&I </Li> <Li> Laff </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Shopping & paid programming </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Evine </Li> <Li> HSN </Li> <Li> Jewelry TV </Li> <Li> OnTV4U </Li> <Li> QVC </Li> <Li> Shop LC </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Defunct </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Major </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> DuMont </Li> <Li> NET </Li> <Li> UPN </Li> <Li> The WB </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Minor </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> America One </Li> <Li> AIN </Li> <Li> Channel America </Li> <Li> FamilyNet </Li> <Li> Hughes </Li> <Li> Mizlou </Li> <Li> N1 </Li> <Li> NATV </Li> <Li> NTA Film </Li> <Li> Omni </Li> <Li> Overmeyer / United </Li> <Li> PTN </Li> <Li> Plum TV </Li> <Li> PTEN </Li> <Li> SFM Holiday </Li> <Li> Star TV </Li> <Li> Theater TV </Li> <Li> TVS </Li> <Li> UATV </Li> <Li> Variety </Li> <Li> The Works </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Specialty </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> News <Ul> <Li> ABC News Now </Li> <Li> All News Channel </Li> <Li> DoD News </Li> <Li> NBC Wx+ / NBC+ </Li> <Li> TouchVision </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> . 2 </Li> <Li> PBJ </Li> <Li> Research </Li> <Li> Sportsman </Li> <Li> Sports <Ul> <Li> American Sports Network </Li> <Li> Universal </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> WSTV </Li> <Li> Shopping <Ul> <Li> America 's Store </Li> <Li> Gems TV </Li> <Li> Gun TV </Li> <Li> Shop at Home </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Music </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Bohemia Visual Music </Li> <Li> The Box </Li> <Li> MTV2 </Li> <Li> Tr3s </Li> <Li> Retro Jams </Li> <Li> TheCoolTV </Li> <Li> The Tube </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> - Now cable - only , - Now internet - only </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Spanish - language broadcast television networks in the United States </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Major </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Azteca América </Li> <Li> Estrella TV </Li> <Li> Telemundo </Li> <Li> UniMás </Li> <Li> Univision </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Specialty </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> LATV ( bilingual English / Spanish ) </Li> <Li> Mega TV </Li> <Li> Cine Mexicano </Li> <Li> Tele N </Li> <Li> MiCasa Network </Li> <Li> Mira TV </Li> <Li> Multimedios </Li> <Li> ¡ Sorpresa ! </Li> <Li> TeleXitos </Li> <Li> TeLe - Romántica </Li> <Li> Tr3́s </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Defunct </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> América CV </Li> <Li> Hispanic Television Network </Li> <Li> Inmigrante TV </Li> <Li> LAT TV </Li> <Li> MundoMax </Li> <Li> Soi TV </Li> <Li> TuVisión </Li> <Li> VasalloVision </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Religious broadcast television networks in the United States </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> TBN Networks </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> TBN </Li> <Li> Hillsong </Li> <Li> JUCE </Li> <Li> Smile </Li> <Li> Enlace ( in Spanish ) </Li> <Li> Salsa </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> English </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> 3ABN </Li> <Li> Al Karma TV </Li> <Li> Amazing Facts </Li> <Li> BYU </Li> <Li> Catholic </Li> <Li> CBN </Li> <Li> CTN </Li> <Li> Cornerstone </Li> <Li> Daystar </Li> <Li> EICB </Li> <Li> EWTN </Li> <Li> Family </Li> <Li> GEB </Li> <Li> GLC </Li> <Li> GOD </Li> <Li> Hope </Li> <Li> Hope Church </Li> <Li> INSP </Li> <Li> IQRA TV </Li> <Li> Loma Linda </Li> <Li> Sonlife </Li> <Li> Telecare </Li> <Li> Tri-State </Li> <Li> Total Living </Li> <Li> Unity </Li> <Li> Walk </Li> <Li> Word </Li> <Li> World Harvest </Li> <Li> Worship </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Spanish </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 3ABN Latino </Li> <Li> Aliento Vision </Li> <Li> Almavisión </Li> <Li> Aviva TV </Li> <Li> CTNi </Li> <Li> Esperanza TV </Li> <Li> Familia TV </Li> <Li> Fe - TV </Li> <Li> HCCN </Li> <Li> Iglesia JEMIR </Li> <Li> Red AdVenir </Li> <Li> Tele Vida Abundante </Li> <Li> Tvida Vision </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Additional resources on North American television </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> North America </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> List of local television stations in North America </Li> <Li> DTV transition </Li> <Li> North American TV mini-template </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Canada </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Canadian networks </Li> <Li> List of Canadian television networks </Li> <Li> List of Canadian television channels </Li> <Li> List of Canadian specialty channels </Li> <Li> Local Canadian TV stations </Li> <Li> List of United States stations available in Canada </Li> <Li> 2001 Vancouver TV realignment </Li> <Li> 2007 Canada broadcast TV realignment </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Mexico </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Mexican networks </Li> <Li> Local Mexican TV stations </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> United States </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> American networks </Li> <Li> List of American cable and satellite networks </Li> <Li> List of American over-the - 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when does a tv show go into syndication

https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Broadcast_syndication&amp;oldid=837862653

Big Brother 20 ( U.S. ) - wikipedia <H1> Big Brother 20 ( U.S. ) </H1> <P> </P> <Table> <Tr> <Td_colspan="4"> Big Brother </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="4"> ◄ Season 20 ( 2018 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="4"> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="4"> show HouseGuests </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Name </Td> <Td> Entered </Td> <Td> Exited </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Kaycee </Td> <Td> Day 1 </Td> <Td> Day 99 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Tyler </Td> <Td> Day 1 </Td> <Td> Day 99 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> JC </Td> <Td> Day 1 </Td> <Td> Day 99 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Angela </Td> <Td> Day 1 </Td> <Td> Day 93 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Sam </Td> <Td> Day 1 </Td> <Td> Day 91 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Brett </Td> <Td> Day 1 </Td> <Td> Day 86 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Haleigh </Td> <Td> Day 1 </Td> <Td> Day 86 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Scottie </Td> <Td> Day 1 Day 72 </Td> <Td> Day 65 Day 79 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Faysal </Td> <Td> Day 1 </Td> <Td> Day 72 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Rockstar </Td> <Td> Day 1 </Td> <Td> Day 58 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Bayleigh </Td> <Td> Day 1 </Td> <Td> Day 51 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Rachel </Td> <Td> Day 1 </Td> <Td> Day 44 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Kaitlyn </Td> <Td> Day 1 </Td> <Td> Day 37 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Winston </Td> <Td> Day 1 </Td> <Td> Day 30 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Swaggy C </Td> <Td> Day 1 </Td> <Td> Day 23 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Steve </Td> <Td> Day 1 </Td> <Td> Day 16 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="4"> Winner $500,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="4"> Evicted </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="4"> Runner - up ( $50,000 ) and America 's Favorite HouseGuest ( $25,000 ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Big Brother 20 is the twentieth season of the American reality television series Big Brother . It is based upon the Dutch series of the same name . </P> <P> It was renewed in August 2016 as part of a double renewal for seasons nineteen and twenty . Julie Chen , credited as Julie Chen Moonves from episode 35 onwards , returned as host . </P> <P> Sixteen new competitors , known as House Guests , were announced to be competing and their identities were released in June 2018 . Each week in the game , House Guests compete in a series of competitions and then vote to eliminate , or `` evict '' , one of their own until there are only two remaining . In the finale episode previous House Guests vote on who they think they should win the game with the House Guest who receives the most votes being declared the winner . </P> <P> The season premiered on June 27 , 2018 on CBS in the United States and is set to conclude on September 26 , 2018 consisting of forty episodes and lasting for 99 days , tying the eighteenth season to be the longest U.S. season to date . The season also received many controversies and criticisms throughout the season but received mostly positive viewing figures . Despite an uncertain future for the show , CBS began accepting applications for a future season in September 2018 . After 99 days in the Big Brother House , the September 26 , 2018 finale saw Kaycee Clark crowned the winner of Big Brother in a 5 -- 4 vote over Tyler Crispen . </P> <H2> Contents </H2> <Ul> <Li> 1 Production <Ul> <Li> 1.1 Development </Li> <Li> 1.2 Prize </Li> <Li> 1.3 Main Twists <Ul> <Li> 1.3. 1 BB App Store </Li> <Li> 1.3. 2 H@cker Competition </Li> <Li> 1.3. 3 Jury Battleback </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2 HouseGuests <Ul> <Li> 2.1 Other appearances </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 Episodes <Ul> <Li> 3.1 Notes </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 Have - Nots </Li> <Li> 5 Voting history <Ul> <Li> 5.1 Notes </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 6 Controversies and criticisms </Li> <Li> 7 Reception <Ul> <Li> 7.1 Viewing figures </Li> <Li> 7.2 Uncertain future </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 8 References </Li> <Li> 9 External links </Li> </Ul> <H2> Production </H2> <H3> Development </H3> <P> The series was announced in August 2016 as part of a double renewal for Big Brother 19 and Big Brother 20 . Along with the series the 24 / 7 live feeds returned with a CBS All Access subscription and Big Brother : After Dark is also returned on Pop . The season is produced by Endemol Shine North America and Fly on the Wall Entertainment . Julie Chen returned as host and Allison Grodner as well as Rich Meehan returned as Executive Producers . CBS began allowing online applications in September 2017 , however open casting calls did not begin until March 2018 . Celebrity Big Brother winner and runner up Marissa Jaret Winokur and Ross Mathews host a new companion show known as Off the Block with Ross and Marissa following the end of former House Guest Jeff Schroeder 's Big Brother Live Chat . </P> <H3> Prize </H3> <P> The last remaining House Guest is set to receive a prize of $500,000 . </P> <H3> Main twists </H3> <P> This season 's main theme and twists centered on technology . </P> BB App Store <P> For the first three weeks , viewers were asked a series of questions about their opinions on the remaining House Guests . The House Guest who was named in the most overall answers was deemed the `` top trending '' House Guest of the week and earned a `` Power App '' , which would give them an advantage in the game , while the House Guest who was answered the least was deemed `` least trending '' was given a `` Crap App '' , which gave them a punishment . Once HouseGuests received an app , they were no longer eligible to receive one in the future . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Week </Th> <Th> Top trending </Th> <Th_colspan="3"> Power App </Th> <Th> Least trending </Th> <Th> Crap App </Th> <Th> Punishment </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Name </Th> <Th> Ability </Th> <Th> Status </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> Sam </Td> <Td> Bonus Life </Td> <Td> To be used immediately after a HouseGuest is evicted from the house , this power will give that House Guest a chance to return to the game via a competition . This power must be used in the first three evictions , or else the fourth evicted House Guest will automatically be given the chance to return . </Td> <Td> Used ( by default ) </Td> <Td> Faysal </Td> <Td> Hamazon </Td> <Td> The House Guest will routinely be given packages of ham , which they must consume on arrival . ( As Faysal is Muslim , a vegetarian ham substitute was used instead . ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> Tyler </Td> <Td> The Cloud </Td> <Td> The House Guest has the power to make themselves immune from nomination during one Nomination or Veto Ceremony of their choice over the following eight weeks . </Td> <Td> Not used </Td> <Td> Rachel </Td> <Td> Yell ! </Td> <Td> For 24 hours , an angry reviewer was unleashed into the house at random times to loudly give the House Guest feedback on their game . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> Bayleigh </Td> <Td> Identity Theft </Td> <Td> The House Guest can secretly replace the HoH 's nominations with two of their own . This does not affect replacement nominations and can be used until eight players remain . </Td> <Td> Not used </Td> <Td> Haleigh </Td> <Td> Read It ! </Td> <Td> Periodically throughout the week , the House Guest must wear a costume and read Hamlet in a Shakespearean accent . This punishment will continue until the entire play has been read . </Td> </Tr> </Table> H@cker competition <P> On Day 44 , following Rachel 's eviction , a new twist was unleashed on the HouseGuests called the `` H@cker Competition '' . It lets one HouseGuest hack the game for a week . After the nominations , all of the HouseGuests compete in a competition at the same time in different rooms , making the winner anonymous to the other HouseGuests . The winner of the competition is able to `` hack '' the game in three different ways . First , they can replace one of the Head of Household 's nominations and change it to someone of their choosing . Second , they get to select one of the three participants chosen for the Power of Veto competition . Finally , they can nullify one vote at the live eviction . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Week </Th> <Th> H@cker </Th> <Th> Ability </Th> <Th> Action </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 6 </Th> <Td> Haleigh </Td> <Td> 1 . Replace one nomination 2 . Pick one veto player 3 . Nullify one eviction vote </Td> <Td> 1 . Took Scottie off the Block and nominated Tyler in his place 2 . Picked Kaycee to play in the veto 3 . Nullified Tyler 's vote during the live eviction </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 7 </Th> <Td> Kaycee </Td> <Td> 1 . Took herself off the Block and nominated Rockstar in her place 2 . Picked Tyler to play in the veto 3 . Nullified Faysal 's vote during the live eviction </Td> </Tr> </Table> Jury battleback <P> The first four jury members had the opportunity to battle each other for a chance to return to the game . The competition between Bayleigh , Rockstar , Scottie , and Faysal aired on August 30 , 2018 in episode 29 following the live eviction . Scottie was the winner and returned to the game . </P> <H2> HouseGuests </H2> Main article : List of Big Brother 20 houseguests ( U.S. ) The cast of the twentieth season of Big Brother . Top : Kaycee , Faysal , Rockstar , Swaggy C and Steve Middle : Scottie , Kaitlyn , Brett , Bayleigh , Winston , Sam , Tyler and Haleigh Bottom : Rachel , JC and Angela <P> The HouseGuests were announced on Monday , June 18 at 7 AM PDT through the CBS website . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Name </Th> <Th> Age on entry </Th> <Th> Occupation </Th> <Th> Residence </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Angela Rummans </Td> <Td> 26 </Td> <Td> Fitness model </Td> <Td> Playa Vista , California </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Angie `` Rockstar '' Lantry </Td> <Td> 34 </Td> <Td> Stay - at - home mom </Td> <Td> Columbia , Maryland </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Bayleigh Dayton </Td> <Td> 25 </Td> <Td> Flight attendant </Td> <Td> Atlanta , Georgia </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Brett Robinson </Td> <Td> 25 </Td> <Td> Cybersecurity engineer </Td> <Td> Charlestown , Massachusetts </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Chris `` Swaggy C '' Williams </Td> <Td> 23 </Td> <Td> Day trader </Td> <Td> Bridgeport , Connecticut </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Faysal Shafaat </Td> <Td> 26 </Td> <Td> Substitute teacher </Td> <Td> Orlando , Florida </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Haleigh Broucher </Td> <Td> 21 </Td> <Td> College student </Td> <Td> College Station , Texas </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Joseph `` JC '' Mounduix </Td> <Td> 28 </Td> <Td> Professional dancer </Td> <Td> West Hollywood , California </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Kaitlyn Herman </Td> <Td> 24 </Td> <Td> Life coach </Td> <Td> Encino , California </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Kaycee Clark </Td> <Td> 30 </Td> <Td> Pro-football player </Td> <Td> Tempe , Arizona </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Rachel Swindler </Td> <Td> 29 </Td> <Td> Vegas entertainer </Td> <Td> Las Vegas , Nevada </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Samantha `` Sam '' Bledsoe </Td> <Td> 27 </Td> <Td> Welder </Td> <Td> Stuarts Draft , Virginia </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Scottie Salton </Td> <Td> 26 </Td> <Td> Shipping manager </Td> <Td> Chicago , Illinois </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Stephen `` Steve '' Arienta </Td> <Td> 40 </Td> <Td> Former undercover cop </Td> <Td> Wanaque , New Jersey </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Tyler Crispen </Td> <Td> 23 </Td> <Td> Lifeguard </Td> <Td> Hilton Head , South Carolina </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Winston Hines </Td> <Td> 28 </Td> <Td> Medical sales rep </Td> <Td> Bowling Green , Kentucky </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Other appearances </H3> <P> All evicted HouseGuests appear on the Facebook Watch exclusive Off the Block with Ross and Marissa for an extended interview following their evictions. Tyler Crispen appeared in the second episode of TKO : Total Knock Out as a contestant . Crispen finished in third place and received $2,500 . </P> <H2> Episodes </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th> No . overall </Th> <Th> No. in season </Th> <Th> Title </Th> <Th> Day ( s ) </Th> <Th> Original air date </Th> <Th> US viewers ( millions ) </Th> <Th> Rating / share ( 18 - 49 ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="13"> Week 1 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 667 </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` Episode 1 '' </Td> <Td> Day 1 </Td> <Td> June 27 , 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 27 ) </Td> <Td> 5.33 </Td> <Td> 1.5 / 7 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="7"> <P> Sixteen new HouseGuests entered the newest version of the Big Brother House . After getting settled in the HouseGuests began formal introductions . Following formal introductions Julie informed the HouseGuests that the theme for the summer is `` Big Brother Technology '' and the first competition of the summer began . </P> <Ul> <Li> Safety Competition -- Part 1 ( `` The Trash Folder '' ) : There are 7 folders hidden inside of the `` supercomputer '' . 6 of the folders are labeled `` escape '' however , 1 of them is labeled `` escape and play '' . Each HouseGuest must collect a folder as fast as possible . The one who finds the `` escape and play '' folder moves on to face the winner of part 2 in part 3 of the competition . The HouseGuest who does not collect a folder suffers a punishment . Angela was the winner and Kaycee was the loser . </Li> <Li> Safety Competition -- Part 2 ( `` HouseGuest CAPTCHA '' ) : The HouseGuests must collect block letters from the pit below their tether which is constantly raising and lowering . Each HouseGuest must collect the correct letters and be the first one to spell `` HouseGuest '' on their platform . The first HouseGuest to correctly collect and spell `` HouseGuest '' moved on to face the winner of part 1 in part 3 of the competition . The last remaining HouseGuest will suffer a punishment . Swaggy C was the winner and Sam was the loser . </Li> <Li> Safety Competition -- Part 3 ( `` Surfing the BB Web '' ) : The winners of part 1 and part 2 faced off in this competition and must `` surf '' the web . The winner of this competition will have the opportunity to keep 8 HouseGuests including themselves safe from the first eviction . Swaggy C was the winner . </Li> </Ul> <P> Following the competitions Julie informed Swaggy C that of the four original groups that moved into the Big Brother house he must keep two of the groups safe . The punishments for the two losing HouseGuests were revealed . Kaycee received the `` Pinwheel of Doom '' punishment and is forced to wear a pinwheel unitard . Whenever the pinwheel spins she must stay in the room she is currently in until it stops spinning . Sam is forced to occasionally play the game as a robot , when the words `` Robot online '' are announced she plays the game as a robot , but when the words `` Robot offline '' are announced she plays the game as a human . Both punishments are in effect until the first live eviction . Swaggy C chose to keep groups 3 and 4 safe from eviction . </P> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 668 </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` Episode 2 '' </Td> <Td> Days 2 - 5 </Td> <Td> June 28 , 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 28 ) </Td> <Td> 5.13 </Td> <Td> 1.4 / 6 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="7"> <P> </P> <Ul> <Li> Head of Household ( `` Microchip Mayhem '' ) : When the competition starts HouseGuests must cross their beam and collect a `` deletion dot '' . Once they have collected one they must cross back , place it inside another HouseGuests tube , and repeat . When a HouseGuest has 10 deletion dots inside their tube they are eliminated from the competition . Tyler was the winner and became the first HoH of the season . </Li> </Ul> <P> On Day 5 , Tyler nominated Sam and Steve for eviction . </P> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 669 </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` Episode 3 '' </Td> <Td> Days 5 - 9 </Td> <Td> July 1 , 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 01 ) </Td> <Td> 4.78 </Td> <Td> 1.2 / 6 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="7"> Following nominations Sam has a one on one conversation with the other HouseGuests . As the HoH , Tyler was forced to chose the first four Have - Nots of the season . Kaitlyn volunteered and Tyler chose Brett , Scottie , and Winston to be the remaining Have - Nots . Each week in the new BB App Store the most trending HouseGuest will receive a power to help them in the Big Brother game . However , the least trending HouseGuest each week will receive a punishment . Each HouseGuest may only receive a power in the BB App Store once . Faysal was the least trending HouseGuest and received the Hamazon punishment , throughout the week Hamazon will deliver a fresh plate of ham which Faysal must eat in full . Meanwhile , Sam was the top trending HouseGuest and received Bonus Life power , this gives Sam or a HouseGuest of her choice the chance to return to the game if evicted . The power is only good through the first four evictions and if Sam does not use it by the third eviction then the fourth evicted HouseGuest automatically has the chance to return to the game . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 670 </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` Episode 4 '' </Td> <Td> Days 9 - 12 </Td> <Td> July 4 , 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 04 ) </Td> <Td> 3.95 </Td> <Td> 0.9 / 5 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="7"> <P> The HouseGuests begin speculating who received the Power App as Faysal receives non-stop delivery 's of Hamazon Swine . </P> <Ul> <Li> Power of Veto ( `` VimeBro Studios '' ) : The competition was played in five rounds . In each round the losing competitor is eliminated from the competition . The competitors were Tyler , Sam , Steve , Scottie , Swaggy C , and Faysal . <Ul> <Li> Stage 1 ( `` Snake Bite Pit '' ) : When `` action '' is said the competitors must reach into a snake pit and pull out a like icon . Once they have a like icon they must place it in their corresponding score card . When a HouseGuest has three like icons in their score card they are finished with that stage . The last HouseGuest who does not have three like icons or the HouseGuest with the least amount of like icons after five minutes is eliminated . Scottie was eliminated following Stage 1 . </Li> <Li> Stage 2 ( `` Polar Plunge '' ) : When the competition begins the HouseGuests must plunge to the bottom of an arctic pool and retrieve a like icon . Once they have a like icon they must place it in their corresponding score card . When a HouseGuest has ten like icons in their score card they are finished with that stage . The last HouseGuest who does not have ten like icons is eliminated . Swaggy C was eliminated following Stage 2 . </Li> <Li> Stage 3 ( `` Human Canvas '' ) : When `` action '' is said the HouseGuests must stand on a post as they are fired at with paint balls . When told to do so they must move forward to a smaller post . The first HouseGuest to touch the ground is eliminated from the competition . Steve was eliminated following Stage 3 . </Li> <Li> Stage 4 ( `` Electricity in the Air '' ) : When the competition starts HouseGuests must transfer balls one at a time using their device from the start to their scoreboard . However , the HouseGuests are schocked with shocking collars while attempting to transport their balls . When a HouseGuest collects ten balls they are finished . The last HouseGuest remaining is eliminated from the competition . Sam was eliminated following Stage 4 . </Li> <Li> Stage 5 ( `` Sloda '' ) : When the competition begins the HouseGuests goal are to find and match the top three flavors to `` Sloda '' , a soda version of slop . Once done they must place them in the corresponding order . The first HouseGuest to place the three flavors in the corresponding order will win the Power of Veto . Faysal was the winner and received the Power of Veto . </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> <P> At the Veto Meeting , Faysal chose not to use the PoV , thus keeping the nominations the same . </P> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 671 </Th> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> `` Episode 5 '' </Td> <Td> Days 12 - 16 </Td> <Td> July 5 , 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 05 ) </Td> <Td> 4.96 </Td> <Td> 1.3 / 6 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="7"> <P> Ahead of the first eviction , with a split house , alliances begin attempting to secure votes for their side . On Day 16 , by a vote of 7 - 6 , Steve was the first HouseGuest to be evicted from the Big Brother house . </P> <Ul> <Li> Head of Household ( `` Land a Job '' ) : When the competition starts HouseGuests must step up to the launch pad and launch their ball into the new town of `` San Brosé '' The building the ball lands on has a corresponding salary . The HouseGuest with the highest salary after everyone has launched their balls became the new HoH . Kaitlyn was the winner and became the second HoH of the season . </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="13"> Week 2 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 672 </Th> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> `` Episode 6 '' </Td> <Td> Days 16 - 17 </Td> <Td> July 8 , 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 08 ) </Td> <Td> 5.11 </Td> <Td> 1.3 / 6 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="7"> Following the HoH competition Kaitlyn begins strategizing her nominations . The BB App Store opens for business again . Rachel was the least trending while Tyler was the most trending HouseGuest . Rachel received the `` Yell ! '' Crap App , periodically throughout the next twenty - four hours an angry reviewer was released into the house to give her feedback . Tyler received `` The Cloud '' Power App , this gives him the opportunity to make himself immune from one nomination ceremony of veto meeting throughout the next eight weeks . Kaitlyn nominated Scottie and Winston for eviction </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 673 </Th> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> `` Episode 7 '' </Td> <Td> Days 17 - 20 </Td> <Td> July 11 , 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 11 ) </Td> <Td> 5.43 </Td> <Td> 1.5 / 7 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="7"> <P> Following nominations the HouseGuests prepared to compete in the Power of Veto competition The HouseGuests picked to compete in the Veto competition were Kaitlyn , Scottie , Winston , Faysal , Rachel , and Tyler . The HouseGuests then received a visit from Big Brother 19 HouseGuests and winners of the 30th season of The Amazing Race , Jessica Graf and Cody Nickson , who hosted the Power of Veto competition . </P> <Ul> <Li> Power of Veto ( `` HouseGuestsOnly.com '' ) : When the competition begins players must review dating profiles of former HouseGuests . Once reviewed they must place the former HouseGuests in their ideal dating location . Once all former HouseGuests are placed they must hit the buzzer . If all former HouseGuests are correctly placed their time gets locked in however , if they are incorrect they must try again until they are all correctly placed . If a HouseGuest takes longer than twenty minutes to correctly place all HouseGuests tey are automatically eliminated . The HouseGuest with the fastest time won the Power of Veto. Tyler was the winner with a time of 5 minutes and 29 seconds . </Li> </Ul> <P> Rachel then begins receiving visits from her angry reviewer as a result of her Crap App from the BB App Store . At the Veto Ceremony Tyler chose to use the PoV to remove Scottie from the block . On Day 20 , Kaitlyn then named Swaggy C as the replacement nominee . </P> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 674 </Th> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> `` Episode 8 '' </Td> <Td> Days 20 - 23 </Td> <Td> July 12 , 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 12 ) </Td> <Td> 5.32 </Td> <Td> 1.5 / 6 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="7"> <P> Following the Veto Ceremony Swaggy C and Winston both begin campaigning for votes . The HouseGuests then cast their votes on who the want to evict . On Day 23 , by a vote of 8 - 4 , Swaggy C was the second HouseGuest to be evicted from the Big Brother house . </P> <Ul> <Li> Head of Household ( `` Product Launch '' ) : The competing HouseGuests watched a two videos about product launches for `` Pineapple , Inc . '' . Julie then asked the HouseGuests a series of questions where the answer is either true or false . If a HouseGuest answered incorrectly they were eliminated from the competition . The last HouseGuest remaining became the next Head of Household . If two HouseGuests remain at the end the game would enter tiebreaker mode . Rachel and Scottie remained at the end . Both HouseGuests were given whiteboards and the answer to the final question was a number . The HouseGuest who came closest to the correct answer without going over would become the next HoH . If both HouseGuests went over the who was closest to the number would be the winner . Scottie was the winner and became the third HoH of the season . </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="13"> Week 3 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 675 </Th> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> `` Episode 9 '' </Td> <Td> Days 23 - 24 </Td> <Td> July 15 , 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 15 ) </Td> <Td> 5.19 </Td> <Td> 1.4 / 6 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="7"> Following Swaggy 's eviction the BB App Store opened for the final time . Inside , Haleigh was the least trending HouseGuest and received the `` Read It ! '' Crap App . When told to read Haleigh must dress up in a costume , report to a specified room , and read Hamlet until told to stop . This punishment will continue until the entire book is read . Meanwhile , Bayleigh was the most trending HouseGuest and received the `` Identity Theft '' Power App . This power allows her to secretly chose the nominees for the week . On Day 24 , Scottie nominated Brett and Winston for eviction . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 676 </Th> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> `` Episode 10 '' </Td> <Td> Days 24 - 27 </Td> <Td> July 18 , 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 18 ) </Td> <Td> 5.24 </Td> <Td> 1.4 / 6 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="7"> <P> Following nominations the HouseGuests picked players for the Veto Competition . The competitors were Scottie , Brett , Winston , Tyler , Rachel , and Rockstar . </P> <Ul> <Li> Power of Veto ( `` Mamma Mia ! Madness '' ) : When the competition starts the HouseGuests must grab onto their disco ball and spin 15 times to set 30 seconds on their clock . They must then run acros the playing field and build a tower of champagne glasses . Before the clock runs out they must run back and spin again to get another 30 seconds . If their clock runs out before they make it back they are eliminated from the competition . However , if they volunteer to be a have - not for the week they may re-enter the competition . The first HouseGuest to successfully build their tower won the Power of Veto and a trip for 2 to the Greek islands . Scottie was the winner and received the PoV . </Li> </Ul> <P> Meanwhile , Haleigh begins suffering from her Crap App punishment . Brett and Winston begin campaigning to Scottie in an attempt to get him to take one of them off of the block . Scottie informs Kaitlyn of their secret meeting causing confrontation throughout the house . At the Veto Ceremony , Scottie chose not to use the PoV thus keeping his nominations the same . </P> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 677 </Th> <Td> 11 </Td> <Td> `` Episode 11 '' </Td> <Td> Days 27 - 30 </Td> <Td> July 19 , 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 19 ) </Td> <Td> 5.58 </Td> <Td> 1.6 / 7 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="7"> <P> Following the Veto Ceremony each side of the house begins looking for votes . The HouseGuests voted in the live vote and eviction . On Day 30 , by a vote of 6 - 5 , Winston was the third HouseGuest to be evicted from the Big Brother house . Following Winston 's eviction , a major confrontation occurs between Rockstar and Brett due to his eviction speech . </P> <Ul> <Li> Head of Household ( `` Out On A Limb '' ) : In this competition each participating HouseGuest must stand on a peg attached to their tree and hold on as long as possible . Throughout the competition the trees move and water is sprayed on the HouseGuests . The last HouseGuest to remain on their tree will become the next Head of Household . </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="13"> Week 4 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 678 </Th> <Td> 12 </Td> <Td> `` Episode 12 '' </Td> <Td> Days 27 , 30 - 31 </Td> <Td> July 22 , 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 22 ) </Td> <Td> 5.45 </Td> <Td> 1.5 / 6 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="7"> <P> </P> <Ul> <Li> Head of Household ( `` Out On A Limb '' ) : During the competition honey and feathers also begin to spray at the HouseGuests . Sam was the last HouseGuest remaining on their tree and became the fourth HoH of the season . </Li> </Ul> <P> Tensions begin to flare throughout the house between different HouseGuests following the eviction . </P> <P> The episode also covered a major controversy between HouseGuests JC and Bayleigh following an incident where JC used the n - word in a conversation which Bayleigh took as offensive . </P> <P> On Day 31 , Sam nominated Haleigh and Kaitlyn for eviction . </P> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 679 </Th> <Td> 13 </Td> <Td> `` Episode 13 '' </Td> <Td> Days 31 - 34 </Td> <Td> July 25 , 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 25 ) </Td> <Td> 5.69 </Td> <Td> 1.5 / 6 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="7"> <P> Sam 's nomination reasoning begins causing friction throughout the house . The HouseGuests then picked players for the Power of Veto competition . The competitors were Sam , Haleigh , Kaitlyn , JC , Rockstar , and Faysal . Former Big Brother HouseGuest , Rachel Reilly , entered the house to host the PoV competition . </P> <Ul> <Li> Power of Veto ( `` Chop Bonk Spank '' ) : Inspired by Big Brother 19 's `` Punch , Slap , Kick '' and sponsored by the fictional `` Bro Fund Me '' , HouseGuests must stand on their target as Rachel randomly played sequences which Chomped , Bonked , and Spanked them . Rachel then asked the HouseGuests a question based on the sequence . Each correct answer earned the HouseGuest a point . The HouseGuest with the most points at the end of the game was the winner . After 7 rounds , Faysal was the winner with 7 points and received the Power of Veto . </Li> </Ul> <P> At the Veto Ceremony , Fessy chose to use the PoV on Haleigh . Sam chose Rockstar to become the replacement nominee . She then informed the rest of the HouseGuests about her Bonus Life Power App . </P> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 680 </Th> <Td> 14 </Td> <Td> `` Episode 14 '' </Td> <Td> Days 34 - 37 </Td> <Td> July 26 , 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 26 ) </Td> <Td> 5.44 </Td> <Td> 1.5 / 6 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="7"> <P> Following the Veto Ceremony , Faysal gets caught in the middle of Haleigh and Kaitlyn . The HouseGuests then participated in the live vote eviction by voting on who they wished to evict from the house . On Day 37 , by a vote of 9 - 1 , Kaitlyn was the fourth HouseGuest to be evicted from the Big Brother house . However , due to Sam not using her Bonus Life Power App the evictee was automatically offered chance to win re-entry into the game . </P> <Ul> <Li> Bonus Life Competition ( `` Outside The House '' ) : In the Bonus Life Competition Kaitlyn must disassemble the life - sized puzzle of herself and must reassemble the puzzle on the opposite side of the fictional house within two minutes and thirty seconds . When she believes the puzzle is correctly built she must hit the buzzer . If the puzzle is correctly built she will win re-enter into the game however , if it is incorrectly built she will have the opportunity to continue working until her time is up . Kaitlyn did not correctly build the puzzle and was the officially evicted from the house . </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="13"> Week 5 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 681 </Th> <Td> 15 </Td> <Td> `` Episode 15 '' </Td> <Td> Days 37 - 38 </Td> <Td> July 29 , 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 29 ) </Td> <Td> 5.40 </Td> <Td> 1.5 / 6 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="7"> <P> </P> <Ul> <Li> Head of Household ( `` Perfect Timing '' ) : In the Head of Household competition , the HouseGuests must sit on an email and slide from their outbox to their inbox . The HouseGuest with the closest time to 8 seconds will be the new Head of Household . Bayleigh , with a time of 8.08 seconds , was the winner . </Li> </Ul> <P> On Day 38 , Bayleigh nominated Brett and Rachel for eviction . </P> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 682 </Th> <Td> 16 </Td> <Td> `` Episode 16 '' </Td> <Td> Days 38 - 41 </Td> <Td> August 1 , 2018 ( 2018 - 08 - 01 ) </Td> <Td> 5.55 </Td> <Td> 1.5 / 6 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="7"> <P> </P> <Ul> <Li> Power of Veto ( `` Goober Driver '' ) : In the Power of Veto competition , HouseGuests had to pave a road so they can give the four evicted HouseGuests a ride across town . The player who paves the road and gets the evicted HouseGuests to the other side of town the fastest wins the Power of Veto . Rachel , JC , and Sam timed out while Tyler won . </Li> </Ul> <P> Bayleigh shares with Rachel the fact that she has a Power App . </P> <P> After Tyler asks if Bayleigh would put Angela up if he uses the veto , Bayleigh tells Rachel that Tyler 's targetting Angela . Then , Rachel tells Angela about Tyler targetting her which she does n't believe . Angela tells Kaycee and she also thinks it 's false . Kaycee tells Tyler about this , Tyler talks with Angela , who all agree Rachel should be the target , not Brett . </P> <P> At the Veto Ceremony , Tyler chose to not use the PoV , thus keeping the nominations the same . </P> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 683 </Th> <Td> 17 </Td> <Td> `` Episode 17 '' </Td> <Td> Days 41 - 44 </Td> <Td> August 2 , 2018 ( 2018 - 08 - 02 ) </Td> <Td> 5.61 </Td> <Td> 1.5 / 6 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="7"> <P> Ahead of eviction the show gives an update on Bayleigh 's family which includes Swaggy C meeting Bayleigh 's parents . The HouseGuests then participated in the live vote eviction by voting on who they wished to evict from the house . On Day 44 , by a vote of 5 - 4 , Rachel was the fifth HouseGuest to be evicted from the Big Brother house . </P> <Ul> <Li> Head of Household ( `` GIF That Keeps on Giving '' ) : Throughout the past week HouseGuests were shown gif 's of themselves at predetermined times . In the competition Julie asked HouseGuests true or false questions about the gif 's they viewed . Following the question the HouseGuests must lock in their answers . If they answer incorrectly they are eliminated from the competition . The last HouseGuest standing becomes the new Head of Household . If there are two HouseGuests remaining there will be a tie - breaker . Angela and Rockstar were the last two HouseGuest 's standing and participated in the tie - breaker . Julie asked a question to which the answer was a number . The HouseGuest with the closest answer without going over would be the next HoH . If both HouseGuests went over the one closest to the answer would become the HoH . Angela provided the closest answer without going over and became the sixth HoH of the season . </Li> </Ul> <P> Julie Chen announced after the Head of Household Competition about the `` H@cker Comp '' . Each week , the HouseGuests will compete to `` hack '' the week . She also announces the first competition will be on Sunday night 's nomination episode . </P> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="13"> Week 6 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 684 </Th> <Td> 18 </Td> <Td> `` Episode 18 '' </Td> <Td> Days 44 - 45 </Td> <Td> August 5 , 2018 ( 2018 - 08 - 05 ) </Td> <Td> 5.57 </Td> <Td> 1.6 / 7 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="7"> <P> On Day 45 , Angela nominated Rockstar and Scottie for eviction and planned to backdoor Bayleigh . </P> <Ul> <Li> H@cker Competition ( `` Crack The Code '' ) : Over seven rounds , HouseGuests had to unscramble notorious Big Brother words in a certain amount of time . If a HouseGuest unscrambles a word correctly , they get one point . Haleigh became the first H@cker with four points . </Li> </Ul> <P> Haleigh took Scottie off the block and nominated Tyler in his place . </P> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 685 </Th> <Td> 19 </Td> <Td> `` Episode 19 '' </Td> <Td> Days 45 - 48 </Td> <Td> August 8 , 2018 ( 2018 - 08 - 08 ) </Td> <Td> 5.63 </Td> <Td> 1.6 / 8 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="7"> <P> The H@cker , Haleigh , picked Kaycee to play in the Power of Veto competition . </P> <Ul> <Li> Power of Veto ( `` Boom Power Trip '' ) : In an elimination style , HouseGuests had to roll a ball back and forth for a set number of times . The HouseGuest who was not able to finish before everyone else was eliminated and received a prize or a punishment . After someone was eliminated , they could keep their prize or exchange it for anyone else 's prize . This went on until only one person remained . The HouseGuest who ended up with the Power of Veto was the winner . Angela ended up with the Power of Veto . </Li> </Ul> <P> At the Veto Ceremony , Anglea chose to use the PoV on Tyler and chose Rockstar to become the replacement nominee . </P> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 686 </Th> <Td> 20 </Td> <Td> `` Episode 20 '' </Td> <Td> Days 48 - 51 </Td> <Td> August 9 , 2018 ( 2018 - 08 - 09 ) </Td> <Td> 4.99 </Td> <Td> 1.4 / 7 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="7"> <P> Haleigh calls a house meeting and tells everyone she was the H@cker . This sparks a fight between Bayleigh and Tyler . As part of the H@cker 's abilities , Haleigh chose to nullify Tyler 's vote during the live evictionThe HouseGuests then participated in the live vote eviction by voting on who they wished to evict from the house . On Day 51 , by a vote of 6 - 1 , Bayleigh was the sixth HouseGuest to be evicted from the Big Brother house and became the first member of the jury . </P> <Ul> <Li> Head of Household ( `` # HashtagTooLong '' ) : In a knockout elimination style , two players were challenged against each other to a multiple choice question . If the HouseGuest who rang in got it wrong , they were eliminated . If the HouseGuest was correct , the competitor was eliminated . The last remaining HouseGuest won the Head of Household . It came down to Haleigh and JC . Haleigh beat JC to become the next Head of Household . </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="13"> Week 7 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 687 </Th> <Td> 21 </Td> <Td> `` Episode 21 '' </Td> <Td> Days 51 - 52 </Td> <Td> August 12 , 2018 ( 2018 - 08 - 12 ) </Td> <Td> 5.74 </Td> <Td> 1.6 / 8 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="7"> <P> Following the HoH competition , Haleigh and Rockstar discussed who should be nominated . They decided on putting Angela and Kaycee on the block in order to eventually backdoor Tyler . </P> <P> The Level 6 alliance tried to persuade Haleigh to nominate Sam instead of one of them . Then , Sam went to Haleigh after hearing that her closest allies were conspiring against her , so Haleigh spilled how Level 6 wanted Sam nominated . </P> <P> On Day 59 , Haleigh nominated Angela and Kaycee for eviction . </P> <Ul> <Li> H@cker Competition ( `` Hack the House '' ) : The HouseGuests are shown fragments of an image from cameras around the house . Then they have to identify which room the camera is from by examining the image it 's producing . If they correctly identify the room , they get one point . The HouseGuest who gets the most points after seven rounds becomes the final H@cker . Kaycee became the final H@cker with four points . </Li> </Ul> <P> Kaycee took herself off the block and nominated Rockstar in her place . </P> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 688 </Th> <Td> 22 </Td> <Td> `` Episode 22 '' </Td> <Td> Days 52 - 55 </Td> <Td> August 15 , 2018 ( 2018 - 08 - 15 ) </Td> <Td> 5.82 </Td> <Td> 1.7 / 8 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="7"> <P> Rockstar , Haleigh , and Faysal talk about who the h@cker is . They start to believe it is Kaycee . </P> <P> The H@cker , Kaycee , picked Tyler to play in the Power of Veto competition . </P> <Ul> <Li> Power of Veto ( `` OTEV the Sneezy Skunk '' ) : In an elimination style , HouseGuests would receive a clue from a sick skunk to find two evicted HouseGuests ' names on medicine bottles . The last HouseGuest to get find the medicine bottle is eliminated . The last HouseGuest remaining would win the Power of Veto . During the Power of Veto , Tyler grabbed the wrong medicine bottle , but Rockstar accidentally told him the correct one , so Tyler was able to go back and grab the correct one before Haleigh found it . Tyler won the Power of Veto after Rockstar got the wrong answer . </Li> </Ul> <P> At the Veto Ceremony , Tyler chose to use the PoV on Angela . Haleigh chose Kaycee to become the replacement nominee . </P> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 689 </Th> <Td> 23 </Td> <Td> `` Episode 23 '' </Td> <Td> Days 55 - 58 </Td> <Td> August 16 , 2018 ( 2018 - 08 - 16 ) </Td> <Td> 5.71 </Td> <Td> 1.7 / 8 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="7"> <P> Following the Power of Veto ceremony , Rockstar calls Angela `` entitled '' and says Kaycee `` was n't supposed to go home '' after believing she has the votes to stay . Rockstar talks with Brett to ensure his vote to evict Kaycee and keep Rockstar . After talking , Rockstar believes Brett is loyal to only Rockstar and no one else , making an alliance called Mr. and Mrs. Smith . In order to make sure Rockstar fully believes it , Brett helps Rockstar with her speech . After Rockstar talks with Faysal and Haleigh about having the numbers , Faysal calls Rockstar , Haleigh , and himself `` unevictable '' . </P> <P> As part of the H@cker 's abilities , Kaycee chose to nullify Faysal 's vote during the live eviction . On Day 58 , by a vote of 5 - 1 , Rockstar was the seventh HouseGuest to be evicted from the Big Brother house and became the second member of the jury . </P> <Ul> <Li> Head of Household ( `` Glow & Flow '' ) : HouseGuests will slide along a path where they have to fill up a bucket in order to retrieve a ball . There is also a second bucket where if you retrieve that ball , you win $5,000 . The first HouseGuest to fill up the first bucket will become the next Head of Household . </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="13"> Week 8 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 690 </Th> <Td> 24 </Td> <Td> `` Episode 24 '' </Td> <Td> Days 58 - 59 </Td> <Td> August 19 , 2018 ( 2018 - 08 - 19 ) </Td> <Td> 5.80 </Td> <Td> 1.6 / 7 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="7"> <P> </P> <Ul> <Li> Head of Household ( `` Glow & Flow '' ) : Everyone except Faysal , Scottie , and Tyler have fallen out of the competition within the first fifteen minutes . Faysal became the eighth HoH of the season . </Li> </Ul> <P> JC makes the plan to pin Scottie as voting out Rockstar and not Kaycee , planning to say Brett was the one vote . After Faysal invites everyone to his HoH room , he asks them who the one vote to evict Kaycee was . Scottie claimed it , then Brett did right after . Kaycee backed Brett up by saying she `` felt the energy '' around him . Scottie laughed at Kaycee saying she was a bad actor and said their whole production was `` cute '' . The next day , JC continuted to try to convince Faysal that Scottie should be his real target by bringing up that Scottie wants Faysal out so he can be with Haleigh . </P> <P> On Day 59 , Faysal nominated Brett and Scottie for eviction . </P> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 691 </Th> <Td> 25 </Td> <Td> `` Episode 25 '' </Td> <Td> Days 59 - 61 </Td> <Td> August 22 , 2018 ( 2018 - 08 - 22 ) </Td> <Td> 5.70 </Td> <Td> 1.6 / 8 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="7"> <P> On Day 60 , Zingbot went into the house to start the special Zingbot Competition . </P> <Ul> <Li> Power of Veto ( `` Zing - a-Lago '' ) : In this competition , HouseGuests had three minutes to individually hide their locked veto card in the House . Then , one at a time , HouseGuests entered the House and had one minute to attempt to find a veto card . If a HouseGuest 's veto card is found , they will be eliminated , though the owner of the veto cards will not be revealed until the end of the competition . The HouseGuest who hides their veto card the best will win the Power of Veto . Angela was knocked out first . Tyler was knocked out second . Haleigh was knocked out third . Faysal was knocked out fourth . It all came down to Brett and Scottie . Scottie was knocked out fifth . Brett won the Power of Veto . </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 692 </Th> <Td> 26 </Td> <Td> `` Episode 26 '' </Td> <Td> Days 61 - 65 </Td> <Td> August 23 , 2018 ( 2018 - 08 - 23 ) </Td> <Td> 5.61 </Td> <Td> 1.6 / 8 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="7"> <P> At the Veto Ceremony , Brett chose to use the PoV on himself . Faysal chose Kaycee to become the replacement nominee . </P> <P> HouseGuests start to speculate if this will be the first unanimous vote . They also say that they will keep Scottie thinking that he has their votes . On Day 65 , by a unanimous vote , Scottie was the eighth HouseGuest to be evicted from the Big Brother house and became the third member of the jury . </P> <Ul> <Li> Head of Household ( `` Sweet Shot '' ) : HouseGuests have to search the candy pits for tickets inside the candies . HouseGuests exchange the candies with balls or give it to another HouseGuests . Then , they have to roll the balls in order to get a perfect shot at the end . If they do n't , the ball lands in a number 1 - 40 . The HouseGuest to the perfect shot first or get the highest number at the end of one hour wins Head of Household . </Li> </Ul> <P> Julie Chen announces that the three jury members plus a fourth member evicted this week will compete in Week 10 in a jury battleback . </P> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="13"> Week 9 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 693 </Th> <Td> 27 </Td> <Td> `` Episode 27 '' </Td> <Td> Days 65 - 66 </Td> <Td> August 26 , 2018 ( 2018 - 08 - 26 ) </Td> <Td> 5.67 </Td> <Td> 1.6 / 7 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="7"> <P> </P> <Ul> <Li> Head of Household ( `` Sweet Shot '' ) : After one hour was over and no one had sunk the perfect shot , Angela won with a score of 39 . </Li> </Ul> <P> Haleigh walks in on Angela , Tyler , Kaycee , and Brett celebrating Angela 's HoH . Faysal continues to believe the alliance is genuine , but Haleigh believes she 's targetting them . Faysal continues to talk to her saying Angela `` is smarter than that '' and she will put Sam and a pawn up . </P> <P> Angela talks with Tyler to talk about who to nominate . She contemplates putting up Haleigh and Sam . Then , JC walks in and tells Angela that if either of them come down , she has to nominate one of her allies . Angela decides to stick with the plan of Faysal and Haleigh . </P> <P> On Day 66 , Angela nominated Faysal and Haleigh for eviction . </P> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 694 </Th> <Td> 28 </Td> <Td> `` Episode 28 '' </Td> <Td> Days 66 - 69 </Td> <Td> August 29 , 2018 ( 2018 - 08 - 29 ) </Td> <Td> 5.77 </Td> <Td> 1.6 / 8 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="7"> <P> Faysal talks to the camera about how they had the power in the house for three weeks and all three weeks an alliance member went home . Haleigh says they are the worst Big Brother players ever . </P> <Ul> <Li> Power of Veto ( `` Mission to Planet Veto '' ) : When alien creatures fire at a HouseGuest , vetonium is also thrown at them . When the vetonium hits the ground , it is out of play . The round one vetonium is worth one point . The round two vetonium is worth two points . The round three vetonium is worth three points , although the HouseGuests have to catch it in their mouth . The HouseGuest to catch the most amount of vetonium wins the Power of Veto . Kaycee won the Power of Veto with 33 points with Faysal one point behind at 32 points . </Li> </Ul> <P> At the Veto Ceremony , Kaycee chose not to use the PoV . </P> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 695 </Th> <Td> 29 </Td> <Td> `` Episode 29 '' </Td> <Td> Days 69 - 72 </Td> <Td> August 30 , 2018 ( 2018 - 08 - 30 ) </Td> <Td> 4.54 </Td> <Td> 1.3 / 5 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="7"> <P> Faysal and Haleigh both begin canvassing for votes to keep them safe for the week . The HouseGuests then participated in the live vote and eviction by voting who they wish to evict from the game . On Day 72 , by a vote of 4 - 1 , Faysal was the ninth HouseGuest to be evicted from the Big Brother house and became the fourth member of the jury . Following his eviction interview , Julie informed Faysal of his chance to return to the game via the Jury Battle Back . She then informed the remaining HouseGuests of the same thing . </P> <Ul> <Li> Jury Battleback ( `` Big Top Drop '' ) : When the competition begins the evicted HouseGuests must run and collect a ball that corresponds to their color . They must then return to their podium and drop the ball in their tube . The first evicted HouseGuest to fill their tube all the way must run to the other side and hit their buzzer . The first evictee to do such will return to the game . Scottie was the winner . </Li> </Ul> <P> On Day 72 , Scottie returned to the Big Brother house for another chance to win the game . </P> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="13"> Week 10 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 696 </Th> <Td> 30 </Td> <Td> `` Episode 30 '' </Td> <Td> Days 72 - 73 </Td> <Td> September 2 , 2018 ( 2018 - 09 - 02 ) </Td> <Td> 4.66 </Td> <Td> 1.3 / 7 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="7"> <P> </P> <Ul> <Li> Head of Household ( `` High in the Sky '' ) : HouseGuests have to stand with both feet on disks spinning through the backyard . The last HouseGuest to remain on their disk would win the Head of Household . Throughout the competition , they would be hit by pie , squirted with ketchup and mustard , and showered in feathers . Tyler stayed on for the longest time and won the Head of Household . </Li> </Ul> <P> On Day 73 , Tyler nominated Scottie and Haleigh for eviction . </P> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 697 </Th> <Td> 31 </Td> <Td> `` Episode 31 '' </Td> <Td> Days 73 - 76 </Td> <Td> September 5 , 2018 ( 2018 - 09 - 05 ) </Td> <Td> 5.52 </Td> <Td> 1.6 / 8 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="7"> <P> </P> <Ul> <Li> Power of Veto ( `` Control Your Emojis '' ) : HouseGuests have to grab an `` emoji '' , walk across a seesaw , and place the emoji in the message bubble . If one or more emojis fell out of their message bubble , the HouseGuest had to restart . The first HouseGuest to have all of their emojis in the message bubble and hit the button would win the Power of Veto . Kaycee was the winner . </Li> </Ul> <P> At the Veto Ceremony , Kaycee chose not to use the PoV . </P> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 698 </Th> <Td> 32 </Td> <Td> `` Episode 32 '' </Td> <Td> Days 76 - 79 </Td> <Td> September 6 , 2018 ( 2018 - 09 - 06 ) </Td> <Td> 5.21 </Td> <Td> 1.5 / 6 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="7"> <P> On Day 79 , by a unanimous vote of 5 - 0 , Scottie was re-evicted from the Big Brother house . He became the tenth HouseGuest to be evicted and re-joined the jury as the fourth member . </P> <Ul> <Li> Head of Household ( `` Shell or Highwater '' ) : The HouseGuests have three minutes to maneuver pearls down the seaweed plant one at the time . The first HouseGuest to get all three pearls into the oysters and buzz in , or whoever sank the most pearls after three minutes will become the new HOH . Kaycee was the winner . </Li> </Ul> <P> Julie then told home viewers that Week 11 would have a double eviction episode . </P> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="13"> Week 11 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 699 </Th> <Td> 33 </Td> <Td> `` Episode 33 '' </Td> <Td> Days 79 - 80 </Td> <Td> September 9 , 2018 ( 2018 - 09 - 09 ) </Td> <Td> 5.48 </Td> <Td> 1.6 / 6 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="7"> <P> Big Brother 16 HouseGuest and winner of Big Brother 18 Nicole Franzel visited the house to host a Luxury Competition . In reality , it was part of fellow Big Brother 18 HouseGuest and boyfriend Victor Arroyo 's plan to surprise her with a proposal , which she accepted . Then , former Big Brother HouseGuests , Derrick Levasseur , Britney Haynes , Daniele Donato , Josh Martinez and Paul Abrahamian arrived at the house to celebrate Victor & Nicole 's engagement . </P> On Day 80 , Kaycee nominated Haleigh and Sam for eviction . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 700 </Th> <Td> 34 </Td> <Td> `` Episode 34 '' </Td> <Td> Days 80 - 83 </Td> <Td> September 12 , 2018 ( 2018 - 09 - 12 ) </Td> <Td> 5.70 </Td> <Td> 1.5 / 7 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="7"> <P> </P> <Ul> <Li> Power of Veto ( `` BB Comics '' ) : One at the time , the HouseGuests must climb a ladder and zip line slowly to view a window with comic books situated behind them . Down below , the players must precisely replicate the comics in order . There are , however , fake comic books in the pile of comics to choose from , so players have to be careful . Kaycee was the winner . </Li> </Ul> <P> Kaycee chose not to use the POV , keeping nominations the same . </P> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 701 </Th> <Td> 35 </Td> <Td> `` Episode 35 '' </Td> <Td> Days 83 - 86 </Td> <Td> September 13 , 2018 ( 2018 - 09 - 13 ) </Td> <Td> 5.57 </Td> <Td> 1.6 / 7 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="7"> <P> The HouseGuests begin planning on who they wish to evict . Julie then informs the HouseGuests of the double eviction . The HouseGuests then participate in the first live vote and eviction for the evening by voting on who they wish to evict from the Big Brother house . On Day 86 , by a unanimous vote of 4 - 0 , Haleigh became the eleventh HouseGuest to be evicted from the game and also became the fifth member of the jury . </P> <Ul> <Li> Head of Household ( `` Buffering '' ) : Throughout the day HouseGuests were shown videos of past competitions . In this competition HouseGuests were shown the videos again however , at a certain part the video stops , or `` buffers '' , and the HouseGuests must answer a multiple choice question about the video before the remainder is shown . If the HouseGuests guess correctly they receive a point . The HouseGuest with the most point with the most points after seven rounds became the next Head of Household. Tyler was the winner with six points and became the next HoH . </Li> </Ul> <P> With only a few moments to strategize , Tyler immediately chose to nominate JC and Sam for eviction . </P> <Ul> <Li> Power of Veto ( `` Block and Roll '' ) : When the competition begins the HouseGuests must strategically place blocks in order to roll their ball down their tube and into a hole on the other end of their playing board . The first HouseGuest to do so won the Power of Veto . Angela was the winner . </Li> </Ul> <P> Angela chose to use the PoV by removing JC from the block . Tyler then nominated Brett as the replacement nominee . On Day 86 , by a unanimous vote of 3 - 0 , Brett was also evicted from the Big Brother house . He became the twelfth HouseGuest to be evicted and joined the jury as the sixth member . </P> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="13"> Week 12 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 702 </Th> <Td> 36 </Td> <Td> `` Episode 36 '' </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> <Td> September 16 , 2018 ( 2018 - 09 - 16 ) </Td> <Td> 6.36 </Td> <Td> 1.7 / 6 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="7"> <P> Bebe Rexha surprises the HouseGuests with a private concert in the backyard . </P> <Ul> <Li> Head of Household : Angela was the winner . </Li> </Ul> <P> Angela nominated JC and Sam for eviction . </P> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 703 </Th> <Td> 37 </Td> <Td> `` Episode 37 '' </Td> <Td> Days N / A-91 </Td> <Td> September 19 , 2018 ( 2018 - 09 - 19 ) </Td> <Td> 5.56 </Td> <Td> 1.5 / 7 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="7"> <P> Julie informed the HouseGuests that eviction night had come early . </P> <Ul> <Li> Power of Veto : Kaycee was the winner . </Li> </Ul> <P> Kaycee decided not to use the PoV keeping nominations the same . On Day 91 , by a unanimous vote of 2 - 0 , Sam was evicted from the Big Brother house . She became the thirteenth HouseGuest to be evicted and joined the jury as the seventh member . </P> <Ul> <Li> Head of Household ( `` What the Bleep '' ) : In this competition , Julie showed the competing HouseGuests clips of the show from throughout the summer that included conversations or speeches from evicted HouseGuests . However , one word or phrase was `` bleeped '' out and the HouseGuests must choose the correct word or phrase from two answers . The HouseGuests were then shown the rest of the clip . Answering correctly earns the competitors a point . The HouseGuest with the most points at the end became the winner . JC had the most points and became the next Head of Household . </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 704 </Th> <Td> 38 </Td> <Td> `` Episode 38 '' </Td> <Td> Days 91 - 92 </Td> <Td> September 20 , 2018 ( 2018 - 09 - 20 ) </Td> <Td> 5.68 </Td> <Td> 1.5 / 7 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="7"> <P> JC nominated Angela and Tyler for eviction . Scottie and Haleigh are then shown entering the jury house as the jurors watch the competitions in the week of Scottie 's and Haleigh 's eviction . Brett and Sam are also shown entering the jury house and their competitions in the week of their evictions are also shown . </P> <Ul> <Li> Power of Veto ( `` Down to the Wires '' ) : '' In the final PoV competition of the season , the HouseGuests were asked questions about the summer . They then must use their wire to raise a random number of balls up and drop it in the thumbs up icon of the competition that is the answer until all answers are met . When they believe they have the correct answer , they must hit their buzzer . If a HouseGuest answers incorrectly or fails to answer before the other competing HouseGuests answer , they receive a strike . After two strikes , a HouseGuest is eliminated . The last HouseGuest standing received the PoV . Kaycee was the winner . </Li> </Ul> <P> Kaycee chose not to use the Power of Veto keeping nominations the same . On Day 92 , Kaycee cast to sole vote to evict Angela . Angela became the fourteenth HouseGuest to be evicted from the Big Brother house and joined the jury as the eighth member . </P> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="13"> Week 13 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 705 </Th> <Td> 39 </Td> <Td> `` Episode 39 '' </Td> <Td> Days 93 - N / A Various </Td> <Td> September 23 , 2018 ( 2018 - 09 - 23 ) </Td> <Td> 5.44 </Td> <Td> 1.4 / 6 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="7"> <P> JC , Kaycee , and Tyler celebrated making it to the final three . Former Big Brother competitor Jeff Schroeder entered the house and the four looked back on the summer highlighting their favorite moments . </P> <Ul> <Li> Head of Household : The final Head of Household competition of the season consisted of three parts . The winner of the first part immediately advances to the third part while the other two HouseGuests move on to compete in part two . In the final part the winner of part one faces the winner of part two . The winner of the final part becomes the final HoH of the season . <Ul> <Li> Part 1 : ( `` Jetpack Attack '' ) In this competition HouseGuests must grab and hold onto their `` jetpack '' as it `` flies '' . The last remaining HouseGuest to hold onto their jetpack became the winner of the first part of the final HoH competition . </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 706 </Th> <Td> 40 </Td> <Td> `` Episode 40 '' </Td> <Td> Days N / A-99 </Td> <Td> September 26 , 2018 ( 2018 - 09 - 26 ) </Td> <Td> 5.65 </Td> <Td> 1.7 / 7 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="7"> <P> </P> <Ul> <Li> Head of Household : The final Head of Household competition of the season consisted of three parts . The winner of the first part immediately advances to the third part while the other two HouseGuests move on to compete in part two . In the final part the winner of part one faces the winner of part two . The winner of the final part becomes the final HoH of the season . <Ul> <Li> Part 1 : ( `` Jetpack Attack '' ) JC fell first , followed by Kaycee. Tyler was the winner . </Li> <Li> Part 2 : ( `` Mount Evictus '' ) The competing HouseGuests , throughout four different rounds , are given clues to a group of evicted HouseGuests . They must put the names of the four evicted HouseGuests that fit the category onto their board and then hit their buzzer . If they are correct a laser `` carves '' their faces into `` Mount Evictus '' if they are incorrect they must attempt to correct it . The HouseGuest to do this with the fastest time became the winner . Kaycee was the winner with a time of 18 minutes and 55 seconds . </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> <P> Former Big Brother HouseGuest Dr. Will Kirby then hosted the jury round table , interviewing the jury on who they think should win and why . </P> <Dl> <Dd> <Ul> <Li> Part 3 : ( `` Jury Oddcasts '' ) Kaycee and Tyler are shown `` oddcasts '' of jury members mentioning facts of their time in the house . They must decide if the oddcast is right or wrong . If they answer correctly they gain a point . The HouseGuest with the most points after eight rounds became the final HoH of the season . Kaycee and Tyler tied with six points each sending the competition to a tiebreaker . Julie asked the competitors a question to which the answer was a number . The HouseGuest closest to the number without going over , or the closest to the number if both went over , would become the winner . Kaycee was the winner and was crowned the final HoH of the season . </Li> </Ul> </Dd> </Dl> <P> On Day 99 , as HoH Kaycee cast the sole vote to evict JC from the Big Brother house . JC became the fifteenth and final HouseGuest to be evicted from the house and joined the jury as the ninth and final member . The Jury members then had a chance to ask Kaycee and Tyler questions . The Jury members then voted on who they think should win Big Brother . Julie then asked some of the former HouseGuests a few final questions which involved Swaggy C proposing to Bayleigh . Later on Day 99 , Kaycee Clark was declared the winner of Big Brother 20 , by a final jury vote of 5 - 4 , against Tyler Crispen. Tyler was also subsequently crowned America 's Favorite HouseGuest . </P> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Notes </H3> <Ol> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Only eight HouseGuests participated in this competition </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Only two HouseGuests participated in this competition </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : This Head of Household competition began in episode 11 on Day 30 . However , completion was not broadcast on television until episode 12 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : This Head of Household competition began in episode 23 on Day 58 . However , completion was not broadcast on television until episode 24 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : This Head of Household competition began in episode 26 on Day 65 . However , completion was not broadcast on television until episode 27 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : The first part of the final Head of Household competition began in episode 39 . However , completion was not broadcast on television until episode 40 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ In episode 39 the HouseGuests looked back over their time in the game . </Li> </Ol> <H2> Have - Nots </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Week 1 </Th> <Th> Week 2 </Th> <Th> Week 3 </Th> <Th> Week 4 </Th> <Th> Week 5 </Th> <Th> Week 6 </Th> <Th> Week 7 </Th> <Th> Week 8 </Th> <Th> Week 9 </Th> <Th> Week 10 </Th> <Th> Week 11 </Th> <Th> Week 12 </Th> <Th> Week 13 </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Brett , Kaitlyn , Scottie , Winston </Td> <Td> Faysal , Haleigh , JC , Rockstar </Td> <Td> Angela , Brett , Sam , Tyler </Td> <Td> Bayleigh , Kaycee , Rachel , Scottie </Td> <Td> Faysal , Scottie , Tyler </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> none </Td> <Td> JC , Sam , Tyler </Td> <Td> Faysal , Haleigh , Kaycee </Td> <Td> JC , Sam , Scottie </Td> <Td_colspan="3"> none </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Voting history </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Th> Week 1 </Th> <Th> Week 2 </Th> <Th> Week 3 </Th> <Th> Week 4 </Th> <Th> Week 5 </Th> <Th> Week 6 </Th> <Th> Week 7 </Th> <Th> Week 8 </Th> <Th> Week 9 </Th> <Th> Week 10 </Th> <Th_colspan="2"> Week 11 </Th> <Th_colspan="2"> Week 12 </Th> <Th_colspan="2"> Week 13 </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Day 79 </Th> <Th> Day 86 </Th> <Th> Day 87 </Th> <Th> Day 91 </Th> <Th> Day 99 </Th> <Th> Finale </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Head of Household </Th> <Td> Tyler </Td> <Td> Kaitlyn </Td> <Td> Scottie </Td> <Td> Sam </Td> <Td> Bayleigh </Td> <Td> Angela </Td> <Td> Haleigh </Td> <Td> Faysal </Td> <Td> Angela </Td> <Td> Tyler </Td> <Td> Kaycee </Td> <Td> Tyler </Td> <Td> Angela </Td> <Td> JC </Td> <Td> Kaycee </Td> <Td> ( none ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Technology Winner </Th> <Td> Sam Faysal </Td> <Td> Tyler Rachel </Td> <Td> Bayleigh Haleigh </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> ( none ) </Td> <Td> Haleigh </Td> <Td> Kaycee </Td> <Td_colspan="8"> ( none ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Nominations ( pre-veto ) </Th> <Td> Sam Steve </Td> <Td> Scottie Winston </Td> <Td> Brett Winston </Td> <Td> Haleigh Kaitlyn </Td> <Td> Brett Rachel </Td> <Td> Rockstar Scottie Tyler </Td> <Td> Angela Kaycee Rockstar </Td> <Td> Brett Scottie </Td> <Td> Faysal Haleigh </Td> <Td> Haleigh Scottie </Td> <Td> Haleigh Sam </Td> <Td> JC Sam </Td> <Td> JC Sam </Td> <Td> Angela Tyler </Td> <Td> JC Tyler </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Veto Winner </Th> <Td> Faysal </Td> <Td> Tyler </Td> <Td> Scottie </Td> <Td> Faysal </Td> <Td> Tyler </Td> <Td> Angela </Td> <Td> Tyler </Td> <Td> Brett </Td> <Td> Kaycee </Td> <Td> Kaycee </Td> <Td> Kaycee </Td> <Td> Angela </Td> <Td> Kaycee </Td> <Td> Kaycee </Td> <Td> ( none ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Nominations ( post-veto ) </Th> <Td> Sam Steve </Td> <Td> Swaggy C Winston </Td> <Td> Brett Winston </Td> <Td> Kaitlyn Rockstar </Td> <Td> Brett Rachel </Td> <Td> Bayleigh Rockstar </Td> <Td> Kaycee Rockstar </Td> <Td> Kaycee Scottie </Td> <Td> Faysal Haleigh </Td> <Td> Haleigh Scottie </Td> <Td> Haleigh Sam </Td> <Td> Brett Sam </Td> <Td> JC Sam </Td> <Td> Angela Tyler </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="17"> </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Kaycee </Th> <Td> Steve </Td> <Td> Swaggy C </Td> <Td> Winston </Td> <Td> Kaitlyn </Td> <Td> Rachel </Td> <Td> Bayleigh </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> <Td> Faysal </Td> <Td> Scottie </Td> <Td> Head of Household </Td> <Td> Brett </Td> <Td> Sam </Td> <Td> Angela </Td> <Td> JC </Td> <Td> Winner ( Day 99 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Tyler </Th> <Td> Head of Household </Td> <Td> Swaggy C </Td> <Td> Winston </Td> <Td> Kaitlyn </Td> <Td> Rachel </Td> <Td> Not eligible </Td> <Td> Rockstar </Td> <Td> Scottie </Td> <Td> Faysal </Td> <Td> Head of Household </Td> <Td> Haleigh </Td> <Td> Head of Household </Td> <Td> Sam </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> <Td> Runner - up ( Day 99 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> JC </Th> <Td> Steve </Td> <Td> Swaggy C </Td> <Td> Winston </Td> <Td> Rockstar </Td> <Td> Rachel </Td> <Td> Bayleigh </Td> <Td> Rockstar </Td> <Td> Scottie </Td> <Td> Faysal </Td> <Td> Scottie </Td> <Td> Haleigh </Td> <Td> Brett </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> <Td> Head of Household </Td> <Td> Evicted ( Day 99 ) </Td> <Td> Tyler </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Angela </Th> <Td> Steve </Td> <Td> Swaggy C </Td> <Td> Winston </Td> <Td> Kaitlyn </Td> <Td> Rachel </Td> <Td> Head of Household </Td> <Td> Rockstar </Td> <Td> Scottie </Td> <Td> Head of Household </Td> <Td> Scottie </Td> <Td> Haleigh </Td> <Td> Brett </Td> <Td> Head of Household </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> <Td> Evicted ( Day 93 ) </Td> <Td> Tyler </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Sam </Th> <Td> Nominated </Td> <Td> Swaggy C </Td> <Td> Winston </Td> <Td> Head of Household </Td> <Td> Rachel </Td> <Td> Rockstar </Td> <Td> Rockstar </Td> <Td> Scottie </Td> <Td> Haleigh </Td> <Td> Scottie </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> Evicted ( Day 91 ) </Td> <Td> Kaycee </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Brett </Th> <Td> Steve </Td> <Td> Swaggy C </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> <Td> Kaitlyn </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> <Td> Bayleigh </Td> <Td> Rockstar </Td> <Td> Scottie </Td> <Td> Faysal </Td> <Td> Scottie </Td> <Td> Haleigh </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> <Td_colspan="3"> Evicted ( Day 86 ) </Td> <Td> Tyler </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Haleigh </Th> <Td> Sam </Td> <Td> Winston </Td> <Td> Brett </Td> <Td> Kaitlyn </Td> <Td> Brett </Td> <Td> Bayleigh </Td> <Td> Head of Household </Td> <Td> Scottie </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> <Td_colspan="4"> Evicted ( Day 86 ) </Td> <Td> Tyler </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Scottie </Th> <Td> Sam </Td> <Td> Swaggy C </Td> <Td> Head of Household </Td> <Td> Kaitlyn </Td> <Td> Brett </Td> <Td> Bayleigh </Td> <Td> Kaycee </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> Evicted ( Day 65 ) </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> <Td_colspan="5"> Re-evicted ( Day 79 ) </Td> <Td> Kaycee </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Faysal </Th> <Td> Sam </Td> <Td> Winston </Td> <Td> Brett </Td> <Td> Kaitlyn </Td> <Td> Brett </Td> <Td> Bayleigh </Td> <Td> Not eligible </Td> <Td> Head of Household </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> <Td_colspan="6"> Evicted ( Day 72 ) </Td> <Td> Kaycee </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Rockstar </Th> <Td> Sam </Td> <Td> Winston </Td> <Td> Brett </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> <Td> Brett </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> <Td_colspan="8"> Evicted ( Day 58 ) </Td> <Td> Kaycee </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Bayleigh </Th> <Td> Sam </Td> <Td> Winston </Td> <Td> Brett </Td> <Td> Kaitlyn </Td> <Td> Head of Household </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> <Td_colspan="9"> Evicted ( Day 51 ) </Td> <Td> Kaycee </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Rachel </Th> <Td> Steve </Td> <Td> Swaggy C </Td> <Td> Winston </Td> <Td> Kaitlyn </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> <Td_colspan="11"> Evicted ( Day 44 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Kaitlyn </Th> <Td> Steve </Td> <Td> Head of Household </Td> <Td> Brett </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> <Td_colspan="12"> Evicted ( Day 37 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Winston </Th> <Td> Steve </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> <Td_colspan="13"> Evicted ( Day 30 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Swaggy C </Th> <Td> Sam </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> <Td_colspan="14"> Evicted ( Day 23 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Steve </Th> <Td> Nominated </Td> <Td_colspan="15"> Evicted ( Day 16 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="17"> </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Notes </Th> <Td> 1 , 2 </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> none </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> none </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> none </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td_colspan="3"> none </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Evicted </Th> <Td> Steve 7 of 13 votes to evict </Td> <Td> Swaggy C 8 of 12 votes to evict </Td> <Td> Winston 6 of 11 votes to evict </Td> <Td> Kaitlyn 9 of 10 votes to evict </Td> <Td> Rachel 5 of 9 votes to evict </Td> <Td> Bayleigh 6 of 7 votes to evict </Td> <Td> Rockstar 5 of 6 votes to evict </Td> <Td> Scottie 6 of 6 votes to evict </Td> <Td> Faysal 4 of 5 votes to evict </Td> <Td> Scottie Won re-entry into game </Td> <Td> Haleigh 4 of 4 votes to evict </Td> <Td> Brett 3 of 3 votes to evict </Td> <Td> Sam 2 of 2 votes to evict </Td> <Td> Angela Kaycee 's choice to evict </Td> <Td> JC Kaycee 's choice to evict </Td> <Td> Tyler 4 votes to win </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Kaitlyn Lost re-entry into game </Td> <Td> Scottie 5 of 5 votes to evict </Td> <Td> Kaycee 5 votes to win </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Notes </H3> <P> </P> <Ul> <Li> ^ Note 1 : As the winner of the opening competition , Swaggy C had the power to grant immunity to two move - in groups . He chose group 3 and group 4 . The immune HouseGuests were not able to compete in the Head of Household competition . </Li> <Li> ^ Note 2 : Each week in the BB App Store a power app and crap app were released into the game . The winner of the crap app is represented in italics . </Li> <Li> ^ Note 3 : Due to Sam not using her Bonus Life Power App , the Bonus Life automatically activated for the 4th eviction and Kaitlyn received a chance to re-enter the house . However , she was unable to complete the challenge and was ultimately evicted . </Li> <Li> ^ Note 4 : The H@cker earned the power to remove one of the HoH 's nominations ( represented by strikethrough font ) and secretly replace it with their own ( represented by bold font ) . The H@cker was also able to stop one HouseGuest from voting at the live eviction . </Li> <Li> ^ Note 5 : In Week 10 , the first four jurors , Bayleigh , Rockstar , Scottie , and Faysal , competed for an opportunity to return to the house . Scottie won the challenge and re-entered the house on Day 72 . </Li> <Li> ^ Note 6 : This week was a double eviction week . Following Haleigh 's eviction , the remaining HouseGuests played a week 's worth of games -- including HoH and Veto competitions and Nomination , Veto and Eviction ceremonies -- during the remainder of the live show , culminating in a second eviction for the week . </Li> <Li> ^ Note 7 : During the finale , the jury members voted for which finalist should win Big Brother . </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Controversies and criticisms </H2> <P> Joseph Charles `` JC '' Mounduix received criticism after he was shown using an ice cream scooper on the genitals of his other HouseGuests . Mounduix later told fellow HouseGuest Kaycee Clark to open up her vagina , saying it `` feels good '' . </P> <P> Viewers questioned Angela Rummans and Rachel Swindler after they were caught on the live feeds making racist remarks , referencing fellow HouseGuest , Bayleigh Dayton . Rummans called her tan `` ghetto '' , while Swindler compared her skin tone to Dayton 's , who is African American . CBS later released a statement and warned Rummans and Swindler with future consequences . </P> <P> Since the start of the live feeds , Kaitlyn Herman has been criticized from viewers for her feelings and actions towards several men in the Big Brother House , while being in a 5 - year relationship outside of the house . In Week 3 , Herman 's then - boyfriend released a statement on Twitter , stating that he wanted to distance himself from the show and situation . </P> <P> Kaitlyn Herman and Joseph Charles `` JC '' Mounduix both came under fire after they used the n - word in separate occasions . Herman used the word as she was singing the lyrics of a Drake song . Mounduix used the word after fellow HouseGuest Bayleigh Dayton , who is African American , asked Mounduix if there is a `` difference between a midget and a dwarf '' . Offended , Mounduix said that the word `` midget '' is a derogatory term and then compared it to the n - word . Many came to the defense of the two , saying that they did n't use the word towards someone . Herman later apologized for using the word on an Instagram live stream . </P> <P> During a live eviction episode , HouseGuest Brett Robinson called out Angela `` Rockstar '' Lantry in his eviction speech for `` strategic purposes '' . Lantry responded by confronting Robinson in his face claiming that it was her daughter 's birthday . Lantry later called Robinson a `` rich , snobby , white - privileged - ass dude '' . Later that night , Lantry confronted Robinson with pots and pans during which she exclaimed that Robinson has a `` micropenis '' . Upon confrontation , Lantry sat between Robinson 's legs whom repeatedly asked her to get off of him . </P> <P> Joseph Charles `` JC '' Mounduix was criticized by fans after he asked Rachel Swindler if she was transgender , stating that she has `` a big Adam 's apple . '' Mounduix proceeded to feel Swindler 's neck , but she told him to stop . Moments later , he began to touch Swindler 's neck again before being stopped by her . </P> <P> Viewers perceived some of Bayleigh Dayton 's comments about Faysal Shafaat as being anti-Muslim . After Shafaat , a Muslim , complained about his in - house crush Haleigh Broucher talking about her past sexual experiences , Dayton claimed in private that Shafaat should `` go find a virgin '' and that he should `` go to Pakistan and ( get himself ) one '' because `` that 's what they do . '' Many viewers interpreted `` they '' as meaning Muslims . </P> <P> During a conversation between Dayton and Lantry , Dayton claimed that Lantry was the only white person who she knew that did n't like white people . Dayton then said that Lantry dislikes `` normal white people '' more than she does . Days later , in a conversation with Haleigh Broucher , Dayton referred to her housemates as `` crazy - ass white people . '' Many viewers saw Dayton 's statements as racist . </P> <P> Joseph Charles `` JC '' Mounduix was criticized by both fans and his fellow housemates for making light of the # MeToo movement after making jokes at the movement 's expense . </P> <P> Joseph Charles `` JC '' Mounduix was once again involved in two separate sexual misconduct incidents in which he was accused of sexual harassment and sexual assault . While sleeping in the same bed , Mounduix was seen caressing Tyler Crispen 's arm , face , and chest , as well as kissing his armpit while Crispen was sleeping . The following morning Crispen stated to Kaycee Clark `` I 'm sleeping alone tonight -- JC is not sleeping with me '' . Mounduix explained his version by stating that he was `` comforting Crispen who was having nightmares '' . Later , Mounduix opened the toilet door while HouseGuest Haleigh Broucher was using it . Broucher repeatedly asked Mounduix to close the door whom refused and tied the door open . Broucher then yelled for assistance from production and later filed a complaint with executive producer Allison Grodner . The producers later released a statement saying that neither Crispen nor Broucher filed official complaints and that the two had expressed to them that they `` did not feel threatened or unsafe by Mounduix 's actions . '' </P> <P> During a live eviction speech , HouseGuest Scottie Salton made sexual and vulgar comments towards HouseGuests Tyler Crispen and Angela Rummans . He hinted that Crispen received oral sex from Rummans , which got censored out by CBS . </P> <P> Haleigh Broucher was criticized by both fans and her fellow houseguests after making a joke about disabled people . During a conversation with Tyler Crispen and Joseph `` JC '' Mounduix , Broucher opened a fortune cookie that read , `` Nothing can stop you from reaching your goals . '' After reading the quote , she responded by saying `` That is not true because if you are paralyzed , you can not reach anything . '' Crispen was quick to call her out , telling Broucher that it was `` the worst thing ( he had ) ever heard ( her ) say '' . Crispen then told Broucher that she needed `` to rephrase '' what she had just said , to which Mounduix added that he had seen disabled people achieve their goals . </P> <P> On finale night , Swaggy C , proposed to contestant Bayleigh Dayton . This sparked controversy among rumours that she got pregnant while in the Big Brother House . They later confirmed in a video that while in the house , Bayleigh did get pregnant but she suffered a miscarriage . </P> <H2> Reception </H2> <H3> Viewing figures </H3> <P> Unless noted below all episode aired in the United States on Sundays and Wednesdays at 8 : 00 Eastern Standard Time ( 7 : 00 Central Standard Time ) and live Thursdays at 9 : 00 EST ( 8 : 00 CST ) . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> # </Th> <Th> Air Date </Th> <Th_colspan="4"> United States </Th> <Th> Source </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 18 -- 49 ( rating / share ) </Th> <Th> Viewers ( millions ) </Th> <Th> Rank ( timeslot ) </Th> <Th> Rank ( night ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wednesday , June 27 , 2018 </Td> <Td> 1.5 / 7 </Td> <Td> 5.33 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Thursday , June 28 , 2018 </Td> <Td> 1.4 / 6 </Td> <Td> 5.13 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Sunday , July 1 , 2018 </Td> <Td> 1.2 / 6 </Td> <Td> 4.78 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wednesday , July 4 , 2018 </Td> <Td> 0.9 / 5 </Td> <Td> 3.95 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> Thursday , July 5 , 2018 </Td> <Td> 1.3 / 6 </Td> <Td> 4.96 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> Sunday , July 8 , 2018 </Td> <Td> 1.3 / 6 </Td> <Td> 5.11 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> Wednesday , July 11 , 2018 </Td> <Td> 1.5 / 7 </Td> <Td> 5.43 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> Thursday , July 12 , 2018 </Td> <Td> 1.5 / 6 </Td> <Td> 5.32 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> Sunday , July 15 , 2018 </Td> <Td> 1.4 / 6 </Td> <Td> 5.19 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> Wednesday , July 18 , 2018 </Td> <Td> 1.4 / 6 </Td> <Td> 5.24 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 11 </Td> <Td> Thursday , July 19 , 2018 </Td> <Td> 1.6 / 7 </Td> <Td> 5.58 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 12 </Td> <Td> Sunday , July 22 , 2018 </Td> <Td> 1.5 / 6 </Td> <Td> 5.45 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 13 </Td> <Td> Wednesday , July 25 , 2018 </Td> <Td> 1.5 / 6 </Td> <Td> 5.69 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 14 </Td> <Td> Thursday , July 26 , 2018 </Td> <Td> 1.5 / 6 </Td> <Td> 5.44 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 15 </Td> <Td> Sunday , July 29 , 2018 </Td> <Td> 1.5 / 6 </Td> <Td> 5.40 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 16 </Td> <Td> Wednesday , August 1 , 2018 </Td> <Td> 1.5 / 6 </Td> <Td> 5.55 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 17 </Td> <Td> Thursday , August 2 , 2018 </Td> <Td> 1.5 / 6 </Td> <Td> 5.61 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 18 </Td> <Td> Sunday , August 5 , 2018 </Td> <Td> 1.6 / 7 </Td> <Td> 5.57 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 19 </Td> <Td> Wednesday , August 8 , 2018 </Td> <Td> 1.6 / 8 </Td> <Td> 5.63 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 20 </Td> <Td> Thursday , August 9 , 2018 </Td> <Td> 1.4 / 7 </Td> <Td> 4.99 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 21 </Td> <Td> Sunday , August 12 , 2018 </Td> <Td> 1.6 / 8 </Td> <Td> 5.74 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 22 </Td> <Td> Wednesday , August 15 , 2018 </Td> <Td> 1.7 / 8 </Td> <Td> 5.82 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 23 </Td> <Td> Thursday , August 16 , 2018 </Td> <Td> 1.7 / 8 </Td> <Td> 5.71 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 24 </Td> <Td> Sunday , August 19 , 2018 </Td> <Td> 1.6 / 7 </Td> <Td> 5.80 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 25 </Td> <Td> Wednesday , August 22 , 2018 </Td> <Td> 1.6 / 8 </Td> <Td> 5.70 </Td> <Td> 1 ( tied ) </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 26 </Td> <Td> Thursday , August 23 , 2018 </Td> <Td> 1.6 / 8 </Td> <Td> 5.61 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 27 </Td> <Td> Sunday , August 26 , 2018 </Td> <Td> 1.6 / 7 </Td> <Td> 5.67 </Td> <Td> 1 ( tied ) </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 28 </Td> <Td> Wednesday , August 29 , 2018 </Td> <Td> 1.6 / 8 </Td> <Td> 5.77 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 29 </Td> <Td> Thursday , August 30 , 2018 </Td> <Td> 1.3 / 5 </Td> <Td> 4.54 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 30 </Td> <Td> Sunday , September 2 , 2018 </Td> <Td> 1.3 / 7 </Td> <Td> 4.66 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 31 </Td> <Td> Wednesday , September 5 , 2018 </Td> <Td> 1.6 / 8 </Td> <Td> 5.52 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 32 </Td> <Td> Thursday , September 6 , 2018 </Td> <Td> 1.5 / 6 </Td> <Td> 5.21 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 33 </Td> <Td> Sunday , September 9 , 2018 </Td> <Td> 1.6 / 6 </Td> <Td> 5.48 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 34 </Td> <Td> Wednesday , September 12 , 2018 </Td> <Td> 1.5 / 7 </Td> <Td> 5.70 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 35 </Td> <Td> Thursday , September 13 , 2018 </Td> <Td> 1.6 / 7 </Td> <Td> 5.57 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 36 </Td> <Td> Sunday , September 16 , 2018 </Td> <Td> 1.7 / 6 </Td> <Td> 6.36 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 37 </Td> <Td> Wednesday , September 19 , 2018 </Td> <Td> 1.5 / 7 </Td> <Td> 5.56 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 38 </Td> <Td> Thursday , September 20 , 2018 </Td> <Td> 1.5 / 7 </Td> <Td> 5.68 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 39 </Td> <Td> Sunday , September 23 , 2018 </Td> <Td> 1.4 / 6 </Td> <Td> 5.44 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 40 </Td> <Td> Wednesday , September 26 , 2018 </Td> <Td> 1.7 / 7 </Td> <Td> 5.65 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 3 ( tied ) </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ul> <Li> ^ Note 1 : Episode 21 was delayed to 8 : 20 PM EST ( 7 : 20 PM CST ) due to the 2018 PGA Championship golf event running long . </Li> <Li> ^ Note 2 : Episode 36 was delayed to 8 : 37 PM EST ( 7 : 37 PM CST ) due to an NFL football game running long . </Li> </Ul> <H3> Uncertain future </H3> <P> The American adaptation of Big Brother has aired on CBS since its inception on July 5 , 2000 with Julie Chen as host . Following two articles published by The New Yorker by Ronan Farrow in July and September 2018 where several women accused Chen 's husband Les Moonves of harassment , intimidation , and sexual misconduct , effective September 9 , 2018 , Moonves departed CBS Corporation as President , Chairman and CEO with Joseph Ianniello appointed as President and Acting CEO . In response to the claims against him , Moonves released a statement denying the allegations . After the first article was published , Chen released a statement on Twitter in July defending her husband . </P> <P> While Chen was initially confirmed to return to the ninth season of her other CBS show The Talk , she was absent from the season premiere that aired on September 10 , 2018 . Chen issued a statement where she was taking a few days off , but would continue with Big Brother . Chen 's first television appearance since Moonves ' departure was the live eviction on September 13 , 2018 , where she closed out the episode with `` From outside the Big Brother house ... I 'm Julie Chen Moonves , good night . '' The new sign - off broke with an established pattern that Chen has used in the past on Big Brother and showcased her support for her husband , while it received a mix response from fans and viewers on Twitter . Chen subsequently announced her departure from The Talk in a pre-recorded segment that aired on the September 18 , 2018 episode where she stood outside the Big Brother house . Chen will continue to host Big Brother . </P> <P> The twentieth season had been confirmed since August 10 , 2016 as part of a two - year renewal between CBS and Fly on the Wall Entertainment , in association with Endemol Shine North America . Celebrity Big Brother was renewed for a second season on May 12 , 2018 during CBS ' annual upfront for the 2018 -- 19 television season . Speculation on the status of the show intensified after the departure of Moonves from CBS , with fans of the show and former HouseGuests began spreading the hashtag # SaveBBUSA in an attempt to get the program renewed . Unnamed insiders close to the production of the show have cast doubt if Chen would return to host potential future installments if CBS renews the show . In an article from US Weekly , an insider noted that former HouseGuests Will Kirby , Ross Mathews , and Big Brother Canada host Arisa Cox have been mentioned as potential replacements in the event that Chen does not to return , while TMZ reported that Chen will continue with the show if the network decides to renew it . </P> <P> However , despite the show 's uncertain future , CBS began accepting online applications for a twenty - first season on September 20 , 2018 . </P> <H2> References </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ `` CBS RENEWS HIT SUMMER SERIES `` BIG BROTHER '' FOR TWO MORE EDITIONS `` . August 10 , 2016 . Retrieved January 16 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Porreca , Brian ( September 13 , 2018 ) . `` Julie Chen Supports Les Moonves in ' Big Brother ' Return : `` I 'm Julie Chen Moonves '' `` . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved September 19 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Schultz , Cody ( October 16 , 2017 ) . `` When does Big Brother season 20 premiere on CBS ? '' . Hidden remote . Retrieved January 16 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ https://www.cbs.com/recommended/news/1008539/-2018-summer-tv-premiere-schedule-the-best-shows-are-on-cbs/ </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` How And When To Meet The Big Brother 20 Houseguests '' . CBS . June 12 , 2018 . Retrieved June 12 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( August 10 , 2016 ) . `` ' Big Brother ' renewed through Season 20 on CBS '' . TV By The Numbers . Retrieved January 16 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Big Brother Renewed For Two More Seasons Set To Air In 2017 And 2018 '' . CBS . August 10 , 2016 . Retrieved January 16 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ McLennan , Cindy ( August 10 , 2016 ) . `` Big Brother : CBS Renews Summer Series for Two More Seasons '' . TV series finale . Retrieved January 16 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Big Brother Now Casting ! '' . Big Brother Casting . Retrieved January 16 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kass , Robyn ( January 10 , 2018 ) . `` OK # BB20 hopefuls ! '' . Twitter . Retrieved January 16 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Rice , Lynette ( June 17 , 2018 ) . `` Ross Mathews and Marissa Jaret Winokur will host Big Brother recap show '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved June 27 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` BIG BROTHER '' . On Camera Audiences . Retrieved January 16 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Meet The Houseguests On Big Brother Season 20 '' . CBS . 18 June 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Off the Block with Ross and Marissa - Episodes '' . Facebook Watch . Retrieved July 16 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Porreca , Brian ( July 18 , 2018 ) . `` ' Big Brother 20 ' Favorite Competes on Kevin Hart 's ' TKO ' ( Exclusive Video ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved July 18 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Get Some , Goldilocks ! '' . TKO : Total Knock Out . Season 1 . Episode 2 . July 18 , 2018 . CBS . Retrieved July 19 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( June 28 , 2018 ) . `` ' Masterchef ' and ' Reverie ' adjust up , ' The Originals ' adjusts down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 28 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( June 29 , 2018 ) . `` ' Big Brother ' adjusts up , ' Take Two ' adjusts down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV By The Numbers . Retrieved June 29 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Big Brother Spoilers Board '' . Big Brother Network . Retrieved 2018 - 09 - 14 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( July 3 , 2018 ) . `` ' Bob 's Burgers ' rerun adjusts up : Sunday final ratings '' . TV By The Numbers . Retrieved July 3 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( July 6 , 2018 ) . `` ' Big Brother , ' ' Code Black ' and NBC 's fireworks hold : Wednesday final ratings '' . Retrieved July 6 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( July 9 , 2018 ) . `` ' Young Sheldon ' rerun adjusts down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV By The Numbers . Retrieved July 9 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( July 10 , 2018 ) . `` ' To Tell the Truth ' adjusts down : Sunday final ratings '' . TV By The Numbers . Retrieved July 10 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( July 12 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Originals ' adjusts up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV By The Numbers . Retrieved July 12 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( July 13 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Four ' adjusts down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 13 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( July 17 , 2018 ) . `` ' Running Wild , ' ' Big Brother , ' everything else unchanged : Sunday final ratings '' . TV By The Numbers . Retrieved July 17 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( July 19 , 2018 ) . `` ' The ESPY Awards ' stay low , all shows hold : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV By The Numbers . Retrieved July 19 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( July 20 , 2018 ) . `` ' Big Brother ' holds onto season high : Thursday final ratings '' . TV By The Numbers . Retrieved July 20 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( July 24 , 2018 ) . `` ' Big Brother ' adjusts up , ' Shades of Blue ' adjusts down : Sunday final ratings '' . TV By the Numbers . Retrieved July 24 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( July 26 , 2018 ) . `` ' American Housewife ' encore adjusts down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV By the Numbers . Retrieved July 26 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( July 27 , 2018 ) . `` ' Trial and Error , ' ' Young Sheldon ' rerun adjust down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV By The Numbers . Retrieved July 27 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( July 31 , 2018 ) . `` Big Brother ' adjusts up : Sunday final ratings '' . TV By The Numbers . Retrieved August 3 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( August 2 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Goldbergs ' reruns adjusts down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV By the Numbers . Retrieved August 3 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( August 3 , 2018 ) . `` ' Big Brother ' adjusts up , ' Big Bang Theory ' encore adjusts down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV By the Numbers . Retrieved August 3 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( August 7 , 2018 ) . `` ' Big Brother ' and ' Shades of Blue ' adjust up , ' iHeart Country Festival ' adjusts down : Sunday final ratings '' . TV By the Numbers . Retrieved August 7 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( August 9 , 2018 ) . `` ' Big Brother ' adjusts up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV By the Numbers . Retrieved August 10 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( August 10 , 2018 ) . `` ' Trial & Error , ' ' Big Brother , ' everything else adjusts down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV By the Numbers . Retrieved August 10 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( August 14 , 2018 ) . `` ' Teen Choice Awards ' and ' Big Brother ' adjust up , ' 60 Minutes ' adjusts down : Sunday final ratings '' . TV By the Numbers . Retrieved August 14 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( August 16 , 2018 ) . `` ' Big Brother ' adjusts up , ' Supergirl ' encore adjusts down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV By The Numbers . Retrieved August 16 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( August 17 , 2018 ) . `` ' Big Brother , ' ' Take Two ' and most shows adjust down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV By The Numbers . Retrieved August 17 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( August 21 , 2018 ) . `` ' Bob 's Burgers ' repeat adjusts up : Sunday final ratings '' . TV By the Numbers . Retrieved August 21 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( August 23 , 2018 ) . `` ' America 's Got Talent ' adjusts up , ' Burden of Truth ' adjusts down : Wednesday final broadcast '' . TV By The Numbers . Retrieved August 23 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( August 24 , 2018 ) . `` NFL Preseason and ' SWAT ' repeat adjust down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV By The Numbers . Retrieved August 24 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( August 28 , 2018 ) . `` ' Big Brother ' adjusts up , ' Dateline ' adjusts down : Sunday final ratings '' . TV By The Numbers . Retrieved August 28 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( August 30 , 2018 ) . `` ' Big Brother ' adjusts up , ' The Goldbergs ' rerun adjusts down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV By The Numbers . Retrieved August 30 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( August 31 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Gong Show ' finale , ' Big Brother , ' everything else adjusts down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV By The Numbers . Retrieved August 31 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( September 5 , 2018 ) . `` ' Big Brother ' adjusts up , College football adjusts down : Sunday final ratings '' . TV By The Numbers . Retrieved September 5 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( September 7 , 2018 ) . `` ' Big Brother , ' ' America 's Got Talent , ' and ' World of Dance ' adjust up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV By The Numbers . Retrieved September 7 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( September 10 , 2018 ) . `` ' Big Brother ' and NFL adjust up : Thursday final ratings '' . TV By The Numbers . Retrieved September 10 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( September 11 , 2018 ) . `` ' Big Brother , ' ' Sunday Night Football , ' and ' REL ' adjust up : Sunday final ratings '' . TV By The Numbers . Retrieved September 11 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( September 13 , 2018 ) . `` ' America 's Got Talent ' and ' Big Brother ' adjust up , ' Castaways ' adjusts down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV By The Numbers . Retrieved September 13 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( September 14 , 2018 ) . `` ' Big Brother ' adjusts down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV By The Numbers . Retrieved September 15 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( September 18 , 2018 ) . `` ' Sunday Night Football ' adjusts up , ' 60 Minutes ' adjusts down : Sunday final ratings '' . TV By The Numbers . Retrieved September 18 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( September 20 , 2018 ) . `` ' Big Brother ' and ' America 's Got Talent ' adjust up , ' I Feel Bad ' adjusts down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV By The Numbers . Retrieved September 20 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( September 21 , 2018 ) . `` ' Big Brother ' adjusts down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV By The Numbers . Retrieved September 21 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( September 25 , 2018 ) . `` ' 9 - 1 - 1 , ' ' Big Brother , ' and ' Sunday Night Football ' adjust up , ' 60 Minutes ' adjusts down : Sunday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 25 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( September 27 , 2018 ) . `` ' Chicago Fire ' and ' Survivor ' adjusts up , ' Star ' adjusts down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 27 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` ' Big Brother ' Fans are Pissed Contestant is Ice Cream Scooping Vaginas '' . TMZ . Retrieved 2018 - 07 - 06 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` ' Big Brother ' : CBS responds to sexual assault , racism accusations '' . Global News . Retrieved 2018 - 07 - 06 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` ' Big Brother ' Star Kaitlyn Herman 's Boyfriend Reacts to Her Flirty Behavior : ' I Tried to Stay Silent ' '' . US Weekly . Retrieved 2018 - 07 - 11 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` ' Big Brother ' Contestant Kaitlyn Says N - Word After CBS Warning '' . Us Weekly . 2018 - 07 - 06 . Retrieved 2018 - 07 - 19 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Big Brother 's JC Mounduix Under Fire for Using the N - Word '' . Us Weekly . 2018 - 07 - 18 . Retrieved 2018 - 07 - 19 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` ' Big Brother ' contestants often make offensive comments . But this episode was still unusual '' . The Washington Post . 2018 - 07 - 23 . Retrieved 2018 - 07 - 23 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Ex - ' Big Brother ' Houseguest Defends JC Using the N - Word '' . TMZ . Retrieved 2018 - 07 - 19 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bohr , Niel ( 30 July 2018 ) . `` Big Brother 20 Kaitlyn Herman IG Live spilling Tea about the BB House on Jul 30 , 2018 '' . YouTube . Google . Retrieved 17 September 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ O'Keeffe , Jack ( July 20 , 2018 ) . `` Winston Was Evicted On ' Big Brother 20 ' & It Was A Shocker On So Many Levels '' . Bustle . Retrieved July 24 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Jamal , Zakiya ( July 20 , 2018 ) . `` Brett Stays On ' Big Brother ' & Accuses Rockstar Of Flipping Votes '' . Romper . Retrieved July 24 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Powell , John ( July 20 , 2018 ) , Big Brother 20 Spoilers : Accusation Causes Houseguest to Snap , retrieved July 24 , 2018 , I do n't know why this rich , snobby , white - privileged ass dude is targeting me , a working mom </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` ' Big Brother 20 ' Third Evictee on Exit : `` The Bromance Ended Up Killing Me '' `` . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 2018 - 07 - 23 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Episode 12 '' . Big Brother . Season 20 . Episode 12 . July 22 , 2018 . Event occurs at 27 minutes , 8 seconds . CBS . Retrieved July 24 , 2018 . Do n't talk about his micropenis </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ BB20 Rockstar gets the pots and pans out Big Brother . July 20 , 2018 . Event occurs at 2 minutes , 47 seconds . Retrieved July 24 , 2018 . Alright , you can get off me . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Hautman , Nicholas ( 31 July 2018 ) . `` Big Brother 's JC Slammed for Asking Rachel If She Is Transgender '' . Us Weekly . Retrieved 7 August 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Robinson , Mandy ( 30 July 2018 ) . `` ' Big Brother ' 20 Spoilers : Bayleigh 's Anti-Muslim Hate Speech '' . Soap Dirt . Retrieved 7 August 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Tateham , Jess ( 6 August 2018 ) . `` ' Big Brother ' 20 : Bayleigh admits on camera she hates ' White People ' -- More BB20 Hate - Speech ( VIDEO ) Soap Dirt '' . Soap Dirt . Retrieved 7 August 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Powell , John ( 6 August 2018 ) . `` Big Brother 20 Spoilers : Major move at Veto Ceremony '' . GlobalTV . Retrieved 7 August 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bailey , Tiffany ( 7 August 2018 ) . `` Big Brother 20 spoilers : Bayleigh gets reckless with her mouth '' . Monsters & Critics . Retrieved 7 August 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Vacco - Bolanos , Jessica ( 12 August 2018 ) . `` Big Brother 's JC Gets Called Out for Misusing # MeToo '' . Us Weekly . Retrieved 28 August 2018 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Porreca , Brian ( August 30 , 2018 ) . `` ' Big Brother ' Producers Step in After Contestant Is Accused of Sexual Misconduct '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved August 31 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Nakamura , Reid ( August 30 , 2018 ) . `` ' Big Brother ' Houseguest Comes Under Fire Again for Inappropriate Touching '' . TheWrap . Retrieved August 31 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Mar , Kylie ( August 29 , 2018 ) . `` Twitter calls out ' Big Brother ' contestant for sexually harassing another houseguest while he 's asleep '' . Yahoo ! Entertainment . Retrieved August 31 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Feldman , Kate ( August 30 , 2018 ) . `` CBS ' warning to ' Big Brother ' contestants has already failed as JC Mounduix filmed kissing housemate while he sleeps '' . New York Daily News . Retrieved August 31 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Gennis , Sadie ( August 30 , 2018 ) . `` Big Brother 20 Fans Call for JC Mounduix 's Removal After Alleged Sexual Assault '' . TV Guide . Retrieved August 31 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Stream Big Brother 20 Live Feeds - Watch on CBS All Access . CBS . August 29 , 2018 . Event occurs on August 29 , 2018 , 11 : 01 PM , PST . Retrieved August 31 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Slogeris , Tammie ( August 30 , 2018 ) . `` Big Brother 20 Live Feeds : Harmless Prank or Unacceptable Behavior By JC Mounduix ? '' . Big Brother Network . Retrieved August 31 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Wynne , Kelly ( August 30 , 2018 ) . `` ' BIG BROTHER 'S ' JC MOUNDUIX TO BE REMOVED AFTER ALLEGED SEXUAL ASSAULT ? '' . Newsweek . Retrieved August 31 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` ' Big Brother ' Houseguest Scottie Censored for Making Lewd Oral Sex Joke '' . TMZ . Retrieved 2018 - 09 - 08 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Vick , Megan ( 12 September 2018 ) . `` Haleigh Is the Latest Problematic Big Brother 20 Houseguest TV Guide '' . TV Guide . CBS . Retrieved 17 September 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Miller , Victoria ( 13 September 2018 ) . `` ' Big Brother 20 's ' Haleigh Broucher Under Fire For Insensitive Comment On Live Feeds '' . Inquisitr . Retrieved 17 September 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ LeZotte , Camille ( 11 September 2018 ) . `` ' Big Brother ' : Haleigh Broucher Mocks the Handicapped - Live Feeds Outrage Fans Soap Dirt '' . Soap Dirt . Retrieved 17 September 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Boyer , Matt ( May 22 , 2018 ) . `` Big Brother 20 : Start Date & Schedule Details '' . Big Brother Network . Retrieved September 16 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ CBS ( August 12 , 2018 ) . `` New start Times for 60 Minutes 7 : 20ET / 6 : 20CT Big Brother 8 : 20ET / 7 : 20CT NCIS : Los Angeles 9 : 20ET / 8 : 20CT Elementary 10 : 20ET / 9 : 20CT '' . Facebook . Retrieved August 12 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ CBS ( September 16 , 2018 ) . `` Due to an NFL overrun , the CBS Sunday lineup is delayed in the East / Central cities ONLY . New start times : 60 Minutes : 7 : 37 ET / 6 : 37 CT Big Brother : 8 : 37 ET / 7 : 37 CT NCIS : Los Angeles : 9 : 37 ET / 8 : 37 CT & 10 : 37 ET / 9 : 37 CT '' . Facebook . Retrieved September 16 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Stelter , Brian ( September 9 , 2018 ) . `` Les Moonves is out at CBS after harassment allegations , corporate battle '' . CNNMoney . Retrieved September 19 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Pomarico , Nicole ( September 18 , 2018 ) . `` Julie Chen Is Reportedly Leaving ' The Talk ' Following Her Husband Les Moonves ' CBS Exit '' . Bustle . Retrieved September 19 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bradley , Laura ( September 14 , 2018 ) . `` With Her Big Brother Return , Julie Chen Showed Support for Husband Les Moonves '' . Vanity Fair . Retrieved September 19 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ O'Keeffe , Jack ( September 14 , 2018 ) . `` Julie Chen Used Her ' Big Brother ' Return To Support Her Husband , Les Moonves '' . Bustle . Retrieved September 19 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Chiu , Allyson ( September 14 , 2018 ) . `` ' I 'm Julie Chen Moonves ' : Les Moonves 's wife stands by him in return to CBS '' . Washington Post . Retrieved September 19 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kludt , Tom ( September 18 , 2018 ) . `` Julie Chen officially leaves ' The Talk ' '' . CNNMoney . Retrieved September 19 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` CBS Renews Summer Series `` Big Brother '' for Two More Editions `` . The Futon Critic . August 10 , 2016 . Retrieved September 19 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Rice , Lynette ( May 12 , 2018 ) . `` CBS brings back ' Criminal Minds , ' ' Celebrity Big Brother , ' and Matt LeBlanc '' . EW.com . Retrieved September 19 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Miller , Victoria ( September 11 , 2018 ) . `` ' Big Brother ' Stars React To The Possibility Of Cancelation After Les Moonves ' Exit From CBS '' . The Inquisitr . Retrieved September 19 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Helling , Steve ; Dugan , Christina ( September 19 , 2018 ) . `` Big Brother Staff Is ' Nervous ' Julie Chen Will Leave amid Husband Les Moonves ' Scandal : Source '' . PEOPLE.com . Retrieved September 19 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Longeretta , Emily ( September 19 , 2018 ) . `` Is Julie Chen Leaving ' Big Brother ' ? '' . Us Weekly . Retrieved September 19 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Barney , Chuck ( September 19 , 2018 ) . `` Will Julie Chen leave ' Big Brother ' ? Staff members ' nervous ' '' . The Mercury News . 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Maze Runner : the Death Cure - wikipedia <H1> Maze Runner : the Death Cure </H1> Jump to : navigation , search For the book the film is based on , see The Death Cure . <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Maze Runner : The Death Cure </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Theatrical release poster </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Directed by </Th> <Td> Wes Ball </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Produced by </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Ellen Goldsmith - Vein </Li> <Li> Wyck Godfrey </Li> <Li> Marty Bowen </Li> <Li> Joe Hartwick , Jr . </Li> <Li> Wes Ball </Li> <Li> Lee Stollman </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Screenplay by </Th> <Td> T.S. Nowlin </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Based on </Th> <Td> The Death Cure by James Dashner </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Starring </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Dylan O'Brien </Li> <Li> Kaya Scodelario </Li> <Li> Thomas Brodie - Sangster </Li> <Li> Nathalie Emmanuel </Li> <Li> Giancarlo Esposito </Li> <Li> Aidan Gillen </Li> <Li> Walton Goggins </Li> <Li> Ki Hong Lee </Li> <Li> Barry Pepper </Li> <Li> Will Poulter </Li> <Li> Patricia Clarkson </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Music by </Th> <Td> John Paesano </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Cinematography </Th> <Td> Gyula Pados </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Edited by </Th> <Td> Dan Zimmerman </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Production company </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Gotham Group </Li> <Li> Temple Hill Entertainment </Li> <Li> Oddball Entertainment </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Distributed by </Th> <Td> 20th Century Fox </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Release date </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> January 11 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 11 ) ( Seoul ) </Li> <Li> January 26 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 26 ) ( United States ) </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Running time </Th> <Td> 142 minutes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Country </Th> <Td> United States </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Budget </Th> <Td> $62 million </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Box office </Th> <Td> $272.6 million </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Maze Runner : The Death Cure ( also known simply as The Death Cure ) is a 2018 American dystopian science fiction action film directed by Wes Ball and written by T.S. Nowlin , based on the novel The Death Cure written by James Dashner . It is the sequel to the 2015 film Maze Runner : The Scorch Trials and the third and final installment in the Maze Runner film series . The film stars Dylan O'Brien , Kaya Scodelario , Thomas Brodie - Sangster , Dexter Darden , Nathalie Emmanuel , Giancarlo Esposito , Aidan Gillen , Walton Goggins , Ki Hong Lee , Jacob Lofland , Katherine McNamara , Barry Pepper , Will Poulter , Rosa Salazar , and Patricia Clarkson . </P> <P> Maze Runner : The Death Cure was originally set to be released on February 17 , 2017 , in the United States by 20th Century Fox , but the studio rescheduled the film 's release for January 26 , 2018 in theatres and IMAX , allowing time for O'Brien to recover from injuries he sustained during filming . The film received mixed reviews from critics and has grossed over $272 million worldwide . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Plot </Li> <Li> 2 Cast </Li> <Li> 3 Production <Ul> <Li> 3.1 Filming </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 Release </Li> <Li> 5 Reception <Ul> <Li> 5.1 Box office </Li> <Li> 5.2 Critical response </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 6 References </Li> <Li> 7 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Plot ( edit ) </H2> <P> Thomas , Newt , and Frypan are the last of the free `` Gladers '' immune to the Flare virus that has ravaged the world 's population . Against the orders of Vince , who now leads The Right Arm resistance , the three leave their camp to rescue their immune friend Minho , who is being tortured by the organization WCKD in hopes of developing a cure for the virus . Heading for the `` Last City '' , where WCKD 's headquarters is located , the group is attacked by Cranks , humans infected with the Flare . However , they are saved by Jorge and Brenda , who join them . </P> <P> The group makes it to the wall of the Last City , which protects the city from Cranks . Outside the wall , people are rallying in protest to be let into the city . When WCKD opens fire at the protesters , the group is captured by a contingent of masked men and are taken to a hideout . One of the masked men is revealed to be Gally , who has survived being killed by Minho at the end of The Maze Runner . Gally takes them to see Lawrence , a rebellion leader for those outside the walls , who grants them permission to enter the Last City through a secret entrance . Gally leads Thomas and Newt through to the city and , spotting Teresa , Gally tells Thomas that she can get them into WCKD headquarters . The three capture her and she agrees to help them . </P> <P> Thomas , Newt , and Gally escort Teresa inside WCKD headquarters and toward the location of the Immunes . Gally looks after the Immune children and stays to find a serum that can treat the Flare , while Thomas , Newt , and Teresa go to find Minho . They are caught and chased by a vengeful Janson , who leads WCKD 's troops . Teresa lets them escape to find Minho , before rushing to do a blood test on Thomas ' blood , which she obtained when removing trackers from the Gladers . </P> <P> Gally gets the serum and takes the Immune children outside to a bus where Brenda is waiting . While Gally makes his way back into WCKD headquarters to find Thomas , Brenda is forced to leave with the Immune children in a bus as WCKD forces close in on them . Thomas and Newt reunite with Minho in the medical wing . They are chased by Janson before escaping . Teresa discovers that Thomas ' blood can cure the Flare . She shares her discovery with WCKD 's leader Ava Paige , both agreeing that they must find Thomas . Brenda and the Immune children are cornered by WCKD authorities but are saved by Frypan . Meanwhile , Lawrence rallies his rebels outside the city before blowing a hole in the city wall , allowing his allies and the infected people to storm the city . Outside the headquarters , Gally finds Thomas , Minho , and Newt . Sending Minho and Gally ahead , Newt gives Thomas a necklace with a silver cylinder pendant before passing out . Teresa transmits her voice throughout the city , telling Thomas that his blood can save Newt if he will only return to WCKD . Newt , nearly completely subsumed by the Flare , regains consciousness and attacks Thomas , while begging Thomas to kill him . Left with no other option , Thomas kills Newt . </P> <P> Thomas makes his way back to WCKD and confronts Ava , who stresses that WCKD 's intentions are good . However , she is killed by Janson , who is turning into a Crank . Janson knocks Thomas out and drags him to a lab where Teresa is ready to extract his blood . However , he reveals that he and WCKD are only truly interested in curing those whom they please , which results in Teresa turning on him . After a fight , Janson is killed , allowing Thomas and Teresa to escape to the rooftop where an aircraft piloted by Jorge and Vince is waiting . Thomas makes it aboard , but Teresa is killed when the headquarters comes apart after being hit by a building collapsing owing to the rebels ' attacks . </P> <P> The group reunites with the rest of the Immunes and The Right Arm , escaping to a safe haven that was revealed by Ava , where the remaining population can live in safety . There , Thomas discovers that the pendant Newt gave to him had a note in it . Still traumatized by Teresa 's death , he reads the note , in which Newt tells him to look after himself and everyone , before thanking Thomas for being his friend . </P> <H2> Cast ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Dylan O'Brien as Thomas </Li> <Li> Kaya Scodelario as Teresa </Li> <Li> Thomas Brodie - Sangster as Newt </Li> <Li> Dexter Darden as Frypan </Li> <Li> Nathalie Emmanuel as Harriet </Li> <Li> Giancarlo Esposito as Jorge </Li> <Li> Aidan Gillen as Janson </Li> <Li> Walton Goggins as Lawrence </Li> <Li> Ki Hong Lee as Minho </Li> <Li> Jacob Lofland as Aris </Li> <Li> Katherine McNamara as Sonya </Li> <Li> Barry Pepper as Vince </Li> <Li> Will Poulter as Gally </Li> <Li> Rosa Salazar as Brenda </Li> <Li> Patricia Clarkson as Ava Paige </Li> </Ul> <H2> Production ( edit ) </H2> <P> In March 2015 , it was confirmed that T.S. Nowlin , who co-wrote the first and wrote the second film , would adapt Maze Runner : The Death Cure . On September 16 , 2015 , it was confirmed that Ball would return to direct the final film . </P> <H3> Filming ( edit ) </H3> <P> Principal photography began on March 14 , 2016 , in Vancouver , British Columbia . Previously it was revealed at San Diego Comic - Con International that filming would begin in February 2016 . </P> <P> On March 18 , 2016 , it was reported that actor Dylan O'Brien was injured on set and was hospitalized . James Dashner announced via Twitter that the production was postponed after the accident . It was said that the producers were `` looking to '' resume filming around mid-May . According to the Directors Guild of Canada 's production list , the film was scheduled to resume filming on May 9 , and complete principal photography on July 26 . However , on April 29 , 2016 , production was shut down indefinitely as O'Brien's injuries were more serious than previously thought . </P> <P> Filming resumed on March 6 , 2017 in Cape Town , South Africa . In May 2017 , it was announced that Walton Goggins would play the part of Lawrence , described as `` an unusual and dangerous character who is part - revolutionary , part - anarchist , and a voice for the voiceless people . '' Principal photography wrapped on June 3 , 2017 . </P> <H2> Release ( edit ) </H2> <P> It was originally scheduled to be released in the United States on February 17 , 2017 . However , due to Dylan O'Brien's injuries , the studio said that it was unlikely that this date was going to be met . On May 27 , 2016 , 20th Century Fox rescheduled the film for January 12 , 2018 , allowing time for Dylan O'Brien to fully recover . </P> <P> On April 22 , 2017 , the studio delayed the release date once again , to February 9 , 2018 , in order to allow more time for post-production ; months later , on August 25 , the studio moved the release forward two weeks . The film premiered on January 26 , 2018 in theatres and IMAX . </P> <H2> Reception ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Box Office ( edit ) </H3> <P> As of February 28 , 2018 , Maze Runner : The Death Cure has grossed $56.6 million in the United States and Canada , and $216.1 million in other territories , for a worldwide total of $272.6 million , against a production budget of $62 million . </P> <P> In the United States and Canada , The Death Cure was released alongside the wide expansion of Hostiles , and was expected to gross around $20 million from 3,786 theaters in its opening weekend . The film made $1.5 million from Thursday night previews , in between the $1.1 million made by the first film and $1.7 million by the second , and $8.4 million on its first day . It ended up opening to $24.2 million , down from the previous film but still finishing atop the box office . In its second weekend the film dropped 58 % to $10.2 million , finishing second behind Jumanji : Welcome to the Jungle . </P> <P> A week prior to its North American release , the film debuted in South Korea , Australia and Taiwan , grossing $15.1 million over its opening weekend . During the first two weeks of international release , the film dominated the international box office taking $62.6 and $35.2 million respectively , and outpacing the two previous films . </P> <H3> Critical response ( edit ) </H3> <P> On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes , the film has an approval rating of 43 % based on 140 reviews , and an average rating of 5.1 / 10 . The website 's critical consensus reads , `` Maze Runner : The Death Cure may offer closure to fans of the franchise , but for anyone who has n't already been hooked , this bloated final installment is best left unseen . '' On Metacritic , the film has a weighted average score of 51 out of 100 , based on 37 critics , indicating `` mixed or average reviews '' . Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of `` B + '' on an A+ to F scale . </P> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ `` MAZE RUNNER : THE DEATH CURE ( 2018 ) ( 12A ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . January 17 , 2018 . Retrieved January 17 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Maze Runner : The Death Cure ( 2018 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved March 1 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Busch , Anita ( March 4 , 2015 ) . `` ' Maze Runner : The Death Cure ' Sets T.S. Nowlin To Pen '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved March 10 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Maze Runner 3 to begin filming in Vancouver in March '' . Vancity Buzz . January 18 , 2016 . Retrieved February 8 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ A. , Aliza ( March 9 , 2016 ) . `` ' The Maze Runner : Death Cure ' News And Updates : Filming Confirmed ; Release Date Set On February '' . jobsnhire.com . Retrieved March 12 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Defy Media ( @ ClevverTV ) ( July 9 , 2015 ) . `` The script for Death Cure is currently being worked on & will begin filming in February # ScorchTrials # ScorchSneakPeek '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved July 10 , 2015 -- via Twitter . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Zumberge , Marianne ( March 18 , 2016 ) . `` ' Maze Runner ' Star Dylan O'Brien Injured on Set '' . Variety . Retrieved March 18 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Maze Runner Star Dylan O'Brien Healing Very Well After On - Set Accident , Will Return to Work in About Six Weeks -- E ! '' . E !. April 5 , 2016 . Retrieved May 1 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Dylan O'Brien's Injuries Force ' Maze Runner ' Sequel to Extend Production Shut Down '' . Yahoo . Retrieved May 1 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Maze Runner : The Death Cure Resumes Filming In February '' . August 29 , 2016 . Retrieved August 31 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Ian Bailey ( September 4 , 2016 ) . `` Maze Runner film production leaving B.C. for South Africa '' . The Globe and Mail . Retrieved September 5 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ @ wesball ( March 2 , 2017 ) . `` Big day today . Shot two scenes in 7 hours ( that 's a short day for me ) . Also prelit a set for tomorrow . Then watched dailies ... Pretty stuff '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Hipes , Patrick ( May 10 , 2017 ) . `` Walton Goggins Set For ' Maze Runner : The Death Cure ' '' . Deadline Hollywood . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ @ wesball ( June 4 , 2017 ) . `` That 's a wrap ! Thanks to a great cast and crew for a hell of an experience '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Chitwood , Adam ( April 18 , 2015 ) . `` MAZE RUNNER : THE DEATH CURE Set for 2017 Release ; Miraculously Not Being Split into Two Movies '' . Collider.com . Retrieved June 29 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Past , present and future releases to Past , Present and Future Releases UK Recent and Upcoming Movie '' . www.launchingfilms.com . Retrieved April 1 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( May 28 , 2016 ) . `` Dylan O'Brien's ' Maze Runner : Death Cure ' Release Pushed Back to 2018 '' . Retrieved August 31 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ @ wesball ( April 22 , 2017 ) . `` Hey maze fans . Do n't worry . Release date shifted 4 weeks . It 's a good thing . I get four more weeks of vfx finals , sound mixing , editing '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Anthony , D'Allessandro ( April 22 , 2017 ) . `` ' Deadpool 2 ' , ' New Mutants ' & ' Dark Phoenix ' Find 2018 Dates Among Fox 's Slew of Release Changes & Additions '' . Retrieved April 23 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Dave , McNary ( August 25 , 2017 ) . `` Steven Spielberg 's Pentagon Papers Movie Re-Titled ' The Post ' '' . Variety . Retrieved August 26 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : McNary , Dave ( January 23 , 2018 ) . `` Box Office : ' Maze Runner : The Death Cure ' Races Toward $20 Million Opening '' . Variety . Retrieved January 23 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : D'Alessandro , Anthony ( January 28 , 2018 ) . `` Fox Controls Close To 40 % Of Weekend B.O. Led By ' Maze Runner ' & Oscar Holdovers ; ' Hostiles ' Gallops Past $10 M '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved January 28 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( February 4 , 2018 ) . `` ' Jumanji ' Poised To Be Dwayne Johnson 's Highest Grossing Pic of All - Time Stateside After Super Bowl Weekend Rebound '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved February 4 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( January 28 , 2018 ) . `` Box Office : ' Maze Runner : The Death Cure ' Dominates With $62.6 Million Internationally '' . Variety . Retrieved February 5 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( February 4 , 2018 ) . `` ' Maze Runner : The Death Cure ' Sprints to $35 Million at International Box Office '' . Variety . Retrieved February 5 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Maze Runner : The Death Cure ( 2018 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved February 18 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Maze Runner : The Death Cure reviews '' . Metacritic . 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San Andreas fault - wikipedia <H1> San Andreas fault </H1> Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see San Andreas ( disambiguation ) . <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> San Andreas Fault </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Aerial photo of the San Andreas Fault </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Map of the San Andreas Fault showing relative motion </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Etymology </Th> <Td> San Andreas Lake </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Named by </Th> <Td> Andrew Lawson </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Year defined </Th> <Td> 1895 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Country </Th> <Td> United States </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> State </Th> <Td> California </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Cities </Th> <Td> San Francisco </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Characteristics </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Segments </Th> <Td> Calaveras , Hayward , Elsinore , Imperial , Laguna Salada , San Jacinto </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Length </Th> <Td> 1,200 km ( 750 mi ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Displacement </Th> <Td> 20 -- 35 mm ( 0.79 -- 1.38 in ) / yr </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Tectonics </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Plate </Th> <Td> North American & Pacific </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Status </Th> <Td> Active </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Earthquakes </Th> <Td> 1857 , 1906 ( Mw ~ 7.8 ) , 1957 ( Mw 5.7 ) , 1989 ( Mw ~ 6.9 ) , 2004 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Type </Th> <Td> Transform fault </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Movement </Th> <Td> Dextral </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Age </Th> <Td> Neogene - Holocene </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Orogeny </Th> <Td> Gorda - California - Nevada </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The San Andreas Fault is a continental transform fault that extends roughly 1,200 kilometers ( 750 mi ) through California . It forms the tectonic boundary between the Pacific Plate and the North American Plate , and its motion is right - lateral strike - slip ( horizontal ) . The fault divides into three segments , each with different characteristics and a different degree of earthquake risk , the most significant being the southern segment , which passes within about 35 miles ( 56 km ) of Los Angeles . The slip rate along the fault ranges from 20 to 35 mm ( 0.79 to 1.38 in ) / yr . </P> <P> The fault was first identified in 1895 by Professor Andrew Lawson of UC Berkeley , who discovered the northern zone . It is often described as having been named after San Andreas Lake , a small body of water that was formed in a valley between the two plates . However , according to some of his reports from 1895 and 1908 , Lawson actually named it after the surrounding San Andreas Valley . Following the 1906 San Francisco earthquake , Lawson concluded that the fault extended all the way into southern California . </P> <P> In 1953 , geologist Thomas Dibblee astounded the scientific establishment with his conclusion that hundreds of miles of lateral movement could occur along the fault . A project called the San Andreas Fault Observatory at Depth ( SAFOD ) near Parkfield , Monterey County , is drilling into the fault to improve prediction and recording of future earthquakes . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Fault zones <Ul> <Li> 1.1 Northern </Li> <Li> 1.2 Central </Li> <Li> 1.3 Southern </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2 Plate boundaries </Li> <Li> 3 Formation </Li> <Li> 4 Study <Ul> <Li> 4.1 Early years </Li> <Li> 4.2 Current research </Li> <Li> 4.3 The next `` Big One '' </Li> <Li> 4.4 Cascadia connection </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 5 Earthquakes </Li> <Li> 6 See also </Li> <Li> 7 References </Li> <Li> 8 Further reading </Li> <Li> 9 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Fault zones ( edit ) </H2> Aerial photo of the San Andreas Fault in the Carrizo Plain The Vasquez Rocks in Agua Dulce , California are evidence of the San Andreas Fault line and part of the 2,650 - mile Pacific Crest Trail . The Mormon Rocks within Cajon Pass show the physical movement of the San Andreas fault in southern California . 3 - D perspective view of Earth 's San Andreas Fault <H3> Northern ( edit ) </H3> See also : Calaveras Fault and Hayward Fault Zone <P> The northern segment of the fault runs from Hollister , through the Santa Cruz Mountains , epicenter of the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake , then up the San Francisco Peninsula , where it was first identified by Professor Lawson in 1895 , then offshore at Daly City near Mussel Rock . This is the approximate location of the epicenter of the 1906 San Francisco earthquake . The fault returns onshore at Bolinas Lagoon just north of Stinson Beach in Marin County . It returns underwater through the linear trough of Tomales Bay which separates the Point Reyes Peninsula from the mainland , runs just east of the Bodega Heads through Bodega Bay and back underwater , returning onshore at Fort Ross . ( In this region around the San Francisco Bay Area several significant `` sister faults '' run more - or-less parallel , and each of these can create significantly destructive earthquakes . ) From Fort Ross , the northern segment continues overland , forming in part a linear valley through which the Gualala River flows . It goes back offshore at Point Arena . After that , it runs underwater along the coast until it nears Cape Mendocino , where it begins to bend to the west , terminating at the Mendocino Triple Junction . </P> <H3> Central ( edit ) </H3> <P> The central segment of the San Andreas Fault runs in a northwestern direction from Parkfield to Hollister . While the southern section of the fault and the parts through Parkfield experience earthquakes , the rest of the central section of the fault exhibits a phenomenon called aseismic creep , where the fault slips continuously without causing earthquakes . </P> <H3> Southern ( edit ) </H3> See also : Elsinore Fault Zone , Imperial Fault , Laguna Salada Fault , and San Jacinto Fault Zone <P> The southern segment ( also known as the Mojave segment ) begins near Bombay Beach , California . Box Canyon , near the Salton Sea , contains upturned strata associated with that section of the fault . The fault then runs along the southern base of the San Bernardino Mountains , crosses through the Cajon Pass and continues northwest along the northern base of the San Gabriel Mountains . These mountains are a result of movement along the San Andreas Fault and are commonly called the Transverse Range . In Palmdale , a portion of the fault is easily examined at a roadcut for the Antelope Valley Freeway . The fault continues northwest alongside the Elizabeth Lake Road to the town of Elizabeth Lake . As it passes the towns of Gorman , Tejon Pass and Frazier Park , the fault begins to bend northward , forming the `` Big Bend '' . This restraining bend is thought to be where the fault locks up in Southern California , with an earthquake - recurrence interval of roughly 140 -- 160 years . Northwest of Frazier Park , the fault runs through the Carrizo Plain , a long , treeless plain where much of the fault is plainly visible . The Elkhorn Scarp defines the fault trace along much of its length within the plain . </P> <P> The southern segment , which stretches from Parkfield in Monterey County all the way to the Salton Sea , is capable of an 8.1 - magnitude earthquake . At its closest , this fault passes about 35 miles ( 56 km ) to the northeast of Los Angeles . Such a large earthquake on this southern segment would kill thousands of people in Los Angeles , San Bernardino , Riverside , and surrounding areas , and cause hundreds of billions of dollars in damage . </P> <H2> Plate boundaries ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The Pacific Plate , to the west of the fault , is moving in a northwest direction while the North American Plate to the east is moving toward the southwest , but relatively southeast under the influence of plate tectonics . The rate of slippage averages about 33 to 37 millimeters ( 1.3 to 1.5 in ) a year across California . </P> <P> The southwestward motion of the North American Plate towards the Pacific is creating compressional forces along the eastern side of the fault . The effect is expressed as the Coast Ranges . The northwest movement of the Pacific Plate is also creating significant compressional forces which are especially pronounced where the North American Plate has forced the San Andreas to jog westward . This has led to the formation of the Transverse Ranges in Southern California , and to a lesser but still significant extent , the Santa Cruz Mountains ( the location of the Loma Prieta earthquake in 1989 ) . </P> <P> Studies of the relative motions of the Pacific and North American plates have shown that only about 75 percent of the motion can be accounted for in the movements of the San Andreas and its various branch faults . The rest of the motion has been found in an area east of the Sierra Nevada mountains called the Walker Lane or Eastern California Shear Zone . The reason for this is not clear . Several hypotheses have been offered and research is ongoing . One hypothesis -- which gained interest following the Landers earthquake in 1992 -- suggests the plate boundary may be shifting eastward away from the San Andreas towards Walker Lane . </P> <P> Assuming the plate boundary does not change as hypothesized , projected motion indicates that the landmass west of the San Andreas Fault , including Los Angeles , will eventually slide past San Francisco , then continue northwestward toward the Aleutian Trench , over a period of perhaps twenty million years . </P> <H2> Formation ( edit ) </H2> Tectonic evolution of the San Andreas Fault . <P> The San Andreas began to form in the mid Cenozoic about 30 Mya ( million years ago ) . At this time , a spreading center between the Pacific Plate and the Farallon Plate ( which is now mostly subducted , with remnants including the Juan de Fuca Plate , Rivera Plate , Cocos Plate , and the Nazca Plate ) was beginning to reach the subduction zone off the western coast of North America . As the relative motion between the Pacific and North American Plates was different from the relative motion between the Farallon and North American Plates , the spreading ridge began to be `` subducted '' , creating a new relative motion and a new style of deformation along the plate boundaries . These geological features are what are chiefly seen along San Andreas Fault . It also includes a possible driver for the deformation of the Basin and Range , separation of the Baja California Peninsula , and rotation of the Transverse Range . </P> <P> The main southern section of the San Andreas Fault proper has only existed for about 5 million years . The first known incarnation of the southern part of the fault was Clemens Well - Fenner - San Francisquito fault zone around 22 -- 13 Ma . This system added the San Gabriel Fault as a primary focus of movement between 10 -- 5 Ma . Currently , it is believed that the modern San Andreas will eventually transfer its motion toward a fault within the Eastern California Shear Zone . This complicated evolution , especially along the southern segment , is mostly caused by either the `` Big Bend '' and / or a difference in the motion vector between the plates and the trend of the fault and it surrounding branches . </P> <H2> Study ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Early years ( edit ) </H3> <P> The fault was first identified in Northern California by UC Berkeley geology professor Andrew Lawson in 1895 and named by him after the Laguna de San Andreas , a small lake which lies in a linear valley formed by the fault just south of San Francisco . Eleven years later , Lawson discovered that the San Andreas Fault stretched southward into southern California after reviewing the effects of the 1906 San Francisco earthquake . Large - scale ( hundreds of miles ) lateral movement along the fault was first proposed in a 1953 paper by geologists Mason Hill and Thomas Dibblee . This idea , which was considered radical at the time , has since been vindicated by modern plate tectonics . </P> <H3> Current research ( edit ) </H3> <P> Seismologists discovered that the San Andreas Fault near Parkfield in central California consistently produces a magnitude 6.0 earthquake approximately once every 22 years . Following recorded seismic events in 1857 , 1881 , 1901 , 1922 , 1934 , and 1966 , scientists predicted that another earthquake should occur in Parkfield in 1993 . It eventually occurred in 2004 . Due to the frequency of predictable activity , Parkfield has become one of the most important areas in the world for large earthquake research . </P> <P> In 2004 , work began just north of Parkfield on the San Andreas Fault Observatory at Depth ( SAFOD ) . The goal of SAFOD is to drill a hole nearly 3 kilometres ( 1.9 mi ) into the Earth 's crust and into the San Andreas Fault . An array of sensors will be installed to record earthquakes that happen near this area . </P> <P> The San Andreas Fault System has been the subject of a flood of studies . In particular , scientific research performed during the last 23 years has given rise to about 3,400 publications . </P> <H3> The next `` Big one '' ( edit ) </H3> Radar generated 3 - D view of the San Andreas Fault , at Crystal Springs Reservoir near San Mateo , California . <P> A study published in 2006 in the journal Nature found that the San Andreas fault has reached a sufficient stress level for an earthquake of magnitude greater than 7.0 on the moment magnitude scale to occur . This study also found that the risk of a large earthquake may be increasing more rapidly than scientists had previously believed . Moreover , the risk is currently concentrated on the southern section of the fault , i.e. the region around Los Angeles , because massive earthquakes have occurred relatively recently on the central ( 1857 ) and northern ( 1906 ) segments of the fault , while the southern section has not seen any similar rupture for at least 300 years . According to this study , a massive earthquake on that southern section of the San Andreas fault would result in major damage to the Palm Springs - Indio metropolitan area and other cities in San Bernardino , Riverside and Imperial counties in California , and Mexicali Municipality in Baja California . It would be strongly felt ( and potentially cause significant damage ) throughout much of Southern California , including densely populated areas of Los Angeles County , Ventura County , Orange County , San Diego County , Ensenada Municipality and Tijuana Municipality , Baja California , San Luis Rio Colorado in Sonora and Yuma , Arizona . Older buildings would be especially prone to damage or collapse , as would buildings built on unconsolidated gravel or in coastal areas where water tables are high ( and thus subject to soil liquefaction ) . The paper concluded : </P> <P> The information available suggests that the fault is ready for the next big earthquake but exactly when the triggering will happen and when the earthquake will occur we can not tell ( ... ) It could be tomorrow or it could be 10 years or more from now . </P> <P> Nevertheless , in the ten years since that publication there has not been a substantial quake in the Los Angeles area , and two major reports issued by the U.S. Geological Survey ( USGS ) have made variable predictions as to the risk of future seismic events . The ability to predict major earthquakes with sufficient precision to warrant increased precautions has remained elusive . </P> <P> The U.S. Geological Survey most recent forecast , known as UCERF3 ( Uniform California Earthquake Rupture Forecast 3 ) , released in November 2013 , estimated that an earthquake of magnitude 6.7 M or greater ( i.e. equal to or greater than the 1994 Northridge earthquake ) occurs about once every 6.7 years statewide . The same report also estimated there is a 7 % probability that an earthquake of magnitude 8.0 or greater will occur in the next 30 years somewhere along the San Andreas Fault . A different USGS study in 2008 tried to assess the physical , social and economic consequences of a major earthquake in southern California . That study predicted that a magnitude 7.8 earthquake along the southern San Andreas Fault could cause about 1,800 deaths and $213 billion in damage . </P> <H3> Cascadia connection ( edit ) </H3> <P> A 2008 paper , studying past earthquakes along the Pacific coastal zone , found a correlation in time between seismic events on the northern San Andreas Fault and the southern part of the Cascadia subduction zone ( which stretches from Vancouver Island to northern California ) . Scientists believe quakes on the Cascadia subduction zone may have triggered most of the major quakes on the northern San Andreas within the past 3,000 years . The evidence also shows the rupture direction going from north to south in each of these time - correlated events . However the 1906 San Francisco earthquake seems to have been the exception to this correlation because the plate movement was moved mostly from south to north and it was not preceded by a major quake in the Cascadia zone . </P> <H2> Earthquakes ( edit ) </H2> See also : List of earthquakes in California <P> The San Andreas Fault has had some notable earthquakes in historic times : </P> <Ul> <Li> 1857 Fort Tejon earthquake : About 350 kilometers ( 220 mi ) were ruptured in central and southern California . Though it is known as the Fort Tejon earthquake , the epicenter is thought to have been located far to the north , just south of Parkfield . Two deaths were reported . The magnitude was about 7.9 . </Li> <Li> 1906 San Francisco earthquake : About 430 kilometers ( 270 mi ) were ruptured in Northern California . The epicenter was near San Francisco . At least 3,000 people died in the earthquake and subsequent fires . The magnitude was estimated to be 7.8 . </Li> <Li> 1957 San Francisco earthquake : A magnitude 5.7 quake with an epicenter on the San Andreas fault in the ocean west of San Francisco and Daly City . </Li> <Li> 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake : About 40 kilometers ( 25 mi ) were ruptured ( although the rupture did not reach the surface ) near Santa Cruz , California , causing 63 deaths and moderate damage in certain vulnerable locations in the San Francisco Bay Area . Moment magnitude was about 6.9 . This quake occurred on October 17 , 1989 , at approximately 5 : 04 PM PDT . </Li> <Li> 2004 Parkfield earthquake : On September 28 , 2004 at 10 : 15 a.m. PDT , a magnitude 6.0 earthquake struck the Parkfield area . It was felt across the state , including the San Francisco Bay Area . </Li> </Ul> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> San Francisco Bay Area portal </Li> <Li> Earthquakes portal </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> California earthquake forecast </Li> <Li> Central Valley ( California ) </Li> <Li> Coast Range Geomorphic Province </Li> <Li> Garlock Fault </Li> <Li> Geologic timeline of Western North America </Li> <Li> North Anatolian Fault </Li> <Li> Ramapo Fault </Li> <Li> San Andreas ( film ) </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` San Andreas Fault Zone '' . CalTech . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 20 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Earthquake Facts '' . earthquake.usgs.gov . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 28 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Americansouthwest.net `` Box Canyon '' </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Rong - Gong Lin II ( October 8 , 2010 ) . `` San Andreas fault capable of magnitude 8.1 earthquake over 340 - mile swath of California , researchers say '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 17 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Wallace , Robert E. `` Present - Day Crustal Movements and the Mechanics of Cyclic Deformation '' . The San Andreas Fault System , California . Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 26 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Atwater , T. , 1970 , Implications of Plate Tectonics for the Cenozoic Tectonic Evolution of Western North America </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Powell , R.E. ; Weldon , R.J. ( 1992 ) . `` Evolution of the San Andreas fault '' . Annual Reviews of Earth and Planetary Science . 20 : 431 -- 468 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Mason L. Hill ; Thomas Dibblee ( April 1953 ) . `` San Andreas , Garlock , and Big faults , California '' . Geological Society of America Bulletin : 443 -- 458 . ISBN 9780813723389 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` San Andreas Fault Observatory at Depth '' . USGS Earthquake Hazards Program . USGS . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Gizzi F.T. ( 2015 ) . `` Worldwide trends in research on the San Andreas Fault System '' ( PDF ) . Arabian Journal of Geosciences. 8 ( 12 ) : 10893 -- 10909 . doi : 10.1007 / s12517 - 015 - 1878 - 4 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ NASA ( June 23 , 2009 ) . `` NASA Radar Provides 3 - D View of San Andreas Fault '' . National Aeronautics and Space Administration . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 17 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Fialko , Yuri ( 2006 ) . `` Interseismic strain accumulation and the earthquake potential on the southern San Andreas fault System '' ( PDF ) . Nature . 441 ( 7096 ) : 968 -- 971 . Bibcode : 2006Natur. 441 ... 968F . PMID 16791192 . doi : 10.1038 / nature04797 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Geller , Robert J. ( Dec 1997 ) . `` Earthquake prediction : a critical review '' . Geophysical Journal International . 131 ( 3 ) : 425 -- 450 . Bibcode : 1997GeoJI. 131 ... 425G . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 246X. 1997. tb06588. x . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` New Long - Term Earthquake Forecast for California '' . USGS . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The ShakeOut Scenario '' . USGS . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ BSSA ( April 3 , 2008 ) . `` Earthquakes Along The Cascadia And San Andreas Faults May Be Linked , Affecting Risk To San Francisco Bay Region '' . Seismological Society of America . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 17 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> Further reading ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Collier , Michael ( December 1 , 1999 ) . A Land in Motion . UC Press . ISBN 0 - 520 - 21897 - 3 . </Li> <Li> Stoffer , Philip W. ( 2006 ) . Where 's the San Andreas fault ? A guidebook to tracing the fault on public lands in the San Francisco Bay region . USGS . General Interest Publication 16 . </Li> <Li> The California Earthquake of April 18 , 1906 : Report of the State Earthquake Investigation Commission , Andrew C. Lawson , chairman , Carnegie Institution of Washington Publication 87 , 2 vols. ( 1908 ) . Available online at this USGS webpage . </Li> <Li> Lynch , David K. ( 2006 ) . Field Guide to the San Andreas Fault : See and Touch the World 's Most Famous Fault on any one of Twelve Easy Day Trips . Thule Scientific . ISBN 0 - 9779935 - 0 - 7 . Full color , GPS coordinates , . </Li> </Ul> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wikimedia Commons has media related to San Andreas Fault . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ul> <Li> The Parkfield , California , Earthquake Experiment at the USGS </Li> <Li> San Andreas Fault Zone Observatory at Depth at the International Continental Scientific Drilling Program </Li> <Li> The San Andreas Fault by Sandra S. Schulz and Robert E. Wallace </Li> <Li> Complete Report for San Andreas fault zone , Peninsula section ( Class A ) No. 1c from the USGS </Li> <Li> New Scripps Study Reveals San Andreas Fault Set for the ' Big One ' at the Scripps Institution of Oceanography </Li> <Li> San Andreas Fault at Wallace Creek -- Kite Aerial Photography from the USGS </Li> <Li> `` Scientists Search for a Pulse in Skies Above Earthquake Country '' at JPL </Li> <Li> The Day California Cracks at Bloomberg Businessweek </Li> <Li> Google Maps Satellite View on Geology.com </Li> <Li> San Andreas Fault in Southern California </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Seismically active fault zones and tectonic blocks of California </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Statewide Faults </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> San Andreas Fault </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Faults , zones , and blocks of Southern California </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Brawley Seismic Zone </Li> <Li> Chino Fault </Li> <Li> Elsinore Fault Zone </Li> <Li> Elysian Park Fault </Li> <Li> Garlock Fault </Li> <Li> Hollywood fault </Li> <Li> Hosgri Fault </Li> <Li> Imperial Fault Zone </Li> <Li> Laguna Salada Fault </Li> <Li> Newport -- Inglewood Fault </Li> <Li> Peninsular Ranges </Li> <Li> Puente Hills Fault </Li> <Li> Raymond Fault </Li> <Li> Rose Canyon Fault </Li> <Li> Salton Trough </Li> <Li> Salinian Block </Li> <Li> San Cayetano Fault </Li> <Li> San Felipe Fault Zone </Li> <Li> San Gabriel Fault </Li> <Li> San Jacinto Fault Zone </Li> <Li> Santa Maria River Fault </Li> <Li> Santa Ynez Fault </Li> <Li> Shoreline Fault </Li> <Li> Sierra Madre Fault Zone </Li> <Li> Ventura Fault </Li> <Li> White Wolf Fault </Li> <Li> Whittier Fault </Li> <Li> Yorba Linda Fault </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Faults and zones of Northern California </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Bartlett Springs Fault </Li> <Li> Calaveras Fault </Li> <Li> Clayton - Marsh Creek - Greenville Fault </Li> <Li> Concord Fault </Li> <Li> Hayward Fault Zone </Li> <Li> Healdsburg Fault </Li> <Li> Maacama Fault </Li> <Li> Mendocino Fracture Zone </Li> <Li> Mendocino Triple Junction </Li> <Li> Mount Diablo Thrust Fault </Li> <Li> Monta Vista Fault </Li> <Li> Nacimiento Fault </Li> <Li> Pleasanton Fault </Li> <Li> Rinconada Fault </Li> <Li> San Gregorio Fault </Li> <Li> San Pablo Fault </Li> <Li> Seal Cove Fault </Li> <Li> Serra Fault </Li> <Li> Silver Creek Fault </Li> <Li> Tesla Fault </Li> <Li> West Napa Fault </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Sierra Nevada faults , zones , and blocks </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Death Valley Fault Zone </Li> <Li> Furnace Creek Fault Zone </Li> <Li> Honey Lake Fault Zone </Li> <Li> Kern Canyon Fault </Li> <Li> Maria fold and thrust belt </Li> <Li> Owens Valley Fault </Li> <Li> Rescue Lineament - Bear Mountains fault zone </Li> <Li> Sierra Nevada Batholith </Li> <Li> Sierra Nevada Fault </Li> <Li> Sierra Nevada - Great Valley Block </Li> <Li> Smartville Block </Li> <Li> Walker Lane </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> California Geological Survey </Li> <Li> Seismic Hazards Mapping Act </Li> <Li> Mexico ( list ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="3"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> State of California </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="3"> Sacramento ( capital ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Topics </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Culture <Ul> <Li> Food </Li> <Li> Music </Li> <Li> `` Myth '' </Li> <Li> Sports </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Demographics </Li> <Li> Earthquakes </Li> <Li> Economy </Li> <Li> Education </Li> <Li> Environment </Li> <Li> Geography <Ul> <Li> Climate </Li> <Li> Ecology </Li> <Li> Flora </Li> <Li> Fauna </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Government <Ul> <Li> Districts </Li> <Li> Congressional delegations </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Healthcare </Li> <Li> History </Li> <Li> Law </Li> <Li> Landmarks <Ul> <Li> State Historic Landmarks </Li> <Li> National Historic Landmarks </Li> <Li> National Natural Landmarks </Li> <Li> NRHP listings </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Politics <Ul> <Li> Elections </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> People </Li> <Li> Protected areas <Ul> <Li> State parks </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> State symbols </Li> <Li> Transportation </Li> <Li> Water </Li> <Li> Index of articles </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Regions </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Antelope Valley </Li> <Li> Big Sur </Li> <Li> California Coast Ranges </Li> <Li> Cascade Range </Li> <Li> Central California </Li> <Li> Central Coast </Li> <Li> Central Valley </Li> <Li> Channel Islands </Li> <Li> Coachella Valley </Li> <Li> Coastal California </Li> <Li> Conejo Valley </Li> <Li> Cucamonga Valley </Li> <Li> Death Valley </Li> <Li> East Bay ( SF Bay Area ) </Li> <Li> East County ( SD ) </Li> <Li> Eastern California </Li> <Li> Emerald Triangle </Li> <Li> Gold Country </Li> <Li> Great Basin </Li> <Li> Greater San Bernardino </Li> <Li> Inland Empire </Li> <Li> Klamath Basin </Li> <Li> Lake Tahoe </Li> <Li> Greater Los Angeles </Li> <Li> Los Angeles Basin </Li> <Li> Lost Coast </Li> <Li> Mojave Desert </Li> <Li> Mountain Empire </Li> <Li> North Bay ( SF ) </Li> <Li> North Coast </Li> <Li> North Coast ( SD ) </Li> <Li> Northern California </Li> <Li> Owens Valley </Li> <Li> Oxnard Plain </Li> <Li> Peninsular Ranges </Li> <Li> Pomona Valley </Li> <Li> Sacramento Valley </Li> <Li> Salinas Valley </Li> <Li> San Fernando Valley </Li> <Li> San Francisco Bay Area </Li> <Li> San Francisco Peninsula </Li> <Li> San Gabriel Valley </Li> <Li> San Joaquin Valley </Li> <Li> Santa Clara Valley </Li> <Li> Santa Clara River Valley </Li> <Li> Santa Clarita Valley </Li> <Li> Santa Ynez Valley </Li> <Li> Shasta Cascade </Li> <Li> Sierra Nevada </Li> <Li> Silicon Valley </Li> <Li> South Bay ( LA ) </Li> <Li> South Bay ( SD ) </Li> <Li> South Bay ( SF ) </Li> <Li> South Coast </Li> <Li> Southern Border Region </Li> <Li> Southern California </Li> <Li> Tech Coast </Li> <Li> Transverse Ranges </Li> <Li> Tri-Valley </Li> <Li> Victor Valley </Li> <Li> Wine Country </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Metro regions </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Metropolitan Fresno </Li> <Li> Los Angeles metropolitan area </Li> <Li> Greater Sacramento </Li> <Li> San Bernardino - Riverside metropolitan area </Li> <Li> San Francisco metropolitan area </Li> <Li> San Diego -- Tijuana </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Counties </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Alameda </Li> <Li> Alpine </Li> <Li> Amador </Li> <Li> Butte </Li> <Li> Calaveras </Li> <Li> Colusa </Li> <Li> Contra Costa </Li> <Li> Del Norte </Li> <Li> El Dorado </Li> <Li> Fresno </Li> <Li> Glenn </Li> <Li> Humboldt </Li> <Li> Imperial </Li> <Li> Inyo </Li> <Li> Kern </Li> <Li> Kings </Li> <Li> Lake </Li> <Li> Lassen </Li> <Li> Los Angeles </Li> <Li> Madera </Li> <Li> Marin </Li> <Li> Mariposa </Li> <Li> Mendocino </Li> <Li> Merced </Li> <Li> Modoc </Li> <Li> Mono </Li> <Li> Monterey </Li> <Li> Napa </Li> <Li> Nevada </Li> <Li> Orange </Li> <Li> Placer </Li> <Li> Plumas </Li> <Li> Riverside </Li> <Li> Sacramento </Li> <Li> San Benito </Li> <Li> San Bernardino </Li> <Li> San Diego </Li> <Li> San Francisco </Li> <Li> San Joaquin </Li> <Li> San Luis Obispo </Li> <Li> San Mateo </Li> <Li> Santa Barbara </Li> <Li> Santa Clara </Li> <Li> Santa Cruz </Li> <Li> Shasta </Li> <Li> Sierra </Li> <Li> Siskiyou </Li> <Li> Solano </Li> <Li> Sonoma </Li> <Li> Stanislaus </Li> <Li> Sutter </Li> <Li> Tehama </Li> <Li> Trinity </Li> <Li> Tulare </Li> <Li> Tuolumne </Li> <Li> Ventura </Li> <Li> Yolo </Li> <Li> Yuba </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Most populous cities </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Los Angeles </Li> <Li> San Diego </Li> <Li> San Jose </Li> <Li> San Francisco </Li> <Li> Fresno </Li> <Li> Sacramento </Li> <Li> Long Beach </Li> <Li> Oakland </Li> <Li> Bakersfield </Li> <Li> Anaheim </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Significant seismically active faults of North America </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> North America ( crosses national borders ) </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Alaska - Aleutian megathrust ( US - RU ) </Li> <Li> Basin and Range Province ( US - MX ) </Li> <Li> Cascadia subduction zone ( US - CA ) </Li> <Li> Clarendon - Linden fault system ( US - CA ) </Li> <Li> Denali Fault ( US - CA ) </Li> <Li> Northern Cordilleran Volcanic Province ( CA - US ) </Li> <Li> Puget Sound faults ( US - CA ) </Li> <Li> Rio Grande rift ( US - MX ) </Li> <Li> San Andreas Fault ( US - MX ) </Li> <Li> Southern Great Lakes Seismic Zone ( US - CA ) </Li> <Li> Tintina Fault ( US - CA ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Canada </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Charlevoix Seismic Zone </Li> <Li> Laurentian Slope Seismic Zone </Li> <Li> Ottawa - Bonnechere Graben </Li> <Li> Queen Charlotte Fault </Li> <Li> Saguenay Graben </Li> <Li> Saint Lawrence rift system </Li> <Li> Western Quebec Seismic Zone </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> United States </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Washington and Oregon </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Brothers Fault Zone </Li> <Li> Olympic - Wallowa Lineament </Li> <Li> Puget Sound ( Seattle Fault , Tacoma Fault ) </Li> <Li> Walker Lane </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> California </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Calaveras Fault </Li> <Li> Garlock Fault </Li> <Li> Hayward Fault Zone </Li> <Li> Mendocino Fracture Zone </Li> <Li> Newport -- Inglewood Fault </Li> <Li> Puente Hills Fault </Li> <Li> Rose Canyon Fault </Li> <Li> San Jacinto Fault Zone ( Elsinore Fault Zone ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Great Basin </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Independence Valley fault system </Li> <Li> Moab Fault </Li> <Li> Teton Fault </Li> <Li> Wasatch Fault </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Great Plains </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Central Oklahoma Fault Zone </Li> <Li> Humboldt Fault </Li> <Li> Long Point -- Eureka Heights fault system </Li> <Li> Nemaha Fault Zone </Li> <Li> Wilzetta Fault </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Midwest </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Marianna Fault </Li> <Li> New Madrid Seismic Zone </Li> <Li> Sandwich Fault Zone </Li> <Li> Wabash Valley Seismic Zone </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Appalachian Mountains and Atlantic Coast </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Aiken - Augusta Fault </Li> <Li> Eastern Tennessee Seismic Zone </Li> <Li> Middleton Place - Summerville Seismic Zone ( Woodstock Fault ) </Li> <Li> Northern Appalachians Seismic Zone </Li> <Li> Ramapo Fault </Li> <Li> Virginia Seismic Zone </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Caribbean & Mexico </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Cayman Trough </Li> <Li> Chixoy - Polochic Fault </Li> <Li> Enriquillo -- Plantain Garden fault zone ( Cuba ) </Li> <Li> Gulf of California Rift Zone </Li> <Li> Lesser Antilles subduction zone </Li> <Li> Middle America Trench ( Central America ) </Li> <Li> Motagua Fault ( Central America ) </Li> <Li> Pedro Miguel Fault </Li> <Li> Puerto Rico Trench </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> VIAF : 233720329 </Li> <Li> GND : 4105280 - 8 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=San_Andreas_Fault&oldid=808545169 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> 1906 San Francisco earthquake </Li> <Li> Geography of Kern County , California </Li> <Li> Geography of Los Angeles County , California </Li> <Li> Geography of Marin County , California </Li> <Li> Geography of Monterey County , California </Li> <Li> Geography of Palmdale , California </Li> <Li> Geography of San Bernardino County , California </Li> <Li> Geography of San Francisco </Li> <Li> Geography of San Mateo County , California </Li> <Li> Geography of Santa Clara County , California </Li> <Li> Geography of Sonoma County , California </Li> <Li> Geography of the San Francisco Bay Area </Li> <Li> Geology of Imperial County , California </Li> <Li> Geology of Los Angeles County , California </Li> <Li> Geology of Riverside County , California </Li> <Li> Geology of San Bernardino County , California </Li> <Li> History of Southern California </Li> <Li> Landforms of Humboldt County , California </Li> <Li> National Natural Landmarks in California </Li> <Li> Salton Trough </Li> <Li> Seismic faults of California </Li> <Li> Strike - 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where does the san andres fault start and end

https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=San_Andreas_Fault&amp;oldid=808545169

List of former employees of Goldman Sachs - wikipedia <H1> List of former employees of Goldman Sachs </H1> Main article : Goldman Sachs <P> This list of former employees of Goldman Sachs catalogs notable alumni of the New York City - based investment bank in different fields . </P> <Ul> <Li> Bradley Abelow -- Former Chief of Staff and Treasurer of New Jersey under Jon Corzine , and President of MF Global , Inc . </Li> <Li> Guy Adami -- CNBC 's Fast Money </Li> <Li> Olusegun Olutoyin Aganga -- Former Nigerian Finance Minister , current Nigerian Minister for Trade and Investments </Li> <Li> Claudio Aguirre -- Led most of the privatization of Spanish government assets in the 1990s , including Telefónica , Repsol and Endesa </Li> <Li> Sergey Aleynikov -- Goldman Sachs computer programmer convicted of stealing Goldman 's code </Li> <Li> Erik Åsbrink -- Minister for Finance of Sweden ( 1996 -- 1999 ) </Li> <Li> Ziad Bahaa - Eldin -- Deputy Prime Minister of Egypt ( 2013 -- ) </Li> <Li> Steve Bannon - Former executive chairman of Breitbart News LLC , and Chief Executive Officer of the Donald Trump presidential campaign , 2016 </Li> <Li> Chetan Bhagat -- Author </Li> <Li> Fischer Black -- Co -- author of the Black -- Scholes equation and the Black - Derman - Toy model </Li> <Li> Joshua Bolten -- Former White House Chief of Staff </Li> <Li> António Borges -- Portuguese economist and banker </Li> <Li> Diethart Breipohl -- Head of Group Finance at Allianz </Li> <Li> Willem Buiter -- Chief Economist of Citigroup ( 2010 -- ) </Li> <Li> Erin Burnett -- CNN host </Li> <Li> Mark Carney -- Governor of the Bank of England ( 2013 -- ) and former Governor of the Bank of Canada ( 2008 -- 2013 ) </Li> <Li> Efthymios Christodoulou -- Governor of the Bank of Greece ( 1991 -- 1993 ) </Li> <Li> Petros Christodoulou -- General Manager of the Public Debt Management Agency of Greece ( 2010 -- 2012 ) and Deputy Chief Executive Officer of the National Bank of Greece ( 2012 -- ) </Li> <Li> Michael Cohrs -- Member of Court and the Financial Policy Committee at the Bank of England </Li> <Li> Jon Corzine -- Former CEO of MF Global , Inc. , former Democratic Governor ( 2006 -- 2010 ) and US Senator ( 2001 -- 2006 ) , New Jersey </Li> <Li> Jim Cramer -- Founder of TheStreet.com , best selling author , and host of Mad Money on CNBC </Li> <Li> Charles de Croisset -- General Treasurer of Société des Amis du Louvre </Li> <Li> Guillermo de la Dehesa -- Secretary of State of Economy and Finance of Spain ( 1986 -- 1988 ) </Li> <Li> Emanuel Derman -- Co-developer of the Black - Derman - Toy model </Li> <Li> Vladimír Dlouhý -- Minister of Industry and Trade of the Czech Republic ( 1992 -- 1997 ) </Li> <Li> Mario Draghi -- President of the European Central Bank ( 2011 -- ) </Li> <Li> William C. Dudley -- President of the Federal Reserve Bank of New York </Li> <Li> Rahm Emanuel -- Mayor of Chicago ( 2011 -- ) </Li> <Li> Kazuo Inamori -- Chairman of Japan Airlines ( 2010 -- ) </Li> <Li> Óscar Fanjul -- Founding Chairman and CEO of Repsol </Li> <Li> Michael D. Fascitelli -- President & Trustee of Vornado Realty Trust </Li> <Li> Henry H. Fowler -- Former United States Secretary of the Treasury ( 1965 -- 1969 ) </Li> <Li> Gary Gensler -- Chairman of the US Commodity Futures Trading Commission ( 2009 -- ) </Li> <Li> Mark Gilbert , Major League Baseball player , and US Ambassador to New Zealand and Samoa </Li> <Li> Judd Gregg -- Governor of New Hampshire ( 1989 -- 1993 ) and United States Senator from New Hampshire ( 1993 -- 2011 ) </Li> <Li> Chris Grigg -- CEO of British Land ( 2009 -- ) </Li> <Li> Charlie Haas -- Wrestler , who is working for World Wrestling Entertainment </Li> <Li> Victor Halbertstadt -- Professor of Public Sector Finance at the University of Leiden </Li> <Li> Guy Hands -- CEO of Terra Firma Capital Partners </Li> <Li> Jim Himes -- member of the House of Representatives ( 2009 -- present ) , representing Connecticut </Li> <Li> Reuben Jeffery III -- Under Secretary of State for Economic , Business , and Agricultural Affairs ( 2007 -- ) </Li> <Li> Neel Kashkari -- Former Interim Assistant Secretary of the Treasury for Financial Stability ( 2008 -- 2009 ) </Li> <Li> Edward Lampert -- Hedge Fund Manager of ESL Investments . Brought K - Mart out of Bankruptcy in 2003 </Li> <Li> Gianni Letta -- Secretary to the Council of Ministers of Italy under the governments of Silvio Berlusconi </Li> <Li> Arthur Levitt -- Chairman of the Securities and Exchange Commission ( 1993 -- 2001 ) </Li> <Li> Klaus Luft -- German businessman and Honorary Consul of Estonia to Bavaria </Li> <Li> Ian Macfarlane -- Governor of the Reserve Bank of Australia ( 1996 -- 2006 ) </Li> <Li> Tito Mboweni -- Governor of the Reserve Bank of South Africa ( 1999 -- 2009 ) </Li> <Li> Evan McMullin - Independent candidate for President in the US presidential election , 2016 </Li> <Li> Scott Mead -- Photographer and an Investment Banker </Li> <Li> Karel Van Miert -- European Commissioner for Transport and Consumer Protection ( 1989 -- 1993 ) and European Commissioner for Competition ( 1993 -- 1999 ) </Li> <Li> Carlos Moedas -- European Commissioner for Research , Science and Innovation </Li> <Li> R. Scott Morris -- Former CEO of Boston Options Exchange </Li> <Li> Dambisa Moyo -- Zambian economist and author of Dead Aid : Why Aid is Not Working and How There is a Better Way For Africa </Li> <Li> Ashwin Navin -- President and co-founder of BitTorrent , Inc . </Li> <Li> Prince Friso of Orange - Nassau -- Younger brother of Willem - Alexander of the Netherlands </Li> <Li> Andrea Orcel -- President of UBS Investment Bank ( 2014 -- 2018 ) and chief executive of Banco Santander ( 2019 -- present ) </Li> <Li> Lucas Papademos Greek Economist </Li> <Li> Mark Patterson -- Chief of Staff to the Secretary of the Treasury of the United States ( 2009 -- ) </Li> <Li> Henry Paulson -- Former United States Secretary of the Treasury ( 2006 -- 2009 ) </Li> <Li> Romano Prodi -- Prime Minister of Italy ( 1996 -- 1998 , 2006 -- 2008 ) and President of the European Commission ( 1999 -- 2004 ) </Li> <Li> Justin B. Ries -- American scientist and inventor known for discoveries in the field of global climate change </Li> <Li> Robert Rubin -- Former Secretary of the Treasury of the United States , ex -- Chairman of Citigroup </Li> <Li> Robert F. Smith ( investor ) - Billionaire Founder and CEO of private equity firm Vista Equity Partners . Wealthiest African - American . </Li> <Li> Robert Steel -- Former Chairman and President , Wachovia </Li> <Li> Gene Sperling -- Director of the National Economic Council ( 2011 -- 2014 ) </Li> <Li> Lawrence Summers -- Secretary of the Treasury of the United States ( 1999 -- 2001 ) </Li> <Li> Peter Sutherland UN representative for refugees ; former EU commissioner ; former attorney general of Ireland ; Chairman Emeritus of GS International . </Li> <Li> John Thain -- Former Chairman and CEO , Merrill Lynch , and former chairman of the NYSE </Li> <Li> Massimo Tononi -- Treasury Undersecretary of the Ministry Of Economy and Finance of Italy ( 2006 -- 2008 ) </Li> <Li> Malcolm Turnbull -- Former Prime Minister of Australia ( 2015 - 2018 ) </Li> <Li> George Herbert Walker IV -- Managing director at Neuberger Berman and member of the Bush family </Li> <Li> Thomas B. Walker , Jr. - established Goldman Sachs ' presence in the Southwestern United States </Li> <Li> Robert Zoellick -- United States Trade Representative ( 2001 -- 2005 ) , Deputy Secretary of State ( 2005 -- 2006 ) , World Bank President ( 2007 -- 2012 ) </Li> <Li> Elisha Wiesel - chief information officer of Goldman Sachs </Li> <Li> Anthony Scaramucci -- Former White House Communications Director ( 2017 ) </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ Lattman , Peter ( August 9 , 2012 ) . `` Former Goldman Programmer Is Arrested Again '' . The New York Times . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Lewis , Michael ( August 2 , 2013 ) . `` Did Goldman Sachs Overstep in Criminally Charging Its Ex-Programmer ? '' . `` VanityFair '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bank of Canada Press Release </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Carney , Timothy P. ( March 16 , 2012 ) . `` Goldman Sachs Will Be Sitting Pretty With Emanuel in the Obama White House '' . The Washington Examiner . Retrieved 8 August 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Levitt , Arthur ( October 29 , 2009 ) . `` Taxpayers Fleeced When Leaders Tap Muni Market : Arthur Levitt '' . Bloomberg L.P. Retrieved August 10 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The boss of Santander 's digital bank says it will be ' the same direction but faster ' under new CEO Andrea Orcel '' . Business Insider . September 26 , 2018 . Retrieved September 26 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Agini , Samuel ( September 26 , 2018 ) . `` Santander poaches new CEO from UBS -- former head of investment banking Andrea Orcel '' . MarketWatch . Retrieved September 26 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Ambrose Evans - Pritchard ( May 30 , 2007 ) . `` Italians claim country run by Goldman Sachs '' . The Daily Telegraph . UK . Retrieved April 14 , 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Schmidt , Robert ( October 14 , 2009 ) . `` Geithner Aides Reaped Millions Working for Banks , Hedge Funds '' . Bloomberg . Retrieved August 9 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Malkin , Michelle ( April 21 , 2010 ) . `` All the President 's Goldman men '' . New York Post . Retrieved August 9 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Simnacher , Joe ( October 11 , 2016 ) . `` Thomas Walker Jr. , Dallas business leader , ex-Goldman Sachs executive , dies at 92 '' . The Dallas Morning News . Retrieved March 22 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Clifford , Catherine ( 21 July 2017 ) . `` Financier Anthony Scaramucci is Trump 's new communications director -- here 's how he made his millions '' . CNBC . Retrieved 12 November 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Anthony Scaramucci : Fired from the White House after 10 days '' . BBC News . 31 July 2017 . Retrieved 12 November 2017 . </Li> </Ol> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_former_employees_of_Goldman_Sachs&oldid=865679757 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> Lists of people by company </Li> <Li> Goldman Sachs people </Li> <Li> Employees by company </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> Add links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 25 October 2018 , at 13 : 45 ( UTC ) . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . 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who is the former co-chairman goldman sachs who became a u.s. secretary of the treasury

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Box lacrosse - wikipedia <H1> Box lacrosse </H1> <Table> Box lacrosse <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> A box lacrosse goaltender </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Highest governing body </Th> <Td> Federation of International Lacrosse </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Nicknames </Th> <Td> Boxla , box , indoor </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> First played </Th> <Td> 1930s in Canada </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Characteristics </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Contact </Th> <Td> Collision </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Team members </Th> <Td> 5 runners and a goalie </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Box lacrosse , also known as boxla , box , or indoor lacrosse , is an indoor version of lacrosse played mostly in North America . The game originated in Canada in the 1930s , where it is more popular than field lacrosse and is the national summer sport . Box lacrosse is played between two teams of five players and one goalie each , and is traditionally played on an ice hockey rink once the ice has been removed or covered . The playing area is called a box , in contrast to the open playing field of field lacrosse . The object of the game is to use a lacrosse stick to catch , carry , and pass the ball in an effort to score by shooting a solid rubber lacrosse ball into the opponent 's goal . </P> <P> The highest levels of box lacrosse are the National Lacrosse League ( NLL ) ( professional ) , Box Lacrosse League ( semi-pro ) , Senior A divisions of the Canadian Lacrosse Association ( semi-pro ) , the Western Lacrosse Association ( semi-pro ) , and Major Series Lacrosse ( semi-pro ) . </P> <P> While there are 59 total members of the Federation of International Lacrosse ( FIL ) , only fifteen have competed in international box lacrosse competition . Only Canada , the Iroquois Nationals and the United States have finished in the top three places at the World Indoor Lacrosse Championships . </P> <H2> Contents </H2> <Ul> <Li> 1 History </Li> <Li> 2 Rules <Ul> <Li> 2.1 Players , equipment and officials <Ul> <Li> 2.1. 1 Goaltender </Li> <Li> 2.1. 2 Defenders </Li> <Li> 2.1. 3 Transition </Li> <Li> 2.1. 4 Forwards </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2.2 Playing area </Li> <Li> 2.3 Duration and tie - breaking methods </Li> <Li> 2.4 Ball in and out of play </Li> <Li> 2.5 Penalties <Ul> <Li> 2.5. 1 Fighting </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 International competition </Li> <Li> 4 Women </Li> <Li> 5 See also </Li> <Li> 6 References <Ul> <Li> 6.1 Footnotes </Li> <Li> 6.2 Bibliography </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 7 External links </Li> </Ul> <H2> History ( edit ) </H2> Ball players , painted by George Catlin , illustrates various Native Americans playing lacrosse . <P> Lacrosse is a traditional indigenous people 's game and was first encountered by Europeans when French Jesuit missionaries in the St. Lawrence Valley witnessed the game in the 1630s . Lacrosse for centuries was seen as a key element of cultural identity and spiritual healing to Native Americans . It originated as a field game and was adopted first by Canadian , American , and English athletes as a field game , eventually settling on a 10 v 10 format . </P> <P> Box lacrosse is a modern version of the game that was invented in Canada during the 1920s and 1930s . The roots of indoor lacrosse are obscure , but its invention has been attributed to one Paddy Brennan , a field lacrosse player and referee from Montreal , who , being annoyed by the constant slowing of play from balls going out of bounds in the field game , experimented with indoor games at the Mount Royal Arena during the early 1920s . </P> <P> Joseph Cattarinich and Leo Dandurand , owners of the National Hockey League 's Montreal Canadiens in the 1920s , led the participating ice hockey arena owners to introduce the new sport . In the 1930s , 6 v 6 indoor lacrosse came to be played in the summer in unused hockey rinks . Canadians adopted the new version of the sport quickly . Eventually , it became the more popular version of the sport in Canada , supplanting field lacrosse . The form was also adopted as the primary version of the game played on Native American reservations in the US and Canada by Iroquois and other Native peoples . It is the only sport in which the American indigenous people are sanctioned to compete internationally , participating as the Iroquois Nationals . However , many field lacrosse enthusiasts viewed the new version of the sport with negativity . </P> <P> The first professional box lacrosse games were held in 1931 . That summer , the arena owners formed the International Lacrosse League , featuring four teams : the Montreal Canadiens , Montreal Maroons , Toronto Maple Leafs , and Cornwall Colts . The league lasted only two seasons . In the wake of the original International Lacrosse League opened the American Box Lacrosse League featuring six teams : two in New York City , and one each in Brooklyn , Toronto , Boston , and Baltimore . The league played to small crowds on outdoor fields such as Yankee Stadium and Fenway Park , before closing midway through its inaugural season . Lacrosse was officially declared Canada 's National Summer Sport with the passage of the National Sports Act ( Bill C - 212 ) on May 12 , 1994 . </P> <P> The first box lacrosse match conducted in Australia came about as part of a fund raising appeal for the Queen Victoria Hospital in Melbourne . The Victorian Lacrosse Association was approached by the appeal committee to stage a lacrosse match as part of a multi sport carnival at the Plaza ( Wattle Path Palais ) ballroom at St Kilda on 1 July 1931 . After a lightning six - a-side ( outdoor ) tournament format was successfully carried out a few weeks prior , it was decided to play six - a-side for this exhibition game between MCC and a composite team from other clubs , with players wearing rubber shoes and using a softer ball for the match . Newspaper articles at the time suggest that the sport may have even been created in Australia , with P.J. Lally of the famous Canadian lacrosse stick manufacturing company requesting a copy of the rules of the game from the VLA Secretary . By 1933 , box lacrosse matches were being played in Adelaide , Brisbane , and Perth . This new version of the game however did not overtake the traditional version of lacrosse in popularity in Australia as happened in Canada . </P> <P> The Canadian Lacrosse Association began sponsoring box lacrosse . In 1932 , the Mann Cup , the most prestigious lacrosse trophy in Canada , was contended for under box lacrosse rules for the first time . Previously , the national senior men 's lacrosse championship , awarded since 1901 , was competed for under field lacrosse rules . The Mann Cup is an annual tournament that presents the champion of the Western Lacrosse Association and Major Series Lacrosse in a best of seven national championship . A few years later , in 1937 , the Minto Cup , began being awarded under box lacrosse rules to the junior men 's champions . Currently the Canadian Lacrosse Association oversees the Mann Cup , the Minto Cup , the Presidents Cup ( Senior B national championship ) the Founders Cup ( Junior B national championship ) all under box lacrosse rules . </P> <P> Briefly in 1939 , a professional box lacrosse league started up in California , called the Pacific Coast Lacrosse Association . This four team league also folded shortly after opening . Professional box lacrosse did not return to the United States again until 1968 when the Portland Adanacs and Detroit Olympics franchises played in the National Lacrosse Association , a circuit that folded after one summer season seaso . </P> National Lacrosse League action during an All - Star Game in 2005 <P> A new professional indoor lacrosse league was created in the 1970s with the formation of the original National Lacrosse League . This league opened in 1974 with teams in Montreal , Toronto , Rochester , Syracuse , Philadelphia , and Maryland . For the 1975 season , Rochester moved to Boston , Syracuse moved to Quebec City , and Toronto moved to Long Island . Thus , by its second year , the original NLL was playing in all major league arenas : the Colisée de Québec , the Montreal Forum , the Boston Garden , Nassau Coliseum , the Spectrum , and the Capital Centre . When the two wealthier ' 75 NLL franchises , Philadelphia and Maryland , finished out of the playoffs , and with Montreal losing access to the fabled Montreal Forum in the upcoming season due to the 1976 Montreal Olympic Games , the league folded after two seasons due to financial uncertainty . </P> <P> The rebirth of professional box lacrosse in the United States came on March 13 , 1986 , with the formation of the Eagle Pro Box Lacrosse League , which was incorporated by Russ Cline and Chris Fritz . The league originated with four teams : the Philadelphia Wings , New Jersey Saints , Washington Wave , and Baltimore Thunder , and unlike box lacrosse generally , was played during the winter . The league rebranded itself as the Major Indoor Lacrosse League ( MILL ) immediately after its inaugural season , and in 1998 renamed itself again , this time to the NLL . In 1998 , the NLL entered into the Canadian market for the first time with the Ontario Raiders . Although 5 of the league 's 9 teams are based in American cities , more than two - thirds of the players are Canadian . </P> <H2> Rules ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Players , equipment and officials ( edit ) </H3> Windsor Clippers ( OJBLL ) runner in 2014 . <P> During play , a team consists of six players : a goaltender and five `` runners '' . A runner is any non-goalkeeper position player , including forwards , transition players , and defenders . Runners usually specialize in one of these roles and substitute off the field when the ball moves from one end to the other . When the sport originated teams played with six runners . However , in 1953 the sixth runner , a position called rover , was eliminated . The goalkeeper can be replaced by another runner , often when a delayed penalty has been called on the other team or at the end of games by teams that are behind to help score goals . </P> <P> A player 's lacrosse stick must be between 40 inches ( 1.0 m ) and 46 inches ( 1.2 m ) in length ( youth levels may use shorter sticks ) . In most box lacrosse leagues , the use of a traditional wooden stick is allowed . However , almost no lacrosse players use wooden sticks anymore , preferring aluminum or another metal , and a plastic head . In the NLL , wooden lacrosse sticks are not allowed . Besides a lacrosse stick , each player must also wear a certain amount of protective equipment , including a lacrosse helmet with facemask , lacrosse gloves , arm and shoulder pads , and back / kidney pads . Rib pads are optional in some leagues . </P> <P> In some box leagues , especially the NLL , the five `` runners '' wear helmets specifically designed for box lacrosse . These helmets consist of a hockey helmet with a box lacrosse face mask attached instead of a hockey cage . </P> <P> During a typical game the number of officials can range from one to three , depending on the league and level of play . In most games there are at least two referees : a lead official and a trail official . In NLL games there are three officials per game . </P> Goaltender ( edit ) See also : Goaltender ( box lacrosse ) St. Catharines Spartans ( OJBLL ) goalie in 2014 . <P> The goaltender 's responsibility is to prevent the opposition from scoring goals by directly defending the net . Box lacrosse goaltenders equipment includes upper body gear ( measuring no more than 3 inches ( 7.6 cm ) up and 5 inches ( 13 cm ) out off the shoulder -- much larger than similar gear for field lacrosse or ice hockey goaltenders ) , large shin guards that must measure no more than 11 inches ( 28 cm ) at the knee , 9 inches ( 23 cm ) at the top of the shin and 7 inches ( 18 cm ) at the ankle , and a field lacrosse helmet or ice hockey goalie mask . </P> <P> The 9 feet ( 2.7 m ) to 9 feet 3 inches ( 2.82 m ) radius area surrounding the net is called the `` crease '' . Players except for the goaltender may not enter the crease while playing the ball . Punishments for crease infractions include a change of possession , resetting of the time - clock , or a possible two - minute penalty depending on the infraction . Opposing players may not make contact with the goaltender while he is in the crease . Once he leaves the crease , however , he loses all goaltender privileges . </P> <P> Even as box lacrosse grows in the United States , the American goalkeeper is a rarity . The skills required to be a successful field lacrosse goaltender and a successful box lacrosse goaltender are very different and do not lend well to one another . </P> Defenders ( edit ) <P> A defender is a player position whose primary responsibility is to prevent the opposing team from scoring . Unlike in field lacrosse where some defensive players carry longer sticks , all box lacrosse defenders play with a maximum 46 inches ( 1.2 m ) long stick . Defensive tactics include cross checking ( where a player uses the shaft of his stick to push the opposition player off balance ) , body checking ( where a player makes contact with the opposition player in order to slow him down ) , and stick checking ( where a player makes contact with the opposition player 's stick in order to knock the ball loose ) . </P> Transition ( edit ) <P> A transition player is a player whose responsibility is primarily to play during defensive situations with an offensive mindset . The goal of this player is to create fastbreaks and scoring opportunities . </P> Forwards ( edit ) <P> A forward is a player position on the field whose responsibility is primarily offensive . Typically , a forward is dominant throwing with one hand or the other , and will primarily play on that side of the floor . Some players , known as creasemen , do not focus on one side or the other . These players instead focus their offensive attention near the crease area in front of the goaltender . </P> <H3> Playing area ( edit ) </H3> Detailed diagram illustrating the differences and similarities between Canadian Lacrosse Association and National Lacrosse League box lacrosse playing areas <P> The playing area of box lacrosse is typically an ice hockey rink during the summer months . The playing surface is usually the concrete floor underneath the melted ice . Generally the playing area is 180 feet ( 55 m ) to 200 feet ( 61 m ) in length and 80 feet ( 24 m ) to 90 feet ( 27 m ) in width . The NLL plays on artificial turf placed on top of the ice . Some leagues , and teams that have dedicated box lacrosse arenas ( such as the Iroquois ) , have outfitted their playing surface with artificial turf similar to the NLL . </P> <P> Box lacrosse goal dimensions are traditionally 4 feet ( 1.2 m ) wide by 4 feet ( 1.2 m ) tall . In the NLL , the dimensions are slightly larger at 4 feet 9 inches ( 1.45 m ) wide by 4 feet ( 1.2 m ) tall . These nets are significantly smaller than field lacrosse nets which measure 6 feet ( 1.8 m ) wide by 6 feet ( 1.8 m ) tall . </P> <H3> Duration and tie - breaking methods ( edit ) </H3> <P> A traditional game played under the rules of the Canadian Lacrosse Association consists of three periods of 20 minutes each ( similar to ice hockey ) , with the teams changing ends each period . The NLL plays four 15 - minute quarters rather than three periods . If the game is tied at the end of regulation play , a 5 - minute overtime ( 15 in NLL ) can be played . Overtime may or may not be sudden victory , depending on the league . </P> <H3> Ball in and out of play ( edit ) </H3> Referee placing the ball while opponents line up for a face - off . <P> Each period , and after each goal scored , play is restarted with a face - off . If a ball travels over the boards and outside of the playing area , play is restarted by possession being awarded to the opposing team to that which last touched the ball . </P> <P> During play , teams may substitute players in and out freely . Sometimes this is referred to as `` on the fly '' substitution . Substitution must occur within the designated exchange area in front of the players bench in order to be legal . The sport utilizes a shot clock and the attacking team must take a shot on goal within 30 seconds of gaining possession of the ball . In addition , players must advance the ball from their own defensive end to the offensive half of the floor within 10 seconds ( 8 in NLL ) . </P> <H3> Penalties ( edit ) </H3> <P> For most penalties , the offending player is sent to the penalty box and his team has to play without him and with one less player for a short amount of time . Most penalties last for two minutes unless a major penalty has been assessed . The team that has taken the penalty is said to be playing shorthanded while the other team is on the power play . </P> <P> A two - minute minor penalty is often called for lesser infractions such as slashing , tripping , elbowing , roughing , too many players , illegal equipment , holding , or interference . Five - minute major penalties are called for especially violent instances of most minor infractions that result in intentional injury to an opponent , as well as for fighting . Players are released from the penalty box when either the penalty time expires , or the opposition scores a goal ( or three goals for the instance of a major penalty ) . </P> <P> At the officials ' discretion a ten - minute misconduct penalty may be assessed . These are served in full by the penalized player , but his team may immediately substitute another player on the playing area unless a minor or major penalty is assessed in conjunction with the misconduct ( a `` two - and - ten '' or `` five - and - ten '' ) . In that case , the team designates another player to serve the minor or major ; both players go to the penalty box , but only the designee may not be replaced , and he is released upon the expiration of the two or five minutes . In addition , game misconducts are assessed for deliberate intent to inflict severe injury on an opponent . A player who receives a game misconduct is ejected and may not return to play . Receiving two major penalties in a game will result in a game misconduct . </P> A fight during a lacrosse game between two players on the Toronto Rock and Calgary Roughnecks <P> A penalty shot , where a player from the non-offending team is given an attempt to score a goal without opposition from any defending players except the goaltender , may be awarded under certain circumstances . By rule , teams must have at least three runners in play . If a team commits a third penalty resulting in a `` three man down '' situation a penalty shot is awarded in favor of having the offending player serve in the penalty box . A penalty shot may also be awarded , at the referee 's discretion , if a defensive player causes a foul to prevent a goal ( by throwing his stick , holding , tripping , or by deliberately displacing the goal , or a defensive player intentionally falls and covers a ball in his own team 's crease ) . In the NLL , a penalty shot is awarded against any team taking a too - many - men penalty in the final two minutes of the game or overtime . </P> Fighting ( edit ) <P> Similar to fighting in ice hockey , fighting is tolerated in professional box lacrosse . Professional players are not automatically subject to ejection , but incur a five - minute major penalty . In Canadian Lacrosse Association play , players are assessed a five - minute major penalty plus a game misconduct . Fighting in youth or club level box lacrosse is typically penalized with expulsion and suspensions . In 1990 , when the Six Nations created the new Mohawk lacrosse league , fighting was specifically targeted as unacceptable . Violators were ejected from the game in which the altercation occurred and given a minimum three game suspension . </P> <H2> International competition ( edit ) </H2> <P> Box lacrosse is the most popular version of the sport in the Czech Republic . It is also played to a marginal degree in Australia , primarily by players who have played field lacrosse . Club level box lacrosse leagues in the United States have increased the number of players exposed to the sport , including the : Baltimore Indoor Lacrosse League , the Philadelphia Box Lacrosse Association , and the Metro Area Box Lacrosse League . </P> <P> The first world championship of box lacrosse , `` The Nations in 1980 '' , was staged in several arenas in British Columbia , Canada in July 1980 involving teams representing the United States , Australia , Canada East , Canada West and the Iroquois Nationals . Canada West ( Coquitlam Adanacs ) defeated the Iroquois in the nationally televised world championship game from Pacific Coliseum in Vancouver . This was the first time in history that Indigenous peoples of the Americas people represented themselves in an athletic world championship competition . </P> <P> The second international box lacrosse tournament was held in 2003 , with the inaugural World Indoor Lacrosse Championships . The competitors were national teams from Australia , Canada , the Czech Republic , the Iroquois Nationals , Scotland , and the United States . </P> <P> The 2015 WILC was hosted by the Onondaga Nation which marks the first time an international sporting event has been held on indigenous land . 13 teams competed in the championship : Australia , Canada , Czech Republic , England , Finland , Germany , Iroquois Nationals , Ireland , Israel , Serbia , Switzerland , Turkey , and the United States . </P> <P> Canada , Iroquois Nationals and the United States have won gold , silver , and bronze respectively in each of the World Indoor Lacrosse Championships held . Canada has yet to lose an international game in box lacrosse . </P> <P> Other international tournaments have been played . Annually , the European Lacrosse Federation holds the Aleš Hřebeský Memorial tournament in Prague . This is the largest European box lacrosse tournament . In 2002 and 2004 , the Heritage Cup was played between the United States and Canada featuring mostly players that were members of NLL teams . </P> <H2> Women ( edit ) </H2> <P> Historically , box lacrosse has been exclusively a men 's sport . Women who played the sport of lacrosse typically played the women 's field lacrosse version . Recently , Ontario , Alberta , Nova Scotia and British Columbia have established girls ' and women 's box lacrosse leagues . </P> <P> During the 2003 NLL season , goaltender Ginny Capicchioni appeared in two preseason and one regular season games to become the only woman to make an appearance in the NLL . </P> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Canada portal </Li> <Li> Sports portal </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Lacrosse in Canada </Li> <Li> Sports in Canada </Li> <Li> Major Indoor Lacrosse League / National Lacrosse League ( 1997 -- present ) </Li> <Li> Major Series Lacrosse ( 1887 -- present ) </Li> <Li> Western Lacrosse Association ( 1932 -- present ) </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Footnotes ( edit ) </H3> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ Vennum , p. 9 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Barrie , Don . `` Lacrosse on ice sounds nice '' . The Peterborough Examiner . Retrieved 2013 - 02 - 14 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Fisher , p. 157 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Fisher , p. 120 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Vennum , p. 281 </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Hu , Winnie ( July 13 , 2007 ) . `` Indians Widen Old Outlet in Youth Lacrosse '' . New York Times . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 31 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Fryling , Kevin ( 2006 - 07 - 27 ) . `` Nike deal promotes Native American wellness , lacrosse '' . University of Buffalo Reporter . Retrieved 2006 - 07 - 28 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Fisher , p. 161 - 164 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 1931 International Lacrosse Federation Game Program '' . Wamper 's Bible of Lacrosse . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 25 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Fisher , p. 158 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Fisher , p. 160 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Marlatt , Craig I.W. `` Symbols , Facts , & Lists : Official Symbols '' . CanadaInfo . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 23 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` National Sports of Canada '' . Sport Canada . May 12 , 1994 . Archived from the original on 2008 - 09 - 14 . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 09 . It 's a rougher adaptation of the original field versions of lacrosse with elements similar to hockey and basketball . It has the speed , agility , flexibilty , coordination and main aspect of scoring on a net from hockey , the offensive set up ( 2 - 2 - 1 ) `` house '' when attacking the other team 's goal , a shot clock of 30 seconds to shoot on the net , and regular setting of `` picks '' similar to basketball . Box lacrosse defenders are allowed to block attackers from getting near their goal by cross checking , a technique that is not allowed in field lacrosse . Box Lacrosse is known to be the fastest sport on two feet and one of the most brutal sports known to man . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` M.C.C. STILL UNDEFEATED . '' The Australasian . Melbourne . 27 June 1931 . p. 49 . Retrieved 24 October 2015 -- via National Library of Australia . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` LACROSSE '' . The Argus . Melbourne . 9 June 1931 . p. 13 . Retrieved 24 October 2015 -- via National Library of Australia . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` LACROSSE '' . The Australasian . Melbourne . 11 July 1931 . p. 50 . Retrieved 24 October 2015 -- via National Library of Australia . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` LACROSSE '' . The Telegraph ( FIRST EDITION ed . ) . Brisbane. 4 September 1931 . p. 12 . Retrieved 24 October 2015 -- via National Library of Australia . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` LACROSSE '' . The West Australian . Perth. 24 May 1932 . p. 14 . Retrieved 26 September 2012 -- via National Library of Australia . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` LACROSSE '' . The West Australian . Perth. 14 June 1932 . p. 14 . Retrieved 26 September 2012 -- via National Library of Australia . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` UNJUSTIFIED CRITICISM OF LACROSSE REFEREES '' . The Advertiser . Adelaide. 10 June 1932 . p. 11 . Retrieved 26 September 2012 -- via National Library of Australia . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` LACROSSE '' . The Brisbane Courier. 4 July 1933 . p. 7 . Retrieved 26 September 2012 -- via National Library of Australia . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` LACROSSE '' . Western Mail . Perth. 27 July 1933 . p. 19 . Retrieved 26 September 2012 -- via National Library of Australia . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` LACROSSE '' . The West Australian . Perth. 5 July 1932 . p. 4 . Retrieved 26 September 2012 -- via National Library of Australia . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Mann Cup : Canada 's signature lacrosse event '' . cbc.ca . Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 15 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` WLA Lacrosse Association '' . British Columbia Lacrosse Association . Archived from the original on April 9 , 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 04 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Major Series Lacrosse '' . Ontario Lacrosse Association . Archived from the original on 2009 - 06 - 09 . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 04 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Men 's Box Lacrosse National Championships '' . Canadian Lacrosse Association . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 04 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Fisher , p. 165 - 166 </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Shillington , Stan . `` A Place In Sport History '' . AdanacLacrosse.com . Archived from the original on October 10 , 2007 . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 28 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` National Lacrosse League : History '' . Major League Sports Almanac . Archived from the original on 2009 - 10 - 22 . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 04 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` NLL Pro Stats : 1974 and 1975 '' . Wamper 's Bible of Lacrosse . Archived from the original on February 14 , 2009 . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 04 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Lax 101 : League History '' . NLL.com . Archived from the original on 2008 - 10 - 14 . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 27 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` National Lacrosse League Rulebook '' ( PDF ) . NLL.com . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2008 - 12 - 17 . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 27 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ NLL Team Rosters on Pointstreak.com , as of March 25 , 2007 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` OLA Lacrosse History : 1953 '' . Thistles Lacrosse History . October 8 , 2008 . Archived from the original on 2009 - 10 - 26 . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 28 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Box Lacrosse : The Game '' . Canadian Lacrosse Association . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 28 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Vennum , p. 287 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Box Lacrosse Equipment Guideline '' . Zone4Laxx.com . Archived from the original on 2008 - 11 - 21 . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 28 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` What 's the Deal With Box Helmets ? Archived April 7 , 2014 , at the Wayback Machine . '' Lacrosselime.com. 25 February 2014 . Retrieved March 3 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Officials Forms : Referee Floor Positioning diagrams in PowerPoint '' . Canadian Lacrosse Association . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 10 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` The American Goalie '' . NLL.com . October 8 , 2008 . Archived from the original on 2008 - 10 - 08 . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 28 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Canadian Lacrosse Association has developed the Parents and Players Guide to Box Lacrosse '' ( PDF ) . Canadian Lacrosse Association . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on October 25 , 2006 . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 04 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Lax 101 : Terms of the Turf '' . NLL.com . Archived from the original on 2008 - 10 - 14 . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 06 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 2008 National Lacrosse League Media Guide '' ( PDF ) . NLL.com . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2008 - 10 - 31 . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 06 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Floor Diagram and Line Markings for CLA Play '' ( PDF ) . Canadian Lacrosse Association . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on March 4 , 2009 . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 04 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Rules of Men 's Field Larosse '' ( PDF ) . International Lacrosse Federation . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on January 6 , 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 03 - 30 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Canadian Box Lacrosse Rules '' ( PDF ) . Nepean Knights Minor Lacrosse Association . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2007 - 07 - 10 . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 10 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Vennum , p. 234 - 235 </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` European Lacrosse Federation -- Men 's Box Lacrosse '' . EuropeanLacrosse.org . Archived from the original on 2008 - 10 - 09 . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 28 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Williamstown Lacrosse Club history '' . Williamstown Lacrosse Club . Archived from the original on 2009 - 02 - 13 . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 06 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Baltimore Indoor Lacrosse League '' . Baltimore Indoor Lacrosse League . Archived from the original on 2009 - 02 - 14 . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 31 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Philadelphia Box Lacrosse Association FAQ 's '' . PhillyBoxLacrosse.org . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 31 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Metro Area Box Lacrosse League '' . www.mabll.com . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 04 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 2003 World Indoor Lacrosse Championships '' . Outsider 's Guide . Archived from the original on 2009 - 02 - 15 . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 04 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` WILC 2015 '' . Archived from the original on 2015 - 02 - 15 . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 29 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Elliot , Danielle ( 24 September 2015 ) . `` Native America 's Team : four Onondaga brothers shatter records and perceptions '' . Guardian ( UK ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` WILC 2015 '' . Federation of International Lacrosse . Retrieved 15 November 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Joe , Fee ( October 5 , 2002 ) . `` American outburst rocks Canadians in Heritage Cup '' . Outsider 's Guide . Archived from the original on February 14 , 2009 . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 04 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Philly , R.A. ( October 16 , 2004 ) . `` Canadians swipe Heritage Cup , 17 - 8 '' . Outsider 's Guide . Archived from the original on February 15 , 2009 . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 04 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Fisher , p. 200 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Ontario Girls Box Lacrosse Website '' . OntarioGirlsBoxLacrosse.com . Archived from the original on 2009 - 02 - 13 . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 06 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` BC Women 's Lacrosse Website '' . BCWomensLacrosse.com . Archived from the original on 2009 - 02 - 13 . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 06 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Lacrosse : First Woman Plays In League Game '' . New York Times . April 14 , 2003 . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 06 . </Li> </Ol> <H3> Bibliography ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Fisher , Donald M. ( 2002 ) . Lacrosse : A History of the Game . JHU Press . ISBN 0 - 8018 - 6938 - 2 . </Li> <Li> Vennum , Thomas ( 2008 ) . American Indian Lacrosse : Little Brother of War . JHU Press . ISBN 0 - 8018 - 8764 - X . </Li> <Li> `` Thistles Lacrosse History '' . Bible of Lacrosse . Archived from the original on 2009 - 10 - 22 . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 27 . </Li> <Li> `` 1931 Video First Box Lacrosse Game -- Toronto at Montreal '' . Bible of Lacrosse . Archived from the original on 2008 - 08 - 20 . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 27 . </Li> </Ul> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wikimedia Commons has media related to Box lacrosse . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ul> <Li> Box Lacrosse at Lacrosse-Information.com </Li> <Li> The Latest in Box Lacrosse at Box Lacrosse.Org </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Box lacrosse leagues </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Senior </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Professional </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> National Lacrosse League </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Semi-Pro </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Arena Lacrosse League </Li> <Li> Box Lacrosse League </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Major </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Major Series Lacrosse </Li> <Li> Western Lacrosse Association </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> CDN Senior B </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Can - Am </Li> <Li> Nova Scotia </Li> <Li> Ontario </Li> <Li> Prairie Gold </Li> <Li> Quebec </Li> <Li> Rocky Mountain </Li> <Li> Three Nations </Li> <Li> West Coast </Li> </Ul> 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how many players on a box lacrosse team

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List of Olympic Games host cities - wikipedia <H1> List of Olympic Games host cities </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <P> This is a list of host cities of the Olympic Games , both summer and winter , since the modern Olympics began in 1896 . Since then , summer games have usually -- but not always -- celebrated a four - year period known as an Olympiad . There have been 28 Summer Olympic Games held in 24 cities , and 23 Winter Olympic Games held in 20 cities . In addition , three summer and two winter editions of the Games were scheduled to take place but later cancelled due to war : Berlin ( summer ) in 1916 ; Tokyo / Helsinki ( summer ) and Sapporo / Garmisch - Partenkirchen ( winter ) in 1940 ; and London ( summer ) and Cortina d'Ampezzo , Italy ( winter ) in 1944 . The 1906 Summer Olympics were officially sanctioned and held in Athens . However , in 1949 , the International Olympic Committee ( IOC ) , decided to unrecognize the 1906 Games . Four cities have been chosen by the IOC to host upcoming Olympic Games : Tokyo for the 2020 Summer Olympics , Beijing for the 2022 Winter Olympics , Paris for the 2024 Summer Olympics , and Los Angeles for the 2028 Summer Olympics . </P> <P> In 2022 , Beijing will become the only city that has held both the summer and the winter Olympic Games . Nine cities will have hosted the Olympic Games more than once : Athens ( 1896 and 2004 Summer Olympics ) , Paris ( 1900 , 1924 and 2024 Summer Olympics ) , London ( 1908 , 1948 and 2012 Summer Olympics ) , St. Moritz ( 1928 and 1948 Winter Olympics ) , Lake Placid ( 1932 and 1980 Winter Olympics ) , Los Angeles ( 1932 , 1984 and 2028 Summer Olympics ) , Innsbruck ( 1964 and 1976 Winter Olympics ) , Tokyo ( 1964 and 2020 Summer Olympics ) and Beijing ( 2008 Summer Olympics and 2022 Winter Olympics ) . In addition , Stockholm hosted the 1912 Summer Olympics and the equestrian portion of the 1956 Summer Olympics . London became the first city to have hosted three Games with the 2012 Summer Olympics . Paris will become the second city to do this with the 2024 Summer Olympics , followed by Los Angeles as the third in 2028 . The United States has hosted a total of eight Olympic Games , more than any other country , followed by France with five editions . Canada , Germany , Italy , Japan , and the United Kingdom have each hosted three Games . </P> <P> The Games have primarily been hosted in the continents of Europe ( 36 editions ) and North America ( 12 editions ) ; eight Games have been hosted in Asia and two have been hosted in Oceania . In 2016 , Rio de Janeiro became South America 's first Olympic host city , while the African continent has yet to hold the Games . Other major geographic regions which have never hosted the Olympics include the Middle East , the Indian subcontinent , the Caribbean , and Southeast Asia . </P> <P> Host cities are selected by the IOC membership , usually seven years in advance . The selection process lasts approximately two years . In the first stage , any city in the world may submit an application to become a host city . After 10 months , the Executive Board of the IOC decides which applicant city will become official candidates as based on the recommendation of a working group that reviews the applications . In a second stage , the candidate cities are investigated thoroughly by an Evaluation Commission , which then submits a final short list of cities to be considered for selection . The host city is then chosen by vote of the IOC session , a general meeting of IOC members . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Olympic Games host cities <Ul> <Li> 1.1 Host cities for multiple Summer and Winter Olympic Games </Li> <Li> 1.2 Number of Olympic Games by country </Li> <Li> 1.3 Number of Olympic Games by continent </Li> <Li> 1.4 Unsuccessful cities </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2 See also </Li> <Li> 3 Notes </Li> <Li> 4 References </Li> <Li> 5 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Olympic Games host cities ( edit ) </H2> <Dl> <Dd> For individual summer and winter lists , see List of modern Summer Olympic Games and List of Winter Olympic Games . </Dd> </Dl> <Table> <Tr> <Th> City </Th> <Th> Country </Th> <Th> Continent </Th> <Th> Summer ( Olympiad ) </Th> <Th> Winter </Th> <Th> Year </Th> <Th> Opening Ceremony </Th> <Th> Closing Ceremony </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Athens </Td> <Td> Greece </Td> <Td> Europe </Td> <Td> S005 I </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1896 </Td> <Td> 000000002018 - 04 - 06 - 0000 April 6 </Td> <Td> 000000002018 - 04 - 15 - 0000 April 15 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Paris </Td> <Td> France </Td> <Td> Europe </Td> <Td> S005 II </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1900 </Td> <Td> 000000002018 - 05 - 14 - 0000 May 14 </Td> <Td> 000000002018 - 10 - 28 - 0000 October 28 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> St. Louis </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> North America </Td> <Td> S005 III </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1904 </Td> <Td> 000000002018 - 07 - 01 - 0000 July 1 </Td> <Td> 000000002018 - 11 - 23 - 0000 November 23 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> London </Td> <Td> United Kingdom </Td> <Td> Europe </Td> <Td> S005 IV </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1908 </Td> <Td> 000000002018 - 04 - 27 - 0000 April 27 </Td> <Td> 000000002018 - 10 - 31 - 0000 October 31 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Stockholm </Td> <Td> Sweden </Td> <Td> Europe </Td> <Td> S005 V </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1912 </Td> <Td> 000000002018 - 05 - 05 - 0000 May 5 </Td> <Td> 000000002018 - 07 - 22 - 0000 July 22 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Berlin </Td> <Td> Germany </Td> <Td> Europe </Td> <Td> S006 VI </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1916 </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> Cancelled due to WWI </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Antwerp </Td> <Td> Belgium </Td> <Td> Europe </Td> <Td> S007 VII </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1920 </Td> <Td> 000000002018 - 04 - 20 - 0000 April 20 </Td> <Td> 000000002018 - 09 - 12 - 0000 September 12 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Chamonix </Td> <Td> France </Td> <Td> Europe </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> W001 I </Td> <Td> 1924 </Td> <Td> 000000002018 - 01 - 25 - 0000 January 25 </Td> <Td> 000000002018 - 02 - 04 - 0000 February 4 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Paris </Td> <Td> France </Td> <Td> Europe </Td> <Td> S008 VIII </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 000000002018 - 05 - 04 - 0000 May 4 </Td> <Td> 000000002018 - 07 - 27 - 0000 July 27 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> St. Moritz </Td> <Td> Switzerland </Td> <Td> Europe </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> W002 II </Td> <Td> 1928 </Td> <Td> 000000002018 - 02 - 11 - 0000 February 11 </Td> <Td> 000000002018 - 02 - 19 - 0000 February 19 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Amsterdam </Td> <Td> Netherlands </Td> <Td> Europe </Td> <Td> S009 IX </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 000000002018 - 05 - 17 - 0000 May 17 </Td> <Td> 000000002018 - 08 - 12 - 0000 August 12 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Lake Placid </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> North America </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> W003 III </Td> <Td> 1932 </Td> <Td> 000000002018 - 02 - 04 - 0000 February 4 </Td> <Td> 000000002018 - 02 - 15 - 0000 February 15 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Los Angeles </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> North America </Td> <Td> S010 X </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 000000002018 - 07 - 30 - 0000 July 30 </Td> <Td> 000000002018 - 08 - 14 - 0000 August 14 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Garmisch - Partenkirchen </Td> <Td> Nazi Germany </Td> <Td> Europe </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> W004 IV </Td> <Td> 1936 </Td> <Td> 000000002018 - 02 - 06 - 0000 February 6 </Td> <Td> 000000002018 - 02 - 16 - 0000 February 16 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Berlin </Td> <Td> Nazi Germany </Td> <Td> Europe </Td> <Td> S011 XI </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 000000002018 - 08 - 01 - 0000 August 1 </Td> <Td> 000000002018 - 08 - 16 - 0000 August 16 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Sapporo Garmisch - Partenkirchen </Td> <Td> Empire of Japan Nazi Germany </Td> <Td> Asia Europe </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> W005a V </Td> <Td> 1940 </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> Cancelled due to WWII </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Tokyo Helsinki </Td> <Td> Empire of Japan Finland </Td> <Td> Asia Europe </Td> <Td> S012 XII </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Cortina d'Ampezzo </Td> <Td> Italy </Td> <Td> Europe </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> W005b V </Td> <Td> 1944 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> London </Td> <Td> United Kingdom </Td> <Td> Europe </Td> <Td> S013 XIII </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> St. Moritz </Td> <Td> Switzerland </Td> <Td> Europe </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> W005c V </Td> <Td> 1948 </Td> <Td> 000000002018 - 01 - 30 - 0000 January 30 </Td> <Td> 000000002018 - 02 - 08 - 0000 February 8 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> London </Td> <Td> United Kingdom </Td> <Td> Europe </Td> <Td> S014 XIV </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 000000002018 - 07 - 29 - 0000 July 29 </Td> <Td> 000000002018 - 08 - 14 - 0000 August 14 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Oslo </Td> <Td> Norway </Td> <Td> Europe </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> W006 VI </Td> <Td> 1952 </Td> <Td> 000000002018 - 02 - 14 - 0000 February 14 </Td> <Td> 000000002018 - 02 - 25 - 0000 February 25 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Helsinki </Td> <Td> Finland </Td> <Td> Europe </Td> <Td> S015 XV </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 000000002018 - 07 - 19 - 0000 July 19 </Td> <Td> 000000002018 - 08 - 03 - 0000 August 3 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Cortina d'Ampezzo </Td> <Td> Italy </Td> <Td> Europe </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> W007 VII </Td> <Td> 1956 </Td> <Td> 000000002018 - 01 - 26 - 0000 January 26 </Td> <Td> 000000002018 - 02 - 05 - 0000 February 5 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Melbourne Stockholm </Td> <Td> Australia Sweden </Td> <Td> Oceania Europe </Td> <Td> S016 XVI </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 000000002018 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 000000002018 - 06 - 10 - 0000 June 10 </Td> <Td> 000000002018 - 12 - 08 - 0000 December 8 000000002018 - 06 - 17 - 0000 June 17 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Squaw Valley </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> North America </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> W008 VIII </Td> <Td> 1960 </Td> <Td> 000000002018 - 02 - 18 - 0000 February 18 </Td> <Td> 000000002018 - 02 - 28 - 0000 February 28 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Rome </Td> <Td> Italy </Td> <Td> Europe </Td> <Td> S017 XVII </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 000000002018 - 08 - 25 - 0000 August 25 </Td> <Td> 000000002018 - 09 - 11 - 0000 September 11 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Innsbruck </Td> <Td> Austria </Td> <Td> Europe </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> W009 IX </Td> <Td> 1964 </Td> <Td> 000000002018 - 01 - 29 - 0000 January 29 </Td> <Td> 000000002018 - 02 - 09 - 0000 February 9 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Tokyo </Td> <Td> Japan </Td> <Td> Asia </Td> <Td> S018 XVIII </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 000000002018 - 10 - 10 - 0000 October 10 </Td> <Td> 000000002018 - 10 - 24 - 0000 October 24 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Grenoble </Td> <Td> France </Td> <Td> Europe </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> W010 X </Td> <Td> 1968 </Td> <Td> 000000002018 - 02 - 06 - 0000 February 6 </Td> <Td> 000000002018 - 02 - 18 - 0000 February 18 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Mexico City </Td> <Td> Mexico </Td> <Td> North America </Td> <Td> S019 XIX </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 000000002018 - 10 - 12 - 0000 October 12 </Td> <Td> 000000002018 - 10 - 27 - 0000 October 27 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Sapporo </Td> <Td> Japan </Td> <Td> Asia </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> W011 XI </Td> <Td> 1972 </Td> <Td> 000000002018 - 02 - 03 - 0000 February 3 </Td> <Td> 000000002018 - 02 - 13 - 0000 February 13 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Munich </Td> <Td> West Germany </Td> <Td> Europe </Td> <Td> S020 XX </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 000000002018 - 08 - 26 - 0000 August 26 </Td> <Td> 000000002018 - 09 - 11 - 0000 September 11 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Innsbruck </Td> <Td> Austria </Td> <Td> Europe </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> W012 XII </Td> <Td> 1976 </Td> <Td> 000000002018 - 02 - 04 - 0000 February 4 </Td> <Td> 000000002018 - 02 - 15 - 0000 February 15 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Montreal </Td> <Td> Canada </Td> <Td> North America </Td> <Td> S021 XXI </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 000000002018 - 07 - 17 - 0000 July 17 </Td> <Td> 000000002018 - 08 - 01 - 0000 August 1 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Lake Placid </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> North America </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> W013 XIII </Td> <Td> 1980 </Td> <Td> 000000002018 - 02 - 12 - 0000 February 12 </Td> <Td> 000000002018 - 02 - 24 - 0000 February 24 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Moscow </Td> <Td> Soviet Union </Td> <Td> Europe </Td> <Td> S022 XXII </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 000000002018 - 07 - 19 - 0000 July 19 </Td> <Td> 000000002018 - 08 - 03 - 0000 August 3 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Sarajevo </Td> <Td> Yugoslavia </Td> <Td> Europe </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> W014 XIV </Td> <Td> 1984 </Td> <Td> 000000002018 - 02 - 07 - 0000 February 7 </Td> <Td> 000000002018 - 02 - 19 - 0000 February 19 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Los Angeles </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> North America </Td> <Td> S023 XXIII </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 000000002018 - 07 - 28 - 0000 July 28 </Td> <Td> 000000002018 - 08 - 12 - 0000 August 12 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Calgary </Td> <Td> Canada </Td> <Td> North America </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> W015 XV </Td> <Td> 1988 </Td> <Td> 000000002018 - 02 - 13 - 0000 February 13 </Td> <Td> 000000002018 - 02 - 28 - 0000 February 28 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Seoul </Td> <Td> South Korea </Td> <Td> Asia </Td> <Td> S024 XXIV </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 000000002018 - 09 - 17 - 0000 September 17 </Td> <Td> 000000002018 - 10 - 02 - 0000 October 2 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Albertville </Td> <Td> France </Td> <Td> Europe </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> W016 XVI </Td> <Td> 1992 </Td> <Td> 000000002018 - 02 - 08 - 0000 February 8 </Td> <Td> 000000002018 - 02 - 23 - 0000 February 23 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Barcelona </Td> <Td> Spain </Td> <Td> Europe </Td> <Td> S025 XXV </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 000000002018 - 07 - 25 - 0000 July 25 </Td> <Td> 000000002018 - 08 - 09 - 0000 August 9 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Lillehammer </Td> <Td> Norway </Td> <Td> Europe </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> W017 XVII </Td> <Td> 1994 </Td> <Td> 000000002018 - 02 - 12 - 0000 February 12 </Td> <Td> 000000002018 - 02 - 27 - 0000 February 27 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Atlanta </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> North America </Td> <Td> S026 XXVI </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 000000002018 - 07 - 19 - 0000 July 19 </Td> <Td> 000000002018 - 08 - 04 - 0000 August 4 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Nagano </Td> <Td> Japan </Td> <Td> Asia </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> W018 XVIII </Td> <Td> 1998 </Td> <Td> 000000002018 - 02 - 07 - 0000 February 7 </Td> <Td> 000000002018 - 02 - 22 - 0000 February 22 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Sydney </Td> <Td> Australia </Td> <Td> Oceania </Td> <Td> S027 XXVII </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 2000 </Td> <Td> 000000002018 - 09 - 15 - 0000 September 15 </Td> <Td> 000000002018 - 10 - 01 - 0000 October 1 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Salt Lake City </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> North America </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> W019 XIX </Td> <Td> 2002 </Td> <Td> 000000002018 - 02 - 08 - 0000 February 8 </Td> <Td> 000000002018 - 02 - 24 - 0000 February 24 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Athens </Td> <Td> Greece </Td> <Td> Europe </Td> <Td> S028 XXVIII </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 000000002018 - 08 - 13 - 0000 August 13 </Td> <Td> 000000002018 - 08 - 29 - 0000 August 29 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Torino </Td> <Td> Italy </Td> <Td> Europe </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> W020 XX </Td> <Td> 2006 </Td> <Td> 000000002018 - 02 - 10 - 0000 February 10 </Td> <Td> 000000002018 - 02 - 26 - 0000 February 26 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Beijing </Td> <Td> China </Td> <Td> Asia </Td> <Td> S029 XXIX </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 2008 </Td> <Td> 000000002018 - 08 - 08 - 0000 August 8 </Td> <Td> 000000002018 - 08 - 24 - 0000 August 24 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Vancouver </Td> <Td> Canada </Td> <Td> North America </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> W021 XXI </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 000000002018 - 02 - 12 - 0000 February 12 </Td> <Td> 000000002018 - 02 - 28 - 0000 February 28 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> London </Td> <Td> United Kingdom </Td> <Td> Europe </Td> <Td> S030 XXX </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 2012 </Td> <Td> 000000002018 - 07 - 27 - 0000 July 27 </Td> <Td> 000000002018 - 08 - 12 - 0000 August 12 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Sochi </Td> <Td> Russia </Td> <Td> Europe </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> W022 XXII </Td> <Td> 2014 </Td> <Td> 000000002018 - 02 - 07 - 0000 February 7 </Td> <Td> 000000002018 - 02 - 23 - 0000 February 23 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Rio de Janeiro </Td> <Td> Brazil </Td> <Td> South America </Td> <Td> S031 XXXI </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 2016 </Td> <Td> 000000002018 - 08 - 05 - 0000 August 5 </Td> <Td> 000000002018 - 08 - 21 - 0000 August 21 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Pyeongchang </Td> <Td> South Korea </Td> <Td> Asia </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> W023 XXIII </Td> <Td> 2018 </Td> <Td> 000000002018 - 02 - 09 - 0000 February 9 </Td> <Td> 000000002018 - 02 - 25 - 0000 February 25 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Tokyo </Td> <Td> Japan </Td> <Td> Asia </Td> <Td> S032 XXXII </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 2020 </Td> <Td> 000000002018 - 07 - 24 - 0000 July 24 </Td> <Td> 000000002018 - 08 - 09 - 0000 August 9 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Beijing </Td> <Td> China </Td> <Td> Asia </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> W024 XXIV </Td> <Td> 2022 </Td> <Td> 000000002018 - 02 - 04 - 0000 February 4 </Td> <Td> 000000002018 - 02 - 20 - 0000 February 20 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Paris </Td> <Td> France </Td> <Td> Europe </Td> <Td> S033 XXXIII </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 2024 </Td> <Td> 000000002018 - 07 - 26 - 0000 July 26 </Td> <Td> 000000002018 - 08 - 11 - 0000 August 11 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> TBD </Td> <Td> TBD </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> W025 XXV </Td> <Td> 2026 </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> ( TBD ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Los Angeles </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> North America </Td> <Td> S034 XXXIV </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 2028 </Td> <Td> 000000002018 - 07 - 21 - 0000 July 21 </Td> <Td> 000000002018 - 08 - 06 - 0000 August 6 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Host cities for multiple Summer and winter Olympic Games ( edit ) </H3> <Table> List of cities that hosted multiple editions of the Olympic Games <Tr> <Th> City </Th> <Th> Country </Th> <Th> Continent </Th> <Th> Summer Olympics </Th> <Th> Winter Olympics </Th> <Th> Total </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> London </Td> <Td> United Kingdom </Td> <Td> Europe </Td> <Td> 3 ( 1908 , 1948 , 2012 ) </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Paris </Td> <Td> France </Td> <Td> Europe </Td> <Td> 3 ( 1900 , 1924 , 2024 ) </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Los Angeles </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> North America </Td> <Td> 3 ( 1932 , 1984 , 2028 ) </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Athens </Td> <Td> Greece </Td> <Td> Europe </Td> <Td> 2 ( 1896 , 2004 ) </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Tokyo </Td> <Td> Japan </Td> <Td> Asia </Td> <Td> 2 ( 1964 , 2020 ) </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Beijing </Td> <Td> China </Td> <Td> Asia </Td> <Td> 1 ( 2008 ) </Td> <Td> 1 ( 2022 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> St. Moritz </Td> <Td> Switzerland </Td> <Td> Europe </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 2 ( 1928 , 1948 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Innsbruck </Td> <Td> Austria </Td> <Td> Europe </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 2 ( 1964 , 1976 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Lake Placid </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> North America </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 2 ( 1932 , 1980 ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ul> <Li> The 1906 Intercalated Games are not officially recognized by the IOC as an official Olympic Games . </Li> </Ul> <H3> Number of Olympic Games by country ( edit ) </H3> Nations that have hosted or will host the Summer Olympics 5 times 4 times ( no entry ) 3 times 2 times 1 time Never held games Nations that have hosted or will host the Winter Olympics 4 times or more 3 times 2 times 1 time Never held games <Table> List of countries ranked by the number of times they hosted the Olympic Games <Tr> <Th> Rank </Th> <Th> Country </Th> <Th> Continent </Th> <Th> Summer Olympics </Th> <Th> Winter Olympics </Th> <Th> Total </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> North America </Td> <Td> 5 ( 1904 , 1932 , 1984 , 1996 , 2028 ) </Td> <Td> 4 ( 1932 , 1960 , 1980 , 2002 ) </Td> <Td> 9 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> France </Td> <Td> Europe </Td> <Td> 3 ( 1900 , 1924 , 2024 ) </Td> <Td> 3 ( 1924 , 1968 , 1992 ) </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Japan </Td> <Td> Asia </Td> <Td> 2 ( 1940 , 1964 , 2020 ) </Td> <Td> 2 ( 1940 , 1972 , 1998 ) </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> United Kingdom </Td> <Td> Europe </Td> <Td> 3 ( 1908 , 1944 , 1948 , 2012 ) </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Canada </Td> <Td> North America </Td> <Td> 1 ( 1976 ) </Td> <Td> 2 ( 1988 , 2010 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Italy </Td> <Td> Europe </Td> <Td> 1 ( 1960 ) </Td> <Td> 2 ( 1944 , 1956 , 2006 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> German Empire / Nazi Germany / West Germany / Germany </Td> <Td> Europe </Td> <Td> 2 ( 1916 , 1936 , 1972 ) </Td> <Td> 1 ( 1936 , 1940 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> China </Td> <Td> Asia </Td> <Td> 1 ( 2008 ) </Td> <Td> 1 ( 2022 ) </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> South Korea </Td> <Td> Asia </Td> <Td> 1 ( 1988 ) </Td> <Td> 1 ( 2018 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Soviet Union / Russia </Td> <Td> Europe </Td> <Td> 1 ( 1980 ) </Td> <Td> 1 ( 2014 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Greece </Td> <Td> Europe </Td> <Td> 2 ( 1896 , 2004 ) </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Australia </Td> <Td> Oceania </Td> <Td> 2 ( 1956 , 2000 ) </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Norway </Td> <Td> Europe </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 2 ( 1952 , 1994 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Austria </Td> <Td> Europe </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 2 ( 1964 , 1976 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Switzerland </Td> <Td> Europe </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 2 ( 1928 , 1940 , 1948 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Sweden </Td> <Td> Europe </Td> <Td> 2 ( 1912 , 1956 ( equestrian events only ) ) </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 17 </Td> <Td> Brazil </Td> <Td> South America </Td> <Td> 1 ( 2016 ) </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Spain </Td> <Td> Europe </Td> <Td> 1 ( 1992 ) </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> SFR Yugoslavia / Bosnia and Herzegovina </Td> <Td> Europe </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 1 ( 1984 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Mexico </Td> <Td> North America </Td> <Td> 1 ( 1968 ) </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Finland </Td> <Td> Europe </Td> <Td> 1 ( 1940 , 1952 ) </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Netherlands </Td> <Td> Europe </Td> <Td> 1 ( 1928 ) </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Belgium </Td> <Td> Europe </Td> <Td> 1 ( 1920 ) </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Number of Olympic Games by continent ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Rank </Th> <Th> Continent </Th> <Th> Summer Olympics </Th> <Th> Winter Olympics </Th> <Th> Total </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Europe </Td> <Td> 17 ( 1896 , 1900 , 1908 , 1912 , 1920 , 1924 , 1928 , 1936 , 1940 , 1944 , 1948 , 1952 , 1960 , 1972 , 1980 , 1992 , 2004 , 2012 , 2024 ) </Td> <Td> 14 ( 1924 , 1928 , 1936 , 1940 , 1944 , 1948 , 1952 , 1956 , 1964 , 1968 , 1976 , 1984 , 1992 , 1994 , 2006 , 2014 ) </Td> <Td> 31 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> North America </Td> <Td> 7 ( 1904 , 1932 , 1968 , 1976 , 1984 , 1996 , 2028 ) </Td> <Td> 6 ( 1932 , 1960 , 1980 , 1988 , 2002 , 2010 ) </Td> <Td> 13 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Asia </Td> <Td> 4 ( 1940 , 1964 , 1988 , 2008 , 2020 ) </Td> <Td> 4 ( 1940 , 1972 , 1998 , 2018 , 2022 ) </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Oceania </Td> <Td> 2 ( 1956 , 2000 ) </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> South America </Td> <Td> 1 ( 2016 ) </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> Africa </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Unsuccessful cities ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( February 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Country </Th> <Th> City </Th> <Th> Bids </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> Detroit </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Hungary </Td> <Td> Budapest </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Turkey </Td> <Td> Istanbul </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Spain </Td> <Td> Madrid </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Argentina </Td> <Td> Buenos Aires </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Switzerland </Td> <Td> Lausanne </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> Philadelphia </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> Chicago </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> Minneapolis </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Cuba </Td> <Td> Havana </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Belgium </Td> <Td> Brussels </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Azerbaijan </Td> <Td> Baku </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Qatar </Td> <Td> Doha </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Spain </Td> <Td> Seville </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Yugoslavia </Td> <Td> Belgrade </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Puerto Rico </Td> <Td> San Juan </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Australia </Td> <Td> Brisbane </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Slovakia </Td> <Td> Poprad </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> Boston </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Olympics portal </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> List of Commonwealth Games host cities </Li> </Ul> <H2> Notes ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Originally awarded to Chicago , but moved to St. Louis to coincide with the World 's Fair . </Li> <Li> The 1906 Games were sanctioned and treated as an Olympic Games when held , and they were recognized as an Olympic Games by the IOC until 1949 </Li> <Li> The 1908 Games were originally given to Rome , but were moved to London when Mount Vesuvius erupted . </Li> <Li> The sailing events in 1920 were held in Ostend , Belgium and in Amsterdam , Netherlands . </Li> <Li> The 1940 winter games were originally awarded to Sapporo , but were moved to Garmisch - Partenkirchen before being cancelled . </Li> <Li> The 1940 summer games were originally awarded to Tokyo , but were moved to Helsinki before being cancelled . </Li> <Li> Equestrian events were held in Stockholm , Sweden . Stockholm had to bid for the equestrian competition separately ; it received its own Olympic flame and had its own formal invitations and opening and closing ceremonies , just like the regular Summer Olympics . </Li> <Li> Russia / Soviet Union spans the continents of Europe and Asia . However , the Russian National Olympic Committee is part of the European Olympic Committees . Also , Moscow is on the European side of the most commonly recognized boundary between Europe and Asia . ( Sochi is in Asia per the usual geographic boundary , being just south of the Greater Caucasus ' western end ; but political approximations of the continental boundary place it in Europe . ) </Li> <Li> Equestrian events were held in China 's Hong Kong SAR . Although Hong Kong 's separate NOC conducted the equestrian competition , it was an integral part of the Beijing Games ( unlike the 1956 Stockholm equestrian competition it was not conducted under a separate Hong Kong bid , separate flame , etc . ) . </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ Findling , John E. ; Pelle , Kimberly D. ( 2004 ) . Encyclopedia of the Modern Olympic Movement . Greenwood Publishing Group . p. 41 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 32278 - 5 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Group , Taylor Francis ( 2003 ) . The Europa World Yearbook . Taylor and Francis Group . p. 247 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 85743 - 227 - 5 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Choice of the Host City '' . olympic.org . International Olympic Committee . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 04 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Durántez , Conrado ( April -- May 1997 ) . `` The Olympic Movement , a twentieth - century phenomenon '' ( PDF ) . Olympic Review . XXVI ( 14 ) : 56 -- 57 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Antwerp 1920 '' . olympic.org . Retrieved 23 January 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Chamonix 1924 '' . olympic.org . Retrieved 23 January 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Paris 1924 '' . olympic.org . Retrieved 23 January 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` St. Moritz 1928 '' . olympic.org . Retrieved 23 January 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Amsterdam 1928 '' . olympic.org . Retrieved 23 January 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Lake Placid 1932 '' . olympic.org . Retrieved 23 January 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Los Angeles 1932 '' . olympic.org . Retrieved 23 January 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Garmisch - Partenkirchen 1936 '' . olympic.org . Retrieved 23 January 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Berlin 1936 '' . olympic.org . Retrieved 23 January 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` St Louis 1904 '' . International Olympic Committee . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 29 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` St. Louis gets Olympic Games ; International Committee Sanctions the Change for the World 's Fair in 1904 '' ( PDF ) . The New York Times . 1903 - 02 - 12 . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 29 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ The 2nd International Olympic Games In Athens 1906 , Karl Lennartz , Journal of Olympic History , Dec. 2001 / Jan. 2002 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Rome Games moved to London '' . realclearsports.com . Retrieved 23 January 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Stockholm / Melbourne 1956 '' . Swedish Olympic Committee . Archived from the original on 2008 - 10 - 09 . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 01 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Tim Pile ( June 25 , 2008 ) . `` Hong Kong saddles up for the Olympics '' . London : The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 29 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 2008 Beijing Olympic home page '' . International Olympic Committee . Retrieved 2008 - 05 - 04 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> `` The Olympic Games '' . olympic.org . International Olympic Committee . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 05 . </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Summer Olympic Games host cities </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> 1896 : Athens </Li> <Li> 1900 : Paris </Li> <Li> 1904 : St. Louis </Li> <Li> 1908 : London </Li> <Li> 1912 : Stockholm </Li> <Li> 1916 : None </Li> <Li> 1920 : Antwerp </Li> <Li> 1924 : Paris </Li> <Li> 1928 : Amsterdam </Li> <Li> 1932 : Los Angeles </Li> <Li> 1936 : Berlin </Li> <Li> 1940 : None </Li> <Li> 1944 : None </Li> <Li> 1948 : London </Li> <Li> 1952 : Helsinki </Li> <Li> 1956 : Melbourne </Li> <Li> 1960 : Rome </Li> <Li> 1964 : Tokyo </Li> <Li> 1968 : Mexico City </Li> <Li> 1972 : Munich </Li> <Li> 1976 : Montreal </Li> <Li> 1980 : Moscow </Li> <Li> 1984 : Los Angeles </Li> <Li> 1988 : Seoul </Li> <Li> 1992 : Barcelona </Li> <Li> 1996 : Atlanta </Li> <Li> 2000 : Sydney </Li> <Li> 2004 : Athens </Li> <Li> 2008 : Beijing </Li> <Li> 2012 : London </Li> <Li> 2016 : Rio de Janeiro </Li> <Li> 2020 : Tokyo </Li> <Li> 2024 : Paris </Li> <Li> 2028 : Los Angeles </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Cancelled due to World War I ; Cancelled due to World War II </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Winter Olympic Games host cities </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> 1924 : Chamonix </Li> <Li> 1928 : St. Moritz </Li> <Li> 1932 : Lake Placid </Li> <Li> 1936 : Garmisch - Partenkirchen </Li> <Li> 1940 : Cancelled due to World War II </Li> <Li> 1944 : Cancelled due to World War II </Li> <Li> 1948 : St. Moritz </Li> <Li> 1952 : Oslo </Li> <Li> 1956 : Cortina d'Ampezzo </Li> <Li> 1960 : Squaw Valley </Li> <Li> 1964 : Innsbruck </Li> <Li> 1968 : Grenoble </Li> <Li> 1972 : Sapporo </Li> <Li> 1976 : Innsbruck </Li> <Li> 1980 : Lake Placid </Li> <Li> 1984 : Sarajevo </Li> <Li> 1988 : Calgary </Li> <Li> 1992 : Albertville </Li> <Li> 1994 : Lillehammer </Li> <Li> 1998 : Nagano </Li> <Li> 2002 : Salt Lake City </Li> <Li> 2006 : Turin </Li> <Li> 2010 : Vancouver </Li> <Li> 2014 : Sochi </Li> <Li> 2018 : Pyeongchang </Li> <Li> 2022 : Beijing </Li> <Li> 2026 : TBD </Li> <Li> 2030 : TBD </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="3"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Olympic Games </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="3"> <Ul> <Li> Ceremonies </Li> <Li> Charter </Li> <Li> Participating nations <Ul> <Li> Summer Olympics </Li> <Li> Winter Olympics </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Host cities <Ul> <Li> Bids </Li> <Li> Venues </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> IOC <Ul> <Li> NOCs </Li> <Li> Country codes </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Medal <Ul> <Li> Medal tables </Li> <Li> Medalists </Li> <Li> Ties </Li> <Li> Diploma </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Scandals and controversies <Ul> <Li> Colonialism </Li> <Li> Doping </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Sports </Li> <Li> Symbols <Ul> <Li> Torch relays </Li> <Li> Pierre de Coubertin medal </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Women </Li> <Li> Deaths <Ul> <Li> WWI </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Olympic video games </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Summer Games </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 1896 Athens </Li> <Li> 1900 Paris </Li> <Li> 1904 St. Louis </Li> <Li> 1908 London </Li> <Li> 1912 Stockholm </Li> <Li> 1916 Berlin </Li> <Li> 1920 Antwerp </Li> <Li> 1924 Paris </Li> <Li> 1928 Amsterdam </Li> <Li> 1932 Los Angeles </Li> <Li> 1936 Berlin </Li> <Li> 1940 Tokyo </Li> <Li> 1944 London </Li> <Li> 1948 London </Li> <Li> 1952 Helsinki </Li> <Li> 1956 Melbourne </Li> <Li> 1960 Rome </Li> <Li> 1964 Tokyo </Li> <Li> 1968 Mexico City </Li> <Li> 1972 Munich </Li> <Li> 1976 Montreal </Li> <Li> 1980 Moscow </Li> <Li> 1984 Los Angeles </Li> <Li> 1988 Seoul </Li> <Li> 1992 Barcelona </Li> <Li> 1996 Atlanta </Li> <Li> 2000 Sydney </Li> <Li> 2004 Athens </Li> <Li> 2008 Beijing </Li> <Li> 2012 London </Li> <Li> 2016 Rio de Janeiro </Li> <Li> 2020 Tokyo </Li> <Li> 2024 Paris </Li> <Li> 2028 Los Angeles </Li> <Li> 2032 TBD </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Winter Games </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 1924 Chamonix </Li> <Li> 1928 St. Moritz </Li> <Li> 1932 Lake Placid </Li> <Li> 1936 Garmisch - Partenkirchen </Li> <Li> 1940 Sapporo </Li> <Li> 1944 Cortina d'Ampezzo </Li> <Li> 1948 St. Moritz </Li> <Li> 1952 Oslo </Li> <Li> 1956 Cortina d'Ampezzo </Li> <Li> 1960 Squaw Valley </Li> <Li> 1964 Innsbruck </Li> <Li> 1968 Grenoble </Li> <Li> 1972 Sapporo </Li> <Li> 1976 Innsbruck </Li> <Li> 1980 Lake Placid </Li> <Li> 1984 Sarajevo </Li> <Li> 1988 Calgary </Li> <Li> 1992 Albertville </Li> <Li> 1994 Lillehammer </Li> <Li> 1998 Nagano </Li> <Li> 2002 Salt Lake City </Li> <Li> 2006 Turin </Li> <Li> 2010 Vancouver </Li> <Li> 2014 Sochi </Li> <Li> 2018 Pyeongchang </Li> <Li> 2022 Beijing </Li> <Li> 2026 TBD </Li> <Li> 2030 TBD </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="3"> <Ul> <Li> Ancient Olympic Games </Li> <Li> Intercalated Games <Ul> <Li> 1906 </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Paralympic Games </Li> <Li> Youth Olympic Games </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ul> <Li> Olympics portal </Li> </Ul> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Olympic_Games_host_cities&oldid=843272486 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> Olympics - 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where are the upcoming olympics to be held

https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=List_of_Olympic_Games_host_cities&amp;oldid=843272486

Three seconds rule - Wikipedia <H1> Three seconds rule </H1> Jump to : navigation , search Not to be confused with the Five - second rule of food hygiene , or the two - second rule regarding safe driving , both sometimes known as the three - second rule . <P> The three seconds rule ( also referred to as the three - second rule or three in the key , with often termed a lane violation ) requires that in basketball , a player shall not remain in the opponents ' restricted area for more than three consecutive seconds while their team is in control of a live ball in the frontcourt and the game clock is running . </P> <P> The three - second rule was introduced in 1936 and was expressed as such : no offensive player with the ball could remain in the Key with or without the ball , for more than three seconds . </P> <P> The three - second rule came about in part following a game at Madison Square Garden between the University of Kentucky ( UK ) and New York University ( NYU ) in 1935 , won by NYU 23 - 22 . The university of Kentucky team did not take their own referee , a common practice at the time , despite advice to the UK coach Adolph Rupp from Notre Dame coach George Keogan , who had lost to NYU the week prior and who warned Rupp of the discrepancies in officiating between the Midwest and the East . The game was rough . UK was unable to run its normal offense ( which consisted of using screens ) without being called for a foul . New York University 's Irving Terjesen and Irwin Klein combined to guard one of UK 's major players , Leroy Edwards , allowing him to score a mere 6 points ( the lowest output of his career ) . The New York Post reacted with alarm : `` The score says that NYU is the best college basketball team in the country and that the East still is supreme . But if Frank Lane , the referee from the Midwest , had worked the game , it 's safe to assume big Leroy Edwards would have been given a fantastic number of foul shots . Minor mayhem was committed on the person of Edwards by Terjesen and Klein . Something will have to be done or the game will become entirely too rough . '' </P> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Defensive three - second violation </Li> <Li> Basketball Key </Li> <Li> Five - second rule </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ Rule 5 ( Violations ) , Article 26 . `` Official Basketball Rules 2014 '' ( pdf ) . International Basketball Federation . 2014 . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 02 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ New York Post , quoted in Laudeman , Tev ( 1972 ) . The Rupp Years : The University of Kentucky 's Golden Era of Basketball . Louisville : Louisville Courier - Journal . ASIN B0006C4AOO . , cited in `` Leroy Edwards '' . bigbluehistory.net . 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You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Three_seconds_rule&oldid=812463632 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> Rules of basketball </Li> <Li> 1936 introductions </Li> <Li> Basketball stubs </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> Ελληνικά </Li> <Li> Français </Li> <Li> 日本 語 </Li> <Li> Polski </Li> <Li> Русский </Li> <Li> Türkçe </Li> </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 28 November 2017 , at 00 : 01 . </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul>

when did the nba 3 second rule start

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Plus and minus signs - wikipedia <H1> Plus and minus signs </H1> Jump to : navigation , search For these two signs conjoined as the symbol `` ± '' , see Plus - minus sign . `` Minus '' redirects here . For the mathematical operation represented by the minus sign , see Subtraction . For other uses , see Minus ( disambiguation ) . `` Positive sign '' and `` Negative sign '' redirect here . For uses in astrology , see Positive sign ( astrology ) and Negative sign ( astrology ) . <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> + − </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Plus and minus signs </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Punctuation </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> apostrophe </Td> <Td> ' ' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> brackets </Td> <Td> ( ) ( ) ( ) ⟨ ⟩ </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> colon </Td> <Td> : </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> comma </Td> <Td> , ، 、 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> dash </Td> <Td> ‒ -- -- ― </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> ellipsis </Td> <Td> ... ... ⋯ ᠁ ฯ </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> exclamation mark </Td> <Td> ! </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> full stop , period </Td> <Td> . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> guillemets </Td> <Td> `` '' `` '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> hyphen </Td> <Td> ‐ </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> hyphen - minus </Td> <Td> - </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> question mark </Td> <Td> ? </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> quotation marks </Td> <Td> ' ' `` '' ' ' `` '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> semicolon </Td> <Td> ; </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> slash , stroke , solidus </Td> <Td> / ⧸ ⁄ </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Word dividers </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> interpunct </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> space </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> General typography </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> ampersand </Td> <Td> & </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> asterisk </Td> <Td> * </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> at sign </Td> <Td> @ </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> backslash </Td> <Td> \ </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> basis point </Td> <Td> ‱ </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> bullet </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> caret </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> dagger </Td> <Td> † ‡ </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> degree </Td> <Td> ° </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> ditto mark </Td> <Td> '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> equals sign </Td> <Td> = </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> inverted exclamation mark </Td> <Td> ¡ </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> inverted question mark </Td> <Td> ¿ </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> komejirushi , kome , reference mark </Td> <Td> ※ </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> multiplication sign </Td> <Td> × </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> number sign , pound , hash </Td> <Td> # </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> numero sign </Td> <Td> No </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> obelus </Td> <Td> ÷ </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> ordinal indicator </Td> <Td> o a </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> percent , per mil </Td> <Td> % ‰ </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> plus and minus </Td> <Td> + − </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> pilcrow </Td> <Td> ¶ </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> prime </Td> <Td> ′ '' ′′′ </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> section sign </Td> <Td> § </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> tilde </Td> <Td> ~ </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> underscore , understrike </Td> <Td> _ </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> vertical bar , pipe , broken bar </Td> <Td> ‖ ¦ </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Intellectual property </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> copyright </Td> <Td> © </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> sound - recording copyright </Td> <Td> ℗ </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> registered trademark </Td> <Td> ® </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> service mark </Td> <Td> SM </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> trademark </Td> <Td> TM </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Currency </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> currency sign </Td> <Td> ¤ </Td> </Tr> </Table> currency symbols <P> ؋ ​ ₳ ​ ฿ ​ ₿ ​ ₵ ​ ¢ ​ ₡ ​ ₢ ​ $ ​ ₫ ​ ₯ ​ ֏ ​ ₠ ​ € ​ ƒ ​ ₣ ​ ₲ ​ ₴ ​ ₭ ​ ₺ ​ ₾ ​ ₼ ​ M ​ ₥ ​ ₦ ​ ₧ ​ ₱ ​ ₰ ​ £ ​ 元 圆 圓 ​ ریال ​ ៛ ​ ₽ ​ ₹ Rs ​ ₪ ​ ৳ ​ ₸ ​ ₮ ​ ₩ ​ ¥ 円 </P> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Uncommon typography </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> asterism </Td> <Td> ⁂ </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> fleuron , hedera </Td> <Td> ❧ </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> index , fist </Td> <Td> ☞ </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> interrobang </Td> <Td> ‽ </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> irony punctuation </Td> <Td> ⸮ </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> lozenge </Td> <Td> ◊ </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> tie </Td> <Td> ⁀ </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Related </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> <Ul> <Li> Diacritics </Li> <Li> Logic symbols </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Whitespace characters </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> In other scripts </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Chinese </Li> <Li> Hebrew </Li> <Li> Japanese </Li> <Li> Korean </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Portal </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Book </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The plus and minus signs ( + and − ) are mathematical symbols used to represent the notions of positive and negative as well as the operations of addition and subtraction . Their use has been extended to many other meanings , more or less analogous . Plus and minus are Latin terms meaning `` more '' and `` less '' , respectively . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 History </Li> <Li> 2 Plus sign </Li> <Li> 3 Minus sign </Li> <Li> 4 Use in elementary education </Li> <Li> 5 Use as a qualifier </Li> <Li> 6 Uses in computing </Li> <Li> 7 Other uses </Li> <Li> 8 Character codes <Ul> <Li> 8.1 Alternative plus sign </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 9 See also </Li> <Li> 10 References and footnotes </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> History ( edit ) </H2> <P> Though the signs now seem as familiar as the alphabet or the Hindu - Arabic numerals , they are not of great antiquity . The Egyptian hieroglyphic sign for addition , for example , resembled a pair of legs walking in the direction in which the text was written ( Egyptian could be written either from right to left or left to right ) , with the reverse sign indicating subtraction : </P> <Table> <Tr> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> or <Table> <Tr> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Nicole Oresme 's manuscripts from the 14th century show what may be one of the earliest uses of the plus sign `` + '' . </P> <P> In Europe in the early 15th century the letters `` P '' and `` M '' were generally used . The symbols ( P with line p̄ for più , i.e. , plus , and M with line m̄ for meno , i.e. , minus ) appeared for the first time in Luca Pacioli 's mathematics compendium , Summa de arithmetica , geometria , proportioni et proportionalità , first printed and published in Venice in 1494 . The + is a simplification of the Latin `` et '' ( comparable to the ampersand & ) . The − may be derived from a tilde written over m when used to indicate subtraction ; or it may come from a shorthand version of the letter m itself . In his 1489 treatise Johannes Widmann referred to the symbols − and + as minus and mer ( Modern German mehr ; `` more '' ) : `` was − ist , das ist minus , und das + ist das mer '' . They were n't used for addition and subtraction here , but to indicate surplus and deficit ; their first use in their modern sense appears in a book by Henricus Grammateus in 1518 . </P> <P> Robert Recorde , the designer of the equals sign , introduced plus and minus to Britain in 1557 in The Whetstone of Witte : `` There be other 2 signes in often use of which the first is made thus + and betokeneth more : the other is thus made -- and betokeneth lesse . '' </P> <H2> Plus sign ( edit ) </H2> `` + '' redirects here . For other uses , see + ( disambiguation ) . <P> The plus sign ( + ) is a binary operator that indicates addition , as in 2 + 3 = 5 . It can also serve as a unary operator that leaves its operand unchanged ( + x means the same as x ) . This notation may be used when it is desired to emphasize the positiveness of a number , especially when contrasting with the negative ( + 5 versus − 5 ) . </P> <P> The plus sign can also indicate many other operations , depending on the mathematical system under consideration . Many algebraic structures have some operation which is called , or is equivalent to , addition . It is conventional to use the plus sign to only denote commutative operations . Moreover , the symbolism has been extended to very different operations ; plus can also mean : </P> <Ul> <Li> exclusive or ( usually written ⊕ ) : 1 + 1 = 0 , 1 + 0 = 1 </Li> <Li> logical disjunction ( usually written ∨ ) : 1 + 1 = 1 , 1 + 0 = 1 </Li> </Ul> <H2> Minus sign ( edit ) </H2> `` − '' redirects here . It is not to be confused with Hyphen , Hyphen - minus , or Dash . <P> The minus sign ( − ) has three main uses in mathematics : </P> <Ol> <Li> The subtraction operator : A binary operator to indicate the operation of subtraction , as in 5 − 3 = 2 . Subtraction is the inverse of addition . </Li> <Li> Directly in front of a number ( numeric literal ) and when it is not a subtraction operator it means a negative number . For instance − 5 is negative 5 . </Li> <Li> A unary operator that acts as an instruction to replace the operand by its additive inverse . For example , if x is 3 , then − x is − 3 , but if x is − 3 , then − x is 3 . Similarly , − ( − 2 ) is equal to 2 . The above is a special case of this . </Li> </Ol> <P> All three uses can be referred to as `` minus '' in everyday speech . In most English - speaking countries , − 5 ( for example ) is normally pronounced `` minus five '' , but in modern US usage it is instead usually pronounced `` negative five '' ; here , `` minus '' may be used by speakers born before 1950 , and is still popular in some contexts , but `` negative '' is usually taught as the only correct reading . Further , some few textbooks in the United States encourage − x to be read as `` the opposite of x '' or `` the additive inverse of x '' to avoid giving the impression that − x is necessarily negative . </P> <P> In some contexts , different glyphs are used for these meanings ; for instance in the computer language APL and the expression language used by Texas Instruments graphing calculators ( definitely at least the early models including the TI - 81 and TI - 82 ) a raised minus sign is used in negative numbers ( as in 2 − 5 shows 3 ) , but such usage is uncommon . </P> <P> In mathematics and most programming languages , the rules for the order of operations mean that − 5 is equal to − 25 : Powers bind more strongly than the unary minus , which binds more strongly than multiplication or division . However , in some programming languages and Microsoft Excel in particular , unary operators bind strongest , so in those cases − 5 ^ 2 is 25 but 0 − 5 ^ 2 is − 25 . </P> <H2> Use in elementary education ( edit ) </H2> <P> Some elementary teachers use raised plus and minus signs before numbers to show they are positive or negative numbers . For example , subtracting − 5 from 3 might be read as `` positive three take away negative 5 '' and be shown as </P> <Dl> <Dd> 3 − 5 becomes 3 + 5 = 8 , </Dd> </Dl> <P> or even as </P> <Dl> <Dd> 3 − 5 becomes 3 + 5 = 8 . </Dd> </Dl> <H2> Use as a qualifier ( edit ) </H2> <P> In grading systems ( such as examination marks ) , the plus sign indicates a grade one level higher and the minus sign a grade lower . For example , B − ( `` B minus '' ) is one grade lower than B. Sometimes this is extended to two plus or minus signs ; for example A++ is two grades higher than A . </P> <P> Positive and negative are sometimes abbreviated as + ve and − ve . </P> <P> In mathematics the one - sided limit x → a means x approaches a from the right , and x → a means x approaches a from the left . For example , when calculating what x is when x approaches 0 , because x → + ∞ when x → 0 but x → − ∞ when x → 0 . </P> <P> Blood types are often qualified with a plus or minus to indicate the presence or absence of the Rh factor ; for instance , A+ means A-type blood with the Rh factor present , while B − means B - type blood with the Rh factor absent . </P> <P> In music , augmented chords are symbolized with a plus sign , although this practice is not universal as there are other methods for spelling those chords . For example , `` C + '' is read `` C augmented chord '' . Also used as superscript . </P> <H2> Uses in computing ( edit ) </H2> <P> As well as the normal mathematical usage plus and minus may be used for a number of other purposes in computing . </P> <P> Plus and minus signs are often used in tree view on a computer screen to show if a folder is collapsed or not . </P> <P> In some programming languages , concatenation of strings is written `` a '' + `` b '' , and results in `` ab '' . </P> <P> In most programming languages , subtraction and negation are indicated with the ASCII hyphen - minus character , - . In APL a raised minus sign ( Unicode U + 00AF ) is used to denote a negative number , as in _̄ 3 . While in J a negative number is denoted by an underscore , as in _5 . </P> <P> In C and some other computer programming languages , two plus signs indicate the increment operator and two minus signs a decrement . For example , x++ means `` increment the value of x by one '' and x -- means `` decrement the value of x by one '' . By extension , `` + + '' is sometimes used in computing terminology to signify an improvement , as in the name of the language C++ . </P> <P> In regular expressions , `` + '' is used to indicate `` 1 or more '' in a pattern to be matched . For example , `` x + '' means `` one or more of the letter x '' . </P> <P> There is no concept of negative zero in mathematics , but in computing − 0 may have a separate representation from zero . In the IEEE floating - point standard , 1 / − 0 is negative infinity ( − ∞ ) whereas 1 / 0 is positive infinity ( ∞ ) . </P> <H2> Other uses ( edit ) </H2> <P> In chemistry , the minus sign ( rather than an en dash ) is used for a single covalent bond between two atoms , as in the skeletal formula . </P> <P> Subscripted plus and minus signs are used as diacritics in the International Phonetic Alphabet to indicate advanced or retracted articulations of speech sounds . </P> <P> The minus sign is also used as tone letter in the orthographies of Dan , Krumen , Karaboro , Mwan , Wan , Yaouré , Wè , Nyabwa and Godié . The Unicode character used for the tone letter ( U + 02D7 ) is different from the mathematical minus sign . </P> <P> In the algebraic notation used to record games of chess , the plus sign ( + ) is used to denote a move that puts the opponent into check . A double plus ( + + ) is sometimes used to denote double check . Combinations of the plus and minus signs are used to evaluate a move ( + / − , + / = , = / + , − / + ) . </P> <H2> Character codes ( edit ) </H2> Plus , minus , and hyphen - minus . <Table> <Tr> <Th> Read </Th> <Th> Character </Th> <Th> Unicode </Th> <Th> ASCII </Th> <Th> in URL </Th> <Th> HTML notations </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Plus </Td> <Td> + </Td> <Td> U + 002B </Td> <Td> & # 43 ; </Td> <Td> % 2B </Td> <Td> &plus ; </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Minus </Td> <Td> − </Td> <Td> U + 2212 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> % E2 % 88 % 92 </Td> <Td> &minus ; & # x2212 ; & # 8722 ; </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Hyphen - minus </Td> <Td> - </Td> <Td> U + 002D </Td> <Td> & # 45 ; </Td> <Td> % 2D </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Small Hyphen - minus </Td> <Td> - </Td> <Td> U + FE63 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> % EF % B9 % A3 </Td> <Td> & # xfe63 ; & # 65123 ; </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Full - width Plus </Td> <Td> + </Td> <Td> U + FF0B </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> % EF % BC % 8B </Td> <Td> & # xff0b ; & # 65291 ; </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Full - width Hyphen - minus </Td> <Td> - </Td> <Td> U + FF0D </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> % EF % BC % 8D </Td> <Td> & # xff0d ; & # 65293 ; </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The hyphen - minus sign ( - ) is the ASCII alternative / version of the minus sign , and doubles as a hyphen . It is usually shorter in length than the plus sign and sometimes at a different height . It can be used as a substitute for the true minus sign when the character set is limited to ASCII . Most programming languages and other computer readable languages do this , since ASCII is generally available as a subset of most character encodings , while U + 2212 is a Unicode feature only . </P> <P> There is a commercial minus sign ( ⁒ ) , which looks somewhat like an obelus , at U + 2052 ( HTML & # x2052 ;) . </P> <P> The &plus ; entity is HTML 5 . </P> For detailed distinctions between minus signs and dashes , see Dash § Similar Unicode characters . <H3> Alternative plus sign ( edit ) </H3> See also : Up tack <P> A Jewish tradition that dates from at least the 19th century is to write plus using a symbol like an inverted T . This practice was adopted into Israeli schools and is still commonplace today in elementary schools ( including secular schools ) but in fewer secondary schools . It is also used occasionally in books by religious authors , but most books for adults use the international symbol `` + '' . The reason for this practice is that it avoids the writing of a symbol `` + '' that looks like a Christian cross . Unicode has this symbol at position U + FB29 + HEBREW LETTER ALTERNATIVE PLUS SIGN . </P> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Graft - chimaera for the meaning of + in botanical names </Li> <Li> List of international call prefixes that + can represent the numbers required to dial out of a country as seen in a phone number </Li> <Li> Table of mathematical symbols </Li> <Li> En dash , a dash that looks similar to the subtraction symbol but is used for different purposes </Li> <Li> Asterisk , the star mark ⟨ ⟩ denoting unattested linguistic reconstructions , is sometimes replaced by a superscript plus ⟨ ⟩ </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Look up plus sign in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Look up minus sign in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> References and footnotes ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ Karpinski , Louis C. ( 1917 ) . `` Algebraical Developments Among the Egyptians and Babylonians '' . The American Mathematical Monthly . 24 ( 6 ) : 257 -- 265 . doi : 10.2307 / 2973180 . MR 1518824 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ The birth of symbols -- Zdena Lustigova , Faculty of Mathematics and Physics Charles University , Prague Archived 2013 - 07 - 08 at Archive.is </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Ley , Willy ( April 1965 ) . `` Symbolically Speaking '' . For Your Information . Galaxy Science Fiction . pp. 57 -- 67 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Stallings , Lynn ( May 2000 ) . `` A brief history of algebraic notation '' . School Science and Mathematics . Retrieved 13 April 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Sangster , Alan ; Stoner , Greg ; McCarthy , Patricia ( 2008 ) . `` The market for Luca Pacioli 's Summa Arithmetica '' ( PDF ) . Accounting Historians Journal . 35 ( 1 ) : 111 -- 134 ( p. 115 ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Cajori , Florian ( 1928 ) . `` Origin and meanings of the signs + and - '' . A History of Mathematical Notations , Vol. 1 . The Open Court Company , Publishers . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Wright , D. Franklin ; New , Bill D. ( 2000 ) . Intermediate Algebra ( 4th ed . ) . Thomson Learning . p. 1 . The minus sign or bar , -- , is thought to be derived from the habit of early scribes of using a bar to represent the letter m </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` plus '' . Oxford English Dictionary ( 3rd ed . ) . Oxford University Press . September 2005 . ( Subscription or UK public library membership required . ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Smith , D.E. ( 1951 ) . History of Mathematics. 1 . Courier Dover Publications . pp. 258 , 330 . ISBN 0486204308 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Earliest Uses of Various Mathematical Symbols </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Cajori , Florian ( 2007 ) , A History of Mathematical Notations , Cosimo , p. 164 , ISBN 9781602066847 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Fraleigh , John B. ( 1989 ) . A First Course in Abstract Algebra ( 4 ed . ) . United States : Addison - Wesley . p. 52 . ISBN 0 - 201 - 52821 - 5 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Henri Picciotto . The Algebra Lab . Creative Publications . p. 9 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 88488 - 964 - 9 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Schwartzman , Steven ( 1994 ) . The words of mathematics . The Mathematical Association of America . p. 136 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Wheeler , Ruric E. ( 2001 ) . Modern Mathematics ( 11 ed . ) . p. 171 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Microsoft Office Excel Calculation operators and precedence '' . Archived from the original on 2009 - 08 - 11 . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 29 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Grant P. Wiggins ; Jay McTighe ( 2005 ) . Understanding by design . ACSD Publications . p. 210 . ISBN 1 - 4166 - 0035 - 3 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Castledine , George ; Close , Ann ( 2009 ) . Oxford Handbook of Adult Nursing . Oxford University Press . p. xvii . ISBN 9780191039676 ... </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Hartell , Rhonda L. , ed. ( 1993 ) , The Alphabets of Africa . Dakar : UNESCO and SIL . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Kaufmann Kohler ( 1901 -- 1906 ) . `` Cross '' . In Cyrus Adler ; et al. Jewish Encyclopedia . CS1 maint : Explicit use of et al. ( link ) </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Christian - Jewish Dialogue : Theological Foundations By Peter von der Osten - Sacken ( 1986 -- Fortress Press ) ISBN 0 - 8006 - 0771 - 6 `` In Israel the plus sign used in mathematics is represented by a horizontal stroke with a vertical hook instead of the sign otherwise used all over the world , because the latter is reminiscent of a cross . '' ( Page 96 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Unicode U + FB29 reference page This form of the plus sign is also used on the control buttons at individual seats on board the El Al Israel Airlines aircraft . </Li> </Ol> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Plus_and_minus_signs&oldid=837938555 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> Elementary arithmetic </Li> <Li> Mathematical symbols </Li> <Li> Addition </Li> <Li> Subtraction </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Webarchive template archiveis links </Li> <Li> CS1 maint : Explicit use of et al . </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> Read </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Čeština </Li> <Li> Español </Li> <Li> فارسی </Li> <Li> Français </Li> <Li> Galego </Li> <Li> 한국어 </Li> <Li> IsiXhosa </Li> <Li> עברית </Li> <Li> 日本 語 </Li> <Li> Polski </Li> <Li> Português </Li> <Li> Русский </Li> <Li> தமிழ் </Li> <Li> ไทย </Li> <Li> Türkçe </Li> <Li> Українська </Li> <Li> 中文 </Li> 9 more </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 23 April 2018 , at 23 : 12 . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul>

when were the plus and minus signs first recorded

https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Plus_and_minus_signs&amp;oldid=837938555

Bob 's your uncle - wikipedia <H1> Bob 's your uncle </H1> Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Bob 's your uncle ( disambiguation ) . <P> ... And Bob 's your uncle is an expression of unknown origin , that means `` and there it is '' or `` and there you have it . '' It is commonly used in Great Britain and Commonwealth countries . Typically , someone says it to conclude a set of simple instructions or when a result is reached . The meaning is similar to that of the French expression `` et voilà ! '' </P> <P> `` Bob 's your uncle '' is an exclamation that is used when `` everything is all right '' and the simple means of obtaining the successful result is explained . For example : `` left over right ; right over left , and Bob 's your uncle -- a reef knot . '' Sometimes the phrase is followed with `` and Nellie 's your aunt '' or `` and Fanny 's your aunt . '' It is sometimes elaborately phrased Robert is your mother 's brother or similar for comic effect . </P> <H2> Origin ( edit ) </H2> <P> A.J. Langguth and others have suggested that the expression arose after Conservative Prime Minister Robert `` Bob '' Cecil appointed his nephew Arthur Balfour as Chief Secretary for Ireland in 1887 , an act which was apparently both surprising and unpopular . Whatever other qualifications Balfour might have had , `` Bob 's your uncle '' was seen as the conclusive one . Regardless of the origin , the meaning has become acknowledging , announcing , or explaining a result or outcome that is achieved more easily than might be imagined . </P> <P> It is suggested in Shantaram by Gregory David Roberts that Frederick Roberts , 1st Earl Roberts was known as Uncle Bobs and that the phrase referred to him . </P> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> All Sir Garnet </Li> <Li> Nepotism </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Look up Bob 's your uncle in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ Langguth , A.J. ( 1981 ) . Saki : Life of Hector Hugh Munro . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Trahair , R.C.S. ( 1994 ) . From Aristotelian to Reaganomics : A Dictionary of Eponyms With Biographies in the Social Science . Greenwood Publishing Group . p. 72 . Retrieved 30 July 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bernstein , Jonathan ( 2006 ) . Knickers in a Twist : A Dictionary of British Slang . Canongate U.S. p. 65 . Retrieved 4 August 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Shantaram https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=5JaxSJlpGmAC&pg=PT446&lpg=PT446&dq=shantaram+bob%27s+your+uncle&source=bl&ots=z_Lg_8ZlBQ&sig=D6VNb6c98gOVWZNXxfPTOO_iE0s&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwisr-j52e_VAhUsLsAKHersAdMQ6AEIXTAJ#v=onepage&q=shantaram%20bob's%20your%20uncle&f=false </Li> </Ol> <H2> Further reading ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Turner - Lord , Jann ( 1992 ) . Bob 's your uncle : a dictionary of slang for British mystery fans . Fithian Press . p. 62 . 9781564740229 . </Li> </Ul> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bob%27s_your_uncle&oldid=802574284 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> British English idioms </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Use dmy dates from July 2013 </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> Add links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 27 September 2017 , at 01 : 39 . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul>

where does the phrase bob's your uncle come from

https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Bob%27s_your_uncle&amp;oldid=802574284

The one with the proposal - wikipedia <H1> The one with the proposal </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> `` The One with the Proposal '' </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Friends episode </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Episode no . </Th> <Td> Season 6 Episode 24 / 25 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Directed by </Th> <Td> Kevin S. Bright </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Written by </Th> <Td> Scott Silveri & Shana Goldberg - Meehan ( Part 1 ) Andrew Reich & Ted Cohen ( Part 2 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Production code </Th> <Td> 225573 ( Part 1 ) 225574 ( Part 2 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Original air date </Th> <Td> May 18 , 2000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Guest appearance ( s ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Tom Selleck as Richard </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Episode chronology </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Td> ← Previous `` The One with the Ring '' </Td> <Td> Next → `` The One with Monica 's Thunder '' </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Friends ( season 6 ) List of Friends episodes </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> `` The One with the Proposal '' is a double length episode of the television situation comedy Friends . It first aired on May 18 , 2000 , as the finale to the sixth season . It is normally transmitted as a whole episode in a one - hour slot , but when it is split for a half - hour slot the episodes are differentiated by having the title suffixed with Part One and Part Two . The episode was selected for Volume 4 of the `` Best of Friends '' DVD series , and when the series left the air in 2004 , several articles and viewer polls included this episode as one of the 10 best of the series ' 236 episodes . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Plot <Ul> <Li> 1.1 Part One </Li> <Li> 1.2 Part Two </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2 Production </Li> <Li> 3 Reception <Ul> <Li> 3.1 Awards and nominations </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 References </Li> <Li> 5 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Plot ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Part one ( edit ) </H3> <P> Ross is being questioned by his friends about his relationship with Elizabeth ( Alexandra Holden ) ; mainly asking if the relationship is going anywhere . Ross quickly claims he and Elizabeth are great together , and his friends are all wrong ... until he sees her having a water balloon fight with her buddies . Deciding she is too young , he breaks off the relationship . Afterward , Ross questions his decision , until Elizabeth confirms her immaturity by dropping water balloons on his head from her upstairs window . </P> <P> Rachel takes Phoebe and Joey to a charity event helping children , including a silent auction . While Phoebe is obviously over-drinking ( Phoebe : `` The more I drink , the less there is for the kids to drink ! '' ) , Joey has bigger problems ; misunderstanding the silent auction process , Joey thought that bidders guessed an item 's worth , with the prize going to the person with the closest guess . ( Rachel : Why would a charity give away a free boat ? Joey : I do n't know ... charity ? ) Joey `` guesses '' $20,000 and `` wins '' a yacht . Rachel and Joey try to convince the next highest bidder to buy the boat , but in the process of persuading the man of the boat 's virtues , Joey changes his mind and wants it for himself , although he can barely afford it . </P> <P> After weeks of preparation , Chandler is ready to propose to Monica . While at a restaurant , Chandler begins his proposal however before he can ask the question Monica 's ex-boyfriend Richard ( Tom Selleck ) walks in and the moment is lost . When the others come home from the charity event , they constantly ask to see Monica 's hand , thinking Chandler proposed already . Feeling that Monica will figure out that Chandler plans to propose ( Chandler : `` Who walks into a room and asks to see a person 's hands ? ! '' ) , Joey suggests that Chandler pretend he does n't care about marriage and never wants to get married . Meanwhile , Richard approaches Monica at work and declares his love for her . </P> <H3> Part two ( edit ) </H3> <P> The episode began with Richard telling Monica that he 's never gotten over her and that he wants to marry and have children with her . Monica is left confused and when Chandler talks about how he hates marriage and ca n't see why anyone should get married she starts to feel unsure about their whole relationship . After Joey confirms to Monica that Chandler seemingly has no interest in getting married , Monica decides enough is enough and goes to meet Richard - she describes his apartment as `` a grown - up 's apartment '' and talks to him about the unfairness of the situation . Joey meanwhile tells Chandler how his plan has backfired on him and he is now in serious danger of losing Monica for good , and he leaves on a frantic search intending to propose when he finds her . After Monica leaves Richard 's apartment , Chandler comes and asks for Monica - he starts off by saying that Richard is a very bad man and he had his chances but he blew them . He also says that he and Monica are meant to be together and now Richard has blown Chandler 's chances , revealing he 'd intended to propose . Richard advises Chandler to go to Monica , warning that if he succeeds in winning her back , he must never let her go . </P> <P> After searching all day , Chandler hurries back to his apartment and when he gets there , Joey meets him in the hall , claiming Monica has left him because of his commitment issues . When Chandler enters their apartment , afraid of Monica actually leaving , he discovers that it 's far from being abandoned , there are candles lit all over and Monica is kneeling to propose . In the midst of proposing to Chandler , she cries from sheer emotion , saying , `` There 's a reason why girls do n't do this ! '' Instead , Chandler gets on his knees and proposes to her and Monica says yes . They then open the door to Joey , Rachel , and Phoebe , who have been waiting to celebrate . At first , they hesitate , feeling Ross should be there to share the moment , then decide that after three marriages , Ross can afford to miss one engagement celebration . End credits play while Monica and Chandler dance to Eric Clapton 's `` Wonderful Tonight . '' </P> <H2> Production ( edit ) </H2> <P> According to the producers ' DVD commentary for this episode , the original plot for Ross was to have Elizabeth announce that she was pregnant , ultimately resolving at the end of the following season when it would be revealed that Ross was not the father of the baby . This idea was ultimately rejected by the producers since it would be investing a lot of time in a secondary character without a payoff . It would have also have been difficult to use the cliffhanger for Rachel 's pregnancy . </P> <P> Sources suggest that David Schwimmer was actually out of the country filming Band of Brothers when the final scenes of the episode were filmed , hence why Ross is not there when the friends hug Monica and Chandler on hearing their announcement . </P> <P> The producers decided to end the episode on a romantic moment rather than the usual joke . They also took care over the script before approaching Selleck to return as Richard , as the actor would only return if it seemed feasible . </P> <P> The episode very nearly served as the series finale , given that NBC and Warner Bros. were in negotiations over the show 's future up until four days before the episode aired . The series ' stars demanded $750,000 salary for each actor per episode and agreed to a contract for two additional seasons , an agreement that later stretched into a further two seasons at $1 million salary for each of the stars . </P> <H2> Reception ( edit ) </H2> <P> Entertainment Weekly listed Chandler and Monica 's proposal scene in their `` 26 Great ' I Love You 's '' . </P> <H3> Awards and nominations ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Multi-Camera Picture Editing for a Series ( nominated ) </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Highlights from television 's most popular sitcom 's 10 memorable season , '' The Plain Dealer ( Cleveland , OH ) , May 6 , 2004 , page F1 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Michael Pritchard . `` Here 's an overview of the best ' Friends ' episodes , '' The Press of Atlantic City ( NJ ) , May 2 , 2004 , page G1 ( named as # 6 in NBC 's viewer poll of the 10 best episodes ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Chip Chandler . `` Some ' Friends ' episodes you will never forget , '' Amarillo Globe - News ( TX ) , May 2 , 2004 : `` One of the series ' most emotionally satisfying episodes ... '' </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Karla Peterson . `` Friends , indeed : Ten years ago , no one told us it was gon na be this way - now our Thursday - night pals , with all their warmth and warts , must leave TV , '' San Diego Union - Tribune ( CA ) , May 3 , 2004 , page D1 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Jae - Ha Kim & Phil Rosenthal . `` The ones we remember : In a look back at a decade of love and laughs , what stands out are a football that siblings fought over , a ring placed on Monica 's finger and the night Rachel found her lobster , '' Chicago Sun - Times ( IL ) , May 5 , 2004 , page 64 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Friends Season 6 DVD audio commentary . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Phil Rosenthal . `` No turning back : These six threatened to leave us many times over the decade , but now it 's their day , their week , their month -- heck , even their year , '' Chicago Sun - Times , May 6 , 2004 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Gonzalez , Sandra ( 9 December 2016 ) . `` 26 Great TV ' I Love You 's - Monica to Chandler / Chandler to Rachel in The One With the Proposal on Friends '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved September 3 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Associated Press . `` ' Sopranos , ' ' West Wing ' lead Emmy nods , '' The Dallas Morning News , July 23 , 2000 , page 6C . </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> `` The One with the Proposal : Part 1 '' on IMDb </Li> <Li> `` The One with the Proposal : Part 1 '' at TV.com </Li> <Li> `` The One with the Proposal : Part 2 '' on IMDb </Li> <Li> `` The One with the Proposal : Part 2 '' at TV.com </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Friends </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Characters </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Chandler Bing </Li> <Li> Phoebe Buffay </Li> <Li> Monica Geller </Li> <Li> Ross Geller </Li> <Li> Rachel Green </Li> <Li> Joey Tribbiani </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Episodes </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Season 1 </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` The Pilot '' ( 1.01 ) </Li> <Li> `` The One with the Sonogram at the End '' ( 1.02 ) </Li> <Li> `` The One with George Stephanopoulos '' ( 1.04 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Season 2 </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` The One with the Lesbian Wedding '' ( 2.11 ) </Li> <Li> `` The One After the Superbowl '' ( 2.12 -- 2.13 ) </Li> <Li> `` The One with the Prom Video '' ( 2.14 ) </Li> <Li> `` The One Where Dr. Ramoray Dies '' ( 2.18 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Season 3 </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` The One Where No One 's Ready '' ( 3.02 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Season 4 </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` The One with the Embryos '' ( 4.12 ) </Li> <Li> `` The One with Ross 's Wedding '' ( 4.23 -- 4.24 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Season 5 </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` The One After Ross Says Rachel '' ( 5.01 ) </Li> <Li> `` The One Hundredth '' ( 5.03 ) </Li> <Li> `` The One with All the Thanksgivings '' ( 5.08 ) </Li> <Li> `` The One with the Girl Who Hits Joey '' ( 5.15 ) </Li> <Li> `` The One Where Rachel Smokes '' ( 5.18 ) </Li> <Li> `` The One Where Ross Ca n't Flirt '' ( 5.19 ) </Li> <Li> `` The One with the Ride - Along '' ( 5.20 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Season 6 </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` The One After Vegas '' ( 6.01 ) </Li> <Li> `` The One with the Apothecary Table '' ( 6.11 ) </Li> <Li> `` The One with the Proposal '' ( 6.24 -- 6.25 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Season 7 </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` The One with Monica and Chandler 's Wedding '' ( 7.23 -- 7.24 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Season 8 </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` The One with Rachel 's Date '' ( 8.05 ) </Li> <Li> `` The One with the Rumor '' ( 8.09 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Season 9 </Th> <Td> -- </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Season 10 </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` The Last One '' ( 10.17 -- 10.18 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Related articles </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Music <Ul> <Li> `` I 'll Be There for You '' </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Joey </Li> <Li> Mad About You </Li> <Li> Awards and nominations </Li> <Li> Friends ... 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the one where chandler and monica get engaged

https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=The_One_with_the_Proposal&amp;oldid=804200917

So You Think You Can dance : the next Generation ( US tv series ) - wikipedia <H1> So You Think You Can dance : the next Generation ( US tv series ) </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> So You Think You Can Dance : The Next Generation </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Season 13 </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Broadcast from </Th> <Td> May 30 -- September 12 , 2016 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Judges </Th> <Td> Nigel Lythgoe Paula Abdul Jason Derulo Maddie Ziegler </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Host ( s ) </Th> <Td> Cat Deeley </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Broadcaster </Th> <Td> Fox </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Winner </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Leon `` Kida '' Burns </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Genre ( s ) </Th> <Td> Hip - Hop </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Runner - up </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> J.T. Church </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Chronology </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> ◀ </Li> <Li> 2016 </Li> <Li> ▶ </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> So You Think You Can Dance : The Next Generation is the 13th season of So You Think You Can Dance , an American dance competition show . The show premiered on Monday , May 30 , 2016 in a new format featuring dancers between ages 8 to 13 at the time of their auditions . The season was broadcast on Fox in the United States , one show each week on Mondays , as it was the previous season . The top prize remained $250,000 , and Cat Deeley continued as host . </P> <P> Auditions were held in Los Angeles , CA , Chicago , IL and New York City . 100 dancers were selected by the judges for the Dance Academy portion of the season , in which 10 finalists were selected by , and paired with , `` all - stars '' from previous seasons , who mentored and performed with them during the live performance episodes . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Judges </Li> <Li> 2 Format </Li> <Li> 3 Auditions </Li> <Li> 4 Dance Academy </Li> <Li> 5 Finals <Ul> <Li> 5.1 Top 10 Finalists <Ul> <Li> 5.1. 1 Elimination chart </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 5.2 Performances <Ul> <Li> 5.2. 1 Top 10 ( July 11 , 2016 ) </Li> <Li> 5.2. 2 July 18 , 2016 </Li> <Li> 5.2. 3 July 25 , 2016 ( final 9 ) </Li> <Li> 5.2. 4 August 1 , 2016 ( final 8 ) </Li> <Li> 5.2. 5 August 22 , 2016 ( final 6 ) </Li> <Li> 5.2. 6 August 29 , 2016 ( final 5 ) </Li> <Li> 5.2. 7 September 5 , 2016 ( final 4 ) : No elimination </Li> <Li> 5.2. 8 September 12 , 2016 : Finale -- Results </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 6 Ratings <Ul> <Li> 6.1 U.S. Nielsen ratings </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 7 See also </Li> <Li> 8 References </Li> <Li> 9 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Judges ( edit ) </H2> <P> Series creator and executive producer Nigel Lythgoe , along with new permanent members Paula Abdul and Jason Derulo , returned as members of the permanent judging panel and judge the audition rounds . After this , the fourth judge , 14 - year - old dancer Maddie Ziegler , joined the show . </P> <H2> Format ( edit ) </H2> <P> Season 13 featured a significant shift in format in that the contestants were all between the ages of 8 and 13 at the time of their auditions . Approximately 100 dancers were selected from the auditions for the next segment of the season , the Dance Academy . From these , the top 50 were chosen , and finally the top 10 were selected as finalists by a So You Think You Can Dance `` all - star '' who provided mentorship during the live shows and participated as a duet partner with his or her contestant in performances . </P> <H2> Auditions ( edit ) </H2> <P> Open auditions for season 13 were held in three cities beginning in February 2016 . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Td> Air Date </Td> <Td> Audition Venue </Td> <Td> City </Td> <Td> Audition Date </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> May 30 , 2016 </Td> <Td> Orpheum Theatre </Td> <Td> Los Angeles , CA </Td> <Td> February 27 , 2016 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> June 6 , 2016 </Td> <Td> Lou Conte Dance Studio </Td> <Td> Chicago , IL </Td> <Td> March 11 , 2016 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> June 13 , 2016 </Td> <Td> Broadway Dance Center </Td> <Td> New York City </Td> <Td> March 18 , 2016 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> During the audition round , the judges interviewed each auditioner , watched a brief audition and gave feedback , while the auditioner 's family sat at the side of the stage and often participated in the interviews . Offstage , Cat Deeley chatted with contestants and judges . Approximately 100 dancers were sent through to the Academy . </P> <H2> Dance Academy ( edit ) </H2> <P> Dance Academy week was split among two episodes . The June 20 episode covered the first day of the Academy . The first task for the 10 all - stars was to watch solo dances by each of the competitors who were sent through from the auditions . From these , each all - star selected five dancers ( at least three from their own dance style ) , from the large number of auditioners , to join their `` team '' . If a dancer was selected by more than one all - star , he or she could choose which all - star 's team to join . Choreographer Warren Carlyle and the all - stars then taught the 50 remaining competitors a Broadway couples dance routine in 90 minutes , and dancers from each team were paired with dancers from another team . After all of the couples danced , each all - star was required to cut one dancer from his or her team , leaving a total of 40 contestants . Throughout the episode , Maddie Ziegler and Cat Deeley interviewed successful competitors . </P> <P> The June 27 episode covered days two and three of Academy week . On day two , the all - stars each narrowed down their teams to three and then two dancers , based first on a hip - hop routine for pairs choreographed by Tabitha and Napoleon D'umo , and then on a contemporary routine , created by Travis Wall , danced simultaneously by the remaining three members of each team . On the last day , the last two dancers from each team danced a solo just for their own all - star . Each all - star then selected one finalist , making a total of 10 finalists that he or she will mentor through the finals round . The all - stars and their finalists are : </P> <Table> <Tr> <Td> <Dl> <Dt> Contemporary </Dt> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> Kathryn McCormick : season 6 , 3rd place -- Tate </Li> <Li> Robert Roldan : season 7 , 3rd place -- J.T. </Li> <Li> Sasha Mallory : season 8 runner - up -- Jordan </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dt> Ballroom </Dt> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> Jenna Johnson : season 10 , top 8 -- Jake </Li> <Li> Paul Karmiryan , season 10 , top 6 -- Ruby </Li> <Li> Jonathan Platero , season 5 , top 16 -- Daniela </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Dl> <Dt> Tap </Dt> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> Gaby Diaz , season 12 winner -- Emma </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dt> Hip - Hop </Dt> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> Marko Germar ° , season 8 , top 3 ( replacing Joshua Allen ) -- Sheaden </Li> <Li> Comfort Fedoke , season 4 , top 8 -- Tahani </Li> <Li> Du - Shaunt `` Fik - Shun '' Stegall , season 10 winner -- Kida </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dd> ° Although Marko competed in season 8 as a contemporary / jazz dancer , he stepped in , before the first live show , to mentor hip - hop dancer Sheaden after Joshua withdrew from the show . </Dd> </Dl> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Finals ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Top 10 Finalists ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Finalist </Th> <Th> Age </Th> <Th> Home town </Th> <Th> Dance style </Th> <Th> All - star mentor </Th> <Th> Placement </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Leon `` Kida '' Burns </Td> <Td> 14 </Td> <Td> Sacramento , California </Td> <Td> Hip Hop </Td> <Td> Du - Shaunt `` Fik - Shun '' Stegall </Td> <Td> First </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> J.T. Church </Td> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> Haymarket , Virginia </Td> <Td> Jazz </Td> <Td> Robert Roldan </Td> <Td> Second </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Tate McRae </Td> <Td> 13 </Td> <Td> Calgary , Alberta , Canada </Td> <Td> Contemporary / Ballet </Td> <Td> Kathryn McCormick </Td> <Td> Third </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Emma Hellenkamp </Td> <Td> 11 </Td> <Td> San Diego , California </Td> <Td> Tap </Td> <Td> Gaby Diaz </Td> <Td> Fourth </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Tahani Anderson </Td> <Td> 13 </Td> <Td> Victorville , California </Td> <Td> Hip Hop </Td> <Td> Comfort Fedoke </Td> <Td> Fifth </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Ruby Castro </Td> <Td> 12 </Td> <Td> Miami , Florida </Td> <Td> Ballroom </Td> <Td> Paul Karmiryan </Td> <Td> Sixth </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Jake Monreal </Td> <Td> 12 </Td> <Td> Miami , Florida </Td> <Td> Ballroom </Td> <Td> Jenna Johnson </Td> <Td> Seventh </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Jordan Nata'e Wandick </Td> <Td> 14 </Td> <Td> Bakersfield , California </Td> <Td> Contemporary / Jazz </Td> <Td> Sasha Mallory </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Sheaden Gabriel </Td> <Td> 12 </Td> <Td> Murrieta , California </Td> <Td> Hip Hop </Td> <Td> Marko Germar </Td> <Td> Ninth </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Daniela Avanzini </Td> <Td> 11 </Td> <Td> Atlanta , Georgia </Td> <Td> Ballroom </Td> <Td> Jonathan Platero </Td> <Td> Tenth </Td> </Tr> </Table> Elimination chart ( edit ) <Table> Legend <Tr> <Td> Female </Td> <Td> Male </Td> <Td> Bottom 2 contestants </Td> <Td> Eliminated </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Td> Result show date : </Td> <Th> 7 / 18 </Th> <Th> 7 / 25 </Th> <Th> 8 / 1 </Th> <Th> 8 / 22 </Th> <Th> 8 / 29 </Th> <Th> 9 / 12 </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Contestant </Th> <Th_colspan="9"> Results </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Leon `` Kida '' Burns </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Winner </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> J.T. Church </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Runner - Up </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Tate McRae </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 3rd Place </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Emma Hellenkamp </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 4th Place </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Tahani Anderson </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Elim </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Ruby Castro </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Btm 2 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Elim </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Jake Monreal </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Elim </Td> <Td_colspan="3"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Jordan Nata'e Wandick </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Elim </Td> <Td_colspan="3"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Sheaden Gabriel </Td> <Td> Btm 2 </Td> <Td> Elim </Td> <Td_colspan="4"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Daniela Avanzini </Td> <Td> Elim </Td> <Td_colspan="5"> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Performances ( edit ) </H3> Top 10 ( July 11 , 2016 ) ( edit ) <P> The live shows were all two - hour broadcasts . The first live show , on July 11 , 2016 , opened with a group dance by all ten contestants dancing with their all - stars and all together , futuristically dressed in white . In the middle of the show there was a contemporary group dance by the all - stars , and the show ended with a group hip - hop dance by all of the top - ten contestants . During the show , each contestant performed one solo and one duet with his or her all - star ; both dances were in the contestant 's primary dance style . At the beginning of the show , host Cat Deeley announced that all - star Joshua Allen has been replaced by Marko Germar , to mentor and partner with hip - hop dancer Sheaden Gabriel . Maddie Ziegler observed the contestants ' rehearsals and joined the judging panel , during the broadcast , giving the contestants `` relatable feedback '' and offering encouraging words about their performances . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Td> Dancers </Td> <Td> Style </Td> <Td> Music </Td> <Td> Choreographer ( s ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Top 10 and all - stars </Td> <Td> Multiple styles </Td> <Td> `` Prodigy '' -- Nathan Lanier </Td> <Td> Christopher Scott </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Leon `` Kida '' Burns Du - Shaunt `` Fik - Shun '' Stegall </Td> <Td> Hip - hop </Td> <Td> `` Winning '' -- Fingazz </Td> <Td> Christopher Scott </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Tate McRae Kathryn McCormick </Td> <Td> Contemporary </Td> <Td> `` Goldenheart '' -- Dawn Richard </Td> <Td> Tyce Diorio </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Jake Monreal Jenna Johnson </Td> <Td> Cha - cha - cha </Td> <Td> `` Toca Toca Radio Edit '' -- Fly Project </Td> <Td> Jean - Marc Généreux </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Sheaden Gabriel Marko Germar </Td> <Td> Hip hop </Td> <Td> `` Why I 'm Here ( Original Mix ) '' -- Statik Link feat . Young Live </Td> <Td> Christopher `` Pharside '' Jennings Krystal `` Phoenix '' Meraz </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Jordan Nata'e Wandick Sasha Mallory </Td> <Td> Contemporary </Td> <Td> `` The Light That Never Fails '' -- Andra Day </Td> <Td> Brian Friedman </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Emma Hellenkamp Gaby Diaz </Td> <Td> Tap </Td> <Td> `` Watch Me Do '' -- Meghan Trainor </Td> <Td> Anthony Morigerato </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Ruby Castro Paul Karmiryan </Td> <Td> Cha - cha - cha </Td> <Td> `` How Deep Is Your Love '' -- Calvin Harris & Disciples </Td> <Td> Jean - Marc Généreux </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Tahani Anderson Comfort Fedoke </Td> <Td> Hip - hop </Td> <Td> `` Cut It '' -- O.T. Genasis feat . Young Dolph </Td> <Td> Luther Brown </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Daniela Avanzini Jonathan Platero </Td> <Td> Salsa </Td> <Td> `` Latinos '' -- Proyecto Uno </Td> <Td> Oksana Platero </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> J.T. Church Robert Roldan </Td> <Td> Contemporary </Td> <Td> `` Stand in the Light '' -- Jordan Smith </Td> <Td> Mandy Moore </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> All - stars </Td> <Td> Contemporary </Td> <Td> `` Unsteady ( Erich Lee Gravity Remix ) '' -- X Ambassadors </Td> <Td> Mandy Moore </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Top 10 </Td> <Td> Hip - hop </Td> <Td> `` Move ( If You Wanna ) '' -- MIMS </Td> <Td> Willdabeast Janelle Ginestra </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ul> <Li> Solos : </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Td> Dancer </Td> <Td> Style </Td> <Td> Music </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Emma Hellenkamp </Td> <Td> Tap </Td> <Td> `` Impossible '' -- Lion Babe </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Tahani Anderson </Td> <Td> Hip - hop </Td> <Td> `` Anyway '' -- Chris Brown feat . Tayla Parx </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> J.T. Church </Td> <Td> Jazz </Td> <Td> '' Dance with Me Tonight '' -- Olly Murs </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Ruby Castro </Td> <Td> Paso Doble </Td> <Td> `` Unstoppable '' -- E.S. Posthumus </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Daniela Avanzini </Td> <Td> Jive </Td> <Td> '' Proud Mary '' -- Tina Turner </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Leon `` Kida '' Burns </Td> <Td> Hip - hop </Td> <Td> `` Ants '' -- edIT </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Jordan Nata'e Wandick </Td> <Td> Contemporary </Td> <Td> `` Freedom '' -- Anthony Hamilton & Elayna Boynton </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Tate McRae </Td> <Td> Contemporary </Td> <Td> `` The Beginning '' -- Factor Eight </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Sheaden Gabriel </Td> <Td> Hip - hop </Td> <Td> `` Look at Me Now '' -- Chris Brown feat . Lil Wayne & Busta Rhymes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Jake Monreal </Td> <Td> Cha - cha - cha </Td> <Td> `` I Like It Like That '' -- Tito Nieves </Td> </Tr> </Table> July 18 , 2016 ( edit ) <P> Derulo was unavailable this week , but all - star Stephen `` tWitch '' Boss took his place at the judging table ; Ziegler continued to attend and comment at the contestants ' rehearsals . The show opened with a group Bollywood - style number danced by all of the contestants and all - stars . In the middle of the show , the all - stars performed a piece inspired by Romeo and Juliet . Contestants were paired with each other to dance two routines ; each dancer performed at least one routine outside of his or her primary style . The kids also performed duets with their all - stars . Daniela and her partner Sheaden were ranked in the bottom two , based on the previous week 's voting , and Daniela was eliminated . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Td> Dancers </Td> <Td> Style </Td> <Td> Music </Td> <Td> Choreographer ( s ) </Td> <Td> Result </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Contestants and all - stars </Td> <Td> Bollywood </Td> <Td> `` Let 's Nacho '' -- Kapoor & Sons ( Since 1921 ) soundtrack </Td> <Td> Nakul Dev Mahajan </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Jordan Nata'e Wandick Ruby Castro </Td> <Td> African jazz </Td> <Td> `` Breath Connect Us All '' -- Professor Trance & The Energizers </Td> <Td> Sean Cheesman </Td> <Td> Safe </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> J.T. Church Emma Hellenkamp </Td> <Td> Hip hop </Td> <Td> `` Dessert ( Remix ) '' -- Dawin featuring Silentó </Td> <Td> Tabitha and Napoleon D'umo </Td> <Td> Safe </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Tahani Anderson Jake Monreal </Td> <Td> Contemporary </Td> <Td> `` Tell Your Heart to Beat Again '' -- Danny Gokey </Td> <Td> Bonnie Story </Td> <Td> Safe </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Daniela Avanzini Sheaden Gabriel </Td> <Td> Cha - cha - cha </Td> <Td> `` I Love It '' -- Icona Pop featuring Charli XCX </Td> <Td> Umario Diallo </Td> <Td> Bottom 2 Daniela eliminated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Leon `` Kida '' Burns Tate McRae </Td> <Td> Hip hop </Td> <Td> `` Manolo '' -- Trip Lee featuring Lecrae </Td> <Td> Tabitha and Napoleon D'umo </Td> <Td> Safe </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> All - stars </Td> <Td> Contemporary </Td> <Td> `` Move Your Body '' -- Sia </Td> <Td> Nick Florez and RJ Durell </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> J.T. Church Emma Hellenkamp </Td> <Td> Broadway </Td> <Td> `` The Jet Song '' -- from West Side Story ; Dave Grusin </Td> <Td> Spencer Liff </Td> <Td> Safe </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Jordan Nata'e Wandick Ruby Castro </Td> <Td> Contemporary </Td> <Td> `` My Own '' -- Whitaker </Td> <Td> Dee Caspary </Td> <Td> Safe </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Leon `` Kida '' Burns Tate McRae </Td> <Td> Jazz </Td> <Td> `` I Do What I Love '' -- Ellie Goulding </Td> <Td> Nick Florez and RJ Durell </Td> <Td> Safe </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Daniela Avanzini Sheaden Gabriel </Td> <Td> Broadway </Td> <Td> `` Rich Man 's Frug '' -- from Sweet Charity </Td> <Td> Spencer Liff </Td> <Td> Bottom 2 Daniela eliminated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Tahani Anderson Jake Monreal </Td> <Td> Jive </Td> <Td> `` Jailhouse Rock '' -- J - Lew and the Crew </Td> <Td> Emma Slater and Sasha Farber </Td> <Td> Safe </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ul> <Li> Duets choreographed by all - stars : </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Td> Dancers </Td> <Td> Style </Td> <Td> Music </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Sheaden and Marko </Td> <Td> Hip hop </Td> <Td> `` Treasure ( Bruno Mars song ) '' -- Bruno Mars </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Tate and Kathryn </Td> <Td> Contemporary </Td> <Td> `` Do n't Panic '' -- Clairity </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Kida and Fik - Shun </Td> <Td> Hip - hop </Td> <Td> `` TRNSTTR ( Lucian Remix ) '' -- Black Coast featuring M. Maggie </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Ruby and Paul </Td> <Td> Ballroom </Td> <Td> `` Muchacho '' -- Jonny Good </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Jordan and Sasha </Td> <Td> Contemporary </Td> <Td> `` Pure4Sure '' -- Sunless ' 97 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Emma and Gaby </Td> <Td> Tap </Td> <Td> `` Boogie Shoes '' -- KC and the Sunshine Band </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Jake and Jenna </Td> <Td> Ballroom </Td> <Td> `` Ai n't Your Mama '' -- Jennifer Lopez </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Tahani and Comfort </Td> <Td> Hip - hop </Td> <Td> `` Pep Rally '' -- Missy Elliott </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Daniela and Jonathan </Td> <Td> Ballroom </Td> <Td> `` Marchina ( Remix 14 ) '' -- DJ DLVG </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> J.T. and Robert </Td> <Td> Contemporary </Td> <Td> `` Change is Everything '' -- Son Lux </Td> </Tr> </Table> July 25 , 2016 ( final 9 ) ( edit ) <P> The show began again with a dance that included all the contestants and all - stars . During the course of the broadcast , there was also a group number for the kids and later one for the all - stars . The remaining nine contestants performed full - length routines with their all - stars in their own primary styles ( or similar styles ) , and each did a short solo in his or her primary style . The kids each gave a campaign speech as if they were running for US President . Tate McRae , who is Canadian , qupped in her speech : `` The only wall that should be shared between Canada and the United States should be Travis Wall . '' Sheaden was eliminated , based on the previous week 's voting . The show has been promoting the sixth annual National Dance Day , `` an annual celebration that encourages Americans to embrace dance as a fun and positive way to maintain good health and combat obesity '' , which is scheduled to take place on Saturday , July 30 , 2016 . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Td> Dancers </Td> <Td> Style </Td> <Td> Music </Td> <Td> Choreographer ( s ) </Td> <Td> Result </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Contestants and all - stars </Td> <Td> Jazz </Td> <Td> `` Me Too '' -- Meghan Trainor </Td> <Td> Brian Friedman </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Jake and Jenna </Td> <Td> Samba </Td> <Td> `` Hip Hip Chin Chin '' ( Maxim Illion Mix ) -- Club Des Belugas </Td> <Td> Dmitry Chaplin and Jenya Shatilova </Td> <Td> Safe </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Kida and Fik - Shun </Td> <Td> Hip - hop </Td> <Td> `` Panda '' -- Desiigner </Td> <Td> Dave Scott </Td> <Td> Safe </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Tate and Kathryn </Td> <Td> Contemporary </Td> <Td> `` Get Here '' -- Brenda Russell ( Oleta Adams cover ) </Td> <Td> Brian Friedman </Td> <Td> Safe </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Jordan and Sasha </Td> <Td> Jazz </Td> <Td> `` Sax '' -- Fleur East </Td> <Td> Ray Leeper </Td> <Td> Safe </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Sheaden and Marko </Td> <Td> Hip - hop </Td> <Td> `` Down in the DM '' -- Yo Gotti </Td> <Td> Luther Brown </Td> <Td> Eliminated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Ruby and Paul </Td> <Td> Argentine Tango </Td> <Td> `` Malevo '' -- Electro Dub Tango </Td> <Td> Miriam Larici and Leonardo Barrionuevo </Td> <Td> Bottom 2 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Tahani and Comfort </Td> <Td> Dancehall </Td> <Td> `` Get Busy '' -- Sean Paul </Td> <Td> Laure Courtellemont </Td> <Td> Safe </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> J.T. and Robert </Td> <Td> Contemporary </Td> <Td> `` The Mirror '' -- Alexandre Desplat </Td> <Td> Travis Wall </Td> <Td> Safe </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Emma and Gaby </Td> <Td> Tap </Td> <Td> `` Salute '' -- Little Mix </Td> <Td> Chloe Arnold </Td> <Td> Safe </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Contestants </Td> <Td> Contemporary </Td> <Td> `` Wolf '' -- Tailor </Td> <Td> Jaci Royal </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> All - stars </Td> <Td> Contemporary </Td> <Td> `` Send in the Clowns '' -- from A Little Night Music ( Sarah Vaughan and the Count Basie Orchestra ) </Td> <Td> Travis Wall </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ul> <Li> Solos : </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Td> Dancer </Td> <Td> Style </Td> <Td> Music </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Tahani </Td> <Td> Hip - hop </Td> <Td> `` Run the World ( Girls ) '' -- Beyoncé </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Sheaden </Td> <Td> Hip - hop </Td> <Td> `` Lean On '' -- Major Lazer featuring MØ and DJ Snake </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Ruby </Td> <Td> Samba </Td> <Td> `` The Girl 's Gone Wild '' -- Travis Tritt </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> J.T. </Td> <Td> Jazz </Td> <Td> `` Unsteady ( Erich Lee Gravity Remix ) '' -- X Ambassadors </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Tate </Td> <Td> Contemporary </Td> <Td> `` Lorikeet '' -- Ship Shape </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Emma </Td> <Td> Tap </Td> <Td> `` Expensive '' -- Tori Kelly featuring Daye Jack </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Jordan </Td> <Td> Contemporary </Td> <Td> `` Confident '' -- Demi Lovato </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Jake </Td> <Td> Cha Cha Cha </Td> <Td> `` It 's a Man 's Man 's Man 's World '' -- Seal </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Kida </Td> <Td> Hip - hop </Td> <Td> `` Lazarus '' -- Trip Lee featuring Thi'si </Td> </Tr> </Table> August 1 , 2016 ( final 8 ) ( edit ) <P> The show began with a group toy - themed hip - hop routine for all of the contestants and all - stars . Later , all 10 all - stars danced a contemporary routine based on a snow - globe . Each of the contestants danced a routine in their primary style with their all - star and then paired with another contestant for a routine in a new genre . Jake and Jordan were eliminated , based on the previous week 's voting . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Td> Dancers </Td> <Td> Style </Td> <Td> Music </Td> <Td> Choreographer ( s ) </Td> <Td> Result </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Contestants and all - stars </Td> <Td> Hip - hop </Td> <Td> `` Ai n't Playing With Ya '' -- District 78 </Td> <Td> Pharside Jennings & Phoenix Meraz </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Emma and Gaby </Td> <Td> Tap </Td> <Td> `` Walk Like an Egyptian '' -- The Bangles ( The Puppini Sisters cover ) </Td> <Td> Anthony Morigerato </Td> <Td> Safe </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Tahani and Comfort </Td> <Td> Lyrical hip - hop </Td> <Td> `` I 'm Going Down '' -- Rose Royce </Td> <Td> Tabitha and Napoleon D'umo </Td> <Td> Safe </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Ruby and Paul </Td> <Td> Pasodoble </Td> <Td> `` Echelon '' -- Jack Trammell </Td> <Td> Jean Marc Genereux </Td> <Td> Safe </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Jordan and Sasha </Td> <Td> Contemporary </Td> <Td> `` Amazing Grace ( Premier Video Appearance ) '' -- Harlem Gospel Choir </Td> <Td> Sean Cheesman </Td> <Td> Eliminated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Jake and Jenna </Td> <Td> Jive </Td> <Td> `` Land of 1000 Dances '' -- Chris Kenner ( Wilson Pickett cover ) </Td> <Td> Jean Marc Genereux </Td> <Td> Eliminated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> J.T. and Robert </Td> <Td> Jazz </Td> <Td> `` Friend Like Me '' -- from Aladdin ( Ne - Yo cover ) </Td> <Td> Mandy Moore </Td> <Td> Safe </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Kida and Fik - Shun </Td> <Td> Hip - hop </Td> <Td> `` The Buzz '' -- Hermitude featuring Big K.R.I.T. , Mataya & Young Tapz </Td> <Td> Misha Gabriel </Td> <Td> Safe </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Tate and Kathryn </Td> <Td> Contemporary </Td> <Td> `` She Used to Be Mine '' -- Sara Bareilles </Td> <Td> Travis Wall </Td> <Td> Safe </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> All - stars </Td> <Td> Contemporary </Td> <Td> `` A Star in a Stoneboat '' -- Kevin Keller Trio </Td> <Td> Tyce Diorio </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ul> <Li> Contestant duets </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Td> Dancers </Td> <Td> Style </Td> <Td> Music </Td> <Td> Choreographer ( s ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Jordan and Jake </Td> <Td> Hip - hop </Td> <Td> `` Bad Man '' -- Missy Elliott featuring Vybz Kartel & M.I.A. </Td> <Td> Pharside Jennings & Phoenix Meraz </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Tahani and J.T. </Td> <Td> Cha - cha - cha </Td> <Td> `` Bom Bom '' ( Radio Edit ) -- Sam and the Womp </Td> <Td> Emma Slater and Sasha Farber </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Emma and Tate </Td> <Td> Broadway </Td> <Td> `` Act One : Trouble '' -- from Smokey Joe 's Cafe : The Songs of Leiber and Stoller </Td> <Td> Sean Cheesman </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Ruby and Kida </Td> <Td> Contemporary </Td> <Td> `` Over the Rainbow '' -- from The Wizard of Oz ( Shawn McDonald cover ) </Td> <Td> Mandy Moore </Td> </Tr> </Table> August 22 , 2016 ( final 6 ) ( edit ) <P> The show began with a group contemporary routine for all of the contestants and all - stars . Later , four of the female all - stars danced a contemporary routine , and Comfort and the five male all - stars danced a hip - hop number . Each of the contestants danced a routine in their primary style with their all - star , paired with another contestant for a routine in a new genre , and also performed a short solo dance in their own genre . Ruby was eliminated , based on the previous week 's voting . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Td> Dancers </Td> <Td> Style </Td> <Td> Music </Td> <Td> Choreographer ( s ) </Td> <Td> Result </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Contestants and all - stars </Td> <Td> Contemporary </Td> <Td> `` What the World Needs Now is Love '' -- Hal David and Burt Bacharach ( Will Young cover ) </Td> <Td> Travis Wall </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Kida and Fik - Shun </Td> <Td> Hip - hop </Td> <Td> `` Blow a Check '' -- Zoey Dollaz </Td> <Td> Luther Brown </Td> <Td> Safe </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Tate and Kathryn </Td> <Td> Contemporary </Td> <Td> `` Rise Up '' -- Andra Day </Td> <Td> Mandy Moore </Td> <Td> Safe </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Ruby and Paul </Td> <Td> Jive </Td> <Td> `` Rip It Up '' -- Little Richard </Td> <Td> Mark Ballas </Td> <Td> Eliminated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Emma and Gaby </Td> <Td> Tap </Td> <Td> `` We Will Rock You '' -- Queen </Td> <Td> Nick Young </Td> <Td> Safe </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> J.T. and Robert </Td> <Td> Broadway </Td> <Td> `` Mr. Bojangles '' -- Jerry Jeff Walker ( Robbie Williams cover ) </Td> <Td> Al Blackstone </Td> <Td> Safe </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Tahani and Comfort </Td> <Td> Hip - hop </Td> <Td> `` BANJI '' -- Sharaya J </Td> <Td> Jamal Sims </Td> <Td> Safe </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Four all - star women </Td> <Td> Contemporary </Td> <Td> `` This Is Not the End '' -- Clare Maguire </Td> <Td> Mandy Moore </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> All - star men and Comfort </Td> <Td> Hip - hop </Td> <Td> `` Dangerous '' -- Busta Rhymes </Td> <Td> Luther Brown </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ul> <Li> Contestant duets </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Td> Dancers </Td> <Td> Style </Td> <Td> Music </Td> <Td> Choreographer ( s ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Emma and J.T. </Td> <Td> Contemporary </Td> <Td> `` I Will Not Forget You '' -- Max Richter </Td> <Td> Travis Wall </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Kida and Tate </Td> <Td> Pasodoble </Td> <Td> `` Diablo Rojo '' -- Rodrigo y Gabriela </Td> <Td> Mark Ballas </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Ruby and Tahani </Td> <Td> Broadway </Td> <Td> `` Stand By Me '' -- Ben E. King ( Joseph Leo Bwarie cover ) </Td> <Td> Al Blackstone </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ul> <Li> Solos : </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Td> Dancer </Td> <Td> Style </Td> <Td> Music </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Ruby </Td> <Td> Tango </Td> <Td> `` Libertango '' -- Astor Piazzolla </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Tahani </Td> <Td> Hip - hop </Td> <Td> `` Bring Em Out '' -- T.I. </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Tate </Td> <Td> Contemporary </Td> <Td> `` Trophy '' -- NAO featuring A.K. Paul </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> J.T. </Td> <Td> Jazz </Td> <Td> `` Feeling Good '' -- from The Roar of the Greasepaint -- The Smell of the Crowd ( Michael Bublé cover ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Emma </Td> <Td> Tap </Td> <Td> `` Foc '' -- Rodrigo y Gabriela </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Kida </Td> <Td> Hip - hop </Td> <Td> `` Boogie Bruthas '' -- Fingazz </Td> </Tr> </Table> August 29 , 2016 ( final 5 ) ( edit ) <P> The show began with a group routine for all of the contestants and all - stars . Each of the contestants then danced with his or her all - star in their primary style . Two groups of all - stars danced separately : first a contemporary routine and then a Broadway number . In the second half of the show , the contestants each choreographed a duet with his or her all - star in their own genre , choosing the concept , music , costumes and make - up . Finally , judge Maddie Ziegler performed a dramatic contemporary routine paired with choreographer Travis Wall . Tahani was eliminated based on the previous week 's voting . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Td> Dancers </Td> <Td> Style </Td> <Td> Music </Td> <Td> Choreographer ( s ) </Td> <Td> Result </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Contestants and all - stars </Td> <Td> Contemporary </Td> <Td> `` I Miss You '' -- Bjork </Td> <Td> Nick Florez and RJ Durell </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Tate and Kathryn </Td> <Td> Contemporary </Td> <Td> `` This Gift '' -- Glen Hansard </Td> <Td> Stacey Tookey </Td> <Td> Safe </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Kida and Fik - Shun </Td> <Td> Hip - hop ; Krump </Td> <Td> `` All the Way Up '' -- Fat Joe and Remy Ma featuring French Montana and Infared </Td> <Td> Pharside and Phoenix </Td> <Td> Safe </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Emma and Gaby </Td> <Td> Tap </Td> <Td> `` On the Sunny Side of the Street '' -- Jimmy McHugh and Dorothy Fields ( Ella Fitzgerald and Count Basie version ) </Td> <Td> Savion Glover </Td> <Td> Safe </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> J.T. and Robert </Td> <Td> Contemporary </Td> <Td> `` I 'll Keep You Safe '' -- Sleeping at Last </Td> <Td> Stacey Tookey </Td> <Td> Safe </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Tahani and Comfort </Td> <Td> Hip - hop </Td> <Td> `` WTF ( Where They From ) '' -- Missy Elliott featuring Pharrell Williams </Td> <Td> Dave Scott </Td> <Td> Eliminated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Five all - stars : Jenna , Sasha , Kathryn , Marko and Paul </Td> <Td> Contemporary </Td> <Td> `` Feel Again '' -- OneRepublic </Td> <Td> Theresa Stone </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> The other five all - stars : Gaby , Comfort , Fik - Shun , Robert and Jonathan </Td> <Td> Broadway </Td> <Td> `` The Way You Look Tonight '' -- Jerome Kern and Dorothy Fields , from the film Swing Time ( Maroon 5 cover ) </Td> <Td> Al Blackstone </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Maddie Ziegler and Travis Wall </Td> <Td> Contemporary </Td> <Td> `` Cage of Bones '' -- Son Lux </Td> <Td> Travis Wall </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ul> <Li> Duets choreographed by the contestants </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Td> Dancers </Td> <Td> Style </Td> <Td> Music </Td> <Td> Concept </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Tate and Kathryn </Td> <Td> Contemporary </Td> <Td> `` Footprints '' -- Jeff Grace </Td> <Td> Unmasked : Remove your mask to show your imperfections / true self </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Kida and Fik - shun </Td> <Td> Hip - hop </Td> <Td> `` I Can Make Ya '' -- Fingazz </Td> <Td> Manipulator : Robot Kida teaches robot Fik - shun to loosen up </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> J.T. and Robert </Td> <Td> Jazz </Td> <Td> `` Count on Me '' -- Bruno Mars </Td> <Td> Friendship : Friends can always count on each other </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Tahani and Comfort </Td> <Td> Hip - hop </Td> <Td> `` No Flex Zone '' -- Rae Sremmurd </Td> <Td> No Flex Zone : Cool Tahani schools nerdy Comfort </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Emma and Gaby </Td> <Td> Tap </Td> <Td> `` Rather Be '' -- Clean Bandit ( Pentatonix cover ) </Td> <Td> Here With You : Two friends who would rather be together than anywhere else </Td> </Tr> </Table> September 5 , 2016 ( final 4 ) : no Elimination ( edit ) <P> The final four competed on Labor Day . Audience voting after this show was combined with the votes from the August 29 show to determine the results of the season , so there was no elimination this week . The show again opened with a group number for the remaining contestants and the all - stars . The four contestants danced another routine , and later so did the all - stars . Each contestant performed a duet with an all - star who was not his or her mentor , in a new genre , and each also danced a solo in his or her own genre . Finally , the contestants each reprised their favorite routine of the season with their usual all - stars . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Td> Dancers </Td> <Td> Style </Td> <Td> Music </Td> <Td> Choreographer ( s ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Contestants and all - stars </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` You Do n't Own Me '' -- Lesley Gore ( Son Lux featuring Hanna Benn cover ) </Td> <Td> Travis Wall </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Top 4 contestants </Td> <Td> Broadway </Td> <Td> `` Ease on Down the Road '' -- Charlie Smalls ( Diana Ross and Michael Jackson in The Wiz ) </Td> <Td> Tabitha and Napoleon D'umo </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Kida and Sasha </Td> <Td> African Jazz </Td> <Td> `` Din Daa Daa '' ( Radio Edit ) -- George Kranz ( Kevin Aviance cover ) </Td> <Td> Sean Cheesman </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Tate and Jonathan </Td> <Td> Salsa </Td> <Td> `` Robi - Rob 's Boriqua Anthem '' -- C + C Music Factory featuring El General </Td> <Td> Stephanie Stevenson </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Emma and Jenna </Td> <Td> Contemporary </Td> <Td> `` How Long Will I Love You ? '' -- Mike Scott ( Ellie Goulding cover ) </Td> <Td> Jaci Royal </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> J.T. and Marko </Td> <Td> Bollywood </Td> <Td> `` Malhari '' -- Bajirao Mastani soundtrack </Td> <Td> Nakul Dev Mahajan </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Tate and Kathryn </Td> <Td> Contemporary </Td> <Td> `` She Used to Be Mine '' -- Sara Bareilles </Td> <Td> Travis Wall </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> All - stars , excluding Sasha </Td> <Td> Jazz </Td> <Td> `` Feathery '' -- Milky Chance </Td> <Td> Mandy Korpinen and Elizabeth Petrin </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Kida and Fik - Shun </Td> <Td> Hip - hop </Td> <Td> `` Winning '' -- Fingazz </Td> <Td> Christopher Scott </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> J.T. and Robert </Td> <Td> Contemporary </Td> <Td> `` The Mirror '' -- Alexandre Desplat </Td> <Td> Travis Wall </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Emma and Gaby </Td> <Td> Tap </Td> <Td> `` Walk Like an Egyptian '' -- The Bangles ( The Puppini Sisters cover ) </Td> <Td> Anthony Morigerato </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ul> <Li> Solos : </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Td> Dancer </Td> <Td> Style </Td> <Td> Music </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Emma </Td> <Td> Tap </Td> <Td> `` Someone Who Can Dance '' -- Icona Pop </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> J.T. </Td> <Td> Jazz </Td> <Td> `` Ghost of Sky '' ( Epic Dub ) -- Steed Lord </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Tate </Td> <Td> Contemporary </Td> <Td> `` Easy '' ( Switch Screens ) -- Son Lux featuring Lorde </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Kida </Td> <Td> Hip - hop </Td> <Td> `` Earned It '' ( Marian Hill Remix ) -- The Weeknd </Td> </Tr> </Table> September 12 , 2016 : finale -- results ( edit ) <P> The episode began with a group dance for all the contestants and all - stars that began with the Top 4 contestants waking up and getting ready for the big day . There were also new group dances for the hip - hop finalists and their all - stars ; the ballroom finalists and their all - stars ; and the contemporary finalists ( plus Emma ) and their all stars . In addition , there was a new group routine for all the finalists plus Maddie Ziegler , and Cat Deely chose to reprise her favorite all - stars routine . During the course of the broadcast , each of the Top 4 reprised their favorite solo of the season , each judge chose two favorite routines to see again , each of the all - stars chose a favorite duet to reprise , and other duets were reprised as described below . Results were announced during the last hour of the show as follows : Emma placed 4th , Tate was 3rd , J.T. was runner - up , and Kida won the $250,000 top prize and will be featured on the cover of Dance Spirit magazine . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Td> Dancers </Td> <Td> Style </Td> <Td> Music </Td> <Td> Choreographer ( s ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Top 4 contestants , joined by Top 10 and all - stars </Td> <Td> Hip - hop </Td> <Td> `` Brand New '' -- Ben Rector </Td> <Td> Christopher Scott and Jamal Sims </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Kida and Fik - shun </Td> <Td> Hip - hop </Td> <Td> `` I Can Make Ya '' -- Fingazz </Td> <Td> Kida ( Nigel 's pick ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Sheaden and Marko </Td> <Td> Hip hop </Td> <Td> `` Treasure ( Bruno Mars song ) '' -- Bruno Mars </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Tate and Jonathan </Td> <Td> Salsa </Td> <Td> `` Robi - Rob 's Boriqua Anthem '' -- C + C Music Factory featuring El General </Td> <Td> Stephanie Stevenson ( Maddie 's pick ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Jordan and Sasha </Td> <Td> Contemporary </Td> <Td> `` The Light That Never Fails '' -- Andra Day </Td> <Td> Brian Friedman ( Paula 's pick ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Jake and Jenna </Td> <Td> Ballroom </Td> <Td> `` Ai n't Your Mama '' -- Jennifer Lopez </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Emma and Gaby </Td> <Td> Tap </Td> <Td> `` Salute '' -- Little Mix </Td> <Td> Chloe Arnold ( Jason 's pick ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Kida , Fik - Shun , Sheaden , Marko , Tahani and Comfort </Td> <Td> Hip - hop </Td> <Td> `` Ai n't No Time '' -- Future </Td> <Td> Luther Brown </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Tate and Kathryn </Td> <Td> Contemporary </Td> <Td> `` This Gift '' -- Glen Hansard </Td> <Td> Stacey Tookey ( Kathryn 's pick ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Top 10 and Maddie </Td> <Td> Contemporary </Td> <Td> `` Small '' -- Lamb </Td> <Td> Mandy Moore </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> J.T. and Robert </Td> <Td> Broadway </Td> <Td> `` Mr. Bojangles '' -- Jerry Jeff Walker ( Robbie Williams cover ) </Td> <Td> Al Blackstone ( Nigel 's pick ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Jake , Jenna , Ruby , Paul , Daniela and Jonathan </Td> <Td> Ballroom </Td> <Td> `` A Little Party Never Killed Nobody ( All We Got ) '' -- Fergie , Q - Tip and GoonRock </Td> <Td> Dmitry Chaplin and Jenya Shatilova </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Tahani and Comfort </Td> <Td> Hip - hop </Td> <Td> `` Pep Rally '' -- Missy Elliott </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Special performance by Sergei Polunin </Td> <Td> Ballet </Td> <Td> `` Diane et Actéon '' -- Cesare Pugni from La Esmeralda </Td> <Td> Sergei Polunin </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Ruby and Paul </Td> <Td> Argentine Tango </Td> <Td> `` Malevo '' -- Electro Dub Tango </Td> <Td> Miriam Larici and Leonardo Barrionuevo ( Paula 's pick ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> All - stars , excluding Sasha </Td> <Td> Jazz </Td> <Td> `` Feathery '' -- Milky Chance </Td> <Td> Mandy Korpinen and Elizabeth Petrin ( Cat 's pick ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Kida and Fik - Shun </Td> <Td> Hip - hop </Td> <Td> `` The Buzz '' -- Hermitude featuring Big K.R.I.T. , Mataya & Young Tapz </Td> <Td> Misha Gabriel ( Fik - Shun 's pick ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Tate , Kathryn , Sasha , Jordan , J.T. , Robert , Emma and Gaby </Td> <Td> Contemporary </Td> <Td> `` Burgs '' -- Mt . Wolf </Td> <Td> Travis Wall </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Daniela and Jonathan </Td> <Td> Ballroom </Td> <Td> `` Marchina ( Remix 14 ) '' -- DJ DLVG </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Ruby and Paul </Td> <Td> Ballroom </Td> <Td> `` Muchacho '' -- Jonny Good </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Tahani and Comfort </Td> <Td> Lyrical hip - hop </Td> <Td> `` I 'm Going Down '' -- Rose Royce </Td> <Td> Tabitha and Napoleon D'umo ( Jason 's pick ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Emma and Gaby </Td> <Td> Tap </Td> <Td> `` We Will Rock You '' -- Queen </Td> <Td> Nick Young ( Gaby 's pick ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Kida and Tate </Td> <Td> Hip hop </Td> <Td> `` Manolo '' -- Trip Lee featuring Lecrae </Td> <Td> Tabitha and Napoleon D'umo ( Maddie 's pick ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> J.T. and Robert </Td> <Td> Contemporary </Td> <Td> `` Stand in the Light '' -- Jordan Smith </Td> <Td> Mandy Moore ( Robert 's pick ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ul> <Li> Solos ( contestants ' choice ) : </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Td> Dancer </Td> <Td> Style </Td> <Td> Music </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> J.T. </Td> <Td> Jazz </Td> <Td> `` Feeling Good '' -- from The Roar of the Greasepaint -- The Smell of the Crowd ( Michael Bublé cover ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Tate </Td> <Td> Contemporary </Td> <Td> `` Trophy '' -- NAO featuring A.K. Paul </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Emma </Td> <Td> Tap </Td> <Td> `` Expensive '' -- Tori Kelly featuring Daye Jack </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Kida </Td> <Td> Hip - hop </Td> <Td> `` Boogie Bruthas '' -- Fingazz </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Ratings ( edit ) </H2> <H3> US nielsen ratings ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Show </Th> <Th> Episode </Th> <Th> First Air Date </Th> <Th> Rating ( 18 -- 49 ) </Th> <Th> Share ( 18 -- 49 ) </Th> <Th> Viewers ( millions ) </Th> <Th> Rank ( timeslot ) </Th> <Th> Rank ( night ) </Th> <Th> Rank ( week ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Auditions # 1 </Td> <Td> May 30 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 30 ) </Td> <Td> 1.0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 3.75 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Auditions # 2 </Td> <Td> June 6 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 06 ) </Td> <Td> 1.0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 4.08 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Auditions # 3 </Td> <Td> June 13 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 13 ) </Td> <Td> 0.9 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 3.52 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Academy # 1 </Td> <Td> June 20 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 20 ) </Td> <Td> 0.8 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 3.23 </Td> <Td> 3 ( tie ) </Td> <Td> 4 ( tie ) </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> Academy # 2 </Td> <Td> June 27 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 27 ) </Td> <Td> 0.9 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 3.04 </Td> <Td> 3 ( tie ) </Td> <Td> 4 ( tie ) </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> Top 10 Perform </Td> <Td> July 11 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 11 ) </Td> <Td> 0.7 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 2.89 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 5 ( tie ) </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> Top 10 Perform + Elimination </Td> <Td> July 18 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 18 ) </Td> <Td> 0.7 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 2.66 </Td> <Td> 3 ( tie ) </Td> <Td> 4 ( tie ) </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> Top 9 Perform + Elimination </Td> <Td> July 25 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 25 ) </Td> <Td> 0.7 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 2.57 </Td> <Td> 3 ( tie ) </Td> <Td> 5 ( tie ) </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> Top 8 Perform + Elimination </Td> <Td> August 1 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 01 ) </Td> <Td> 0.7 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 2.68 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 6 ( tie ) </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> Top 6 Perform + Elimination </Td> <Td> August 22 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 22 ) </Td> <Td> 0.7 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 2.62 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 11 </Td> <Td> Top 5 Perform + Elimination </Td> <Td> August 29 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 29 ) </Td> <Td> 0.7 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 2.57 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 6 ( tie ) </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 12 </Td> <Td> Final 4 </Td> <Td> September 5 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 05 ) </Td> <Td> 0.5 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 2.37 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 13 </Td> <Td> Season Finale </Td> <Td> September 12 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 12 ) </Td> <Td> 0.7 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 2.27 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Notes : </P> <Ul> <Li> July 4 , 2016 : broadcast was a rerun of Academy # 2 . </Li> <Li> August 8 , 2016 : broadcast was a rerun of Top 9 Perform + Elimination . </Li> <Li> August 15 , 2016 : broadcast was a rerun of Top 8 Perform + Elimination . </Li> </Ul> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> List of So You Think You Can Dance finalists </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Connolly , Kelly . `` So You Think You Can Dance : Go behind the scenes of the ' fierce ' new season '' , Entertainment Weekly , May 9 , 2016 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Cutler , Jacqueline . `` ' So You Think You Can Dance : The Next Generation ' : The auditions , the judges and the dancers take Manhattan '' , New York Daily News , May 18 , 2016 </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie . `` So You Think You Can Dance Kids Edition Confirmed '' , Deadline.com , February 1 , 2016 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Gallagher , Caitlin . `` Maddie Finally Judges So You Think You Can Dance & Offers Relatable Feedback to ' The Next Generation ' '' , Bustle.com , July 11 , 2016 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Connolly , Kelly . `` So You Think You Can Dance : The Next Generation : Get your exclusive look at the first promo '' , Entertainment Weekly , April 7 , 2016 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` So You Think You Can Dance : The Next Generation Premieres Monday , May 30 on Fox '' , Fox.com , accessed June 1 , 2016 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Nicosia , Elena . `` Watch So You Think You Can Dance Season 13 , Episode 2 Online '' , EarnTheNecklace.com , June 6 , 2016 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Gallagher , Caitlin . `` So You Think You Can Dance Changes Auditions & More for a Kid - Friendly Season '' , Bustle.com , May 31 , 2016 </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Connolly , Kelly . `` So You Think You Can Dance recap : ' The Next Generation : Academy 1 ' '' , EW , June 20 , 2016 </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Feller , Alison . `` SYTYCD : The Next Generation Season 13 Recap : The Academy '' , Dance Spirit , June 21 , 2016 </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Lieberman , Shana . `` So You Think You Can Dance 2016 Recap : Maddie Ziegler & the All - Stars Meet the Kids '' , GossipandGab.com , June 21 , 2016 </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Elizabeth , Stormy . `` So You Think You Can Dance Recap 6 / 27 / 16 : Season 13 Episode 5 ' The Next Generation : Academy # 2 ' '' , CelebDirtyLaundry.com , June 27 , 2016 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Hiembrod , Mimi . `` So You Think You Can Dance : Next Generation Spoilers : Maddie Ziegler Appears on Monday '' , Design & Trend , June 14 , 2016 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Connolly , Kelly . `` So You Think You Can Dance recap : ' The Next Generation : Academy 2 ' '' , Entertainment Weekly , June 27 , 2016 </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Kida 's birth name is `` Leon Burns '' . Sastry , Keertana . `` So You Think You Can Dance recap : ' The Next Generation : Top 10 Perform ' '' , Entertainment Weekly , July 12 , 2016 . See also `` Sacramento Boy 's Winning Dance Video Goes Viral , Lands Him On Queen Latifah Show '' , CBS , October 17 , 2014 , accessed September 13 , 2016 </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Gallagher , Caitlin . `` So You Think You Can Dance Hip - Hop Dancer Sheaden Lost All - Star Joshua , But Showed He 'll Be Just Fine '' , Bustle.com , July 11 , 2016 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Weiss , Shari . `` Kida , Tate So You Think You Can Dance Video : Watch Hip - Hop and Jazz Dances ! '' , Gossip Cop , July 18 , 2016 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Self , Jennifer . `` Bakersfield 's tiny dancer gets shot at fame on TV '' , Bakersfield.com , June 15 , 2016 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Petralia , Christine . `` So You Think You Can Dance Recap : The Top 10 Perform '' , BuddyTV.com , July 11 , 2016 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Gallagher , Caitlin . `` Maddie Finally Judges So You Think You Can Dance & Offers Relatable Feedback to ' The Next Generation ' '' , Bustle.com , July 11 , 2016 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Feller , Alison . `` SYTYCD : The Next Generation Season 13 Recap : The Eliminations Begin '' , Dance Spirit , July 19 , 2016 ; Connolly , Kelly . `` So You Think You Can Dance recap : ' The Next Generation : Top 10 Perform + Elimination ' '' , Entertainment Weekly , July 19 , 2016 ; and Petralia , Christine . `` So You Think You Can Dance Recap : The Top 10 Dance and One is Eliminated '' , BuddyTV.com , July 18 , 2016 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Connolly , Kelly . `` So You Think You Can Dance recap : ' The Next Generation : Top 9 Perform + Elimination ' '' , Entertainment Weekly , July 26 , 2016 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Petralia , Christine . `` So You Think You Can Dance Recap : The Top 9 Perform with Their All - Stars Again '' , BuddyTV.com , July 25 , 2016 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` So You Think You Can Dance : The Next Generation Reveals Eight Finalists '' , BroadwayWorld.com , July 26 , 2016 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Petralia , Christine . `` So You Think You Can Dance Recap : Which Two Dancers are Eliminated ? '' , BuddyTV.com , August 1 , 2016 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Weiss , Shari . `` So You Think You Can Dance Results : Top 5 Revealed After Next Generation Elimination '' , GossipCop.com , August 22 , 2016 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Fremont , Maggie . `` So You Think You Can Dance recap : ' The Next Generation : Top 6 Perform + Elimination ' '' , Entertainment Weekly , August 23 , 2016 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Tarrant , Rebecca . `` So You Think You Can Dance Live Recap '' , Celebrity Dirty Laundry , August 29 , 2016 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Petralia , Christine . `` So You Think You Can Dance Recap : The Top 5 Perform '' , BuddyTV.com , August 29 , 2016 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bowers , Courtney . `` SYTYCD : The Next Generation Season 13 Recap : The Top 5 Perform '' , Dance Spirit , August 30 , 2016 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Weiss , Shari . `` So You Think You Can Dance Results : Top 4 Revealed After ' Next Generation ' Elimination '' , GossipCop.com , August 29 , 2016 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Petralia , Christine . `` So You Think You Can Dance Recap : The Top 4 Perform '' , BuddyTV.com , September 5 , 2016 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Petralia , Christine . `` So You Think You Can Dance Season 13 Finale Recap : And the Winner Is ... '' , BuddyTV.com , September 12 , 2016 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 1 , 2016 ) . `` Monday final ratings : Stanley Cup Finals and ' Memorial Day ' adjust up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 1 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 7 , 2016 ) . `` Monday final ratings : ' Mistresses ' adjusts down , plus final NHL numbers '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 7 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 14 , 2016 ) . `` Monday final ratings : ' So You Think You Can Dance ' adjusts up , ' Reign ' and ' Whose Line ' ajdust down , final NBA numbers '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 14 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 21 , 2016 ) . `` Monday final ratings : ' Bachelorette ' adjusts up , ' Spartan ' and ' Mistresses ' adjust down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 21 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 28 , 2016 ) . `` Monday final ratings : ' Bachelorette ' adjusts up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 28 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( July 12 , 2016 ) . `` Monday final ratings : ' American NInja Warrior ' adjusts up , ' Mistresses ' adjusts down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 12 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( July 19 , 2016 ) . `` Monday final ratings : ' American NInja Warrior ' adjusts up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 19 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( July 26 , 2016 ) . `` Monday final ratings : ' Bachelorette ' and other originals hold , final DNC numbers '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 26 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( August 2 , 2016 ) . `` Monday final ratings : ' Supergirl ' rerun adjusts down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 2 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( August 23 , 2016 ) . `` Monday final ratings : ' American Ninja Warrior ' adjusts up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 23 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( August 30 , 2016 ) . `` Monday final ratings : ' Scorpion ' rerun adjusts down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 30 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( September 7 , 2016 ) . `` Monday final ratings : ' American Ninja Warrior ' adjusts up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 7 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( September 13 , 2016 ) . `` Monday Final Ratings : ' Dancing With the Stars ' premiere matches Fall 2015 '' . TVbytheNumbers . 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Bates Motel ( TV series ) - wikipedia <H1> Bates Motel ( TV series ) </H1> Jump to : navigation , search Not to be confused with the 1987 film Bates Motel . <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Bates Motel </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Genre </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Mystery </Li> <Li> Psychological horror </Li> <Li> Drama </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Based on </Th> <Td> Characters from Psycho by Robert Bloch </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Developed by </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Carlton Cuse </Li> <Li> Kerry Ehrin </Li> <Li> Anthony Cipriano </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Starring </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Vera Farmiga </Li> <Li> Freddie Highmore </Li> <Li> Max Thieriot </Li> <Li> Olivia Cooke </Li> <Li> Nicola Peltz </Li> <Li> Nestor Carbonell </Li> <Li> Kenny Johnson </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Composer ( s ) </Th> <Td> Chris Bacon </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Country of origin </Th> <Td> United States </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Original language ( s ) </Th> <Td> English </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> No. of seasons </Th> <Td> 5 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> No. of episodes </Th> <Td> 50 ( list of episodes ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Production </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Executive producer ( s ) </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Mark Wolper </Li> <Li> Roy Lee </Li> <Li> John Powers Middleton </Li> <Li> Kerry Ehrin </Li> <Li> Carlton Cuse </Li> <Li> Vera Farmiga </Li> <Li> Tucker Gates </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Producer ( s ) </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Justis Greene </Li> <Li> Steve Kornacki </Li> <Li> Alyson Evans </Li> <Li> Scott Kosar </Li> <Li> Erica Lipez </Li> <Li> Christopher Nelson </Li> <Li> Tim Southam </Li> <Li> Jamie Kaye Wheeler </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Location ( s ) </Th> <Td> Vancouver , British Columbia </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Cinematography </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Thomas Yatsko </Li> <Li> John S. Bartley </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Editor ( s ) </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Christopher Nelson </Li> <Li> Sarah Boyd </Li> <Li> Ryan Neatha Johnson </Li> <Li> Vikash Patel </Li> <Li> Edward Warschilka </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Running time </Th> <Td> 40 -- 47 minutes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Production company ( s ) </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> American Genre </Li> <Li> Carlton Cuse Productions ( 2013 -- 2015 ) </Li> <Li> Cuse Productions ( 2016 -- 2017 ) </Li> <Li> Kerry Ehrin Productions </Li> <Li> Universal Television </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Distributor </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> A&E Networks </Li> <Li> NBCUniversal Television Distribution </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Release </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Original network </Th> <Td> A&E </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Picture format </Th> <Td> 1080i ( 16 : 9 HDTV ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Audio format </Th> <Td> 5.1 surround sound </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Original release </Th> <Td> March 18 , 2013 ( 2013 - 03 - 18 ) -- April 24 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 24 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> External links </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Website </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Bates Motel is an American psychological horror drama television series that aired from March 18 , 2013 to April 24 , 2017 . It was developed by Carlton Cuse , Kerry Ehrin , and Anthony Cipriano , and is produced by Universal Television and American Genre for the cable network A&E . </P> <P> The series , a contemporary prequel to Alfred Hitchcock 's 1960 film Psycho ; based on Robert Bloch 's 1959 novel of the same name , depicts the lives of Norman Bates ( Freddie Highmore ) and his mother Norma ( Vera Farmiga ) prior to the events portrayed in the novel and film , albeit in a different fictional town ( White Pine Bay , Oregon , as opposed to Fairvale , California ) and in a modern - day setting . However , the final season loosely adapts the plot of Psycho . Max Thieriot and Olivia Cooke both starred as part of the main cast throughout the series ' run . After recurring in the first season , Nestor Carbonell was added to the main cast from season two onward . </P> <P> The series begins in Arizona with the death of Norma 's husband , after which Norma purchases the Seafairer motel located in a coastal Oregon town so that she and Norman can start a new life . Subsequent seasons follow Norman as his mental illness becomes dangerous , and Norma as she struggles to protect her son , and those around him , from himself . The series was filmed outside Vancouver in Aldergrove , British Columbia , along with other locations within the Fraser Valley of British Columbia . </P> <P> A&E chose to skip a pilot of the series , opting to go straight - to - series by ordering a 10 - episode first season . On June 15 , 2015 , the series was renewed for a fourth and fifth season , making Bates Motel A&E 's longest - running original scripted drama series in the channel 's history . The series ' lead actors , Vera Farmiga and Freddie Highmore , received particular praise for their performances in the series , with the former receiving a Primetime Emmy Award nomination and winning a Saturn Award for Best Actress on Television . Bates Motel also won three People 's Choice Awards for Favorite Cable TV Drama , and for Favorite Cable TV Actress ( Farmiga ) and Actor ( Highmore ) . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Series overview <Ul> <Li> 1.1 Season 1 </Li> <Li> 1.2 Season 2 </Li> <Li> 1.3 Season 3 </Li> <Li> 1.4 Season 4 </Li> <Li> 1.5 Season 5 </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2 Cast and characters </Li> <Li> 3 Production <Ul> <Li> 3.1 Development </Li> <Li> 3.2 Casting </Li> <Li> 3.3 Filming </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 Reception <Ul> <Li> 4.1 Critical response </Li> <Li> 4.2 Ratings </Li> <Li> 4.3 Awards and nominations </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 5 Home media </Li> <Li> 6 International broadcast </Li> <Li> 7 Merchandising </Li> <Li> 8 See also </Li> <Li> 9 References </Li> <Li> 10 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Series overview ( edit ) </H2> Main article : List of Bates Motel episodes <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Season </Th> <Th_colspan="2"> Episodes </Th> <Th_colspan="2"> Originally aired </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> First aired </Th> <Th> Last aired </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> 10 </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> March 18 , 2013 ( 2013 - 03 - 18 ) </Td> <Td> May 20 , 2013 ( 2013 - 05 - 20 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> 10 </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> March 3 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 03 ) </Td> <Td> May 5 , 2014 ( 2014 - 05 - 05 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> 10 </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> March 9 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 09 ) </Td> <Td> May 11 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 11 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> 10 </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> March 7 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 07 ) </Td> <Td> May 16 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 16 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> 5 </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> 10 </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> February 20 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 20 ) </Td> <Td> April 24 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 24 ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Season 1 ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Bates Motel ( season 1 ) <P> The first season follows Norma and Norman Bates as they buy a motel after Norman 's father dies . On one of the first nights of the two owning the motel , the former owner breaks in and sexually assaults Norma . Norman knocks the attacker out , and Norma stabs him to death . She decides it 's best not to call the police and to cover up the murder . She and Norman dispose of the body . He complicates the cover - up by keeping a belt that belonged to the victim . When the town sheriff and his deputy notice that a man has gone missing , Norma and Norman must keep them from digging too far . </P> <H3> Season 2 ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Bates Motel ( season 2 ) <P> The second season follows the aftermath of Norman 's teacher 's murder , as her mysterious past comes to light . Meanwhile , Norma finds herself making dangerous decisions in order to keep the motel running and preventing the impending bypass . Bradley 's search for her father 's killer leads to the extremes , and Dylan learns the disturbing truth about his parentage . </P> <H3> Season 3 ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Bates Motel ( season 3 ) <P> The third season focuses on Norman 's waning deniability about what 's happening to him , and the lengths he will go to gain control of his fragile psyche . The dramatic events of last season leave Norma more aware of her son 's mental fragility and fearful of what he is capable of . Meanwhile , Sheriff Romero begins to distance himself from the Bates family after he suspects Norma is lying to him about her husband 's death . </P> <H3> Season 4 ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Bates Motel ( season 4 ) <P> The fourth season follows Norma as she becomes increasingly fearful of Norman , going to great lengths to find him the professional help he needs . This complicates their once unbreakable trust as Norman struggles to maintain his grip on reality . Meanwhile , Sheriff Romero once again finds himself drawn into Norma and Norman 's lives . He agrees to marry Norma because his insurance will enable her to place Norman in an expensive psychiatric hospital . His generosity backfires , however , when Norman learns of the marriage . Norman bitterly resents Romero for coming between him and his mother and at one point threatens the sheriff with an axe . </P> <H3> Season 5 ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Bates Motel ( season 5 ) <P> The fifth season begins two years after the death of Norma . Publicly happy and well - adjusted , Norman struggles at home , where his blackouts are increasing and `` Mother '' threatens to take him over completely . Meanwhile , Dylan and Emma find themselves drawn back into Norman 's world , and Romero hungers for revenge against his stepson , Norman . </P> <H2> Cast and characters ( edit ) </H2> Main article : List of Bates Motel characters <Ul> <Li> Vera Farmiga as Norma Louise Bates </Li> <Li> Freddie Highmore as Norman Bates </Li> <Li> Max Thieriot as Dylan Massett </Li> <Li> Olivia Cooke as Emma Decody </Li> <Li> Nicola Peltz as Bradley Martin ( main season 1 ; recurring seasons 2 -- 3 ) </Li> <Li> Nestor Carbonell as Sheriff Alex Romero ( recurring season 1 ; main seasons 2 -- 5 ) </Li> <Li> Kenny Johnson as Caleb Calhoun ( recurring seasons 2 and 5 ; main season 3 ; guest season 4 ) </Li> </Ul> <H2> Production ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Development ( edit ) </H3> The cast promoting the series at the Paley Center for Media , 2013 ( left to right ) Thieriot , Peltz , Highmore , Farmiga , and Carbonell <P> On January 12 , 2012 , it was reported that A&E were developing a television series titled Bates Motel that would serve as a prequel to the Alfred Hitchcock film Psycho . The first script was written by Anthony Cipriano . In March 2012 , Carlton Cuse and Kerry Ehrin joined the project as executive producers and head writers . Cuse has cited the drama series Twin Peaks as a key inspiration for Bates Motel , stating , `` We pretty much ripped off Twin Peaks ... If you wanted to get that confession , the answer is yes . I loved that show . They only did 30 episodes . Kerry ( Ehrin ) and I thought we 'd do the 70 that are missing . '' On July 2 , 2012 , A&E gave Bates Motel a straight - to - series order . Chris Bacon was hired to score the music for the series in January 2013 . </P> <H3> Casting ( edit ) </H3> <P> On August 27 , 2012 , Vera Farmiga was the first to be cast in the leading role of Norma Louise Bates . On September 14 , 2012 , Freddie Highmore was cast as Norman Bates . That same day , Max Thieriot was cast as Norman 's half - brother , Dylan Massett . Shortly after , on September 19 , 2012 , Nicola Peltz was cast as Bradley Martin , a possible love interest for Norman . Finally , on September 20 , 2012 , Olivia Cooke was the final main cast member to join the series , in the role of Emma Decody , Norman 's best friend . Nestor Carbonell was cast in a recurring role as Sheriff Alex Romero in the first season , but was upgraded to the main cast at the beginning of the second season . In July 2014 , Kenny Johnson , who recurred as Norma 's brother Caleb Calhoun in the second season , was promoted to a series regular for the third season . It was announced on July 22 , 2016 at San Diego Comic - Con International that Rihanna would appear in the iconic role of Marion Crane for the fifth and final season . </P> <H3> Filming ( edit ) </H3> <P> A replica of the original Bates Motel set from the film Psycho was built on location at approximately 1054 272nd Street in Aldergrove , British Columbia , where portions of the series were filmed . The original house and motel is located in Universal Studios , Hollywood , Los Angeles . Additional filming for the series took place in multiple areas in British Columbia , including Steveston , Coquitlam , Horseshoe Bay , West Vancouver and Fort Langley . In February 2017 , after filming was completed for the series , the Bates Motel exterior set in Aldergrove was demolished . </P> <H2> Reception ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Critical response ( edit ) </H3> <P> The first season of Bates Motel received a score of 66 on Metacritic , indicating `` generally favorable reviews '' . Review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes reported that 81 % of 37 critics gave the first season a positive review . The site 's consensus reads , `` Bates Motel utilizes mind manipulation and suspenseful fear tactics , on top of consistently sharp character work and wonderfully uncomfortable familial relationships . '' The second season of Bates Motel received a score of 67 out of 100 on Metacritic , from 11 reviews , indicating `` generally favorable reviews '' . Rotten Tomatoes reported an 86 % rating from 12 reviews for the second season . The site 's consensus reads , `` Bates Motel reinvents a classic thriller with believable performances and distinguished writing . '' </P> <P> The third season of Bates Motel received a score of 72 out of 100 on Metacritic , from 5 reviews , indicating `` generally favorable reviews '' . Rotten Tomatoes reported a 92 % rating from 12 reviews . The site 's consensus reads , `` Bates Motel further blurs lines around TV 's creepiest taboo mother / son relationship , uncomfortably darkening its already fascinating tone . '' The fourth season of Bates Motel was met with positive reviews from critics . Rotten Tomatoes reported a 100 % positive rating from 8 reviews . The fifth and final season of Bates Motel received a score of 81 out of 100 on Metacritic , from 8 reviews , indicating `` universal acclaim '' . Rotten Tomatoes reported a 100 % rating from 8 reviews . </P> <H3> Ratings ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Season </Th> <Th> Time slot ( ET ) </Th> <Th> Eps </Th> <Th_colspan="2"> Premiered </Th> <Th_colspan="2"> Ended </Th> <Th> Average viewers ( in millions ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Date </Th> <Th> Premiere viewers ( in millions ) </Th> <Th> Date </Th> <Th> Finale viewers ( in millions ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Monday 10 p.m. </Td> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> March 18 , 2013 </Td> <Td> 3.04 </Td> <Td> May 20 , 2013 </Td> <Td> 2.70 </Td> <Td> 2.70 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> March 3 , 2014 </Td> <Td> 3.07 </Td> <Td> May 5 , 2014 </Td> <Td> 2.30 </Td> <Td> 2.30 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Monday 9 p.m. </Td> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> March 9 , 2015 </Td> <Td> 2.14 </Td> <Td> May 11 , 2015 </Td> <Td> 1.67 </Td> <Td> 1.80 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> March 7 , 2016 </Td> <Td> 1.55 </Td> <Td> May 16 , 2016 </Td> <Td> 1.50 </Td> <Td> 1.45 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> Monday 10 p.m. </Td> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> February 20 , 2017 </Td> <Td> 1.34 </Td> <Td> April 24 , 2017 </Td> <Td> 1.41 </Td> <Td> 1.29 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Awards and nominations ( edit ) </H3> Main article : List of awards and nominations received by Bates Motel <H2> Home media ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Season </Th> <Th> Episodes </Th> <Th> Release date </Th> <Th> Special features </Th> <Th> Ref . </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> September 17 , 2013 </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Deleted Scenes </Li> <Li> Paley Center Panel Discussion with the Cast and Creative Team </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> October 7 , 2014 </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Deleted Scenes </Li> <Li> Bates Motel : After Hours -- Season 2 Premiere </Li> <Li> Bates Motel : After Hours -- Season 2 Finale </Li> <Li> Origins of a Psycho : Inside Bates Motel </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> October 13 , 2015 </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Deleted Scenes </Li> <Li> A Broken Psyche : Creating Norma - n </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> October 18 , 2016 </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Deleted Scenes </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> September 19 , 2017 </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Gag Reel </Li> <Li> Bates Motel : Closed for Business </Li> <Li> Bates Motel : The Checkout </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , and 5 The Complete Series </Td> <Td> 50 </Td> <Td> September 19 , 2017 </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Paley Center Panel Discussion with the Cast and Creative Team </Li> <Li> Bates Motel : After Hours -- Season 2 Premiere </Li> <Li> Bates Motel : After Hours -- Season 2 Finale </Li> <Li> Origins of a Psycho : Inside Bates Motel </Li> <Li> Deleted Scenes </Li> <Li> A Broken Psyche : Creating Norma - n </Li> <Li> Gag Reel </Li> <Li> Bates Motel : Closed for Business </Li> <Li> Bates Motel : The Checkout </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> International broadcast ( edit ) </H2> <P> In Canada , the series airs only on the U.S. network A&E , which is available through most Canadian cable and satellite companies . In Australia , the series premiered on Fox8 on May 26 , 2013 . In the UK and Ireland , it premiered on Universal Channel on April 2 , 2014 . In Jamaica , it premiered on CVM TV on August 11 , 2014 . In the Middle East , it premiered on OSN First HD in mid-2014 . The second season premiered on January 5 , 2015 . In the Philippines , Bates Motel began airing on Jack TV on August 12 , 2013 . In South Africa , the series premiered on MNet on June 21 , 2013 . The series premiered in India on Colors Infinity on November 6 , 2015 . </P> <H2> Merchandising ( edit ) </H2> <P> NBCUniversal partnered with Hot Topic , the American retailer of pop culture merchandise , to introduce a collection of clothing and accessories inspired by Bates Motel . The merchandise , including items such as bathrobes and bloody shower curtains , became available at Hot Topic 's website and select stores on March 18 , 2014 . As of 2018 , the merchandise is no longer available through Hot Topic . </P> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Television in the United States portal </Li> <Li> 2010s portal </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ `` A&E Network to Premiere New Original Scripted Drama Series ' Bates Motel ' on Monday , March 18 at 10PM ET / PT '' . The Futon Critic . Retrieved January 4 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Langmann , Kurt . `` ' Psycho ' prequel shot in Aldergrove '' . Aldergrove Star . Archived from the original on October 21 , 2012 . Retrieved January 2 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` BATES MOTEL Set in Aldergrove is Spitting Image of Alfred Hitchcock 's Set in Psycho -- Updated '' . YVR Shoots . Archived from the original on November 27 , 2012 . Retrieved January 2 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` A&E Network Orders ' Bates Motel ' to Series '' . A&E . July 2 , 2012 . Archived from the original on October 6 , 2013 . Retrieved November 19 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ McNamara , Mary ( March 18 , 2013 ) . `` Review : ' Bates Motel ' a twisty , moody modern prequel to ' Psycho ' '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on April 27 , 2013 . Retrieved November 19 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Danzis , Alan ( March 18 , 2013 ) . `` ' Bates Motel ' : An Intriguing Contemporary Prequel To ' Psycho ' '' . Starpulse . Archived from the original on March 22 , 2013 . Retrieved April 16 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Stanley , Alessandra ( March 17 , 2013 ) . `` Mother , as She Lives and Breathes '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on June 24 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Garvin , Glenn ( March 17 , 2013 ) . `` Tension builds in The Lake , but dies at the Bates Motel '' . Miami Herald . Archived from the original on October 21 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( June 15 , 2015 ) . `` ' Bates Motel ' Renewed for Two More Seasons at A&E ; ' Returned ' Cancelled '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on June 17 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( January 12 , 2012 ) . `` TCA : ' Psycho ' Prequel Series ' Bates Motel ' in the Works at A&E '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on May 19 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Semigran , Aly ( January 12 , 2012 ) . `` A&E developing ' Psycho ' prequel TV series '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on April 3 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Goldman , Eric ( March 9 , 2012 ) . `` Lost Showrunner Carlton Cuse Joins Psycho Prequel '' . IGN . Archived from the original on May 8 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Haithman , Diane ( May 10 , 2013 ) . `` Carlton Cuse At ' Bates Motel ' Panel : `` We Pretty Much Ripped Off ' Twin Peaks ' '' `` . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on June 7 , 2013 . Retrieved May 11 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( July 2 , 2012 ) . `` A&E Orders Carlton Cuse 's ' Psycho ' Prequel ' Bates Motel ' Straight to Series '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on April 26 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Chris Bacon to Score ' Bates Motel ' '' . Film Music Reporter . January 12 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( August 27 , 2012 ) . `` Norman Bates ' mother cast in A&E 's ' Psycho ' series '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on August 20 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Keck , William ( September 14 , 2012 ) . `` Keck 's Exclusives : Bates Motel Casts Its Norman -- Today 's News : Our Take '' . TV Guide . Archived from the original on October 18 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( September 14 , 2012 ) . `` A&E 's ' Bates Motel ' Adds Max Thieriot as Norman 's Brother '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on November 27 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( September 19 , 2012 ) . `` ' Bates Motel ' Adds ' Last Airbender ' Actress as Love Interest for Norman ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on November 27 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Jeffery , Morgan ( September 20 , 2012 ) . `` ' Psycho ' TV prequel ' Bates Motel ' adds ' Blackout ' star Olivia Cooke '' . Digital Spy . Archived from the original on October 29 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( October 2 , 2012 ) . `` Mike Vogel & Nestor Carbonell Join A&E 's ' Bates Motel ' , Trio To Recur On ' Shameless ' '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on June 11 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Bates Motel -- Season 3 -- Kenny Johnson upped to Regular '' . SpoilerTV . Archived from the original on February 24 , 2015 . Retrieved February 23 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( July 22 , 2016 ) . `` Comic - Con : ' Bates Motel ' Taps Rihanna for Famous ' Psycho ' Role '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on July 24 , 2016 . Retrieved July 24 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Turnquist , Kristi ( March 2013 ) . `` ' Bates Motel ' : What 's going on in that bucolic Oregon coastal town '' . OregonLive.com . Archived from the original on September 28 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Gittins , Susan ( November 15 , 2012 ) . `` BATES MOTEL Set in Aldergrove is Spitting Image of Alfred Hitchcock 's Set in Psycho -- Updated '' . YVR Shoots . Archived from the original on November 27 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Brown , Scott ( February 4 , 2017 ) . `` Hollywood North : The Bates Motel gets hit by the wrecking ball ( gallery ) '' . The Vancouver Sun . Archived from the original on February 23 , 2017 . Retrieved February 23 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Bates Motel : Season 1 Reviews '' . Metacritic . March 18 , 2013 . Archived from the original on March 22 , 2013 . Retrieved March 22 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Bates Motel : Season 1 ( 2013 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Archived from the original on March 7 , 2014 . Retrieved October 10 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Bates Motel : Season 2 Reviews '' . Metacritic . Archived from the original on March 14 , 2014 . Retrieved March 15 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Bates Motel : Season 2 ( 2014 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Archived from the original on October 6 , 2014 . Retrieved March 15 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Bates Motel : Season 3 Reviews '' . Metacritic . Archived from the original on March 9 , 2015 . Retrieved March 10 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Bates Motel : Season 3 ( 2015 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Archived from the original on March 10 , 2015 . Retrieved March 10 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Bates Motel : Season 4 ( 2016 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Archived from the original on March 27 , 2016 . Retrieved March 11 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Bates Motel : Season 5 Reviews '' . Metacritic . Archived from the original on February 23 , 2017 . Retrieved February 25 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Bates Motel : Season 5 ( 2017 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2015 . Retrieved March 15 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Webb Mitovich , Matt ( February 22 , 2013 ) . `` Ratings -- Bates Motel Series Premiere on A&E '' . TVLine . Archived from the original on March 22 , 2013 . Retrieved March 22 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( May 21 , 2013 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' WWE Raw ' & ' Love & Hip Hop Atlanta ' Win Night ; ' Bates Motel ' , ' Defiance ' , ' Warehouse 13 ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on June 7 , 2013 . Retrieved May 21 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Patten , Dominic ( May 21 , 2013 ) . `` A&E 's ' Bates Motel ' Rises In Finale '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on April 2 , 2015 . Retrieved March 10 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( March 4 , 2014 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' WWE Raw ' Wins Night , ' Bates Motel ' , ' Teen Wolf ' , ' Single Ladies ' , ' Switched at Birth ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on March 7 , 2014 . Retrieved March 4 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 6 , 2014 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : NBA Playoffs Lead Night + ' Love & Hip Hop Atlanta ' , ' Monday Night RAW ' , ' The Boondocks ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on May 6 , 2014 . Retrieved May 6 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Bates Motel : Season Two Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . May 6 , 2014 . Archived from the original on March 16 , 2015 . Retrieved March 10 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( March 10 , 2015 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' Monday Night RAW ' Tops Night + ' Love & Hip - Hop ' , ' Better Call Saul ' , ' Black Ink Crew ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on March 12 , 2015 . Retrieved March 10 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( May 12 , 2015 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : NBA Playoffs Wins Night , ' Love & Hip Hop Atlanta ' , ' WWE Raw ' , ' Teen Mom ' , ' Bates Motel ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on May 14 , 2015 . Retrieved May 12 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Bates Motel : Season Three Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . May 13 , 2015 . Archived from the original on May 23 , 2015 . Retrieved May 14 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( March 8 , 2016 ) . `` Monday cable ratings : ' WWE Raw ' wins the night '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on March 9 , 2016 . Retrieved March 9 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( May 17 , 2016 ) . `` Monday cable ratings : ' Love & Hip Hip : Atlanta ' rises '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on May 18 , 2016 . Retrieved May 17 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Bates Motel : Season Four Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . May 17 , 2016 . Archived from the original on May 17 , 2016 . Retrieved May 17 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( February 22 , 2017 ) . `` Monday cable ratings : ' WWE Monday Night Raw ' holds steady , ' Bates Motel ' premieres low '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on February 23 , 2017 . Retrieved February 22 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( April 25 , 2017 ) . `` Monday cable ratings : ' Bates Motel ' series finale rises , ' WWE Raw ' dips '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on April 25 , 2017 . Retrieved April 25 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Bates Motel : Season Five Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . May 6 , 2017 . Archived from the original on March 18 , 2017 . Retrieved May 7 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Lambert , David ( June 27 , 2013 ) . `` Bates Motel -- Season 1 of the Modern ' Psycho ' Re-Imagining on DVD and Blu - ray '' . TV Shows on DVD . Archived from the original on January 11 , 2014 . Retrieved January 11 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Lambert , David ( July 15 , 2013 ) . `` Bates Motel -- Blu - rays , DVD for Season 2 : Street Date , Pricing , Bonus Material '' . TV Shows on DVD . Archived from the original on July 20 , 2014 . Retrieved July 16 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Lambert , David ( July 21 , 2015 ) . `` Bates Motel -- Universal Checks in With ' Season 3 ' Announcements on DVD , Blu - ray '' . TV Shows on DVD . Archived from the original on September 21 , 2015 . Retrieved November 23 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Lambert , David ( July 26 , 2016 ) . `` Bates Motel -- Street Date , Pricing , Extras for ' Season 4 ' on DVD , Blu - ray Disc '' . TV Shows on DVD . Archived from the original on November 1 , 2016 . Retrieved November 23 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ http://www.tvshowsondvd.com/releases/Bates-Motel-Season-5/17481 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Lambert , David ( July 18 , 2017 ) . `` Bates Motel - The Complete Series '' . TV Shows on DVD . Archived from the original on July 18 , 2017 . Retrieved July 18 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` FOX8 Secures Highly Anticipated `` Bates Motel '' `` . Foxtel.com . March 20 , 2013 . Archived from the original on April 5 , 2013 . Retrieved April 28 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Universal Channel Sets UK Premiere Date For ' Bates Motel ' '' . TVWise . August 9 , 2013 . Archived from the original on August 16 , 2013 . Retrieved August 23 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` January 2015 Programming Highlights '' . OSN.com . Archived from the original on January 14 , 2015 . Retrieved January 11 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Bates Motel : Fri at 21 : 30 '' . MNet . August 9 , 2013 . Archived from the original on December 2 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` NBCUniversal Television Consumer Products and Retailer Hot Topic Introduce New Product Line Inspired by the A&E Hit Original Series ' Bates Motel ' '' . The Futon Critic . March 18 , 2014 . 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Ramcharitmanas - Wikipedia <H1> Ramcharitmanas </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Ramcharitmanas </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Sri Sita Rama , Lakshmana and Hanuman </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Information </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Religion </Th> <Td> Hinduism </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Author </Th> <Td> Tulsidas </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Language </Th> <Td> Awadhi dialect of Hindi </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Verses </Th> <Td> 10,902 </Td> </Tr> </Table> A Ramlila actor playing Ravana in traditional attire . <P> Ramcharitmanas ( Devanāgarī : श्रीरामचरितमानस , IAST : ŚrīRāmacaritamānasa ) , is an epic poem in the language Awadhi , composed by the 16th - century Indian bhakti poet Goswami Tulsidas ( c. 1532 -- 1623 ) . Ramcharitmanas literally means `` Lake of the deeds of Rama '' . Ramcharitmanas is considered as one of the greatest works of Hindi literature , Indian literature as well as of the world literature . The work has variously been acclaimed as `` the living sum of Indian culture '' , `` the tallest tree in the magic garden of medieval Indian poetry '' , `` the greatest book of all devotional literature '' and `` the best and most trustworthy guide to the popular living faith of the Indian people '' . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Td> Part of a series on </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Hindu scriptures and texts </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Shruti </Li> <Li> Smriti </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Vedas ( show ) <Ul> <Li> Rigveda </Li> <Li> Samaveda </Li> <Li> Yajurveda </Li> <Li> Atharvaveda </Li> </Ul> <P> Divisions </P> <Ul> <Li> Samhita </Li> <Li> Brahmana </Li> <Li> Aranyaka </Li> <Li> Upanishads </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Upanishads ( show ) Rig vedic <Ul> <Li> Aitareya </Li> <Li> Kaushitaki </Li> </Ul> <P> Sama vedic </P> <Ul> <Li> Chandogya </Li> <Li> Kena </Li> </Ul> <P> Yajur vedic </P> <Ul> <Li> Brihadaranyaka </Li> <Li> Isha </Li> <Li> Taittiriya </Li> <Li> Katha </Li> <Li> Shvetashvatara </Li> <Li> Maitri </Li> </Ul> <P> Atharva vedic </P> <Ul> <Li> Mundaka </Li> <Li> Mandukya </Li> <Li> Prashna </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Other scriptures ( show ) <Ul> <Li> Bhagavad Gita </Li> <Li> Agamas </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Related Hindu texts </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Vedangas ( show ) <Ul> <Li> Shiksha </Li> <Li> Chandas </Li> <Li> Vyakarana </Li> <Li> Nirukta </Li> <Li> Kalpa </Li> <Li> Jyotisha </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Puranas ( show ) Brahma puranas <Ul> <Li> Brahma </Li> <Li> Brahmānda </Li> <Li> Brahmavaivarta </Li> <Li> Markandeya </Li> <Li> Bhavishya </Li> </Ul> <P> Vaishnava puranas </P> <Ul> <Li> Vishnu </Li> <Li> Bhagavata </Li> <Li> Naradiya </Li> <Li> Garuda </Li> <Li> Padma </Li> <Li> Vamana </Li> <Li> Kurma </Li> <Li> Matsya </Li> </Ul> <P> Shaiva puranas </P> <Ul> <Li> Shiva </Li> <Li> Linga </Li> <Li> Skanda </Li> <Li> Vayu </Li> <Li> Agni </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Itihasa ( show ) <Ul> <Li> Ramayana </Li> <Li> Mahabharata </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Shastras and sutras ( show ) <Ul> <Li> Dharma Shastra </Li> <Li> Artha Śastra </Li> <Li> Kamasutra </Li> <Li> Brahma Sutras </Li> <Li> Samkhya Sutras </Li> <Li> Mimamsa Sutras </Li> <Li> Nyāya Sūtras </Li> <Li> Vaiśeṣika Sūtra </Li> <Li> Yoga Sutras </Li> <Li> Pramana Sutras </Li> <Li> Charaka Samhita </Li> <Li> Sushruta Samhita </Li> <Li> Natya Shastra </Li> <Li> Panchatantra </Li> <Li> Divya Prabandha </Li> <Li> Tirumurai </Li> <Li> Ramcharitmanas </Li> <Li> Yoga Vasistha </Li> <Li> Swara yoga </Li> <Li> Shiva Samhita </Li> <Li> Gheranda Samhita </Li> <Li> Panchadasi </Li> <Li> Vedantasara </Li> <Li> Stotra </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Timeline ( show ) <Ul> <Li> Chronology of Hindu texts </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Tulsidas ( the Sanskrit name of Tulsidas can be transliterated in two ways . Using the IAST transliteration scheme , the name is written as Tulasīdāsa , as pronounced in Sanskrit . Using the Hunterian transliteration scheme , it is written as Tulsidas or Tulsīdās , as pronounced in Hindi ) . Tulsidas was a great scholar of Sanskrit . However , he wanted the story of Rama to be accessible to the general masses and not just the Sanskrit - speaking elite . In order to make the story of Rama as accessible to the layman as to the scholar , Tulsidas chose to write in Awadhi , a local dialect of Hindi which was in vogue as the language of general parlance in large parts of north India during the composition of the work . Tradition has it that Tulsidas had to face a lot of criticism from the sanskrit scholars of Varanasi for being a bhasha ( vernacular ) poet . However , Tulsidas remained steadfast in his resolve for simplifying the knowledge contained in the Vedas , the Upanishads and the Puranas to the common people . Subsequently , his work was accepted by all . </P> <P> Ramcharitmanas , made available the story of Rama to the common man to sing , meditate and perform on . The writing of Ramcharitmanas also heralded many a cultural tradition , most significantly that of the tradition of Ramlila , the dramatic enactment of the text . Ramcharitmanas is considered by many as a work belonging to the Saguna school of the Bhakti movement in Hindi literature . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Background </Li> <Li> 2 Structure <Ul> <Li> 2.1 Invocations at beginning of each episode </Li> <Li> 2.2 Kānd endings </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 Narrative <Ul> <Li> 3.1 Bāl Kāṇḍ </Li> <Li> 3.2 Ayodha Kāṇḍ </Li> <Li> 3.3 Araṇya Kāṇḍ </Li> <Li> 3.4 Kiśkindhā Kāṇḍ </Li> <Li> 3.5 Sundar Kāṇḍ </Li> <Li> 3.6 Laṅkā Kāṇḍ </Li> <Li> 3.7 Uttar Kānd </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 Stories behind the incarnation of Rama <Ul> <Li> 4.1 Jay and Vijay </Li> <Li> 4.2 The curse of Nārad Muni </Li> <Li> 4.3 Svayambhuva Manu and Shatarupa </Li> <Li> 4.4 Tale of King Pratapbhanu </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 5 The immolation of Sati and the incarnation of Parvati <Ul> <Li> 5.1 Sati 's doubts </Li> <Li> 5.2 Daksha 's sacrifice </Li> <Li> 5.3 Parvati and Nārad 's prophecy </Li> <Li> 5.4 The wedding of Shiva and Parvati </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 6 The divinity of Ram in the Manas <Ul> <Li> 6.1 Ram 's divine birth </Li> <Li> 6.2 Deliverance of Ahalya </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 7 The abrupt ending </Li> <Li> 8 English translation </Li> <Li> 9 See also </Li> <Li> 10 Notes and references </Li> <Li> 11 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Background ( edit ) </H2> Picture of author , Tulsidas published in the Ramcharitmanas , 1949 . <P> Tulsidas began writing the Ramcharitmanas in Ayodhya in Vikram Samvat 1631 ( 1574 CE ) . The exact date is stated within the poem as being the ninth day of the month of Chaitra , which is the birthday of Rama , Rama Navami . Ramcharitmanas was composed at Ayodhya , Varanasi & Chitrakoot . India was under the reign of Mughal emperor Akbar ( 1556 - 1605 CE ) during this period . This also makes Tulsidas a contemporary of William Shakespeare . </P> <P> The Ramcharitmanas is written in vernacular Awadhi language , The core of the work is considered by some to be a poetic retelling of the events of the Sanskrit epic Ramayana by Valmiki . The Valmiki Ramayana is centered on the narrative of Rama , the scion of the family tree of king Raghu of the Sun Dynasty . Rama was the crown prince of Ayodhya and is considered in Hindu tradition as the seventh Avatar of Vishnu . However , the Ramacharitmanas is by no means a word - to - word copy of the Valmiki Ramayana nor an abridged re-telling of the latter . Ramcaritmanas has elements from many other Ramayanas written earlier in Sanskrit and other Indian dialects as well as stories from Puranas . Tulsidas himself never writes Ramcharitmanas as being a retelling of Valmiki Ramayana . He calls the epic Ramcharitmanas as the story of Rama , that was stored in the mind ( Mānasa ) of Shiva before he narrated the same to His wife Parvati . Tulsidas claims to have received the story through his guru , Narharidas. Tulsidas was a naive ( Acheta ) child and the story was stored in his mind ( Mānasa ) for long before he wrote it down as Ramcharitmanas . Some understand this passage of the Ramcharitmanas to mean that Tulsidas at first could not grasp the story fully as he was a naïve young boy . His guru graciously repeated it again and again so that he could understand and remember it . Then he narrated the story and named it Ramcharitmanas as Shiva himself called it . The epic poem is , therefore , also referred to as Tulsikrit Ramayana ( literally , The Ramayana composed by Tulsidas ) . </P> <P> The Ramcharitmanas is a masterpiece of vernacular literature . Some believe it to represent a challenge to the dominance of high - class Brahmanical Sanskrit , echoing the revolt of Buddha against Brahmanical elitism . However , this interpretation appears faulty as Tulsidas himself was a brahmin and often talks very highly of the Brahmins in Ramcharitmanas and other books written by him . It was the attempt of Tulsidas to reconcile the different stories of Rama and to bring the story within the reach of the common man . </P> <H2> Structure ( edit ) </H2> Scene Ramayana , Gupta art <P> Ramcharitmanas consists of seven Kāndas ( literally `` books '' or `` episodes '' , cognate with cantos ) . Tulsidas compared the seven Kāndas of the epic to seven steps leading into the holy waters of Lake Manasarovar `` which purifies the body and the soul at once '' . </P> <P> The first two parts , Bāl Kāṇḍ ( Childhood Episode ) and Ayodhyā Kāṇḍ ( Ayodhya Episode ) , make up more than half of the work . The other parts are Araṇya Kāṇḍ ( Forest Episode ) , Kiśkindhā Kāṇḍ ( Kishkindha Episode ) , Sundar Kāṇḍ ( Pleasant Episode ) , Laṅkā Kāṇḍ ( Lanka Episode ) , and Uttar Kāṇḍ ( Later Episode ) . The work is primarily composed in the Chaupai metre ( four - line quatrains ) , separated by the Doha metre ( two - line couplets ) , with occasional Soratha and various Chhand metres . </P> <H3> Invocations at beginning of each Episode ( edit ) </H3> <P> Every chapter of the Ramcharitmanas begins with an invocation or Mangalācharaņ . It is customary of the Indian tradition of writing that the author begins a new book with invocation to the Gods to ensure that the sankalpa is finished unhindered . The first three or four verses of each Kānd are typically in the form of invocations . </P> <P> Bāl Kāṇḍ begins with a hymn honouring the goddess Saraswati and the god Ganesha , the deities related to knowledge , wisdom , speech and auspiciousness . </P> <P> Ayodhyā Kāṇḍ begins with the famous verse dedicated to the god Shiva : May He in whose lap shines forth the Daughter of the mountain king , who carries the celestial stream on His head , on whose brow rests the crescent moon , whose throat holds poison and whose breast is support of a huge serpent , and who is adorned by the ashes on His body , may that chief of gods , the Lord of all , the Destroyer of the universe , the omnipresent Śhiva , the moon - like Śańkara , ever protect me . '' </P> <P> Araṇya Kāṇḍ 's first verse again extols Shiva : I reverence Bhagavan Śańkara , the progeny of Brahmā , the very root of the tree of piety , the beloved , devotee of King Śri Rama , the full moon that brings joy to the ocean of wisdom , the sun that opens the lotus of dispassion , the wind that disperses the clouds of ignorance , who dispels the thick darkness of sin and eradicates the threefold agony and who wipes off all calumny and obloquy . </P> <P> Kiśkindhā Kāṇḍ commences with the following verse : Lovely as a jasmine and a blue lotus , of surpassing strength , repositories of wisdom , endowed with natural grace , excellent bowmen , hymned by the Vedas , and lovers of the cow and Brāhmaņas , who appeared in the form of mortal men through their own Māyā ( deluding potency ) as the two noble scions of Raghu , the armours of true dharma , friendly to all and journeying in quest for Sita , may they both grant us Devotion . </P> <P> Sundar Kāṇḍ begins with a hymn in the praise of Rama : I adore the Lord of the universe bearing the name of Rama , the chief of the Raghu 's line and the crest - jewel of kings , the mine of compassion , the dispeller of all sins , appearing in human form through His Māyā ( deluding potency ) , the greatest of all gods , knowable through Vedānta ( the Upanishads ) , constantly worshipped by Brahmā ( the Creator ) , Śhambhu ( Śivā ) , and Śeşa ( the serpent - god ) , the one who bestows of supreme peace in the form of final beatitude , placid , eternal , beyond the ordinary means of cognition , sinless and all - pervading . </P> <P> Laṅkā Kāṇḍ begins with this hymn : I adore Śri Rama , the supreme Deity , the object of worship even by Śivā ( the destroyer of Kāma , the God of Love ) , the Dispeller of the fear of rebirth , the lion to quell the mad elephant in the form of Death , the Master of Yogīs , attainable through immediate knowledge , the storehouse of good qualities , unconquerable , attributeless , immutable , beyond the realm of Māyā , the Lord of celestials , intent on killing the evil - doers , the only protector of the Brāhmaņas , beautiful as a cloud laden with moisture , who has lotus like eyes and appeared in the form of an earthly king . </P> <P> Uttar Kāṇḍ begins with the following hymn : I unceasingly extol Śri Ramā , the praiseworthy lord of Jānakī ( Sītā , Janakā 's daughter and the wife of Rama ) , the chief of Raghu 's line , possessed of a form greenish blue , the color of the neck of a peacock and adorned with an insignia of Brahmā pada , the lotus - foot , which testifies to His being the greatest of all gods - rich in splendour , clad in yellow robes , lotus - eyed , ever - propitious , holding a bow and arrow in His hands , riding an aerial car named Puşpakā , accompanied by a host of monkeys and waited upon by His own brother Lakşmaņa . </P> <H3> Kāṇḍ endings ( edit ) </H3> <P> Tulsidas ends every chapter in a similar manner describing the ending in the Sanskrit language . </P> <P> Every Kānd is formally concluded by Goswami Tulsidas . The following is an example of the ending of Kiśkindhā Kāṇḍ : </P> `` Iti Srimad ramacharitamanase sakala kali kalusavi dhvamsane caturthah sopanah samaptah . '' <Table> </Table> <P> Translation : `` Thus ends the fourth descent into the Mānasa lake of Sri Rama 's exploits , that eradicates all the impurities of the kali age . '' All the other Kāndas are concluded in the same way where the word caturthah is substituted , according to the Kānd being concluded . </P> <H2> Narrative ( edit ) </H2> <P> Ramcharitmanas is structured around three separate conversations . The conversations happen between Shiva and Parvati , Sages Bharadwaj and Yajnavalkya and finally Kakbhushundi and the king of birds , Garuda . Some scholars are of the opinion that there is also an underlying personal conversation between Tulsidas and Lord Rama all through the text of Ramcharitmanas . </P> <H3> Bāl Kāṇḍ ( edit ) </H3> <P> The Child Episode </P> <P> Tulsidas begins the story with an invocation to various deities , his guru , and saints who have preceded him and those who will succeed him in the future . Homage is paid to Valmiki for bringing the Ramayana to the devotees of Rama . Next are introduced and praised the various characters of the epic beginning with the birthplace of Rama , the holy city of Ayodhya . Praises are bestowed on Dasharatha , the king of Ayodhya and Rama 's father , and his queens Kausalya , Kaikeyi and Sumitra . Tulsidas then praises King Janaka , the father - in - law of Rama ) , and his family . He goes on to praise the brothers of Rama - Bharata , Lakshman & Shatrughna and sings the glories of Hanuman , the constant companion to Rama , Sugriva , the monkey king and Jambavan , the leader of bears . Next , the characters of Sita and Rama are introduced . </P> The birth of the four sons of Dasharatha . <P> The story of Ramcharitmanas is then underway . It begins with the meeting of two sages - Bharadwaj and Yajnavalkya . Bharadwaj asks Yajnavalkya to narrate in detail the story of Rama . Yajnavalkya begins with how Shiva came about retelling the story of Rama to his wife Parvati . ( The great story of Sati 's self - immolation , the destruction of her father Daksha 's sacrifice , the rebirth of Sati as Parvati and her marriage to Shiva ) . Shiva explains five different reasons as to why Rama incarnated on earth in different ages Kalpa ( aeon ) . Each of these stories is discussed in detail , with the primary message being that Rama incarnated on earth to protect the righteous who follow the path of Dharma . The story then moves to the birth of Ravana and his brothers . Post this point , the narration is done at different times by Shiva , Yajnavalkya , Kakbhushundi and Tulsidas . </P> <P> The story now moves to the abode of Brahma where Brahma and the other Hindu Devas are found mulling on the ways to rid the earth of Ravana and his excesses . Unable to find a solution , they pray to Shiva and ask him for his guidance on where to find the supreme God who will come to their rescue . Shiva tells them that they do n't need to go anywhere to find the Supreme God for He resides in the hearts of his devotees . All the Devas then Pray to the supreme Brahman to rid the earth of the demons wreaking havoc on men as well as Devas . Brahman shows compassion to all and announces in an Akashvani that He will be born in the Sun Dynasty to save the Devas and His devotees from the demons . </P> <P> The story then moves to Ayodhya . One fine day , Dasharatha , the king of Ayodhya , realizes that he has become old and still issueless ... He conveys his distress to sage Vasistha , the family guru , and seeks the way forward . Vasistha comforts Dasharatha and tells him that he will have four sons . Vasistha requests Shringi Rishi to perform the Putrakām yajna ( vedic yajna for the birth of sons ) . Tulsidas states that the birth of Rama and his brothers took place on the ninth day of the Chaitra month . It was the fortnight of the moon , known as the shukla period . </P> <P> The story then moves on and Rama and His brothers are now grown - up boys . The sage Vishvamitra arrives at Dashratha 's royal court where the King receives his eminent guest with great honour . Sage Vishvamitra lived in the forest and was performing great sacrifices . However , the demons Maricha and Subahu would always desecrate the ceremonial offerings . He knew that Rama had taken birth on earth to protect his devotees and so he decided to visit Dashratha to ask him a favour . The sage asks the king to let his sons accompany him to the forest . Reluctantly the king agrees . Rama knew before hand the intention of Vishvamitra in asking him to come along with him. He asures the sage that he would obey his commands . Lakshman kills Subahu and Rama kills Maricha , the dreaded demons . </P> Vishvamitra looks as Ram breaks the bow , to win the hand of Sita in marriage . <P> The story then moves to the deliverance of Ahalya . Rama , Lakshman and Vishvamitra venture on a journey and reach the beautiful kingdom of the Videhas , Mithila . The king of Mithila , Janaka , welcomes the great sage and asks him who are the two boys accompanying him ... Janaka is overcome by great emotion as he is able to sense the true nature of their mission ... The brothers then set out to discover the beautiful city and visit Janaka 's garden . This is an important section of the manās as it portrays the first meeting of Rama and Sita ... </P> <P> In the meanwhile , King Janaka arranges a swayamvara ceremony for his daughter Sita . A swayamvara ceremony is a Vedic ritual in which a prospective bride selects her groom from among a group of suitors who attend the ceremony . Sita falls in love with Rama at first sight in Janaka 's garden and prays to Gauri that she may get Rama as her husband . King Janaka sends a messenger to invite Rama , Laksman and Sage Vishvamitra to attend the swayamvara . Janaka puts a condition to identify the right groom for Sita . The great bow of Shiva by the name of Pinaka was kept in the arena . Any suitor who would be able to string Pinaka would be married to Sita . Many princes try but fail to even nudge the mammoth bow . This causes great distress to Janaka who wonders aloud if the earth has become devoid of brave men . This statement of Janaka angers Lakshman who retorts that no one talks in this vein , when a gathering like this , has the presence of scions of the Sun Dynasty . Rama gently nudges him to keep calm as Vishwamitra asks him to break the bow and make Janaka happy once again ... Rama steps in and effortlessly lifts and strings the divine bow . In a swift move , he breaks the bow . The breaking of Pinaka causes a great noise that disturbs the great sage Parashurama in his meditation and he storms into the swayamvara arena in great anger vowing to kill whoever had dared to break the bow of lord Shiva . Lakshman enters into an argument with Parashurama , paying scant respect to the sage who was known for his bursts of anger and was known to slay whoever dared to oppose him . Ultimately , Rama brings him around . Parashurama comes to know the real nature of Lord Rama as the ultimate Brahman , pays his respects and leaves for the forests for meditation . Sita places the wreath of victory around the neck of Rama in accordance with the rules of the swayamvara and is thus wedded to him . </P> <P> However , Sita being his beloved daughter , Janaka desires to conduct a grand marriage of Sita and Rama in accordance with both Vedic and laukik ( traditional ) customs . Janaka dispatches messengers to Ayodhya to inform Dashratha and his family about the marriage of Rama and Sita and invites them for the formal consummation of marriage ceremony . Dashratha starts with a great marriage procession , consisting of Rama 's family , friends and well wishers in addition to Shiva , Vishnu , Brahma and all Devas who take up human form and depart for Mithila . </P> <P> After a grand wedding , the kind of which had never been witnessed in the universe , Rama and Sita return to Ayodhya where there was a great celebration and much rejoicing . </P> <H3> Ayodha Kāṇḍ ( edit ) </H3> <P> The Ayodhya Episode </P> <P> Ayodhya was described as being like a heaven on earth ever since Rama and Sita came back from Mithila . As King Dasaratha was getting old , he wanted to install his son Rama as Prince Regent . He decided to start the ceremonies for his coronation the very next day . The Devas however became very concerned at the prospect of Rama remaining in Ayodhya , and not pursuing the wicked Ravana , and vanquishing him . Something had to happen if Rama was to embark on his mission to rid the world of Ravana . They approached Goddess Saraswati for help . </P> <P> King Dashratha has three wives . Queen Kaushalya is the principal queen and the mother of Rama . Queen Kaikeyi is the mother of Bharata and Queen Sumitra is the mother of Lakshman and Shatrughna . Saraswati decides to influence the mind of one of Queen Kaikeyi 's maid servants named Manthara . Manthara 's mind harbors evil intentions and she begins to talk to Queen Kaikeyi in harsh and conceited tones . She finds fault with Kaikeyi for being supportive of the king 's plan of installing Rama , as Prince Regent when her own mind tells her that Bharata would clearly be a greater king . At that time Bharata is in Kaikeya country visiting his uncle and so he is unaware of what is happening in Ayodhya . Slowly Queen Kaikeyi 's mind is poisoned . Manthara reminds Queen Kaikeyi of the two boons that the King had promised her . Kaikeyi enters the private room in the royal palace , where the King gives audience to his queens , and awaits Dashratha . Dashratha is greatly alarmed and concerned that Kaikeyi is sitting in the sulking chamber , while the entire population of Ayodhya is greatly happy and eagerly anticipating the coronation of Rama . Queen Kaikeyi speaks harshly to Dashratha , which surprises the king . She reminds him of the two boons he promised her and to his bewilderment , asks him to install her son Bharata as Prince Regent and send Rama into the forest for 14 years . Queen Kaikeyi is unmoved by Dashratha 's lamentations and finally the king emotionally breaks down . The king 's assistant Sumantra sends for Rama with a request to meet his father . </P> <P> Queen Kaikeyi speaks to Rama and explains to him the boons that she had asked of His father . Rama is actually the Supreme Personality of Godhead incarnated on earth , yet He accepts His stepmother 's request and decides to leave the kingdom as it serves his purpose as well . The people of Ayodhya remonstrate against Queen Kaikeyi who firmly believes that she is doing the right thing . Rama attempts to dissuade Lakshman and Sita from joining him but is unable to do so . The scene becomes very emotional as Rama , Sita and Lakshman greet their mothers before finally going to Dashratha to take leave of him . Dashratha attempts , in vain , to try to talk Sita out of joining Rama in the forest . </P> Rama , Sita and Lakshman meeting Sage Bharadwaj at his ashram in Prayag . <P> The residents of Ayodhya ca n't spare the thought of being away from Rama and decide to join him in the forest . Rama , Sita , Lakshman and Sumantra go incognito and in the dead of the night leave the city and move into the forest . They leave for a place called Sringaverapur after which they meet Guha , the Nishad king . They arrive at Prayag , the holy city where the Rivers Ganges , Yamuna and Saraswati meet . Rama meets with the Sage Bharadwaj at his ashram . Rama is overwhelmed with the reception and love shown by the people inhabiting the banks of the Yamuna . Rama then meets Sage Valmiki , the author of the Ramayan at Chitrakoot dham . Valmiki recognises the true opulence of Rama and sings His praises . At this point Tulsidas takes great care to describe the beauty of the land of Chitrakoot with some inspiring poetry . </P> <P> Rama asks Sumantra to return to Ayodhya which saddens Sumantra . He not only wants to stay with Rama , he is also afraid of going back only to face the anger and wrath of the citizens of Ayodhya . Rama persuades him to go back . On returning to Ayodhya , Sumantra meets Dashratha , who asks him the whereabouts of Rama . The pain of separation from Rama is too much for Dashratha who passes away crying Rama 's name . </P> <P> Sage Vashishtha knows that Rama will not return to the kingdom and so immediately sends an envoy to call Bharata and Shatrughna back to Ayodhya . Bharata learns of all that has happened and chastises his mother , Queen Kaikeyi . He is greatly pained and blames himself for Rama leaving Ayodhya . He accuses her of bringing ruin to the family . Shatrughna comes across Manthara and beats her in rage . They approach Queen Kaushalya and see her in a sorry state . Bharata begs for her forgiveness and loudly laments while the Queen attempts to pacify him . She asks him to carry out his duty and rule Ayodhya , but Bharata can not bear the thought of sitting on the throne with his father dead and his brothers in exile in the forest . The cremation of King Dashratha takes place . Bharata and Shatrughna decide to go into the forest and ask Rama to return to Ayodhya and take the throne . Many citizens as well as the royal family , who have been grieving ever since Rama had left them , decide to join the brothers . </P> Bharata asks for Rama 's paduka ( footwear ) . <P> The Nishads see the approaching royal party and become suspicious . Guha approaches Bharata to understand his motive for bringing such a large party to the forest . He assumes that Bharata has some sinister motive . Bharata shows his love for Rama and Guha is moved to tears by his love for his brother . The royal procession then moves forward to Chitrakoot . Lakshman sees the huge army of people with Bharata and immediately begins to chastise Bharata . Rama counters this by praising the greatness of Bharata , leaving Lakshman feeling sorry for his harsh words . Bharata finally arrives at Chitrakoot where the brothers are all reunited once again . They collectively mourn the passing of their father and perform his Shraddha ( obsequies ) along with Sage Vashistha leading the ceremony . </P> <P> Despite all of Bharata 's convincing , Rama is true to the word given to his father and step mother Kaikeyi , and vows that he will fulfill her wish . Bharata says that he simply can not sit on the throne while Rama wanders in the forest . He asks Rama for his sandals , which he would place at the throne and would only act as Rama 's representative and not as a full - fledged king . With much sorrow and hurt , Bharata leaves Rama and returns to Ayodhya . He decides that he would not live in the kingdom while Rama is in exile and so lives like a hermit in a nearby town called Nandigram . </P> <H3> Araṇya Kāṇḍ ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Araṇya - Kāṇḍa ( The forest episode ) <P> The Forest Episode </P> Ravana fights Jatayu as he carries off the kidnapped Sita . <P> Rama , Sita and Lakshman wander in the forest and come across the hermitage of a sage called Atri . Atri sees them approaching and is overcome with great joy . Sita is embraced by Atri 's wife , Anasuya . Anusuya talks to Sita at length about the duties of a devoted wife . </P> <P> Rama , Sita and Lakshman venture further into the forest and encounter Viradha . Viradha attempts to capture Sita . Rama kills him by burying him in a ditch . They then visit the ashram of Sage Sarabhanga . Rama asks him of where he should go for shelter in the forest . He is advised to visit the sage Sutiksna . As Rama approaches Sutiksna , the latter comes out of his meditation . He tells Rama that he had been awaiting his arrival , and had even turned down the offer of entering the heavenly planets . </P> <P> Continuing on their journey through the forest , they meet with Sage Agastya where Rama pays his respect to the sage . Agastya gifts divine weapons to Rama and advises him to venture further into the forest and into the region of Dandaka . Rama meets with the eagle , Jatayu . Rama , Sita and Lakshman take up abode at Panchavati and build a beautiful ashram , as per the advice of Agastya . Laksman becomes nostalgic of the past and begins to talk harshly about Kaikeyi . Rama pacifies him and explains that it is sinful to speak of his mother in such a way . </P> <P> The story takes a new turn , as Rama , Sita and Lakshman are approached by the sister of the demon - king Ravana , called Surpanakha . She immediately takes a liking to Rama and falls in love with him . She disguises herself and talks to Rama in sweet tones . Rama rejects her advances explaining that he is already married and advises her to approach Laksman as he is unmarried . However , Laksman also rejects her advances . Surpanakha takes it as a great insult to be spurned like this , and attempts to hurt Sita . Laksman takes hold of his sword and lops off Surpanakha 's ear lobes and nose . Feeling humiliated , Surpanakha leaves the forest and goes to the abode of her brothers Khara , Dusana and Trisira . They are angry at the treatment meted out to their sister and leave with the intention of killing Rama . All three brothers are vanquished by Rama . </P> <P> Surpanakha is greatly upset and visits Ravana at his residence in Lanka . She explains all that has happened , after which Ravana calls for his old friend Maricha . Ravana hatches a plot and asks Maricha to disguise himself as a golden deer , so that Ravana may then kidnap Sita . Maricha has already felt the power of Rama ( as mentioned in Bālakāṇḍa ) and is apprehensive , however , he thinks that he is going to die either way since Ravana will kill him in rage for refusing him . Ravana and Marich immediately leave for Rama 's forest abode . Maricha takes his position and instantly Sita is attracted by his deer form . Rama knows that Ravana 's intentions and orders Sita to place her shadow ( Maya Sita ) in her place , while she would hide in the fire . She asks Rama time and time again to hunt for the deer and bring it to her . Rama runs after the deer and is soon quite a far distance away from the ashram . Rama releases an arrow and hits the deer . Impersonating Rama 's voice , Marich shouts out to Laksman to help him . Maya Sita ( hereafter called simply Sita ) hears the cry and orders Laksman to go help his brother . Ravana , while posing as a begging minstrel , uses this opportunity to forcibly kidnap Sita from the ashram . Jatayu , the eagle , sees Ravana 's sinful act and attempts to fight with him , but Ravana has too much power and cuts off Jatayu 's wings and leaves him for dead . Rama and Lakshman return to find the ashram empty . They anxiously set out to find Sita and find the severely wounded eagle . Jatayu dies in Rama 's lap and receives liberation . As they continue to look for Sita they come across the hermitage of Shabari . Tulsidas says that Shabari washes the feet of Ram with tears from her eyes and feeds him half eaten wild berries to ensure he gets only sweet ones . She is given liberation by Rama . </P> <P> The brothers then head towards the Pampasarovar lake . </P> <H3> Kiśkindhā Kāṇḍ ( edit ) </H3> <P> The Kiśkindhā Region Episode </P> Laksman meets with Tara , Sugriva , and Hanuman in the Palace of Kishkandha <P> High up in the Rishyamuk mountains , Sugriva sees Rama and Laksman at the foothills . He consults Hanuman as to whether he thinks they have been sent by his brother Bali . Hanuman disguises himself as a Brahmin and approaches the brothers . Hanuman recognises the true nature of Rama as God - incarnation and surrenders himself to his Holy feet . He tells the brothers that his king , Sugriva , wishes to extend his friendship to Them and will help Them to find Sita . Rama asks Sugriva why he resides in the mountains instead of Kishkindha , where Sugriva tells of his feud with his brother Bali . Rama sympathises with Sugriva and decides to help Sugriva in return for the latter 's help in finding Sita . Ram kills Bali and installs Sugriva as king of Kishkindha and Angada , Bali 's son , as prince regent . Sugriva becomes too attached to his new regal lifestyle and forgets about his agreement with Rama , which fills Rama with great anger . Rama asks Laksman to bring Sugriva to him . Laksman enters the royal court and threatens to burn the entire city to ashes . Sugriva is gravely worried and asks Hanuman to pacify him . Laksman escorts Sugriva to Rama and upon seeing Him , Sugriva falls as His feet and begs forgiveness . </P> <P> Sugriva immediately orders the gathering of the region 's bear and monkey community . Armies of bears and monkeys are dispatched north , south east and west to search for Sita . Rama knew that only Hanuman was really capable of finding Sita . He asks Hanuman to narrate the agony of separation from her and then hands over his ring . Hanuman is joined by Angad , Nala , Kesari and Jambavan as well as many others as they head to the south . As the army approach the coast , Jambavan and Angad see a cave by the shore of the ocean . The cave is occupied by Sampati ( who is actually Jatayu 's older brother ) . There is a conversation during which Angad explains that Jatayu died serving Rama and thereafter Sampati narrates his biography . He tells the monkeys that he is sure that Sita is captive in Ashok Vatika in Lanka . The island is 400 miles away and requires someone who is able to jump the distance . Jambavan deduces that Hanuman is the only one capable of the task . </P> <H3> Sundar Kāṇḍ ( edit ) </H3> <P> The Pleasant Episode </P> Rama and the monkey chiefs . <P> Hanuman takes Jambavan 's suggestion and immediately takes off for Lanka . He climbs onto the mountain and using it as a pivot , launches himself into the air . He meets Surasa , the mother of serpents and passes her test . The ocean demoness tries to capture Hanuman , thinking of him as a bird . He quickly kills her and then lands on the shore of the ocean in Lanka . He sees beautiful lush gardens , groves , lakes and reservoirs . Hanuman takes a minute form and , remembering Rama , enters Lanka . He is accosted by the demon Lankini whom he hits with his fist and causes her to fall to the ground . </P> <P> Hanuman flies through the various palaces and gardens for his search of Sita , and amongst all the demonic activities going on in Lanka , Hanuman sees a palace where Sri Hari 's name is being chanted . He is drawn towards the palace and decides to visit the inhabitant . The palace belongs to Ravana 's brother , Vibhishan . Hanuman narrates Rama katha ( story ) and then introduces himself . Hanuman proceeds to Ashok Vatika where he finally sees Sita . He positions himself on a branch of a tree , under which Sita was sitting , and contemplates his next move . He sees Ravana walk towards Sita and beg her to glance at least once toward him . She simply looks at a blade of grass to insult him . Ravana threatens to behead Sita but is calmed down by his wife , Mandodari . Hanuman has to use all his powers of calm not to react to Ravana 's threats . When all is quiet again , Hanuman begins to sing the glory of Rama in sweet tones . He then approaches Sita and explains who he is . He presents the ring lord Rama had given him and Sita is overjoyed . She blesses Hanuman with many kind words and boons . </P> <P> Hanuman tells Sita that he is hungry and asks for her permission to eat fruits from the grove . He not only eats but manages to destroy large parts of it . He easily kills one of Ravana 's sons , prince Aksaya . Indrajit arrives in the grove and Hanuman allows himself to be captured . He is brought in front of the king of Lanka , Ravana . Ravana orders his death , however , Vibhishan reminds him that Hanuman is an envoy and can not be killed according to religious principle . Ravana decides to humiliate Hanuman by setting his tail on fire . Large amounts of clothes are tied to his tail and soaked in oil . Hanuman chants the name of Rama and his tail begins to get longer , and more cloth and oil is used . He changes from his small form into a gigantic form and decides to torch alight the whole of Lanka . </P> <P> He returns to the ocean to extinguish his tail and then goes to Sita to reassure her that the next time she sees him , it will be with Rama . He bids farewell to Sita and leaps back towards Angad and Jambavan . The monkey army then ventures back to where Sugriva , Rama and Lakshman are waiting . On arrival Hanuman explains all that happened and immediately an army is prepared to go south towards Lanka . </P> <P> Meanwhile , in Lanka , both Mandodari and Vibhishan ask Ravana to hand Sita back to Rama . Ravana takes great exception to this suggestion and begins to insult Vibhishan particularly . He tells him he has no need for a weakling like him and that he is no longer needed . Vibhishan decides to join Rama at Kishkindha . Vibhishan falls at Ram 's feet and asks him for protection . The army deliberate over how to cross the ocean to Lanka . The deity of the seas tells Rama of the boon obtained by the monkey brothers Nila and Nala , and that they have the power to build a bridge to link the seashore to Lanka . </P> <H3> Lanka Kāṇḍ ( edit ) </H3> <P> The Lanka Episode </P> Building Rama Setu Bridge to Lanka . <P> Jambavan asks the monkeys Nala and Nila to begin work on building the bridge across the sea . The Mānas states that entire mountain ranges were used by Nala and Nila to complete their objective . Rama remembers Lord Shiva and decides to install a shrine for Rameswaram . Upon completion , the army of Rama begins to cross the bridge and arrives at Lanka , taking camp on Mount Suvela . Ravana hears of the advances of Rama 's army and feels greatly agitated . Mandodari asks Ravana to return Sita to Rama as she fears for her husband 's life . Ravana is dismissive of Rama 's power and pacifies his wife . Next , Ravana 's son Prahasta attempts to reinforce his mothers sentiments , but all to no avail . </P> <P> Rama fires a warning shot from his retreat in Suvela . The arrow strikes Ravana 's crown and royal umbrella . Mandodari once again attempts to convince Ravana of handing Sita back to Rama . Meanwhile , Rama asks Jambavan what should be done . Jambavan suggests that they send Angada , as messenger , to give Ravana a chance to return Sita . On reaching Ravana 's court , Angada explains he is the ambassador of Rama , and tells Ravana that he still has time to save himself from destruction . Ravana insults Angada and his refusal to comply makes war inevitable . </P> <P> The war begins with great ferocity as Ravana loses half of his army on the first day . Indrajit , Ravan 's son , is required to enter the battle far earlier than he expected . He severely wounds Lakshman with his special weapon , the Saang . Hanumanji is ordered to fetch the doctor of Lanka called Sushena . Sushena tells Rama that there exists a herb called Sanjivani which can only be found in the Himalayan mountains . It is the only hope to save Lakshman . Hanuman immediately reassures Rama that he shall find this herb . As Hanuman is about to leave , Ravana orders the demon Kalanemi to impede him . However , Hanuman kills Kalanemi with ease . Hanuman reaches the mountain and ca n't find the herb . In his frustration he decides to take the entire mountain to Lanka . </P> Hanuman searching for the Sanjivani herb . <P> Hanuman makes good speed towards Lanka when suddenly he is shot by an arrow as he approaches Nandigram . Hanuman is mistaken to be a demon by Bharat . Hanuman falls to the ground together with the great hill . Hanuman regains consciousness and recognizes that Bharata is Rama 's brother . He continues on to Lanka where he delivers the Sanjivani herb and Sushena treats Lakshman . Rama embraces Hanuman with great pride and affection . Ravan takes the news of Lakshman 's recovery very badly and decides to awaken his brother Kumbhakarna . Kumbhakarna kills indiscriminantly and wreaks much havoc . Rama releases an arrow which kills him instantly . The death of his brother scares Ravan greatly . Indrajit hastily tries to arrange a ceremony to receive great boons and powers but is interrupted by Hanuman and Angada . Lakshman takes up arms against Indrajit and kills him . Rama throws numerous arrows at Ravana but is unable to kill him . He asks Vibhishan on how to kill his brother after which Rama finally kills Ravana . The war is over . </P> <P> Ravana 's funeral takes place and Vibhishan is crowned the king of Lanka . Hanuman carries the happy news to Sita in Ashok vatika . Finally Rama and Sita are reunited . Rama and the army prepare to depart Lanka and return towards Ayodhya . Rama , Sita , Lakshman and the senior monkeys travel back in Ravana 's flying vehicle , Pushpak Vimaan . </P> <H3> Uttar Kāṇḍ ( edit ) </H3> <P> The Epilogue </P> The Family of Rama <P> It is now the day before Rama is to return to Ayodhya after serving his exile . Bharata is anxious that his brother still has n't arrived . The Mānas mentions that Bharata had passed his days shedding tears for fourteen years in Nandigram . Hanuman meets Bharata telling him of the arrival of Rama , Sita and Laksman . Bharata rushes to Ayodhya to tell the citizens of the great news . As the Pushpak Vimaan landed in Ayodhya the citizens shouted chants of ' Glory be to Ramchandra ' . Rama , Sita and Laksman collectively touch the feet of the sage Vashishta on arriving in Ayodhya and thereafter greet all that have gathered in the assembly . Lastly Rama meets Bharata with great affection and love . Rama 's coronation takes place and he is finally crowned king of Ayodhya . Shiva arrives to glorify the festivities further and asks Rama of the boon that he may have firm and undeviating devotion of Rama 's feet . </P> <P> In conclusion to the tale , Rama has twin sons named Lava and Kusha . The other brothers each have two sons as well . It is mentioned that great sages like Nārad and Sanaka visit Ayodhya to meet with Rama and to see his great city . </P> <P> In the subsequent passages of Uttar Kānd the biography of Saint Kakbhushundi is given , followed by a description of what is to be expected in the current age of Kaliyuga . Shiva ends his narration of the Rama Katha to Parvati as does Kakbhushundi to Garuda . It is not mentioned whether Yajnavalkya finishes his recitation to Bharadwaj . Finally , Goswami Tulsidas concludes his retelling of the Shri Ramcharitmanas . The Rudrastakam in Sanskrit is a part of this Kanda . </P> <H2> Stories behind the incarnation of Rama ( edit ) </H2> <P> During the Bālakāṇḍa , it is mentioned that Shiva is retelling the story of Rama ( Rama Katha ) to his spouse Parvati . During this retelling , Shiva explains as many as five reasons why Rama incarnated on earth . </P> <H3> Jay and Vijay ( edit ) </H3> <P> The brothers Jay and Vijay are the two favoured gate keepers of Hari . Due to a curse , by the Brahmin Sanaka and his three brothers , Jay and Vijay were born in the species of the demons . One took the birth of Hiranyakashipu and the other was born as Hiranyaksha . The Supreme incarnated Himself as Varaha in order to kill Hiranyaksha , while incarnating as Narasimha to kill Hiranyakashipu . Even though these brothers are killed by Hari Himself , they do not attain liberation as the Brahman 's had cursed them to three births and so were reborn as the powerful demons Ravana and Kumbhakarna . Hari took a human incarnation , as Rama , to kill Ravana and Kumbhakarna . </P> <H3> The curse of Nārad Muni ( edit ) </H3> <P> Nārad Muni was wandering in Himalayan mountains and begins to think about Vishnu . He instantly falls into a deep meditative trance . Seeing the sage 's state , Indra becomes apprehensive as he sees Nārad 's trance as a threat to his own position as the chief of demigods in heaven . Indra asks Kamadeva to disturb Nārad 's trance . He creates an illusion of fragrant flowers , delightful breezes and such . Heavenly damsels are called but all this has no effect on the sage . Kamadeva accepts defeat and falls at Nārad 's feet , addressing him with deep humility . He recalls all that happened to Shiva and becomes puffed up with pride of his defeating of Kamadeva . Shiva admonishes him not to repeat the story to Hari . </P> <P> Nārad visits Vishnu at his abode , and unable to control his pride , re-tells his episode with Kamadeva , ignoring all that Shiva had advised . Vishnu further fans Nārad 's pride by telling him that his steadfast vow of celibacy is so strong that he can never be smitten . Nārad then departs Vishnu 's abode . Hari tells Laksmi that he has a plan and sets his illusory powers ( maya ) into operation . As Nārad departs Vaikuntha , Vishnu creates a beautiful illusory city with illusionary inhabitants . The city is ruled by King Sheelanidhi , who has a beautiful daughter called Vishvamohini . Nārad is intrigued with the city and decides to visit the king . Nārad sees the king 's daughter and falls in love with her . The king explains that he wishes to marry his daughter to a suitable man . Nārad devises a plot to get the princess to choose him . </P> <P> Nārad approaches Hari and asks him for the gift of great beauty . Vishnu says that he will do only that which is beneficial to Nārad . The sage is glad at heart and thinks that with Vishnu 's favour , the princess will surely choose him . In reality the Hari had made Nārad look hideous . The entire royal court is aware of Nārad 's appearance , but says nothing . The princess filled with rage as soon as she sees Nārad 's ugly form and completely ignores him . He sees a reflection of his face in water and is consumed with rage . He instantly goes back to Vaikuntha and begins to speak to Hari in ugly tones . He curses Hari , `` You made me look like a monkey ; therefore You shall have monkeys for Your mates . And as You have grievously wronged me , so shall You suffer the pangs of separation from Your wife '' . Hari accepts Nārad 's curse and instantly withdraws his illusionary spell . </P> <P> Nārad realises that there is no city and there is no Visvamohini , and is dismayed at what he has done . He begs Vishnu to invalidate his curse . Hari explains that it was His will and advises Nārad to chant his name to absolve himself of any sin . Nārad returns to his abode chanting the praises of Ram . </P> <H3> Svayambhuva Manu and Shatarupa ( edit ) </H3> <P> Svayambhuva Manu had Shatarupa as his wife . Manu ruled the earth for many years and carried out the Lord 's commandments . He longed to devotion to Hari and decides to give up rulership to his son so that he can retire to the forest with Satarupa and meditate upon the Lord . Manu and Satarupa settle at the banks of the Sarayu river and devoutly repeat the twelve - syllable Mantra , calling out to who is the source of many Brahmas , Vishnus and Shivas emanate . Some commentators indicate that the twelve - syllable mantra is the Vishnu mantra ( Oṃ Namo Bhagavate Vāsudevāya ) . Rambhadracharya comments that the twelve - letter mantra is the coupled mantra for Sita and Rama . </P> <P> Manu and Shatarupa first sacrifice food and then water and are finally willing to sacrifice air . Brahma , Hari and Shiva call on Manu but Manu and Satarupa are resolute and do not swerve on their sacrifices . A great voice from the heavens tells Manu , in sweet tones , to ask for a boon . Rama and Sita approach Manu in a beautiful form , which leaves Manu overcome with emotion . Manu explains now that he and Satarupa have seen the Lord 's lotus feet , all their desires have been met . Manu has one longing but does n't know how to ask the Lord . Finally he asks , `` O gracious Lord , I tell You my sincere wish : I would have a son like You . I have nothing to conceal from You . '' </P> <P> The Lord announces that it shall be , however , where would he find a son like Himself ? The Lord tells Manu that He Himself would be a son to him . The Lord then asks Satarupa of her wish . She says that she greatly likes the boon received by her husband and wants the same . Bowing at the Lord 's feet , Manu then asks one more favour . He asks that he be dependent on which is granted . The Lord then commands the couple to dwell in Indra 's capital in heaven . </P> <P> The Lord explains that after some time Manu would be born as the king of Ayodhya , Dashrath and Satarupa as Kausalya . He would then manifest Himself in the royal household as their son . He reassured the couple that their desire would be accomplished . </P> <H3> Tale of king Pratapbhanu ( edit ) </H3> <P> Prior to the birth of Rama , Muni Bharadwaja is told the story of King Pratapbhanu by Yajnavalkya . There is a kingdom called Kaikay where Satyaketu is king . He has two sons , Pratapbhanu and Arimardana and rules his kingdom with his prime minister Dharamaruchi . Satyaketu abdicates and hands the reign to Pratapbhanu , who becomes conqueror of the world . </P> <P> Once Pratapbhanu goes into the forest to hunt and sees a wild boar . The boar is actually the demon Kalaketu in disguise who runs away from the king . Pratapbhanu gives chase deeper into the forest . Pratapbhanu chases for many miles and becomes thirsty . He approaches a fake saints ashram , where the resident fake saint wants to hurt and insult Pratapbhanu due to a previous incident . Pratapbhanu does n't recognise the saint , who begins to sweet talk the king and says that by pure love , he wishes to impart boons onto the king . The king asks to be invicible and never ageing , which the fake saint grants , but with the condition that he needs to win favour of all Brahmans . The fake saint advises that the king arrange the cooking of holy food ( prasadam ) to feed the bramanas , who would surely be in his favour for such an act of kindness . The fake saint 's real intention is to trap the king and repay him for his old grievances . </P> <P> The fake saint asks the king to go rest , and that he would arrange the feast for the bramanas using his mystic powers . Pratapbhanu waits for three days for the fake saint . Kalaketu , now disguised as a priest , approaches the King in his court and says that he has been sent to cook the holy food . The entire brahmana community is invited . A heavenly voice from above warns the brahmanas that the food is unpure and they should run away immediately . They curse the king that he , his kingdom and entire family are wiped from the face of earth . They also curse that he be born a demon in his next life . The heavenly voice says that the brahmana 's curse is ill thought , as Pratapbhanu is not to blame . Since their curse can not be taken back , the voice says that it is the Brahmana community that will bare the brunt of the evil of his next life . </P> <P> Pratapbhanu is distraught and quickly goes to his kitchen to find Kalaketu . The king is pained and cries as he realises Kalaketu has vanished . The brahmanas feel sorry for Pratapbhanu and tell him that his evil next life will be ended by Supreme Vishnu himself . As per the curse , Pratapbhanu , Arimardam and Dharmaruchi are all killed as other neighbouring kings invade Kaikay . </P> <P> Pratapbhanu is reborn as Ravan , Arimardam is reborn as Kumbhkarna and Dharmaruchi as Vibhishan . All three take great penances and are approached by Brahma and Shiva and are asked for any boon . Ravan asks that no one should be able to kill me except the tribes of man and monkeys . Kumbhkarna asks for uninterrupted sleep for periods of six months . Vibhishan asks for unshakeable love for the feet of Vishnu . </P> <H2> The immolation of Sati and the incarnation of Parvati ( edit ) </H2> <P> The story of how Shiva came about retelling Ramkatha to his consort Parvati is retold in great detail within the Bālakāṇḍa . This part of the story is narrated by Sant Yajnavalkya to Bharadvaj Muni . </P> <H3> Sati 's doubts ( edit ) </H3> <P> In the age of Treta , Shiva , accompanied by His consort Bhavani Sati , went to visit Rishi Agastya . The Rishi being pleased with Shiva 's visit , began to narrate the eternal story of Ram . Shiva listens with great pleasure and then they return towards Their abode . Around these exact days Ram had descended on earth and was wondering the Dandaka forest with Sita and Lakshman . Shiva ponders how he can catch sight of Ram . He finally sees Ram , who is frantically searching for Sita , and instantly joins his palms and prays `` Glory to the Redeemer of the universe , who is Truth , Consciousness and Bliss '' . Sati can not recognise Ram and wonders why her Supreme Shiva is praising a mortal . Shiva is the knower of all truth and instantly reads Sati 's thoughts . He advises her to not harbour such doubts and accept that she had seen Ram , whom Agastya had praised earlier . He finally says that if she is still not convinced then she should seek to verify this truth herself . Shiva observes as Sati takes the guise of Sita . Ram and Lakshman instantly see through Sati 's disguised and asks about Shiva 's whereabouts . Sati feels very uncomfortable and heads towards Shiva , thinking of how she is going to explain her folly of questioning His word . </P> <P> Shiva asks her to tell the truth of how she tested Ram . Sati is unable to tell the truth and says that she did not test Ram , but praised his as You had . Sati forgets that Shiva knows all that has happened and is disappointed that she was disguised as his Sita . He decides that Sati is too chaste to abandon and it is a sin to continue to be her Husband and so from then he has no connection with Sati in her current body . Sati concludes that Shiva has come to know everything and feels very foolish for having tried deceiving Him . Shiva sits under a banyan tree and enters into a long trance . Sati feel extremely sorry but accepts that providence is repaying her for her sins . Many years pass and Shiva finally ends his trance whilst praising Ram . Sati bows down at Shiva 's feet , after which he seats Sati opposite him and he begins to tell stories of Vishnu 's exploits . </P> <H3> Daksha 's sacrifice ( edit ) </H3> <P> While Shiva is narrating the stories of Vishnu , the air is filled with celestial beings . Sati asks Shiva what the occasion is . Shiva explains that Her father Daksha has organised a great sacrifice where many demigods were invited . All except Brahma , Vishnu and Shiva were invited as Daksha had developed a hatred towards the Gods . Sati thinks of Her father and asks if She may visit him at this time . Shiva says that they have no formal invite and that all of Sati 's sisters are invited but because of his animosity towards Shiva , Her father has not invited us . Shiva tries to reason with Sati , that no good can come of Her attending , but Tulsidas explains that a daughters ties to her father are very strong . </P> <P> When she reaches her father 's abode , no one welcomes Her apart from Her mother . Daksha does not even acknowledge Her and actually burns with anger that She has turned up uninvited . Sati looks around and sees no oblations set apart for Shiva and the lack of respect of her father causes Her mind to rage with great anger . She faces Her father 's court and announces that Shiva is the father of the universe and the beneficent of all . It is the same Shiva that Her father vilifies . She burns Her body with the fires of Yoga. Her guards are beaten and thrashed. When Shiva came to know this , he sends Virabhadra , who wreaks havoc of the sacrifice and Daksha is slain . As Sati is about to die , She asks Lord Hari of the boon that she be devoted to Shiva 's feet in successive births . She is reborn as Parvati , the daughter of Himachal and Mena . </P> <H3> Parvati and Nārad 's prophecy ( edit ) </H3> <P> Years after the birth of Parvati , Nārad Muni visits her parents Himachal and Mena . Himachal asks Nārad what the future holds for his daughter . Nārad says that Parvati will be adorned with good traits and win unfailing love of her husband . She will remain ever united with him and bring great glory upon her parents . The only drawback is that her husband will be an ascetic with matted hair who is naked and of hideous accoutrements . Himachal and Mena become disconsolate while Parvati is greatly pleased , as she senses from Nārad 's words that her boon from Vishnu is coming true . Nārad explains to Himachal that the only person who shows the virtues as described by him is Shiva . Parvati 's parents are immediately uplifted and as Nārad leaves , he asks Parvati to fix Her thoughts on Hari and practice austerity . The young Parvati enters the forest and performs great penances in order to obtain Shiva . Her body thins greatly due to her self - mortification after which Brahma declares that she should cease her severe penances as Shiva would soon be hers . History had produced many great sages , but none had performed such penances as this . Brahma instructs that her father would soon come for her and that she should return home with him . </P> <P> Ever since Sati had quit her body , Shiva had begun chanting Ram 's name and entered into a great trance . Through his mystic power , Ram asks Shiva to marry Parvati . Shiva says that this is not a justifiable request but the word of a master can not be set aside and must be obeyed . Shiva remains in his great trance . Around that time the demon Tāraka was causing distress and was in full flourish . Brahma declares that the son of Shiva will kill Tāraka , but for this to happen His wedding with Parvati needs to be arranged and for that to happen , Shiva 's trance has to be broken . It is decided that the God of Love should be sent to awaken Shiva . He fires five arrows of flowers at Shiva 's breast , the trance is broken and Shiva awakens . Shiva is enraged and , through his third eye , reduces Love to ashes . Love 's consort Rati faints as soon as she hears of her husband 's demise . Seeing the helpless woman , Shiva foretells that her husband will now be called bodiless and shall dominate all without a body form . When Krishna descends on earth , her husband would be born as His son Pradyumna . Thereafter Brahma and other gods approach Shiva and declare that they wish to witness His wedding with their own eyes . Remembering Vishnu 's early request , Shiva gladly agrees and Brahma proceeds to arrange the marriage . </P> <H3> The wedding of Shiva and Parvati ( edit ) </H3> <P> Shiva has no real family and so his attendants begin to adorn Him for His wedding to Parvati . His hair is formed into a crown with serpents forming a crest . Serpents form His earrings , bracelets and adorn his neck and He is smeared in ashes and has lion 's skin wrapped around His loins . He heads the wedding procession and Vishnu and Brahma , as well as a host of spirits , gandharavs and danavs follow behind . After the wedding , Parvati and Shiva return to Kailash where Parvati asks questions around Rama 's divinity . Here Shiva begins his narration of Ram Leela . </P> <H2> The divinity of Ram in the Manas ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Ram 's divine birth ( edit ) </H3> <P> On the ninth day of the Chaitra month , the Manas describes that the Sun is at its meridian and the climate is neither cold nor hot . There is a cool , soft and fragrant breeze . The woods are full of blossom and the rivers or in full flow . Brahma deduces that the time for Ram 's birth is approaching and the heavenly beings all crowd over the skies to glimpse sight of the auspicious moment . The sky resounds of music and song as the heavenly beings offer their praises to the Supreme Personality of Godhead . </P> <P> Here begins one of the most famous chhands from the Manas , the Ram Janam Stuti . The stuti begins with the appearance of Ram . Mother Kaushalya 's is filled with joy as she marvels over Ram 's dark complexion and his four armed form . He is adorned with jewels and a garland of Sylvan flowers and is described as being an ocean of beauty . Kaushalya joins her palms and prays . `` O Infinite , How can I praise You ! The Vedas and Puranas reveal you to be the repository of all virtues . You are the Lord of Laksmi and the lover of all of Your devotees and have appeared for my good . Every pore of Your body contains multitudes of universes and the thought that You stayed in my womb is truly staggering . '' Ram smiles and exhorts Kaushalya by telling her the charming account of her previous birth so that she can accept Him as her own child . Kaushalya asks Ram to give up His current superhuman form and to start to indulge in childish sports that are dear to a mother 's heart . Ram , described as the Lord of immortals , immediately becomes an infant and begins to cry . </P> <P> Tulsidas concludes that whoever sings this Stuti attains the abode of Lord Vishnu and never falls into the well of mundane existence . The Stuti has therefore been immortalised and it is a popular prayer sung on the occasion of Ram 's birthday . </P> <H3> Deliverance of Ahalya ( edit ) </H3> <P> Ahalya , the wife of Rishi Gautam , was a beautiful woman . Indra , king of the gods , was tempted and decided to seduce her with trickery . Early morning Rishi Gautam when the dawn had arrived go down to the nearby Ganges for his usual morning bath . While the Rishi was bathing at the river , Indra assumed Gautam 's form and visited Ahalya , fooling her into thinking he was her husband . When Gautam returned , he encountered Indra , emerging from his hut in his ( Gautam 's ) form . Spiritually powerful , Gautam employed his divine vision to see the whole episode . Enraged , he cursed Indra with impotence . Losing his potency , Indra lost heaven to demons and sat prayerfully in a lotus flower for thousands of years in order to repent . Rishi Gautam , in a blind rage , also cursed his wife , Ahalya , to turn into a boulder . Innocent of any intentional wrongdoing , Ahalya begged for forgiveness . Gautam relented somewhat and said that when Ram is incarnated , he will bless her and break her curse . </P> <P> Ram , while going to Mithila for Sita Svayamvar along with Sage Vishwamitra and Laksman , stopped at the , then - uninhabited , hermitage of Rishi Gautam . Vishwamitra narrated Ahalya 's story to Ram , and asked him to free her . Ram touched the boulder with his foot and Ahalya was immediately released from the curse . She fell to Ram 's feet and washed his feet with her tears . She felt that her curse had become her fortune as she got the opportunity to seek Ram 's refuge in person . She then returned to her husband 's place . </P> <H2> The abrupt ending ( edit ) </H2> <P> Many scholars have commented on the sudden ending to the Manas . Valmiki 's Uttar Kānd goes into great detail about Sita going into the forest , as a result of disapproving gossip of the citizens of Ayodhya , during the rule of Ram over Ayodhya . Sitaji asks mother Earth to receive her and Ram leaves His human form and returns to His celestial abode . Tulsidas decides not to mention these at all . The Katha Kar Morari Bapu has mentioned in many of his retellings of Ram Katha , that Tulsidasji did n't want to end the Manas in heartache for Sita . Tulsidas refers to Sita as his mother ( as well as the mother of the entire universe ) many times in the poem and so , on an emotional level , this becomes very understandable . She has endured enough pain throughout the Manas and so ends his retelling at a relatively happy moment . It is said that there are some Vaishnav devotees who will only recite the Bālakāṇḍa of the Manas , as this is seen as the happiest period of Ram and Sita 's lila on earth . However , Ramchritmans at few places do make reference of Sita 's abandonment , birth of lav - kush and Ram 's demise to his abode . These stories thus can be said to have mentioned in brief . </P> <H2> English translation ( edit ) </H2> <P> An unpublished English poetic translation of Ramcharitmanas is provided by ( Late ) Binda Prasad Khattri of New Market , Banda , Uttar Pradesh . Apparently , the translation can be sung essentially in the same way and with the same rhythm as the original Hindi work . </P> <P> Frederick Growse translated the Ramcharitmanas into English under the title The Ramayan of Tulsidas during the nineteenth century . His translation remains in print . </P> <P> The English commentary by Morari Bapu , Mangal Ramayan , is an English composition of one of his orrated Ram Katha commentaries . The book contains all the translations of prayers , Doha , Chaupais , and Chandan sung by Bapu , as well as an in - depth disccusion behind the meanings of the poetry . </P> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <P> Tulsi Manas Mandir </P> <Ul> <Li> India portal </Li> <Li> Varanasi portal </Li> <Li> Religion portal </Li> </Ul> <H2> Notes and references ( edit ) </H2> <P> Notes </P> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ Tulsidas , Kabir , Mirabai , and Surdas are considered the greatest devotional poets of Bhakti kāl </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ In verse 1.33. 2 of Bālkānd , the first chapter of Rāmcaritmanas , Tulsidas mentions 1631 , Tuesday , as the date according to Vikram Samvat calendar , which is 1574 in Gregorian calendar or Common Era . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Pronounced as tool - see - DAHSS </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Tulsidas was a contemporary of Akbar , Maharana Pratap , and William Shakespeare </Li> </Ol> <P> References </P> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ K.B. Jindal ( 1955 ) , A history of Hindi literature , Kitab Mahal , ... The book is popularly known as the Ramayana , but the poet himself called it the Ramcharitmanas or the ' Lake of the Deeds of Rama ' ... the seven cantos of the book are like the seven steps to the lake ... </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Lutgendorf 1991 , p. 1 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Subramanian 2008 , p. 19 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ McLean 1998 , p. 121 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Puri & Das 2003 , p. 230 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Lele 1981 , p. 75 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Lorenzen 1995 , p. 160 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Lutgendorf 2006 , p. 92 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Sadarangani 2004 , p. 78 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kumar 2001 , p. 161 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Tulsidas 1574 , p. 45 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Saraswati 2001 , p. 485 </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : O.P. Ralhan ( 1997 ) , The Great Gurus of the Sikhs , Volume 1 , Anmol Publications Pvt Ltd , ISBN 978 - 81 - 7488 - 479 - 4 , ... It was on a Tuesday , the ninth day of Chaitra in the Samvat year 1631 , that Tulsidas started writing the Ramcharitmanas in the city of Ayodhya on the banks of the sacred Saryu . The place and date are significant , Ayodhya being the birthplace and the day being the birthday of Sri Rama ... </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Rambhadracharya , Swami ( 2008 ) . Ramcharitmanas Bhavarthbodhini Hindi Tika . Page No. xxxi </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Duiker 2012 , p. 3.1 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Pant 2012 , p. 64 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Singh 1990 , p. 121 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Mathew 2012 , p. H - 39 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Ghosh 2002 , p. 104 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Lochtefeld 2002 , p. 713 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Coogan 2003 , p. 141 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Richman 2001 , p. 9 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Agarwal 2005 , p. 114 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ MacFie 2004 , p. 115 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bakker 2009 , p. 122 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Rajagopal 2001 , p. 99 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Lallan Prasad Vyas ( 1992 ) , Ramayana , its universal appeal and global role , Har - Anand Publications , ... Its original name is Ram Charit Manas , but people call it Tulsi Krit Ramayan . ( This has been the custom to name the Ramayan after its author ) . Tulsi Krit Ramayan was written in the 16th Century AD . This is the most popular and a work by a world renowned ... </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Miller 2008 , p. 161 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Lamb 2002 , p. 39 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Ascher & Heffron 2010 , p. 27 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Mehta 1992 , p. 243 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Sanujit Ghose ( 2004 ) , Legend of Ram : Antiquity to Janmabhumi Debate , Bibliophile South Asia , ISBN 978 - 81 - 85002 - 33 - 0 , ... Lake of the Deeds of Ram . He says that the seven cantos or sections of the work are like the beautiful flights of steps to the holy water of a lake , which purifies the body and the soul at once ... </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Olive Classe ( 2000 ) , Encyclopedia of literary translation into English : M-Z , Volume 2 , Taylor & Francis , ISBN 978 - 1 - 884964 - 36 - 7 , ... Rāmcāritmānas , composed in the Avadhi dialect of Hindi , is an epic of some 13,000 lines divided into seven kandas or ' books . ' The word mānas ( which Hindi speakers often use as an abbreviation of the longer title ) alludes to a sacred lake in the Himalayas , and so the title may be rendered ' the divine lake of Ram 's deeds ' ... </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Impact of Ramayan - http://www.bhuvaneshwarmandir.com/resources/impact.htm </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Shri Ramacharitamanasa , A Romanized Edition ( 1968 ed . ) . Gorakhpur : Gita Press . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Gita press ShriRamcharitmanas - End of each Kānd of Gitapress version </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Morari Bapu 2000 , pp. 58 , 59 , 134 . https://openlibrary.org/b/OL2164668M/Mangal_Ramayan </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Cite error : The named reference Raychaudhuri 1972 was invoked but never defined ( see the help page ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bālakāṇḍa section of Gitapress version </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Ayodhya Kānd section of Gitapress version </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Aranya Kānd section of Gitapress version </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kishkinha Kānd section of Gitapress version </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Sunder Kānd section of Gitapress version </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Lanka Kānd section of Gitapress version </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Uttar Kānd section of Gitapress version </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Jay and Vijay , the gatekeepers - http://www.srirangjimandir.org/glossary.html </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Morari Bapu 2000 , pp. 159 -- 161 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Nārad Muni 's curse - http://www.boloji.com/hinduism/109.htm </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Śrīrāmacaritamānasa ( Gita Press ) 2004 , pp. 107 -- 108 : संभु बिरंचि बिष्नु भगवाना । उपजहिं जासु अंस ते नाना ॥ ... and from a particle of whose emanate a number of Śambhus , Virañcis and Viṣṇus . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Śrīrāmacaritamānasa ( Gita Press ) 2004 , p. 105 : They further devoutly repeated the twelve - letter formula ( ॐ नमो भगवते वासुदेवाय ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Rambhadracharya 2008 , p. 127 : मनु शतरूपा श्रेष्ठ बारह अक्षरों वाले श्रीसीताराम के युगलमंत्र का प्रेमपूर्वक जाप करने लगे । </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Śrīrāmacaritamānasa ( Gita Press ) 2004 , pp. 107 -- 108 : भृकुटि बिलास सृष्टि लय होई । राम बाम दिसि सीता सोई ॥ ... Sītā , who stood to the left of Śrī Rāma , was the same was the same ... the mere play of whose eyebrows brings the cosmos into existence . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Morari Bapu 2000 , pp. 173 -- 180 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Pratapbhanu 's tale - ( Reason v ) `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 4 May 2010 . Retrieved 6 March 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Ram Janam Stuti from the Manas - http://www.iiramii.net/stuti_ram_janam_stuti.html </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Morari Bapu 2000 , p. 635 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ J.M. Macfie , The Ramayan of Tulsidas Or the Bible of Northern India , Kessinger Publishing , 2004 , ISBN 978 - 1 - 4179 - 1498 - 2 , ... The splendid English translation by FC Growse has also been used ( the sixth edition , 1914 , published by Ram Narayan , Allahabad ) . Another admirer of the poet whose studies in the Indian Antiquary , 1893 , and in the Indian Gazetteer are of much value , is Sir George Grierson , who speaks of the Ramcharitmanas as worthy of the greatest poet of any age ... </Li> </Ol> <P> Online sources </P> <Ul> <Li> `` 1318_Sri Ramchritmanas_Roman '' ( PDF ) . Gorakhpur , India : Gita Press . Retrieved 4 October 2013 . </Li> </Ul> <P> Bibliography </P> <Ul> <Li> Ascher , William ; Heffron , John M. ( 15 November 2010 ) . Cultural Change and Persistence : New Perspectives on Development . Palgrave Macmillan . ISBN 978 - 0 - 230 - 11733 - 4 . </Li> <Li> Agarwal , Mirgandra ( 1 January 2005 ) . Philosophy of Inspiration . Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84557 - 280 - 8 . </Li> <Li> Bakker , Freek L. ( 2009 ) . The Challenge of the Silver Screen : An Analysis of the Cinematic Portraits of Jesus , Rama , Buddha and Muhammad . BRILL . ISBN 978 - 90 - 04 - 16861 - 9 . </Li> <Li> Bulcke , Camille ; Prasāda , Dineśvara ( 2010 ) . Rāmakathā and Other Essays . Vani Prakashan . ISBN 978 - 93 - 5000 - 107 - 3 . </Li> <Li> Callewaert , Winand M. ( 1 January 2000 ) . Banaras : Vision of a Living Ancient Tradition . Hemkunt Press . ISBN 978 - 81 - 7010 - 302 - 8 . </Li> <Li> Coogan , Michael D. ( 2003 ) . The Illustrated Guide to World Religions . Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 521997 - 5 . </Li> <Li> Duiker , William J. Cengage Advantage Books : World History , Complete , 7th ed . Cengage Learning . ISBN 978 - 1 - 133 - 71009 - 7 . </Li> <Li> Ghosh , Amitav ( 2002 ) . The Imam and the Indian : Prose Pieces . Orient Blackswan . ISBN 978 - 81 - 7530 - 047 - 7 . </Li> <Li> Gupta , Kulwant Rai ; Gupta , Amita ( 1 January 2006 ) . Concise Encyclopaedia Of India : . Atlantic Publishers & Dist . ISBN 978 - 81 - 269 - 0637 - 6 . </Li> <Li> Jones , Constance ; Ryan , James D. ( 2006 ) . Encyclopedia of Hinduism . Infobase Publishing . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8160 - 7564 - 5 . </Li> <Li> Kumar , A. ( 1 January 2001 ) . Social Transformation In Modern India . Sarup & Sons . ISBN 978 - 81 - 7625 - 227 - 0 . </Li> <Li> Lamb , Ramdas ( 29 August 2002 ) . Rapt in the Name : The Ramnamis , Ramnam , and Untouchable Religion in Central India . SUNY Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7914 - 5385 - 8 . </Li> <Li> Lele , Jayant ( 1981 ) . Tradition and Modernity in Bhakti Movements . Brill Archive . ISBN 978 - 90 - 04 - 06370 - 9 . </Li> <Li> Lochtefeld , James G. ( 2002 ) . The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism : N-Z . The Rosen Publishing Group . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8239 - 3180 - 4 . </Li> <Li> Lorenzen , David N. ( 1995 ) . Bhakti Religion in North India : Community Identity and Political Action . SUNY Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7914 - 2025 - 6 . </Li> <Li> Lutgendorf , Philip ( 13 December 2006 ) . Hanuman 's Tale : The Messages of a Divine Monkey . Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 988582 - 4 . </Li> <Li> MacFie , J.M. ( 1 May 2004 ) . The Ramayan Of Tulsidas Or The Bible Of Northern India . Kessinger Publishing . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4179 - 1498 - 2 . </Li> <Li> Mathew , Kirpal Singh , Annie . Frank Middle School Social Sciences Class VII . Frank Brothers . ISBN 978 - 81 - 8409 - 102 - 1 . </Li> <Li> Mathur , Suresh Narain ; Chaturvedi , B.K. ( 2005 ) . The Diamond Book of Hindu Gods and Goddesses . Diamond Pocket Books ( P ) Ltd . ISBN 978 - 81 - 288 - 0802 - 9 . </Li> <Li> McLean , Malcolm ( 1998 ) . Devoted to the Goddess : The Life and Work of Ramprasad . SUNY Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7914 - 3689 - 9 . </Li> <Li> Mehta , Jarava Lal ( January 1992 ) . J.L. Mehta on Heidegger , Hermeneutics , and Indian Tradition . BRILL . ISBN 978 - 90 - 04 - 09488 - 8 . </Li> <Li> Melton , J. Gordon ( 13 September 2011 ) . Religious Celebrations : An Encyclopedia of Holidays , Festivals , Solemn Observances , and Spiritual Commemorations . ABC - CLIO . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59884 - 205 - 0 . </Li> <Li> Miller , Kevin Christopher ( 2008 ) . A Community of Sentiment : Indo - Fijian Music and Identity Discourse in Fiji and Its Diaspora . ProQuest . ISBN 978 - 0 - 549 - 72404 - 9 . </Li> <Li> Pant , Ashok ( August 2012 ) . The Truth of Babri Mosque . iUniverse . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4759 - 4289 - 7 . </Li> <Li> Pillai , Poornima ; Bharti , Jyotsna ( 2005 ) . Gateway to Indian Classical Literature . Asiapac Books Pte Ltd . ISBN 978 - 981 - 229 - 427 - 2 . </Li> <Li> Pinch , William R. ( 17 March 2006 ) . Warrior Ascetics and Indian Empires . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 85168 - 8 . </Li> <Li> Puri , B.N. ; Das , M.N. ( 1 December 2003 ) . A Comprehensive History of India : Comprehensive history of medieval India . Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd . ISBN 978 - 81 - 207 - 2508 - 9 . </Li> <Li> Quinn , Edward ( 1 January 2009 ) . Critical Companion to George Orwell . Infobase Publishing . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4381 - 0873 - 5 . </Li> <Li> Rajagopal , Arvind ( 25 January 2001 ) . Politics After Television : Hindu Nationalism and the Reshaping of the Public in India . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 64839 - 4 . </Li> <Li> Richman , Paula ( 1 January 2001 ) . Questioning Ramayanas : A South Asian Tradition . University of California Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 520 - 22074 - 4 . </Li> <Li> Sadarangani , Neeti M. ( 2004 ) . Bhakti Poetry in Medieval India : Its Inception , Cultural Encounter and Impact . Sarup & Sons . ISBN 978 - 81 - 7625 - 436 - 6 . </Li> <Li> Saraswati , Prakashanand ( 1 January 2001 ) . The True History and the Religion of India : A Concise Encyclopedia of Authentic Hinduism . Motilal Banarsidass Publ . ISBN 978 - 81 - 208 - 1789 - 0 . </Li> <Li> Singh , Khushwant ( 1 January 1990 ) . India An Introduction . HarperCollins Publishers . ISBN 978 - 93 - 5029 - 243 - 3 . </Li> <Li> Tulasīdāsa ; Subramanian , V.K. ( 2008 ) . Hymns of Tulsidas . Abhinav Publications . ISBN 978 - 81 - 7017 - 496 - 7 . </Li> </Ul> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wikisource has original text related to this article : Shri Rāmcharitmānas </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wikiquote has quotations related to : Ramcharitmanas </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ul> <Li> Ramcharitmanas Bhavarth Bodhini Tika by Swami Rambhadracharya </Li> <Li> Avadhi and Romanised text with translation by Gita Press , Gorakhpur </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="3"> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Ramayana by Valmiki </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Ikshvaku dynasty </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Dasharatha </Li> <Li> Kausalya </Li> <Li> Sumitra </Li> <Li> Kaikeyi </Li> <Li> Shanta </Li> <Li> Rama </Li> <Li> Bharata </Li> <Li> Lakshmana </Li> <Li> Shatrughna </Li> <Li> Sita </Li> <Li> Urmila </Li> <Li> Mandavi </Li> <Li> Shrutakirti </Li> <Li> Lava </Li> <Li> Kusha </Li> <Li> ( genealogy ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Vanara </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Hanuman </Li> <Li> Sugriva </Li> <Li> Vali </Li> <Li> Tara </Li> <Li> Rumā </Li> <Li> Angada </Li> <Li> Nala </Li> <Li> Nila </Li> <Li> Kesari </Li> <Li> Anjana </Li> <Li> Makardhwaja </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Rakshasa </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Ravana </Li> <Li> Vibhishana </Li> <Li> Kumbhakarna </Li> <Li> Indrajit </Li> <Li> Akshayakumara </Li> <Li> Atikaya </Li> <Li> Kabandha </Li> <Li> Khara </Li> <Li> Dushan </Li> <Li> Mandodari </Li> <Li> Maricha </Li> <Li> Mayasura </Li> <Li> Narantaka - Devantaka </Li> <Li> Prahasta </Li> <Li> Sarama </Li> <Li> Subahu </Li> <Li> Sulochana </Li> <Li> Sumali </Li> <Li> Surpanakha </Li> <Li> Tataka </Li> <Li> Trijata </Li> <Li> Trishira </Li> <Li> Viradha </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Sages </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Agastya </Li> <Li> Ahalya </Li> <Li> Arundhati </Li> <Li> Bharadwaja </Li> <Li> Kambhoja </Li> <Li> Parashurama </Li> <Li> Vasistha </Li> <Li> Vishvamitra </Li> <Li> Rishyasringa </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Other characters and concepts </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Lakshmana rekha </Li> <Li> Jambavan </Li> <Li> Janaka </Li> <Li> Kushadhwaja </Li> <Li> Jatayu </Li> <Li> Manthara </Li> <Li> Ashwapati </Li> <Li> Maya Sita </Li> <Li> Sampati </Li> <Li> Shabari </Li> <Li> Shravan </Li> <Li> Vedavati </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Places </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Ayodhya </Li> <Li> Mithila </Li> <Li> Dandakaranya </Li> <Li> Kishkindha </Li> <Li> Lanka </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Seven Books ( Kandas ) </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Bala </Li> <Li> Ayodhya </Li> <Li> Aranya </Li> <Li> Kishkindha </Li> <Li> Sundara </Li> <Li> Yuddha </Li> <Li> Uttara </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Versions , adaptations , and inspired works </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Adbhuta Ramayana </Li> <Li> Adhyathmaramayanam </Li> <Li> Adhyatma Ramayana </Li> <Li> Ananda Ramayana </Li> <Li> Bhaṭṭikāvya </Li> <Li> Hikayat Seri Rama </Li> <Li> Kakawin Ramayana </Li> <Li> Kamba Ramayanam </Li> <Li> Krittivasi Ramayan </Li> <Li> Maharadia Lawana </Li> <Li> Phra Lak Phra Ram </Li> <Li> Ramlila </Li> <Li> Ramayan ( TV series ) </Li> <Li> Raghunatha Ramayana </Li> <Li> Ramakien </Li> <Li> Ramcharitmanas </Li> <Li> Reamker </Li> <Li> Saptakanda Ramayana </Li> <Li> Sri Ramayana Darshanam </Li> <Li> Vilanka Ramayana </Li> <Li> Yama Zatdaw </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ramcharitmanas&oldid=817801488 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> Epic poems </Li> <Li> Hindi - 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who said mangal bhawan amangal haari dravahu so dasrath ajir bihari to whom

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Left - and right - hand traffic - wikipedia <H1> Left - and right - hand traffic </H1> Jump to : navigation , search Countries by handedness of traffic , c. 2017 Right - hand traffic Left - hand traffic Change of traffic directions at the Thai -- Lao Friendship Bridge <P> The terms left - hand traffic ( LHT ) and right - hand traffic ( RHT ) refer to regulations requiring all bidirectional traffic , unless otherwise directed , to keep to the left side or to the right side of the road , respectively . This is so fundamental to traffic flow that it is sometimes referred to as the rule of the road . </P> <P> One hundred and sixty - three countries and territories use RHT , with the remaining seventy - six countries and territories using LHT . Countries that use LHT account for about a sixth of the world 's area and a quarter of its roads . In the early 1900s some countries including Canada , Spain , and Brazil had different rules in different parts of the country . During the 1900s many countries standardised within their jurisdictions , and changed from LHT to RHT , mostly to conform with regional custom . In 1919 , 104 of the world 's territories were LHT and an equal number were RHT . From 1919 to 1986 , 34 of the LHT territories switched to RHT . </P> <P> Many of the countries with LHT are former British colonies in the Caribbean , Southern Africa , Southeast Asia , South Asia , Australia , and New Zealand . Japan , Thailand , Nepal , Bhutan , Mozambique , Suriname , East Timor , and Indonesia are among those LHT countries outside the former British Empire . In Europe , only four countries still drive on the left : the United Kingdom , Ireland , Malta , and Cyprus , all of which are on islands that have no direct road connections with countries driving on the right . </P> <P> Nearly all countries use one side or the other throughout their entire territory . Most exceptions are due to historical considerations and / or involve islands with no road connection to the main part of a country . China is RHT except the Special Administrative Regions of China of Hong Kong and Macau . The United States is RHT except the United States Virgin Islands . The United Kingdom is LHT , but its overseas territories of Gibraltar and British Indian Ocean Territory are RHT . </P> <P> According to the International Regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea , water traffic is RHT . For aircraft the US Federal Aviation Regulations provide for passing on the right , both in the air and on water . </P> <P> On a double - track railways , rail traffic generally runs to one side of a line , not always the same side as road traffic . Thus in Belgium , China , France ( apart from the former German Alsace and Lorraine ) , Sweden ( apart from Malmö and further south ) , Switzerland and Italy for example , the railways use LHT , while the roads use RHT , often because of the influence of the British on early railway systems . In countries such as Indonesia , it is the reverse ( RHT for railways and LHT for roads ) . Light rail vehicles generally operate on the same side as road traffic in a country . </P> <P> There is no technical reason to prefer one side over the other . In healthy populations , traffic safety is thought to be the same regardless of handedness , although some researchers have speculated that LHT may be safer for ageing populations since humans are more commonly right - eye dominant than left - eye dominant . </P> <H2> Contents </H2> <Ul> <Li> 1 History <Ul> <Li> 1.1 Changing sides <Ul> <Li> 1.1. 1 Europe </Li> <Li> 1.1. 2 Asia and the Pacific </Li> <Li> 1.1. 3 Africa </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2 Changing sides at borders </Li> <Li> 3 Road vehicle configurations <Ul> <Li> 3.1 Driver seating position </Li> <Li> 3.2 Headlamps and other lighting equipment <Ul> <Li> 3.2. 1 Rear fog lamps </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3.3 Crash Testing differences </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 Worldwide distribution by country </Li> <Li> 5 Traffic behaviour </Li> <Li> 6 Gallery </Li> <Li> 7 See also </Li> <Li> 8 References </Li> <Li> 9 External links </Li> </Ul> <H2> History ( edit ) </H2> Left - hand traffic in Vienna , Austria circa 1930 . <P> Ancient Greek , Egyptian , and Roman troops kept to the left when marching . In 1998 , archaeologists found a well - preserved double track leading to a Roman quarry near Swindon , in southern England . The grooves in the road on the left side ( viewed facing down the track away from the quarry ) were much deeper than those on the right side , suggesting LHT , at least at this location , since carts would exit the quarry heavily loaded , and enter it empty . </P> <P> The first reference in English law to an order for LHT was in 1756 , with regard to London Bridge . </P> Hong Kong drives on the left . Mainland China drives on the right . <P> Some historians , such as C. Northcote Parkinson , believed that ancient travellers on horseback or on foot generally kept to the left , since most people were right handed . If two men riding on horseback were to start a fight , each would edge toward the left . In the year 1300 , Pope Boniface VIII directed pilgrims to keep left . </P> <P> In the late 1700s , traffic in the United States was RHT based on teamsters ' use of large freight wagons pulled by several pairs of horses . The wagons had no driver 's seat , so the ( typically right - handed ) postilion held his whip in his right hand and thus sat on the left rear horse . Seated on the left , the driver preferred that other wagons pass him on the left so that he could be sure to keep clear of the wheels of oncoming wagons . </P> <P> In France , traditionally foot traffic had kept right , while carriage traffic kept left . Following the French Revolution , all traffic kept right . Following the Napoleonic Wars , the French imposed RHT on parts of Europe . During the colonial period , RHT was introduced by the French in New France , French West Africa , the Maghreb , French Indochina , the West Indies , French Guiana and the Réunion , among others . </P> <P> Meanwhile , LHT was introduced by the British in Atlantic Canada , Australia , New Zealand , the East Africa Protectorate , British India , Southern Rhodesia and the Cape Colony ( now Zimbabwe and South Africa ) , British Malaya ( now Malaysia , Brunei and Singapore ) , British Guiana , and British Hong Kong . LHT was also introduced by the Portuguese Empire in Portuguese Macau , Colonial Brazil , East Timor , Portuguese Mozambique , and Angola . </P> <P> The first keep - right law for driving in the United States was passed in 1792 and applied to the Philadelphia and Lancaster Turnpike . New York formalized RHT in 1804 , New Jersey in 1813 and Massachusetts in 1821 . </P> <H3> Changing sides ( edit ) </H3> Traffic moves from left to right in Stockholm , Sweden , on 3 September 1967 Europe ( edit ) <P> Influential in Europe was the 1920 Paris Convention , which advised driving on the right - hand side of the road , in order to harmonise traffic across a continent with many borders . This was despite the fact that left - hand traffic was still widespread : in 1915 for example , LHT was introduced everywhere in the Austro - Hungarian Empire . However , three years later the Empire was split up into several countries , and they all changed eventually to RHT , notably including when Nazi Germany introduced RHT with almost immediate effect in Czechoslovakia in 1938 - 39 . </P> <P> Sweden was LHT from about 1734 to 1967 , despite having land borders with RHT countries , and approximately 90 percent of cars being left - hand drive ( LHD ) vehicles . A referendum was held in 1955 , with an overwhelming majority voting against a change to RHT . Nevertheless , some years later the government ordered a conversion , which took place at 5 am on Sunday , 3 September 1967 . The accident rate dropped sharply after the change , but soon rose back to near its original level . The day was known as Dagen H ( `` H - Day '' ) , the ' H ' being for Högertrafik ( `` right traffic '' ) . When Iceland switched the following year , it was known as H - dagurinn , again meaning `` H - Day '' . </P> <P> In the late 1960s , the UK Department for Transport considered switching to RHT , but declared it unsafe and too costly for such a built - up nation . Road building standards , for motorways in particular , allow asymmetrically designed road junctions , where merge and diverge lanes differ in length . </P> Asia and the Pacific ( edit ) <P> China adopted RHT in 1946 . Taiwan changed to driving on the right at the same time . Hong Kong and Macau continue to be LHT . </P> <P> Both North Korea and South Korea switched to RHT in September 1945 after liberation from Japan which was defeated and surrendered by the Allies . </P> <P> Myanmar switched to RHT in 1970 . </P> <P> Samoa , a former German colony , had been RHT for more than a century . It switched to LHT in 2009 , being the first territory in almost 30 years to switch . The move was legislated in 2008 to allow Samoans to use cheaper right hand drive ( RHD ) vehicles imported from Australia , New Zealand or Japan , and to harmonise with other South Pacific nations . A political party , The People 's Party , was formed to try to protest against the change , a protest group which launched a legal challenge , and an estimated 18,000 people attending demonstrations against it . The motor industry was also opposed , as 14,000 of Samoa 's 18,000 vehicles are designed for RHT and the government has refused to meet the cost of conversion . After months of preparation , the switch from right to left happened in an atmosphere of national celebration . There were no reported incidents . At 05 : 50 local time , Monday 7 September , a radio announcement halted traffic , and an announcement at 6 : 00 ordered traffic to switch to LHT . The change coincided with more restrictive enforcement of speeding and seat - belt laws . That day and the following day were declared public holidays , to reduce traffic . The change included a three - day ban on alcohol sales , while police mounted dozens of checkpoints , warning drivers to drive slowly . </P> <P> The Philippines was mostly LHT during its Spanish and American colonial periods , as well as during the Commonwealth era . During the Japanese occupation the Philippines remained LHT , also because LHT had been required by the Japanese ; but during the Battle of Manila the liberating American forces drove their tanks to the right for easier facilitation of movement . RHT was formally finalised by Executive Order No. 34 signed by President Sergio Osmeña on 10 March 1945 . </P> Africa ( edit ) <P> A number of non-contiguous former British colonies in West Africa originally drove LHT and switched to RHT in the early 1970s to match the surrounding countries . Sierra Leone switched to RHT in 1971 , Nigeria in 1972 and Ghana in 1974 . Before this period The Gambia , a country entirely contained within RHT Senegal , had officially switched to RHT in 1965 . </P> <P> Rwanda , a former Belgian colony in central Africa , is RHT but is considering switching to LHT , to bring the country in line with other members of the East African Community ( EAC ) . A survey , carried out in 2009 , indicated that 54 % of Rwandans were in favour of the switch . Reasons cited were the perceived lower costs of RHD vehicles as opposed to LHD versions of the same model , easier maintenance and the political benefit of harmonisation of traffic regulations with other EAC countries . The same survey also indicated that RHD cars are 16 to 49 per cent cheaper than their LHD equivalents . In 2014 an internal report from consultants to the Ministry of Infrastructure recommended a switch to LHT . In 2015 , the ban on RHD vehicles was lifted ; RHD trucks from neighbouring countries cost $1000 less than LHD models imported from Europe . </P> <H2> Changing sides at borders ( edit ) </H2> A road sign in the British county of Kent placed on the right - hand side of the road . Border between Sweden and Norway in 1934 <P> While most LHT jurisdictions are on islands , there are cases where vehicles may be driven from LHT across a border into a RHT area . </P> <P> LHT Thailand has three RHT neighbours : Cambodia , Laos , Myanmar . Most of its borders use a simple traffic light to do the switch , but there are also interchanges which enable the switch while keeping up a continuous flow of traffic . </P> <P> There are four road border crossing points between Hong Kong and Mainland China . In 2006 , the daily average number of vehicle trips recorded at Lok Ma Chau was 31,100 . The next largest is Man Kam To , where there is no changeover system and the border roads on the mainland side Wenjindu intersect as one - way streets with a main road . </P> <P> The Takutu River Bridge ( which links LHT Guyana and RHT Brazil ) is the only border in the Americas where traffic changes sides . </P> <P> Although the United Kingdom is separated from Continental Europe by the English Channel , the level of cross-Channel traffic is very high ; the Channel Tunnel alone carries 3.5 million vehicles per year , by rail , between the UK and France . </P> <H2> Road vehicle configurations ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Driver seating position ( edit ) </H3> Bolivia is RHT , with the exception of Yungas Road which is LHT to help drivers see their outer wheel . <P> In RHT jurisdictions , vehicles are configured with LHD , with the driver sitting on the left side . In LHT jurisdictions , the reverse is true . The driver 's side , the side closest to the centre of the road , is sometimes called the offside , while the passenger side , the side closest to the side of the road , is sometimes called the nearside . </P> <P> Historically there was less consistency in the relationship of the position of the driver to the handedness of traffic . Most American cars produced before 1910 were RHD . In 1908 Henry Ford standardised the Model T as LHD in RHT America , arguing that with RHD and RHT , the passenger was obliged to `` get out on the street side and walk around the car '' and that with steering from the left , the driver `` is able to see even the wheels of the other car and easily avoids danger . '' By 1915 other manufacturers followed Ford 's lead , due to the popularity of the Model T . </P> <P> In specialised cases , the driver will sit on the nearside , or kerbside . Examples include : </P> <Ul> <Li> Where the driver needs a good view of the nearside , e.g. street sweepers , or vehicles driven along unstable road edges . </Li> <Li> Where it is more convenient for the driver to be on the nearside , e.g. delivery vehicles . The Grumman LLV postal delivery truck is widely used with RHD configurations in RHT North America . Some Unimogs are designed to be switch between LHD and RHD to permit operators to work on the more convenient side of the truck . </Li> </Ul> <P> Generally , the convention is to mount a motorcycle on the left , and kickstands are usually on the left which makes it more convenient to mount on the safer kerbside as is the case in LHT . Some jurisdictions prohibit fitting a sidecar to a motorcycle 's offside . </P> <H3> Headlamps and other lighting equipment ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Headlamp Bird 's - eye view of low beam light pattern for RH traffic , with long seeing range on the right and short cutoff on the left so oncoming drivers are not dazzled . <P> Most low - beam headlamps produce an asymmetrical beam distribution suitable for use on only one side of the road . Low beam headlamps for use in LH - traffic countries throw most of their light forward - leftward ; those for RH - traffic countries throw most of their light forward - rightward , thus illuminating obstacles and road signs an adequate distance ahead on the driver 's own side of the road while limiting glare to oncoming traffic on the other side of the road . </P> <P> Within Europe , headlamps designed and approved for use on one side of the road must be adaptable to produce adequate illumination with controlled glare for temporarily driving on the other side of the road , as for example on holiday or in transit . This adaptation may be achieved by affixing masking strips or prismatic lenses to a designated part of the lens or by moving all or part of the headlamp optic so all or part of the beam is shifted or the asymmetrical portion is occluded . Some varieties of the projector - type headlamp can be fully adjusted to produce a proper LH - or RH - traffic beam by shifting a lever or other movable element in or on the lamp assembly . Some vehicles adjust the headlamps automatically when the car 's GPS detects that the vehicle has moved from LH to RH traffic or vice versa . </P> Headlamp sold in Sweden not long before Dagen H change from left - to right - hand traffic . Opaque decal blocks lens portion that would provide low beam upkick to the right , and bears warning `` Not to be removed before 3 September 1967 '' . <P> Because blackout strips and adhesive prismatic lenses reduce the safety performance of the headlamps , most countries require all vehicles registered or used on a permanent or semi-permanent basis within the country to be equipped with headlamps designed for the correct traffic - handedness . </P> <P> Without sidecars attached , motorcycles , motor scooters , mopeds , and bicycles are almost symmetric with their handlebars in the centre . However , motorcycles are often equipped with automotive - type asymmetrical - beam headlamps that likewise require adjustments or replacement when brought into a country with opposite traffic - handedness . </P> Rear fog lamps ( edit ) <P> Within the European Union , vehicles must be equipped with one or two rear - facing red rear fog lamps . A single rear fog lamp must be located between the vehicle 's longitudinal centreline and the outer extent of the driver 's side of the vehicle . When importing a vehicle to a country which drives on the opposite side of the road , this sometimes requires the purchase and installation of local - market lighting components . </P> <H3> Crash testing differences ( edit ) </H3> <P> Some crash test results indicate that the RHD variant of a vehicle primarily developed for a LHD country may not protect the driver as well as the LHD variant , although differences in testing methodology could also cause the results to vary . </P> <P> One of the possible causes of this difference in crash test results is the RHD variant will not be an exact mirror image of the LHD variant . The number of differences in chassis , bodywork and parts needed to produce the RHD variant will be minimised to reduce the cost . The RHD vehicle is usually a variant of the LHD markets , due to potentially lower sales volumes of the RHD variant . When minimising the changes needed for the RHD variant , there is a possibility that key strengthening structures that would protect the driver in a crash may not be transferred to the driver side in the RHD variant . ( There are no easily reference - able sources for LHD variant performing less well in crash testing than the RHD variant where the vehicle is primarily manufactured for / in RHD markets ) . </P> <P> It is commonplace in Europe for only the LHD variant of a vehicle to be tested under the Euro NCAP crash testing scheme , although the result will be used in the promotion of the RHD variant in European countries which operate LHT . </P> <H2> Worldwide distribution by country ( edit ) </H2> <P> Of the 193 countries currently recognised by the United Nations ( and the unrecognised Palestine ) , 140 use RHT and 54 use LHT . A country and its territories and dependencies is counted once . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Country </Th> <Th> Road traffic </Th> <Th> Road switched sides </Th> <Th> Multi-track rail traffic generally </Th> <Th> Notes </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Afghanistan </Td> <Td> RHT </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> RHT / LHT </Td> <Td> Was LHT until the 1950s , in line with neighbouring British Raj and later Pakistan . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Albania </Td> <Td> RHT </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> RHT </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Algeria </Td> <Td> RHT </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> RHT </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Andorra </Td> <Td> RHT </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Angola </Td> <Td> RHT </Td> <Td> 1928 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Antigua and Barbuda </Td> <Td> LHT </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Argentina </Td> <Td> RHT </Td> <Td> 10 June 1945 </Td> <Td> LHT </Td> <Td> The anniversary on 10 June is still observed each year as Día de la Seguridad Vial ( road safety day ) . The Metrotranvía Mendoza uses RHT . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Armenia </Td> <Td> RHT </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> RHT </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Australia </Td> <Td> LHT </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> LHT </Td> <Td> Commonwealth . Includes Christmas Island , Cocos Islands , Norfolk Island </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Austria </Td> <Td> RHT </Td> <Td> 1921 in Vorarlberg , 1930 in North Tyrol , 1935 in Carinthia and East Tyrol , 1938 in the rest of the country . </Td> <Td> RHT </Td> <Td> Originally LHT , like most of former Austria - Hungary . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Azerbaijan </Td> <Td> RHT </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> RHT </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Bahamas </Td> <Td> LHT </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> In Bahamas LHD vehicles are common due to the import of used cars from nearby USA . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Bahrain </Td> <Td> RHT </Td> <Td> 1967 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Former British protectorate . Switched to same side as neighbours . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Bangladesh </Td> <Td> LHT </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> LHT </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Barbados </Td> <Td> LHT </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Belgium </Td> <Td> RHT </Td> <Td> 1899 </Td> <Td> LHT </Td> <Td> The Brussels Metro uses RHT . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Belarus </Td> <Td> RHT </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> RHT </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Belize </Td> <Td> RHT </Td> <Td> 1961 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Former British colony . Switched to same side as neighbours . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Benin </Td> <Td> RHT </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Bhutan </Td> <Td> LHT </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Under British protection before 1949 . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Bolivia </Td> <Td> RHT </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Botswana </Td> <Td> LHT </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Brazil </Td> <Td> RHT </Td> <Td> 1928 </Td> <Td> RHT </Td> <Td> A Portuguese colony until the early 19th century , switched some states still using LHT to RHT in 1928 . Most metro systems use RHT . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Brunei </Td> <Td> LHT </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Bosnia and Herzegovina </Td> <Td> RHT </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> RHT </Td> <Td> Switched sides after the collapse of Austria - Hungary . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Bulgaria </Td> <Td> RHT </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> RHT </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Burkina Faso </Td> <Td> RHT </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Burundi </Td> <Td> RHT </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Considering switching to LHT in line with neighbours Tanzania , Kenya and Uganda . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Cambodia </Td> <Td> RHT </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> RHT implemented while part of French Indochina . RHD cars , many of which were smuggled from Thailand , were banned from 2001 , even though they accounted for 80 % of vehicles in the country . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Cameroon </Td> <Td> RHT </Td> <Td> 1961 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Canada </Td> <Td> RHT </Td> <Td> 1920s </Td> <Td> RHT </Td> <Td> Territories now in Canada have always been RHT , except British Columbia , which changed to RHT in stages from 1920 to 1923 , and New Brunswick , Nova Scotia , and Prince Edward Island which changed in 1922 , 1923 , and 1924 respectively . Newfoundland and Labrador changed to RHT in 1947 while still a dominion of the British Empire , two years before joining Canada . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Cape Verde </Td> <Td> RHT </Td> <Td> 1928 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Central African Republic </Td> <Td> RHT </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Chad </Td> <Td> RHT </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Chile </Td> <Td> RHT </Td> <Td> 1916 </Td> <Td> LHT </Td> <Td> The Santiago Metro uses RHT . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> China </Td> <Td> RHT </Td> <Td> 1946 </Td> <Td> RHT / LHT </Td> <Td> At one time , northern provinces were RHT due to American influence , while southern provinces were LHT due to British influence . LHT was uniform in the 1930s . Hong Kong and Macau are all on LHT . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Colombia </Td> <Td> RHT </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> RHT </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Comoros </Td> <Td> RHT </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Congo </Td> <Td> RHT </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Democratic Republic of Congo </Td> <Td> RHT </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Costa Rica </Td> <Td> RHT </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Côte d'Ivoire </Td> <Td> RHT </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Croatia </Td> <Td> RHT </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> RHT </Td> <Td> Istria and Dalmatia were RHT , while Croatia - Slavonia was LHT when Croatia was part of Austria - Hungary . The LHT regions switched to RHT on joining the Kingdom of Yugoslavia . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Cuba </Td> <Td> RHT </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Cyprus </Td> <Td> LHT </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Former British colony . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Czech Republic </Td> <Td> RHT </Td> <Td> 1939 </Td> <Td> RHT </Td> <Td> Was LHT , like most of former Austria - Hungary , switched during the German occupation of Czechoslovakia . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Denmark </Td> <Td> RHT </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> RHT </Td> <Td> Includes Faroe Islands and Greenland </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Djibouti </Td> <Td> RHT </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Dominica </Td> <Td> LHT </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Former British colony . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Dominican Republic </Td> <Td> RHT </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> East Timor </Td> <Td> LHT </Td> <Td> 1976 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Originally LHT , like its colonial power Portugal . Switched to RHT with Portugal in 1928 . Under the Indonesian occupation of East Timor , changed back to LHT in 1976 . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Ecuador </Td> <Td> RHT </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> LHT </Td> <Td> The Quito Metro and Cuenca tram system will use RHT </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Egypt </Td> <Td> RHT </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> LHT </Td> <Td> Road vehicles are RHT due to French influence , but railway system was built by British companies . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> El Salvador </Td> <Td> RHT </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Equatorial Guinea </Td> <Td> RHT </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Eritrea </Td> <Td> RHT </Td> <Td> 1964 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Estonia </Td> <Td> RHT </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> RHT </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Ethiopia </Td> <Td> RHT </Td> <Td> 1964 </Td> <Td> LHT </Td> <Td> The Addis Ababa Light Rail runs on the right . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Fiji </Td> <Td> LHT </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Finland </Td> <Td> RHT </Td> <Td> 1858 </Td> <Td> RHT / LHT </Td> <Td> Formerly ruled by LHT Sweden , switched to RHT as the Grand Duchy of Finland by Russian decree . Majority of Helsinki commuter rail uses LHT . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> France </Td> <Td> RHT </Td> <Td> 1792 </Td> <Td> LHT / RHT </Td> <Td> Includes French Polynesia , New Caledonia , Saint Pierre and Miquelon , Wallis and Futuna , French Guiana , Réunion , Saint Barthélemy , Collectivity of Saint Martin , Guadeloupe , Mayotte . Railways in Alsace and Lorraine use RHT as a former part of German Empire . CDGVAL uses RHT . Most metro systems use RHT , except for the Lyon Metro . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Gabon </Td> <Td> RHT </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Gambia </Td> <Td> RHT </Td> <Td> 1965 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Georgia </Td> <Td> RHT </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> RHT </Td> <Td> About 40 % vehicles in Georgia are RHD due to low cost of used cars from Japan . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Germany </Td> <Td> RHT </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> RHT </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Ghana </Td> <Td> RHT </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Former British colony . When changing to RHT a Twi language slogan was `` Nifa , Nifa Enan '' or `` Right , Right , Fourth '' . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Greece </Td> <Td> RHT </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> RHT </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Grenada </Td> <Td> LHT </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Guatemala </Td> <Td> RHT </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Guinea </Td> <Td> RHT </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Guinea - Bissau </Td> <Td> RHT </Td> <Td> 1928 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Guyana </Td> <Td> LHT </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Haiti </Td> <Td> RHT </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Honduras </Td> <Td> RHT </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Hungary </Td> <Td> RHT </Td> <Td> 1941 </Td> <Td> RHT </Td> <Td> Originally LHT , like most of Austria - Hungary . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Iceland </Td> <Td> RHT </Td> <Td> 1968 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> The day of the switch was known as H - dagurinn . Most passenger cars were already LHD . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Iran </Td> <Td> RHT </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> RHT </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Iraq </Td> <Td> RHT </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> LHT </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> India </Td> <Td> LHT </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> LHT </Td> <Td> Former British colony . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Indonesia </Td> <Td> LHT </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> RHT </Td> <Td> The Jakarta MRT will use LHT . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Ireland </Td> <Td> LHT </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> LHT </Td> <Td> Former British Dominion . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Israel </Td> <Td> RHT </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> LHT </Td> <Td> The Jerusalem Light Rail uses RHT . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Italy </Td> <Td> RHT </Td> <Td> 1920s </Td> <Td> LHT </Td> <Td> Until 1927 the countryside was RHT while cities were LHT . Rome changed to RHT in 1924 and Milan in 1926 . Alfa Romeo and Lancia did not produce LHD cars until as late as 1950 and 1953 respectively , as many drivers favoured the RHD layout even in RHT as this offered the driver a clearer view of the edge of the road in mountainous regions at a time when many such roads lacked barriers or walls . The metro systems in Brescia , Genoa , Milan , and Turin use RHT , as well as all tram systems . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Jamaica </Td> <Td> LHT </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Japan </Td> <Td> LHT </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> LHT </Td> <Td> Post-World War II Okinawa was ruled by the United States Civil Administration of the Ryukyu Islands and was RHT . It was returned to Japan in 1972 went LHT in 1978 . The conversion operation was known as 730 ( Nana - San - Maru , which means Nana ( 7 ) - San ( 3 ) - Maru ( 0 ) ) . Okinawa is one of few places to have changed from RHT to LHT in the late 20th century . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Jordan </Td> <Td> RHT </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> RHT , despite the Mandate for Palestine and the Transjordan memorandum being under British rule till 1946 . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Kazakhstan </Td> <Td> RHT </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> RHT </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Kenya </Td> <Td> LHT </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> British colony until 1963 . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Kiribati </Td> <Td> LHT </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> North Korea and South Korea </Td> <Td> RHT </Td> <Td> 1946 </Td> <Td> LHT </Td> <Td> Korea had been LHT because of the influence of Japan in the 1900s . Switched to RHT under Soviet and American occupation after 1945 . Most metro systems in South Korea use RHT ( exceptions include Seoul Subway Line 1 and the Bundang Line ) ; metro system in Pyongyang uses a mixture of RHT and LHT . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Kuwait </Td> <Td> RHT </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Kyrgyzstan </Td> <Td> RHT </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> RHT </Td> <Td> Former part of RHT Soviet Union . In 2012 , over 20,000 cheaper used RHD cars were imported from Japan . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Laos </Td> <Td> RHT </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> LHT </Td> <Td> RHT implemented while part of French Indochina . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Latvia </Td> <Td> RHT </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> RHT </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Lebanon </Td> <Td> RHT </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Former French mandate . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Lesotho </Td> <Td> LHT </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Liberia </Td> <Td> RHT </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Libya </Td> <Td> RHT </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Liechtenstein </Td> <Td> RHT </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> RHT </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Lithuania </Td> <Td> RHT </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> RHT </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Luxembourg </Td> <Td> RHT </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> RHT </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Macedonia </Td> <Td> RHT </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> RHT </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Madagascar </Td> <Td> RHT </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Malawi </Td> <Td> LHT </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Malaysia </Td> <Td> LHT </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> LHT </Td> <Td> Former British colony . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Maldives </Td> <Td> LHT </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Mali </Td> <Td> RHT </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Malta </Td> <Td> LHT </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> British colony until 1964 . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Marshall Islands </Td> <Td> RHT </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Mauritania </Td> <Td> RHT </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Mining roads between Fdérik and Zouérat are LHT . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Mauritius </Td> <Td> LHT </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Former British colony . Island nation . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Mexico </Td> <Td> RHT </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> RHT </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Micronesia </Td> <Td> RHT </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Moldova </Td> <Td> RHT </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> RHT </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Monaco </Td> <Td> RHT </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> LHT </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Mongolia </Td> <Td> RHT </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> RHT </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Montenegro </Td> <Td> RHT </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> RHT </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Morocco </Td> <Td> RHT </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> RHT </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Mozambique </Td> <Td> LHT </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> LHT </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Myanmar </Td> <Td> RHT </Td> <Td> 1970 </Td> <Td> LHT </Td> <Td> Much of infrastructure still geared to LHT , most cars are pre-owned RHD vehicles , imported from Japan . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Netherlands </Td> <Td> RHT </Td> <Td> 1906 </Td> <Td> RHT </Td> <Td> Rotterdam was LHT until 1917 . Includes Curaçao , Sint Maarten , and Aruba </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Namibia </Td> <Td> LHT </Td> <Td> 1918 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> RHT as a German colony . After South Africa occupied German South - West Africa during World War I , switched to LHT . South - West Africa was made a South African mandate by the League of Nations , and the new rule of the road was established in law . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Nauru </Td> <Td> LHT </Td> <Td> 1918 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Nepal </Td> <Td> LHT </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> New Zealand </Td> <Td> LHT </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> LHT </Td> <Td> Includes territories Niue and Cook Islands </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Nicaragua </Td> <Td> RHT </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Niger </Td> <Td> RHT </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Nigeria </Td> <Td> RHT </Td> <Td> 1972 </Td> <Td> LHT </Td> <Td> Former British colony . Switched to RHT as it is surrounded by former French RHT colonies . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Norway </Td> <Td> RHT </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> RHT </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Oman </Td> <Td> RHT </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Not a party to the Vienna Convention on Road Traffic and bans all foreign - registered RHD vehicles . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Palau </Td> <Td> RHT </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> RHT </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Palestine </Td> <Td> RHT </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Pakistan </Td> <Td> LHT </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> LHT </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Panama </Td> <Td> RHT </Td> <Td> 1943 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Papua New Guinea </Td> <Td> LHT </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Paraguay </Td> <Td> RHT </Td> <Td> 1945 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Peru </Td> <Td> RHT </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> LHT </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Philippines </Td> <Td> RHT </Td> <Td> 1946 </Td> <Td> RHT </Td> <Td> LHT up until the Battle of Manila in 1945 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Poland </Td> <Td> RHT </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> RHT </Td> <Td> Partitions of Poland belonging to the German Empire and the Russian Empire were RHT . Partitions that were part of Austria - Hungary were LHT and changed to RHT in the 1920s . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Portugal </Td> <Td> RHT </Td> <Td> 1928 </Td> <Td> LHT </Td> <Td> Colonies Goa , Macau and Mozambique , which had land borders with LHT countries , did not switch and continue to drive on the left . The Porto Metro uses RHT . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Qatar </Td> <Td> RHT </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Romania </Td> <Td> RHT </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> RHT </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Russia </Td> <Td> RHT </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> RHT </Td> <Td> In the Russian Far East RHD vehicles are common due to the import of used cars from nearby Japan . Railway between Moscow and Ryazan is LHT . Sormovskaya line in Nizhny Novgorod Metro also uses LHT . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Rwanda </Td> <Td> RHT </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Former Belgian mandate . Considering switching to LHT like its neighbours Tanzania , Kenya and Uganda . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Saint Kitts and Nevis </Td> <Td> LHT </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Saint Lucia </Td> <Td> LHT </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Saint Vincent and the Grenadines </Td> <Td> LHT </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Samoa </Td> <Td> LHT </Td> <Td> 2009 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Switched to LHT to allow the import of cars more cheaply from Australia , New Zealand and Japan . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> San Marino </Td> <Td> RHT </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> São Tomé and Príncipe </Td> <Td> RHT </Td> <Td> 1928 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Saudi Arabia </Td> <Td> RHT </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> LHT </Td> <Td> The Makkah Metro uses RHT . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Senegal </Td> <Td> RHT </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Serbia </Td> <Td> RHT </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> RHT </Td> <Td> Vojvodina was LHT while part of Austria - Hungary . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Seychelles </Td> <Td> LHT </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Sierra Leone </Td> <Td> RHT </Td> <Td> 1971 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Importation of RHD vehicles was banned in 2013 . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Singapore </Td> <Td> LHT </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> LHT </Td> <Td> Former British colony . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Slovakia </Td> <Td> RHT </Td> <Td> 1939 -- 41 </Td> <Td> RHT </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Slovenia </Td> <Td> RHT </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> LHT </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Solomon Islands </Td> <Td> LHT </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Somalia </Td> <Td> RHT </Td> <Td> 1968 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> South Africa </Td> <Td> LHT </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> LHT </Td> <Td> Former British colony . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> South Sudan </Td> <Td> RHT </Td> <Td> 1973 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Was LHT during the period of British colonial rule . Split from Sudan in 2011 after the majority of the population voted for independence . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Spain </Td> <Td> RHT </Td> <Td> 1924 </Td> <Td> RHT </Td> <Td> Up to the 1920s Barcelona was RHT , and Madrid was LHT until 1924 . The Madrid and Bilbao metro systems use LHT . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Sri Lanka </Td> <Td> LHT </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> LHT </Td> <Td> Former British Colony . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Sudan </Td> <Td> RHT </Td> <Td> 1973 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Former British Colony . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Suriname </Td> <Td> LHT </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Swaziland </Td> <Td> LHT </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Sweden </Td> <Td> RHT </Td> <Td> 3 September 1967 </Td> <Td> LHT </Td> <Td> The day of the switch was known as Dagen H. Most passenger cars were already LHD . The tram systems in Gothenburg and Norrköping use RHT ; the tram system in Stockholm is mostly RHT but some LHT . The railways in Malmö uses RHT due to the connection to Denmark . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Switzerland </Td> <Td> RHT </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> LHT </Td> <Td> The tram system in Zurich and the Lausanne Metro use RHT . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Syria </Td> <Td> RHT </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Taiwan </Td> <Td> RHT </Td> <Td> 1946 </Td> <Td> LHT </Td> <Td> Was LHT during the period of Japanese rule . The government of the Republic of China changed Taiwan to RHT in 1946 along with the rest of China . Most metro systems use RHT . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Tajikistan </Td> <Td> RHT </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> RHT </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Tanzania </Td> <Td> LHT </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Thailand </Td> <Td> LHT </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> LHT </Td> <Td> One of the few LHT countries not a former British colony . Shares long land border with RHT Laos and Cambodia . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Togo </Td> <Td> RHT </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Tonga </Td> <Td> LHT </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Trinidad and Tobago </Td> <Td> LHT </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Former British colony . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Tunisia </Td> <Td> RHT </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> LHT </Td> <Td> French RHT was enforced in the French protectorate of Tunisia from 1881 . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Turkey </Td> <Td> RHT </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> RHT </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Turkmenistan </Td> <Td> RHT </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> RHT </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Tuvalu </Td> <Td> LHT </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Uganda </Td> <Td> LHT </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Ukraine </Td> <Td> RHT </Td> <Td> 1922 </Td> <Td> RHT </Td> <Td> West Ukraine was LHT , like most of former Austria - Hungary . Carpathian Ruthenia remained LHT as part of Czechoslovakia before switching in 1941 as part of Hungary . The rest of Ukraine , having been part of the Russian Empire , already drove on the right . Some sections of Kryvyi Rih Metrotram use LHT due to tramcars have doors only on right side , which makes it impossible to use RHT at stations with island platforms . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> United Arab Emirates </Td> <Td> RHT </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> RHT </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> United Kingdom </Td> <Td> LHT ( Mainland UK ) RHT ( Gibraltar ) </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> LHT </Td> <Td> Includes Crown Dependencies and Overseas Territories Isle of Man , Guernsey , Jersey , Anguilla , Bermuda , British Virgin Islands , Cayman Islands , Falkland Islands , Montserrat , Pitcairn Islands , Turks and Caicos Islands , Saint Helena , Ascension , Tristan da Cunha are all left hand drive . Gibraltar has been RHT since 1929 because of its land border with Spain . The Channel Islands ( Jersey and Guernsey ) drove on the right under German occupation until their liberation in 1945 . The Falkland Islands similarly drove on the right during their occupation by Argentina in 1982 . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> RHT LHT ( U.S. Virgin Islands ) </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> RHT / LHT </Td> <Td> Includes American Samoa , Guam , Northern Mariana Islands , Puerto Rico . U.S. Virgin Islands is LHT , like much of the Caribbean . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Uruguay </Td> <Td> RHT </Td> <Td> 1945 </Td> <Td> LHT </Td> <Td> Became LHT in 1918 , but as in some other countries in South America , changed to RHT on 2 September 1945 . A speed limit of 30 km / h ( 19 mph ) was observed until 30 September for safety . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Uzbekistan </Td> <Td> RHT </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> RHT </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Vanuatu </Td> <Td> RHT </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Venezuela </Td> <Td> RHT </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> LHT </Td> <Td> The Caracas Metro uses RHT . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Vietnam </Td> <Td> RHT </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> LHT </Td> <Td> Became RHT as French Indochina . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Yemen </Td> <Td> RHT </Td> <Td> 1977 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> South Yemen , formerly the British colony of Aden , changed to RHT 1977 . A series of postage stamps commemorating the event was issued . North Yemen was already RHT . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Zambia </Td> <Td> LHT </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Zimbabwe </Td> <Td> LHT </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> LHT </Td> <Td> Former British colony . In 2010 the government attempted to ban LHD vehicles . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Traffic behaviour ( edit ) </H2> LHT RHT <Table> <Tr> <Th> Manoeuvre </Th> <Th> LHT </Th> <Th> RHT </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Unless overtaking stay on the </Td> <Td> left </Td> <Td> right </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> In roundabouts traffic rotates </Td> <Td> clockwise </Td> <Td> anticlockwise </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Oncoming traffic is seen coming from the </Td> <Td> right </Td> <Td> left </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Traffic must cross oncoming traffic when turning </Td> <Td> right </Td> <Td> left </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Most traffic signs are on the </Td> <Td> left </Td> <Td> right </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Pedestrians crossing a two - way road look first for traffic from their </Td> <Td> right </Td> <Td> left </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Dual carriageway ramps are on the </Td> <Td> left </Td> <Td> right </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> After stopping at a red light it may be legal to turn </Td> <Td> left </Td> <Td> right </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Gallery ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> <P> Gibraltar is RHT ( since 1929 ) </P> </Li> <Li> <P> A sign reminding motorists to keep left in Australia </P> </Li> <Li> <P> Vehicles entering and leaving Macau cross over each other at the Lotus Bridge . </P> </Li> <Li> <P> Sign reminding motorists to drive on the left in Ireland </P> </Li> </Ul> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Hook turn </Li> <Li> Traffic - light signalling and operation </Li> <Li> World Forum for Harmonization of Vehicle Regulations </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> ^ Draper , Geoff ( 1993 ) . `` Harmonized Headlamp Design for Worldwide Application '' . Motor Vehicle Lighting . Society of Automotive Engineers . pp. 23 -- 36 . </Li> <Li> ^ Kincaid , Peter ( December 1986 ) . The Rule of the Road : An International Guide to History and Practice . Greenwood Press . pp. 50 , 86 -- 88 , 99 -- 100 , 121 -- 122 , 198 -- 202 . ISBN 0 - 313 - 25249 - 1 . </Li> <Li> ^ Barta , Patrick . `` Shifting the Right of Way to the Left Leaves Some Samoans Feeling Wronged '' . Wall Street Journal . Retrieved 4 December 2016 . ( subscription required ) </Li> <Li> ^ Watson , Ian . `` The rule of the road , 1919 - 1986 : A case study of standards change '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 30 November 2016 . </Li> <Li> ^ `` Travel Tips US Virgin Islands '' . Usvitourism.vi . Retrieved 25 April 2012 . </Li> <Li> ^ FAR Sec . 91.115 ( c ) : `` When aircraft , or an aircraft and a vessel , are approaching head - on , or nearly so , each shall alter its course to the right to keep well clear . '' </Li> <Li> ^ Weingroff , Richard . `` On The Right Side of the Road '' . United States Department of Transportation . Retrieved 10 January 2014 . </Li> <Li> ^ Foerch , C ; Steinmetz , H ( 2009 ) . `` Left - sided traffic directionality may be the safer `` rule of the road '' for ageing populations `` . Med Hypotheses. 73 ( 1 ) : 20 -- 3 . doi : 10.1016 / j. mehy. 2009.01. 044 . PMID 19327893 . </Li> <Li> ^ `` Your Dominant Eye and Why it Matters '' . Retrieved 11 December 2016 . </Li> <Li> ^ Anderson , Charles ( 2003 ) . Puzzles and Essays from the Exchange Essays . Haworth Information Press . pp. 2 -- 3 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) </Li> <Li> ^ Walters , Bryn . `` Huge Roman Quarry found in North Wiltshire '' ( PDF ) . ARA The Bulletin of The Association for Roman Archaeology . Autumn 1998 ( Six ) : 8 -- 9 . ISSN 1363 - 7967 . Retrieved 7 October 2016 . </Li> <Li> ^ Hamer , Mike . `` Left is right on the road '' . New Scientist ( 20 December 1986 / 1 January 1987 ) : 16 -- 18 . 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Retrieved 10 June 2012 . </Li> <Li> ^ Bari , Dr Mahabubul ( 29 July 2014 ) . `` The study of the possibility of switching driving side in Rwanda '' . European Transport Research Review . 6 ( 4 ) : 439 -- 453 . doi : 10.1007 / s12544 - 014 - 0144 - 2 . Retrieved 29 October 2014 . </Li> <Li> ^ Right - hand - drive vehicles return on Rwandan roads , The East African , March 13 , 2015 </Li> <Li> ^ Tumwebaze , Peterson ( 9 September 2014 ) . `` Govt okays importation of RHD trucks , to decide on other vehicle categories in October '' . The New Times . Retrieved 29 October 2014 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jennings , Ken . `` What Happens When Left - Hand Roads Meet Right - Hand Roads '' . Conde Nast Traveler . Retrieved 18 November 2016 . </Li> <Li> ^ `` Hong Kong 2006 -- Transport -- Cross-Boundary Traffic '' . Yearbook.gov.hk. 15 August 2007 . Retrieved 12 December 2010 . </Li> <Li> ^ `` Takutu bridge opens to traffic '' . Stabroeknews.com. 27 April 2009 . 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Retrieved 6 November 2017 . where a side -- car is attached to a mechanically propelled bicycle , the side -- car shall be ... fitted on the left side of the vehicle ; `` Motorcycle Sidecar & Trailer legislation '' . MAG Ireland . Irish Motorcyclists Association . 9 Feb 2014 . Retrieved 6 November 2017 . </Li> <Li> ^ `` The Road Vehicles ( Construction and Use ) Regulations 1986 - Section 93 '' . UK Government . 25 June 1986 . Retrieved 9 December 2012 . </Li> <Li> ^ `` UN Regulation 112 , `` Motor vehicle headlamps emitting an asymmetrical passing beam or a driving beam or both and equipped with filament lamps '' '' ( PDF ) . </Li> <Li> ^ `` UNECE Homepage '' ( PDF ) . www.unece.org . </Li> <Li> ^ `` Popular family SUV Hyundai Tucson slammed for ' four - star ' Australian crash test result '' . Retrieved 5 November 2017 . </Li> <Li> ^ L.R. Reddy ( 2002 ) . Inside Afghanistan : End of the Taliban Era ? . APH Publishing . 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Retrieved 8 January 2017 . `` '' Já na década de 1920 ( ... ) Em um país onde os documentos veiculares só tinham validade municipal e alguns estados adotavam a mão - inglesa '' ( Translation : In the 1920s ( ... ) In a country where vehicular documents were valid only citywide and some states adopted left - hand traffic . ) </Li> <Li> ^ `` Decreto 18.323 / 1928 '' ( in Portuguese ) . Retrieved 17 January 2017 . `` Art . 31 . São obrigações communs a todos os conductores de vehiculos : a ) conservar sua direita , trafegando o mais proximo possivel da beira da estrada , e sempre deixando a seu lado esquerdo espaço livre para passagem dos vehiculos que tiverem de passar á frente ou que transitarem em senttido contrario . '' ( Translation : article 31 : The common obligations to vehicle drivers are ; a ) Keep to the right , driving the closest as possible to the roadside , letting their left side free for vehicles overtaking or for oncoming traffic . ) , the first nationwide traffic legislation , cited unambiguously RHT as the standard for the country . </Li> <Li> ^ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RqL4Ky7ebRQ </Li> <Li> ^ Nkwame , Marc ( 27 July 2013 ) . `` Burundi , Rwanda to start driving on the left '' . DailyNews Online . Retrieved 28 May 2016 . </Li> <Li> ^ `` Cambodia bans right - hand drive cars '' . BBC News . 1 January 2001 . Retrieved 12 January 2007 . </Li> <Li> ^ `` Change of Rule of Road in British Columbia 1920 '' ( PDF ) . The British Columbia Road Runner . March 1966 . Retrieved 27 August 2017 . </Li> <Li> ^ Griffin , Kevin ( 1 January 2016 ) . `` Week In History : Switching from the left was the right thing to do '' . Vancouver Sun . Retrieved 26 August 2017 . </Li> <Li> ^ Smith , Ivan . `` Highway Driving Rule Changes Sides '' . History of Automobiles - The Early Days in Nova Scotia , 1899 - 1949 . Retrieved 27 August 2017 . </Li> <Li> ^ Dyer , Gwynne ( 30 August 2009 ) . `` A triumph for left over right '' . Winnipeg Free Press . Retrieved 27 August 2017 . </Li> <Li> ^ Baedeker , Karl ( 1900 ) . `` Austria , including Hungary , Transylvania , Dalmatia and Bosnia '' . p. xiii - xiv . Retrieved 28 July 2017 . In Styria , Upper and Lower Austria , Salzburg , Carniola , Croatia , and Hungary we keep to the left , and pass to the right in overtaking ; in Carinthia , Tyrol , and the Austrian Littoral ( Adriatic coast : Trieste , Gorizia and Gradisca , Istria and Dalmatia ) we keep to the right and overtake to the left . Troops on the march always keep to the right side of the road , so in whatever part of the Empire you meet them , keep to the left . </Li> <Li> ^ `` ; Hvorfor kører nogle lande i højre side ? ( Why do some countries drive on the right side ? ) '' . videnskab.dk . Retrieved 31 Aug 2014 . </Li> <Li> ^ `` Högertrafik i Sverige och Finland '' . aland.net . </Li> <Li> ^ ' Left is right on the road ' , Mick Hamer New Scientist , 25 December 1986 -- 1 January 1987 No 1540 / 1541 , p. 16 . </Li> <Li> ^ https://sputnik-georgia.ru/reviews/20170602/236203054/Vyzhivut-li-pravorulnye-mashiny-v-Gruzii.html </Li> <Li> ^ Hillger , Don ; Toth , Garry . `` Right - Hand / Left - Hand Driving Customs '' . Colorado State University . Retrieved 13 December 2016 . </Li> <Li> ^ Phil Bartle . `` Studies Among the Akan People of West Africa Community , Society , History , Culture ; With Special Focus on the Kwawu by Phil Bartle , PhD '' . Cec.vcn.bc.ca . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 14 . </Li> <Li> ^ hadi anto ( 26 July 2016 ) . `` indonesia train compilation '' -- via YouTube . </Li> <Li> ^ `` Sight for sure eyes , Honest John 's Agony Column '' . The Daily Telegraph . 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Secretariat , 1982 , page 396 </Li> <Li> ^ Sierra Leone Bans Right - Hand Vehicles as Hazards , Voice of America , Nina de Vries , 17 September 2013 </Li> <Li> ^ `` Somalia -- Visa service and travel information '' . Travcour . Retrieved 22 August 2013 . </Li> <Li> ^ `` Road Rules '' . SACarRental.com . Retrieved 15 February 2014 . </Li> <Li> ^ `` Driving in South Africa Information '' . drivesouthafrica.co.za . Retrieved 15 February 2014 . </Li> <Li> ^ Moya , Aurora . `` Metro de Madrid , 1919 -- 1989 . Setenta años de historia '' , Chapter 1 </Li> <Li> ^ Taplin , Michael ( 1995 ) . Light Rail in Europe . Capital Transport . pp. 126 , 128 . ISBN 1 - 85414 - 180 - 5 . </Li> <Li> ^ Passed by the Legislative Yuan ( 1946 ) . `` 違 警 罰 法 ( Act Governing the Punishment of Police Offences ) '' . Retrieved 14 August 2012 . </Li> <Li> ^ Trinidad and Tobago Adventure Guide , Kathleen O'Donnell , Stassi Pefkaros , Hunter Publishing , Inc , 2000 , page 53 </Li> <Li> ^ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7Mqng0q_pWI </Li> <Li> ^ Colonial Reports , Annual , Volumes 1480 - 1499 , 1930 , page 76 </Li> <Li> ^ The Channel Islands War : 1940 - 1945 , Peter King , Hale , 1991 , page 31 </Li> <Li> ^ Tobar , Hector ( 1 April 2002 ) . `` ' 82 Falklands Conflict Left a Legacy of Tragedy , Hope '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 1 March 2010 . </Li> <Li> ^ `` Which side of the road do they drive on ? '' . brianlucas.ca . </Li> <Li> ^ `` RHD / LHD Country Guide '' . toyota-gib.com . Retrieved 22 September 2017 . </Li> <Li> ^ `` South Yemen -- Postage stamps -- 1977 '' . stampworld.com . </Li> <Li> ^ Left - hand vehicles to stay , NewsDay , 30 January 2014 </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wikimedia Commons has media related to Left - and right - hand traffic . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ul> <Li> Google Maps placemarks of border crossings where traffic changes sides ( browser - based ) , also available as a Google Earth placemarks file ( requires Google Earth ) </Li> <Li> The Extraordinary Street Railways of Asunción , Paraguay </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Traffic law and safety </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Rules of the road </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> All - way stop </Li> <Li> Assured Clear Distance Ahead </Li> <Li> Australian Road Rules </Li> <Li> Boulevard rule </Li> <Li> Green Cross Code </Li> <Li> Move over law </Li> <Li> New Zealand Road Code </Li> <Li> Overtaking </Li> <Li> Right - and left - hand traffic </Li> <Li> Right - of - way </Li> <Li> School bus traffic stop laws </Li> <Li> Traffic code </Li> <Li> Turn on red </Li> <Li> Vienna Convention on Road Traffic </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Road user guides </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Driver 's manual </Li> <Li> The Highway Code </Li> <Li> The Highway Code ( Malta ) </Li> <Li> Road Users ' Code </Li> <Li> Rules of the Road ( Ireland ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Enforcement </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Breathalyzer </Li> <Li> Camera <Ul> <Li> Enforcement </Li> <Li> Red light </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Highway patrol / State police </Li> <Li> Parking enforcement </Li> <Li> Road traffic control </Li> <Li> Textalyzer </Li> <Li> Traffic court </Li> <Li> Traffic guard </Li> <Li> Traffic stop </Li> <Li> Traffic ticket </Li> <Li> Warning </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Speed limit </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Advisory speed limit </Li> <Li> Assured Clear Distance Ahead </Li> <Li> National Maximum Speed Law </Li> <Li> School zone </Li> <Li> Speed limit enforcement </Li> <Li> Speed limits by country </Li> <Li> Category : Speed limits by country </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Moving violations </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Driving under the influence <Ul> <Li> Canada </Li> <Li> United States </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Distracted driving <Ul> <Li> Mobile phones and driving </Li> <Li> Texting while driving </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Reckless driving </Li> <Li> Street racing </Li> <Li> Tailgating </Li> <Li> Vehicular homicide </Li> <Li> Wrong - way driving </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Driver licensing </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Commercial driver 's license </Li> <Li> European driving licence </Li> <Li> Graduated driver licensing </Li> <Li> Inter-American Driving Permit </Li> <Li> International Driving Permit </Li> <Li> Learner 's permit </Li> <Li> Point system </Li> <Li> Driving licences by country </Li> <Li> List of countries by minimum driving age </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Traffic violations reciprocity </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Commercial Driver 's License Information System </Li> <Li> Driver License Agreement </Li> <Li> Driver License Compact </Li> <Li> Non-Resident Violator Compact </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Parking </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Alternate - side parking </Li> <Li> Decriminalised parking enforcement </Li> <Li> Disabled parking permit </Li> <Li> Double parking </Li> <Li> Parking chair </Li> <Li> Parking violation </Li> <Li> Wheel clamp </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Car safety </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Seat belt laws </Li> <Li> Click It or Ticket </Li> <Li> Clunk Click Every Trip </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Road safety </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Tachograph </Li> <Li> Digital tachograph </Li> <Li> Drivers ' working hours ( Europe ) </Li> <Li> Epilepsy and driving </Li> <Li> Hours of service ( US ) </Li> <Li> `` How 's my driving ? 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separated ) </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Cloverleaf </Li> <Li> Diamond </Li> <Li> Free - flow </Li> <Li> Directional T </Li> <Li> Diverging diamond </Li> <Li> Parclo </Li> <Li> Raindrop </Li> <Li> Roundabout </Li> <Li> Single - point urban ( SPUI ) </Li> <Li> Stack </Li> <Li> Three - level diamond </Li> <Li> Trumpet </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Intersections ( at - grade ) </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 3 - way junction </Li> <Li> Bowtie </Li> <Li> Box junction </Li> <Li> Continuous flow </Li> <Li> Hook turn </Li> <Li> Jughandle </Li> <Li> Michigan left </Li> <Li> Offset T - intersection </Li> <Li> Protected intersection </Li> <Li> Quadrant roadway </Li> <Li> Right - in / right - out ( RIRO ) </Li> <Li> Roundabout </Li> <Li> Seagull intersection </Li> <Li> Split intersection </Li> <Li> Superstreet </Li> <Li> Texas U-turn </Li> <Li> Traffic circle </Li> <Li> Turnaround </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Surfaces </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Asphalt concrete </Li> <Li> Bioasphalt </Li> <Li> Brick </Li> <Li> Chipseal </Li> <Li> Cobblestone </Li> <Li> Concrete <Ul> <Li> Reinforced concrete </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Corduroy </Li> <Li> Crocodile cracking </Li> <Li> Crushed stone </Li> <Li> Diamond grinding of pavement </Li> <Li> Dirt </Li> <Li> Full depth recycling </Li> <Li> Glassphalt </Li> <Li> Gravel </Li> <Li> Ice </Li> <Li> Macadam </Li> <Li> Pavement milling </Li> <Li> Permeable </Li> <Li> Plank </Li> <Li> Rubberized asphalt </Li> <Li> Sealcoat </Li> <Li> Sett </Li> <Li> Stamped asphalt </Li> <Li> Tarmac </Li> <Li> Texture </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Road hazards </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Aquaplaning </Li> <Li> Black ice </Li> <Li> Bleeding </Li> <Li> Crosswind </Li> <Li> Dead Man 's Curve </Li> <Li> Expansion joint </Li> <Li> Fog </Li> <Li> Ford </Li> <Li> Hairpin turn </Li> <Li> Level crossing </Li> <Li> Manhole cover </Li> <Li> Oil spill </Li> <Li> Oversize load </Li> <Li> Pothole </Li> <Li> Road debris </Li> <Li> Road slipperiness </Li> <Li> Road train </Li> <Li> Roadkill </Li> <Li> Rockfall </Li> <Li> Rut </Li> <Li> Speed bump </Li> <Li> Storm drain </Li> <Li> Washboarding </Li> <Li> Washout </Li> <Li> Whiteout </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Space and time allocation </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Barrier transfer machine </Li> <Li> Bicycle lane </Li> <Li> Climbing lane </Li> <Li> Complete streets </Li> <Li> Contraflow lane </Li> <Li> Contraflow lane reversal </Li> <Li> High - 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when did usa start driving on the right

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Into the Badlands ( TV series ) - Wikipedia <H1> Into the Badlands ( TV series ) </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Into the Badlands </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Genre </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Action </Li> <Li> Adventure </Li> <Li> Drama </Li> <Li> Wuxia </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Created by </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Alfred Gough </Li> <Li> Miles Millar </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Starring </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Daniel Wu </Li> <Li> Orla Brady </Li> <Li> Sarah Bolger </Li> <Li> Aramis Knight </Li> <Li> Emily Beecham </Li> <Li> Oliver Stark </Li> <Li> Madeleine Mantock </Li> <Li> Ally Ioannides </Li> <Li> Marton Csokas </Li> <Li> Nick Frost </Li> <Li> Lorraine Toussaint </Li> <Li> Babou Ceesay </Li> <Li> Ella - Rae Smith </Li> <Li> Sherman Augustus </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Theme music composer </Th> <Td> Mike Shinoda </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Composer ( s ) </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Dave Shephard </Li> <Li> Trevor Yuile ( season 2 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Country of origin </Th> <Td> United States </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Original language ( s ) </Th> <Td> English </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> No. of seasons </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> No. of episodes </Th> <Td> 21 ( list of episodes ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Production </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Executive producer ( s ) </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Daniel Wu </Li> <Li> Stephen Fung </Li> <Li> David Dobkin </Li> <Li> Stacey Sher </Li> <Li> Michael Shamberg </Li> <Li> Alfred Gough </Li> <Li> Miles Millar </Li> <Li> Michael Taylor </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Producer ( s ) </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Dee Dee Ku </Li> <Li> Dany Wolf </Li> <Li> Morgan O'Sillivan </Li> <Li> James Flynn </Li> <Li> Kari Hobson </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Location ( s ) </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> New Orleans ( season 1 ) </Li> <Li> Ireland ( seasons 2 -- ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Cinematography </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Shane Hurlbut </Li> <Li> Owen McPolin ( season 2 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Editor ( s ) </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Vikash Patel </Li> <Li> Bridget Durnford </Li> <Li> Ben Wilkinson </Li> <Li> Anthony Pinker </Li> <Li> Erin Deck </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Running time </Th> <Td> 44 minutes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Production company ( s ) </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Millar / Gough Ink </Li> <Li> Big Kid Pictures </Li> <Li> Diversion Pictures </Li> <Li> Double Feature Films </Li> <Li> AMC Studios </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Release </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Original network </Th> <Td> AMC </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Original release </Th> <Td> November 15 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 15 ) -- present </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> External links </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Website </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Into the Badlands is an American television series that premiered on AMC November 15 , 2015 . Based on the 16th - century novel by Chinese author Wu Cheng ' En , Journey to the West , the series features a story about a warrior and a young boy who journey through a dangerous feudal land together seeking enlightenment . AMC renewed the show for a 10 - episode second season , which premiered on March 19 , 2017 . On April 25 , 2017 , AMC renewed the series for a 16 - episode third season , which premiered on April 22 , 2018 . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Premise </Li> <Li> 2 Cast and characters <Ul> <Li> 2.1 Main </Li> <Li> 2.2 Recurring </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 Episodes <Ul> <Li> 3.1 Series overview </Li> <Li> 3.2 Season 1 ( 2015 ) </Li> <Li> 3.3 Season 2 ( 2017 ) </Li> <Li> 3.4 Season 3 ( 2018 ) </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 Production </Li> <Li> 5 Broadcast </Li> <Li> 6 Home media </Li> <Li> 7 Reception <Ul> <Li> 7.1 Critical response </Li> <Li> 7.2 Ratings <Ul> <Li> 7.2. 1 Season 1 ( 2015 ) </Li> <Li> 7.2. 2 Season 2 ( 2017 ) </Li> <Li> 7.2. 3 Season 3 ( 2018 ) </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 7.3 Accolades </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 8 References </Li> <Li> 9 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Premise ( edit ) </H2> <P> Opening introduction , narrated by M.K. ( Aramis Knight ) : </P> <Table> <Tr> <Td> `` </Td> <Td> The wars were so long ago nobody even remembers . Darkness and fear ruled until the time of the barons , seven men and women who forged order out of chaos . People flocked to them for protection . That protection became servitude . They banished guns and trained armies of lethal fighters they called Clippers . This world is built on blood . Nobody is innocent here . Welcome to the Badlands . </Td> <Td> '' </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The series is set in a post-apocalyptic world approximately 500 years after a war that left civilization in ruins . Many elements of technology , such as electricity and ground vehicles , have survived the apocalypse but society now shuns guns , leading to a reliance on melee weaponry . </P> <P> In a territory known as the Badlands , the former state of Oklahoma , a feudal society has developed to fill the power vacuum left by the war . Barons control land and monopolies over commodities like opium and fuel , trading amongst themselves to maintain the peace . Each baron is served by a massive workforce of slaves called cogs , as well as a prostitute class called dolls . A baron maintains power through a corps of young men and women called clippers : highly trained and loyal warriors . clippers are forbidden from marrying and having children lest their loyalties be divided . Each clipper force is captained by a regent . </P> <P> Several groups exist outside the strict hierarchy of the barons . Nomads are the most common , mostly lawless homicidal bandits who subsist on stealing from trade convoys between the baronies but some live in organized clans . The River King and his men control water trade in the Badlands and beyond , and is considered a neutral party in the barons ' power struggles . An ascetic religious movement called the Totemists is also shown to exist on the fringes of society , living in isolated communities and practicing a form of idol worship . The Widow leads a revolutionary group of anti-feudal fighters from her late husband 's barony ; although nominally recognized as a baron by her peers , they do not respect her , and the contempt is mutual . </P> <P> Little is known of the world beyond the Badlands , but it is implied that it is far less politically stable and environmentally sound than the Badlands . The mythical utopian city of Azra is believed to exist outside the Badlands but most dismiss it as a legend . </P> <H2> Cast and characters ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Main ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Daniel Wu as Sunny , regent ( head clipper ) to the Badlands ' most powerful baron , Quinn . Despite being a man of conviction , he is very loyal to Quinn . Very skilled and proficient in various styles and weapons , he is considered to be one of the deadliest clippers -- if not the deadliest -- in the Badlands . Based on Sun Wukong , the Monkey King . </Li> <Li> Orla Brady as Lydia , Quinn 's first wife , who is both his fiercest critic and most devoted follower . </Li> <Li> Sarah Bolger as Jade , Quinn 's new wife - to - be , whose beguiling demeanor hides a core of ambition and tenacity which she uses to manipulate others . She later marries her step - son , Ryder , after Quinn 's presumed death . ( seasons 1 -- 2 ) </Li> <Li> Aramis Knight as M.K. , a seemingly average teenage boy who is anything but . Lurking inside him is a dark energy that the Widow wants to harness into a weapon . Based on Tripitaka , or Tang Sanzang . </Li> <Li> Emily Beecham as Minerva , better known as the Widow , the Badlands ' newest baron ; a brilliant martial artist . She has adopted a blue - winged butterfly as her baronial symbol , shown in yellow on a light blue banner . It represents a transformation from insignificance to beauty and power . Her territory produces crude oil . </Li> <Li> Oliver Stark as Ryder , Quinn 's only son and presumed heir who later takes over as baron after his father 's presumed death along with marrying his step - mother , Jade . ( seasons 1 -- 2 ) </Li> <Li> Madeleine Mantock as Veil , a doctor who is in a secret relationship with Sunny ( seasons 1 -- 2 ) . </Li> <Li> Ally Ioannides as Tilda , a teenage assassin well - trained in the martial arts , she is the Widow 's adopted daughter and later becomes her regent . </Li> <Li> Marton Csokas as Quinn , the Badlands ' preeminent baron and a former clipper . His baronial symbol is an armadillo shown in white on a maroon banner . His territory produces poppy flowers , which are harvested for opium . ( seasons 1 -- 2 ) </Li> <Li> Nick Frost as Bajie , a schemer with questionable morals who finds himself allied with Sunny . Based on Zhu Bajie ( season 2 -- present ) </Li> <Li> Babou Ceesay as Pilgrim , a self - described `` Son of Azra '' . He is the leader of the Totemists , worshipers who are with him to recreate Azra in the Badlands . Can control those with the Gift , including Nix , Castor and M.K. ( season 3 ) . </Li> <Li> Lorraine Toussaint as Cressida , high priestess of Pilgrim and his followers ( season 3 ) . </Li> <Li> Ella - Rae Smith as Nix , a member of Pilgrim 's followers who has the Gift . She is close friends with Castor ( season 3 ) . </Li> <Li> Sherman Augustus as Nathaniel Moon , a former clipper who fights with honor , looking for his 1,000 th Clip . Battled Sonny ; after he lost , wanted to be killed but lost his hand instead . The Widow 's regent , he is tasked with tracking down Sunny ( guest season 2 ; main season 3 ) . </Li> </Ul> <H3> Recurring ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Yohance Myles as Ringo , the tattoo artist of the clippers who inks their kill marks on their bodies . </Li> <Li> Benjamin Papac as Bale , a colt ( a clipper - in - training ) and a seemingly benevolent boy who befriends M.K. </Li> <Li> Mike Seal as Petri , one of Quinn 's clippers . </Li> <Li> Stephen Lang as Waldo , a paraplegic former regent serving under Quinn ( season 1 ) and the Widow ( season 2 ) . </Li> <Li> Teressa Liane as Angelica , a prostitute / spy loyal to the Widow ( season 1 ) . </Li> <Li> Ellen Hollman as Zypher , a regent of Baron Jacobee who has a history with Sunny . </Li> <Li> Edi Gathegi as Baron Jacobee , who has an alliance with Quinn . His baronial colors are a pattern of blue and green plaid . </Li> <Li> Lance E. Nichols as the River King , an importer and exporter of goods and cogs ( indentured servants ) up and down the river through the Badlands . </Li> <Li> Lance Henriksen as Penrith , Lydia 's father and the leader of a Totemist religious commune ( seasons 1 -- 2 ) . </Li> <Li> Cung Le as Cyan , head Abbott who journeys with his fellow Abbotts , Ramona and Dury , searching for those who have abilities . </Li> <Li> Eve Connolly as Ava , an fighting instructor who works with M.K. ( season 2 ) . </Li> <Li> Stephen Walters as the Engineer , boss of the pickers ( miners ) in the Bordeaux Mines ( season 2 ) . </Li> <Li> Chipo Chung as the Master , leader of the Abbott who trains M.K. , teaching him how to control his abilities ( season 2 -- present ) . </Li> <Li> Maddison Jaizani as Odessa , a former doll who becomes one of the Widow 's Butterflies , and later is Tilda 's lover ( season 2 -- present ) . </Li> <Li> Eleanor Matsuura as Baron Juliet Chau , who wants Quinn dead . She has adopted a fox as her baronial symbol , shown in black on a cream colored banner . Her baronial color is mostly white ( season 2 -- present ) . </Li> <Li> Alan Wai as Baron Hassan , who voted against the Widow 's barony at the conclave . For his baronial symbol , he adopted a peacock shown in yellow gold on a purple banner . His territory produces silk ( season 2 ) . </Li> <Li> Jonathan Ryan as Baron Broadmore , who also voted to exile the Widow during the conclave . His baronial symbol is two narwhals with their tusks crossed shown in white on a navy blue banner ( season 2 ) . </Li> <Li> Ivo Canelas as Baron Rojas , who voted against the Widow 's exile at the conclave . For his baronial symbol , he adopted a grasshopper shown in green on a black banner ( season 2 ) . </Li> <Li> Dean - Charles Chapman as Castor , a member of Pilgrim 's followers who has the Gift . Is friends with Nix ( season 3 ) . </Li> <Li> Lewis Tan as Gaius Chau , brother of Juliet Chau who has childhood history with Minerva ( season 3 ) . </Li> <Li> Wayne Gordon as Otto , a regent for Baron Chau . </Li> </Ul> <H2> Episodes ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Series overview ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Season </Th> <Th_colspan="2"> Episodes </Th> <Th_colspan="2"> Originally aired </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> First aired </Th> <Th> Last aired </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> 6 </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> November 15 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 15 ) </Td> <Td> December 20 , 2015 ( 2015 - 12 - 20 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> 10 </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> March 19 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 19 ) </Td> <Td> May 21 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 21 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> 16 </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> April 22 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 22 ) </Td> <Td> TBA </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Season 1 ( 2015 ) ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> No . overall </Th> <Th> No. in season </Th> <Th> Title </Th> <Th> Directed by </Th> <Th> Written by </Th> <Th> Original air date </Th> <Th> U.S. viewers ( millions ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` The Fort '' </Td> <Td> David Dobkin </Td> <Td> Alfred Gough & Miles Millar </Td> <Td> November 15 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 15 ) </Td> <Td> 6.39 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="7"> Regent Sunny , a highly - skilled fighter and the deadliest `` Head Clipper '' for Baron Quinn battles the Nomads to rescue a mysterious boy named M.K. who harbors a dark secret about his past . But when he brings him back to The Fort to train as a `` Colt '' , a Clipper - in - training , things quickly get out of hand with another trainee . When first blood is drawn , M.K. loses control of himself as if something takes over his body , making the boy valuable to an opposing baron , The Widow . Meanwhile , Sunny discovers M.K. 's pendant has the same image as the one on his childhood compass of a place called Azra , the boy 's home . In order to seek out the truth about his own past , Sunny wants to know more of this city beyond the Badlands , and must find a way out , especially now that his lover Veil is illegally pregnant with his child . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` Fist Like a Bullet '' </Td> <Td> David Dobkin </Td> <Td> Alfred Gough & Miles Millar </Td> <Td> November 22 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 22 ) </Td> <Td> 4.83 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="7"> After wandering into The Widow 's territory , M.K. meets the Widow 's daughter Tilda , whom he follows for refuge in her mother 's mansion . But it turns out to be a dangerous place since she wants to use his dark power to overthrow the other barons . Meanwhile , after Quinn 's headaches are diagnosed by his long - time doctor as a tumor , he does n't have long to live . He wants to keep the news a secret , so he orders Sunny to `` clip '' the doctor and his wife , Veil 's parents , who know about their unborn baby . However , Sunny refuses and Quinn has to murder them himself , and gives him a second chance to test his loyalty . Later , when Sunny and Ryder are attacked by The Widow 's nomads , M.K. saves Sunny 's life and agrees to show him the way out of the Badlands . But Sunny has a condition ; he will bring M.K. back to The Fort for training so he can be strong enough to smuggle Veil and the baby out . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` White Stork Spreads Wings '' </Td> <Td> David Dobkin </Td> <Td> Alfred Gough & Miles Millar & Justine Juel Gillmer </Td> <Td> November 29 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 29 ) </Td> <Td> 5.17 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="7"> Quinn seeks retribution against The Widow and pays the price with losing many Clippers in his surprise attack . M.K. breaks away from the Colts to steal the book about Azra in The Widow 's study , where Tilda sees him . Sunny begins to train M.K. , but he must first learn discipline , especially when he underestimates Waldo during their fight because Waldo uses a wheelchair . As Ryder 's life slowly fades , Jade desperately seeks help from Veil who reluctantly yet successfully treats him . But it results in Quinn knowing about her and Sunny 's relationship . In order for Quinn to form an alliance with Jacobee , the one baron who does n't hate him as much , Sunny must reunite with Zypher , Jacobee 's regent to arrange a meeting . M.K. brings the book to Veil to be translated , but it 's in a language she does n't recognize . As M.K. hides , Veil is interrupted by Quinn who wants her to save him from his deadly illness . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` Two Tigers Subdue Dragons '' </Td> <Td> Guy Ferland </Td> <Td> Alfred Gough & Miles Millar & Michael Jones - Morales </Td> <Td> December 6 , 2015 ( 2015 - 12 - 06 ) </Td> <Td> 2.42 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="7"> Sunny has to figure out how to control M.K. 's power , especially when he gets knocked out by a single punch . Jade prepares for her wedding , and taking Lydia 's advice , she stops her relationship with Ryder , who feels broken and betrayed . Sunny finds out Veil has been helping M.K. translate the Azra book and treating Quinn for his tumor . Later , Quinn sets a parlay with Baron Jacobee to help him defeat The Widow after she beheads one of his Clippers . Both barons meet in the City of the Dead at Cross Bend where problems arise . M.K. spies a disguised Tilda and gives pursuit and they fight . Tilda cuts him , unleashing his darkness that only she can stop . Ryder is enlisted by Zypher who is secretly working for The Widow to join their cause to start a war . Waldo grants Sunny an audience with the River King , importer of goods and cogs , to reserve a passage out of the Badlands . However , the River King demands M.K. 's head as payment due to M.K. having previously killed some of his Cogs . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 5 </Th> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> `` Snake Creeps Down '' </Td> <Td> Guy Ferland </Td> <Td> Alfred Gough & Miles Millar & Justin Doble </Td> <Td> December 13 , 2015 ( 2015 - 12 - 13 ) </Td> <Td> 2.21 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="7"> Sunny finds a direction when he uses his broken compass in the Azra book 's cutout . After the poppy fields are abandoned , Quinn has a migraine and puts Jade in charge to train Clippers how to harvest . In order to look for `` the boy at the Fort '' , The Widow takes in Quinn 's cogs , promising them freedom in return for loyalty . Waldo tells Ryder to take M.K. 's pendant to Ryder 's grandfather Penrith , a preacher , who says Azra is just a made - up story . Veil asks Quinn if he killed her parents and says it was Sunny 's blade that ended their lives , not his . When Sunny brings Petri and his Colt , Bale , to track The Widow and her Butterflies , Tilda warns M.K. every time he is cut , his life force gets weaker , and gets captured . A fight ensues between her mother and Sunny , while Bale , wanting to make his first kill , fights Tilda , but meets a deadly end when M.K. cuts himself to save her . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 6 </Th> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> `` Hand of Five Poisons '' </Td> <Td> Guy Ferland </Td> <Td> Alfred Gough & Miles Millar & Michael R. Perry </Td> <Td> December 20 , 2015 ( 2015 - 12 - 20 ) </Td> <Td> 2.16 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="7"> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This episode 's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed . Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise . ( May 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> After his failure to finish off The Widow , Quinn suspects that Sunny is a traitor and imprisons him . Meanwhile , Jade frames Lydia for trying to poison her , resulting in Quinn exiling her . With no other choice , Lydia returns to Penrith and rejoins her father 's congregation . Later , Tilda kidnaps Veil , asking her to treat The Widow 's wounds . Veil warns Tilda that her mother does not truly love her . She leaves two bottles of poison and the tincture , making it Tilda 's choice whether to kill her or not . Instead , Tilda confronts The Widow who insists she 's trying to save M.K. and explains she was once special like him . When M.K. escapes , Quinn convinces him to join his ranks in return for sparing Tilda and Sunny 's lives ; he agrees . Sunny is freed by Waldo , who reveals himself as the true traitor , and urges him to leave the Badlands , but he goes in search of M.K. At the Dollhouse , Quinn is ambushed by Ryder who teamed up with Jacobee and Zypher . Quinn triggers M.K. 's abilities and he quickly disposes of them all . Sunny shows up , impales Quinn with his sword , and attempts to subdue M.K. However , three Abbotts arrive and easily defeat them , revealing they have the same abilities as M.K. , and take him away . In order to secure transportation out of the Badlands , Sunny had presented Bale 's head to the River King , to pass off as M.K. 's . But the River King finds out and knows Sunny tried to cheat him . The River King captures him , intending to sell Sunny to the highest bidder . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Season 2 ( 2017 ) ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> No . overall </Th> <Th> No. in season </Th> <Th> Title </Th> <Th> Directed by </Th> <Th> Written by </Th> <Th> Original air date </Th> <Th> U.S. viewers ( millions ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 7 </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` Tiger Pushes Mountain '' </Td> <Td> Nick Copus </Td> <Td> Alfred Gough & Miles Millar </Td> <Td> March 19 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 19 ) </Td> <Td> 3.44 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="7"> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This episode 's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed . Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise . ( May 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> Six months later , Sunny , now a `` Picker '' , a miner used for slave labor , excavates coal in the Bordeaux Mines far from the Badlands . He befriends Bajie , a smuggler who is shackled to him . After watching an arena fight in which under - performing Pickers are executed for not making their quota , Sunny plans to escape . Bajie acquires a map and wants to go with him . When Sunny refuses , Bajie betrays his true identity to the mine boss , The Engineer . Meanwhile , M.K. undergoes training from the Abbotts under the tutelage of Ava . Later , M.K. meets The Master , who promises his freedom if he can learn to control his abilities , and oversees his training . In the Badlands , Ryder , whose Baron following his father 's presumed death controls Quinn , Jacobee , and The Widow 's territories , alongside his love , Jade . During an inspection of the oil fields , The Widow and Tilda , now a regent , return . In a surprise attack they reclaim them , kill most of Ryder 's Clippers and force him to retreat . They preside over a growing army of former Cogs and Dolls , promising to end the Badlands feudal system and replace it with a democratic society . Tilda recruits Odessa , a former doll , and has the clippers who abused the dolls killed . While stationed in an abandoned train station , Veil gives birth to a boy and is in the company of Quinn , who survived his impalement . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 8 </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` Force of Eagle 's Claw '' </Td> <Td> Nick Copus </Td> <Td> Matt Lambert </Td> <Td> March 26 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 26 ) </Td> <Td> 3.41 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="7"> After Bajie betrays Sunny , The Engineer decides he does n't like a `` rat '' for a Picker so he sends them to the fighting pit to battle his champion Mouse . Fortunately , the arena is unguarded . They defeat their foe , make it to the exit and escape through the mine 's ventilation system . They find themselves in the Outlying Territories with a wall separating them from the Badlands . Meanwhile , Tilda learns how to be a proper Regent from Waldo who is working for The Widow . Lydia is living with Penrith and his Totemists . All is peaceful until Nomads interrupt a wedding , looking for goods . Lydia takes it upon herself to save the religious group by killing all the bandits herself , resulting in her father 's disapproval due to his non-violent beliefs . She is once again cast out and returns to Ryder , who does n't receive her kindly . Also , The Master sends M.K. to her room of mirrors in order to conquer his inner demon ; himself . Later , while hiding out in the abandoned West Avalon transit station , Quinn performs a bloody baptism on Veil 's son , Henry , who he proclaims is the Badlands newest heir . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 9 </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` Red Sun , Silver Moon '' </Td> <Td> Toa Fraser </Td> <Td> Michael Taylor </Td> <Td> April 2 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 02 ) </Td> <Td> 3.11 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="7"> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This episode 's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed . Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise . ( May 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> While wandering the Outlying Territories , Sunny and Bajie find a bridge that leads into the Badlands , but it is guarded by a stranger and they 've been followed by bounty hunters . The stranger lends them a helping hand defeating the bounty hunters and gives them shelter . They learn that he 's the legendary Clipper Regent Nathaniel Moon , `` Silver Moon '' who , like Sunny , left the Badlands to live a violence - free life . After he fell in love with a warlord 's daughter , he started a family , but they were murdered . Now he hunts fugitives , returning to his violent ways . He tries to convince Sunny that men like them never change . Meanwhile , The Widow asks Waldo to be her Second at the Baron conclave instead of Tilda , but she is in charge if she does n't return . Veil lies to Quinn about his prognoses by switching out his x-rays with healthy ones . M.K. discovers that the Abbotts are up to something when his friend Tate is experimented on , draining his abilities . Later Silver Moon , still searching for his 1,000 th kill mark , sees Sunny as a worthy opponent . He challenges Sunny to a fight to the death or to put him out of his misery by ending his life . Sunny continues on his quest to find his family and does not want to be his executioner ; Bajie comes to his aid . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 10 </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` Palm of the Iron Fox '' </Td> <Td> Toa Fraser </Td> <Td> Daniel C. Connolly </Td> <Td> April 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 09 ) </Td> <Td> 1.57 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="7"> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This episode 's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed . Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise . ( May 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> Quinn puts his plan in motion to start anew and sets off with his Clippers . Meanwhile before the conclave voting ceremony , The Widow tries to get Baron Chau on her side and thinks about her condition of pledging not to shelter any more runaway Cogs at her Sanctuary . Later , M.K. takes one of The Master 's opium - infused origami and returns to the room of mirrors , this time to find out what happened to his mother , but learns that her blood is on his hands . When Quinn is off on his mission , Veil , trapped at the transit station with lone Clipper Edgar , tries to escape with Henry in her arms by drugging him , however he blocks her only way out . During the conclave , the five remaining Barons vote The Widow in breach of the Foundation Treaty , stripped of her baron title , and her lands and privileges are revoked . They give her 48 hours to vacate the Badlands , but she has no intention of giving it up and a baronial showdown is about to begin . Just then , Quinn makes a dramatic entrance first and goes after Ryder , killing his son in the middle of his hedge maze . In the end , Tilda shows up at the melee and helps Waldo and her mother in their fight for a Cog - free world . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 11 </Th> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> `` Monkey Leaps Through Mist '' </Td> <Td> Paco Cabezas </Td> <Td> LaToya Morgan </Td> <Td> April 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 16 ) </Td> <Td> 1.42 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="7"> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This episode 's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed . Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise . ( May 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> With Ryder dead , the other surviving Barons have fled , going to ground . Jade , the only successor , is sworn in as Baron by her Regent , Merrick , and declares war . She then turns to Lydia for help in finding Quinn . However , Lydia has one condition ; she gets to kill Quinn herself . Meanwhile , Bajie takes Sunny to Nos , the Commandant of the Mechs , or metal traders , to trade Silver Moon 's sword for a shortcut back into the Badlands . Sunny learns from the leader that Quinn 's still alive . During their overnight stay , a Doll named Portia visits Sunny asking him to kill Nos so her young daughter Amelia will not lead a life of prostitution . He refuses at first , but after seeing Portia 's face mutilated and her stabbed , he and Bajie steal their ride , bringing mother and daughter with them . Also , while training , M.K. escapes the Abbotts and disguises himself with clothes from a corpse that was hanged nearby . Later , The Widow ignores Waldo 's advice , to either align with the other Barons who tried to kill her or lose everything she built , instead aligning herself with Quinn . Lydia and the Clippers seek out Quinn , but the bunker doors are booby trapped , and she loses most of her men . In the commotion , Veil finds her way out of the transit station and flees from Quinn , who is having hallucinations of his dead son . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 12 </Th> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> `` Leopard Stalks in Snow '' </Td> <Td> Paco Cabezas </Td> <Td> Matt Lambert </Td> <Td> April 23 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 23 ) </Td> <Td> 1.31 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="7"> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This episode 's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed . Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise . ( May 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> In the aftermath of the transit station explosion , Lydia loses all her men and is captured by Quinn who offers her a chance to avenge their son with a dagger to his heart . Unlike Ryder , she does n't hesitate , but Quinn stops her hand from the killing blow , then has an intimate moment . Meanwhile , after their escape from the Mechs ; Bajie and Sunny go to Portia 's healer friend , located in a Gasper addicts opium den . Veil finds temporary solace at the Widow 's Sanctuary , but the Widow makes an unholy alliance with Quinn and hands her and baby Henry over to him . Also , Tilda gets closer to Odessa by telling her why she calls Minerva `` mother '' and they share an intimate moment witnessed by Waldo . Later , Ava finds M.K. , who seemed to have lost his power after a skirmish with a Nomad , leaving him bloody . They make camp at an Old World hotel left abandoned during Christmas 2024 . Sunny and M.K. reunite , but he 's followed by the three Abbotts ; Cyan , Ramona , and Dury , seeking out M.K 's darkness with an Azraian device . A melee ensues and they 're quickly defeated until Bajie shows up , revealing his secret of being an Abbott in another life . Ava dies from her injuries after saving M.K. while Sunny suddenly collapses from a mysterious blow to the chest . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 13 </Th> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> `` Black Heart , White Mountain '' </Td> <Td> Stephen Fung </Td> <Td> Michael Taylor </Td> <Td> April 30 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 30 ) </Td> <Td> 1.42 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="7"> After a dying Cyan attacked him with the hand of the Five Poisons , a poisoned and comatose Sunny is trapped in a nightmare in which he must confront his inner demons . In the dream , he is living a simple life as a farmer with Veil and Henry who has grown into a boy . Things quickly escalate as the poison seeps through his body , causing all the victims he clipped , including a girl named Artemis , to kill him . Bajie and M.K. infiltrate the Abbott monastery to gather medical supplies and special needles in order to revive Sunny , along with Sunny 's Azra compass that Bajie secretly steals . Later , Bajie explains his departure from the monastery . He had a loving relationship with his novice Flea , who had dark abilities similar to M.K. and wishes to find her . Meanwhile , Quinn and the Widow assault Jade 's palace in order to exile her from the Badlands . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 14 </Th> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> `` Sting of the Scorpion 's Tail '' </Td> <Td> Stephen Fung </Td> <Td> LaToya Morgan </Td> <Td> May 7 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 07 ) </Td> <Td> 1.29 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="7"> Quinn and the Widow prove their alliance by presenting their gifts : Baron Hassan and Baron Broadmore 's heads . Meanwhile , Bajie gets Sunny and M.K. out of the Outlying Territories and through the wall into the Badlands . But it comes at a price when they 're captured by Baron Chau 's Clippers . However , Sunny devises a plan to get them out by proposing to Chau he knows how to lure The Widow out . He becomes Chau 's Regent , slips Bajie the cell key to his freedom , and delivers M.K. to The Widow in order to find Quinn 's hideout . Sunny and The Widow 's reunion is a bloody one as they work together , alongside M.K. and Tilda , fighting the Clippers . Later , Veil is forced to marry Quinn so he can help raise Henry , grooming him as his heir to the baroncy . Their consummation is interrupted by a report that Sunny is alive , and has joined forces with the Widow and is coming to find Quinn . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 15 </Th> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> `` Nightingale Sings No More '' </Td> <Td> Paco Cabezas </Td> <Td> Justin Britt - Gibson </Td> <Td> May 14 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 14 ) </Td> <Td> 1.56 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="7"> Twenty years ago , Bajie , an Abbott is tasked with training a new novice who , due to her powerful `` Gift '' , is brought to the monastery in a large chest . She breaks free and Bajie has to subdue her , and because of her small size , he nicknames her Flea . However , her name is Minerva and she carries the book of Azra that 's been in her family for generations . Back to the present , Sunny aligns with the Widow who offers him and M.K. , now without his abilities , sanctuary . The Widow plans to attack Quinn 's bunker , but Quinn sends his young Clipper Gabriel strapped with a suicide bomb to deliver Sunny a message about Veil , and learns that the Widow traded her to Quinn . In the chaos of the explosion , Sunny escapes and runs into Bajie , telling him to get M.K. out and meet him at the bunker . Bajie reunites with Minerva , but it 's not the reunion he wanted , as he and M.K. are captured trying to steal the Azra book . Later , Tilda confronts the Widow about how she 's become like the rest of the barons : power - hungry and sacrificing innocent lives . The two fight , and Tilda is defeated . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 16 </Th> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> `` Wolf 's Breath , Dragon Fire '' </Td> <Td> Paco Cabezas </Td> <Td> Alfred Gough , Miles Millar & Matt Lambert </Td> <Td> May 21 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 21 ) </Td> <Td> 1.37 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="7"> While M.K. remains in the Widow 's clutches forcing him to get his Gift back , Odessa frees Bajie and a crippled Tilda from captivity with the aid of Waldo . Bajie helps Sunny in his assault on Quinn 's bunker . During the assault , Bajie is wounded by one of Quinn 's lieutenants before disappearing , and Lydia is saved from execution . Meanwhile , Sunny is reunited with Veil and fights a final battle with Quinn . Badly wounded , Quinn grabs Veil and tries to take her hostage and gives him an ultimatum ; either Sunny gives him Henry or he will kill Veil . Refusing to let Quinn have the upper hand , Veil fatally impales both herself and Quinn with his own sai . With her dying breath , Veil implores Sunny to raise their son to be good . Later , an injured Bajie rides Sunny 's motorcycle to a derelict communications tower and reactivates it with the Azra compass , sending out a Morse code before collapsing from his stab wound . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Season 3 ( 2018 ) ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> No . overall </Th> <Th> No. in season </Th> <Th> Title </Th> <Th> Directed by </Th> <Th> Written by </Th> <Th> Original air date </Th> <Th> U.S. viewers ( millions ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 17 </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` Enter the Phoenix '' </Td> <Td> Paco Cabezas </Td> <Td> Matt Lambert </Td> <Td> April 22 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 22 ) </Td> <Td> 1.35 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="7"> It 's been six months since Sunny returned to the Badlands , which is now ravaged by a civil war between the only two barons left : The Widow and Chau . He reunites with Bajie to seek a cure for his infant son Henry , who has The Gift . Tilda , known as the `` Iron Rabbit '' , and her band of thieves are stealing from The Widow and protecting Lydia in a Totemsist camp . Meanwhile , M.K. is being held captive by The Widow who is trying to help him get back his power . She also recuits Moon who is in hiding after his fight with Sunny left him with one hand . Later , a new threat emerges . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 18 </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` Moon Rises , Raven Seeks '' </Td> <Td> Paco Gonzalez </Td> <Td> Matt Lambert </Td> <Td> April 29 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 29 ) </Td> <Td> 1.27 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="7"> After receiving Bajie 's signal , Pilgrim , the son of Azra , along with his Acolytes travel a long way in search for a new kingdom in the Badlands . They find one in a ruined castle on an island , once a natural history museum . Moon joins The Widow as her Regent . He 's tasked with finding Bajie , who is vital in the war effort . Sunny learns he passed The Gift to Henry . He and Bajie seek help from Lydia who tell them about Ankara , the Mad Witch who processes knowledge about The Dark Ones . Wanting answers , they set out north to Vulture 's Peak where she can be found . Later , The Widow struggles to control M.K. who tries to kill himself with opium . She wants the Iron Rabbit 's head , unbeknownst the thief is Tilda . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 19 </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` Leopard Snares Rabbit '' </Td> <Td> Toa Fraser </Td> <Td> Michael Taylor </Td> <Td> May 6 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 06 ) </Td> <Td> 0.97 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="7"> On orders to capture the Iron Rabbit , Moon raids Tilda 's refugee camp and takes Odessa to lure her out . Lydia decides to play both sides and partners with The Widow as her Viceroy and she takes over Quinn 's mansion . Disguised as The Widow 's Clippers , Sunny and Bajie make their was to the frontlines and leave Henry with a healer while they find a way out of the war zone for a cure . Tilda confronts her mother and makes a deal that she 'll come back for M.K. 's freedom . M.K. gets his Gift back . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 20 </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` Blind Cannibal Assassins '' </Td> <Td> Toa Fraser </Td> <Td> Michael Taylor </Td> <Td> May 13 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 13 ) </Td> <Td> 1.20 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="7"> While traveling through the Wasteland , Sunny and Bajie face - off against a band of blind cannibals who were once renegade Clippers tracked fown and blinded by Quinn 's forces , including Sunny when he was a Colt . They join forces with Moon who was also captured by the assassins , and his honor is satisfied after sparing Henry a father . Baron Chau enlists her imprisoned brother , Gaius to clip Pilgrim who is recruiting Cogs from her territory , while The Widow and Lydia try to befriend Pilgrim , and save his life in the process during Chau 's attack . Later , M.K. is on the run , deciding he must find Sunny and kill him , believing he murdered his mother . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 21 </Th> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> `` Carry Tiger to Mountain '' </Td> <Td> James Marshall </Td> <Td> LaToya Morgan </Td> <Td> May 20 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 20 ) </Td> <Td> 1.08 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="7"> Sunny and Bajie reach Vulture 's Peak and seeks help from Ankara , a reclusive witch , who temporally heals Henry 's darkness . She tells Sunny someone powerful dispelled his Gift as a child , and in doing so , made him a Catalyst , from where the dark gift flows through him . She also declared that Sunny may be the most powerful of them all . After Nix saves him in the forest , M.K. meets Pilgrim , who wants to use his powers for his cause in ushering in a new era of blood and chaos in the name of Azra . The Widow confronts Gaius , Chau 's brother and a ghost from her past from when she served his father as Baron Chau 's Cog . He agrees to help fight his sister 's Clippers who , along with Castor , ransacked Tilda 's refugee camp . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 22 </Th> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> `` Black Wind Howls '' </Td> <Td> TBA </Td> <Td> TBA </Td> <Td> June 3 , 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 03 ) </Td> <Td> TBD </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 23 </Th> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> `` Dragonfly 's Last Dance '' </Td> <Td> TBA </Td> <Td> TBA </Td> <Td> June 10 , 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 10 ) </Td> <Td> TBD </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 24 </Th> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> `` Leopard Catches Cloud '' </Td> <Td> TBA </Td> <Td> TBA </Td> <Td> June 17 , 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 17 ) </Td> <Td> TBD </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Episode eleven is written by Stephanie Hicks & Matt Lambert , and directed by Tricia Brock . </P> <H2> Production ( edit ) </H2> <P> Described as a `` genre - bending martial arts series '' . AMC ordered 6 one - hour - long episodes of the action - drama developed by AMC Studios for a premiere in late 2015 . Mike Shinoda of Linkin Park composed the title theme . Executive producer Stephen Fung also serves as the series ' action director alongside veteran Hong Kong choreographer , Ku Huen - chiu . </P> <H2> Broadcast ( edit ) </H2> <P> Internationally , the series premiered in Australia on November 17 , 2015 , on Showcase . In Germany , Austria , Italy , and the UK , the series is available through Amazon Prime Instant Video with each episode accessible the day after the U.S. air date . BBC America began airing double episodes on August 20 , 2016 , at 10pm ET . </P> <H2> Home media ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Complete Season </Th> <Th_colspan="3"> DVD / Blu - ray Release dates </Th> <Th> Additional info </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Region 1 / A </Th> <Th> Region 2 / B </Th> <Th> Region 4 / C </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> November 8 , 2016 </Td> <Td> n / a </Td> <Td> n / a </Td> <Td> The Blu - ray / DVD box - sets include featurettes , making of the fight scenes , the characters of the series , and digital comic . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> March 13 , 2018 </Td> <Td> n / a </Td> <Td> n / a </Td> <Td> Deleted scenes . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Reception ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Critical response ( edit ) </H3> <P> The first season received mixed reviews from critics . The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reported a 54 % approval rating with an average rating of 4.72 / 10 based on 39 reviews . The website 's critical consensus reads , `` Into the Badlands is loaded with off - kilter potential that 's left largely unfulfilled -- although its well - choreographed action sequences should satisfy martial arts fans . '' Metacritic , which uses a weighted average , assigned a score of 54 out of 100 based on 29 critics , indicating `` mixed or average reviews '' . </P> <P> The second season received positive reviews from critics . Rotten Tomatoes reports a 100 % approval rating with an average rating of 7.53 / 10 based on 5 reviews . </P> <P> Tim Goodman of The Hollywood Reporter gave a generally positive review and wrote , `` AMC finds a bloody , fun and entertaining non-zombie counterpart to The Walking Dead and turns Sundays into an escapist red zone . '' Maureen Ryan of Variety wrote , `` The action scenes scattered throughout Into the Badlands are not just stirringly presented , they represent a test passed with flying , and bloody , colors . This efficient AMC series is an homage to classic Samurai films and kinetic action fare churned out by Hong Kong maestros of furious fists , and if the TV drama had failed to meet the standards set by the sturdiest examples of those genres , it would have seemed superfluous at best . Fortunately , star Daniel Wu is more than up to the task of occupying the center of this streamlined story of vengeance , tyranny and roundhouse kicks . '' </P> <H3> Ratings ( edit ) </H3> Season 1 ( 2015 ) ( edit ) <Table> <Tr> <Th> No . </Th> <Th> Title </Th> <Th> Air date </Th> <Th> Rating ( 18 -- 49 ) </Th> <Th> Viewers ( millions ) </Th> <Th> DVR ( 18 -- 49 ) </Th> <Th> DVR viewers ( millions ) </Th> <Th> Total ( 18 -- 49 ) </Th> <Th> Total viewers ( millions ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` The Fort '' </Td> <Td> November 15 , 2015 </Td> <Td> 3.2 </Td> <Td> 6.39 </Td> <Td> 0.8 </Td> <Td> 1.83 </Td> <Td> 4.0 </Td> <Td> 8.22 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` Fist Like a Bullet '' </Td> <Td> November 22 , 2015 </Td> <Td> 2.3 </Td> <Td> 4.83 </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` White Stork Spreads Wings '' </Td> <Td> November 29 , 2015 </Td> <Td> 2.5 </Td> <Td> 5.17 </Td> <Td> 0.7 </Td> <Td> 1.52 </Td> <Td> 3.2 </Td> <Td> 6.69 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` Two Tigers Subdue Dragons '' </Td> <Td> December 6 , 2015 </Td> <Td> 1.1 </Td> <Td> 2.42 </Td> <Td> 0.6 </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> <Td> 1.7 </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> `` Snake Creeps Down '' </Td> <Td> December 13 , 2015 </Td> <Td> 1.0 </Td> <Td> 2.21 </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> `` Hand of Five Poisons '' </Td> <Td> December 20 , 2015 </Td> <Td> 1.0 </Td> <Td> 2.16 </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Dl> <Dt> Notes </Dt> </Dl> <P> Live + 7 ratings were not available , so Live + 3 ratings have been used instead . </P> Season 2 ( 2017 ) ( edit ) <Table> <Tr> <Th> No . </Th> <Th> Title </Th> <Th> Air date </Th> <Th> Rating ( 18 -- 49 ) </Th> <Th> Viewers ( millions ) </Th> <Th> DVR ( 18 -- 49 ) </Th> <Th> DVR viewers ( millions ) </Th> <Th> Total ( 18 -- 49 ) </Th> <Th> Total viewers ( millions ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` Tiger Pushes Mountain '' </Td> <Td> March 19 , 2017 </Td> <Td> 1.4 </Td> <Td> 3.44 </Td> <Td> 0.6 </Td> <Td> 1.28 </Td> <Td> 2.0 </Td> <Td> 4.71 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` Force of Eagle 's Claw '' </Td> <Td> March 26 , 2017 </Td> <Td> 1.5 </Td> <Td> 3.41 </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> <Td> 1.23 </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> <Td> 4.64 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` Red Sun , Silver Moon '' </Td> <Td> April 2 , 2017 </Td> <Td> 1.4 </Td> <Td> 3.11 </Td> <Td> 0.6 </Td> <Td> 1.38 </Td> <Td> 2.0 </Td> <Td> 4.50 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` Palm of the Iron Fox '' </Td> <Td> April 9 , 2017 </Td> <Td> 0.6 </Td> <Td> 1.57 </Td> <Td> 0.5 </Td> <Td> 1.12 </Td> <Td> 1.1 </Td> <Td> 2.69 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> `` Monkey Leaps Through Mist '' </Td> <Td> April 16 , 2017 </Td> <Td> 0.5 </Td> <Td> 1.42 </Td> <Td> 0.6 </Td> <Td> 1.25 </Td> <Td> 1.1 </Td> <Td> 2.67 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> `` Leopard Stalks in Snow '' </Td> <Td> April 23 , 2017 </Td> <Td> 0.5 </Td> <Td> 1.31 </Td> <Td> 0.5 </Td> <Td> 1.22 </Td> <Td> 1.0 </Td> <Td> 2.53 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> `` Black Heart , White Mountain '' </Td> <Td> April 30 , 2017 </Td> <Td> 0.5 </Td> <Td> 1.42 </Td> <Td> 0.4 </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> <Td> 0.9 </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> `` Sting of the Scorpion 's Tail '' </Td> <Td> May 7 , 2017 </Td> <Td> 0.5 </Td> <Td> 1.29 </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> `` Nightingale Sings No More '' </Td> <Td> May 14 , 2017 </Td> <Td> 0.6 </Td> <Td> 1.56 </Td> <Td> 0.4 </Td> <Td> 1.15 </Td> <Td> 1.0 </Td> <Td> 2.71 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> `` Wolf 's Breath , Dragon Fire '' </Td> <Td> May 21 , 2017 </Td> <Td> 0.5 </Td> <Td> 1.37 </Td> <Td> 0.4 </Td> <Td> 1.07 </Td> <Td> 0.9 </Td> <Td> 2.44 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Dl> <Dt> Notes </Dt> </Dl> <P> Live + 7 ratings were not available , so Live + 3 ratings have been used instead . </P> Season 3 ( 2018 ) ( edit ) <Table> <Tr> <Th> No . </Th> <Th> Title </Th> <Th> Air date </Th> <Th> Rating ( 18 -- 49 ) </Th> <Th> Viewers ( millions ) </Th> <Th> DVR ( 18 -- 49 ) </Th> <Th> DVR viewers ( millions ) </Th> <Th> Total ( 18 -- 49 ) </Th> <Th> Total viewers ( millions ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` Enter the Phoenix '' </Td> <Td> April 22 , 2018 </Td> <Td> 0.5 </Td> <Td> 1.35 </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` Moon Rises , Raven Seeks '' </Td> <Td> April 29 , 2018 </Td> <Td> 0.4 </Td> <Td> 1.27 </Td> <Td> 0.3 </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> <Td> 0.7 </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` Leopard Snares Rabbit '' </Td> <Td> May 6 , 2018 </Td> <Td> 0.3 </Td> <Td> 0.97 </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` Blind Cannibal Assassins '' </Td> <Td> May 13 , 2018 </Td> <Td> 0.4 </Td> <Td> 1.20 </Td> <Td> 0.3 </Td> <Td> 0.82 </Td> <Td> 0.7 </Td> <Td> 2.02 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> `` Carry Tiger to Mountain '' </Td> <Td> May 20 , 2018 </Td> <Td> 0.4 </Td> <Td> 1.08 </Td> <Td> TBD </Td> <Td> TBD </Td> <Td> TBD </Td> <Td> TBD </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Accolades ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Year </Th> <Th> Award </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th> Recipient ( s ) and nominee ( s ) </Th> <Th> Result </Th> <Th> Ref . </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2018 </Td> <Td> Saturn Awards </Td> <Td> Best Action - Thriller Television Series </Td> <Td> Into the Badlands </Td> <Td> Pending </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( July 31 , 2015 ) . `` How Martial Arts Series ' Into the Badlands ' Kicked Its Way Onto AMC '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved August 2 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` First Look at Daniel Wu in AMC 's Into the Badlands '' . ComingSoon.net . March 29 , 2015 . Retrieved July 27 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Schwindt , Oriana ( January 14 , 2017 ) . `` AMC Sets Premiere Dates for ' Better Call Saul , ' ' Into the Badlands ' '' . Variety . Retrieved January 14 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 25 , 2017 ) . `` Into the Badlands renewed for a bigger third season on AMC '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 25 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Haring , Bruce ( January 13 , 2017 ) . `` AMC Sets ' McMafia ' Premiere , Season Starts For ' Fear , ' ' Badlands , ' and ' James Cameron 's Sci - Fi Story ' -- TCA '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 14 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Into the Badlands Season 3 Premiere Date Revealed '' . AMC ( blog ) . January 14 , 2018 . Retrieved February 23 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Map shown in S03E03 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( May 4 , 2015 ) . `` Marton Csokas Joins ' Into The Badlands ' On AMC '' . Deadline.com . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ ' Into The Badlands ' Casts Nick Frost As Series Regular </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Petski , Denise ( September 26 , 2017 ) . `` Into The Badlands : Sherman Augustus , Babou Ceesay & Ella Rae - Smith Join Season 3 as Series Regulars '' . Deadline . Retrieved September 26 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( August 14 , 2017 ) . `` Into The Badlands : Lorraine Toussaint Joins as New Regular for Season 3 '' . Deadline . Retrieved August 14 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Shows A-Z - into the badlands on amc '' . The Futon Critic . Retrieved March 23 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 17 , 2015 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Into the Badlands ' starts well for AMC '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 17 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 24 , 2015 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Walking Dead ' rises with Glenn 's fate revealed , ' Into the Badlands ' down in week 2 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 24 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( December 2 , 2015 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Into the Badlands ' gets a ' Walking Dead ' bump '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 2 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( December 9 , 2015 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Leftovers ' finale rises , ' Into the Badlands ' takes a hit '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 22 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( December 15 , 2015 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Real Housewives of Atlanta ' on top , plus ' Jill & Jessa ' premiere , ' Kardashians ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 15 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( December 22 , 2015 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Homeland ' rises with finale , ' Into the Badlands ' hits season low '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 22 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( March 21 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 3.19. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved March 21 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( March 28 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 3.26. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved March 28 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( April 4 , 2017 ) . `` Top 150 Sunday cable originals - network finals 4 2 2017 '' . Showbuzzdaily . Retrieved April 4 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( April 11 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 4.9. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved April 11 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( April 18 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 4.16. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved April 18 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( April 25 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 4.23. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved April 25 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( May 2 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 4.30. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved May 2 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( May 9 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 5.7. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved May 9 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( May 16 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 5.14. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved May 16 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( May 23 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 5.21. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved May 23 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( April 24 , 2018 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 4.22. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved April 24 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( May 1 , 2018 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 4.29. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved May 1 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( May 8 , 2018 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 5.6. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved May 8 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( May 15 , 2018 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 5.13. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved May 15 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( May 22 , 2018 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 5.20. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved May 22 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Into the Badlands Episode Guide '' . zap2it . Retrieved April 6 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Steph Hicks ( @ Sticks919 ) ( January 31 , 2018 ) . `` Spent my holidays holed up working on this script with the awesome @ MattTheLambert . It starts shooting tomorrow in Ireland directed by the talented Tricia Brock . Very excited and proud ! # IntoTheBadlands # femalefilmmakers '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved January 31 , 2018 -- via Twitter . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( July 11 , 2014 ) . `` AMC Orders Martial Arts Drama ' Badlands ' Straight to Series '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved July 27 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Video -- Opening Credits Featuring the Series Theme Song for Into the Badlands '' . AMC . October 8 , 2015 . Retrieved October 13 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` There 's ' Kung Fu , ' and , in ' Into the Badlands , ' There 's Hong Kong Kung Fu '' . The New York Times . November 11 , 2015 . Retrieved November 17 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Purcell , Charles ( November 12 , 2015 ) . `` New This Week ( Nov 16 ) : Into The Badlands , Jane The Virgin , Kardashians , V8s and live sports '' . The Green Room . Archived from the original on November 13 , 2015 . Retrieved November 13 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Amazon snaps up AMC 's genre - bending martial arts series INTO THE BADLANDS from Entertainment One , exclusively for Amazon Prime members in the UK '' . Retrieved November 18 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ http://www.bbcamerica.com/schedule </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Into the Badlands : The Complete First Season Blu - ray '' . Blu-ray.com . Retrieved September 15 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Into the Badlands : The Complete Second Season Blu - ray '' . Blu-ray.com . Retrieved January 18 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Into the Badlands : Season 1 ( 2015 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved April 4 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Into the Badlands : Season 1 '' . Metacritic . Retrieved April 4 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Into the Badlands : Season 2 ( 2017 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved April 4 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Tim Goodman . `` ' Into the Badlands ' : TV Review '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved November 30 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Maureen Ryan . `` ' Into the Badlands ' Review : Daniel Wu brings charisma to action drama -- Variety '' . Variety . Retrieved November 30 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 20 , 2015 ) . `` Cable Live + 3 ratings , Nov. 9 - 15 : ' Into the Badlands ' scores another big premiere for AMC '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 20 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 4 , 2015 ) . `` Cable Live + 3 ratings , Nov. 23 - 29 : ' Unforgettable ' makes an unmemorable return on A&E '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 4 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 11 , 2015 ) . `` Live + 3 ratings : ' Empire , ' ' You 're the Worst ' and ' Star Wars Rebels ' post big gains for Nov. 30 - Dec. 6 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 22 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 30 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Walking Dead ' makes up for losses in cable Live + 7 ratings for March 13 -- 19 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 30 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 6 , 2017 ) . `` ' Major Crimes ' makes major gains in cable Live + 7 ratings for March 20 -- 26 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 6 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 13 , 2017 ) . `` ' Underground ' makes a big leap in cable Live + 7 ratings for March 27 - April 2 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 13 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 20 , 2017 ) . `` ' Archer ' premiere doubles in cable Live + 7 ratings for April 3 -- 9 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 20 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 26 , 2017 ) . `` ' Better Call Saul ' makes big gains in cable Live + 7 ratings for April 10 -- 16 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 26 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 4 , 2017 ) . `` ' Fargo ' premiere makes solid gains in cable Live + 7 ratings for April 17 -- 23 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 4 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 7 , 2017 ) . `` NFL Draft leads , ' Better Call Saul ' jumps : Cable Live + 3 ratings for April 24 -- 30 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 7 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 27 , 2017 ) . `` ' Brockmire ' makes a big jump in cable Live + 7 ratings for May 8 -- 14 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 27 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 2 , 2017 ) . `` ' Better Call Saul ' tops the charts in cable Live + 7 ratings for May 15 -- 21 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 2 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 10 , 2018 ) . `` ' Suits ' finale gets solid bump in cable Live + 7 ratings for April 23 -- 29 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 10 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 24 , 2018 ) . `` ' Atlanta ' finale gets a good boost in cable Live + 7 ratings for May 7 - 13 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 24 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( March 15 , 2018 ) . `` ' Black Panther , ' ' Walking Dead ' Rule Saturn Awards Nominations '' . Variety . Archived from the original on March 15 , 2018 . Retrieved March 15 , 2018 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Into the Badlands on IMDb </Li> <Li> Into the Badlands at TV Guide </Li> <Li> Into the Badlands on TV.com </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> AMC original programming </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Former </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> 1980s debuts </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> The Movie Masters ( 1989 -- 90 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1990s debuts </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> The Lot ( 1999 -- 2001 ) </Li> <Li> Remember WENN ( 1996 -- 98 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 2000s debuts </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Breaking Bad ( 2008 -- 13 ) </Li> <Li> Broken Trail ( 2006 ) </Li> <Li> Celebrity Charades ( 2005 ) </Li> <Li> DVD TV ( 2002 -- 08 ) </Li> <Li> Mad Men ( 2007 -- 15 ) </Li> <Li> Movies That Shook the World ( 2005 ) </Li> <Li> The Prisoner ( 2009 ) </Li> <Li> Shootout ( 2003 -- 08 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 2010s debuts </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 4th and Loud ( 2014 ) </Li> <Li> The American West ( 2016 ) </Li> <Li> Feed the Beast ( 2016 ) </Li> <Li> Freakshow ( 2013 -- 14 ) </Li> <Li> Game of Arms ( 2014 ) </Li> <Li> Halt and Catch Fire ( 2014 -- 17 ) </Li> <Li> Hell on Wheels ( 2011 -- 16 ) </Li> <Li> The Killing ( 2011 -- 13 ) </Li> <Li> Low Winter Sun ( 2013 ) </Li> <Li> The Making of the Mob ( 2015 -- 16 ) </Li> <Li> The Night Manager ( 2016 ) </Li> <Li> Owner 's Manual ( 2013 ) </Li> <Li> The Pitch ( 2012 -- 13 ) </Li> <Li> Rubicon ( 2010 ) </Li> <Li> Small Town Security ( 2012 -- 14 ) </Li> <Li> Talking Bad ( 2013 ) </Li> <Li> TURN : Washington 's Spies ( 2014 -- 17 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Current </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Better Call Saul ( since 2015 ) </Li> <Li> Comic Book Men ( since 2012 ) </Li> <Li> Fear the Walking Dead ( since 2015 ) </Li> <Li> Geeking Out ( since 2016 ) </Li> <Li> Humans ( since 2015 ) </Li> <Li> Into the Badlands ( since 2015 ) </Li> <Li> McMafia ( since 2018 ) </Li> <Li> Preacher ( since 2016 ) </Li> <Li> Ride with Norman Reedus ( since 2016 ) </Li> <Li> The Son ( since 2017 ) </Li> <Li> Talking Dead ( since 2011 ) </Li> <Li> Talking Preacher ( since 2016 ) </Li> <Li> Talking Saul ( since 2016 ) </Li> <Li> Talking with Chris Hardwick ( since 2017 ) </Li> <Li> The Terror ( since 2018 ) </Li> <Li> The Walking Dead ( since 2010 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Upcoming </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Dietland ( 2018 ) </Li> <Li> NOS4A2 ( 2019 ) </Li> <Li> Lodge 49 ( TBA ) </Li> <Li> The Spy Who Came in from the Cold ( TBA ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Into_the_Badlands_(TV_series)&oldid=843571355 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> 2015 American television series debuts </Li> <Li> 2010s American drama television series </Li> <Li> AMC ( TV channel ) network shows </Li> <Li> English - language television programs </Li> <Li> American action television series </Li> <Li> Dystopian television series </Li> <Li> Martial arts television series </Li> <Li> Post-apocalyptic television series </Li> <Li> Television series by Entertainment One </Li> <Li> Wuxia television series </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Use mdy dates from November 2015 </Li> <Li> Pages using infobox television with editor parameter </Li> <Li> Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention from May 2018 </Li> <Li> All Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> Čeština </Li> <Li> Deutsch </Li> <Li> Español </Li> <Li> فارسی </Li> <Li> Français </Li> <Li> Italiano </Li> <Li> עברית </Li> <Li> Polski </Li> <Li> Português </Li> <Li> Română </Li> <Li> Русский </Li> <Li> Slovenčina </Li> <Li> Українська </Li> <Li> 中文 </Li> 5 more </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 30 May 2018 , at 01 : 03 . </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul>

into the badlands season 1 and 2 recap

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Slartibartfast - wikipedia <H1> Slartibartfast </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Slartibartfast </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Richard Vernon as Slartibartfast in the 1981 TV series . Vernon first played the character on radio in 1978 and on the subsequent LP rerecording of the first radio series . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> First appearance </Th> <Td> Fit the Third ( radio ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Created by </Th> <Td> Douglas Adams </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Portrayed by </Th> <Td> Richard Vernon ( radio and TV ) Richard Griffiths ( radio ) Bill Nighy ( film ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Information </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Species </Th> <Td> Magrathean </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Gender </Th> <Td> Male </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Slartibartfast is a character in The Hitchhiker 's Guide to the Galaxy , a comedy / science fiction series created by Douglas Adams . The character appears in the first and third novels , the first and third radio series ( and the LP adaptation of the first radio series ) , the 1981 television series and the 2005 feature film . The character was modelled after actor John Le Mesurier . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Character overview </Li> <Li> 2 Origin of name </Li> <Li> 3 Portrayals </Li> <Li> 4 References </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Character overview ( edit ) </H2> <P> Slartibartfast is a Magrathean , and a designer of planets . His favourite part of the job is creating coastlines , the most notable of which are the fjords found on the coast of Norway on planet Earth , for which he won an award . While trapped on prehistoric Earth , Arthur Dent and Ford Prefect see Slartibartfast 's signature deep inside a glacier in ancient Norway . </P> <P> When Earth Mk. II is being made , Slartibartfast is assigned to the continent of Africa . He is unhappy about this because he has begun `` doing it with fjords again '' ( arguing that they give a continent a lovely baroque feel ) , but has been told by his superiors that they are `` not equatorial enough '' . </P> <P> In any event , the new Earth is not required and , much to Slartibartfast 's disgust , its owners suggested that he take a quick skiing holiday on his glaciers before dismantling them . </P> <P> In Life , the Universe and Everything Slartibartfast has joined the Campaign for Real Time ( or `` CamTim '' as the volunteers casually refer to it , a reference to CAMRA ) which tries to preserve events as they happened before time travelling was invented . He picks up Arthur and Ford from Lord 's Cricket Ground with his Starship Bistromath , after which they head out to stop the robots of Krikkit from bringing together the pieces of the Wikkit Gate . </P> <H2> Origin of name ( edit ) </H2> <P> Douglas Adams writes in the notes accompanying the published volume of original radio scripts that he wanted Slartibartfast 's name to sound very rude , but still actually be broadcastable . He therefore started with the name `` Phartiphukborlz '' , and changed bits of it until it would be acceptable to the BBC . He came closer to achieving this goal in the following episode , with the double - act Lunkwill and Fook . He adds to this statement in Do n't Panic : The Official Hitchhiker 's Guide to the Galaxy Companion , an analysis by Neil Gaiman : </P> <P> ... One thing I do n't think I explained in the script book was that I was also teasing the typist , Geoffrey ( Perkins ) 's secretary , because ... she 'd be typing out this long and extraordinary name which would be quite an effort to type and right at the beginning he says ' My name is not important , and I 'm not going to tell you what it is ' . I was just being mean to Geoffrey 's secretary . </P> <H2> Portrayals ( edit ) </H2> <P> Slartibartfast was first portrayed in the 1978 radio serial , in which he was voiced by Richard Vernon , who also portrayed him in the 1981 live - action miniseries . Richard Griffiths voiced him in the 2004 radio series . He was portrayed by Bill Nighy in the 2005 film adaptation of the first novel . </P> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Hitchhiker 's portal </Li> </Ul> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ Cook , John R. ( 2006 ) . British Science Fiction Television : A Hitchhiker 's Guide . I.B. Tauris . p. 231 . ISBN 1 - 84511 - 048 - X . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Schlegel , Christian ( 2007 ) . Religion and Atheism in Douglas Adams ' `` Hitchhiker 's Guide to the Galaxy '' . GRIN Verlag . p. 15 . ISBN 3 - 638 - 86251 - 8 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Yaffeth , Glenn ( 2005 ) . The Anthology at the End of the Universe : Leading Science Fiction Authors on Douglas Adams ' Hitchhiker 's Guide to the Galaxy . BenBella Books . p. 190 . ISBN 1 - 932100 - 56 - 3 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Gaiman , Neil ( 1987 ) . DON 'T PANIC - the official Hitch - Hiker 's Guide to the Galaxy Companion . Titan Books . ISBN 1 - 85286 - 013 - 8 . </Li> </Ol> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Douglas Adams ' The Hitchhiker 's Guide to the Galaxy </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Books </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Main series </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> The Hitchhiker 's Guide to the Galaxy </Li> <Li> The Restaurant at the End of the Universe </Li> <Li> Life , the Universe and Everything </Li> <Li> So Long , and Thanks for All the Fish </Li> <Li> Mostly Harmless </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Related works </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` Young Zaphod Plays It Safe '' </Li> <Li> The Salmon of Doubt </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> by Eoin Colfer </Th> <Td> And Another Thing ... </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Media </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Radio series <Ul> <Li> Phases 1 & 2 </Li> <Li> Phases 3 , 4 & 5 </Li> <Li> The Original Radio Scripts </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> TV series </Li> <Li> Film </Li> <Li> Timeline of The Hitchhiker 's Guide to the Galaxy versions </Li> <Li> Cast lists </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Games </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> The Hitchhiker 's Guide to the Galaxy </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Companion media </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Do n't Panic : The Official Hitchhiker 's Guide to the Galaxy Companion </Li> <Li> Douglas Adams 's Guide to The Hitchhiker 's Guide to the Galaxy </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Characters </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Arthur Dent </Li> <Li> Ford Prefect </Li> <Li> Zaphod Beeblebrox </Li> <Li> Marvin the Paranoid Android </Li> <Li> Trillian </Li> <Li> Slartibartfast </Li> <Li> The Guide </Li> <Li> Minor characters </Li> <Li> Races and species </Li> <Li> Vogons </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Miscellanea </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Phrases </Li> <Li> Places </Li> <Li> Technology </Li> <Li> Somebody else 's problem </Li> <Li> Encyclopedia Galactica </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> In culture </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> h2g2 </Li> <Li> Hitchcon </Li> <Li> Towel Day </Li> <Li> `` Journey of the Sorcerer '' </Li> <Li> 18610 Arthurdent </Li> <Li> 25924 Douglasadams </Li> <Li> Bidenichthys beeblebroxi </Li> <Li> Erechthias beeblebroxi </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Portal </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Slartibartfast&oldid=822369600 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> The Hitchhiker 's Guide to the Galaxy characters </Li> <Li> Fictional extraterrestrial characters </Li> <Li> Fictional architects </Li> <Li> Fictional characters introduced in 1978 </Li> <Li> Male characters in film </Li> <Li> Male characters in literature </Li> <Li> Male characters in television </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> Čeština </Li> <Li> Dansk </Li> <Li> 한국어 </Li> <Li> Italiano </Li> <Li> Nederlands </Li> <Li> Polski </Li> <Li> Português </Li> <Li> Русский </Li> <Li> Svenska </Li> </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 26 January 2018 , at 00 : 00 . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . 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hitchhiker's guide to the galaxy slartibartfast quotes

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Central nervous system - wikipedia <H1> Central nervous system </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Central Nervous System </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Schematic diagram showing the central nervous system in yellow , peripheral in orange </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Details </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Lymph </Th> <Td> 224 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Identifiers </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Latin </Th> <Td> Systema nervosum centrale pars centralis systematis nervosi </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Acronym ( s ) </Th> <Td> CNS </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> MeSH </Th> <Td> D002490 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> TA </Th> <Td> A14. 1.00. 001 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> FMA </Th> <Td> 55675 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Anatomical terminology ( edit on Wikidata ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The central nervous system ( CNS ) is the part of the nervous system consisting of the brain and spinal cord . The central nervous system is so named because it integrates information it receives from , and coordinates and influences the activity of , all parts of the bodies of bilaterally symmetric animals -- that is , all multicellular animals except sponges and radially symmetric animals such as jellyfish -- and it contains the majority of the nervous system . Many consider the retina and the optic nerve ( cranial nerve II ) , as well as the olfactory nerves ( cranial nerve I ) and olfactory epithelium as parts of the CNS , synapsing directly on brain tissue without intermediate ganglia . As such , the olfactory epithelium is the only central nervous tissue in direct contact with the environment , which opens up for therapeutic treatments . The CNS is contained within the dorsal body cavity , with the brain housed in the cranial cavity and the spinal cord in the spinal canal . In vertebrates , the brain is protected by the skull , while the spinal cord is protected by the vertebrae . The brain and spinal cord are both enclosed in the meninges . In central nervous systems , the interneuronal space is filled with a large amount of supporting non-nervous cells called neuroglial cells . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Structure <Ul> <Li> 1.1 White and gray matter </Li> <Li> 1.2 Spinal cord <Ul> <Li> 1.2. 1 Cranial nerves </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 1.3 Brain <Ul> <Li> 1.3. 1 Brainstem </Li> <Li> 1.3. 2 Cerebellum </Li> <Li> 1.3. 3 Diencephalon </Li> <Li> 1.3. 4 Cerebrum </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 1.4 Difference from the peripheral nervous system </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2 Development <Ul> <Li> 2.1 Evolution <Ul> <Li> 2.1. 1 Planaria </Li> <Li> 2.1. 2 Arthropoda </Li> <Li> 2.1. 3 Chordata <Ul> <Li> 2.1. 3.1 Mammals </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 Clinical significance <Ul> <Li> 3.1 Diseases </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 References </Li> <Li> 5 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Structure ( edit ) </H2> Main article : Neuroanatomy <P> The central nervous system consists of the two major structures : the brain and spinal cord . The brain is encased in the skull , and protected by the cranium . The spinal cord is continuous with the brain and lies caudally to the brain , and is protected by the vertebrae . The spinal cord reaches from the base of the skull , continues through or starting below the foramen magnum , and terminates roughly level with the first or second lumbar vertebra , occupying the upper sections of the vertebral canal . </P> <H3> White and gray matter ( edit ) </H3> Main articles : Gray matter and White matter Dissection of a brain with labels showing the clear division between white and gray matter . <P> Microscopically , there are differences between the neurons and tissue of the central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system . The central nervous system is divided in white and gray matter . This can also be seen macroscopically on brain tissue . The white matter consists of axons and oligodendrocytes , while the gray matter consists of neurons and unmyelinated fibers . Both tissues include a number of glial cells ( although the white matter contains more ) , which are often referred to as supporting cells of the central nervous system . Different forms of glial cells have different functions , some acting almost as scaffolding for neuroblasts to climb during neurogenesis such as bergmann glia , while others such as microglia are a specialized form of macrophage , involved in the immune system of the brain as well as the clearance of various metabolites from the brain tissue . Astrocytes may be involved with both clearance of metabolites as well as transport of fuel and various beneficial substances to neurons from the capillaries of the brain . Upon CNS injury astrocytes will proliferate , causing gliosis , a form of neuronal scar tissue , lacking in functional neurons . </P> <P> The brain ( cerebrum as well as midbrain and hindbrain ) consists of a cortex , composed of neuron - bodies constituting gray matter , while internally there is more white matter that form tracts and commissures . Apart from cortical gray matter there is also subcortical gray matter making up a large number of different nuclei . </P> <H3> Spinal cord ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Spinal cord Diagram of the columns and of the course of the fibers in the spinal cord . Sensory synapses occur in the dorsal spinal cord ( above in this image ) , and motor nerves leave through the ventral ( as well as lateral ) horns of the spinal cord as seen below in the image . Different ways in which the central nervous system can be activated without engaging the cortex , and making us aware of the actions . The above example shows the process in which the pupil dilates during dim light , activating neurons in the spinal cord . The second example shows the constriction of the pupil as a result of the activation of the Eddinger - Westphal nucleus ( a cerebral ganglion ) . <P> From and to the spinal cord are projections of the peripheral nervous system in the form of spinal nerves ( sometimes segmental nerves ) . The nerves connect the spinal cord to skin , joints , muscles etc. and allow for the transmission of efferent motor as well as afferent sensory signals and stimuli . This allows for voluntary and involuntary motions of muscles , as well as the perception of senses . All in all 31 spinal nerves project from the brain stem , some forming plexa as they branch out , such as the brachial plexa , sacral plexa etc . Each spinal nerve will carry both sensory and motor signals , but the nerves synapse at different regions of the spinal cord , either from the periphery to sensory relay neurons that relay the information to the CNS or from the CNS to motor neurons , which relay the information out . </P> <P> The spinal cord relays information up to the brain through spinal tracts through the `` final common pathway '' to the thalamus and ultimately to the cortex . </P> <Ul> <Li> <P> Schematic image showing the locations of a few tracts of the spinal cord . </P> </Li> <Li> <P> Reflexes may also occur without engaging more than one neuron of the central nervous system as in the below example of a short reflex . </P> </Li> </Ul> Cranial nerves ( edit ) <P> Apart from the spinal cord , there are also peripheral nerves of the PNS that synapse through intermediaries or ganglia directly on the CNS . These 12 nerves exist in the head and neck region and are called cranial nerves . Cranial nerves bring information to the CNS to and from the face , as well as to certain muscles ( such as the trapezius muscle , which is innervated by accessory nerves as well as certain cervical spinal nerves ) . </P> <P> Two pairs of cranial nerves ; the olfactory nerves and the optic nerves are often considered structures of the central nervous system . This is because they do not synapse first on peripheral ganglia , but directly on central nervous neurons . The olfactory epithelium is significant in that it consists of central nervous tissue expressed in direct contact to the environment , allowing for administration of certain pharmaceuticals and drugs . </P> A peripheral nerve myelinated by Schwann cells ( left ) and a CNS neuron myelinated by an oligodendrocyte ( right ) <H3> Brain ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Brain <P> Rostrally to the spinal cord lies the brain . The brain makes up the largest portion of the central nervous system , and is often the main structure referred to when speaking of the nervous system . The brain is the major functional unit of the central nervous system . While the spinal cord has certain processing ability such as that of spinal locomotion and can process reflexes , the brain is the major processing unit of the nervous system . </P> Brainstem ( edit ) Main article : Brainstem <P> The brainstem consists of the medulla , the pons and the midbrain . The medulla can be referred to as an extension of the spinal cord , and its organization and functional properties are similar to those of the spinal cord . The tracts passing from the spinal cord to the brain pass through here . </P> <P> Regulatory functions of the medulla nuclei include control of the blood pressure and breathing . Other nuclei are involved in balance , taste , hearing and control of muscles of the face and neck . </P> <P> The next structure rostral to the medulla is the pons , which lies on the ventral anterior side of the brainstem . Nuclei in the pons include pontine nuclei which work with the cerebellum and transmit information between the cerebellum and the cerebral cortex . In the dorsal posterior pons lie nuclei that have to do with breathing , sleep and taste . </P> <P> The midbrain ( or mesencephalon ) is situated above and rostral to the pons , and includes nuclei linking distinct parts of the motor system , among others the cerebellum , the basal ganglia and both cerebral hemispheres . Additionally parts of the visual and auditory systems are located in the mid brain , including control of automatic eye movements . </P> <P> The brainstem at large provides entry and exit to the brain for a number of pathways for motor and autonomic control of the face and neck through cranial nerves , and autonomic control of the organs is mediated by the tenth cranial ( vagus ) nerve . A large portion of the brainstem is involved in such autonomic control of the body . Such functions may engage the heart , blood vessels , pupillae , among others . </P> <P> The brainstem also hold the reticular formation , a group of nuclei involved in both arousal and alertness . </P> Cerebellum ( edit ) Main article : Cerebellum <P> The cerebellum lies behind the pons . The cerebellum is composed of several dividing fissures and lobes . Its function includes the control of posture , and the coordination of movements of parts of the body , including the eyes and head as well as the limbs . Further it is involved in motion that has been learned and perfected though practice , and will adapt to new learned movements . Despite its previous classification as a motor structure , the cerebellum also displays connections to areas of the cerebral cortex involved in language as well as cognitive functions . These connections have been shown by the use of medical imaging techniques such as fMRI and PET . </P> <P> The body of the cerebellum holds more neurons than any other structure of the brain including that of the larger cerebrum ( or cerebral hemispheres ) , but is also more extensively understood than other structures of the brain , and includes fewer types of different neurons . It handles and processes sensory stimuli , motor information as well as balance information from the vestibular organ . </P> Diencephalon ( edit ) Main articles : Diencephalon , Thalamus , and Hypothalamus <P> The two structures of the diencephalon worth noting are the thalamus and the hypothalamus . The thalamus acts as a linkage between incoming pathways from the peripheral nervous system as well as the optical nerve ( though it does not receive input from the olfactory nerve ) to the cerebral hemispheres . Previously it was considered only a `` relay station '' , but it is engaged in the sorting of information that will reach cerebral hemispheres ( neocortex ) . </P> <P> Apart from its function of sorting information from the periphery , the thalamus also connects the cerebellum and basal ganglia with the cerebrum . In common with the aforementioned reticular system the thalamus is involved in wakefullness and consciousness , such as though the SCN . </P> <P> The hypothalamus engages in functions of a number of primitive emotions or feelings such as hunger , thirst and maternal bonding . This is regulated partly through control of secretion of hormones from the pituitary gland . Additionally the hypothalamus plays a role in motivation and many other behaviors of the individual . </P> Cerebrum ( edit ) Main articles : Cerebrum , Cerebral cortex , Basal ganglia , Amygdala , and Hippocampus <P> The cerebrum of cerebral hemispheres make up the largest visual portion of the human brain . Various structures combine to form the cerebral hemispheres , among others : the cortex , basal ganglia , amygdala and hippocampus . The hemispheres together control a large portion of the functions of the human brain such as emotion , memory , perception and motor functions . Apart from this the cerebral hemispheres stand for the cognitive capabilities of the brain . </P> <P> Connecting each of the hemispheres is the corpus callosum as well as several additional commissures . One of the most important parts of the cerebral hemispheres is the cortex , made up of gray matter covering the surface of the brain . Functionally , the cerebral cortex is involved in planning and carrying out of everyday tasks . </P> <P> The hippocampus is involved in storage of memories , the amygdala plays a role in perception and communication of emotion , while the basal ganglia play a major role in the coordination of voluntary movement . </P> <H3> Difference from the peripheral nervous system ( edit ) </H3> A map over the different structures of the nervous systems in the body , showing the CNS , PNS , and ENS . <P> This differentiates the central nervous system from the peripheral nervous system , which consists of neurons , axons and Schwann cells . Oligodendrocytes and Schwann cells have similar functions in the central and peripheral nervous system respectively . Both act to add myelin sheaths to the axons , which acts as a form of insulation allowing for better and faster proliferation of electrical signals along the nerves . Axons in the central nervous system are often very short ( barely a few millimeters ) and do not need the same degree of isolation as peripheral nerves do . Some peripheral nerves can be over 1m in length , such as the nerves to the big toe . To ensure signals move at sufficient speed , myelination is needed . </P> <P> The way in which the Schwann cells and oligodendrocytes myelinate nerves differ . A Schwann cell usually myelinates a single axon , completely surrounding it . Sometimes they may myelinate many axons , especially when in areas of short axons . Oligodendrocytes usually myelinate several axons . They do this by sending out thin projections of their cell membrane which envelop and enclose the axon . </P> <H2> Development ( edit ) </H2> Top ; CNS as seen in a median section of a 5 week old embryo . Bottom ; CNS seen in a median section of a 3 month old embryo . Main article : Neural development <P> During early development of the vertebrate embryo , a longitudinal groove on the neural plate gradually deepens and the ridges on either side of the groove ( the neural folds ) become elevated , and ultimately meet , transforming the groove into a closed tube called the neural tube . The formation of the neural tube is called neurulation . At this stage , the walls of the neural tube contain proliferating neural stem cells in a region called the ventricular zone . The neural stem cells , principally radial glial cells , multiply and generate neurons through the process of neurogenesis , forming the rudiment of the central nervous system . </P> <P> The neural tube gives rise to both brain and spinal cord . The anterior ( or ' rostral ' ) portion of the neural tube initially differentiates into three brain vesicles ( pockets ) : the prosencephalon at the front , the mesencephalon , and , between the mesencephalon and the spinal cord , the rhombencephalon . ( By six weeks in the human embryo ) the prosencephalon then divides further into the telencephalon and diencephalon ; and the rhombencephalon divides into the metencephalon and myelencephalon . The spinal cord is derived from the posterior or ' caudal ' portion of the neural tube . </P> <P> As a vertebrate grows , these vesicles differentiate further still . The telencephalon differentiates into , among other things , the striatum , the hippocampus and the neocortex , and its cavity becomes the first and second ventricles . Diencephalon elaborations include the subthalamus , hypothalamus , thalamus and epithalamus , and its cavity forms the third ventricle . The tectum , pretectum , cerebral peduncle and other structures develop out of the mesencephalon , and its cavity grows into the mesencephalic duct ( cerebral aqueduct ) . The metencephalon becomes , among other things , the pons and the cerebellum , the myelencephalon forms the medulla oblongata , and their cavities develop into the fourth ventricle . </P> <Ul> <Li> <P> Diagram depicting the main subdivisions of the embryonic vertebrate brain , later forming forebrain , midbrain and hindbrain . </P> </Li> <Li> <P> Development of the neural tube </P> </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Td> Central nervous system </Td> <Td> Brain </Td> <Td> Prosencephalon </Td> <Td> Telencephalon </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> <P> Rhinencephalon , Amygdala , Hippocampus , Neocortex , Basal ganglia , Lateral ventricles </P> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Diencephalon </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> <P> Epithalamus , Thalamus , Hypothalamus , Subthalamus , Pituitary gland , Pineal gland , Third ventricle </P> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Brain stem </Td> <Td> Mesencephalon </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> <P> Tectum , Cerebral peduncle , Pretectum , Mesencephalic duct </P> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Rhombencephalon </Td> <Td> Metencephalon </Td> <Td> <P> Pons , Cerebellum </P> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Myelencephalon </Td> <Td> Medulla oblongata </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="5"> Spinal cord </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Evolution ( edit ) </H3> Top : the lancelet , regarded an archetypal vertebrate , lacking a true brain . Middle : an early vertebrate . Bottom : spindle diagram of the evolution of vertebrates . See also : Encephalization and Archicortex Planaria ( edit ) <P> Planarians , members of the phylum Platyhelminthes ( flatworms ) , have the simplest , clearly defined delineation of a nervous system into a central nervous system ( CNS ) and a peripheral nervous system ( PNS ) . Their primitive brains , consisting of two fused anterior ganglia , and longitudinal nerve cords form the CNS ; the laterally projecting nerves form the PNS . A molecular study found that more than 95 % of the 116 genes involved in the nervous system of planarians , which includes genes related to the CNS , also exist in humans . Like planarians , vertebrates have a distinct CNS and PNS , though more complex than those of planarians . </P> Arthropoda ( edit ) <P> In arthropods , the ventral nerve cord , the subesophageal ganglia and the supraesophageal ganglia are usually seen as making up the CNS . </P> Chordata ( edit ) <P> The CNS of chordates differs from that of other animals in being placed dorsally in the body , above the gut and notochord / spine . The basic pattern of the CNS is highly conserved throughout the different species of vertebrates and during evolution . The major trend that can be observed is towards a progressive telencephalisation : the telencephalon of reptiles is only an appendix to the large olfactory bulb , while in mammals it makes up most of the volume of the CNS . In the human brain , the telencephalon covers most of the diencephalon and the mesencephalon . Indeed , the allometric study of brain size among different species shows a striking continuity from rats to whales , and allows us to complete the knowledge about the evolution of the CNS obtained through cranial endocasts . </P> Mammals ( edit ) <P> Mammals -- which appear in the fossil record after the first fishes , amphibians , and reptiles -- are the only vertebrates to possess the evolutionarily recent , outermost part of the cerebral cortex known as the neocortex . The neocortex of monotremes ( the duck - billed platypus and several species of spiny anteaters ) and of marsupials ( such as kangaroos , koalas , opossums , wombats , and Tasmanian devils ) lack the convolutions -- gyri and sulci -- found in the neocortex of most placental mammals ( eutherians ) . Within placental mammals , the size and complexity of the neocortex increased over time . The area of the neocortex of mice is only about 1 / 100 that of monkeys , and that of monkeys is only about 1 / 10 that of humans . In addition , rats lack convolutions in their neocortex ( possibly also because rats are small mammals ) , whereas cats have a moderate degree of convolutions , and humans have quite extensive convolutions . Extreme convolution of the neocortex is found in dolphins , possibly related to their complex echolocation . </P> <H2> Clinical significance ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Diseases ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Central nervous system disease <P> There are many central nervous system diseases and conditions , including infections of the central nervous system such as encephalitis and poliomyelitis , early - onset neurological disorders including ADHD and autism , late - onset neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer 's disease , Parkinson 's disease , and essential tremor , autoimmune and inflammatory diseases such as multiple sclerosis and acute disseminated encephalomyelitis , genetic disorders such as Krabbe 's disease and Huntington 's disease , as well as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and adrenoleukodystrophy . Lastly , cancers of the central nervous system can cause severe illness and , when malignant , can have very high mortality rates . Symptoms depend on the size , growth rate , location and malignancy of tumors and can include alterations in motor control , hearing loss , headaches and changes in cognitive ability and autonomic functioning . </P> <P> Specialty professional organizations recommend that neurological imaging of the brain be done only to answer a specific clinical question and not as routine screening . </P> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ Farlex Partner Medical Dictionary , Farlex 2012 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Purves , Dale ( 2000 ) . Neuroscience , Second Edition . Sunderland , MA : Sinauer Associates . ISBN 9780878937424 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Medical Subject Headings ( MeSH ) : Optic Nerve '' . National Library of Medicine . Retrieved 28 September 2013 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Estomih Mtui , M.J. Turlough FitzGerald , Gregory Gruener . Clinical neuroanatomy and neuroscience ( 6th ed . ) . Edinburgh : Saunders . p. 38 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7020 - 3738 - 2 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Gizurarson S ( 2012 ) . `` Anatomical and histologica \ ) = \ factors affecting intranasal drug and vaccine delivery '' . Current Drug Delivery . 9 ( 6 ) : 566 -- 582 . doi : 10.2174 / 156720112803529828 . PMC 3480721 . PMID 22788696 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Maton , Anthea ; Jean Hopkins ; Charles William McLaughlin ; Susan Johnson ; Maryanna Quon Warner ; David LaHart ; Jill D. Wright ( 1993 ) . Human Biology and Health . Englewood Cliffs , New Jersey , USA : Prentice Hall . pp. 132 -- 144 . ISBN 0 - 13 - 981176 - 1 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Arthur F. Dalley , Keith L. Moore , Anne M.R. Agur ( 2010 ) . Clinically oriented anatomy ( 6th ed. , ( International ed . ) . ed . ) . Philadelphia ( etc . ) : Lippincott Williams & Wilkins , Wolters Kluwer . pp. 48 -- 55,464,700,822,824 , 1075 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 60547 - 652 - 0 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Kandel ER , Schwartz JH ( 2012 ) . Principles of neural science ( 5 . ed . ) . Appleton & Lange : McGraw Hill . pp. 338 -- 343 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 07 - 139011 - 8 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Huijzen , R. Nieuwenhuys , J. Voogd , C. van ( 2007 ) . The human central nervous system ( 4th ed . ) . Berlin : Springer . p. 3 . ISBN 978 - 3 - 540 - 34686 - 9 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Gilbert , Scott F. ; College , Swarthmore ; Helsinki , the University of ( 2014 ) . Developmental biology ( Tenth ed . ) . Sunderland , Mass. : Sinauer . ISBN 978 - 0878939787 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Rakic , P ( October 2009 ) . `` Evolution of the neocortex : a perspective from developmental biology '' . Nature Reviews . Neuroscience. 10 ( 10 ) : 724 -- 35 . doi : 10.1038 / nrn2719 . PMC 2913577 . PMID 19763105 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Hickman , Jr. , Cleveland P. ; Larry S. Roberts ; Susan L. Keen ; Allan Larson ; Helen L'Anson ; David J. Eisenhour ( 2008 ) . Integrated Princinples of Zoology : Fourteenth Edition . New York , NY , USA : McGraw - Hill Higher Education . p. 733 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 07 - 297004 - 3 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Campbell , Neil A. ; Jane B. Reece ; Lisa A. Urry ; Michael L. Cain ; Steven A. Wasserman ; Peter V. Minorsky ; Robert B. Jackson ( 2008 ) . Biology : Eighth Edition . San Francisco , CA , USA : Pearson / Benjamin Cummings . p. 1065 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8053 - 6844 - 4 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Mineta K , Nakazawa M , Cebria F , Ikeo K , Agata K , Gojobori T ( 2003 ) . `` Origin and evolutionary process of the CNS elucidated by comparative genomics analysis of planarian ESTs '' . PNAS. 100 ( 13 ) : 7666 -- 7671 . doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 1332513100 . PMC 164645 . PMID 12802012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Romer , A.S. ( 1949 ) : The Vertebrate Body . W.B. Saunders , Philadelphia . ( 2nd ed. 1955 ; 3rd ed. 1962 ; 4th ed. 1970 ) </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Bear , Mark F. ; Barry W. Connors ; Michael A. Paradiso ( 2007 ) . Neuroscience : Exploring the Brain : Third Edition . Philadelphia , PA , USA : Lippincott Williams & Wilkins . pp. 196 -- 199 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7817 - 6003 - 4 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kent , George C. ; Robert K. Carr ( 2001 ) . Comparative Anatomy of the Vertebrates : Ninth Edition . New York , NY , USA : McGraw - Hill Higher Education . p. 409 . ISBN 0 - 07 - 303869 - 5 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ American College of Radiology ; American Society of Neuroradiology ( 2010 ) . `` ACR - ASNR practice guideline for the performance of computed tomography ( CT ) of the brain '' . Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality . Reston , VA , USA : American College of Radiology . 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The Price Is Right ( U.S. game show ) - Wikipedia <H1> The Price Is Right ( U.S. game show ) </H1> Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the current version of the series . For the overall franchise , see The Price Is Right . For the original version , see The Price Is Right ( 1956 U.S. game show ) . For other uses , see The Price Is Right ( disambiguation ) . `` Come on down ! '' redirects here . For other uses , see Come on down ! ( disambiguation ) . <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> The Price Is Right </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Genre </Th> <Td> Game show </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Created by </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Bob Stewart </Li> <Li> Mark Goodson </Li> <Li> Bill Todman </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Directed by </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Marc Breslow ( 1972 -- 86 ) </Li> <Li> Paul Alter ( 1986 -- 2001 ) </Li> <Li> Bart Eskander ( 2000 -- 09 ) </Li> <Li> Rich DiPirro ( 2009 -- 11 ) </Li> <Li> Michael Dimich ( 2011 -- 12 ) </Li> <Li> Ryan Polito ( 2012 -- 13 ) </Li> <Li> Adam Sandler ( 2013 -- present ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Presented by </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Bob Barker ( 1972 -- 2007 ) </Li> <Li> Drew Carey ( 2007 -- present ) </Li> <Li> Nighttime : Dennis James ( 1972 -- 77 ) </Li> <Li> Bob Barker ( 1977 -- 80 ) </Li> <Li> Tom Kennedy ( 1985 -- 86 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Narrated by </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Johnny Olson ( 1972 -- 85 ) </Li> <Li> Rod Roddy ( 1986 -- 2003 ) </Li> <Li> Rich Fields ( 2004 -- 10 ) </Li> <Li> George Gray ( 2011 -- present ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Composer ( s ) </Th> <Td> Edd Kalehoff </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Country of origin </Th> <Td> United States </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Original language ( s ) </Th> <Td> English </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> No. of seasons </Th> <Td> 46 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> No. of episodes </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 8,000 ( as of April 7 , 2014 ) </Li> <Li> Nighttime ( 1972 -- 80 ) : 300 </Li> <Li> Nighttime ( 1985 -- 86 ) : 170 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Production </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Location ( s ) </Th> <Td> CBS Television City </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Running time </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 38 -- 48 minutes ( 1975 -- present ) </Li> <Li> 22 -- 26 minutes ( 1972 -- 75 ; 1972 -- 80 Nighttime ; 1985 -- 86 Nighttime ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Production company ( s ) </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Mark Goodson - Bill Todman Productions ( 1972 -- 84 ) </Li> <Li> Price Productions ( 1972 -- 80 Nighttime ; 1985 -- 86 Nighttime ; 1972 -- 94 ) </Li> <Li> Mark Goodson Productions ( 1984 -- 2007 ) </Li> <Li> All American Television ( 1996 -- 98 ) </Li> <Li> Pearson Television ( 1999 -- 2002 ) </Li> <Li> FremantleMedia ( 2002 -- present ) </Li> <Li> in association with CBS </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Distributor </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> FremantleMedia for CBS </Li> <Li> Viacom Enterprises ( 1972 -- 80 Nighttime ) </Li> <Li> The Television Program Source ( 1985 -- 86 Nighttime ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Release </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Original network </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> CBS </Li> <Li> Syndicated ( 1972 -- 80 Nighttime ; 1985 -- 86 Nighttime ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Picture format </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> NTSC ( 480i ) ( 1972 -- 2008 ) </Li> <Li> HDTV ( 1080i ) ( 2008 -- present ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Audio format </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Mono ( 1972 -- 88 ) </Li> <Li> CBS StereoSound ( 1988 -- 97 ) </Li> <Li> Digital Stereo ( 1997 -- 2013 ) </Li> <Li> 5.1 Surround ( 2013 -- present ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Original release </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> September 4 , 1972 ( 1972 - 09 - 04 ) -- present </Li> <Li> Nighttime : </Li> <Li> September 10 , 1972 ( 1972 - 09 - 10 ) -- September 13 , 1980 ( 1980 - 09 - 13 ) ( weekly ) </Li> <Li> September 9 , 1985 ( 1985 - 09 - 09 ) -- September 5 , 1986 ( 1986 - 09 - 05 ) ( daily ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Chronology </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Preceded by </Th> <Td> The Price Is Right ( 1956 -- 65 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Related shows </Th> <Td> The New Price Is Right ( 1994 -- 95 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> External links </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> www.priceisright.com </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Production website </Th> <Td> www.cbs.com/shows/the_price_is_right/ </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The Price Is Right is an American television game show created by Bob Stewart , Mark Goodson and Bill Todman . The show revolves around contestants competing to identify accurate pricing of merchandise to win cash and prizes . Contestants are selected from the studio audience when the announcer proclaims the show 's famous catchphrase , `` Come on down ! '' </P> <P> The program premiered on September 4 , 1972 on CBS . Bob Barker was the series ' longest - running host from its 1972 debut until his retirement in June 2007 , when Drew Carey took over . Barker was accompanied by a series of announcers , beginning with Johnny Olson , followed by Rod Roddy and then Rich Fields . In April 2011 , George Gray became the announcer . The show has used several models , most notably Anitra Ford , Janice Pennington , Dian Parkinson , Holly Hallstrom and Kathleen Bradley . While retaining some elements of the original version of the show , the 1972 version has added many new distinctive gameplay elements . </P> <P> The Price Is Right has aired over 8,000 episodes since its debut and is one of the longest - running network series in United States television history . In a 2007 article , TV Guide named The Price Is Right the `` greatest game show of all time . '' The show 's 46th season premiered on September 18 , 2017 . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Gameplay <Ul> <Li> 1.1 One Bid </Li> <Li> 1.2 Pricing games </Li> <Li> 1.3 Showcase Showdown </Li> <Li> 1.4 The Showcase </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2 Personnel <Ul> <Li> 2.1 Hosts </Li> <Li> 2.2 Announcers </Li> <Li> 2.3 Models </Li> <Li> 2.4 Production staff </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 Production <Ul> <Li> 3.1 Audience and contestant selection </Li> <Li> 3.2 Taping </Li> <Li> 3.3 Production company </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 Broadcast history <Ul> <Li> 4.1 Syndicated productions <Ul> <Li> 4.1. 1 1972 -- 1980 </Li> <Li> 4.1. 2 1985 -- 86 </Li> <Li> 4.1. 3 The New Price Is Right </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4.2 CBS primetime specials and series </Li> <Li> 4.3 Gameshow Marathon </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 5 Reality web show spinoffs <Ul> <Li> 5.1 Road to Price </Li> <Li> 5.2 The Price is Right Male Model Search </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 6 Documentary Film </Li> <Li> 7 Prizes <Ul> <Li> 7.1 Automobiles </Li> <Li> 7.2 Winnings records </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 8 Reception <Ul> <Li> 8.1 Awards </Li> <Li> 8.2 Critical reaction </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 9 Controversy <Ul> <Li> 9.1 Lawsuits </Li> <Li> 9.2 Plinko board incident </Li> <Li> 9.3 40th anniversary </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 10 Merchandise <Ul> <Li> 10.1 DVD release </Li> <Li> 10.2 Board games </Li> <Li> 10.3 Computer and electronic games </Li> <Li> 10.4 Slot machines </Li> <Li> 10.5 Scratch - off tickets </Li> <Li> 10.6 Live casino game </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 11 References <Ul> <Li> 11.1 Works cited </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 12 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Gameplay ( edit ) </H2> <P> The gameplay of the show consists of four distinct competition elements , in which nine preliminary contestants ( or six , depending on the episode 's running time ) are eventually narrowed to two finalists who compete in the game 's final element , the `` Showcase '' . </P> <H3> One bid ( edit ) </H3> <P> At the beginning of the show , four contestants are called from the audience by the announcer to take a spot on the front row behind bidding podiums , which are embedded into the front edge of the stage . This area is known as `` Contestants ' Row '' . The announcer shouts `` Come on down ! '' after calling each selected contestant 's name , a phrase which has become a trademark of the show . The four contestants in Contestants ' Row compete in a bidding round to determine which contestant will play the next pricing game ( the round is known as `` One Bid , '' which gets its name and format from one of two types of bidding rounds that existed on the 1950s version of the show ) . A prize is shown and each contestant gives a single bid for the item . In the first One - Bid game of each episode , bidding begins with the contestant on the viewer 's left - to - right . In subsequent One - Bid rounds , the order of bidding still moves from the viewer 's left - to - right , but it begins with the contestant most recently called down . Contestants are instructed to bid in whole dollars since the retail price of the item is rounded to the nearest dollar and another contestant 's bid can not be duplicated . If a contestant thinks the others have overbid , he or she bids $1 on the item . The contestant whose bid is closest to the actual retail price of the prize without going over wins that prize and gets to play the subsequent pricing game . If all four contestants overbid , short buzzer tones sound , the lowest bid is announced and the bids are erased . The host then instructs the contestants to re-bid below the lowest previous bid . If a contestant bids the actual retail price , a bell rings and the contestant wins a cash bonus in addition to the prize . From the introduction of the bonus in 1977 until 1998 , the `` perfect bid '' bonus was $100 ; it was permanently increased to the current $500 in 1998 . On The Price Is Right $1,000,000 Spectacular , the bonus was $1,000 . After each pricing game , another contestant is called to `` come on down '' to fill the spot of the contestant that won the previous round . The newest contestant bids first in each One Bid round . Contestants who fail to win a One Bid round -- thus never making it onstage to play a pricing game -- receive consolation prizes , currently $300 , often sponsored by companies revealed by the announcer near the end of the show , before the Showcase . </P> <H3> Pricing games ( edit ) </H3> See also : List of The Price Is Right pricing games <P> After winning the One Bid , the contestant joins the host onstage for the opportunity to win additional prizes or cash by playing a pricing game . After the pricing game ends , a new contestant is selected for Contestants ' Row and the process is repeated . Six pricing games are played on each hour - long episode ; three games per episode were played in the original half - hour format . Pricing game formats vary widely , ranging from simple dilemma games in which a contestant chooses one of two options to win to complex games of chance or skill in which guessing prices increases the odds of winning . On a typical hour - long episode , two games are played for a car , one game is played for a cash prize and the other three games offer expensive household merchandise or trips . Usually , at least one of the six games involves the pricing of grocery items , while another usually involves smaller prizes that can be used to win a larger prize package . Originally , five pricing games were in the rotation . Since then , more games have been created and added to the rotation and , starting with the 60 - minute expansion in 1975 , the rate at which games premiered increased . Some pricing games were eventually discontinued , while others have been a mainstay since the show 's debut in 1972 . As of 2017 , the rotation is among 77 games . On the 1994 syndicated version hosted by Doug Davidson , the rules of several games were modified and other aesthetic changes were made . Notably , the grocery products used in some games on the daytime version were replaced by small merchandise prizes , generally valued at less than $100 . Beginning in 2008 , episodes of The Price Is Right $1,000,000 Spectacular featured rule changes to some pricing games which rewarded a $1 million bonus to the contestant if specific goals were achieved while playing the pricing game . </P> <H3> Showcase Showdown ( edit ) </H3> `` Showcase Showdown '' redirects here . For the band , see Showcase Showdown ( band ) . <P> Since the show 's expansion to 60 minutes in 1975 , each episode features two playings of the Showcase Showdown , occurring after the third and sixth pricing games . Each playing features the three contestants who played the preceding pricing games spinning `` The Big Wheel '' to determine who advances to the Showcase , the show 's finale . The contestants play in the order of the value of his or her winnings thus far ( including the One Bid ) , with the contestant who has won the most spinning last . </P> <P> The wheel contains 20 sections showing values from 5 ¢ to $1.00 , in increments of five cents . Contestants are allowed a maximum of two spins . The first contestant spins the wheel and may choose to stop with his or her score or spin again , adding the value of the second spin to their first . The second contestant then spins the wheel and tries to match or beat the leader 's score ; if he or she fails to do so , the contestant must spin again . If the second contestant 's first spin matches or beats the score of the first contestant , he or she has the option of stopping or spinning again . The third contestant then spins ; if his or her score is less than the leader then he or she will be required to spin again . In the event the second or third contestant 's first spin ties the score of the leader , he or she will be given the option of spinning again as an alternative to entering a `` spin - off '' as described below . </P> <P> If their total score of any contestant is less than that of the current leader , is beaten by the score of any subsequent contestant , or over $1.00 , the contestant is eliminated from the game . The contestant whose score is nearest to $1.00 without going over advances to the Showcase at the end of the episode . Any spin that fails to make at least one complete revolution does not count ; the contestant is given the opportunity to spin again , and if the contestant has visible difficulty in physically performing the task , the host can assist them . </P> <P> If the first two contestants both spin twice and go over $1.00 , the last contestant automatically advances to the Showcase and is given only one spin to determine their score ; this is to ensure that a contestant advances to the showcase , avoiding a potential `` triple over '' scenario in which no one would advance . Any contestant whose score equals $1.00 ( from either the first spin or the sum of two spins ) receives a $1,000 bonus and , since December 1978 , is allowed a bonus spin . The contestant wins an additional $10,000 for landing on either 5 ¢ or 15 ¢ ( which are adjacent to the $1.00 space and painted green ) , or an additional $25,000 for landing on $1.00 . From December 1978 to September 22 , 2008 , the bonuses were $5,000 and $10,000 for landing on a green section and the $1.00 , respectively . If the wheel stops on any other amount or fails to make at least one revolution , the contestant wins no more money . The wheel is positioned on 5 ¢ prior to the bonus spin so that it can not land on a winning prize without making a complete revolution . </P> <P> Two or more contestants who are tied with the leading score compete in a `` spin - off '' . Each contestant is allowed one additional spin and the contestant with the higher score advances to the Showcase . Multiple spin - offs are played until the tie is broken . Those who hit $1.00 in their spin - off spin still get $1,000 and a bonus spin . If two or more contestants tie with a score of $1.00 , their bonus spins also determine their spin - off score . Only the spin - off score , not any bonus money won , determines which contestant moves on to the Showcase ; thus , a person who wins the $10,000 bonus for landing on 15 ¢ would still lose the spin - off if their opponent lands on 20 ¢ or more . A tie in a bonus spin spin - off means the ensuing second spin - off will be spun with no bonuses available . Each spin must make one complete revolution in order to qualify . If a player 's bonus spin spin - off does not make a complete revolution , the contestant must spin again , and the spin will be scored as in a second round of a spin - off ( no bonuses ) . </P> <H3> The Showcase ( edit ) </H3> <P> At the end of the episode , the two contestants with the highest winnings , or since 1975 on hour - long episodes , the two Showcase Showdown winners , advance to the Showcase . A `` showcase '' of prizes ( currently two or three prizes ) is presented and the top winner has the option of placing a bid on the total value of the showcase or passing the showcase to the runner - up , who is then required to bid . A second showcase is then presented and the contestant who had not bid on the first showcase makes his or her bid . Unlike the One Bid , the contestant bidding on the second showcase may bid the same amount as their opponent on the first showcase , since the two contestants are bidding on different prize packages . The contestant who has bid nearer to the price of their own showcase without going over wins the prizes in his or her showcase . </P> <P> Any contestant who overbids is disqualified regardless of their opponent 's result . A double overbid results in neither contestant winning a showcase . Since 1974 , any contestant who comes within a specified amount from the actual retail price of their own showcase without going over wins both showcases . Until 1998 , the amount was less than $100 . In 1998 , it became the current $250 or less . </P> <H2> Personnel ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Hosts ( edit ) </H3> Bob Barker ( host from September 1972 to June 2007 ) Drew Carey ( host since October 2007 ) <P> Bob Barker began hosting The Price Is Right on September 4 , 1972 and completed a 35 - year tenure on June 15 , 2007 . Barker was hired as host while still hosting the stunt comedy show Truth or Consequences . His retirement coincided with his 50th year as a television host . His final show aired on June 15 , 2007 and was repeated in primetime , leading into the network 's coverage of the 34th Daytime Emmy Awards . In addition to hosting , Barker became Executive Producer of the show in March 1988 when Frank Wayne died and continued as such until his retirement , gaining significant creative control over the series between 2000 and his 2007 retirement . He also was responsible for creating several of the show 's pricing games , as well as launching The Price Is Right $1,000,000 Spectacular primetime spin - off . Reruns of Barker 's final season were aired throughout the summer from the Monday after his final show ( June 18 , 2007 ) until the Friday before Drew Carey 's debut as host ( October 12 , 2007 ) , when the season 35 finale was re-aired . During his time as host , Barker missed only one taping of four episodes ; Dennis James , then hosting the syndicated nighttime version of the show , filled in for him on these shows in December 1974 . After he became a noted animal rights advocate in 1981 shortly after the death of his wife Dorothy Jo , Barker signed off each broadcast , informing viewers with the public service message , `` Help control the pet population : have your pets spayed or neutered . '' Carey continued the tradition upon becoming the new host . </P> <P> On October 31 , 2006 , Barker announced that he would retire from the show at the end of season 35 . In March 2007 , CBS and FremantleMedia began a search for the next host of the show . Carey , who was hosting Power of 10 at the time , was chosen and , in a July 23 , 2007 interview on Late Show with David Letterman , made the announcement . Carey 's first show aired October 15 , 2007 . Barker has made several guest appearances since Carey took over as host : on the April 16 , 2009 episode to promote his autobiography , Priceless Memories ; on the December 12 , 2013 , as part of `` Pet Adoption Week '' that coincided with his 90th birthday ; and on the episode which aired on April Fools ' Day in 2015 , hosting the first One Bid and pricing game as part of April Fool 's Day . </P> <P> The 2013 April Fools ' show featured Carey and announcer George Gray modeling the prizes while the show 's models performed hosting and announcing duties for the day . On the April Fools ' Day episode in 2014 , Craig Ferguson , Carey 's former castmate from The Drew Carey Show , and Shadoe Stevens hosted and announced , swapping places with Carey and Gray respectively , who performed the same roles on the previous night 's episode of The Late Late Show . </P> <H3> Announcers ( edit ) </H3> <P> Johnny Olson , the announcer for many Goodson - Todman shows of the era , was the program 's original announcer until his death in October 1985 . Olson was replaced by Rod Roddy in February 1986 , who remained with the program until shortly before his death in October 2003 . Los Angeles meteorologist Rich Fields took over as the announcer in April 2004 and stayed on until the end of season 38 in August 2010 . Following a change of direction and a search for an announcer with more experience in improvisational comedy , veteran TV host George Gray was confirmed as the show 's current announcer on the April 18 , 2011 episode . After Olson 's and Roddy 's deaths in 1985 and 2003 , respectively and Fields ' departure in 2010 , a number of announcers auditioned before a permanent replacement was hired . In addition to Roddy , Gene Wood , Rich Jeffries , and Bob Hilton auditioned to replace Olson . Former Family Feud announcer Burton Richardson , Paul Boland , and former Supermarket Sweep announcer Randy West substituted for Roddy during his illnesses . In addition to West and Richardson , Daniel Rosen , Art Sanders , Roger Rose , Don Bishop and current Wheel of Fortune announcer Jim Thornton also auditioned for the role eventually filled by Fields . Richardson substituted for Fields while he recovered from laryngitis in December 2006 . In addition to Gray , TV host JD Roberto , comedians Jeff B. Davis , Brad Sherwood , and David H. Lawrence XVII , and actor / comedian Steve White also auditioned for the role . </P> <H3> Models ( edit ) </H3> Main article : The Price Is Right models <P> To help display its many prizes , the show has featured several models who were known , during Barker 's time on the show , as `` Barker 's Beauties '' . Some longer - tenured Barker 's Beauties included Kathleen Bradley ( 1990 -- 2000 ) , Holly Hallstrom ( 1977 -- 1995 ) , Dian Parkinson ( 1975 -- 1993 ) , and Janice Pennington ( 1972 -- 2000 ) . Pennington and Bradley were both dismissed from the program in 2000 , allegedly because they had given testimony on Hallstrom 's behalf in the wrongful termination litigation she pursued against Barker and the show . Following the departures of Nikki Ziering , Heather Kozar and Claudia Jordan in the 2000s , producers decided to use a rotating cast of models ( up to ten ) until the middle of season 37 , after which the show reverted to five regular models . Since March 2008 , the models include Rachel Reynolds , Amber Lancaster and Gwendolyn Osbourne ; Manuela Arbeláez joined the cast in April 2009 , replacing Brandi Sherwood and James O'Halloran joined the cast in December 2014 . Carey does not use a collective name for the models , but refers to them by name , hoping that the models will be able to use the show as a `` springboard '' to further their careers . In a change from previous policy , the models appearing on a given episode are named individually in the show 's credits and are formally referred as `` The Price Is Right models '' when collectively grouped at events . Since season 37 , the show often uses a guest model for certain prizes , often crossing over from another CBS property or come courtesy of the company providing the prize . Some such models have been male , especially for musical instruments , tools , trucks and motorcycles , and used in guest appearances during the Showcase . Owing to the traditionally female demographic of daytime television shows , along with the pregnancies of Reynolds and Osbourne , CBS announced that the game show would add a male model for a week during season 41 , fitting with other countries with the franchise that have used an occasional male model . The show held an internet search for the man in an online competition that featured Mike Richards , the show 's executive producer , Reynolds , Lancaster , Osbourne and Arbeláez serving as judges and mentors during the web series , narrated by Gray . Viewers selected the winner in October 2012 . On October 5 , 2012 , CBS announced that the winner of the male model online competition was Rob Wilson of Boston , Massachusetts . Wilson appeared as a model on episodes through April 15 , 2014 . This contest was scheduled to be repeated in 2014 , with auditions taking place during the FIFA World Cup break between May and July 2014 . On December 8 , 2014 , CBS announced that the winner of the second male model online competition was James O'Halloran . </P> <H3> Production staff ( edit ) </H3> <P> The game show production team of Mark Goodson and Bill Todman was responsible for producing the original as well as the revival versions of the game show . Goodson - Todman staffer Bob Stewart is credited with creating the original version of The Price Is Right . Roger Dobkowitz was the producer from 1984 to 2008 , having worked with the program as a production staffer since the show 's debut after graduating from San Francisco State University . Occasionally , Dobkowitz appeared on - camera when answering a question posed by the host , usually relating to the show 's history or records . When he left the show at the end of season 36 , Variety reported that it was unclear whether he was retiring or was fired , although Carey indicated in a later interview with Esquire that Dobkowitz was fired . As of 2011 , the show uses multiple producers , all long - time staffers . Adam Sandler ( not to be confused with the actor ) is the producer of the show . Stan Blits , who joined the show in 1980 and Sue MacIntyre are the co-producers . Kathy Greco joined the show in 1975 and became producer in 2008 ; she announced her retirement October 8 , 2010 on the show 's website , effective at the end of the December 2010 tapings . Her last episode as producer , which aired January 27 , 2011 , featured a theme in tribute to her . The show 's official website featured a series of videos including an interview with Greco as a tribute to her 35 years in the days leading up to her final episode . Frank Wayne , a Goodson - Todman staffer since the 1950s , was the original executive producer of the CBS version of the show . Barker assumed that role after Wayne 's death in March 1988 , as previously stated . Previous producers have included Jay Wolpert , Barbara Hunter and Phil Wayne Rossi ( Wayne 's son ) . Michael Dimich assumed the director 's chair in June 2011 . Marc Breslow , Paul Alter , Bart Eskander and Rich DiPirro each served long stints previously as director . Former associate directors Andrew Felsher and Fred Witten , as well as technical director Glenn Koch , have directed episodes strictly on a fill - in basis . Sandler began directing episodes in 2012 , and became the official director in 2013 . Aside from Barker , the show 's production staff remained intact after Carey became host . FremantleMedia executive Syd Vinnedge was named the program 's new executive producer , with Richards becoming co-executive producer after Dobkowitz 's departure . Richards was a candidate to replace Barker as host in 2007 , before Carey was ultimately chosen . Richards succeeded Vinnedge as executive producer when the 2009 -- 10 season started , with Tracy Verna Soiseth joining Richards as co-executive producer in 2010 . Vinnedge remains credited as an executive consultant to the show . </P> <H2> Production ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Audience and contestant selection ( edit ) </H3> <P> Many audience members arrive early on the day of a taping , and often camp out the night before to attend . Most have already received tickets for that day 's show , although some hope to get same - day tickets . Audience members are then given the iconic name tags with a temporary identification number , which is also written on the person 's ticket . A Social Security Number ( or some national I.D. number for non-U.S. audience members ) is also required to be submitted . Audience members are eventually brought through in groups of twelve for brief interviews with the production staff . Contrary to popular belief , contestant names are not chosen at random ; rather , the interviews determine possible selections for the nine contestants per taping from among the pool of approximately 325 audience members . Since 1988 , the minimum age for audience members has been 18 ; prior to 1988 , teenagers and children as young as 12 were present in the audience . With few exceptions , anyone at least 18 years old who attends a taping of the show has the potential to become a contestant . Those ineligible include current candidates for political office , employees of CBS Corporation or its affiliates , RTL Group or any firm involved in offering prizes for the show . Contestants who have appeared on a different game show within the previous year or either two other game shows or any version of The Price Is Right itself within the past ten years are also ineligible . The show 's staff alerts potential contestants -- in person , on the show 's website and on the tickets themselves -- to dress in `` street clothes '' and not to wear costumes , such as those used to attract attention on Let 's Make a Deal , another show that featured contestants selected from the audience . Those who have attended tapings in June 2008 noted that producers disallowed audience members from wearing fake eyeglasses designed to look similar to those worn by Carey , a restriction that has since been relaxed . Instead , contestants will often wear shirts with hand - decorated slogans . Members of the Armed Forces are often in uniform . Cell phones , tape recorders , backpacks , price lists and portable electronic devices are not allowed in the studio . Prospective contestants obtain tickets by contacting a third - party ticketing operator via the show 's website , which is promoted on - air during the broadcast . Prior to 2011 , ticketing was directly through CBS , originally via mail , with online ticket access added in 2005 . The mail practice ended after CBS began outsourcing ticketing to the third - party operator . </P> <P> Occasionally , episodes are taped with special audience restrictions . For Memorial Day in 1991 , an episode was taped with an audience composed entirely of those who had served in the Armed Forces . Similar primetime episodes were taped in 2002 , honoring each branch of the United States military and a sixth episode honoring police officers and firefighters . An annual military episode has been taped starting Season 38 in 2008 , originally on Veteran 's Day , but moved in Season 41 ( 2013 ) to Independence Day , features an all - military audience , a Marine band playing the winner 's service anthem , and contestants being called by rank . The 2008 episode contained a unique rule in which each One Bid featured one contestant from the Army , Navy , Air Force and Marines , and One Bid winners also won a $1,000 gift card . As each contestant won his / her way onstage , he / she was replaced by a member of the same branch of service . Most civilian attendees were retired or disabled veterans or family members of military . The 2009 version eliminated the service member from the same branch replacing another after advancing from Contestants ' Row rule . Additionally , members from the United States Coast Guard were invited to the show . </P> <P> Beginning in 2009 , some episodes have featured special themes with two contestants competing as teams , such as married or engaged couples for Valentine 's Day and the `` Ultimate Wedding Shower '' episode . There have also been episodes with children who are minors ( normally not allowed to compete ) teamed with a parent ( for Mother 's Day and Father 's Day ) or grandparent ( for Grandparents Day ) , as well as teen drivers and students for `` Ultimate Spring Break '' and `` Back to School '' . In these cases the adult player ( not the minor ) must make all final decisions in the game play , such as when calling numbers or prices . </P> <P> Two taped episodes had to be replaced as a contestant was related to a CBS employee and therefore ineligible to be on the show . The other contestants who appeared on that episode were awarded their prizes , but the episode was never aired and can not be shown because of policies imposed by Barker over prizes on the show . There have been similar instances over the years of ineligible contestants appearing on stage , but these individuals were not edited out of the final broadcast since it was discovered in post-production . Usually , these episodes air with a disclaimer from the announcer added in post-production that one of the contestants was found ineligible ( not specifying which one ) . Standards and Practices guidelines for game shows state that if an ineligible contestant wins a One - Bid and the other contestants on Contestants ' Row at the time do not win a subsequent One - Bid , they are not considered to have made an appearance on the show and are immediately eligible again once the error has been discovered . </P> <H3> Taping ( edit ) </H3> <P> Except for the 30th Anniversary Special , which was taped at Harrah 's Rio in Las Vegas , Nevada , The Price Is Right has been taped in Studio 33 in CBS Television City in Hollywood , California for its entire run . The studio , which is also used for other television productions , was renamed the Bob Barker Studio in the host 's honor on the ceremonial 5,000 th episode taped in March 1998 . When Carey became host , there was talk of the show traveling in the future . The program is usually produced in about an hour , although if there is a guest involved , some tapings will last longer because of question and answer sessions by the audience and the guest , which the host usually moderates . Two episodes are usually taped each day , normally with three taping days per week ( Monday through Wednesday , with one episode taped at 12 : 00 pm and another at 4 : 00 pm ) . The program is taped in advance of its airdate . For example , the show broadcast on February 28 , 2008 was taped on January 16 . As with many other shows that start production in the summer , the lead time varies during the season , as many as fifteen weeks to as little as one day . The audience is entertained by the announcer before taping begins and in case of guests , the guest will answer questions from the audience . After the taping session , there is a drawing for a door prize . On some episodes , all members of the audience receive a prize from a sponsor or celebrity guest ; those prizes are usually mentioned in the Showcase ( such as a complimentary slice of Papa John 's Pizza , an NHL Winter Classic game puck , a couples ' gift box from Hershey 's or a book authored by a guest ) . Television and Internet viewers have also been directed to the show 's official website to enter a drawing for a similar prize offered to all viewers or another prize related to the special offer ( such as the Rock of Ages signed CD ) . Some episodes are taped `` out - of - order '' so that a specific episode will air after other episodes have aired . Notably , the Christmas Week episodes are usually taped in early December outside of the regular rotation . An episode may be taped out - of - order if a prize package reflects a trip to an event that is taking place close to the date that episode will air ( primarily with CBS properties such as the Academy of Country Music Awards , NCAA Men 's Division I Basketball Championship , and various NFL on CBS games , most notably CBS Super Bowl years since Carey took over , but other games are offered ) . Other episodes may be aired out - of - order because of game - related incidents or situations beyond the network 's control . Most episodes which have aired out of order have occurred when the show is taped far in advance , but in the time between the show taping and its airdate , a natural disaster took place at the trip venue . This happened in June 2005 with episodes that featured trips to New Orleans ( which was later struck by Hurricane Katrina ) , with airdates moved to May and June 2006 and again in April 2010 with episodes that featured trips to Nashville , Tennessee ( due to the May 2010 Tennessee floods ) , with airdates moved to September 2010 . </P> <H3> Production company ( edit ) </H3> <P> The version of the series that began in 1972 was originally `` A Mark Goodson -- Bill Todman Production '' in association with CBS . After Todman died in July 1979 , the unit became known as simply Mark Goodson Productions and was announced as such on The Price Is Right from 1984 to June 2007 . Today , the series is produced by FremantleMedia and copyrighted by The Price Is Right Productions , Inc. , a joint venture of RTL Group and CBS . For the sake of tradition and through special permission from RTL 's subsidiary FremantleMedia , the show continued to use the Mark Goodson Productions name , logo and announcement at the end of each episode until Barker 's retirement , even after FremantleMedia purchased and absorbed the Goodson - Todman holdings . The show is now credited as a FremantleMedia production . </P> <H2> Broadcast history ( edit ) </H2> <P> The Price Is Right premiered on September 4 , 1972 at 10 : 30 am ET ( 9 : 30 CT ) on CBS , one of three game shows to debut that day , the other two being The Joker 's Wild at 10 : 00 am ET and Gambit at 11 : 00 am ET . The show was first billed as The New Price Is Right to distinguish itself from the earlier / original version ( 1956 -- 65 ) hosted by Bill Cullen , but it proved so popular in its own right that , in June 1973 , the producers decided to drop the word `` New '' from its title . On March 26 , 1973 , CBS moved The Price Is Right to 3 : 00 pm ET , pairing it with Match Game as part of what became the highest - rated pairing in daytime . The show remained in that time slot until August 11 , 1975 when it permanently returned to the morning lineup at 10 : 30am ET . During one week ( September 8 -- 12 , 1975 ) , the show bumped Gambit off as it experimented with sixty - minute episodes . The result of the experiment led to the permanent expansion on November 3 , 1975 , moving its start time to 10 : 00 am EST . On March 7 , 1977 , The Price Is Right moved back to 10 : 30am and remained there until April 23 , 1979 , when it assumed its 11 : 00 am EST slot , where it has been since then . The format of the show has since remained virtually unchanged . New pricing games are generally added each year , while others are removed . In addition , prizes and pricing games have kept pace with inflation , with games originally designed for four - digit prices of prizes ( most often cars ) to be adjusted to allow for five - digit prices . While the set has been redesigned and upgraded , the show maintained a similar aesthetic element from its premiere in 1972 . In season 36 , CBS began offering full episodes of the show available for free viewing on the network 's website . The show also began broadcasting in high definition with The Price Is Right $1,000,000 Spectacular primetime specials ( the normal daytime version continued to air in 4 : 3 standard definition ) . The show made the full transition to HD broadcasts beginning with season 37 . During the weeks of September 28 , 2009 , September 20 and October 4 , 2010 , two new episodes aired each weekday on CBS . In 2009 , the additional episodes filled a gap between the cancellation of the daytime drama Guiding Light and the debut of Let 's Make a Deal . In 2010 , the extra episodes aired between the cancellation of As the World Turns and the debut of The Talk . The intervening week offered a second episode of Let 's Make a Deal . The 2009 second episode aired in the time slot vacated by Guiding Light at 10 : 00 am or 3 : 00 pm ET / PT , depending on the affiliate 's choice . In 2010 , the second episode aired in the former As the World Turns time slot , at 2 : 00 pm ET / PT . </P> <H3> Syndicated Productions ( edit ) </H3> <P> Three syndicated versions of The Price Is Right have aired . The first two followed the same format as the half - hour daytime version but were intended to air on most stations in the early evening in the pre-prime time slot , and as such they were referred by the announcer as `` the nighttime Price Is Right . '' </P> 1972 -- 1980 ( edit ) Dennis James hosted the original nighttime syndicated version of The Price Is Right from 1972 to 1977 . <P> A weekly syndicated version debuted the week after the daytime show and continued to air until September 1980 . It was distributed by Viacom Enterprises , which had started as the syndication arm of CBS . When Mark Goodson devised the revival of Price for the 1972 -- 73 season , it was intended for a nighttime broadcast under new rules for early - prime syndication and Goodson named Dennis James to host the show . ( When CBS commissioned a new daily daytime version , Goodson also wanted James to host the show , but CBS wanted Barker , who was hosting Truth or Consequences at the time , to take it . Barker offered to compromise by hosting The Joker 's Wild , but CBS again insisted Barker host Price instead . ) </P> <P> James eventually hosted a taping day ( four half - hour episodes ) of the daytime show in December 1974 when Barker fell ill and was unable to participate in the episode tapings . The two versions were largely similar at the beginning , as both were called The New Price Is Right . Some games had rule differences because of the larger budget and less commercial time on the nighttime show ; for example , Double Prices was played for two prizes instead of one . </P> <P> This version retained the 1972 half - hour format for its entire run and never adopted the daytime show 's Double Showcase rule or the Showcase Showdown added to the daytime format when it expanded to an hour in 1975 . As of season two , the word `` New '' was dropped from the program 's name . It was titled The Price Is Right ( as the daytime show was by this time as well ) , often referred to on the air as `` the nighttime Price Is Right . '' In most of the U.S. , stations carried the syndicated Price as one of several weekly programs aired in one of the time slots in the hour before prime time which were created by the 1971 FCC Prime Time Access Rule . </P> <P> Though the nighttime version originally had higher ratings , by 1975 , the ratings started to drop . After the fifth nighttime season in 1977 , when the contract with NBC 's owned and operated stations ended , James ' contract was not renewed . CBS ' owned and operated stations picked the show up and the decision was made to hire Barker , whose Truth or Consequences was taped two years ahead and had stopped production in 1975 . The series taped its 300th and final episode on March 12 , 1980 and was canceled after weekly syndicated game shows had fallen out of popularity in favor of daily offerings ( such as Family Feud , which expanded to daily syndication the same year The Nighttime Price Is Right ended ) . With a run of eight seasons , it was one of the longest - running weekly syndicated game shows of the era and the longest - running regularly scheduled prime - time version of Price ( the 1957 -- 1964 run was seven seasons ) . </P> 1985 -- 86 ( edit ) <P> Five years later , veteran host Tom Kennedy starred in a new daily syndicated version , which also used the traditional half - hour format and was syndicated by The Television Program Source . Like the previous syndicated series , this version had a slightly larger budget than its daytime counterpart . A perfect bid during the One - Bids won that contestant a $500 bonus ( compared to $100 awarded on the daytime show during the same period ) ; this bonus would permanently carry over to the daytime show in 1998 . This version used the same models as the daytime show as well as announcer Johnny Olson , who as noted above died during the season . Unlike the daytime series , which employed a series of guest announcers until a permanent replacement was decided upon , the syndicated series brought Gene Wood in to fill in for Olson . When the daytime series decided on Rod Roddy as the permanent replacement for Olson , he took over the syndicated series from Wood as well . </P> <P> Like its predecessor , this syndicated edition of Price was intended to be aired in the Prime Time Access slots on local stations . However , local stations found themselves bombarded with game shows and other series looking for spots on stations in an increasingly crowded market . This often resulted in shows like Price airing anywhere that they could be fit into a station 's programming lineup , such as in the early morning period or in late - night slots . As a consequence , the show would not be able to find its intended audience and the ratings reports would reflect this . </P> <P> Price was no exception , as many of the stations that bought the series placed it in these less desirable slots and the show could not find a foothold against the popular shows of the day , such as the runaway success of the syndicated Wheel of Fortune . Compared to some of the other shows on the market during this period , Price was a modest success , but it did not meet the very high expectations stations and producers had for the series . As a result , the show was not renewed beyond its first season . A total of 170 episodes were produced , and they aired in first - run from September 9 , 1985 to May 30 , 1986 . During the six years it held the rights to Price , the Kennedy version is the only one of the three syndicated versions that was rerun by GSN . </P> The New Price Is Right ( edit ) Main article : The New Price Is Right ( 1994 game show ) <P> Eight years after the cancellation of Kennedy 's Price Is Right , a new syndicated version premiered on September 12 , 1994 , hosted by Doug Davidson and distributed by Paramount Domestic Television . This series featured several significant changes : eliminating Contestants ' Row , a different format for the Showcase Showdown , a Showcase featuring only one contestant , a completely different set and a much larger budget ( even when compared to the two previous syndicated runs ) that gave contestants the potential to win up to five times what they could win on the daytime show . However , this version found even more trouble finding an audience than the two previous syndicated series did and ended its run on January 27 , 1995 , after only 16 weeks of first - run shows . Several stylistic elements of this series , as well as many of its music cues , were later integrated into both the daytime version and nighttime specials . </P> <H3> CBS primetime specials and series ( edit ) </H3> <P> CBS attempted to break NBC 's dominance of Thursday night prime time by The Cosby Show and Family Ties with a six - episode summer series , The Price Is Right Special , beginning in August 1986 . On August 23 , 1996 , CBS aired an hour - long 25th Anniversary Special , using the half - hour gameplay format and featuring a number of retrospective clips . The 30th Anniversary Special was recorded at Harrah 's Rio All Suite Hotel and Casino in Las Vegas and aired on January 31 , 2002 . This one - time road trip enticed 5,000 potential contestants to line up for 900 available tickets , causing an incident that left one person injured . A second six - episode primetime series saluting various branches of the United States armed forces , police officers and firefighters aired during the summer of 2002 , as a tribute to the heroes of the terrorist attacks of 2001 . During the series The Price Is Right Salutes , spinning $1.00 in a bonus spin during the Showcase Showdown was worth $100,000 instead of the usual $10,000 . </P> <P> The success of the primetime series , which aired mostly in the summer , along with the rise of `` million dollar '' game shows , led to CBS launching another primetime series in 2003 , titled The Price Is Right $1,000,000 Spectacular . The 2007 -- 08 Writers Guild of America strike and original success in the Nielsen ratings led CBS to commission ten more episodes of the primetime series . This series introduced set changes as the show was broadcast in high definition television for the first time and the set used for these episodes ( except for the black floor ) was moved to the daytime show in 2008 . On the primetime series , larger and more expensive prizes were generally offered than on the daytime show . The Showcase frequently offered multiple or very - expensive cars . In the first sixteen $1,000,000 Spectaculars all hosted by Barker , the payoff for landing on the $1.00 during a bonus spin in the Showcase Showdown was increased to $1 million . Beginning with the seventh special , if nobody had received a bonus spin in either Showcase Showdown , the winner of the Showcase received one bonus spin for a chance at $1 million . If both contestants overbid , an audience member was chosen at random to spin the wheel . This rule was later changed so that in the event of a double overbid , the contestant who overbid by the lower amount received the bonus spin for a chance at $1 million . </P> <P> The million - dollar spin was eliminated in 2008 , and instead contestants were given two ways to winning the prize . One pricing game per episode was selected as a `` million - dollar game '' , with a secondary objective needing to be met in order for the contestant to win the money . Contestants were also awarded the million dollar bonus if they managed to win both Showcases , and the range the players had to come within was initially increased to $1,000 , then reduced to $500 . This format lasted one season ( 2008 ) , which was made as replacement programming . </P> <P> On February 12 , 2016 , CBS announced that it would air three primetime Price is Right specials themed around its reality show franchises The Amazing Race , Big Brother , and Survivor along with the appearance of their respective hosts from all three franchises Phil Keoghan , Julie Chen and Jeff Probst . The episodes featured fans of the three programs playing alongside past participants from them . The specials were filmed in March 2016 , and aired over three consecutive nights , May 23 -- 25 , 2016 . </P> <H3> Gameshow Marathon ( edit ) </H3> <P> On May 31 , 2006 , The Price Is Right was featured on the series Gameshow Marathon , one of seven classic game shows hosted by talk show host and actress Ricki Lake . This version combined aspects of the Barker and Davidson versions with the celebrity contestants playing three pricing games , followed by a Showcase Showdown where the two contestants with the highest scores moved on to the Showcase . The winner of the Showcase also earned a spot in Finalists ' Row . This version was announced by Fields and taped in Studio 46 . It also marked the first Price Is Right episode directed by DiPirro , who replaced Eskander as the director on the daytime show in January 2009 . </P> <H2> Reality web show spinoffs ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Road to Price ( edit ) </H3> <P> Road to Price is a six episode reality documentary show aired on the now - defunct CBS Innertube from September 20 to 27 in 2006 . The program featured nine teenage boys driving to Los Angeles in a refurbished mini-school bus as they leave their hometown of Merrimack , New Hampshire in order to be on The Price is Right . The episode of The Price is Right featuring the cast aired September 27 , 2006 . </P> <H3> The Price Is Right male model search ( edit ) </H3> <P> Five episodes aired on their official website priceisright.com from October 27 to November 11 , 2014 . The series was created in order to replace the first male Price model Rob Wilson as he pursued an acting career in the online version of the ABC daytime soap opera All My Children . During the webisode series , hopeful contestants attempt to be selected as the next male model . Judges included Mike Richards , Manuela Arbeláez , Amber Lancaster , Gwendolyn Osborne - Smith , Rachel Reynolds , Rob Wilson and former Miss America Shanna Moakler . The three finalists appeared on the CBS daytime talk show The Talk . Online voting determined the winner , and James O'Halloran became the newest cast member . He began appearing with the episode which aired December 15 , 2014 . </P> <H2> Documentary film ( edit ) </H2> <P> Released on October 13 , 2017 and was directed by CJ Wallis , this documentary explores how contestant Ted Slauson became adept at memorizing the prices of the prizes and products on the show since its inception in 1972 by culminating with Slauson helping a contestant bid perfectly on a showcase in 2008 which resulted in one of the biggest controversies in game show history that was covered by Time Magazine , Esquire , TMZ and more . It also featured guest appearances by Bob Barker , Roger Dobkowitz , Kevin Pollak and Drew Carey . </P> <H2> Prizes ( edit ) </H2> <P> As of November 2009 , the show had given away approximately $250 million in cash and prizes . Furs have not been offered as prizes since Barker 's tenure as host ( although wool and leather are now permitted ) . Several Barker - imposed prohibitions have been lifted since his departure , such as offering products made of leather or leather seats in vehicles and showing simulated meat props on barbecues and in ovens . The show has also offered couture clothing and accessories , featuring designers such as Coach Inc. , Louis Vuitton and Limited Brands in an attempt to attract a younger demographic , as well as backyard play equipment such as JumpSport Trampolines and electronics such as smartphones , personal computer systems , video game systems and entertainment centers . Other prizes which have frequently appeared on the show since its beginnings include automobiles , furniture , trips and cash . The most expensive prize offered on this version of the show was a Ferrari 458 Italia Spider sports car , priced at $285,716 , that appeared on the April 25 , 2013 episode during `` Big Money Week '' . The prize was offered during the 3 Strikes pricing game . Prior to this , the most expensive prize was a Tesla Roadster ( valued at $112,845 ) , featured on the April 22 , 2010 episode in the pricing game Golden Road . </P> <H3> Automobiles ( edit ) </H3> <P> Since the show 's debut , automobiles have been a signature prize on The Price Is Right . Most hour - long episodes have two pricing games that are each played for an automobile and in most episodes ( although not all ) , at least one showcase will include an automobile . For special episodes , such as the 5,000 th episode , there will often be more cars offered . From 1991 to 2008 , almost all automobiles offered on the show were made by companies based in the United States , specifically Detroit 's Big Three ( although cars made by these companies ' foreign subsidiaries or in a joint - venture with a foreign company were also offered ) . The move was made by Barker , in his capacity as executive producer , as a sign of patriotism during the first Iraq war in 1991 and as a show of support to the American car industry , which was particularly struggling at that time . When Chrysler merged with German automaker Daimler - Benz in 1998 to form Daimler Chrysler AG ( now simply Daimler AG after Chrysler split from the automaker ; Chrysler is now controlled by Italian automaker Fiat ) , the foreign ownership of Chrysler did not affect carrying any Chrysler - related models . Since Barker 's retirement , cars made by foreign companies have been offered , most notably Honda , which has several factories throughout Ohio ( the home state of Carey and then - announcer Fields ) . Through product placement , certain episodes in 2008 and 2009 featured Honda as the exclusive automobile manufacturer for vehicles offered on that episode . The major European ( Volkswagen , BMW , Daimler , Fiat and Volvo ) and Asian ( Hyundai - Kia , Toyota , Mitsubishi , Mazda , Nissan and Honda ) manufacturers have all provided cars on the show since the ban was lifted , with premium foreign cars almost exclusively used for games that generally offer higher - priced cars , such as Golden Road and 3 Strikes . Starting around 2010 , vintage and classic cars have occasionally been offered as prizes for games which do not involve pricing them . Among them have been a 1955 Chevrolet Bel Air and a 1964 Bentley S3 . These cars are usually offered in games where their prices are irrelevant to gameplay , such as Hole in One and Bonus Game . </P> <H3> Winnings records ( edit ) </H3> <P> The record for the largest individual total in cash and prizes on a daytime episode is held by Christen Freeman . On the October 28 , 2016 episode , which aired during Big Money Week , Freeman won $210,000 in cash during a playing of Cliff Hangers . During the episode , game rules were modified to offer a top prize of $250,000 , which was reduced by $10,000 for every step the mountain climber took . In addition to her One Bid prize and an additional $1,000 won during the Showcase Showdown , Freeman 's grand total was $212,879 . </P> <P> The record for winnings on the primetime show is currently held by Adam Rose . On February 22 , 2008 , the first The Price Is Right $1,000,000 Spectacular episode since Carey became host , Rose won $20,000 playing Grand Game and won both showcases , which included a Cadillac XLR convertible in his own showcase and a Ford Escape Hybrid in his opponent 's showcase , plus a $1 million bonus for being within $1,000 of the actual retail price of his own showcase , bringing his total to $1,153,908 . </P> <P> Terry Kniess holds the record for the closest bid on a showcase without going over , guessing the exact price of the showcase he was given . Kniess , an avid viewer of the show , recorded and watched every episode for four months prior to when he and his wife had tickets to attend in September 2008 . Kniess learned that many prizes were repeatedly used ( always at the same price ) and began taking notes . Kniess was selected as a contestant on September 22 , 2008 , lost his pricing game ( the only contestant to do so that episode ) , made it to the final showcase and guessed the exact amount of $23,743 for his showcase . Many show staffers , including Carey , were worried that the show was rigged and that Kniess was cheating . Kniess later explained that he had seen all three items of the showcase before and knew the general prices in the thousands . The 743 he used because it was his PIN , based on his wedding date and his wife 's birth month . </P> <P> Carey attributed his subdued reaction to the perfect bid by saying , `` Everybody thought someone had cheated . We 'd just fired Roger Dobkowitz , and all the fan groups were upset about it ... I remember asking , ' Are we ever going to air this ? ' And nobody could see how we could . So I thought the show was never going to air . I thought somebody had cheated us , and I thought the whole show was over . I thought they were going to shut us down , and I thought I was going to be out of a job . '' Kniess later defended his actions , claiming that he never cheated , and in the end , was awarded his prizes . ( His feat can be comparable to the actions of Michael Larson , who appeared on the CBS 1980s game show Press Your Luck , and won $110,237 by memorizing the board sequence . ) </P> <H2> Reception ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Awards ( edit ) </H3> <P> The Price Is Right has received seven Daytime Emmy Awards for Outstanding Game / Audience Participation Show , in 1988 , 1996 , 1997 , 2004 , 2007 , 2013 and 2016 . </P> <H3> Critical reaction ( edit ) </H3> <P> The Price Is Right has generally been praised and remained a stalwart in television ratings over its long history . In a 2007 article , TV Guide named the program the `` greatest game show of all time . '' The introduction of the program ushered in a new era of game shows -- moving away from the knowledge - based quiz show format , creating `` a noisy , carnival atmosphere that challenged cultural norms and assumptions represented in previous generations of quiz shows '' . </P> <P> The show 's early reception was not as universally positive , as critics lamented the show 's stark departure from the highbrow norms of the Golden Age of Television ; original nighttime host Dennis James admitted that even his own housekeeper did not watch the show for that reason , but also defended the series , saying `` CBS , who never wanted game shows , just put three game shows on the air , so they know they had better join the fight or lose out , because game shows have a tremendous appeal . The critics will always look down their noses , but you ca n't have The Bell Telephone Hour on and still stay in competition ( ... ) If you want to read books , read books . '' </P> <H2> Controversy ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Lawsuits ( edit ) </H3> <P> Since the mid-1990s , the program production company and in some cases the executive producer ( both Barker and Richards , the executive producer since September 2009 ) have been sued by numerous women . Most of the lawsuits involved models and other staff members in cases of sexual harassment , wrongful termination and racial discrimination . Allegations of sexual harassment brought by Parkinson led to Barker calling a press conference to admit a past consensual sexual relationship with her , while denying any harassment and alleging instead that she was only angry with him for calling off the relationship . Barker was widowed in 1981 following the death of his wife , Dorothy Jo . It has also been alleged that Barker and senior staff created a hostile work environment , particularly to those who testified for the plaintiffs suing Barker . Responding to the controversy just before his retirement , Barker told William Keck of USA Today , `` ( The allegations have ) been such a problem . I do n't want to say anything about them . They ( were ) disgusting ; I do n't want to mention them . '' The Barker - era lawsuits , except for one , were settled out of court . After Barker dropped his slander suit against Hallstrom , she eventually countersued and received millions in settlement . There are two lawsuits in litigation : a pregnancy discrimination suit involving Sherwood and a sexual harassment suit involving Lanisha Cole , filed in September 2011 . </P> <H3> Plinko board incident ( edit ) </H3> <P> The Plinko board is often used by RTL Group - licensed lottery promotions , CBS affiliates and Fremantle 's Ludia video game division to promote the show . For the promotions , two fishing lines ( one on each side of the board , hanging from the side down towards the center slot ) are used to rig the game so the dropped chip always lands in the $10,000 slot . After an advertisement for the show 's Ludia video game was taped , the wires were mistakenly left in place for the 1 : 00 pm taping of The Price Is Right on July 22 , 2008 . As a contestant was playing the game , three consecutive chips she dropped landed in the $10,000 slot . As the fourth chip was being dropped , a co-producer realized that the wires were still in place and stopped the chip as it bounced down the board , informing Carey of the situation . The wires were removed and the entire segment was re-shot for the show from the point where the contestant began dropping chips . CBS Standards and Practices allowed the contestant to keep the $30,000 won prior to the removal of the wires as well as the money won with the five chips after the mistake had been corrected . However , the segment that aired ( when the show was broadcast on December 5 , 2008 ) did not refer to the mistake or the amount of money won prior to the removal of the wires . </P> <H3> 40th Anniversary ( edit ) </H3> <P> The show aired a 40th Anniversary Special on September 4 , 2012 . The entire audience was made up of former contestants . Barker did not appear , stating that he believed that he had been excluded for criticizing some of the prizes given away after Carey became host , such as a trip to the Calgary Stampede rodeo . Although he did not appear in person , vintage clips of Barker hosting the show were shown during the episode . Barker appeared on the show twice afterwards , once in December 2013 during Pet Adoption Week , celebrating his 90th birthday , and again on April 1 , 2015 as the guest host for the first pricing game , part of an April Fool 's Day storyline involving Carey and Plinko being kidnapped to Let 's Make a Deal . </P> <H2> Merchandise ( edit ) </H2> <P> The Price Is Right has expanded beyond television to home and casino - based games . </P> <H3> DVD release ( edit ) </H3> <P> A four - disc DVD box set , titled The Best of `` The Price Is Right , '' was released on March 25 , 2008 . The set features four episodes of the 1956 -- 1965 Bill Cullen series , 17 episodes of the Barker 1972 -- 1975 daytime series and the final five daytime episodes hosted by Barker . In accordance with Barker 's animal - rights wishes , which remain in effect beyond his retirement , any episodes with fur coats as prizes can not be aired or released into home media formats . This includes the first three daytime shows recorded in 1972 , plus most of the 1970s syndicated run . </P> <H3> Board games ( edit ) </H3> <P> Seven board games have been produced . One of them was a variation of a card game , using prizes and price tags from the 1956 version . The second was based more closely on the original version of the show . Three games were produced during the 1970s by Milton Bradley , with Contestants ' Row , some pricing games and , in the case of the third version , a spinner for the Big Wheel . In the first two versions , decks of cards had various grocery items , small prizes and larger prizes . The third version simply had cards for each game that included ten sets of `` right '' answers , all using the same price choices . The instruction book specified what color cards were necessary for each round . The 1986 version , again by Milton Bradley , was similar in scope to the earlier version , with new prizes and more games , but lacking the Big Wheel , similar to the Davidson version . The instruction book refers to Contestants ' Row as the `` Qualifying Round '' and the pricing games as `` Solo Games . '' The book also instructs players to use items priced under $100 as One Bids . The 1998 version of the game , by Endless Games , was virtually identical to the 1986 release , with the same games , prizes and even the same prices . The only changes were that the number tiles were made of cardboard bits instead of plastic and the cars from the deck of prizes with four - digit prices were removed . The 2004 version , again by Endless Games , was a complete departure from previous home versions . Instead of different prize cards and games , the game consisted of everything needed to play 45 games and enough materials to create all the games not technically included if the `` host '' wished to and knew their rules . The Big Wheel spinner was also restored , this time with the numbers in the correct order . Additionally , the prices , instead of being random numbers that could change each time the game was played , were actual prices taken from episodes of the TV show . To fit everything in the box , grocery items and prizes were listed in the instruction book and games were played on dry erase boards . A spinner determined the game to be played next , although its use was not necessarily required if the `` host '' wished to build his own game lineup . </P> <H3> Computer and electronic games ( edit ) </H3> <P> In 1990 , GameTek created a Price Is Right computer game for the DOS and Commodore 64 platforms and other systems to fit in their line of other game show games . A handheld Tiger game was made in 1998 with four pricing games . A DVD game with 12 pricing games , live casino show host Todd Newton and video of prizes taken directly from the show was produced by Endless Games in 2005 . A 2008 DVD edition , also from Endless Games , featured many changes based on season 36 and included seven new games : Half Off , More or Less , Swap Meet , Secret X , That 's Too Much , Coming or Going and Hole in One . It also featured both host Drew Carey and announcer Rich Fields . CBS.com featured an online Price Is Right - based game in the late - 1990s , which was plugged in the closing credits of each episode . The game consisted of choosing which of the four bidders in Contestant 's Row was closest to the price of a prize without going over . Additionally , Mobliss provides a suite of pricing games for cellular phones . </P> <P> On March 26 , 2008 , Ludia ( in connection with Ubisoft ) launched The Price Is Right video game for PC . A version for the Wii and Nintendo DS platforms was released in September 2008 , while a version for the iOS was released in November 2008 . The show 's announcer , Fields , was the host of the computer version . The virtual set in the game resembles the set used in seasons 31 to 34 . During the taping of this promotion , the Plinko board was rigged so that all chips dropped landed in the highest value slot on the board . After production wrapped , the wires used to rig the board were mistakenly left in place , leading to an incident during a taping of the daytime show which had to be edited and re-shot . Ludia announced that all three platforms will receive a new version of the video game that was previewed at the Target Bullseye Lounge during the Electronic Entertainment Expo trade show on June 2 -- 4 , 2009 . The Price Is Right 2010 Edition was released on September 22 , 2009 . In the fall of 2010 , Ludia developed a multi-player version for Facebook . A third Ludia adaptation , The Price Is Right Decades , featuring set designs , pricing games and prizes taken from the 1970s through 2000s ; was initially released for the Wii in October 2011 , with an Xbox 360 and iOS release following in November and December . The Price Is Right 2010 Edition and The Price Is Right Decades have also been released as downloads within the PlayStation Store for the PlayStation 3 in May 2010 and April 2012 , respectively . Irwin Toys released an electronic tabletop version in 2008 featuring Contestant 's Row , the Big Wheel , a physical Plinko board with chips , Showcases and seven pricing games . Jakks Pacific released a Plug It in and Play version of The Price Is Right in 2009 , featuring Carey and Fields . </P> <H3> Slot machines ( edit ) </H3> <P> A series of video slot machines were manufactured for North American casinos by International Game Technology . Although gameplay varies by machine , each feature themes and motifs found on the show , including the Showcase Showdown , with themes used following Carey 's start as host . Others feature pricing games as gameplay elements , including Plinko , Cliff Hangers , Punch a Bunch , Dice Game , and Money Game . </P> <H3> Scratch - off tickets ( edit ) </H3> <P> A scratchcard version of the game is being offered by several U.S. and Canadian lotteries , featuring adaptations of Plinko , Cliff Hangers , the Showcase Showdown and the Showcase . The top prize varies with each version . </P> <H3> Live casino game ( edit ) </H3> Main article : The Price Is Right Live ! <P> After the 30th anniversary episode taped in Las Vegas in 2002 , Harrah 's and RTL Group began producing live licensed shows ( dubbed The Price Is Right Live ! ) at their venues , with several performers , including Roger Lodge , Newton and Gray hosting , with West , Rosen and Dave Walls announcing . </P> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( April 2 , 2014 ) . `` ' The Price is Right ' Celebrates its 8000th Episode on Monday , April 7 '' . TV By the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved July 19 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Fall Brings New Syndicated Shows '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved July 20 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Schwartz , Ryan and Wostbrock , pp. 178 -- 179 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` TV Land 's The 100 Greatest TV Quotes & Catchphrases Hits the Air With a Comprehensive List of TV 's Most Memorable Expressions Over the Past 60 Years '' ( Press release ) . PR Newswire . November 22 , 2006 . Archived from the original on February 9 , 2008 . Retrieved April 13 , 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ The Price Is Right . Season 1 . Episode 1 . September 4 , 1972 . CBS . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Games -- www.priceisright.com '' . Retrieved February 21 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ The sequence of the money values on the wheel is 5 ¢ , $1.00 , 15 ¢ , 80 ¢ , 35 ¢ , 60 ¢ , 20 ¢ , 40 ¢ , 75 ¢ , 55 ¢ , 95 ¢ , 50 ¢ , 85 ¢ , 30 ¢ , 65 ¢ , 10 ¢ , 45 ¢ , 70 ¢ , 25 ¢ , 90 ¢ . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Adalian , Josef ( May 22 , 2007 ) . `` Barker 's final ' Price ' airing June 15 '' . Variety . Retrieved May 24 , 2007 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ David Bauder ( July 23 , 2007 ) . `` Price is Right for Drew Carey '' . Fox News . Associated Press . Archived from the original on February 22 , 2008 . Retrieved July 23 , 2007 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Dovarganes , Damian ( October 29 , 2013 ) . `` Bob Barker to mark his 90th birthday on `` The Price is Right '' `` . CBS News . Associated Press . Retrieved July 17 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ The Price Is Right . Season 43 . Episode 7073K. April 1 , 2015 . CBS . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( March 26 , 2013 ) . `` ' The Price is Right ' and ' Let 's Make a Deal ' Both Celebrate April Fool 's Day with Themed Shows April 1 '' . TV By the Numbers ( Press release ) . Zap2it . Retrieved May 9 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Keveney , Bill ( March 18 , 2014 ) . `` It 's no joke : Carey , Ferguson swap jobs on April Fool 's ' '' . USA Today . Gannett Company . Retrieved May 9 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Johnny Olsen , Longtime Announcer On Television Game Shows , At Age 75 '' . Chicago Tribune . October 13 , 1985 . Retrieved June 26 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` New Announcer Chosen At Last for Price Is Right '' . Wichita Eagle . March 6 , 1986 . p. 14A . Retrieved June 26 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Hanashiro , Robert ( October 28 , 2003 ) . `` Price is Right Announcer Rod Roddy Dies '' . USA Today . Los Angeles : Gannett Company . Retrieved July 19 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Deggans , Eric ( April 23 , 2004 ) . `` For announcer , ' Right ' job came along '' . St. Petersburg Times . Retrieved July 4 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Price Is Right Welcomes Three Guest Announcers in its New Season '' . cbs.com . July 22 , 2010 . Retrieved July 22 , 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Fields , Rich . `` Statement from Fields announcing his departure from The Price is Right '' . richfields.tv . Archived from the original on July 20 , 2010 . Retrieved July 8 , 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Grosvenor , Carrie ( April 18 , 2011 ) . `` The Price is Right Has a New Announcer '' . About.com . About Entertainment . Retrieved April 18 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Jessica Su ( September 23 , 2004 ) . `` Bob Barker to face courtroom battle after model 's suit ruled valid '' . Court TV . Archived from the original on March 5 , 2009 . Retrieved June 24 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Keck , William ( October 7 , 2007 ) . `` Drew Carey 's the big wheel at ' The Price Is Right ' '' . USA Today . Hollywood , California . Retrieved July 19 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` ' Price Is Right ' Looking For the Right Male Model '' . Associated Press . August 15 , 2012 . Archived from the original on August 15 , 2012 . Retrieved August 15 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Male Model Winner Announced '' . CBS . Archived from the original on October 19 , 2012 . Retrieved October 5 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ The Price Is Right . Season 42 . Episode 6702 . April 15 , 2014 . CBS . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Levine , Stuart ( July 18 , 2008 ) . `` ' Price Is Right ' producer exits : Dobkowitz departs show after 36 seasons '' . Variety . Retrieved July 18 , 2008 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Jones , Chris ( July 11 , 2010 ) . `` TV 's Crowning Moment of Awesome '' . Esquire . Retrieved March 7 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Grece , Kathy ( October 8 , 2010 ) . `` Kathy Greco Makes a Difficult Decision '' . The Price Is Right . Archived from the original on October 13 , 2010 . Retrieved July 11 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Sandler , Adam ( June 14 , 2011 ) . `` Farewell and Welcome '' . The Price Is Right . Archived from the original on April 4 , 2013 . Retrieved July 11 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Levine , Stuart ( August 4 , 2008 ) . `` ' Price ' names executive producer '' . Variety . Retrieved July 24 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ The Price Is Right . Episode 5331 . October 18 , 2010 . CBS . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ The Price Is Right . Episode 5273K . October 20 , 2010 . CBS . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Smith , Ken ( May 24 , 2007 ) . `` ' Price ' is still ' Right ' for Bob Barker fans '' . MSNBC . Retrieved July 21 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` This Just In : Price Revises Its Eligibility Rules '' . `` The Price Is Right '' official site . CBS Daytime . February 4 , 2009 . Archived from the original on February 7 , 2009 . Retrieved February 4 , 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Ticket Information '' . `` The Price Is Right '' official site . CBS Daytime . Archived from the original on April 12 , 2008 . Retrieved April 30 , 2007 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` On - Camera Audiences Connects Fans with Their Favorite TV Shows '' . RedOrbit . May 18 , 2011 . Archived from the original on November 2 , 2013 . Retrieved April 2 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ The New Price Is Right . Episode # 0101 - 2 / 0013D . CBS. and The New Price Is Right . Episode # 0013D ( R ) . CBS . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Barker - hosted episodes that offered fur coats can not air or be released to DVD . The policy does not apply to episodes with other hosts and both wool coats and leather items have been offered on Carey episodes . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Shows -- CBS Television City '' . Archived from the original on July 13 , 2011 . Retrieved July 25 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The 5,000 th Price Is Right '' . TPIR.tv . pp. 1 -- 2 . Archived from the original on May 10 , 2009 . Retrieved June 24 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Sterngold , James ( September 19 , 1999 ) . `` Hollywood Uncanned '' . New York Times . p. 2 . Retrieved May 29 , 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Price is Right -- Ticket Information '' . CBS Daytime . Archived from the original on March 21 , 2008 . Retrieved March 21 , 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Recipes from Guy Fieri ! '' . The Price Is Right . February 2 , 2010 . Archived from the original on April 7 , 2013 . Retrieved July 11 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Mark McDermott . `` Mark Goodson and Bill Todman '' . Museum of Broadcast Communications . Retrieved May 25 , 2007 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Maurice DuBois ( October 15 , 2007 ) . `` Drew 's Debut : Carey ' Price Is Right ' Era Begins '' . WCBS . Archived from the original on June 16 , 2008 . Retrieved October 22 , 2007 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` '' The Nighttime Price Is Right '' Station List `` . j-shea.com . March 10 , 2006 . Retrieved April 30 , 2007 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Barker , Bob ( 2009 ) . Priceless Memories . Center Street . p. 38 . ISBN 1 - 59995 - 135 - 5 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Rice , Lynette . `` Bob Barker on saying goodbye to The Price Is Right '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 19 May 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Price Is Right '' . Game Show Utopia . Archived from the original on June 26 , 2007 . Retrieved April 30 , 2007 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Nighttime Price Is Right with Tom Kennedy '' . TPIR.tv . Archived from the original on August 6 , 2002 . Retrieved April 30 , 2007 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The New Price is Right ( 1994 ) '' . TPIR.tv . Archived from the original on August 3 , 2008 . Retrieved April 30 , 2007 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Will `` Price '' Be Right for a CBS Win in Ratings Battle Against `` Cosby '' ? `` . Daily News of Los Angeles . August 14 , 1986 . Retrieved May 29 , 2007 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Showdown in Vegas : Special Features '' . `` The Price Is Right '' official site . CBS Daytime . Archived from the original on October 14 , 2007 . Retrieved April 30 , 2007 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Game Show Producers Pay a Price for Free Tickets '' . Studio Briefing . Internet Movie Database . January 18 , 2002 . Archived from the original on June 16 , 2004 . Retrieved May 29 , 2007 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Behind the Scenes : Special Features '' . `` The Price Is Right '' official site . CBS Daytime . Archived from the original on February 9 , 2008 . Retrieved April 30 , 2007 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` CBS Plans The Price Is Right Primetime Specials '' . Broadcasting and Cable . January 24 , 2008 . Archived from the original on October 8 , 2012 . Retrieved January 24 , 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Price Is Right to Air 3 Reality Show Crossover Primetime Specials '' . The Wrap . Retrieved 28 February 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Come on Down ... to Primetime ! CBS to Air Three Special Primetime Editions of Network Television 's # 1 Daytime Series , The Price Is Right '' . CBS Press Express . 12 February 2016 . Retrieved 12 February 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Guide to visiting TPIR in Person '' . PlanetRicki.com . Archived from the original on June 24 , 2008 . Retrieved June 17 , 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` '' ROAD TO PRICE '' A SIX - PART REALITY SERIES CHRONICLING NINE TEENAGERS ' CROSS-COUNTRY BUS TRIP TO `` THE PRICE IS RIGHT '' TO STREAM ON CBS 'S BROADBAND CHANNEL INNERTUBE `` . CBS Press Express ( Press release ) . CBS . September 15 , 2006 . Retrieved September 15 , 2006 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Road to Price Official Website ( via CBS.com ) '' . CBS.com . Archived from the original on November 17 , 2007 . Retrieved November 17 , 2007 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` '' THE PRICE IS RIGHT 'S '' FIRST EVER NATIONWIDE SEARCH FOR THE SHOW 'S NEXT MALE MODEL CONTINUES WITH 30 FINALISTS `` . CBS Press Express ( Press release ) . CBS . October 21 , 2015 . Retrieved October 21 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Male Model Search Official Website ( via priceisright.com ) '' . priceisright.com . Archived from the original on October 29 , 2014 . Retrieved October 29 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Perfect Bid : The Contestant Who Knew Too Much '' . FortyFPS Productions . October 13 , 2017 . Retrieved October 13 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Come On Down ! Multiple Daytime Emmy Award - Winning `` The Price Is Right '' Celebrates Its 7,000 th Episode Thursday Nov. 5 on the CBS Television Network `` . CBS Press Express ( Press release ) . CBS . October 29 , 2009 . Archived from the original on April 26 , 2012 . Retrieved July 11 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Clayton Stairs ( February 6 , 2015 ) . `` Georgetown woman competes on The Price is Right '' . Georgetown , SC : South Strand News . After hearing her name called and then the iconic words , `` Come on down ... , '' she had the closest bid to win a JumpSport 14 - foot Stage Bounce Trampoline worth about $950 , according to Caly Johnson , spokesperson for CBS , the network that airs the show . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ The Price Is Right . Episode 6323 . April 25 , 2013 . 38 minutes in . CBS . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Blanco , Sebastian ( April 22 , 2010 ) . `` Earth Day Prizelust : Tesla Roadster on Price is Right is most expensive freebie ever '' . Autoblog . Retrieved March 6 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ The Price is Right . Season 45 . Episode 7665K. 28 October 2016 . CBS . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ The Price Is Right $1,000,000 Spectacular . Season 36 . Episode 0024SP . February 22 , 2008 . CBS . Carey : `` Adam 's won $1,153,908 worth of prizes today on The Price Is Right . '' </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Weintraub , Joanne ( May 9 , 2007 ) . `` Barker still a prize : Durable host gave ' Price Is Right ' a long spin '' . Milwaukee Journal Sentinel . Archived from the original on September 29 , 2007 . Retrieved May 25 , 2007 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` About the Show : Bob Barker '' . `` The Price Is Right '' official site . CBS Daytime . Archived from the original on December 17 , 2007 . Retrieved April 13 , 2007 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Hoerschelmann , Olaf . `` Quiz and Game Shows '' . Museum of Broadcast Communications . Retrieved May 25 , 2007 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Dennis James '' ( PDF ) . Radical Software . 2 ( 2 ) : 9 -- 11 . Spring 1973 . Retrieved 6 June 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Interview with Bob Barker '' . Larry King Live . December 26 , 2002 . CNN . Retrieved February 10 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Keck , William ( May 14 , 2007 ) . `` The time is right for Barker '' . USA Today . Retrieved July 21 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Dawidziak , Mark ( May 16 , 2007 ) . `` Right time for farewell : Specials mark end of career for game - show host Bob Barker '' . The Plain Dealer . Retrieved May 25 , 2007 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Catlin , Roger ( May 16 , 2007 ) . `` The Time Is Right : At 83 , Barker Departs ' Price Is Right , ' And CBS Reminiscences With Two Specials '' . Hartford Courant . Retrieved May 25 , 2007 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Shegerian & Associates Files Pregnancy Discrimination Lawsuit on Behalf of Former Miss USA Brandi Sherwood Against CBS 's Game Show The Price Is Right '' . Business Wire . Los Angeles . March 2 , 2010 . Retrieved February 11 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Martinez , Enrico ( September 8 , 2011 ) . `` Model Lanisha Cole sues `` Price is Right '' producers for sexual harassment `` . CBS News . CBS Interactive . Archived from the original on November 2 , 2013 . Retrieved February 11 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Price Is Wrong ! -- TMZ.com '' . `` The Price is Wrong ! -- TMZ.com '' . TMZ.com . Retrieved July 29 , 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Cohen , Sandy ( September 4 , 2012 ) . `` Bob Barker Speaks Out After Exclusion From ' The Price Is Right ' 40th Anniversary Special '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved April 2 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Corneau , Allison ( September 5 , 2012 ) . `` Bob Barker `` Fine '' With Exclusion from Price Is Right 40th Anniversary Special `` . Us Weekly . Retrieved April 2 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Murray , Noel ( April 8 , 2008 ) . `` The Best of The Price is Right '' . The A.V. Club . Retrieved March 6 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Price Is Right ( 1958 ) '' . BoardGameGeek . Retrieved July 20 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` The Price Is Right ( 1974 ) '' . BoardGameGeek . Retrieved July 20 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Price Is Right '' . MobyGames . Retrieved May 28 , 2007 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Price is Right DVD Edition '' . Endless Games . Archived from the original on April 22 , 2007 . Retrieved April 30 , 2007 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Price is Right 2nd DVD Edition '' . Endless Games . Archived from the original on December 21 , 2007 . Retrieved January 21 , 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Price Is Right '' . Mobliss . Archived from the original on June 1 , 2007 . Retrieved May 26 , 2007 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Ubisoft Announces Three New Game Show Titles '' . IGN . May 29 , 2009 . Retrieved July 19 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Everyone Can Be A Gamer With Jakks Pacific 's High - Tech Toys For a Low - Tech Budget '' . Kids Turn Central . January 7 , 2009 . Archived from the original on January 2 , 2010 . Retrieved April 10 , 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Price Is Right Slots Featuring Showcase Showdown '' . International Game Technology . Retrieved July 19 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Price Is Right Video Slots Featuring Fishing Game '' . International Game Technology . Retrieved July 19 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Price Is Right Fort Knox Mystery Progressives '' . International Game Technology . Archived from the original on October 17 , 2006 . Retrieved April 30 , 2007 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Price Is Right Slots Featuring Plinko '' . International Game Technology . Retrieved July 19 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Price Is Right Slots Featuring Cliff Hangers '' . International Game Technology . Retrieved July 19 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Price Is Right Instant Bingo Featuring Punch A Bunch '' . International Game Technology . Archived from the original on October 14 , 2007 . Retrieved April 30 , 2007 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Price Is Right Instant Bingo Featuring Dice Game '' . International Game Technology . Archived from the original on October 14 , 2007 . Retrieved April 30 , 2007 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Price is Right Slots Featuring Money Game '' ( PDF ) . International Game Technology . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on June 20 , 2014 . Retrieved July 19 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Price Is Right Instant Lottery Game -- New Jersey Lottery '' . Retrieved July 11 , 2011 . </Li> </Ol> <H3> Works cited ( edit ) </H3> <P> Schwartz , David ; Ryan , Steve & Wostbrock , Fred ( 1999 ) . The Encyclopedia of TV Game Shows ( 3rd ed . ) . New York : Facts on File . ISBN 0 - 8160 - 3846 - 5 . </P> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Official website </Li> <Li> Official website at CBS.com </Li> <Li> Official website at FremantleMedia.com </Li> <Li> The Price Is Right on IMDb </Li> <Li> The Price Is Right at TV.com </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="3"> Awards </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Preceded by The $25,000 Pyramid Jeopardy ! Jeopardy ! Jeopardy ! Jeopardy ! Jeopardy ! </Td> <Td> Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Game / Audience Participation Show 1996 -- 97 2007 2013 2016 </Td> <Td> Succeeded by The $25,000 Pyramid Jeopardy ! Jeopardy ! Cash Cab Jeopardy ! 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The bridge on the River Kwai - wikipedia <H1> The bridge on the River Kwai </H1> Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the film . For the novel , see The Bridge over the River Kwai . <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> The Bridge on the River Kwai </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> British theatrical release poster </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Directed by </Th> <Td> David Lean </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Produced by </Th> <Td> Sam Spiegel </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Screenplay by </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Carl Foreman </Li> <Li> Michael Wilson </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Based on </Th> <Td> The Bridge over the River Kwai by Pierre Boulle </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Starring </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> William Holden </Li> <Li> Jack Hawkins </Li> <Li> Alec Guinness </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Music by </Th> <Td> Malcolm Arnold </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Cinematography </Th> <Td> Jack Hildyard </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Edited by </Th> <Td> Peter Taylor </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Production company </Th> <Td> Horizon Pictures </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Distributed by </Th> <Td> Columbia Pictures </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Release date </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 2 October 1957 ( 1957 - 10 - 02 ) ( United Kingdom ) </Li> <Li> 14 December 1957 ( 1957 - 12 - 14 ) ( United States ) </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Running time </Th> <Td> 161 minutes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Country </Th> <Td> United Kingdom United States </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Language </Th> <Td> English </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Budget </Th> <Td> $2.8 million </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Box office </Th> <Td> $30.6 million ( initial release ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The Bridge on the River Kwai is a 1957 British - American epic war film directed by David Lean and starring William Holden , Jack Hawkins , and Alec Guinness , and featuring Sessue Hayakawa . Based on the novel Le Pont de la Rivière Kwai ( 1952 ) by Pierre Boulle , the film is a work of fiction , but borrows the construction of the Burma Railway in 1942 -- 1943 for its historical setting . The movie was filmed in Ceylon ( now Sri Lanka ) . The bridge in the film was near Kitulgala . </P> <P> Carl Foreman was the initial screenwriter , but Lean replaced him with Michael Wilson . Both writers had to work in secret , as they were on the Hollywood blacklist and had fled to England in order to continue working . As a result , Boulle , who did not speak English , was credited and received the Academy Award for Best Adapted Screenplay ; many years later , Foreman and Wilson posthumously received the Academy Award . </P> <P> The film was widely praised , winning seven Academy Awards ( including Best Picture ) at the 30th Academy Awards . In 1997 , the film was deemed `` culturally , historically , or aesthetically significant '' and selected for preservation in the National Film Registry by the United States Library of Congress . It has been included on the American Film Institute 's list of best American films ever made . In 1999 , the British Film Institute voted The Bridge on the River Kwai the 11th greatest British film of the 20th Century . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Plot </Li> <Li> 2 Cast </Li> <Li> 3 Historical parallels </Li> <Li> 4 Japanese views of the book and movie </Li> <Li> 5 Production <Ul> <Li> 5.1 Screenplay </Li> <Li> 5.2 Filming </Li> <Li> 5.3 Music and soundtrack </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 6 Box office performance </Li> <Li> 7 Awards and honours <Ul> <Li> 7.1 Awards </Li> <Li> 7.2 Recognition <Ul> <Li> 7.2. 1 American Film Institute recognition </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 8 First TV broadcast </Li> <Li> 9 Restorations </Li> <Li> 10 In popular culture </Li> <Li> 11 See also </Li> <Li> 12 References </Li> <Li> 13 Bibliography </Li> <Li> 14 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Plot ( edit ) </H2> <P> In early 1943 , World War II British POWs arrive by train at a Japanese prison camp in Burma . The commandant , Colonel Saito ( Sessue Hayakawa ) , informs them that all prisoners , regardless of rank , are to work on the construction of a railway bridge over the River Kwai that will connect Bangkok and Rangoon . The senior British officer , Lieutenant Colonel Nicholson ( Alec Guinness ) , informs Saito that the Geneva Conventions exempt officers from manual labour . He later informs his officers that he had no intention of attempting an escape and forbids them from doing so , not because it 's supposedly impossible , as Saito claims , but because they had been ordered by headquarters to surrender and an escape attempt could be seen as a treasonous defiance of orders . </P> <P> At the following morning 's assembly , Nicholson orders his officers to remain behind when the enlisted men are sent off to work . Saito slaps him across the face with his copy of the conventions and threatens to have them shot , but Nicholson refuses to back down . When Major Clipton ( James Donald ) , the British medical officer , intervenes , telling Saito there are too many witnesses for him to get away with murdering the officers , Saito leaves the officers standing all day in the intense tropical heat . That evening , the officers are placed in a punishment hut , while Nicholson is locked in an iron box . </P> <P> Meanwhile , three prisoners attempt to escape . Two are shot dead , but United States Navy Commander Shears ( William Holden ) , a survivor of the sinking of the USS Houston , gets away , although badly wounded . He stumbles into a village of natives who nurse him back to health and then help him leave by boat . </P> <P> Despite confinement in an outside shed called `` the oven '' , Nicholson refuses to compromise . Meanwhile , the prisoners are working as little as possible and sabotaging whatever they can at the construction site . Should Saito fail to meet his deadline , he would be obliged to commit ritual suicide . Desperate , Saito uses the anniversary of Japan 's victory in the Russo - Japanese War as an excuse to save face and announces a general amnesty , releasing Nicholson and his officers from manual labour . </P> <P> Nicholson conducts an inspection and is shocked by the poor job being done by his men . Over the protests of some of his officers , he allows Captain Reeves ( Peter Williams ) and Major Hughes ( John Boxer ) to design and build a proper bridge , despite its military value to the Japanese , for the sake of maintaining his men 's morale . The Japanese engineers had chosen a poor site , so the original construction is abandoned and a new bridge is begun downstream . </P> <P> Shears is enjoying his hospital stay in Ceylon with a beautiful nurse ( Ann Sears ) , when British Major Warden ( Jack Hawkins ) informs him that the U.S. Navy has transferred him over to the British to join a commando mission to destroy the bridge before it 's completed . Shears is appalled at the idea of returning to a place from which he nearly died during escape . He confesses he is not an officer , but merely had appropriated an officer 's uniform prior to his capture , expecting that this revelation will invalidate the transfer order . However , Warden responds he already knew the truth and tells Shears that the American Navy 's desire to avoid dealing with the embarrassment of his actions is the very reason they agreed to his transfer . Assured that he will be allowed to retain the privileges of being an officer and accepting that he actually has no choice , Shears relents and `` volunteers '' for the mission . The commando team consists of four men . </P> <P> Meanwhile , Nicholson drives his men hard to complete the bridge on time . For him , its completion will exemplify the ingenuity and hard work of the British Army for generations , long after the war 's end . When he asks that their Japanese counterparts join in as well , a resigned Saito replies that he has already given the order . </P> <P> The commandos parachute in , with one man killed on landing , leaving three to complete the mission . Later , Warden is wounded in an encounter with a Japanese patrol and has to be carried on a litter . He , Shears , and Canadian Lieutenant Joyce ( Geoffrey Horne ) reach the river in time with the assistance of Siamese women bearers and their village chief , Khun Yai . Under cover of darkness , Shears and Joyce plant explosives on the bridge towers below the water line . </P> <P> A train carrying soldiers and important dignitaries is scheduled to be the first use of the bridge the following day , so Warden waits to destroy both . However , at daybreak the commandos are horrified to see that the water level has dropped , exposing the wire connecting the explosives to the detonator . Making a final inspection , Nicholson spots the wire and brings it to Saito 's attention . As the train is heard approaching , they hurry down to the riverbank to investigate . The commandos are shocked that their own man is about to uncover the plot . </P> <P> Joyce , manning the detonator , breaks cover and stabs Saito to death . Aghast , Nicholson yells for help , while attempting to stop Joyce from reaching the detonator . As he wrestles with Nicholson , Joyce tells Nicholson that he is a British officer under orders to destroy the bridge . When Joyce is shot dead by Japanese fire , Shears swims across the river , but is fatally wounded as he reaches Nicholson . Recognising the dying Shears , Nicholson exclaims , `` What have I done ? '' Warden fires his mortar , mortally wounding Nicholson . The dazed colonel stumbles towards the detonator and collapses on the plunger just in time to blow up the bridge and send the train hurtling into the river below . Witnessing the carnage , Clipton shakes his head muttering , `` Madness ! ... Madness ! '' </P> <H2> Cast ( edit ) </H2> Chandran Rutnam and William Holden while shooting The Bridge on the River Kwai . <Ul> <Li> William Holden as Commander Shears </Li> <Li> Alec Guinness as Lieutenant Colonel Nicholson </Li> <Li> Jack Hawkins as Major Warden </Li> <Li> Sessue Hayakawa as Colonel Saito </Li> <Li> James Donald as Major Clipton </Li> <Li> Geoffrey Horne as Lieutenant Joyce </Li> <Li> André Morell as Colonel Green </Li> <Li> Peter Williams as Captain Reeves </Li> <Li> John Boxer as Major Hughes </Li> <Li> Percy Herbert as Private Grogan </Li> <Li> Harold Goodwin as Private Baker </Li> <Li> Ann Sears as Nurse </Li> <Li> Henry Okawa as Captain Kanematsu </Li> <Li> K. Katsumoto as Lieutenant Miura </Li> <Li> M.R.B. Chakrabandhu as Yai </Li> <Li> Vilaiwan Seeboonreaung as Siamese girl </Li> <Li> Ngamta Suphaphongs as Siamese girl </Li> <Li> Javanart Punynchoti as Siamese girl </Li> <Li> Kannikar Dowklee as Siamese girl </Li> </Ul> <H2> Historical parallels ( edit ) </H2> A picture of the railroad bridge over the River Kwai in April 2017 . The curved - shaped truss spans are the originals on the bridge ( constructed by the Japanese military during WWII ) while the two trapezoidal - shaped bridge spans were provided by Japan as war reparations after the war ended in 1945 ( to replace two curved - shaped truss spans that fell into the river after the bridge was attacked and bombed by Allied aircraft . ) <P> The largely fictional film plot is loosely based on the building in 1943 of one of the railway bridges over the Mae Klong -- renamed Khwae Yai in the 1960s -- at a place called Tha Ma Kham , five kilometres from the Thai town of Kanchanaburi . </P> <P> According to the Commonwealth War Graves Commission : </P> <P> The notorious Burma - Siam railway , built by Commonwealth , Dutch and American prisoners of war , was a Japanese project driven by the need for improved communications to support the large Japanese army in Burma . During its construction , approximately 13,000 prisoners of war died and were buried along the railway . An estimated 80,000 to 100,000 civilians also died in the course of the project , chiefly forced labour brought from Malaya and the Dutch East Indies , or conscripted in Siam ( Thailand ) and Burma . Two labour forces , one based in Siam and the other in Burma , worked from opposite ends of the line towards the centre . </P> <P> The incidents portrayed in the film are mostly fictional , and though it depicts bad conditions and suffering caused by the building of the Burma Railway and its bridges , historically the conditions were much worse than depicted . The real senior Allied officer at the bridge was British Lieutenant Colonel Philip Toosey . Some consider the film to be an insulting parody of Toosey . On a BBC Timewatch programme , a former prisoner at the camp states that it is unlikely that a man like the fictional Nicholson could have risen to the rank of lieutenant colonel , and , if he had , due to his collaboration he would have been `` quietly eliminated '' by the other prisoners . Julie Summers , in her book The Colonel of Tamarkan , writes that Pierre Boulle , who had been a prisoner of war in Thailand , created the fictional Nicholson character as an amalgam of his memories of collaborating French officers . He strongly denied the claim that the book was anti-British , although many involved in the film itself ( including Alec Guinness ) felt otherwise . </P> <P> Toosey was very different from Nicholson and was certainly not a collaborator who felt obliged to work with the Japanese . Toosey in fact did as much as possible to delay the building of the bridge . While Nicholson disapproves of acts of sabotage and other deliberate attempts to delay progress , Toosey encouraged this : termites were collected in large numbers to eat the wooden structures , and the concrete was badly mixed . </P> <P> In an interview that forms part of the 1969 BBC2 documentary `` Return to the River Kwai '' made by former POW John Coast , Boulle outlined the reasoning that led him to conceive the character of Nicholson . A transcript of the interview and the documentary as a whole can be found in the new edition of John Coast 's book Railroad of Death . Coast 's documentary sought to highlight the real history behind the film ( partly through getting ex-POWs to question its factual basis , for example Dr Hugh de Wardener and Lt - Col Alfred Knights ) , which angered many former POWs . The documentary itself was described by one newspaper reviewer when it was shown on Boxing Day 1974 ( The Bridge on the River Kwai had been shown on BBC1 on Christmas Day 1974 ) as `` Following the movie , this is a rerun of the antidote . '' </P> <P> Some of the characters in the film use the names of real people who were involved in the Burma Railway . Their roles and characters , however , are fictionalised . For example , a Sergeant - Major Risaburo Saito was in real life second in command at the camp . In the film , a Colonel Saito is camp commandant . In reality , Risaburo Saito was respected by his prisoners for being comparatively merciful and fair towards them . Toosey later defended him in his war crimes trial after the war , and the two became friends . </P> <P> The bridge described in the book did n't actually cross the River Kwai . Pierre Boulle had never been to the bridge . He knew that the ' death railway ' ran parallel to the River Kwae for many miles , and he therefore assumed that it was the Kwae which it crossed just north of Kanchanaburi . This was an incorrect assumption ; the bridge actually crossed the Mae Klong river . The destruction of the bridge as depicted in the film is also entirely fictional . In fact , two bridges were built : a temporary wooden bridge and a permanent steel / concrete bridge a few months later . Both bridges were used for two years , until they were destroyed by Allied bombing . The steel bridge was repaired and is still in use today . </P> <P> Ernest Gordon , a survivor of the POW camps and railway construction described in the movie , stated in his book Through the Valley of the Kwai recounting his experiences as a POW : `` In Pierre Boulle 's book The Bridge over the River Kwai and the film which was based on it , the impression was given that British officers not only took part in building the bridge willingly , but finished in record time to demonstrate to the enemy their superior efficiency . This was an entertaining story . But I am writing a factual account , and in justice to these men -- living and dead -- who worked on that bridge , I must make it clear that we never did so willingly . We worked at bayonet point and under bamboo lash , taking any risk to sabotage the operation whenever the opportunity arose . '' </P> <H2> Japanese views of the book and movie ( edit ) </H2> <P> The Japanese resented the implication in the movie that their engineers were less capable than British engineers . In fact , Japanese engineers had been surveying the route of the railway since 1937 and were highly organized . In essence , viewers disliked the `` glorification of the superiority of Western civilization '' represented in the movie , illustrated by the British being able to build a bridge that the Japanese could not . The film also contains a scene where Colonel Nicholson , while inspecting the bridge construction progress , refers to the Japanese overseeing them as `` barbarians '' . In the version of the movie edited for DVD in 2000 , the reference is overdubbed with a water splash sound . </P> <H2> Production ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Screenplay ( edit ) </H3> <P> The screenwriters , Carl Foreman and Michael Wilson , were on the Hollywood blacklist and , even though living in exile in England , could only work on the film in secret . The two did not collaborate on the script ; Wilson took over after Lean was dissatisfied with Foreman 's work . The official credit was given to Pierre Boulle ( who did not speak English ) , and the resulting Oscar for Best Screenplay ( Adaptation ) was awarded to him . Only in 1984 did the Academy rectify the situation by retroactively awarding the Oscar to Foreman and Wilson , posthumously in both cases . Subsequent releases of the film finally gave them proper screen credit . David Lean himself also claimed that producer Sam Spiegel cheated him out of his rightful part in the credits since he had had a major hand in the script . </P> <P> The film was relatively faithful to the novel , with two major exceptions . Shears , who is a British commando officer like Warden in the novel , became an American sailor who escapes from the POW camp . Also , in the novel , the bridge is not destroyed : the train plummets into the river from a secondary charge placed by Warden , but Nicholson ( never realising `` what have I done ? '' ) does not fall onto the plunger , and the bridge suffers only minor damage . Boulle nonetheless enjoyed the film version though he disagreed with its climax . </P> <H3> Filming ( edit ) </H3> The bridge at Kitulgala , Sri Lanka , before the explosion seen in the film . A photo of Kitulgala , Sri Lanka in 2004 , where the bridge was made for the film . <P> Many directors were considered for the project , among them : John Ford , William Wyler , Howard Hawks , Fred Zinnemann , and Orson Welles ( who was also offered a starring role ) . </P> <P> The film was an international co-production between companies in Britain and the United States . </P> <P> Director David Lean clashed with his cast members on multiple occasions , particularly Alec Guinness and James Donald , who thought the novel was anti-British . Lean had a lengthy row with Guinness over how to play the role of Nicholson ; Guinness wanted to play the part with a sense of humour and sympathy , while Lean thought Nicholson should be `` a bore . '' On another occasion , Lean and Guinness argued over the scene where Nicholson reflects on his career in the army . Lean filmed the scene from behind Guinness , and exploded in anger when Guinness asked him why he was doing this . After Guinness was done with the scene , Lean said `` Now you can all fuck off and go home , you English actors . Thank God that I 'm starting work tomorrow with an American actor ( William Holden ) . '' </P> <P> Alec Guinness later said that he subconsciously based his walk while emerging from `` the Oven '' on that of his eleven - year - old son Matthew , who was recovering from polio at the time , a disease that left him temporarily paralyzed from the waist down . Guinness later reflected on the scene , calling it the `` finest piece of work '' he had ever done . </P> <P> Lean nearly drowned when he was swept away by the river current during a break from filming . </P> <P> The filming of the bridge explosion was to be done on 10 March 1957 , in the presence of S.W.R.D. Bandaranaike , then Prime Minister of Ceylon , and a team of government dignitaries . However , cameraman Freddy Ford was unable to get out of the way of the explosion in time , and Lean had to stop filming . The train crashed into a generator on the other side of the bridge and was wrecked . It was repaired in time to be blown up the next morning , with Bandaranaike and his entourage present . </P> <P> The producers nearly suffered a catastrophe following the filming of the bridge explosion . To ensure they captured the one - time event , multiple cameras from several angles were used . Ordinarily , the film would have been taken by boat to London , but due to the Suez crisis this was impossible ; therefore the film was taken by air freight . When the shipment failed to arrive in London , a worldwide search was undertaken . To the producers ' horror the film containers were found a week later on an airport tarmac in Cairo , sitting in the hot sun . Although it was not exposed to sunlight , the heat - sensitive colour film stock should have been hopelessly ruined ; however , when processed the shots were perfect and appeared in the film . </P> <H3> Music and soundtrack ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> The Bridge on the River Kwai ( Original Soundtrack Recording ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> First edition vinyl cover </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Soundtrack album by Various </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Released </Th> <Td> 1957 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Recorded </Th> <Td> October 21 , 1957 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Genre </Th> <Td> Soundtrack </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Length </Th> <Td> 44 : 49 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Label </Th> <Td> Columbia </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Producer </Th> <Td> Various </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Professional ratings </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Review scores </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Source </Th> <Th> Rating </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> AllMusic </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Discogs </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> British composer Malcolm Arnold recalled that he had `` ten days to write around forty - five minutes worth of music '' - much less time than he was used to . He described the music for The Bridge on the River Kwai as the `` worst job I ever had in my life '' from the point of view of time . </P> <P> A memorable feature of the film is the tune that is whistled by the POWs -- the first strain of the march `` Colonel Bogey '' -- when they enter the camp . Gavin Young recounts meeting Donald Wise , a former prisoner of the Japanese who worked on the Burma Railway . Young : `` Donald , did anyone whistle Colonel Bogey ... as they did in the film ? '' Wise : `` I never heard it in Thailand . We had n't much breath left for whistling . But in Bangkok I was told that David Lean , the film 's director , became mad at the extras who played the prisoners -- us -- because they could n't march in time . Lean shouted at them , ' For God 's sake , whistle a march to keep time to . ' And a bloke called George Siegatz ... -- an expert whistler -- began to whistle Colonel Bogey , and a hit was born . '' </P> <P> The march was written in 1914 by Kenneth J. Alford , a pseudonym of British Bandmaster Frederick J. Ricketts . The Colonel Bogey strain was accompanied by a counter-melody using the same chord progressions , then continued with film composer Malcolm Arnold 's own composition , `` The River Kwai March , '' played by the off - screen orchestra taking over from the whistlers , though Arnold 's march was not heard in completion on the soundtrack . Mitch Miller had a hit with a recording of both marches . </P> <P> In many tense , dramatic scenes , only the sounds of nature are used . An example of this is when commandos Warden and Joyce hunt a fleeing Japanese soldier through the jungle , desperate to prevent him from alerting other troops . Arnold won an Academy Award for the film 's score . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="4"> The Bridge on the River Kwai ( Original Soundtrack Recording ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> No . </Th> <Th> Title </Th> <Th> Performer ( s ) </Th> <Th> Length </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1 . </Td> <Td> `` Overture '' ( feat . Royal Philharmonic Orchestra ) </Td> <Td> Malcolm Arnold </Td> <Td> 4 : 24 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2 . </Td> <Td> `` Colonel Bogey March '' ( feat . Royal Philharmonic Orchestra ) </Td> <Td> Malcolm Arnold </Td> <Td> 2 : 52 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 3 . </Td> <Td> `` Shear 's Escape '' ( feat . Royal Philharmonic Orchestra ) </Td> <Td> Malcolm Arnold </Td> <Td> 3 : 58 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 4 . </Td> <Td> `` Nicholson 's Victory '' ( feat . Royal Philharmonic Orchestra ) </Td> <Td> Malcolm Arnold </Td> <Td> 4 : 45 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 5 . </Td> <Td> `` Sunset '' ( feat . Royal Philharmonic Orchestra ) </Td> <Td> Malcolm Arnold </Td> <Td> 3 : 54 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 6 . </Td> <Td> `` Working on the Bridge '' ( feat . Royal Philharmonic Orchestra ) </Td> <Td> Malcolm Arnold </Td> <Td> 2 : 58 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 7 . </Td> <Td> `` Trek to the Bridge '' ( feat . Royal Philharmonic Orchestra ) </Td> <Td> Malcolm Arnold </Td> <Td> 8 : 28 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 8 . </Td> <Td> `` Camp Concert Dance '' ( feat . Royal Philharmonic Orchestra ) </Td> <Td> Malcolm Arnold </Td> <Td> 2 : 36 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 9 . </Td> <Td> `` Finale '' ( feat . Royal Philharmonic Orchestra ) </Td> <Td> Malcolm Arnold </Td> <Td> 2 : 12 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 10 . </Td> <Td> `` River Kwai March '' ( feat . Royal Philharmonic Orchestra ) </Td> <Td> Malcolm Arnold </Td> <Td> 2 : 58 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 11 . </Td> <Td> `` I Give My Heart ( To No One But You ) '' ( feat . Royal Philharmonic Orchestra ) </Td> <Td> Malcolm Arnold </Td> <Td> 3 : 16 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 12 . </Td> <Td> `` Dance Music '' </Td> <Td> Malcolm Arnold </Td> <Td> 4 : 54 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 13 . </Td> <Td> `` The River Kwai March / Colonel Bogey March '' ( feat . Mitch Miller & his orchestra ) </Td> <Td> Malcolm Arnold </Td> <Td> 2 : 28 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Box office performance ( edit ) </H2> <P> Variety reported that this film was the No. 1 moneymaker of 1958 , with a US take of $ 18,000,000 . The second highest moneymaker of 1958 was Peyton Place at $12,000,000 ; in third place was Sayonara at $10,500,000 . </P> <P> The movie was re-released in 1964 and earned an estimated $2.6 million in North American rentals . </P> <H2> Awards and honours ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Awards ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="6"> List of awards and nominations </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Date of ceremony </Th> <Th> Award / Film festival </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th> Recipient ( s ) and nominee ( s ) </Th> <Th> Result </Th> <Th> Ref ( s ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> March 26 , 1958 </Td> <Th> Academy Awards </Th> <Td> Best Picture </Td> <Td> Sam Spiegel </Td> <Td> Won </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Best Director </Td> <Td> David Lean </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Best Actor </Td> <Td> Alec Guinness </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Best Actor in a Supporting Role </Td> <Td> Sessue Hayakawa </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Best Adapted Screenplay </Td> <Td> Michael Wilson , Carl Foreman , Pierre Boulle </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Best Music , Scoring </Td> <Td> Malcolm Arnold </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Best Film Editing </Td> <Td> Peter Taylor </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Best Cinematography </Td> <Td> Jack Hildyard </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1958 </Td> <Th> British Academy Film Awards </Th> <Td> Best British Film </Td> <Td> David Lean and Sam Spiegel </Td> <Td> Won </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Best Film from any Source </Td> <Td> David Lean and Sam Spiegel </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Best British Actor </Td> <Td> Alec Guinness </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1957 </Td> <Th> Directors Guild of America </Th> <Td> Directors Guild of America Award for Outstanding Directorial Achievement in Motion Pictures </Td> <Td> David Lean , Assistants : Gus Agosti & Ted Sturgis </Td> <Td> Won </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> February 22 , 1958 </Td> <Th> Golden Globe Awards </Th> <Td> Best Motion Picture -- Drama </Td> <Td> David Lean and Sam Spiegel </Td> <Td> Won </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Best Director </Td> <Td> David Lean </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Best Actor -- Drama </Td> <Td> Alec Guinness </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Best Supporting Actor </Td> <Td> Sessue Hayakawa </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> May 4 , 1959 </Td> <Th> Grammy Awards </Th> <Td> Grammy Award for Best Soundtrack Album , Dramatic Picture Score or Original Cast </Td> <Td> Malcolm Arnold </Td> <Td> Won </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1957 </Td> <Th> New York Film Critics Circle Awards </Th> <Td> New York Film Critics Circle Awards for Best Film </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> <Td> Won </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> New York Film Critics Circle Awards for Best Director </Td> <Td> David Lean </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> New York Film Critics Circle Awards for Best Actor </Td> <Td> Alec Guinness </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Recognition ( edit ) </H3> <P> The film received highly positive reviews , with Guinness being widely praised for his performance . </P> <P> The film has been selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry . </P> <P> Channel 4 held a poll in 2005 to find the 100 Greatest War Movies : The Bridge on the River Kwai came in at # 10 , behind Black Hawk Down and in front of The Dam Busters . </P> <P> The British Film Institute placed The Bridge on the River Kwai as the eleventh greatest British film . </P> American Film Institute recognition ( edit ) <Ul> <Li> 1998 -- AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movies -- # 13 </Li> <Li> 2001 -- AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Thrills -- # 58 </Li> <Li> 2003 -- AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Heroes and Villains <Ul> <Li> Commander Shears - Nominated Villain </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2005 -- AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movie Quotes <Ul> <Li> `` Madness . Madness '' -- Nominated </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2006 -- AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Cheers -- # 14 </Li> <Li> 2007 -- AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movies ( 10th Anniversary Edition ) -- # 36 </Li> </Ul> <H2> First TV broadcast ( edit ) </H2> <P> The 167 - minute film was first telecast , uncut , by ABC - TV in colour on the evening of 25 September 1966 , as a three hours - plus ABC Movie Special . The telecast of the film lasted more than three hours because of the commercial breaks . It was still highly unusual at that time for a television network to show such a long film in one evening ; most films of that length were still generally split into two parts and shown over two evenings . But the unusual move paid off for ABC -- the telecast drew huge ratings . On the evenings of 28 and 29 January 1973 , ABC broadcast another David Lean colour spectacular , Lawrence of Arabia , but that broadcast was split into two parts over two evenings , due to the film 's nearly four - hour length . </P> <H2> Restorations ( edit ) </H2> <P> The film was restored in 1992 by Columbia Pictures . The separate dialogue , music and effects were located and remixed with newly recorded `` atmospheric '' sound effects . The image was restored by OCS , Freeze Frame , and Pixel Magic with George Hively editing . </P> <P> On 2 November 2010 Columbia Pictures released a newly restored The Bridge on the River Kwai for the first time on Blu - ray . According to Columbia Pictures , they followed an all - new 4K digital restoration from the original negative with newly restored 5.1 audio . The original negative for the feature was scanned at 4k ( roughly four times the resolution in High Definition ) , and the colour correction and digital restoration were also completed at 4k . The negative itself manifested many of the kinds of issues one would expect from a film of this vintage : torn frames , embedded emulsion dirt , scratches through every reel , colour fading . Unique to this film , in some ways , were other issues related to poorly made optical dissolves , the original camera lens and a malfunctioning camera . These problems resulted in a number of anomalies that were very difficult to correct , like a ghosting effect in many scenes that resembles colour mis - registration , and a tick - like effect with the image jumping or jerking side - to - side . These issues , running throughout the film , were addressed to a lesser extent on various previous DVD releases of the film and might not have been so obvious in standard definition . </P> <H2> In popular Culture ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Balu Mahendra , the Tamil film director , saw the shooting of this film at Kitulgala , Sri Lanka during his school trip and was inspired to become a film director . </Li> <Li> In 1962 , Spike Milligan and Peter Sellers , with Peter Cook and Jonathan Miller , released the LP record Bridge On the River Wye ( Parlophone LP PMC 1190 , PCS 3036 ( November 1962 ) ) . This spoof of the film was based on the script for the 1957 Goon Show episode `` An African Incident '' . Shortly before its release , for legal reasons , producer George Martin edited out the ' K ' every time the word ' Kwai ' was spoken . </Li> <Li> The comedy team of Wayne and Shuster performed a sketch titled `` Kwai Me a River '' on their 27 March 1967 TV show , in which an officer in the British Dental Corps is captured by the Japanese and , despite being comically unintimidated by any abuse the commander of the POW camp inflicts on him , is forced to build a ( dental ) `` bridge on the river Kwai '' for the commander and plans to include an explosive in the appliance to detonate in his mouth . </Li> </Ul> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> List of American films of 1957 </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Film portal </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> BFI Top 100 British films </Li> <Li> List of historical drama films </Li> <Li> List of historical drama films of Asia </Li> <Li> To End All Wars ( film ) </Li> <Li> Return from the River Kwai ( 1989 film ) </Li> <Li> Siam -- Burma Death Railway ( film ) </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Bridge on the River Kwai ( 1957 ) '' . British Film Institute . Retrieved 7 July 2014 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Sheldon Hall , Epics , Spectacles , and Blockbusters : A Hollywood History Wayne State University Press , 2010 p 161 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Aljean Harmetz ( March 16 , 1985 ) . `` Oscars Go to Writers of ' Kwai ' '' . The New York Times . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ On the AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movies lists , in 1998 ( # 13 ) and 2007 ( # 36 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Roger Ebert . `` Great Movies : The First 100 '' . Retrieved February 25 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Remembering the railway : The Bridge on the River Kwai , www.hellfire-pass.commemoration.gov.au . Retrieved 09 - 24 - 2015 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` The Colonel of Tamarkan : Philip Toosey and the Bridge on the River Kwai '' , published by the National Army Museum on 03 - 04 - 2012 . Retrieved 09 - 24 - 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Reading Room Manchester . `` CWGC - Cemetery Details '' . cwgc.org . Retrieved 10 March 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` links for research , Allied POWs under the Japanese '' . mansell.com . Retrieved 10 March 2016 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Summer , Julie ( 2005 ) . The Colonel of Tamarkan . Simon & Schuster Ltd . ISBN 0 - 7432 - 6350 - 2 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Brownlow , Kevin ( 1996 ) . David Lean : A Biography . New York : St. Martin 's Press . ISBN 0 - 312 - 14578 - 0 . pp. 391 and 766n </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Davies , Peter N. ( 1991 ) . The Man Behind the Bridge . Continuum International Publishing Group . ISBN 0 - 485 - 11402 - X . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Coast , John ( 2014 ) . Railroad of Death . Myrmidon . ISBN 978 - 1 - 905802 - 93 - 7 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Boxing Day ( TV Listing ) '' . The Guardian . London . 24 December 1974 . p. 14 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Gordon , Ernest ( 1962 ) . Through the Valley of the Kwai . New York : Harper & Row Publishers . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Summers , Julie ( 2012 ) , `` The Colonel of Tamarkan : Philip Toosey and the Bridge on the River Kwai , p. 6 http://www.nam.ac.uk/whats-on/lunchtime-lectures/video-archive/colonel-tamarkan-philip-toosey-bridge-on-river-kwai , accessed 6 Jan 2015 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Hirakawa Sukchiro , `` Bridge on the River Kwai '' http://www.fepow-community.org.uk/monthly_Revue/html/bridge_on_the_river_kwai.htm , accessed 6 Jan 2015 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ http://www.script-o-rama.com/movie_scripts/b/bridge-on-the-river-kwai-script.html </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ The Guardian , April 17 , 1991 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Joyaux , Georges . The Bridge over the River Kwai : From the Novel to the Movie , Literature / Film Quarterly , published in the Spring of 1974 . Retrieved 09 - 24 - 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Baer , William . `` Film : The Bridge on the River Kwai '' , Crisis Magazine , published 09 - 01 - 2007 . Retrieved 09 - 24 - 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Flashback : A look back at this day in film history ( The Bridge on the River Kwai released ) '' Archived 2015 - 09 - 25 at the Wayback Machine. , www.focusfeatures.com , published 09 - 23 - 2015 . Retrieved 09 - 24 - 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Monaco , Paul ( 2010 ) . A History of American Movies : A Film - by - film Look at the Art , Craft , and Business of Cinema . Scarecrow Press . p. 349 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ ( Piers Paul Read , Alec Guinness , 293 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Jason , Gary . `` Classic Problem , Classic Films '' , www.libertyunbound.com , published 09 - 19 - 2011 . Retrieved 09 - 24 - 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Reichardt , Rita . `` How Father Brown Led Sir Alec Guinness to the Church '' , www.catholicculture.org , published May / June , 2005 . Retrieved 09 - 24 - 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Tollestrup , Jon . `` The Bridge on the River Kwai - 1957 '' , www.oscarwinningfilms.blogspot.co.uk , published 12 - 08 - 2013 . Retrieved 09 - 24 - 2015 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` The Bridge on the River Kwai ( disasters on the film set ) '' , Purbeck Film Festival , published 08 - 24 - 2014 . Retrieved 09 - 24 - 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Goldstein , Carly . `` The Bridge on the River Kwai review '' , www.fromthecouchblog.wordpress.com , published 09 - 10 - 2013 . Retrieved 09 - 24 - 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Bridge on the River Kwai soundtrack rating '' , www.allmusic.com . Retrieved 09 - 24 - 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Malcolm Arnold 's The Bridge on the River Kwai soundtrack '' , www.discogs.com . Retrieved 09 - 24 - 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Schafer , Murray . British Composers in Interview . XIII Malcolm Arnold . Faber and Faber , London , 1963 , p150 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ The Colonel Bogey March MIDI file </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ In his 1981 book Slow Boats to China , chapter 39 , ISBN 978 - 0571251032 </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Steinberg , Cobbett ( 1980 ) . Film Facts . New York : Facts on File , Inc. p. 23 . ISBN 0 - 87196 - 313 - 2 . When a film is released late in a calendar year ( October to December ) , its income is reported in the following year 's compendium , unless the film made a particularly fast impact . Figures are domestic earnings ( United States and Canada ) as reported each year in Variety ( p. 17 ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Big Rental Pictures of 1964 '' , Variety , 6 January 1965 p 39 . This figure is rentals accruing to distributors , not total gross . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Gowran , Clay ( 11 October 1966 ) Nielsen Ratings Are Dim on New Shows , Chicago Tribune ( noting film received a 38.3 rating to lead the national Nielsen ratings ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Nielsen Top Ten , January 29th -- February 4th , 1973 Television Obscurities '' . Tvobscurities.com . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 16 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Bridge on the River Kwai '' . DavidLean.com . Archived from the original on 2009 - 01 - 29 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Bridge on the River Kwai Credits '' . BFI Film and TV Database . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Movies Disc & Digital Sony Pictures '' . Bridgeontheriverkwaibd.com . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 16 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Archived August 28 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Director Balu Mahendra Biography Balu Mahendra Personal Profile Balu Mahendra Biodata Balu Mahendra Childhood Balu Mahendra Awards '' . spicyonion.com . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 16 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Goon Show Site - Facts and Trivia '' . Thegoonshow.net . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 16 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Wayne and Shuster Show , The Episode Guide ( 1954 -- 1990 ) ( series ) '' . tvarchive.ca . Retrieved 2007 - 11 - 03 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> Bibliography ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Santas , Constantine ( 2012 ) . The Epic Films of David Lean . Scarecrow Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8108 - 8210 - 2 . </Li> <Li> Ebert , Roger ( 8 May 2012 ) . 33 Movies to Restore Your Faith in Humanity : Ebert 's Essentials . Andrews McMeel Publishing . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4494 - 2225 - 7 . </Li> <Li> Phillips , Gene ( 24 November 2006 ) . Beyond the Epic : The Life and Films of David Lean . University Press of Kentucky . p. 255 . ISBN 0 - 8131 - 7155 - 5 . </Li> <Li> Niemi , Robert ( 2006 ) . History in the Media : Film and Television . ABC - CLIO . p. 96 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 57607 - 952 - 2 . </Li> <Li> Roche , Mark William ( 1998 ) . Tragedy and Comedy : A Systematic Study and a Critique of Hegel . SUNY Press . p. 65 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7914 - 3546 - 5 . </Li> <Li> Margulies , Ivone ( 6 March 2003 ) . Rites of Realism : Essays on Corporeal Cinema . Duke University Press . p. 3 . ISBN 0 - 8223 - 8461 - 2 . </Li> <Li> Capua , Michelangelo ( 9 October 2009 ) . William Holden : A Biography . McFarland . p. 98 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7864 - 5550 - 8 . </Li> <Li> Larkin , Brian ( 10 March 2008 ) . Signal and Noise : Media , Infrastructure , and Urban Culture in Nigeria . Duke University Press . p. 7 . ISBN 0 - 8223 - 8931 - 2 . </Li> <Li> Ray , Robert Beverley ( 1985 ) . A Certain Tendency of the Hollywood Cinema , 1930 - 1980 . Princeton University Press . p. 174 . ISBN 0 - 691 - 10174 - 4 . </Li> <Li> Grimes , Charles W. ( 1 January 2003 ) . Trademark & Copyright Disputes : Litigation Forms and Analysis . Aspen Publishers Online . p. 3 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7355 - 3515 - 2 . </Li> <Li> Monaco , Paul ( 2010 ) . A History of American Movies : A Film - by - film Look at the Art , Craft , and Business of Cinema . Scarecrow Press . p. 349 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8108 - 7433 - 6 . </Li> <Li> Roberts , Jonny . How has the representation of World War II on film changed from 1939 to 2009 . Jonny Roberts . p. 43 . GGKEY : HTN6JK1YKP8 . </Li> <Li> Santas , Constantine ( 2002 ) . Responding to Film : A Text Guide for Students of Cinema Art . Rowman & Littlefield . p. 66 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8304 - 1580 - 9 . </Li> <Li> Hall , Sheldon ( 15 April 2010 ) . Epics , Spectacles , and Blockbusters : A Hollywood History . Wayne State University Press . p. 168 . ISBN 0 - 8143 - 3697 - 3 . </Li> <Li> Singh , Dr. Laxman Swaroop . The Obsidian Eye : Cat Journeys Through an Impossible Universe . PublishAmerica . p. 121 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4512 - 2353 - 8 . </Li> <Li> Harris , Mark ( 14 February 2008 ) . Pictures at a Revolution : Five Movies and the Birth of the New Hollywood . Penguin Publishing Group . p. 124 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 101 - 20285 - 2 . </Li> <Li> Huda , Anwar ( 1 January 2004 ) . The Art and Science of Cinema . Atlantic Publishers & Dist . p. 154 . ISBN 978 - 81 - 269 - 0348 - 1 . </Li> <Li> Braddock , Jeremy ; Hock , Stephen ( 2001 ) . Directed by Allen Smithee . U of Minnesota Press . p. 113 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8166 - 3533 - 7 . </Li> <Li> Medavoy , Mike ( 7 January 2003 ) . You 're Only as Good as Your Next One : 100 Great Films , 100 Good Films , and 100 for Which I Should Be Shot . Simon and Schuster . p. 67 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7434 - 0055 - 8 . </Li> <Li> Fuller , Karla Rae ( 16 August 2010 ) . Hollywood Goes Oriental : CaucAsian Performance in American Film . Wayne State University Press . p. 23 . ISBN 0 - 8143 - 3538 - 1 . </Li> </Ul> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wikiquote has quotations related to : The Bridge on the River Kwai </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ul> <Li> The Bridge on the River Kwai on IMDb </Li> <Li> The Bridge on the River Kwai at the British Film Institute 's Screenonline </Li> <Li> The Bridge on the River Kwai at AllMovie </Li> <Li> The Bridge on the River Kwai at Box Office Mojo </Li> <Li> The Bridge on the River Kwai at the TCM Movie Database </Li> <Li> The Bridge on the River Kwai at Rotten Tomatoes </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Films directed by David Lean </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> In Which We Serve ( 1942 ) </Li> <Li> This Happy Breed ( 1944 ) </Li> <Li> Blithe Spirit ( 1945 ) </Li> <Li> Brief Encounter ( 1945 ) </Li> <Li> Great Expectations ( 1946 ) </Li> <Li> Oliver Twist ( 1948 ) </Li> <Li> The Passionate Friends ( 1949 ) </Li> <Li> Madeleine ( 1950 ) </Li> <Li> The Sound Barrier ( 1952 ) </Li> <Li> Hobson 's Choice ( 1954 ) </Li> <Li> Summertime ( 1955 ) </Li> <Li> The Bridge on the River Kwai ( 1957 ) </Li> <Li> Lawrence of Arabia ( 1962 ) </Li> <Li> Doctor Zhivago ( 1965 ) </Li> <Li> Ryan 's Daughter ( 1970 ) </Li> <Li> Lost and Found : The Story of Cook 's Anchor ( 1979 ) </Li> <Li> A Passage to India ( 1984 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Academy Award for Best Picture </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1927 / 28 -- 1950 </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Wings ( 1927 / 28 ) </Li> <Li> The Broadway Melody ( 1928 / 29 ) </Li> <Li> All Quiet on the Western Front ( 1929 / 30 ) </Li> <Li> Cimarron ( 1930 / 31 ) </Li> <Li> Grand Hotel ( 1931 / 32 ) </Li> <Li> Cavalcade ( 1932 / 33 ) </Li> <Li> It Happened One Night ( 1934 ) </Li> <Li> Mutiny on the Bounty ( 1935 ) </Li> <Li> The Great Ziegfeld ( 1936 ) </Li> <Li> The Life of Emile Zola ( 1937 ) </Li> <Li> You Ca n't Take It with You ( 1938 ) </Li> <Li> Gone with the Wind ( 1939 ) </Li> <Li> Rebecca ( 1940 ) </Li> <Li> How Green Was My Valley ( 1941 ) </Li> <Li> Mrs. Miniver ( 1942 ) </Li> <Li> Casablanca ( 1943 ) </Li> <Li> Going My Way ( 1944 ) </Li> <Li> The Lost Weekend ( 1945 ) </Li> <Li> The Best Years of Our Lives ( 1946 ) </Li> <Li> Gentleman 's Agreement ( 1947 ) </Li> <Li> Hamlet ( 1948 ) </Li> <Li> All the King 's Men ( 1949 ) </Li> <Li> All About Eve ( 1950 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1951 -- 1975 </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> An American in Paris ( 1951 ) </Li> <Li> The Greatest Show on Earth ( 1952 ) </Li> <Li> From Here to Eternity ( 1953 ) </Li> <Li> On the Waterfront ( 1954 ) </Li> <Li> Marty ( 1955 ) </Li> <Li> Around the World in 80 Days ( 1956 ) </Li> <Li> The Bridge on the River Kwai ( 1957 ) </Li> <Li> Gigi ( 1958 ) </Li> <Li> Ben - Hur ( 1959 ) </Li> <Li> The Apartment ( 1960 ) </Li> <Li> West Side Story ( 1961 ) </Li> <Li> Lawrence of Arabia ( 1962 ) </Li> <Li> Tom Jones ( 1963 ) </Li> <Li> My Fair Lady ( 1964 ) </Li> <Li> The Sound of Music ( 1965 ) </Li> <Li> A Man for All Seasons ( 1966 ) </Li> <Li> In the Heat of the Night ( 1967 ) </Li> <Li> Oliver ! ( 1968 ) </Li> <Li> Midnight Cowboy ( 1969 ) </Li> <Li> Patton ( 1970 ) </Li> <Li> The French Connection ( 1971 ) </Li> <Li> The Godfather ( 1972 ) </Li> <Li> The Sting ( 1973 ) </Li> <Li> The Godfather Part II ( 1974 ) </Li> <Li> One Flew Over the Cuckoo 's Nest ( 1975 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1976 -- 2000 </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Rocky ( 1976 ) </Li> <Li> Annie Hall ( 1977 ) </Li> <Li> The Deer Hunter ( 1978 ) </Li> <Li> Kramer vs. Kramer ( 1979 ) </Li> <Li> Ordinary People ( 1980 ) </Li> <Li> Chariots of Fire ( 1981 ) </Li> <Li> Gandhi ( 1982 ) </Li> <Li> Terms of Endearment ( 1983 ) </Li> <Li> Amadeus ( 1984 ) </Li> <Li> Out of Africa ( 1985 ) </Li> <Li> Platoon ( 1986 ) </Li> <Li> The Last Emperor ( 1987 ) </Li> <Li> Rain Man ( 1988 ) </Li> <Li> Driving Miss Daisy ( 1989 ) </Li> <Li> Dances with Wolves ( 1990 ) </Li> <Li> The Silence of the Lambs ( 1991 ) </Li> <Li> Unforgiven ( 1992 ) </Li> <Li> Schindler 's List ( 1993 ) </Li> <Li> Forrest Gump ( 1994 ) </Li> <Li> Braveheart ( 1995 ) </Li> <Li> The English Patient ( 1996 ) </Li> <Li> Titanic ( 1997 ) </Li> <Li> Shakespeare in Love ( 1998 ) </Li> <Li> American Beauty ( 1999 ) </Li> <Li> Gladiator ( 2000 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 2001 -- present </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> A Beautiful Mind ( 2001 ) </Li> <Li> Chicago ( 2002 ) </Li> <Li> The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King ( 2003 ) </Li> <Li> Million Dollar Baby ( 2004 ) </Li> <Li> Crash ( 2005 ) </Li> <Li> The Departed ( 2006 ) </Li> <Li> No Country for Old Men ( 2007 ) </Li> <Li> Slumdog Millionaire ( 2008 ) </Li> <Li> The Hurt Locker ( 2009 ) </Li> <Li> The King 's Speech ( 2010 ) </Li> <Li> The Artist ( 2011 ) </Li> <Li> Argo ( 2012 ) </Li> <Li> 12 Years a Slave ( 2013 ) </Li> <Li> Birdman or : ( The Unexpected Virtue of Ignorance ) ( 2014 ) </Li> <Li> Spotlight ( 2015 ) </Li> <Li> Moonlight ( 2016 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Golden Globe Award for Best Motion Picture -- Drama </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1940s </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> The Song of Bernadette ( 1943 ) </Li> <Li> Going My Way ( 1944 ) </Li> <Li> The Lost Weekend ( 1945 ) </Li> <Li> The Best Years of Our Lives ( 1946 ) </Li> <Li> Gentleman 's Agreement ( 1947 ) </Li> <Li> Johnny Belinda / The Treasure of the Sierra Madre ( 1948 ) </Li> <Li> All the King 's Men ( 1949 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1950s </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Sunset Boulevard ( 1950 ) </Li> <Li> A Place in the Sun ( 1951 ) </Li> <Li> The Greatest Show on Earth ( 1952 ) </Li> <Li> On the Waterfront ( 1954 ) </Li> <Li> East of Eden ( 1955 ) </Li> <Li> Around the World in 80 Days ( 1956 ) </Li> <Li> The Bridge on the River Kwai ( 1957 ) </Li> <Li> The Defiant Ones ( 1958 ) </Li> <Li> Ben - Hur ( 1959 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1960s </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Spartacus ( 1960 ) </Li> <Li> The Guns of Navarone ( 1961 ) </Li> <Li> Lawrence of Arabia ( 1962 ) </Li> <Li> The Cardinal ( 1963 ) </Li> <Li> Becket ( 1964 ) </Li> <Li> Doctor Zhivago ( 1965 ) </Li> <Li> A Man for All Seasons ( 1966 ) </Li> <Li> In the Heat of the Night ( 1967 ) </Li> <Li> The Lion in Winter ( 1968 ) </Li> <Li> Anne of the Thousand Days ( 1969 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1970s </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Love Story ( 1970 ) </Li> <Li> The French Connection ( 1971 ) </Li> <Li> The Godfather ( 1972 ) </Li> <Li> The Exorcist ( 1973 ) </Li> <Li> Chinatown ( 1974 ) </Li> <Li> One Flew Over the Cuckoo 's Nest ( 1975 ) </Li> <Li> Rocky ( 1976 ) </Li> <Li> The Turning Point ( 1977 ) </Li> <Li> Midnight Express ( 1978 ) </Li> <Li> Kramer vs. Kramer ( 1979 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1980s </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Ordinary People ( 1980 ) </Li> <Li> On Golden Pond ( 1981 ) </Li> <Li> E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial ( 1982 ) </Li> <Li> Terms of Endearment ( 1983 ) </Li> <Li> Amadeus ( 1984 ) </Li> <Li> Out of Africa ( 1985 ) </Li> <Li> Platoon ( 1986 ) </Li> <Li> The Last Emperor ( 1987 ) </Li> <Li> Rain Man ( 1988 ) </Li> <Li> Born on the Fourth of July ( 1989 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1990s </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Dances with Wolves ( 1990 ) </Li> <Li> Bugsy ( 1991 ) </Li> <Li> Scent of a Woman ( 1992 ) </Li> <Li> Schindler 's List ( 1993 ) </Li> <Li> Forrest Gump ( 1994 ) </Li> <Li> Sense and Sensibility ( 1995 ) </Li> <Li> The English Patient ( 1996 ) </Li> <Li> Titanic ( 1997 ) </Li> <Li> Saving Private Ryan ( 1998 ) </Li> <Li> American Beauty ( 1999 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 2000s </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Gladiator ( 2000 ) </Li> <Li> A Beautiful Mind ( 2001 ) </Li> <Li> The Hours ( 2002 ) </Li> <Li> The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King ( 2003 ) </Li> <Li> The Aviator ( 2004 ) </Li> <Li> Brokeback Mountain ( 2005 ) </Li> <Li> Babel ( 2006 ) </Li> <Li> Atonement ( 2007 ) </Li> <Li> Slumdog Millionaire ( 2008 ) </Li> <Li> Avatar ( 2009 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 2010s </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> The Social Network ( 2010 ) </Li> <Li> The Descendants ( 2011 ) </Li> <Li> Argo ( 2012 ) </Li> <Li> 12 Years a Slave ( 2013 ) </Li> <Li> Boyhood ( 2014 ) </Li> <Li> The Revenant ( 2015 ) </Li> <Li> Moonlight ( 2016 ) </Li> <Li> Three Billboards Outside Ebbing , Missouri ( 2017 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> BAFTA Award for Best Film </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1940s </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> The Best Years of Our Lives ( 1947 ) </Li> <Li> Hamlet ( 1948 ) </Li> <Li> Bicycle Thieves ( 1949 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1950s </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> All About Eve ( 1950 ) </Li> <Li> La Ronde ( 1951 ) </Li> <Li> The Sound Barrier ( 1952 ) </Li> <Li> Forbidden Games ( 1953 ) </Li> <Li> The Wages of Fear ( 1954 ) </Li> <Li> Richard III ( 1955 ) </Li> <Li> Gervaise ( 1956 ) </Li> <Li> The Bridge on the River Kwai ( 1957 ) </Li> <Li> Room at the Top ( 1958 ) </Li> <Li> Ben - Hur ( 1959 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1960s </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> The Apartment ( 1960 ) </Li> <Li> Ballad of a Soldier ( 1961 ) </Li> <Li> The Hustler ( 1961 ) </Li> <Li> Lawrence of Arabia ( 1962 ) </Li> <Li> Tom Jones ( 1963 ) </Li> <Li> Dr. Strangelove or : How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Love the Bomb ( 1964 ) </Li> <Li> My Fair Lady ( 1965 ) </Li> <Li> Who 's Afraid of Virginia Woolf ? ( 1966 ) </Li> <Li> A Man for All Seasons ( 1967 ) </Li> <Li> The Graduate ( 1968 ) </Li> <Li> Midnight Cowboy ( 1969 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1970s </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid ( 1970 ) </Li> <Li> Sunday Bloody Sunday ( 1971 ) </Li> <Li> Cabaret ( 1972 ) </Li> <Li> Day for Night ( 1973 ) </Li> <Li> Lacombe , Lucien ( 1974 ) </Li> <Li> Alice Does n't Live Here Anymore ( 1975 ) </Li> <Li> One Flew Over the Cuckoo 's Nest ( 1976 ) </Li> <Li> Annie Hall ( 1977 ) </Li> <Li> Julia ( 1978 ) </Li> <Li> Manhattan ( 1979 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1980s </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> The Elephant Man ( 1980 ) </Li> <Li> Chariots of Fire ( 1981 ) </Li> <Li> Gandhi ( 1982 ) </Li> <Li> Educating Rita ( 1983 ) </Li> <Li> The Killing Fields ( 1984 ) </Li> <Li> The Purple Rose of Cairo ( 1985 ) </Li> <Li> A Room with a View ( 1986 ) </Li> <Li> Jean de Florette ( 1987 ) </Li> <Li> The Last Emperor ( 1988 ) </Li> <Li> Dead Poets Society ( 1989 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1990s </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Goodfellas ( 1990 ) </Li> <Li> The Commitments ( 1991 ) </Li> <Li> Howards End ( 1992 ) </Li> <Li> Schindler 's List ( 1993 ) </Li> <Li> Four Weddings and a Funeral ( 1994 ) </Li> <Li> Sense and Sensibility ( 1995 ) </Li> <Li> The English Patient ( 1996 ) </Li> <Li> The Full Monty ( 1997 ) </Li> <Li> Shakespeare in Love ( 1998 ) </Li> <Li> American Beauty ( 1999 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 2000s </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Gladiator ( 2000 ) </Li> <Li> The Lord of the Rings : The Fellowship of the Ring ( 2001 ) </Li> <Li> The Pianist ( 2002 ) </Li> <Li> The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King ( 2003 ) </Li> <Li> The Aviator ( 2004 ) </Li> <Li> Brokeback Mountain ( 2005 ) </Li> <Li> The Queen ( 2006 ) </Li> <Li> Atonement ( 2007 ) </Li> <Li> Slumdog Millionaire ( 2008 ) </Li> <Li> The Hurt Locker ( 2009 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 2010s </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> The King 's Speech ( 2010 ) </Li> <Li> The Artist ( 2011 ) </Li> <Li> Argo ( 2012 ) </Li> <Li> 12 Years a Slave ( 2013 ) </Li> <Li> Boyhood ( 2014 ) </Li> <Li> The Revenant ( 2015 ) </Li> <Li> La La Land ( 2016 ) </Li> <Li> Three Billboards Outside Ebbing , Missouri ( 2017 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> BAFTA Award for Best British Film </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1947 -- 1967 </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Odd Man Out ( 1947 ) </Li> <Li> The Fallen Idol ( 1948 ) </Li> <Li> The Third Man ( 1949 ) </Li> <Li> The Blue Lamp ( 1950 ) </Li> <Li> The Lavender Hill Mob ( 1951 ) </Li> <Li> The Sound Barrier ( 1952 ) </Li> <Li> Genevieve ( 1953 ) </Li> <Li> Hobson 's Choice ( 1954 ) </Li> <Li> Richard III ( 1955 ) </Li> <Li> Reach for the Sky ( 1956 ) </Li> <Li> The Bridge on the River Kwai ( 1957 ) </Li> <Li> Room at the Top ( 1958 ) </Li> <Li> Sapphire ( 1959 ) </Li> <Li> Saturday Night and Sunday Morning ( 1960 ) </Li> <Li> A Taste of Honey ( 1961 ) </Li> <Li> Lawrence of Arabia ( 1962 ) </Li> <Li> Tom Jones ( 1963 ) </Li> <Li> Dr. Strangelove or : How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Love the Bomb ( 1964 ) </Li> <Li> The Ipcress File ( 1965 ) </Li> <Li> The Spy Who Came in from the Cold ( 1966 ) </Li> <Li> A Man for All Seasons ( 1967 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1992 -- present </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> The Crying Game ( 1992 ) </Li> <Li> Shadowlands ( 1993 ) </Li> <Li> Shallow Grave ( 1994 ) </Li> <Li> The Madness of King George ( 1995 ) </Li> <Li> Secrets & Lies ( 1996 ) </Li> <Li> Nil by Mouth ( 1997 ) </Li> <Li> Elizabeth ( 1998 ) </Li> <Li> East Is East ( 1999 ) </Li> <Li> Billy Elliot ( 2000 ) </Li> <Li> Gosford Park ( 2001 ) </Li> <Li> The Warrior ( 2002 ) </Li> <Li> Touching the Void ( 2003 ) </Li> <Li> My Summer of Love ( 2004 ) </Li> <Li> Wallace & Gromit : The Curse of the Were - 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bridge on the river kwai fact or fiction

https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=The_Bridge_on_the_River_Kwai&amp;oldid=828189495

When You Say Nothing at All - wikipedia <H1> When You Say Nothing at All </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> `` When You Say Nothing at All '' </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Single by Keith Whitley </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> from the album Do n't Close Your Eyes </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> B - side </Th> <Td> `` Lucky Dog '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Released </Th> <Td> August 1988 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Format </Th> <Td> 7 '' vinyl </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Recorded </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Genre </Th> <Td> Country </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Length </Th> <Td> 3 : 40 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Label </Th> <Td> RCA Nashville </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Songwriter ( s ) </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Paul Overstreet </Li> <Li> Don Schlitz </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Producer ( s ) </Th> <Td> Garth Fundis , Keith Whitley </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Keith Whitley singles chronology </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Td> `` Do n't Close Your Eyes '' ( 1988 ) </Td> <Td> `` When You Say Nothing at All '' ( 1988 ) </Td> <Td> `` I 'm No Stranger to the Rain '' ( 1989 ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Td> `` Do n't Close Your Eyes '' ( 1988 ) </Td> <Td> `` When You Say Nothing at All '' ( 1988 ) </Td> <Td> `` I 'm No Stranger to the Rain '' ( 1989 ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> `` When You Say Nothing at All '' is a country song written by Paul Overstreet and Don Schlitz . It is among the best - known hit songs for three different performers : Keith Whitley , who took it to the top of the Billboard Hot Country Singles chart on December 24 , 1988 ; Alison Krauss , whose version was her first solo top - 10 country hit in 1995 ; and Irish pop singer Ronan Keating , whose version was his first solo single and a chart - topper in the United Kingdom and Ireland in 1999 . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Origin </Li> <Li> 2 Keith Whitley <Ul> <Li> 2.1 Chart performance </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 Alison Krauss version <Ul> <Li> 3.1 Track listing </Li> <Li> 3.2 Chart performance </Li> <Li> 3.3 Year - end charts </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 Ronan Keating version <Ul> <Li> 4.1 Track listing </Li> <Li> 4.2 Charts and certifications <Ul> <Li> 4.2. 1 Weekly charts </Li> <Li> 4.2. 2 Year - end charts </Li> <Li> 4.2. 3 Certifications </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 5 Other covers </Li> <Li> 6 References </Li> <Li> 7 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Origin ( edit ) </H2> <P> Overstreet and Schlitz came up with `` When You Say Nothing at All '' at the end of an otherwise unproductive day . Strumming a guitar , trying to write their next song , they were coming up empty . `` As we tried to find another way to say nothing , we came up with the song , '' Overstreet later told author Ace Collins . They thought the song was OK , but nothing special . When Keith Whitley heard it , he loved it , and was not going to let it get away . Earlier , he had recorded another Overstreet - Schlitz composition that became a No. 1 hit for another artist - Randy Travis ' `` On the Other Hand . '' Whitley did not plan to let `` When You Say Nothing at All '' meet the same fate . </P> <H2> Keith Whitley ( edit ) </H2> <P> RCA released `` When You Say Nothing at All '' as the follow - up single to the title song of Whitley 's Do n't Close Your Eyes album . The former song already had hit No. 1 on the Billboard Hot Country Singles chart , his first chart - topper after three prior singles made the top 10 . `` When You Say Nothing at All '' entered the Hot Country Singles chart on September 17 , 1988 , at No. 61 , and gradually rose to the top , where it stayed for two weeks at the end of the year . It was the second of five consecutive chart - topping singles for Whitley , who did not live to see the last two , as he died on May 9 , 1989 of alcohol poisoning . `` Keith did a great job singin ' that song , '' co-composer Schlitz told author Tom Roland . `` He truly sang it from the heart . '' In 2004 , Whitley 's original was ranked 12th among CMT 's 100 Greatest Love Songs . It was sung by Sara Evans on the show . As of February 2015 , the song has sold 599,000 digital copies in the US after it became available for download . </P> <H3> Chart performance ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Chart ( 1988 ) </Th> <Th> Peak position </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> US Hot Country Songs ( Billboard ) </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Canadian RPM Country Tracks </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Alison Krauss version ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> `` When You Say Nothing at All '' </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Single by Alison Krauss & Union Station </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> from the album Keith Whitley : A Tribute Album & Now That I 've Found You : A Collection </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> B - side </Th> <Td> `` Charlotte 's in North Carolina '' by Keith Whitley </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Released </Th> <Td> 1995 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Format </Th> <Td> 7 '' vinyl single </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Genre </Th> <Td> Country </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Length </Th> <Td> 4 : 20 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Label </Th> <Td> BNA </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Songwriter ( s ) </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Paul Overstreet </Li> <Li> Don Schlitz </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Producer ( s ) </Th> <Td> Randy Scruggs </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Alison Krauss & Union Station singles chronology </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Td> `` Somewhere in the Vicinity of the Heart '' ( 1995 ) </Td> <Td> `` When You Say Nothing at All '' ( 1995 ) </Td> <Td> `` Baby Now That I 've Found You '' ( 1995 ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Td> `` Somewhere in the Vicinity of the Heart '' ( 1995 ) </Td> <Td> `` When You Say Nothing at All '' ( 1995 ) </Td> <Td> `` Baby Now That I 've Found You '' ( 1995 ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> In 1995 , Alison Krauss covered the song with the group Union Station for a tribute album to Whitley titled Keith Whitley : A Tribute Album . The single release featured `` Charlotte 's in North Carolina , '' one of several previously - unreleased tracks sung by Whitley on the album , as the B - side . After Krauss 's cover began to receive unsolicited airplay , BNA Records , the label that had released the album , issued Krauss ' version to radio in January 1995 . That version , also featured on Krauss ' compilation Now That I 've Found You : A Collection , peaked at No. 3 on the Billboard Hot Country Singles & Tracks chart , and a commercial single reached No. 2 on the same magazine 's Hot Country Singles Sales chart . The single 's B - side was a previously unreleased Whitley song titled `` Charlotte 's in North Carolina '' , which also appeared on the tribute album . </P> <P> Its success , as well as that of the album , caught Krauss by surprise . `` It 's a freak thing , '' she told a Los Angeles Times reporter in March 1995 . `` It 's kinda ticklin ' us all . We have n't had anything really chart before . At all . Is n't it funny though ? We do n't know what 's goin ' on ... The office said , ' Hey , it 's charting , ' and we 're like , ' Huh ? ' '' </P> <P> While Krauss ' version was on the charts , Mike Cromwell , then the production director at WMIL - FM in Milwaukee , Wisconsin , concocted a duet merging elements of Krauss ' version with Whitley 's original hit version . The `` duet '' garnered national attention , and it spread from at least Philadelphia to Albuquerque , and has been heard on radio stations in California as well . This `` duet '' was however never officially serviced to radio and has never been available commercially . </P> <P> Krauss ' recording won the 1995 CMA award for `` Single of the Year '' . The song has been featured a couple of times in the soap opera The Young and the Restless . Krauss ' version was also used in the 1999 motion picture `` The Other Sister '' . The song has sold 468,000 digital downloads as of May 2017 . </P> <H3> Track listing ( edit ) </H3> <Ol> <Li> `` When You Say Nothing at All '' </Li> <Li> `` Charlotte 's In North Carolina '' </Li> </Ol> <H3> Chart performance ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Chart ( 1995 ) </Th> <Th> Peak position </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Canada Country Tracks ( RPM ) </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) </Td> <Td> 91 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> US Billboard Hot 100 </Td> <Td> 53 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> US Hot Country Songs ( Billboard ) </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Year - end charts ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Chart ( 1995 ) </Th> <Th> Position </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Canada Country Tracks ( RPM ) </Td> <Td> 99 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Ronan Keating version ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> `` When You Say Nothing at All '' </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Single by Ronan Keating </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> from the album Ronan , Notting Hill and By Request </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Released </Th> <Td> July 26 , 1999 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Format </Th> <Td> CD single , cassette single </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Recorded </Th> <Td> 1999 ; Metropolis and the Aquarium ( London , United Kingdom ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Genre </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Pop </Li> <Li> adult contemporary </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Length </Th> <Td> 4 : 18 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Label </Th> <Td> Polydor </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Songwriter ( s ) </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Paul Overstreet </Li> <Li> Don Schlitz </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Producer ( s ) </Th> <Td> Stephen Lipson </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Ronan Keating singles chronology </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` When You Say Nothing at All '' ( 1999 ) </Td> <Td> `` Life Is a Rollercoaster '' ( 2000 ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` When You Say Nothing at All '' ( 1999 ) </Td> <Td> `` Life Is a Rollercoaster '' ( 2000 ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> `` When You Say Nothing at All '' was released as the debut solo single by Irish singer - songwriter Ronan Keating . The song was recorded in 1999 for the soundtrack to the film Notting Hill and also appeared on Keating 's debut solo album , Ronan . The song was released on July 26 , 1999 , in the United Kingdom . It peaked at number one in the UK , Ireland , and New Zealand . In the UK , the single was certified gold . In 2003 , Keating re-recorded the song as a duet with Mexican singer Paulina Rubio , which was released in Mexico and Latin America ( excluding Brazil ) to promote Keating 's second studio album , Destination . In Brazil , Ronan chose the Brazilian singer Deborah Blando to re-record the song for the 10 Years Of Hits album exclusive for that country ( an exclusive music video was recorded for this version with Deborah ) . </P> <H3> Track listing ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> UK CD single # 1 </Li> </Ul> <Ol> <Li> `` When You Say Nothing at All '' -- 4 : 18 </Li> <Li> `` When You Say Nothing at All '' ( acoustic version ) -- 3 : 30 </Li> <Li> `` This Is Your Song '' -- 4 : 03 </Li> <Li> `` When You Say Nothing at All '' ( music video ) -- 4 : 25 </Li> </Ol> <Ul> <Li> UK CD single # 2 </Li> </Ul> <Ol> <Li> `` When You Say Nothing At All '' -- 4 : 18 </Li> <Li> `` At The End Of A Perfect Day '' -- 4 : 37 </Li> <Li> `` I Will Miss You '' -- 3 : 05 </Li> </Ol> <Ul> <Li> UK Cassette single </Li> </Ul> <Ol> <Li> `` When You Say Nothing at All '' -- 4 : 18 </Li> <Li> `` This Is Your Song '' -- 4 : 03 </Li> </Ol> <H3> Charts and certifications ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Td> Weekly charts ( edit ) <Table> <Tr> <Th> Chart ( 1999 ) </Th> <Th> Peak position </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Australia ( ARIA ) </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Wallonia ) </Td> <Td> 38 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Denmark ( IFPI ) </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Finland ( Suomen virallinen lista ) </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> France ( SNEP ) </Td> <Td> 41 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Germany ( Official German Charts ) </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Ireland ( IRMA ) </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Italy ( FIMI ) </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Norway ( VG - lista ) </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> <Td> Year - end charts ( edit ) <Table> <Tr> <Th> Chart ( 1999 ) </Th> <Th> Position </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Germany ( Official German Charts ) </Td> <Td> 49 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> </Tr> </Table> Certifications ( edit ) <Table> <Tr> <Th> Country </Th> <Th> Certifications </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Australia </Td> <Td> Platinum </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Norway </Td> <Td> Gold </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> United Kingdom </Td> <Td> Platinum </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Other covers ( edit ) </H2> <P> The Italian - Ukrainian - Brazilian singer Deborah Blando recorded `` When You Say Nothing at All '' in English and Portuguese for the Brazilian version of the song , which featured on the Brazilian version of Destination . The single reached the top 10 in the Latin charts . Burmese singer Zaw Paing also made a Burmese version cover . </P> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Collins , Ace ( 1996 ) . The Stories Behind Country Music 's All - Time Greatest 100 Songs . New York : Boulevard . p. 268 . ISBN 1 - 57297 - 072 - 3 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Roland , Tom ( 1991 ) . The Billboard Book of Number One Country Hits . New York : Billboard . p. 539 . ISBN 0 - 8230 - 7553 - 2 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Whitburn , Joel ( 2005 ) . Top Country Songs 1944 - 2005 . Menomonee Falls , Wis. : Record Research . p. 416 . ISBN 0 - 89820 - 165 - 9 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ CMT. `` 100 Greatest Love Songs '' . Retrieved 2007 - 05 - 22 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Matt Bjorke ( February 19 , 2015 ) . `` Country Music 's Top 30 Digital Singles : Week of February 19 , 2015 '' . Roughstock . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Keith Whitley Chart History ( Hot Country Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved January 22 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Horak , Terri ( 1995 - 01 - 21 ) . `` Rounder Goes All Out for Grammy - Nominated Krauss '' . Billboard . Accessed via ProQuest . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Cromelin , Richard ( 1995 - 03 - 25 ) . `` A Hit from Country 's Kinfolk / Bluegrass 's most prominent figure makes her way into country music 's Top 10 . Even Alison Krauss ca n't explain it '' . Los Angeles Times . p . F1 . Accessed via ProQuest . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Cave , Kathy ( 1995 - 05 - 05 ) . `` Whitley , Krauss blend grabs national attention '' . Milwaukee Journal Sentinel . p . B8 . Accessed via ProQuest . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bjorke , Matt ( May 3 , 2017 ) . `` Top 30 Digital Singles Sales Report : May 3 , 2017 '' . Roughstock . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Top RPM Country Tracks : Issue 9199 . '' RPM . Library and Archives Canada . June 19 , 1995 . Retrieved July 21 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Alison Krauss : Artist Chart History '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved January 22 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Alison Krauss Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved January 22 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Alison Krauss Chart History ( Hot Country Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved January 22 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` RPM Top 100 Country Tracks of 1995 '' . RPM . December 18 , 1995 . Retrieved July 21 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Australian-charts.com -- Ronan Keating -- When You Say Nothing At All '' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 26 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Ronan Keating -- When You Say Nothing At All '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 26 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Ronan Keating -- When You Say Nothing At All '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 26 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Ronan Keating -- When You Say Nothing At All '' ( in French ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 26 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Billboard . Billboard September 25 , 1999 . Billboard . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 28 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Ronan Keating : When You Say Nothing At All '' ( in Finnish ) . Musiikkituottajat -- IFPI Finland . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 28 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Lescharts.com -- Ronan Keating -- When You Say Nothing At All '' ( in French ) . Les classement single . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 26 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Musicline.de -- KEATING , RONAN Single - Chartverfolgung '' ( in German ) . Media Control Charts . PhonoNet GmbH . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 28 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Irish Charts - All there is to know '' . Irish Recorded Music Association . Irishcharts.ie . Retrieved 28 November 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Italiancharts.com -- Ronan Keating -- When You Say Nothing At All '' . Top Digital Download . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 26 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Nederlandse Top 40 -- Ronan Keating '' ( in Dutch ) . Dutch Top 40 . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 26 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Charts.org.nz -- Ronan Keating -- When You Say Nothing At All '' . Top 40 Singles . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 26 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Norwegiancharts.com -- Ronan Keating -- When You Say Nothing At All '' . VG - lista . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 26 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- Ronan Keating -- When You Say Nothing At All '' . Singles Top 100 . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 26 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Ronan Keating -- When You Say Nothing At All '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 26 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 26 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Single - Jahrescharts '' ( in German ) . GfK Entertainment . Retrieved April 21 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` End of Year Charts 1999 '' . Recorded Music NZ . Retrieved December 4 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` ARIA Charts -- Accreditations -- 1999 Singles '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 28 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` IFPI Norsk platebransje -- Trofeer '' ( in Norwegian ) . IFPI Norway . 1999 . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 28 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` British Phonographic Industry '' . British Phonographic Industry . 1999 - 07 - 30 . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 28 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Td> Preceded by `` A Tender Lie '' by Restless Heart </Td> <Td> Billboard Hot Country Singles number - one single ( Keith Whitley ) December 24 , 1988 -- December 31 , 1988 </Td> <Td> Succeeded by `` Hold Me '' by K.T. Oslin </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Preceded by `` Livin ' la Vida Loca '' by Ricky Martin </Td> <Td> UK Singles Chart number one single ( Ronan Keating ) August 1 , 1999 -- August 14 , 1999 </Td> <Td> Succeeded by `` If I Let You Go '' by Westlife </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Keith Whitley </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Studio albums </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> A Hard Act to Follow </Li> <Li> L.A. to Miami </Li> <Li> Do n't Close Your Eyes </Li> <Li> I Wonder Do You Think of Me </Li> <Li> Kentucky Bluebird </Li> <Li> Wherever You Are Tonight </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Compilation albums </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Greatest Hits </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Notable singles </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` Miami , My Amy '' </Li> <Li> `` Ten Feet Away '' </Li> <Li> `` Homecoming ' 63 '' </Li> <Li> `` Hard Livin ' '' </Li> <Li> `` Some Old Side Road '' </Li> <Li> `` Do n't Close Your Eyes '' </Li> <Li> `` When You Say Nothing at All '' </Li> <Li> `` I 'm No Stranger to the Rain '' </Li> <Li> `` I Wonder Do You Think of Me '' </Li> <Li> `` It Ai n't Nothin ' '' </Li> <Li> `` I 'm Over You '' </Li> <Li> `` ' Til a Tear Becomes a Rose '' ( with Lorrie Morgan ) </Li> <Li> `` Brotherly Love '' ( with Earl Thomas Conley ) </Li> <Li> `` Somebody 's Doin ' Me Right '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Related articles </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` Hopelessly Yours '' </Li> <Li> Keith Whitley : A Tribute Album </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Alison Krauss & Union Station </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Alison Krauss </Li> <Li> Barry Bales </Li> <Li> Ron Block </Li> <Li> Jerry Douglas </Li> <Li> Dan Tyminski </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> John Pennell </Li> <Li> Jeff White </Li> <Li> Brent Truitt </Li> <Li> Mike Harman </Li> <Li> Adam Steffey </Li> <Li> Tim Stafford </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Studio albums </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Different Strokes </Li> <Li> Too Late to Cry </Li> <Li> Two Highways </Li> <Li> I 've Got That Old Feeling </Li> <Li> Every Time You Say Goodbye </Li> <Li> I Know Who Holds Tomorrow </Li> <Li> So Long So Wrong </Li> <Li> Forget About It </Li> <Li> New Favorite </Li> <Li> Lonely Runs Both Ways </Li> <Li> Paper Airplane </Li> <Li> Windy City </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Compilation albums </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Now That I 've Found You : A Collection </Li> <Li> Live </Li> <Li> A Hundred Miles or More : A Collection </Li> <Li> Essential Alison Krauss </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> With Robert Plant </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Raising Sand </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Singles </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` When You Say Nothing at All '' </Li> <Li> `` Baby Now That I 've Found You '' </Li> <Li> `` Baby Mine '' </Li> <Li> `` The Lucky One '' </Li> <Li> `` Missing You '' </Li> <Li> `` Please Read the Letter '' </Li> <Li> `` Rich Woman '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Featured singles </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` Teach Your Children '' </Li> <Li> `` Somewhere in the Vicinity of the Heart '' </Li> <Li> `` It 's Not Over '' </Li> <Li> `` Buy Me a Rose '' </Li> <Li> `` Whiskey Lullaby '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Related articles </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Discography </Li> <Li> Awards and nominations </Li> <Li> Alison Brown </Li> <Li> Robert Plant </Li> <Li> Viktor Krauss </Li> <Li> Up ! 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who sang the song when you say nothing at all

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Easy Rider - wikipedia <H1> Easy Rider </H1> Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the film . For other uses , see Easy Rider ( disambiguation ) . <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Easy Rider </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Original poster </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Directed by </Th> <Td> Dennis Hopper </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Produced by </Th> <Td> Peter Fonda </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Written by </Th> <Td> Peter Fonda Dennis Hopper Terry Southern </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Starring </Th> <Td> Peter Fonda Dennis Hopper Jack Nicholson </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Music by </Th> <Td> The Band The Byrds The Jimi Hendrix Experience Roger McGuinn Steppenwolf </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Cinematography </Th> <Td> László Kovács </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Edited by </Th> <Td> Donn Cambern </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Production company </Th> <Td> Raybert Productions Pando Company </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Distributed by </Th> <Td> Columbia Pictures </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Release date </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> July 14 , 1969 ( 1969 - 07 - 14 ) </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Running time </Th> <Td> 95 minutes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Country </Th> <Td> United States </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Language </Th> <Td> English </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Budget </Th> <Td> $360,000 -- $400,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Box office </Th> <Td> $60 million </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Easy Rider is a 1969 American independent road drama film written by Peter Fonda , Dennis Hopper , and Terry Southern , produced by Fonda , and directed by Hopper . Fonda and Hopper played two bikers who travel through the American Southwest and South carrying the proceeds from a drug ( cocaine ) deal . The success of Easy Rider helped spark the New Hollywood era of filmmaking during the early 1970s . </P> <P> A landmark counterculture film , and a `` touchstone for a generation '' that `` captured the national imagination '' , Easy Rider explores the societal landscape , issues , and tensions in the United States during the 1960s , such as the rise of the hippie movement , drug use , and communal lifestyle . Real drugs were used in scenes showing the use of marijuana and other substances . </P> <P> Easy Rider was released by Columbia Pictures on July 14 , 1969 , grossing $60 million worldwide from a filming budget of no more than $400,000 . Critics have praised the performances , directing , writing , soundtrack , visuals , and atmosphere . The film was added to the Library of Congress National Film Registry in 1998 . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Plot </Li> <Li> 2 Cast </Li> <Li> 3 Production <Ul> <Li> 3.1 Writing </Li> <Li> 3.2 Filming </Li> <Li> 3.3 Post-production </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 Motorcycles </Li> <Li> 5 Reception <Ul> <Li> 5.1 Awards and honors </Li> <Li> 5.2 Significance </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 6 Music </Li> <Li> 7 Home media </Li> <Li> 8 Sequel </Li> <Li> 9 See also </Li> <Li> 10 Notes </Li> <Li> 11 References </Li> <Li> 12 Further reading </Li> <Li> 13 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Plot ( edit ) </H2> <P> Wyatt ( Wyatt Earp ) and Billy ( Billy the Kid ) are freewheeling bikers . After smuggling cocaine from Mexico to Los Angeles , they sell their haul and receive a large sum . With the money stuffed into a plastic tube hidden inside the Stars & Stripes - painted fuel tank of Wyatt 's California - style chopper , they ride eastward aiming to reach New Orleans , Louisiana , in time for the Mardi Gras festival . </P> <P> During their trip , Wyatt and Billy stop to repair one of the bikes at a farmstead and have a meal with the farmer and his family . Later , Wyatt picks up a hippyish hitch - hiker , and he invites them to visit his commune , where they stay for the rest of the day . The notion of `` free love '' appears to be practiced , with two of the women , Lisa and Sarah , seemingly sharing the affections of the hitch - hiking commune member before turning their attention to Wyatt and Billy . As the bikers leave , the hitch - hiker gives Wyatt some LSD for him to share with `` the right people '' . </P> <P> Later , while riding along with a parade in a small town , the pair are arrested for `` parading without a permit '' and thrown in jail . There , they befriend ACLU lawyer George Hanson , who has spent the night in jail after overindulging in alcohol . George helps them get out of jail and decides to travel with Wyatt and Billy to New Orleans . As they camp that night , Wyatt and Billy introduce George to marijuana . As an alcoholic and a `` square '' , George is reluctant to try it due to the gateway drug theory but quickly relents . </P> <P> Stopping to eat at a small - town Louisiana diner , the trio attracts the attention of the locals . The girls in the restaurant think they are exciting , but the local men and a police officer make denigrating comments and taunts . Wyatt , Billy , and George decide to leave without any fuss . They make camp outside town . In the middle of the night , a group of locals attack the sleeping trio , beating them with clubs . Billy screams and brandishes a knife , and the attackers leave . Wyatt and Billy suffer minor injuries , but George has been bludgeoned to death . Wyatt and Billy wrap George 's body in his sleeping bag , gather his belongings , and vow to return the items to his parents . </P> <P> They continue to New Orleans and find a brothel George had told them about . Taking prostitutes Karen and Mary with them , Wyatt and Billy wander the parade - filled streets of the Mardi Gras celebration . They end up in a cemetery , where all four ingest the LSD the hitch - hiker had given to Wyatt and experience a bad trip . </P> <P> The next morning , as they are overtaken on a two - lane country road by an old pickup truck , the passenger in the truck reaches for a shotgun , saying he will scare them . As they pass Billy , the passenger fires , and Billy has a lowside crash . Wyatt rides down the road towards the pickup as it makes a u-turn . Passing in the opposite direction , the passenger fires the shotgun out the window . The gunshot is shown as a red blotch that fills the screen , followed by a reverse cut of the riderless motorcycle , flying through the air before landing and becoming engulfed in flames while Wyatt lies injured on the side of the road behind the wreck . </P> <H2> Cast ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Peter Fonda as Wyatt , `` Captain America '' </Li> <Li> Dennis Hopper as Billy </Li> <Li> Antonio Mendoza as Jesus </Li> <Li> Phil Spector as Connection </Li> <Li> Mac Mashourian as Bodyguard </Li> <Li> Warren Finnerty as Rancher </Li> <Li> Tita Colorado as Rancher 's Wife </Li> <Li> Luke Askew as Stranger on Highway </Li> </Ul> <P> Commune </P> <Ul> <Li> Luana Anders as Lisa </Li> <Li> Sabrina Scharf as Sarah </Li> <Li> Robert Walker , Jr. as Jack </Li> <Li> Sandy Wyeth as Joanne </Li> <Li> Robert Ball as Mime # 1 </Li> <Li> Carmen Phillips as Mime # 2 </Li> <Li> Ellie Walker as Mime # 3 </Li> <Li> Michael Pataki as Mime # 4 </Li> <Li> Bridget Fonda as Child in Commune ( Uncredited ) </Li> </Ul> <P> Jail </P> <Ul> <Li> Jack Nicholson as George Hanson </Li> <Li> George Fowler , Jr. as Guard </Li> <Li> Keith Green as Sheriff </Li> </Ul> <P> Café </P> <Ul> <Li> Hayward Robillard as Cat Man </Li> <Li> Arnold Hess , Jr. as Deputy </Li> <Li> Buddy Causey , Jr. as Customer # 1 </Li> <Li> Duffy Lafont as Customer # 2 </Li> <Li> Blasé M. Dawson as Customer # 3 </Li> <Li> Paul Guedry as Customer # 4 </Li> <Li> Suzie Ramagos as Girl # 1 </Li> <Li> Elida Ann Hebert as Girl # 2 </Li> <Li> Rose LeBlanc as Girl # 3 </Li> <Li> Mary Kaye Hebert as Girl # 4 </Li> <Li> Cynthia Grezaffi as Girl # 5 </Li> <Li> Colette Purpera as Girl # 6 </Li> </Ul> <P> House of Blue Lights </P> <Ul> <Li> Toni Basil as Mary </Li> <Li> Karen Black as Karen </Li> <Li> Lea Marmer as Madame </Li> <Li> Cathé Cozzi as Dancing Girl </Li> <Li> Thea Salerno as Hooker # 1 </Li> <Li> Anne McClain as Hooker # 2 </Li> <Li> Beatriz Monteil as Hooker # 3 </Li> <Li> Marcia Bowman as Hooker # 4 </Li> <Li> Paul Ernest as Umbrella Man ( uncredited ) </Li> </Ul> <P> Pickup Truck </P> <Ul> <Li> David C. Billodeau </Li> <Li> Johnny David </Li> </Ul> <H2> Production ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Writing ( edit ) </H3> <P> Hopper and Fonda 's first collaboration was in The Trip ( 1967 ) , written by Jack Nicholson , which had themes and characters similar to those of Easy Rider . Peter Fonda had become `` an icon of the counterculture '' in The Wild Angels ( 1966 ) , where he established `` a persona he would develop further in The Trip and Easy Rider . '' The Trip also popularized LSD , while Easy Rider went on to `` celebrate 60s counterculture '' but does so `` stripped of its innocence . '' Author Katie Mills wrote that The Trip is a way point along the `` metamorphosis of the rebel road story from a Beat relic into its hippie reincarnation as Easy Rider '' , and connected Peter Fonda 's characters in those two films , along with his character in The Wild Angels , deviating from the `` formulaic biker '' persona and critiquing `` commodity - oriented filmmakers appropriating avant - garde film techniques . '' It was also a step in the transition from independent film into Hollywood 's mainstream , and while The Trip was criticized as a faux , popularized underground film made by Hollywood insiders , Easy Rider `` interrogates '' the attitude that underground film must `` remain strictly segregated from Hollywood . '' Mills also wrote that the famous acid trip scene in Easy Rider `` clearly derives from their first tentative explorations as filmmakers in The Trip . '' </P> <P> When seeing a still of himself and Bruce Dern in The Wild Angels , Peter Fonda had the idea of a modern Western , involving two bikers travelling around the country and eventually getting shot by hillbillies . He called Dennis Hopper , and the two decided to turn that into a movie , The Loners , with Hopper directing , Fonda producing , and both starring and writing . They brought in screenwriter Terry Southern , who came up with the title Easy Rider . The film was mostly shot without a screenplay , with ad - libbed lines , and production started with only the outline and the names of the protagonists . Keeping the Western theme , Wyatt was named after Wyatt Earp and Billy after Billy the Kid . However , Southern disputed that Hopper wrote much of the script . In an interview published in 2016 ( Southern died in 1995 ) he said , `` You know if Den Hopper improvises a dozen lines and six of them survive the cutting room floor he 'll put in for screenplay credit . Now it would be almost impossible to exaggerate his contribution to the film -- but , by George , he manages to do it every time . '' According to Southern , Fonda was under contract to produce a motorcycle film with A.I.P. , which Fonda had agreed to allow Hopper to direct . According to Southern , Fonda and Hopper did n't seek screenplay credit until after the first screenings of the film , which required Southern 's agreement due to writers guild policies . Southern says he agreed out of a sense of camaraderie , and that Hopper later took credit for the entire script . </P> <P> According to Terry Southern 's biographer , Lee Hill , the part of George Hanson had been written for Southern 's friend , actor Rip Torn . When Torn met with Hopper and Fonda at a New York restaurant in early 1968 to discuss the role , Hopper began ranting about the `` rednecks '' he had encountered on his scouting trip to the South . Torn , a Texan , took exception to some of Hopper 's remarks , and the two almost came to blows , as a result of which Torn withdrew from the project . Torn was replaced by Jack Nicholson , whom Hopper had recently appeared with in Head ( along with another Easy Rider co-star , Toni Basil ) . In 1994 , Jay Leno interviewed Hopper about Easy Rider on The Tonight Show , and during the interview , Hopper alleged that Torn had pulled a knife on him during the altercation , prompting Torn to sue Hopper successfully for defamation . </P> <H3> Filming ( edit ) </H3> <P> The filming budget of Easy Rider was $360,000 to $400,000 . Peter Fonda said that on top this , he personally paid for the costs of travel and lodging for the crew , saying , `` Everybody was taking my credit cards and would pay for all the hotels , the food , the gas , everything with Diner 's Club '' . Laszlo Kovacs said that an additional $1 million , `` about three times the budget for shooting the rest of the film '' was spent licensing music that was added during the editing . </P> <P> Hopper was also said to be difficult on set . During test shooting on location in New Orleans , Hopper fought with the production 's ad hoc crew for control . At one point he entered into a physical confrontation with photographer Barry Feinstein , who was one of the camera operators for the shoot . After this turmoil , Hopper and Fonda decided to assemble a proper crew for the rest of the film . </P> <P> Allegedly , the characters of Wyatt and Billy were respectively based on Roger McGuinn and David Crosby of The Byrds . </P> <P> The hippie commune was recreated from pictures and shot at a site overlooking Malibu Canyon , since the New Buffalo commune in Arroyo Hondo near Taos , New Mexico , did not permit shooting there . </P> <P> A short clip near the beginning of the film shows Wyatt and Billy on Route 66 in Flagstaff , Arizona , passing a large figure of a lumberjack . That lumberjack statue -- once situated in front of the Lumberjack Cafe -- remains in Flagstaff , but now stands inside the J. Lawrence Walkup Skydome on the campus of Northern Arizona University . A second , very similar statue was also moved from the Lumberjack Cafe to the exterior of the Skydome . </P> <P> Most of the film is shot outside with natural lighting . Hopper said all the outdoor shooting was an intentional choice on his part , because `` God is a great gaffer . '' The production used two five - ton trucks , one for the equipment and one for the motorcycles , with the cast and crew in a motor home . One of the locations was Monument Valley . </P> <P> The restaurant scenes with Fonda , Hopper , and Nicholson were shot in Morganza , Louisiana . The men and girls in that scene were all Morganza locals . In order to inspire more vitriolic commentary from the local men , Hopper told them the characters of Billy , Wyatt , and George had raped and killed a girl outside of town . The scene in which Billy and Wyatt were shot was filmed on Louisiana Highway 105 North , just outside Krotz Springs , and the two other men in the scene -- Johnny David and D.C. Billodeau -- were Krotz Springs locals . </P> <P> While shooting the cemetery scene , Hopper tried to convince Fonda to talk to the statue of the Madonna as though it were Fonda 's mother ( who had committed suicide when he was 10 years old ) and ask her why she left him . Although Fonda was reluctant , he eventually complied . Later , Fonda used the inclusion of this scene as leverage to persuade Roger McGuinn to allow the use of his cover of Bob Dylan 's `` It 's Alright , Ma ( I 'm Only Bleeding ) . '' </P> <H3> Post-production ( edit ) </H3> <P> Despite being filmed in the first half of 1968 , roughly between Mardi Gras and the assassination of Robert F. Kennedy , with production starting on February 22nd , the film did not have a U.S. premiere until July 1969 , after having won an award at the Cannes film festival in May . The delay was partially due to a protracted editing process . Inspired by 2001 : A Space Odyssey , one of Hopper 's proposed cuts was 220 minutes long , including extensive use of the `` flash - forward '' narrative device , wherein scenes from later in the movie are inserted into the current scene . Only one flash - forward survives in the final edit : when Wyatt in the New Orleans brothel has a premonition of the final scene . At the request of Bob Rafelson and Bert Schneider , Henry Jaglom was brought in to edit the film into its current form , while Schneider purchased Hopper a trip to Taos so he would not interfere with the recut . Upon seeing the final cut , Hopper was originally displeased , saying that his movie was `` turned into a TV show , '' but he eventually accepted , claiming that Jaglom had crafted the film the way Hopper had originally intended . Despite the large part he played in shaping the film , Jaglom only received credit as an `` Editorial Consultant . '' </P> <P> There are various reports about the exact running time of original rough cut of the movie : four hours , four and a half hours or five hours . All deleted footage is believed to be lost . Some of the scenes which were in the original cut but were deleted are : </P> <Ul> <Li> the original opening showing Wyatt and Billy performing in a Los Angeles stunt show ( their real jobs ) </Li> <Li> Wyatt and Billy being ripped off by the promoter </Li> <Li> Wyatt and Billy getting in a biker fight </Li> <Li> Wyatt and Billy picking up women at a drive - in </Li> <Li> Wyatt and Billy cruising to and escaping from Mexico to score the cocaine they sell </Li> <Li> an elaborate police and helicopter chase that took place at the beginning after the dope deal with police chasing Wyatt and Billy over mountains and across the Mexican border </Li> <Li> the road trip out of L.A. edited to the full length of Steppenwolf 's `` Born to Be Wild '' with billboards along the way offering wry commentary </Li> <Li> Wyatt and Billy being pulled over by a cop while riding their motorcycles across a highway </Li> <Li> Wyatt and Billy encountering a black motorcycle gang </Li> <Li> ten additional minutes for the volatile café scene in Louisiana where George deftly keeps the peace </Li> <Li> Wyatt and Billy checking into a hotel before going over to Madam Tinkertoy 's </Li> <Li> an extended and much longer Madam Tinkertoy sequence </Li> <Li> extended versions of all the campfire scenes , including the enigmatic finale in which Wyatt says , `` We blew it , Billy . '' </Li> </Ul> <P> Easy Rider 's style -- the jump cuts , time shifts , flash forwards , flashbacks , jerky hand - held cameras , fractured narrative and improvised acting -- can be seen as a cinematic translation of the psychedelic experience . Peter Biskind , author of Easy Riders , Raging Bulls wrote : `` LSD did create a frame of mind that fractured experience and that LSD experience had an effect on films like Easy Rider . '' </P> <H2> Motorcycles ( edit ) </H2> Replicas of the Captain America bike and Billy Bike at the Harley - Davidson Museum . <P> The motorcycles for the film , based on hardtail frames and panhead engines , were designed and built by two African - American chopper builders -- Cliff Vaughs and Ben Hardy -- following ideas of Peter Fonda , and handled by Tex Hall and Dan Haggerty during shooting . </P> <P> In total , four former police bikes were used in the film . The 1949 , 1950 and 1952 Harley - Davidson Hydra - Glide bikes were purchased at an auction for $500 , equivalent to about $3500 in 2018 . Each bike had a backup to make sure that shooting could continue in case one of the old machines failed or got wrecked accidentally . One `` Captain America '' was demolished in the final scene , while the other three were stolen and probably taken apart before their significance as movie props became known . The demolished bike was rebuilt by Dan Haggerty and offered for auction on October 18 , 2014 by Profiles in History , a Calabasas , CA - based auction house with an estimated value of $1 million to $1.2 million . The provenance of existing Captain America motorcycles is unclear , and has been the subject of much litigation . A motorcycle on display at the EMP Museum in Seattle , Washington is identified by that organization as the original rebuilt movie prop . A replica resides at the National Motorcycle Museum in Anamosa , Iowa . Many other replicas have been built since the film 's release . </P> <P> Hopper and Fonda hosted a wrap party for the movie and then realized they had not yet shot the final campfire scene . Thus , it was shot after the bikes had already been stolen , which is why they are not visible in the background as in the other campfire scenes . </P> <H2> Reception ( edit ) </H2> Peter Fonda 's American Flag patch , sold for $89,625 in 2007 <H3> Awards and honors ( edit ) </H3> <P> Hopper received the First Film Award ( Prix de la première œuvre ) at the 1969 Cannes Film Festival . At the 42nd Academy Awards , Jack Nicholson was nominated for Best Actor in a Supporting Role , and the film was also nominated for Best Original Screenplay . </P> <P> The film appears at number 88 on the American Film Institute 's list of 100 Years , 100 Movies . In 1998 , Easy Rider was added to the United States National Film Registry , having been deemed `` culturally , historically , or aesthetically significant . '' </P> <H3> Significance ( edit ) </H3> <P> Easy Rider was the third highest - grossing film of 1969 , with worldwide gross $60 million , including $41.7 million domestically in the US . Along with Bonnie and Clyde and The Graduate , Easy Rider helped kick - start the New Hollywood era during the late 1960s and 1970s . The major studios realized that money could be made from low - budget films made by avant - garde directors . Heavily influenced by the French New Wave , the films of the so - called `` post-classical Hollywood '' came to represent a counterculture generation increasingly disillusioned with its government as well as the government 's effects on the world at large , and the Establishment in general . Although Jack Nicholson appears only as a supporting actor and in the last half of the film , the standout performance signaled his arrival as a movie star , along with his subsequent film Five Easy Pieces in which he had the lead role . Vice President Spiro Agnew criticized Easy Rider , along with the band Jefferson Airplane , as examples of the permissiveness of the 1960s counterculture . </P> <P> The film 's success , and the new era of Hollywood that it helped usher in , gave Hopper the chance to direct again with complete artistic control . The result was 1971 's The Last Movie , which was a notable box office and critical failure , effectively ending Hopper 's career as a director for well over a decade . </P> <P> Roger Ebert added Easy Rider to his `` Great Movies '' list in 2004 . </P> <H2> Music ( edit ) </H2> Main article : Easy Rider ( soundtrack ) <P> The movie 's `` groundbreaking '' soundtrack featured The Band , The Byrds , The Jimi Hendrix Experience and Steppenwolf . Editor Donn Cambern used various music from his own record collection to make watching hours of bike footage more interesting during editing . Most of Cambern 's music was used , with licensing costs of $1 million , triple the film 's budget . The film 's extensive use of pop and rock music for the soundtrack was similar to what had recently been used for 1967 's The Graduate . </P> <P> Bob Dylan was asked to contribute music , but was reluctant to use his own recording of `` It 's Alright , Ma ( I 'm Only Bleeding ) '' , so a version performed by Byrds frontman Roger McGuinn was used instead . Also , instead of writing an entirely new song for the film , Dylan simply wrote out the first verse of `` Ballad of Easy Rider '' and told the filmmakers , `` Give this to McGuinn , he 'll know what to do with it . '' McGuinn completed the song and performed it in the film . </P> <P> Originally , Peter Fonda had intended the band Crosby , Stills , Nash , & Young to write an entirely original soundtrack for the film , but this failed to materialize for two reasons . For one , cutter Donn Cambern edited the footage much more closely to what was only meant as temptracks than was customary at the time , which led to everyone involved finding them much more suited to the material than they had originally thought . On the other hand , Hopper increasingly got control over every aspect over the course of the project and decided to throw CSNY out behind Fonda 's back , telling the band as an excuse , `` Look , you guys are really good musicians , but honestly , anybody who rides in a limo ca n't comprehend my movie , so I 'm gon na have to say no to this , and if you guys try to get in the studio again , I may have to cause you some bodily harm . '' </P> <H2> Home media ( edit ) </H2> <P> The film was released by The Criterion Collection in November 2010 as part of the box set America Lost and Found : The BBS Story . It included two audio commentaries , one featuring actor - director - writer Dennis Hopper , the other with Hopper , actor - writer Peter Fonda , and production manager Paul Lewis ; two documentaries about the making and history of the film , Born to Be Wild ( 1995 ) and Easy Rider : Shaking the Cage ( 1999 ) ; television excerpts showing Hopper and Fonda at the Cannes Film Festival ; and a new video interview with BBS co-founder Stephen Blauner . </P> <H2> Sequel ( edit ) </H2> <P> In 2012 , a sequel to the movie was released titled Easy Rider : The Ride Back , directed by Dustin Rikert . The film is about the family of Wyatt `` Captain America '' Williams from the 1940s to the present day . No members of the original cast or crew were involved with the film , which was produced and written by amateur filmmaker Phil Pitzer , who had purchased the sequel rights to Easy Rider . Pitzer also pursued legal action against Bob Rafelson and Bert Schneider in order to block them from reclaiming the rights to the film . </P> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> List of American films of 1969 </Li> <Li> List of films featuring hallucinogens </Li> <Li> American Dream </Li> <Li> Hippie exploitation films </Li> <Li> Method acting </Li> <Li> Outlaw biker film </Li> </Ul> <H2> Notes ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> ^ Jump up to : <Ul> <Li> $360,000 , `` Easy Rider '' , Box Office Mojo </Li> <Li> $375,000 , Turan , Kenneth ( July 10 , 1994 ) , `` Film Comment : How We 've Learned to Stop Worrying and Love the Reissue : The restored ' Dr. Strangelove ' remains a potent film after 30 years '' , The Los Angeles Times </Li> <Li> $400 : 000 , Osgerby , Bill ( 2005 ) . Biker : Truth and Myth : How the Original Cowboy of the Road Became the Easy Rider of the Silver Screen . Globe Pequot . p. 62 . ISBN 1 - 59228 - 841 - 3 . </Li> <Li> $400 : 000 , Easy Rider on IMDb </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Easy Rider , Worldwide Box Office Gross . Worldwide Box Office . Retrieved July 18 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Peter Fonda 's Easy Rider auction '' . Boing Boing. 2007 - 09 - 16 . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 18 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Born to be a classic : `` Easy Rider '' was a touchstone for a generation and for American filmmaking `` . St. Louis Post-Dispatch. 2001 - 07 - 29 . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 19 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Interviews in Easy Rider : Shaking the Cage on IMDb . A Making - of documentary . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Mills , Katie ( 2006 ) , The Road Story and the Rebel : Moving Through Film , Fiction , and Television , Southern Illinois University Press , pp. 122 -- 123 , ISBN 9780809388172 , retrieved December 22 , 2013 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Laderman , David ( 2010 ) , Driving Visions : Exploring the Road Movie , University of Texas Press , pp. 143 -- 144 , ISBN 9780292777903 , retrieved December 22 , 2013 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Boyd , Susan C. , Hooked : Drug War Films in Britain , Canada , and the United States , University of Toronto Press , p. 68 , retrieved December 22 , 2013 </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Biskind , Peter ( 1998 ) . Easy Riders , Raging Bulls . Simon & Schuster . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Golden , Mike ( January 12 , 2016 ) . `` Terry Southern : Writing to His Own Beat '' . Creative Screenwriting . Retrieved January 21 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Head ( 1968 ) -- Full Cast & Crew '' . IMDb . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 13 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Berra , John ( 2008 ) , Declarations of Independence : American Cinema and the Partiality of Independent Production , Intellect Books , p. 37 </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Fisher , Bob ( June 22 , 2004 ) . `` Easy Rider : 35 Years Later ; László Kovács on the 35th anniversary of Easy Rider '' . Moviemaker.com . Archived from the original on February 11 , 2012 . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 19 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Walker , Michael . Laurel Canyon : The Inside Story of Rock and Roll 's Legendary Neighborhood . New York : Faber and Faber , 2006 , p. 210 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Meet the Characters : LouieII '' . rightpalmup.com . Archived from the original on 2011 - 07 - 15 . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 03 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Meet the Characters : Louie '' . rightpalmup.com . Archived from the original on 2011 - 07 - 15 . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 03 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` MovieMaker Magazine '' . Moviemaker.com . Archived from the original on 2011 - 06 - 07 . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 31 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Birnbaum , Jane ( 1992 - 05 - 15 ) . `` The ' ' Easy Rider ' ' controversy '' . EW.com . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 14 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Whalen , John ( 1 July 1998 ) . `` The Trip '' . LA Weekly . Archived from the original on 6 December 2013 . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 13 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Custom Culture , Harley - Davidson Museum , 2012 , archived from the original on 2012 - 04 - 15 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Black Chrome . The California African American Museum , Los Angeles , 2009 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Behind The Motorcycles In ' Easy Rider , ' A Long - Obscured Story . NPR , 2014 </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Wasef , Basem ; Leno , Jay ( 2007 ) , Legendary Motorcycles : The Stories and Bikes Made Famous by Elvis , Peter Fonda , Kenny Roberts and Other Motorcycling Greats , MotorBooks International , pp. 47 -- 52 , ISBN 0 - 7603 - 3070 - 0 , retrieved 2011 - 08 - 29 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Battle Over Captain America , the Chopper from `` Easy Rider '' `` . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` '' Captain America '' Tribute Harley - Davidson '' National Motorcycle Museum `` . www.nationalmcmuseum.org . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Festival de Cannes : Easy Rider '' . festival-cannes.com . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 05 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The 42nd Academy Awards '' . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences . Retrieved 6 July 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Box Office Information for Easy Rider '' . The Numbers . Retrieved February 26 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Canby , Vincent . `` Easy Rider ( 1969 ) '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 18 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Patterson , James T. ( 1996 ) , Grand Expectations : The United States , 1945 -- 1974 , Oxford University Press , ISBN 9780195076806 , retrieved January 15 , 2015 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Roger Ebert . Easy Rider Movie Review October 24 , 2004 </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` The greatest week in rock history '' . Salon . 2003 - 12 - 19 . Archived from the original on 2008 - 12 - 02 . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 19 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Easy Rider '' . The Criterion Collection . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Mastropolo , Frank ( 2014 ) . The Story of the Groundbreaking ' Easy Rider ' Soundtrack , Ultimate Classic Rock , July 14 , 2014 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Easy Rider : The Ride Back on IMDb </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Rabin , Nathan . `` Yes , there 's an Easy Rider sequel , and yes , it 's awful '' . The Dissolve . Retrieved 17 February 2018 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Aldaz , Gabriel ( 2010 ) . Right Palm Up , Left Palm Down : The Log of a Cross-Country Scavenger Hunt . SparkWorks . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9703407 - 7 - 1 . </Li> <Li> Carr , Jay ; National Society of Film Critics ( 2002 ) . The A List : The National Society of Film Critics ' 100 Essential Films . Da Capo Press . ISBN 0 - 306 - 81096 - 4 . </Li> <Li> Easy Rider Bibliography ( via UC Berkeley ) </Li> <Li> Hill , Lee ( 1996 ) . Easy Rider . British Film Institute . ISBN 0 - 85170 - 543 - X . </Li> <Li> Hoberman , J ... Criterion Collection Essay </Li> <Li> Klinger , Barbara ( 1997 ) . `` The Road to Dystopia : Landscaping the Nation in Easy Rider '' . In Steven Cohan , Ina Rae Hark . The Road Movie Book . New York : Routledge . ISBN 0 - 415 - 14936 - 3 . </Li> <Li> Lev , Peter ( 2000 ) . American Films of the 70s : Conflicting Visions . University of Texas Press . ISBN 0 - 292 - 74716 - 0 . </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Phipps , Keith . ( November 16 , 2009 ) Slate.com . The Easy Rider Road Trip : Retracing the Path of the Iconic Movie on Its 40th Anniversary </Li> <Li> Zoller Seitz , Matt . Criterion Collection Essay </Li> </Ul> <H2> Further reading ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Christgau , Robert ( 1969 ) . `` Movie Music '' . The Village Voice ( July 24 ) . New York . </Li> </Ul> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Easy Rider on IMDb </Li> <Li> Easy Rider at Rotten Tomatoes </Li> <Li> Quotations related to Easy Rider at Wikiquote </Li> <Li> Media related to Easy Rider ( film ) at Wikimedia Commons </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Films directed by Dennis Hopper </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Easy Rider ( 1969 ) </Li> <Li> The Last Movie ( 1971 ) </Li> <Li> Out of the Blue ( 1980 ) </Li> <Li> Colors ( 1988 ) </Li> <Li> Catchfire ( 1990 ) </Li> <Li> The Hot Spot ( 1990 ) </Li> <Li> Chasers ( 1994 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Peter Fonda </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Director </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> The Hired Hand ( 1971 ) </Li> <Li> Idaho Transfer ( 1973 ) </Li> <Li> Wanda Nevada ( 1979 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Writer </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Easy Rider ( 1969 ) </Li> <Li> Enemy ( 1990 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Easy_Rider&oldid=834515183 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> 1969 films </Li> <Li> English - language films </Li> <Li> American films </Li> <Li> Counterculture of the 1960s </Li> <Li> Directorial debut films </Li> <Li> Films about drugs </Li> <Li> Films directed by Dennis Hopper </Li> <Li> Films set in California </Li> <Li> Films set in Arizona </Li> <Li> Films set in New Mexico </Li> <Li> Films set in Texas </Li> <Li> Films set in New Orleans </Li> <Li> Films set in Louisiana </Li> <Li> Films shot in New Mexico </Li> <Li> Films shot in New Orleans </Li> <Li> Films shot in Louisiana </Li> <Li> Films shot in California </Li> <Li> Films shot in Arizona </Li> <Li> Hippie films </Li> <Li> Motorcycling films </Li> <Li> American road movies </Li> <Li> United States National Film Registry films </Li> <Li> 1960s drama films </Li> <Li> Screenplays by Terry Southern </Li> <Li> Screenplays by Dennis Hopper </Li> <Li> Columbia Pictures films </Li> <Li> Psychedelia </Li> <Li> Films shot in Utah </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from November 2017 </Li> <Li> All articles with unsourced statements </Li> <Li> Articles with unsourced statements from March 2017 </Li> <Li> Articles prone to spam from August 2012 </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Wikiquote </Li> <Li> Wikivoyage </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Català </Li> <Li> Čeština </Li> <Li> Dansk </Li> <Li> Deutsch </Li> <Li> Español </Li> <Li> Esperanto </Li> <Li> Euskara </Li> <Li> فارسی </Li> <Li> Français </Li> <Li> 한국어 </Li> <Li> Bahasa Indonesia </Li> <Li> Italiano </Li> <Li> עברית </Li> <Li> Magyar </Li> <Li> Bahasa Melayu </Li> <Li> Nederlands </Li> <Li> 日本 語 </Li> <Li> Norsk </Li> <Li> Polski </Li> <Li> Português </Li> <Li> Română </Li> <Li> Русский </Li> <Li> Simple English </Li> <Li> Slovenščina </Li> <Li> Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски </Li> <Li> Suomi </Li> <Li> Svenska </Li> <Li> Türkçe </Li> <Li> Українська </Li> <Li> 中文 </Li> 22 more </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 6 April 2018 , at 03 : 16 . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . 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what was dennis hopper's bike in easy rider

https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Easy_Rider&amp;oldid=834515183

Commonwealth of Nations - wikipedia <H1> Commonwealth of Nations </H1> Jump to : navigation , search `` The Commonwealth '' redirects here . It is not to be confused with the Commonwealth of Independent States . For other uses , see Commonwealth ( disambiguation ) . <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Commonwealth of Nations </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Flag Logo </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Member states of the Commonwealth </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Headquarters </Th> <Td> Marlborough House , London , England , United Kingdom </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Working language </Th> <Td> English </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Type </Th> <Td> Intergovernmental organisation </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Member states </Th> <Td> 52 states ( show ) <Ul> <Li> Antigua and Barbuda </Li> <Li> Australia </Li> <Li> Bahamas </Li> <Li> Bangladesh </Li> <Li> Barbados </Li> <Li> Belize </Li> <Li> Botswana </Li> <Li> Brunei </Li> <Li> Cameroon </Li> <Li> Canada </Li> <Li> Cyprus </Li> <Li> Dominica </Li> <Li> Fiji </Li> <Li> Ghana </Li> <Li> Grenada </Li> <Li> Guyana </Li> <Li> India </Li> <Li> Jamaica </Li> <Li> Kenya </Li> <Li> Kiribati </Li> <Li> Lesotho </Li> <Li> Malawi </Li> <Li> Malaysia </Li> <Li> Malta </Li> <Li> Mauritius </Li> <Li> Mozambique </Li> <Li> Namibia </Li> <Li> Nauru </Li> <Li> New Zealand </Li> <Li> Nigeria </Li> <Li> Pakistan </Li> <Li> Papua New Guinea </Li> <Li> Rwanda </Li> <Li> Saint Kitts and Nevis </Li> <Li> Saint Lucia </Li> <Li> Saint Vincent and the Grenadines </Li> <Li> Samoa </Li> <Li> Seychelles </Li> <Li> Sierra Leone </Li> <Li> Singapore </Li> <Li> Solomon Islands </Li> <Li> South Africa </Li> <Li> Sri Lanka </Li> <Li> Swaziland </Li> <Li> Tanzania </Li> <Li> Tonga </Li> <Li> Trinidad and Tobago </Li> <Li> Tuvalu </Li> <Li> Uganda </Li> <Li> United Kingdom </Li> <Li> Vanuatu </Li> <Li> Zambia </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Leaders </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Head </Th> <Td> Elizabeth II </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Secretary - General </Th> <Td> Patricia Scotland </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Chair - in - Office </Th> <Td> Joseph Muscat </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Establishment </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Balfour Declaration </Th> <Td> 19 November 1926 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Statute of Westminster </Th> <Td> 11 December 1931 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> London Declaration </Th> <Td> 28 April 1949 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Area </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Total </Th> <Td> 29,958,050 km ( 11,566,870 sq mi ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Population </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 2016 estimate </Th> <Td> 2,418,964,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Density </Th> <Td> 75 / km ( 194.2 / sq mi ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> GDP ( PPP ) </Th> <Td> 2014 estimate </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Total </Th> <Td> $14.623 trillion </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Per capita </Th> <Td> $6,222 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> GDP ( nominal ) </Th> <Td> 2014 estimate </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Total </Th> <Td> $10.450 trillion </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Per capita </Th> <Td> $4,446 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Website thecommonwealth.org </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The Commonwealth of Nations ( formerly the British Commonwealth ) , also known as simply the Commonwealth , is an intergovernmental organisation of 52 member states that are mostly former territories of the British Empire . The Commonwealth operates by intergovernmental consensus of the member states , organised through the Commonwealth Secretariat and non-governmental organisations , organised through the Commonwealth Foundation . </P> <P> The Commonwealth dates back to the mid-20th century with the decolonisation of the British Empire through increased self - governance of its territories . It was formally constituted by the London Declaration in 1949 , which established the member states as `` free and equal '' . The symbol of this free association is Queen Elizabeth II who is the Head of the Commonwealth , but this role does not carry any power with it . While there are over 31 republics and five monarchies who have a different monarch , the Queen is the ceremonial head of state and reigning constitutional monarch of 16 members of the Commonwealth , known as Commonwealth realms but retains a crown legally distinct from the other realms with the position as monarch being separate from that of Head of the Commonwealth . </P> <P> Member states have no legal obligation to one another . Instead , they are united by language , history , culture and their shared values of democracy , free speech , human rights , and the rule of law . These values are enshrined in the Commonwealth Charter and promoted by the quadrennial Commonwealth Games . </P> <P> The Commonwealth covers more than 29,958,050 km ( 11,566,870 sq mi ) -- equivalent to 20 % of the world 's land area . It spans all six inhabited continents . With an estimated population of 2.419 billion people , nearly a third of the world population , the Commonwealth in 2014 produced a nominal gross domestic product ( GDP ) of $10.45 trillion , representing 14 % of the gross world product when measured nominally and 17 % of the gross world product when measured in purchasing power parity ( PPP ) . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 History <Ul> <Li> 1.1 Origin </Li> <Li> 1.2 Dominions </Li> <Li> 1.3 Decolonisation and self - governance </Li> <Li> 1.4 Declining roles </Li> <Li> 1.5 Republics </Li> <Li> 1.6 New Commonwealth </Li> <Li> 1.7 Plan G and inviting Europe to join </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2 Structure <Ul> <Li> 2.1 Head of the Commonwealth </Li> <Li> 2.2 Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting </Li> <Li> 2.3 Commonwealth Secretariat </Li> <Li> 2.4 Commonwealth citizenship and high commissioners </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 Membership <Ul> <Li> 3.1 Criteria </Li> <Li> 3.2 Members </Li> <Li> 3.3 Applicants </Li> <Li> 3.4 Suspension </Li> <Li> 3.5 Termination </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 Politics <Ul> <Li> 4.1 Objectives and activities </Li> <Li> 4.2 Competence </Li> <Li> 4.3 Proposed free movement policy </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 5 Economy <Ul> <Li> 5.1 Trade </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 6 Commonwealth Family <Ul> <Li> 6.1 Commonwealth Foundation </Li> <Li> 6.2 Commonwealth Games </Li> <Li> 6.3 Commonwealth War Graves Commission </Li> <Li> 6.4 Commonwealth of Learning </Li> <Li> 6.5 The Commonwealth Local Government Forum </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 7 Culture <Ul> <Li> 7.1 Sport </Li> <Li> 7.2 Literature <Ul> <Li> 7.2. 1 English as official language </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 7.3 Political system </Li> <Li> 7.4 Symbols </Li> <Li> 7.5 Recognition </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 8 See also </Li> <Li> 9 Notes </Li> <Li> 10 References </Li> <Li> 11 Further reading <Ul> <Li> 11.1 Primary sources </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 12 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> History ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Origin ( edit ) </H3> Main articles : British Empire and Historiography of the British Empire The prime ministers of five members at the 1944 Commonwealth Prime Ministers ' Conference . ( L-R ) Mackenzie King ( Canada ) ; Jan Smuts ( South Africa ) ; Winston Churchill ( United Kingdom ) ; Peter Fraser ( New Zealand ) ; John Curtin ( Australia ) <P> Queen Elizabeth II , in her address to Canada on Dominion Day in 1959 , pointed out that the confederation of Canada on 1 July 1867 had been the birth of the `` first independent country within the British Empire '' . She declared : `` So , it also marks the beginning of that free association of independent states which is now known as the Commonwealth of Nations . '' As long ago as 1884 , however , Lord Rosebery , while visiting Australia , had described the changing British Empire -- as some of its colonies became more independent -- as a `` Commonwealth of Nations '' . Conferences of British and colonial prime ministers occurred periodically from the first one in 1887 , leading to the creation of the Imperial Conferences in 1911 . </P> <P> The Commonwealth developed from the imperial conferences . A specific proposal was presented by Jan Smuts in 1917 when he coined the term `` the British Commonwealth of Nations '' and envisioned the `` future constitutional relations and readjustments in essence '' at the Paris Peace Conference of 1919 by delegates from the Dominions as well as Britain . The term first received imperial statutory recognition in the Anglo - Irish Treaty of 1921 , when the term British Commonwealth of Nations was substituted for British Empire in the wording of the oath taken by members of parliament of the Irish Free State . </P> <H3> Dominions ( edit ) </H3> <P> In the Balfour Declaration at the 1926 Imperial Conference , Britain and its dominions agreed they were `` equal in status , in no way subordinate one to another in any aspect of their domestic or external affairs , though united by common allegiance to the Crown , and freely associated as members of the British Commonwealth of Nations . '' These aspects to the relationship were formalised by the Statute of Westminster in 1931 , which applied to Canada without the need for ratification , but Australia , New Zealand , and Newfoundland had to ratify the statute for it to take effect . Newfoundland never did , as on 16 February 1934 , with the consent of its parliament , the government of Newfoundland voluntarily ended and governance reverted to direct control from London . Newfoundland later joined Canada as its 10th province in 1949 . Australia and New Zealand ratified the Statute in 1942 and 1947 respectively . </P> <P> Although the Union of South Africa was not among the Dominions that needed to adopt the Statute of Westminster for it to take effect , two laws -- the Status of the Union Act , 1934 , and the Royal Executive Functions and Seals Act of 1934 -- were passed to confirm South Africa 's status as a sovereign state . </P> <H3> Decolonisation and self - governance ( edit ) </H3> Main article : List of countries that have gained independence from the United Kingdom <P> After World War II ended , the British Empire was gradually dismantled . Most of its components have become independent countries , whether Commonwealth realms or republics , and members of the Commonwealth . There remain the 14 mainly self - governing British overseas territories which retain some political association with the United Kingdom . In April 1949 , following the London Declaration , the word `` British '' was dropped from the title of the Commonwealth to reflect its changing nature . </P> <P> Burma ( also known as Myanmar , 1948 ) and Aden ( 1967 ) are the only states that were British colonies at the time of the war not to have joined the Commonwealth upon independence . Former British protectorates and mandates that did not become members of the Commonwealth are Egypt ( independent in 1922 ) , Iraq ( 1932 ) , Transjordan ( 1946 ) , British Palestine ( part of which became the state of Israel in 1948 ) , Sudan ( 1956 ) , British Somaliland ( which united with the former Italian Somaliland in 1960 to form the Somali Republic ) , Kuwait ( 1961 ) , Bahrain ( 1971 ) , Oman ( 1971 ) , Qatar ( 1971 ) , and the United Arab Emirates ( 1971 ) . </P> <H3> Declining roles ( edit ) </H3> <P> The postwar Commonwealth was given a fresh mission by Queen Elizabeth in her Christmas Day 1953 broadcast , where she envisioned the Commonwealth as `` an entirely new conception -- built on the highest qualities of the Spirit of Man : friendship , loyalty , and the desire for freedom and peace . '' Hoped for success was reinforced by such achievements as climbing Mount Everest in 1953 , breaking the four minute mile in 1954 , and in 1966 a solo circumnavigation of the globe . However , the humiliation of the Suez Crisis of 1956 badly hurt morale of Britain and the Commonwealth as a whole . More broadly , there was the loss of a central role of the British Empire : the defence of the Empire . That role was no longer militarily or financially feasible , as Britain 's withdrawal from Greece in 1947 had painfully demonstrated . Britain itself was now just one part of the NATO military alliance in which the Commonwealth had no role apart from Canada . The ANZUS treaty of 1955 linked Australia , New Zealand , and the United States in a defensive alliance , with Britain and the Commonwealth left out . The second major function of the Empire made London the financial centre of the system . After the Second World War , the British treasury was so weak that it could not operate independently of the United States . The loss of defence and financial roles , furthermore , undermined Joseph Chamberlain 's early 20th century vision of a world empire that could combine Imperial preference , mutual defence , and social growth arm . Furthermore , Britain 's cosmopolitan role in world affairs became increasingly limited , especially with the losses of India and Singapore . While British elites at first hoped the Commonwealth would preserve and project British influence , they gradually lost their enthusiasm , argues Krishnan Srinivasan . Early enthusiasm waned as British policies came under fire in Commonwealth meetings . Public opinion became troubled as immigration from non-white member states became large - scale . </P> <H3> Republics ( edit ) </H3> <P> On 18 April 1949 , Ireland formally became a republic in accordance with the Irish Republic of Ireland Act 1948 . Because it did this , it was automatically excluded from the Commonwealth . While Ireland had not actively participated in the Commonwealth since the early 1930s and was content to leave the Commonwealth , other dominions wished to become republics without losing Commonwealth ties . The issue came to a head in April 1949 at a Commonwealth prime ministers ' meeting in London . Under the London Declaration , India agreed that , when it became a republic in January 1950 , it would accept the British Sovereign as a `` symbol of the free association of its independent member nations and as such the Head of the Commonwealth '' . Upon hearing this , King George VI told the Indian politician Krishna Menon : `` So , I 've become ' as such ' '' . The other Commonwealth countries recognised India 's continuing membership of the association . At Pakistan 's insistence , India was not regarded as an exceptional case and it was assumed that other states would be accorded the same treatment as India . </P> <P> The London Declaration is often seen as marking the beginning of the modern Commonwealth . Following India 's precedent , other nations became republics , or constitutional monarchies with their own monarchs , while some countries retained the same monarch as the United Kingdom , but their monarchies developed differently and soon became fully independent of the British monarchy . The monarch is regarded as a separate legal personality in each realm , even though the same person is monarch of each realm . </P> <H3> New Commonwealth ( edit ) </H3> <P> Planners in the interwar period , like Lord Davies , who had also taken `` a prominent part in building up the League of Nations Union '' in the United Kingdom , in 1932 founded the New Commonwealth Society , of which British section Winston Churchill became the president . This new society was aimed at the creation of an international air force to be the arm of the League of Nations , to allow nations to disarm and safeguard the peace . </P> <P> The term New Commonwealth has been used in Great Britain ( especially in the 1960s and 1970s ) to refer to recently decolonised countries , predominantly non-white and developing . It was often used in debates about immigration from these countries . Britain and the pre-1945 dominions became informally known as the Old Commonwealth , or more pointedly as the white Commonwealth . </P> <H3> Plan G and inviting Europe to join ( edit ) </H3> <P> At a time when Germany and France , together with Belgium , Italy , Luxembourg , and the Netherlands , were planning for what later became the European Union , and newly independent African countries were joining the Commonwealth , new ideas were floated to prevent Britain from becoming isolated in economic affairs . British trade with the Commonwealth was four times larger than trade with Europe . The British government under Prime Minister Anthony Eden considered in 1956 and 1957 a `` plan G '' to create a European free trade zone while also protecting the favoured status of the Commonwealth . Britain also considered inviting Scandinavian and other European countries to join the Commonwealth so it would become a major economic common market . At one point in October 1956 Eden and French Prime Minister Guy Mollet discussed having France join the Commonwealth . Nothing came of any of the proposals . </P> <H2> Structure ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Head of the Commonwealth ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Head of the Commonwealth Queen Elizabeth II , Head of the Commonwealth <P> Under the formula of the London Declaration , Queen Elizabeth II is the Head of the Commonwealth , a title that is by law a part of Elizabeth 's royal titles in each of the Commonwealth realms , the 16 members of the Commonwealth that recognise the Queen as their monarch . However , when the monarch dies , the successor to the crown does not automatically become Head of the Commonwealth . The position is symbolic , representing the free association of independent members , the majority of which ( 31 ) are republics , and five have monarchs of different royal houses ( Brunei , Lesotho , Malaysia , Swaziland , and Tonga ) . </P> <H3> Commonwealth Heads of government meeting ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting <P> The main decision - making forum of the organisation is the biennial Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting ( CHOGM ) , where Commonwealth heads of government , including ( amongst others ) prime ministers and presidents , assemble for several days to discuss matters of mutual interest . CHOGM is the successor to the Meetings of Commonwealth Prime Ministers and , earlier , the Imperial Conferences and Colonial Conferences , dating back to 1887 . There are also regular meetings of finance ministers , law ministers , health ministers , etc . Members in arrears , as special members before them , are not invited to send representatives to either ministerial meetings or CHOGMs . </P> <P> The head of government hosting the CHOGM is called the Commonwealth Chairperson - in - Office and retains the position until the following CHOGM . After the most recent CHOGM , in Valletta , Malta , from 26 to 29 November 2015 Malta 's prime minister , Joseph Muscat , became the Chairperson - in - Office and will continue to hold the title until the next CHOGM . </P> <H3> Commonwealth Secretariat ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Commonwealth Secretariat Marlborough House , London , the headquarters of the Commonwealth Secretariat , the Commonwealth 's principal intergovernmental institution <P> The Commonwealth Secretariat , established in 1965 , is the main intergovernmental agency of the Commonwealth , facilitating consultation and co-operation among member governments and countries . It is responsible to member governments collectively . The Commonwealth of Nations is represented in the United Nations General Assembly by the secretariat as an observer . The secretariat organises Commonwealth summits , meetings of ministers , consultative meetings and technical discussions ; it assists policy development and provides policy advice , and facilitates multilateral communication among the member governments . It also provides technical assistance to help governments in the social and economic development of their countries and in support of the Commonwealth 's fundamental political values . </P> <P> The secretariat is headed by the Commonwealth Secretary - General who is elected by Commonwealth heads of government for no more than two four - year terms . The secretary - general and two deputy secretaries - general direct the divisions of the Secretariat . The present secretary - general is Patricia Scotland , Baroness Scotland of Asthal , from Dominica , who took office on 1 April 2016 , succeeding Kamalesh Sharma of India ( 2008 -- 2016 ) . The first secretary - general was Arnold Smith of Canada ( 1965 -- 75 ) , followed by Sir Shridath Ramphal of Guyana ( 1975 -- 90 ) , Chief Emeka Anyaoku of Nigeria ( 1990 -- 99 ) , and Don McKinnon of New Zealand ( 2000 - 2008 ) . </P> <H3> Commonwealth citizenship and High commissioners ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Commonwealth citizen <P> In recognition of their shared heritage and culture , Commonwealth countries are not considered to be `` foreign '' to each other , although the technical extent of this concept varies in different countries . For example , in Australia , for the purpose of considering certain constitutional and legal provisions no distinction is made between Commonwealth and foreign countries : in the High Court case of Sue v Hill , other Commonwealth countries were held to be foreign powers ; similarly , in Nolan v Minister for Immigration and Ethnic Affairs , the nationals of other Commonwealth realms were held to be ' aliens ' . Nevertheless , the closer association amongst Commonwealth countries is reflected at least in the diplomatic protocols of the Commonwealth countries . For example , when engaging bilaterally with one another , Commonwealth governments exchange high commissioners instead of ambassadors . Between two Commonwealth realms , they represent the head of government rather than the head of state . </P> <P> In addition , some members treat resident citizens of other Commonwealth countries preferentially to citizens of non-Commonwealth countries . Britain and several others , mostly in the Caribbean , grant the right to vote to Commonwealth citizens who reside in those countries . In non-Commonwealth countries in which their own country is not represented , Commonwealth citizens may seek consular assistance at the British embassy . Other alternatives can also occur such as an emergency consular services agreement between Canada and Australia that began in 1986 . </P> <H2> Membership ( edit ) </H2> Members of the Commonwealth shaded according to their political status . Commonwealth realms are shown in blue , republics in pink , and members with their own monarchy are displayed in green . <H3> Criteria ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Commonwealth of Nations membership criteria <P> The criteria for membership of the Commonwealth of Nations have developed over time from a series of separate documents . The Statute of Westminster 1931 , as a fundamental founding document of the organisation , laid out that membership required dominionhood . The 1949 London Declaration ended this , allowing republican and indigenous monarchic members on the condition that they recognised the British monarch as the `` Head of the Commonwealth '' . In the wake of the wave of decolonisation in the 1960s , these constitutional principles were augmented by political , economic , and social principles . The first of these was set out in 1961 , when it was decided that respect for racial equality would be a requirement for membership , leading directly to the withdrawal of South Africa 's re-application ( which they were required to make under the formula of the London Declaration upon becoming a republic ) . The 14 points of the 1971 Singapore Declaration dedicated all members to the principles of world peace , liberty , human rights , equality , and free trade . </P> <P> These criteria were unenforceable for two decades , until , in 1991 , the Harare Declaration was issued , dedicating the leaders to applying the Singapore principles to the completion of decolonisation , the end of the Cold War , and the end of apartheid in South Africa . The mechanisms by which these principles would be applied were created , and the manner clarified , by the 1995 Millbrook Commonwealth Action Programme , which created the Commonwealth Ministerial Action Group ( CMAG ) , which has the power to rule on whether members meet the requirements for membership under the Harare Declaration . Also in 1995 , an Inter-Governmental Group was created to finalise and codify the full requirements for membership . Upon reporting in 1997 , as adopted under the Edinburgh Declaration , the Inter-Governmental Group ruled that any future members would have to have a direct constitutional link with an existing member . </P> <P> In addition to this new rule , the former rules were consolidated into a single document . These requirements are that members must accept and comply with the Harare principles , be fully sovereign states , recognise the monarch of the Commonwealth realms as the Head of the Commonwealth , accept the English language as the means of Commonwealth communication , and respect the wishes of the general population with regard to Commonwealth membership . These requirements had undergone review , and a report on potential amendments was presented by the Committee on Commonwealth Membership at the 2007 Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting . New members were not admitted at this meeting , though applications for admission were considered at the 2009 CHOGM . </P> <P> New members must `` as a general rule '' have a direct constitutional link to an existing member . In most cases , this is due to being a former colony of the United Kingdom , but some have links to other countries , either exclusively or more directly ( e.g. Samoa to New Zealand , Papua New Guinea to Australia , and Namibia to South Africa ) . The first member to be admitted without having any constitutional link to the British Empire or a Commonwealth member was Mozambique , a former Portuguese colony , in 1995 following its first democratic elections and South Africa 's re-admission in 1994 . Mozambique 's controversial entry led to the Edinburgh Declaration and the current membership guidelines . In 2009 , Rwanda became the second Commonwealth member admitted not to have any such constitutional links . It was a Belgian trust territory that had been a German colony until World War I. Consideration for its admission was considered an `` exceptional circumstance '' by the Commonwealth Secretariat . </P> <H3> Members ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Member states of the Commonwealth of Nations Flags of the members of the Commonwealth in Parliament Square , London The Commonwealth flag flying at the Parliament of Canada in Ottawa <P> The Commonwealth comprises 52 countries , across all continents . The members have a combined population of 2.3 billion people , almost a third of the world population , of which 1.26 billion live in India and 94 % live in Asia and Africa combined . After India , the next - largest Commonwealth countries by population are Pakistan ( 180 million ) , Nigeria ( 170 million ) , Bangladesh ( 156 million ) , the United Kingdom ( 63 million ) and South Africa ( 52 million ) . Tuvalu is the smallest member , with about 10,000 people . </P> <P> The land area of the Commonwealth nations is about 31,500,000 km ( 12,200,000 sq mi ) , or about 21 % of the total world land area . The three largest Commonwealth nations by area are Canada at 9,984,670 km ( 3,855,100 sq mi ) , Australia at 7,617,930 km ( 2,941,300 sq mi ) , and India at 3,287,263 km ( 1,269,219 sq mi ) . In 2016 , the Commonwealth members had a combined gross domestic product of over $9 trillion , 78 % of which is accounted for by the four largest economies : United Kingdom ( $2.629 trillion ) , India ( $2.256 trillion ) , Canada ( $1.529 trillion ) , and Australia ( $1.258 trillion ) . </P> <P> The status of `` Member in Arrears '' is used to denote those that are in arrears in paying subscription dues . The status was originally known as `` special membership '' , but was renamed on the Committee on Commonwealth Membership 's recommendation . There are currently no Members in Arrears . The most recent Member in Arrears , Nauru , returned to full membership in June 2011 . Nauru has alternated between special and full membership since joining the Commonwealth , depending on its financial situation . </P> <H3> Applicants ( edit ) </H3> See also : Commonwealth of Nations membership criteria § Prospective members <P> In 1997 the Commonwealth Heads of Government agreed that , to become a member of the Commonwealth , an applicant country should , as a rule , have had a constitutional association with an existing Commonwealth member ; that it should comply with Commonwealth values , principles and priorities as set out in the Harare Declaration ; and that it should accept Commonwealth norms and conventions . </P> <P> South Sudan ( 2013 ) and The Gambia ( 2017 ) are the only countries specifically expressing an interest in joining or rejoining the Commonwealth . A senior Commonwealth source argued in 2006 that `` many people have assumed an interest from Israel , but there has been no formal approach '' . The State of Palestine is also a potential candidate for membership . </P> <P> President Yahya Jammeh unilaterally withdrew The Gambia from the Commonwealth in October 2013 . However , newly elected president Adama Barrow has pledged to return the country to the organisation and the Commonwealth Secretariat has said that it would welcome an application to re-join . </P> <P> Other eligible applicants could be any of the remaining inhabited British overseas territories , Crown dependencies , Australian external territories and the Associated States of New Zealand if they become fully independent . Many such jurisdictions are already directly represented within the Commonwealth , particularly through the Commonwealth Family . There are also former British possessions that have not become independent , for example , Hong Kong , which still participates in some of the institutions within the Commonwealth Family . All three Crown dependencies regard the existing situation as unsatisfactory and have lobbied for change . The States of Jersey have called on the UK Foreign Secretary to request that the Commonwealth Heads of Government `` consider granting associate membership to Jersey and the other Crown Dependencies as well as any other territories at a similarly advanced stage of autonomy '' . Jersey has proposed that it be accorded `` self - representation in all Commonwealth meetings ; full participation in debates and procedures , with a right to speak where relevant and the opportunity to enter into discussions with those who are full members ; and no right to vote in the Ministerial or Heads of Government meetings , which is reserved for full members '' . The States of Guernsey and the Government of the Isle of Man have made calls of a similar nature for a more integrated relationship with the Commonwealth , including more direct representation and enhanced participation in Commonwealth organisations and meetings , including Commonwealth Heads of Government Meetings . The Chief Minister of the Isle of Man has said : `` A closer connection with the Commonwealth itself would be a welcome further development of the Island 's international relationships '' . </P> <P> At the time of the Suez Crisis in 1956 , in the face of colonial unrest and international tensions , French Premier Guy Mollet proposed to British Prime Minister Anthony Eden that their two countries be joined in a `` union '' . When that proposal was turned down , Mollet suggested that France joined the Commonwealth , possibly with `` a common citizenship arrangement on the Irish basis . '' Talks regarding a form of union faded away with the end of the Suez crisis . </P> <H3> Suspension ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Suspension from the Commonwealth of Nations <P> In recent years , the Commonwealth has suspended several members `` from the Councils of the Commonwealth '' for `` serious or persistent violations '' of the Harare Declaration , particularly in abrogating their responsibility to have democratic government . This is done by the Commonwealth Ministerial Action Group ( CMAG ) , which meets regularly to address potential breaches of the Harare Declaration . Suspended members are not represented at meetings of Commonwealth leaders and ministers , although they remain members of the organisation . Currently , there are no suspended members . </P> <P> Nigeria was suspended between 11 November 1995 and 29 May 1999 , following its execution of Ken Saro - Wiwa on the eve of the 1995 CHOGM . Pakistan was the second country to be suspended , on 18 October 1999 , following the military coup by Pervez Musharraf . The Commonwealth 's longest suspension came to an end on 22 May 2004 , when Pakistan 's suspension was lifted following the restoration of the country 's constitution . Pakistan was suspended for a second time , far more briefly , for six months from 22 November 2007 , when Musharraf called a state of emergency . Zimbabwe was suspended in 2002 over concerns regarding the electoral and land reform policies of Robert Mugabe 's ZANU - PF government , before it withdrew from the organisation in 2003 . </P> <P> The declaration of a Republic in Fiji in 1987 , after military coups designed to deny Indo - Fijians political power , was not accompanied by an application to remain . Commonwealth membership was held to have lapsed until 1997 , after discriminatory provisions in the republican constitution were repealed and reapplication for membership made . Fiji has since been suspended twice , with the first imposed from 6 June 2000 to 20 December 2001 after another coup . Fiji was suspended yet again in December 2006 , following the most recent coup . At first , the suspension applied only to membership on the Councils of the Commonwealth . After failing to meet a Commonwealth deadline for setting a date for national elections by 2010 , Fiji was `` fully suspended '' on 1 September 2009 . The Secretary - General of the Commonwealth , Kamalesh Sharma , confirmed that full suspension meant that Fiji would be excluded from Commonwealth meetings , sporting events and the technical assistance programme ( with an exception for assistance in re-establishing democracy ) . Sharma stated that Fiji would remain a member of the Commonwealth during its suspension , but would be excluded from emblematic representation by the secretariat . On 19 March 2014 Fiji 's full suspension was amended to a suspension from councils of the Commonwealth by the Commonwealth Ministerial Action Group , permitting Fiji to join a number of Commonwealth activities , including the Commonwealth Games . Fiji 's suspension was lifted in September 2014 . The Commonwealth Ministerial Action Group fully reinstated Fiji as a member following elections in September 2014 . </P> <P> Most recently , during 2013 and 2014 , international pressure mounted to suspend Sri Lanka from the Commonwealth , citing grave human rights violations by the government of President Mahinda Rajapaksa . There were also calls to change the Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting 2013 from Sri Lanka to another member country . Canadian prime minister Stephen Harper threatened to boycott the event , but was instead represented at the meeting by Deepak Obhrai . The UK Foreign Affairs Committee called upon Prime Minister David Cameron to boycott the event , however , he chose to attend . These concerns were rendered moot by the election of opposition leader Maithripala Sirisena as President in 2015 . </P> <H3> Termination ( edit ) </H3> <P> As membership is purely voluntary , member governments can choose at any time to leave the Commonwealth . Pakistan left on 30 January 1972 in protest at the Commonwealth 's recognition of breakaway Bangladesh , but rejoined on 2 August 1989 . Zimbabwe 's membership was suspended in 2002 on the grounds of alleged human rights violations and deliberate misgovernment , and Zimbabwe 's government terminated its membership in 2003 . The Gambia left the Commonwealth on 3 October 2013 . The Maldives withdrew from the Commonwealth on 13 October 2016 . The Maldivian Ministry of Foreign Affairs stated that `` the Commonwealth has not recognised ( ... ) the progress and achievements that the Maldives accomplished in cultivating a culture of democracy in the country and in building and strengthening democratic institutions '' . The Ministry also cited the Commonwealth 's `` punitive actions against the Maldives since 2012 '' after the allegedly forced resignation of Maldivian President Mohamed Nasheed among the reasons for withdrawal . The Ministry characterized the decision to withdraw as `` difficult , but inevitable '' . </P> <P> Although heads of government have the power to suspend member states from active participation , the Commonwealth has no provision for the expulsion of members . Until 2007 , Commonwealth realms that became republics automatically ceased to be members , until ( like India in 1950 ) they obtained the permission of other members to remain in the organisation . This policy has been changed , so if any current Commonwealth realms were to become republics , they would not have to go through this process . </P> <P> Ireland had withdrawn its participation in the Commonwealth in the 1930s , attending its last Commonwealth governmental heads ' meeting in 1932 . However it continued to be regarded by the Commonwealth as a Commonwealth member until it declared itself a republic , on 18 April 1949 . It is the only country whose membership terminated without any declaration withdrawing from the organisation . Instead , it was ( with its own tacit support ) excluded from the organisation under the rules then applicable . </P> <P> South Africa was barred from continuing as a member after it became a republic in 1961 , due to hostility from many members , particularly those in Africa and Asia as well as Canada , to its policy of racial apartheid . The South African government withdrew its application to remain in the organisation as a republic when it became clear at the 1961 Commonwealth Prime Ministers ' Conference that any such application would be rejected . South Africa was re-admitted to the Commonwealth in 1994 , following its first multiracial elections that year . </P> <P> The transfer of sovereignty over Hong Kong in 1997 ended the colony 's ties to the Commonwealth through the United Kingdom . The government of Hong Kong , as a special administrative region of China , did not pursue membership . Hong Kong has nevertheless continued to participate in some of the organisations of the Commonwealth family , such as the Commonwealth Lawyers Association ( hosted the Commonwealth Lawyers Conference in 1983 and 2009 ) , the Commonwealth Parliamentary Association ( and the Westminster Seminar on Parliamentary Practice and Procedures ) , the Association of Commonwealth Universities and the Commonwealth Association of Legislative Counsel . </P> <H2> Politics ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Objectives and activities ( edit ) </H3> <P> The Commonwealth 's objectives were first outlined in the 1971 Singapore Declaration , which committed the Commonwealth to the institution of world peace ; promotion of representative democracy and individual liberty ; the pursuit of equality and opposition to racism ; the fight against poverty , ignorance , and disease ; and free trade . To these were added opposition to discrimination on the basis of gender by the Lusaka Declaration of 1979 , and environmental sustainability by the Langkawi Declaration of 1989 . These objectives were reinforced by the Harare Declaration in 1991 . </P> <P> The Commonwealth 's current highest - priority aims are on the promotion of democracy and development , as outlined in the 2003 Aso Rock Declaration , which built on those in Singapore and Harare and clarified their terms of reference , stating , `` We are committed to democracy , good governance , human rights , gender equality , and a more equitable sharing of the benefits of globalisation . '' The Commonwealth website lists its areas of work as : democracy , economics , education , gender , governance , human rights , law , small states , sport , sustainability , and youth . </P> <P> Through a separate voluntary fund , Commonwealth governments support the Commonwealth Youth Programme , a division of the Secretariat with offices in Gulu ( Uganda ) , Lusaka ( Zambia ) , Chandigarh ( India ) , Georgetown ( Guyana ) and Honiara ( Solomon Islands ) . </P> <H3> Competence ( edit ) </H3> <P> In recent years , the Commonwealth has been accused of not being vocal enough on its core values . Allegations of a leaked memo from the Secretary General instructing staff not to speak out on human rights were published in October 2010 . </P> <P> The Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting 2011 considered a report by a Commonwealth Eminent Persons Group ( EPG ) panel which asserted that the organisation had lost its relevance and was decaying due to the lack of a mechanism to censure member countries when they violated human rights or democratic norms . The panel made 106 `` urgent '' recommendations including the adoption of a Charter of the Commonwealth , the creation of a new commissioner on the rule of law , democracy and human rights to track persistent human rights abuses and allegations of political repression by Commonwealth member states , recommendations for the repeal of laws against homosexuality in 41 Commonwealth states and a ban on forced marriage . The failure to release the report , or accept its recommendations for reforms in the area of human rights , democracy and the rule of law , was decried as a `` disgrace '' by former British Foreign Secretary Sir Malcolm Rifkind , a member of the EPG , who told a press conference : `` The Commonwealth faces a very significant problem . It 's not a problem of hostility or antagonism , it 's more of a problem of indifference . Its purpose is being questioned , its relevance is being questioned and part of that is because its commitment to enforce the values for which it stands is becoming ambiguous in the eyes of many member states . The Commonwealth is not a private club of the governments or the secretariat . It belongs to the people of the Commonwealth . '' </P> <P> In the end , two - thirds of the EPG 's 106 urgently recommended reforms were referred to study groups , an act described by one EPG member as having them `` kicked into the long grass '' . There was no agreement to create the recommended position of human rights commissioner , instead a ministerial management group was empowered with enforcement : the group includes alleged human rights offenders . It was agreed to develop a charter of values for the Commonwealth without any decision on how compliance with its principles would be enforced . </P> <P> The result of the effort was that a new Charter of the Commonwealth was signed by Queen Elizabeth on 11 March 2013 at Marlborough House , which opposes `` all forms of discrimination , whether rooted in gender , race , colour , creed , political belief or other grounds '' . </P> <H3> Proposed free movement policy ( edit ) </H3> <P> In March 2015 , the Commonwealth Freedom of Movement Organisation proposed that the national governments of the United Kingdom , Australia , New Zealand and Canada should advocate for freedom of movement between citizens of their countries , similar to the current arrangement existing between Australia and New Zealand through the Trans - Tasman Travel Arrangement . In May 2016 , Australian High Commissioner to the United Kingdom Alexander Downer expressed support for `` freer movement '' between Australia and the United Kingdom , stating : `` Over time we would like to continue to talk to the British government about arrangements we could make to liberalise movement between Australia and the UK , if not have completely free movement ... '' . </P> <H2> Economy ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th> ( show ) Economies of the Commonwealth of Nations </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Member states </Th> <Th> Population ( 2016 ) </Th> <Th> GDP ( nominal ) ( millions ) </Th> <Th> GDP ( nominal ) per capita </Th> <Th> GDP ( PPP ) ( millions ) </Th> <Th> GDP ( PPP ) per capita </Th> <Th> Realm </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Antigua and Barbuda </Th> <Td> 100,963 </Td> <Td> 1,176 </Td> <Td> 12,480 </Td> <Td> 1,778 </Td> <Td> 18,492 </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Australia </Th> <Td> 24,125,848 </Td> <Td> 1,520,608 </Td> <Td> 61,789 </Td> <Td> 1,008,547 </Td> <Td> 41,974 </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Bahamas , The </Th> <Td> 391,232 </Td> <Td> 8,149 </Td> <Td> 22,431 </Td> <Td> 11,765 </Td> <Td> 31,978 </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Bangladesh </Th> <Td> 162,951,560 </Td> <Td> 115,610 </Td> <Td> 743 </Td> <Td> 291,299 </Td> <Td> 1,777 </Td> <Td> No </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Barbados </Th> <Td> 284,996 </Td> <Td> 3,685 </Td> <Td> 13,453 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Belize </Th> <Td> 366,954 </Td> <Td> 1,448 </Td> <Td> 4,059 </Td> <Td> 2,381 </Td> <Td> 6,672 </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Botswana </Th> <Td> 2,250,260 </Td> <Td> 14,411 </Td> <Td> 8,533 </Td> <Td> 34,038 </Td> <Td> 14,746 </Td> <Td> No </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Brunei </Th> <Td> 423,196 </Td> <Td> 16,954 </Td> <Td> 40,301 </Td> <Td> 21,992 </Td> <Td> 51,760 </Td> <Td> No </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Cameroon </Th> <Td> 23,439,189 </Td> <Td> 24,984 </Td> <Td> 1,260 </Td> <Td> 50,820 </Td> <Td> 2,359 </Td> <Td> No </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Canada </Th> <Td> 36,289,822 </Td> <Td> 1,821,424 </Td> <Td> 50,344 </Td> <Td> 1,489,165 </Td> <Td> 40,420 </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Cyprus </Th> <Td> 1,170,125 </Td> <Td> 22,981 </Td> <Td> 30,670 </Td> <Td> 26,720 </Td> <Td> 32,254 </Td> <Td> No </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Dominica </Th> <Td> 73,543 </Td> <Td> 480 </Td> <Td> 7,154 </Td> <Td> 906 </Td> <Td> 13,288 </Td> <Td> No </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Ghana </Th> <Td> 28,206,728 </Td> <Td> 40,710 </Td> <Td> 1,570 </Td> <Td> 51,943 </Td> <Td> 1,871 </Td> <Td> No </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Grenada </Th> <Td> 107,317 </Td> <Td> 790 </Td> <Td> 7,780 </Td> <Td> 1,142 </Td> <Td> 10,837 </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Guyana </Th> <Td> 773,303 </Td> <Td> 2,851 </Td> <Td> 3,408 </Td> <Td> 2,704 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> No </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> India </Th> <Td> 1,324,171,354 </Td> <Td> 2,281,717 </Td> <Td> 1,509 </Td> <Td> 8,027,000 </Td> <Td> 6,209 </Td> <Td> No </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Jamaica </Th> <Td> 2,881,355 </Td> <Td> 14,840 </Td> <Td> 5,335 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Kenya </Th> <Td> 48,461,567 </Td> <Td> 37,229 </Td> <Td> 808 </Td> <Td> 76,016 </Td> <Td> 1,710 </Td> <Td> No </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Kiribati </Th> <Td> 114,395 </Td> <Td> 176 </Td> <Td> 1,649 </Td> <Td> 248 </Td> <Td> 2,337 </Td> <Td> No </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Lesotho </Th> <Td> 2,203,821 </Td> <Td> 2,448 </Td> <Td> 1,106 </Td> <Td> 4,027 </Td> <Td> 1,691 </Td> <Td> No </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Malawi </Th> <Td> 18,091,575 </Td> <Td> 4,264 </Td> <Td> 365 </Td> <Td> 14,344 </Td> <Td> 893 </Td> <Td> No </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Malaysia </Th> <Td> 31,187,265 </Td> <Td> 303,526 </Td> <Td> 9,977 </Td> <Td> 501,249 </Td> <Td> 16,051 </Td> <Td> No </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Maldives </Th> <Td> 427,756 </Td> <Td> 2,222 </Td> <Td> 6,405 </Td> <Td> 3,070 </Td> <Td> 8,871 </Td> <Td> No </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Malta </Th> <Td> 429,362 </Td> <Td> 8,722 </Td> <Td> 21,380 </Td> <Td> 12,138 </Td> <Td> 27,504 </Td> <Td> No </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Mauritius </Th> <Td> 1,262,132 </Td> <Td> 10,492 </Td> <Td> 8,755 </Td> <Td> 20,210 </Td> <Td> 14,420 </Td> <Td> No </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Mozambique </Th> <Td> 28,829,476 </Td> <Td> 14,588 </Td> <Td> 533 </Td> <Td> 25,805 </Td> <Td> 975 </Td> <Td> No </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Namibia </Th> <Td> 2,479,713 </Td> <Td> 12,807 </Td> <Td> 5,383 </Td> <Td> 16,918 </Td> <Td> 6,801 </Td> <Td> No </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Nauru </Th> <Td> 11,347 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> No </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> New Zealand </Th> <Td> 4,660,833 </Td> <Td> 139,768 </Td> <Td> 36,254 </Td> <Td> 139,640 </Td> <Td> 31,082 </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Nigeria </Th> <Td> 185,989,640 </Td> <Td> 262,606 </Td> <Td> 1,502 </Td> <Td> 449,289 </Td> <Td> 2,533 </Td> <Td> No </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Pakistan </Th> <Td> 193,203,476 </Td> <Td> 231,182 </Td> <Td> 1,189 </Td> <Td> 517,873 </Td> <Td> 2,745 </Td> <Td> No </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Papua New Guinea </Th> <Td> 8,084,991 </Td> <Td> 15,654 </Td> <Td> 1,845 </Td> <Td> 20,771 </Td> <Td> 2,676 </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Rwanda </Th> <Td> 11,917,508 </Td> <Td> 7,103 </Td> <Td> 8,874 </Td> <Td> 15,517 </Td> <Td> 1,282 </Td> <Td> No </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Saint Kitts and Nevis </Th> <Td> 54,821 </Td> <Td> 748 </Td> <Td> 13,144 </Td> <Td> 966 </Td> <Td> 17,226 </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Saint Lucia </Th> <Td> 178,015 </Td> <Td> 1,186 </Td> <Td> 7,154 </Td> <Td> 2,016 </Td> <Td> 11,597 </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Saint Vincent and the Grenadines </Th> <Td> 109,643 </Td> <Td> 713 </Td> <Td> 6,291 </Td> <Td> 1,202 </Td> <Td> 10,715 </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Samoa </Th> <Td> 195,125 </Td> <Td> 677 </Td> <Td> 3,485 </Td> <Td> 853 </Td> <Td> 4,475 </Td> <Td> No </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Seychelles </Th> <Td> 94,228 </Td> <Td> 1,032 </Td> <Td> 12,321 </Td> <Td> 2,371 </Td> <Td> 25,788 </Td> <Td> No </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Sierra Leone </Th> <Td> 7,396,190 </Td> <Td> 3,796 </Td> <Td> 496 </Td> <Td> 8,125 </Td> <Td> 1,131 </Td> <Td> No </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Singapore </Th> <Td> 5,622,455 </Td> <Td> 274,701 </Td> <Td> 46,241 </Td> <Td> 328,323 </Td> <Td> 60,688 </Td> <Td> No </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Solomon Islands </Th> <Td> 599,419 </Td> <Td> 1,008 </Td> <Td> 1,517 </Td> <Td> 1,718 </Td> <Td> 2,923 </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> South Africa </Th> <Td> 56,015,473 </Td> <Td> 384,313 </Td> <Td> 8,070 </Td> <Td> 585,625 </Td> <Td> 10,960 </Td> <Td> No </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Sri Lanka </Th> <Td> 20,798,492 </Td> <Td> 59,421 </Td> <Td> 2,835 </Td> <Td> 126,993 </Td> <Td> 5,582 </Td> <Td> No </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Swaziland </Th> <Td> 1,343,098 </Td> <Td> 3,747 </Td> <Td> 3,831 </Td> <Td> 6,458 </Td> <Td> 6,053 </Td> <Td> No </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Tanzania </Th> <Td> 55,572,201 </Td> <Td> 28,249 </Td> <Td> 532 </Td> <Td> 74,269 </Td> <Td> 1,512 </Td> <Td> No </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Tonga </Th> <Td> 107,122 </Td> <Td> 472 </Td> <Td> 4,152 </Td> <Td> 527 </Td> <Td> 4,886 </Td> <Td> No </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Trinidad and Tobago </Th> <Td> 1,364,962 </Td> <Td> 23,986 </Td> <Td> 16,699 </Td> <Td> 35,638 </Td> <Td> 25,074 </Td> <Td> No </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Tuvalu </Th> <Td> 11,097 </Td> <Td> 37 </Td> <Td> 3,636 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Uganda </Th> <Td> 41,487,965 </Td> <Td> 19,881 </Td> <Td> 487 </Td> <Td> 49,130 </Td> <Td> 1,345 </Td> <Td> No </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> United Kingdom </Th> <Td> 65,788,574 </Td> <Td> 2,835,174 </Td> <Td> 38,974 </Td> <Td> 2,264,751 </Td> <Td> 35,598 </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Vanuatu </Th> <Td> 270,402 </Td> <Td> 785 </Td> <Td> 3,094 </Td> <Td> 1,139 </Td> <Td> 4,379 </Td> <Td> No </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Zambia </Th> <Td> 16,591,390 </Td> <Td> 20,678 </Td> <Td> 1,425 </Td> <Td> 24,096 </Td> <Td> 1,621 </Td> <Td> No </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Commonwealth </Th> <Td> 2,418,964,000 </Td> <Td> 9,766,209 </Td> <Td> 3,844 </Td> <Td> 13,119,929 </Td> <Td> 4,035 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Commonwealth ( realms ) </Th> <Td> 144,033,000 </Td> <Td> 5,966,408 </Td> <Td> 43,493 </Td> <Td> 4,945,842 </Td> <Td> 36,053 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Note : Figures are in US dollars . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> </P> <H3> Trade ( edit ) </H3> Further information : Commonwealth free trade <P> Although the Commonwealth does not have a multilateral trade agreement , research by the Royal Commonwealth Society has shown that trade with another Commonwealth member is up to 50 % more than with a non-member on average , with smaller and less wealthy states having a higher propensity to trade within the Commonwealth . At the 2005 Summit in Malta , the heads of government endorsed pursuing free trade among Commonwealth members on a bilateral basis . </P> <P> There have been various proposals for a Commonwealth free trade zone , however none have so far come to pass . Following its vote in June 2016 to leave the EU , some politicians in the United Kingdom have suggested the idea as an alternative to its membership in the European Union , however it is far from clear that this would either offer sufficient economic benefit to replace the impact of leaving the EU or be acceptable to other member states Although the EU is already in the process of negotiating free trade agreements with many Commonwealth countries such as India and Canada , it took the EU almost ten years to come to an agreement with Canada , due to the challenge associated with achieving the necessary EU - wide approvals . </P> <H2> Commonwealth Family ( edit ) </H2> Main article : Commonwealth Family <P> Commonwealth countries share many links outside government , with over a hundred Commonwealth - wide non-governmental organisations , notably for sport , culture , education , law and charity . The Association of Commonwealth Universities is an important vehicle for academic links , particularly through scholarships , principally the Commonwealth Scholarship , for students to study in universities in other Commonwealth countries . There are also many non-official associations that bring together individuals who work within the spheres of law and government , such as the Commonwealth Lawyers Association and the Commonwealth Parliamentary Association . </P> <H3> Commonwealth Foundation ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Commonwealth Foundation <P> The Commonwealth Foundation is an intergovernmental organisation , resourced by and reporting to Commonwealth governments , and guided by Commonwealth values and priorities . Its mandate is to strengthen civil society in the achievement of Commonwealth priorities : democracy and good governance , respect for human rights and gender equality , poverty eradication , people - centred and sustainable development , and to promote arts and culture . </P> <P> The Foundation was established in 1965 by the Heads of Government . Admittance is open to all members of the Commonwealth , and in December 2008 , stood at 46 out of the 53 member countries . Associate Membership , which is open to associated states or overseas territories of member governments , has been granted to Gibraltar. 2005 saw celebrations for the Foundation 's 40th Anniversary . The Foundation is headquartered in Marlborough House , Pall Mall , London . Regular liaison and co-operation between the Secretariat and the Foundation is in place . The Foundation continues to serve the broad purposes for which it was established as written in the Memorandum of Understanding . </P> <H3> Commonwealth Games ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Commonwealth Games The Commonwealth Games are the third - largest multi-sport event in the world , bringing together globally popular sports and peculiarly `` Commonwealth '' sports , such as rugby sevens , shown here at the 2006 Games . <P> The Commonwealth Games , a multi-sport event , is held every four years ; the 2010 Commonwealth Games were held in New Delhi , India , and the 2014 Commonwealth Games in Glasgow , Scotland , and the 2018 Commonwealth Games will be on Gold Coast , Australia . As well as the usual athletic disciplines , as at the Summer Olympic Games , the games include sports particularly popular in the Commonwealth , such as bowls , netball , and rugby sevens . Started in 1930 as the Empire Games , the games were founded on the Olympic model of amateurism , but were deliberately designed to be `` the Friendly Games '' , with the goal of promoting relations between Commonwealth countries and celebrating their shared sporting and cultural heritage . </P> <P> The games are the Commonwealth 's most visible activity and interest in the operation of the Commonwealth increases greatly when the Games are held . There is controversy over whether the games -- and sport generally -- should be involved in the Commonwealth 's wider political concerns . The 1977 Gleneagles Agreement was signed to commit Commonwealth countries to combat apartheid through discouraging sporting contact with South Africa ( which was not then a member ) , whilst the 1986 games were boycotted by most African , Asian , and Caribbean countries for the failure of other countries to enforce the Gleneagles Agreement . </P> <H3> Commonwealth War graves Commission ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Commonwealth War Graves Commission The Commonwealth War Graves Commission serves to commemorate 1.7 million Commonwealth war dead and maintains 2,500 war cemeteries around the world , including this one in Gallipoli . <P> The Commonwealth War Graves Commission ( CWGC ) is responsible for maintaining the war graves of 1.7 million service personnel that died in the First and Second World Wars fighting for Commonwealth member states . Founded in 1917 ( as the Imperial War Graves Commission ) , the Commission has constructed 2,500 war cemeteries , and maintains individual graves at another 20,000 sites around the world . The vast majority of the latter are civilian cemeteries in Great Britain . In 1998 , the CWGC made the records of its buried online to facilitate easier searching . </P> <P> Commonwealth war cemeteries often feature similar horticulture and architecture , with larger cemeteries being home to a Cross of Sacrifice and Stone of Remembrance . The CWGC is notable for marking the graves identically , regardless of the rank , country of origin , race , or religion of the buried . It is funded by voluntary agreement by six Commonwealth members , in proportion to the nationality of the casualties in the graves maintained , with 75 % of the funding coming from Britain . </P> <H3> Commonwealth of learning ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Commonwealth of Learning <P> The Commonwealth of Learning ( COL ) is an intergovernmental organisation created by the Heads of Government to encourage the development and sharing of open learning / distance education knowledge , resources and technologies . COL is helping developing nations improve access to quality education and training . </P> <H3> The Commonwealth local government Forum ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Commonwealth Local Government Forum <P> The Commonwealth Local Government Forum ( CLGF ) is a global local government organisation , bringing together local authorities , their national associations and the ministries responsible for local government in the member countries of the Commonwealth . CLGF works with national and local governments to support the development of democratic values and good local governance and is the associated organisation officially recognised by Commonwealth Heads of Government as the representative body for local government in the Commonwealth . </P> <P> CLGF is unique in bringing together central , provincial and local spheres of government involved in local government policy and decision - making . CLGF members include local government associations , individual local authorities , ministries dealing with local government , and research and professional organisations who work with local government . Practitioner to practitioner support is at the core of CLGF 's work across the Commonwealth and within the region , using CLGF 's own members to support others both within and between regions . CLGF is a member of the Global Taskforce of Local and Regional Governments , the formal partner of the UN Major Group of Local Authorities . </P> <H2> Culture ( edit ) </H2> <P> Many Commonwealth nations possess traditions and customs that are elements of a shared Commonwealth culture . Examples include common sports such as cricket and rugby , driving on the left , the Westminster system of parliamentary democracy , common law , widespread use of the English language , designation of English as an official language , military and naval ranks , and the use of British rather than American spelling conventions ( see English in the Commonwealth of Nations ) . </P> <H3> Sport ( edit ) </H3> <P> Many Commonwealth nations play similar sports that are considered quintessentially British in character , rooted in and developed under British rule or hegemony , including football , cricket , rugby , and netball . This has led to the development of friendly national rivalries between the main sporting nations that have often defined their relations with each another . Indeed , said rivalries preserved close ties by providing a constant in international relationships , even as the Empire transformed into the Commonwealth . Externally , playing these sports is seen to be a sign of sharing a certain Commonwealth culture ; the adoption of cricket at schools in Rwanda is seen as symbolic of the country 's move towards Commonwealth membership . </P> <P> Besides the Commonwealth Games , other sporting competitions are organised on a Commonwealth basis , through championship tournaments such as the Commonwealth Taekwondo Championships , Commonwealth Fencing Championships , Commonwealth Judo Championships , Commonwealth Rowing Championships , Commonwealth Sailing Championships , Commonwealth Shooting Championships and Commonwealth Pool Lifesaving Championships . The Commonwealth Boxing Council has long maintained Commonwealth titles for the best boxers in the Commonwealth . </P> <H3> Literature ( edit ) </H3> See also : Postcolonial literature and Migrant literature <P> The shared history of British presence has produced a substantial body of writing in many languages , known as Commonwealth literature . The Association for Commonwealth Literature and Language Studies , with nine chapters worldwide and an international conference is held every three years . </P> English as official language ( edit ) <P> In 1987 , the Commonwealth Foundation established the annual Commonwealth Writers ' Prize `` to encourage and reward the upsurge of new Commonwealth fiction and ensure that works of merit reach a wider audience outside their country of origin '' . Prizes are awarded for the best book and best first book in the Commonwealth , as well as regional prizes for the best book and best first book from each of four regions . Although not officially affiliated with the Commonwealth , the prestigious annual Man Booker Prize , one of the highest honours in literature , used to be awarded only to authors from Commonwealth countries or the three former members , Ireland , Zimbabwe , and the Gambia . Since 2014 , however , writers of any nationality have been eligible for the prize providing that they write originally in English and their novels are published by established publishers in the United Kingdom From 1950 on a significant number of writers from the countries of the Commonwealth of Nations began gaining international recognition , including some who migrated to the United Kingdom . There had of course been a few important works in English prior to 1950 from the then British Empire . The South African writer Olive Schreiner 's famous novel The Story of an African Farm was published in 1883 and New Zealander Katherine Mansfield published her first collection of short stories , In a German Pension , in 1911 . The first major novelist , writing in English , from the Indian sub-continent , R.K. Narayan , began publishing in England in the 1930s , thanks to the encouragement of English novelist Graham Greene . Caribbean writer Jean Rhys 's writing career began as early as 1928 , though her most famous work , Wide Sargasso Sea , was not published until 1966 . South Africa 's Alan Paton 's famous Cry , the Beloved Country dates from 1948 . Doris Lessing from Southern Rhodesia , now Zimbabwe , was a dominant presence in the English literary scene , frequently publishing from 1950 on throughout the 20th century . She won the Nobel Prize in Literature in 2007 . </P> <P> Salman Rushdie is another post Second World War writer from the former British colonies who permanently settled in Britain . Rushdie achieved fame with Midnight 's Children 1981 . His most controversial novel The Satanic Verses 1989 , was inspired in part by the life of Muhammad . V.S. Naipaul ( born 1932 ) , born in Trinidad , was another immigrant , who wrote among other things A Bend in the River ( 1979 ) . Naipaul won the Nobel Prize in Literature . </P> <P> Many other Commonwealth writers have achieved an international reputation for works in English , including Nigerian novelist Chinua Achebe , and playwright Wole Soyinka . Soyinka won the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1986 , as did South African novelist Nadine Gordimer in 1995 . Other South African writers in English are novelist J.M. Coetzee ( Nobel Prize 2003 ) and playwright Athol Fugard . Kenya 's most internationally renowned author is Ngũgĩ wa Thiong'o who has written novels , plays and short stories in English . Poet Derek Walcott , from Saint Lucia in the Caribbean , was another Nobel Prize winner in 1992 . An Australian Patrick White , a major novelist in this period , whose first work was published in 1939 , won in ( 1973 ) . Other noteworthy Australian writers at the end of this period are poet Les Murray , and novelist Peter Carey ( born 1943 ) , who is one of only four writers to have won the Booker Prize twice . </P> <H3> Political system ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Due to their shared constitutional histories , several countries in the Commonwealth have similar legal and political systems . The Commonwealth requires its members to be functioning democracies that respect human rights and the rule of law . Most Commonwealth countries have the bicameral Westminster system of parliamentary democracy . The Commonwealth Parliamentary Association facilitates co-operation between legislatures across the Commonwealth , and the Commonwealth Local Government Forum promotes good governance amongst local government officials . Most Commonwealth members use common law , modelled on English law . The Judicial Committee of the Privy Council is the supreme court of 14 Commonwealth members . </P> <H3> Symbols ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The Commonwealth has adopted a number of symbols that represent the association of its members . The English language is recognised as a symbol of the members ' heritage ; as well as being considered a symbol of the Commonwealth , recognition of it as `` the means of Commonwealth communication '' is a prerequisite for Commonwealth membership . </P> <P> The flag of the Commonwealth consists of the symbol of the Commonwealth Secretariat , a gold globe surrounded by emanating rays , on a dark blue field ; it was designed for the second CHOGM in 1973 , and officially adopted on 26 March 1976 . 1976 also saw the organisation agree to a common date on which to commemorate Commonwealth Day , the second Monday in March , having developed separately on different dates from Empire Day celebrations . </P> <H3> Recognition ( edit ) </H3> <P> In 2009 , to mark the 60th anniversary of the founding of the Commonwealth , the Royal Commonwealth Society commissioned a poll of public opinion in seven of the member states : Australia , Canada , India , Jamaica , Malaysia , South Africa and the United Kingdom . It found that most people in these countries were largely ignorant of the Commonwealth 's activities , aside from the Commonwealth Games , and indifferent toward its future . Support for the Commonwealth was twice as high in developing countries as in developed countries ; it was lowest in Great Britain . </P> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Commonwealth realms portal </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Anglosphere </Li> <Li> Commonwealth </Li> <Li> Commonwealth of Independent States , a grouping of Post-Soviet states outside the European Union </Li> <Li> Community of Portuguese Language Countries , an equivalent grouping of Portuguese - speaking countries and territories </Li> <Li> English - speaking world </Li> <Li> List of country groupings </Li> <Li> List of multilateral free - trade agreements </Li> <Li> List of Commonwealth of Nations countries by GDP </Li> <Li> Representatives of the Commonwealth of Nations </Li> </Ul> <H2> Notes ( edit ) </H2> <Dl> <Dd> 1 . ^ The Commonwealth of Nations is sometimes called the `` British Commonwealth '' to differentiate it from the Commonwealth of Independent States , also called the `` Russian Commonwealth '' . </Dd> </Dl> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Annex B -- Territories Forming Part of the Commonwealth '' ( PDF ) . 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Crafford , Jan Smuts : A Biography ( 2005 ) p. 142 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ The Irish Oath of Allegiance , agreed in 1921 , included the Irish Free State 's `` adherence to and membership of the group of nations forming the British Commonwealth of Nations '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Pakenham , Frank ( 1972 ) . Peace by ordeal : an account , from first - hand sources of the negotiation and signature of the Anglo - Irish Treaty 1921 . Sidgwick and Jackson . ISBN 0283979089 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Webb , Jeff A. ( January 2003 ) . `` The Commission of Government , 1934 -- 1949 '' . heritage.nf.ca . Newfoundland and Labrador Heritage Website . Retrieved 29 July 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Statute of Westminster Adoption Act 1942 ( Cth ) '' . foundingdocs.gov.au ( Documenting a Democracy ) . Museum of Australian Democracy at Old Parliament House . Retrieved 29 July 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` New Zealand Sovereignty : 1857 , 1907 , 1947 , or 1987 ? '' . parliament.nz . 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We may also help Commonwealth nationals in non-Commonwealth countries where they do not have any diplomatic or consular representation , but will normally ask their nearest embassy to provide any ongoing assistance required . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Canada - Australia Consular Services Sharing Agreement '' . Travel.gc.ca . Retrieved 25 September 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ de Smith , S.A. ( July 1949 ) . `` The London Declaration of the Commonwealth Prime Ministers , 28 April 1949 '' . The Modern Law Review . 12 ( 3 ) : 351 -- 354 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1468 - 2230.1949. tb00131. x . JSTOR 1090506 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Lusaka Declaration on Racism and Racial Prejudice '' . Commonwealth Secretariat. 7 August 1979 . Archived from the original on 30 September 2006 . Retrieved 3 April 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Williams , Paul D. ( July 2005 ) . `` Blair 's Britain and the Commonwealth '' . 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The Daily Telegraph . London . Retrieved 29 November 2009 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Statement by Commonwealth Secretary - General Kamalesh Sharma on The Gambia '' . The Commonwealth . 4 October 2013 . Retrieved 6 October 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Gambia 's Jammeh loses to Adama Barrow in shock election result '' . BBC News . 2 December 2016 . Retrieved 3 December 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Statement on The Gambia re-joining the Commonwealth '' . Commonwealth Secretariat. 14 February 2017 . Retrieved 14 February 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 15ccem.com - This website is for sale ! - 15ccem Resources and Information '' . www.15ccem.com . Archived from the original on 29 September 2007 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Baldacchino , Godfrey ; Milne , David ( September 2006 ) . `` Exploring sub-national island jurisdictions : An editorial introduction '' . The Round Table . 95 ( 386 ) : 487 -- 502 . doi : 10.1080 / 00358530600929735 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Written evidence from States of Jersey '' . Chief Minister of Jersey . Retrieved 18 March 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The role and future of the Commonwealth '' . House of Commons . Retrieved 18 March 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Written evidence from the States of Guernsey '' . Policy Council of Guernsey . Retrieved 18 March 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Isle of Man welcomes report on Commonwealth future '' . Isle of Man Government . 23 November 2012 . Archived from the original on 2 March 2013 . Retrieved 19 March 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` France offered to ' merge ' with UK in 1950s '' . Telegraph.co.uk. 15 January 2007 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Colvile , Robert ( July 2004 ) . `` A Place to Stand : the Problems and Potential of the Commonwealth Ministerial Action Group '' . 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Retrieved 29 June 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Why the Commonwealth Matters More Now than Ever '' . UK Independence Party . 11 March 2013 . Archived from the original on 29 June 2013 . Retrieved 29 June 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` To the Commonwealth , `` Global Britain '' sounds like nostalgia for something else `` . New Statesman 28th February 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Assessing the Costs and Benefits of a Closer EU - Canada Economic Partnership : A Joint Study by the European Commission and the Government of Canada '' ( PDF ) . Trade.EC.Europe.eu . Retrieved 10 June 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Canada - European Union : CETA '' . International.gc.ca . Archived from the original on 2012 - 05 - 03 . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 27 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Commonwealth Foundation - About Us '' . 5 January 2006 . Archived from the original on 5 January 2006 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : McKinnon , Don ( February 2008 ) . `` A Commonwealth of Values : a Commonwealth of incomparable value '' . The Round Table . 97 ( 394 ) : 19 -- 28 . doi : 10.1080 / 00358530801890561 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Commonwealth Games and Art Festival '' . The Round Table . 91 ( 365 ) : 293 -- 296 . July 2002 . doi : 10.1080 / 0035853022000010308 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ McDougall , Derek ( July 2005 ) . `` Australia and the Commonwealth '' . The Round Table . 94 ( 380 ) : 339 -- 349 . doi : 10.1080 / 00358530500175033 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Muda , Muhammad ( April 1998 ) . `` The significance of the Commonwealth Games in Malaysia 's foreign policy '' . The Round Table . 87 ( 346 ) : 211 -- 226 . doi : 10.1080 / 00358539808454416 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Dare , Annie ( 15 October 2000 ) . `` Ten Key Things About War Graves '' . The Observer . p. 29 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Binyon , Michael ( 22 January 1999 ) . `` Millions trace war dead on Internet '' . The Times . p. 3 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Commonwealth Local Government Forum ( CLGF ) The Commonwealth '' . thecommonwealth.org . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 23 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Global Taskforce of Local and Regional Governments '' . globaltaskforce . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 23 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Perkin , Harold ( September 1989 ) . `` Teaching the nations how to play : sport and society in the British Empire and Commonwealth '' . International Journal of the History of Sport. 6 ( 2 ) : 145 -- 155 . doi : 10.1080 / 09523368908713685 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Michael , Dawson ( February 2006 ) . `` Acting global , thinking local : ' Liquid imperialism ' and the multiple meanings of the 1954 British Empire & Commonwealth Games '' . International Journal of the History of Sport. 23 ( 1 ) : 3 -- 27 . doi : 10.1080 / 09523360500386419 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Jonathan , Clayton ( 20 November 2007 ) . `` Schoolboy cricketers bat their way to a place in the Commonwealth '' . The Times . London . Retrieved 27 March 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Pflanz , Mike ( 24 July 2007 ) . `` Rwanda in drive to join Commonwealth '' . Daily Telegraph . London . Retrieved 27 March 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Hill , Douglas ( 1 October 1988 ) . `` A report on stories from the outposts of Commonwealth literature '' . The Globe and Mail . p. 21 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ McCrum , Robert ( 13 October 2003 ) . `` English Is a World Language -- and That 's to Be Prized '' . The Los Angeles Times . p . B15 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Iyer , Pico ( 12 February 1993 ) . `` The Empire Writes Back '' . The Straits Times . p. 1 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Meet the Man Booker Prize 2014 Judges '' . The Man Booker Prizes. 12 December 2013 . Retrieved 10 June 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Drabble , Margaret , ed. ( 1996 ) , The Oxford Companion to English Literature , Oxford : Oxford University Press </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Prize in Literature 2007 '' . Nobelprize.org . Retrieved 10 June 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 2001 Laureates '' . Literature . The Nobel prize . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Man Booker official site : J.G. Farrell ; Hilary Mantel : J.M. Coetzee . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Royal Commonwealth Society , An Uncommon Association , a Wealth of Potential : Final Report of the Commonwealth Conversation ( London , Royal Commonwealth Society , 2010 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Dhananjayan Sriskandarajah . `` Canada , Commonwealth and the key to relevance '' . The Globe and Mail . Retrieved 18 April 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Elizabeth Renzetti . `` Commonwealth : quaint historical relic or meaningful bloc ? '' . The Globe and Mail . Retrieved 18 April 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Queen marks Commonwealth launch '' . BBC News . Retrieved 5 August 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Vinep A Kankam - da - Costa ( 2012 ) . Who Is Fit to Rule America in the Twenty - First Century and Beyond ? . Xlibris . p. 271 . ISBN 9781479739653 . Retrieved 17 November 2013 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> Further reading ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Ashton , Sarah R. `` British government perspectives on the Commonwealth , 1964 -- 71 : An asset or a liability ? . '' Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History 35.1 ( 2007 ) : 73 - 94 . </Li> <Li> Bloomfield , Valerie . Commonwealth Elections 1945 - 1970 ( 1976 ) . </Li> <Li> Cook , Chris and John Paxton . Commonwealth Political Facts ( Macmillan , 1978 ) . </Li> <Li> Lloyd , Lorna . Diplomacy with a difference : the Commonwealth Office of High Commissioner , 1880 - 2006 ( Brill , 2007 ) . </Li> <Li> McIntyre , W. David . The commonwealth of nations : Origins and impact , 1869 - 1971 ( U of Minnesota Press , 1977 ) . </Li> <Li> McIntyre , W. David . A Guide to the Contemporary Commonwealth , Palgrave , 2001 . ISBN 0 - 333 - 96310 - 5 . </Li> <Li> McIntyre , W. David . `` The Unofficial Commonwealth Relations Conferences , 1933 -- 59 : Precursors of the Tri-sector Commonwealth . '' Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History 36.4 ( 2008 ) : 591 - 614 . </Li> <Li> Madden , Frederick and John Darwin , eds . The Dependent Empire , 1900 - 1948 : Colonies , Protectorates , and the Mandates ( 1994 ) 908 pp online </Li> <Li> Maitland , Donald . ed . Britain , the Commonwealth and Europe ( Palgrave Macmillan UK , 2001 ) online </Li> <Li> Mansergh , N. The Commonwealth in the World , University of Toronto Press , 1982 . ISBN 0 - 8020 - 2492 - 0 . </Li> <Li> Moore , R.J. Making the New Commonwealth , Clarendon Press , 1988 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 820112 - 5 . </Li> <Li> Murphy , Philip . Monarchy and the End of Empire : The House of Windsor , the British Government , and the Postwar Commonwealth ( Oxford UP 2013 ) DOI : 10.1093 / acprof : oso / 9780199214235.001. 0001 </Li> <Li> Perkin , Harold . `` Teaching the nations how to play : sport and society in the British empire and Commonwealth . '' International Journal of the History of Sport 6.2 ( 1989 ) : 145 - 155 . </Li> <Li> Shaw , Timothy M. Commonwealth : Inter - and Non-State Contributions to Global Governance , Routledge , 2008 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 35120 - 1 </Li> <Li> Srinivasan , Krishnan . The rise , decline and future of the British Commonwealth . ( Springer , 2005 ) . </Li> <Li> Wheare , K.C. The Constitutional Structure of the Commonwealth , Clarendon Press , 1960 . ISBN 0 - 313 - 23624 - 0 . </Li> <Li> Williams , Paul D. `` Blair 's Britain and the Commonwealth . '' The Round Table 94.380 ( 2005 ) : 381 - 391 . </Li> <Li> Winks , Robin , ed . The Historiography of the British Empire - Commonwealth : Trends , Interpretations and Resources ( 1966 ) online </Li> </Ul> <H3> Primary sources ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Madden , Frederick , ed . The End of Empire : Dependencies since 1948 : Select Documents on the Constitutional History of the British Empire and Commonwealth : The West Indies , British Honduras , Hong Kong , Fiji , Cyprus , Gibraltar , and the Falklands ( 2000 ) online 596pp </Li> <Li> Madden , Frederick , and John Darwin , ed . The Dependent Empire : 1900 - 1948 : Colonies , Protectorates , and Mandates ( 1963 ) 908pp online </Li> <Li> Mansergh , Nicholas , ed . Documents and Speeches on Commonwealth Affairs , 1952 - 1962 ( 1963 ) 804pp online </Li> </Ul> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wikisource has original text related to this article : British Nationality Act ( 1981 c 61 ) Annex B -- The territories forming part of the Commonwealth </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wikinews has related news : Fiji fully suspended from the Commonwealth after failure to call election </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ul> <Li> Media related to Commonwealth of Nations at Wikimedia Commons </Li> <Li> Commonwealth of Nations travel guide from Wikivoyage </Li> <Li> Commonwealth Secretariat </Li> <Li> The Commonwealth of Nations Network </Li> <Li> Commonwealth Foundation </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Key documents of the Commonwealth of Nations </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Balfour Declaration ( 1926 ) </Li> <Li> Royal and Parliamentary Titles Act 1927 ( 1927 ) </Li> <Li> Statute of Westminster ( 1931 ) </Li> <Li> London Declaration ( 1949 ) </Li> <Li> Singapore Declaration ( 1971 ) </Li> <Li> Lusaka Declaration ( 1979 ) </Li> <Li> Langkawi Declaration ( 1989 ) </Li> <Li> Harare Declaration ( 1991 ) </Li> <Li> Millbrook Action Programme ( 1995 ) </Li> <Li> Edinburgh Declaration ( 1997 ) </Li> <Li> Perth Agreement ( 2011 ) </Li> <Li> Charter of the Commonwealth ( 2013 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Commonwealth of Nations topics </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> History </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> British Empire </Li> <Li> Key documents </Li> <Li> Timeline </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Governance </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Head of the Commonwealth ( Elizabeth II ) </Li> <Li> Secretariat </Li> <Li> Secretary - 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Member States </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> British Empire </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Dl> <Dt> Legend </Dt> <Dd> Current territory </Dd> <Dd> Former territory </Dd> <Dd> * Now a Commonwealth realm </Dd> <Dd> Now a member of the Commonwealth of Nations </Dd> <Dd> Historical flags of the British Empire </Dd> </Dl> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Europe </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> 1542 -- 1800 Ireland ( integrated into UK ) </Li> <Li> 1708 -- 1757 , 1763 -- 1782 and 1798 -- 1802 Minorca </Li> <Li> Since 1713 Gibraltar </Li> <Li> 1800 -- 1813 Malta ( Protectorate ) </Li> <Li> 1813 -- 1964 Malta ( Colony ) </Li> <Li> 1807 -- 1890 Heligoland </Li> <Li> 1809 -- 1864 Ionian Islands </Li> <Li> 1878 -- 1960 Cyprus </Li> <Li> 1921 -- 1937 Irish Free State </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> North America </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> 17th century and before </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> 18th century </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> 19th and 20th century </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 1579 New Albion </Li> <Li> 1583 -- 1907 Newfoundland </Li> <Li> 1605 -- 1979 * Saint Lucia </Li> <Li> 1607 -- 1776 Virginia </Li> <Li> Since 1619 Bermuda </Li> <Li> 1620 -- 1691 Plymouth </Li> <Li> 1623 -- 1883 Saint Kitts </Li> <Li> 1624 -- 1966 * Barbados </Li> <Li> 1625 -- 1650 Saint Croix </Li> <Li> 1627 -- 1979 * Saint Vincent and the Grenadines </Li> <Li> 1628 -- 1883 Nevis </Li> <Li> 1629 -- 1691 Massachusetts Bay </Li> <Li> 1632 -- 1776 Maryland </Li> <Li> since 1632 Montserrat </Li> <Li> 1632 -- 1860 Antigua </Li> <Li> 1635 -- 1644 Saybrook </Li> <Li> 1636 -- 1776 Connecticut </Li> <Li> 1636 -- 1776 Rhode Island </Li> <Li> 1637 -- 1662 New Haven </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 1643 -- 1860 Bay Islands </Li> <Li> Since 1650 Anguilla </Li> <Li> 1655 -- 1850 Mosquito Coast </Li> <Li> 1655 -- 1962 * Jamaica </Li> <Li> 1663 -- 1712 Carolina </Li> <Li> 1664 -- 1776 New York </Li> <Li> 1665 -- 1674 and 1702 -- 1776 New Jersey </Li> <Li> Since 1666 Virgin Islands </Li> <Li> Since 1670 Cayman Islands </Li> <Li> 1670 -- 1973 * Bahamas </Li> <Li> 1670 -- 1870 Rupert 's Land </Li> <Li> 1671 -- 1816 Leeward Islands </Li> <Li> 1674 -- 1702 East Jersey </Li> <Li> 1674 -- 1702 West Jersey </Li> <Li> 1680 -- 1776 New Hampshire </Li> <Li> 1681 -- 1776 Pennsylvania </Li> <Li> 1686 -- 1689 New England </Li> <Li> 1691 -- 1776 Massachusetts Bay </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 1701 -- 1776 Delaware </Li> <Li> 1712 -- 1776 North Carolina </Li> <Li> 1712 -- 1776 South Carolina </Li> <Li> 1713 -- 1867 Nova Scotia </Li> <Li> 1733 -- 1776 Georgia </Li> <Li> 1754 -- 1820 Cape Breton Island </Li> <Li> 1762 -- 1974 * Grenada </Li> <Li> 1763 -- 1978 Dominica </Li> <Li> 1763 -- 1873 Prince Edward Island </Li> <Li> 1763 -- 1791 Quebec </Li> <Li> 1763 -- 1783 East Florida </Li> <Li> 1763 -- 1783 West Florida </Li> <Li> 1784 -- 1867 New Brunswick </Li> <Li> 1791 -- 1841 Lower Canada </Li> <Li> 1791 -- 1841 Upper Canada </Li> <Li> Since 1799 Turks and Caicos Islands </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 1818 -- 1846 Columbia District / Oregon Country </Li> <Li> 1833 -- 1960 Windward Islands </Li> <Li> 1833 -- 1960 Leeward Islands </Li> <Li> 1841 -- 1867 Canada </Li> <Li> 1849 -- 1866 Vancouver Island </Li> <Li> 1853 -- 1863 Queen Charlotte Islands </Li> <Li> 1858 -- 1866 British Columbia </Li> <Li> 1859 -- 1870 North - Western Territory </Li> <Li> 1860 -- 1981 * British Antigua and Barbuda </Li> <Li> 1862 -- 1863 Stickeen </Li> <Li> 1866 -- 1871 British Columbia </Li> <Li> 1867 -- 1931 * Dominion of Canada </Li> <Li> 1871 -- 1964 Honduras </Li> <Li> 1882 -- 1983 * Saint Kitts and Nevis </Li> <Li> 1889 -- 1962 Trinidad and Tobago </Li> <Li> 1907 -- 1949 Newfoundland </Li> <Li> 1958 -- 1962 West Indies Federation </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> 1 . Occupied jointly with the United States . </Li> <Li> 2 . In 1931 , Canada and other British dominions obtained self - government through the Statute of Westminster . See Name of Canada . </Li> <Li> 3 . Gave up self - rule in 1934 , but remained a de jure Dominion until it joined Canada in 1949 . </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> South America </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> 1631 -- 1641 Providence Island </Li> <Li> 1651 -- 1667 Willoughbyland </Li> <Li> 1670 -- 1688 Saint Andrew and Providence Islands </Li> <Li> 1831 -- 1966 Guiana </Li> <Li> Since 1833 Falkland Islands </Li> <Li> Since 1908 South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> 4 . Now a department of Colombia . </Li> <Li> 5 . Occupied by Argentina during the Falklands War of April -- June 1982 . </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Africa </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Td_colspan="1"> 17th and 18th centuries </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> 19th century </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> 20th century </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Since 1658 Saint Helena </Li> <Li> 1792 -- 1961 Sierra Leone </Li> <Li> 1795 -- 1803 Cape Colony </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Since 1815 Ascension Island </Li> <Li> Since 1816 Tristan da Cunha </Li> <Li> 1806 -- 1910 Cape of Good Hope </Li> <Li> 1807 -- 1808 Madeira </Li> <Li> 1810 -- 1968 Mauritius </Li> <Li> 1816 -- 1965 The Gambia </Li> <Li> 1856 -- 1910 Natal </Li> <Li> 1862 -- 1906 Lagos </Li> <Li> 1868 -- 1966 Basutoland </Li> <Li> 1874 -- 1957 Gold Coast </Li> <Li> 1882 -- 1922 Egypt </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 1884 -- 1900 Niger Coast </Li> <Li> 1884 -- 1966 Bechuanaland </Li> <Li> 1884 -- 1960 Somaliland </Li> <Li> 1887 -- 1897 Zululand </Li> <Li> 1890 -- 1962 Uganda </Li> <Li> 1890 -- 1963 Zanzibar </Li> <Li> 1891 -- 1964 Nyasaland </Li> <Li> 1891 -- 1907 Central Africa </Li> <Li> 1893 -- 1968 Swaziland </Li> <Li> 1895 -- 1920 East Africa </Li> <Li> 1899 -- 1956 Sudan </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 1900 -- 1914 Northern Nigeria </Li> <Li> 1900 -- 1914 Southern Nigeria </Li> <Li> 1900 -- 1910 Orange River </Li> <Li> 1900 -- 1910 Transvaal </Li> <Li> 1903 -- 1976 Seychelles </Li> <Li> 1910 -- 1931 South Africa </Li> <Li> 1914 -- 1960 Nigeria </Li> <Li> 1915 -- 1931 South - West Africa </Li> <Li> 1919 -- 1961 Cameroons </Li> <Li> 1920 -- 1963 Kenya </Li> <Li> 1922 -- 1961 Tanganyika </Li> <Li> 1923 -- 1965 and 1979 -- 1980 Southern Rhodesia </Li> <Li> 1924 -- 1964 Northern Rhodesia </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> 6 . League of Nations mandate . </Li> <Li> 7 . Self - governing Southern Rhodesia unilaterally declared independence in 1965 ( as Rhodesia ) and continued as an unrecognised state until the 1979 Lancaster House Agreement . After recognised independence in 1980 , Zimbabwe was a member of the Commonwealth until it withdrew in 2003 . </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Asia </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Td_colspan="1"> 17th and 18th century </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> 19th century </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> 20th century </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 1685 -- 1824 Bencoolen </Li> <Li> 1702 -- 1705 Pulo Condore </Li> <Li> 1757 -- 1947 Bengal </Li> <Li> 1762 -- 1764 Manila and Cavite </Li> <Li> 1781 -- 1784 and 1795 -- 1819 Padang </Li> <Li> 1786 -- 1946 Penang </Li> <Li> 1795 -- 1948 Ceylon </Li> <Li> 1796 -- 1965 Maldives </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 1812 -- 1824 Banka and Billiton </Li> <Li> 1819 -- 1826 Malaya </Li> <Li> 1824 -- 1948 Burma </Li> <Li> 1826 -- 1946 Straits Settlements </Li> <Li> 1839 -- 1967 Aden </Li> <Li> 1839 -- 1842 Afghanistan </Li> <Li> 1841 -- 1997 Hong Kong </Li> <Li> 1841 -- 1946 Sarawak </Li> <Li> 1848 -- 1946 Labuan </Li> <Li> 1858 -- 1947 India </Li> <Li> 1874 -- 1963 Borneo </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 1879 -- 1919 Afghanistan ( protectorate ) </Li> <Li> 1882 -- 1963 North Borneo </Li> <Li> 1885 -- 1946 Unfederated Malay States </Li> <Li> 1888 -- 1984 Brunei </Li> <Li> 1891 -- 1971 Muscat and Oman </Li> <Li> 1892 -- 1971 Trucial States </Li> <Li> 1895 -- 1946 Federated Malay States </Li> <Li> 1898 -- 1930 Weihai </Li> <Li> 1878 -- 1960 Cyprus </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 1907 -- 1949 Bhutan ( protectorate ) </Li> <Li> 1918 -- 1961 Kuwait </Li> <Li> 1920 -- 1932 Mesopotamia </Li> <Li> 1921 -- 1946 Transjordan </Li> <Li> 1923 -- 1948 Palestine </Li> <Li> 1945 -- 1946 South Vietnam </Li> <Li> 1946 -- 1963 North Borneo </Li> <Li> 1946 -- 1963 Sarawak </Li> <Li> 1946 -- 1963 Singapore </Li> <Li> 1946 -- 1948 Malayan Union </Li> <Li> 1948 -- 1957 Federation of Malaya </Li> <Li> Since 1960 Akrotiri and Dhekelia ( before as part of Cyprus ) </Li> <Li> Since 1965 British Indian Ocean Territory ( before as part of Mauritius and the Seychelles ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> League of Nations mandate . Iraq 's mandate was not enacted and replaced by the Anglo - Iraqi Treaty </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Oceania </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> 18th and 19th centuries </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> 20th century </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 1788 -- 1901 New South Wales </Li> <Li> 1803 -- 1901 Van Diemen 's Land / Tasmania </Li> <Li> 1807 -- 1863 Auckland Islands </Li> <Li> 1824 -- 1980 New Hebrides </Li> <Li> 1824 -- 1901 Queensland </Li> <Li> 1829 -- 1901 Swan River / Western Australia </Li> <Li> 1836 -- 1901 South Australia </Li> <Li> since 1838 Pitcairn Islands </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 1841 -- 1907 New Zealand </Li> <Li> 1851 -- 1901 Victoria </Li> <Li> 1874 -- 1970 Fiji </Li> <Li> 1877 -- 1976 Western Pacific Territories </Li> <Li> 1884 -- 1949 Papua </Li> <Li> 1888 -- 1901 Rarotonga / Cook Islands </Li> <Li> 1889 -- 1948 Union Islands </Li> <Li> 1892 -- 1979 Gilbert and Ellice Islands </Li> <Li> 1893 -- 1978 Solomon Islands </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 1900 -- 1970 Tonga </Li> <Li> 1900 -- 1974 Niue </Li> <Li> 1901 -- 1942 * Australia </Li> <Li> 1907 -- 1953 * New Zealand </Li> <Li> 1919 -- 1942 and 1945 -- 1968 Nauru </Li> <Li> 1919 -- 1949 New Guinea </Li> <Li> 1949 -- 1975 Papua and New Guinea </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> 9 . 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Pulse - wikipedia <H1> Pulse </H1> This article is about heartbeats . For other uses , see Pulse ( disambiguation ) . <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2008 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Pulse </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Diagram of the rise and lower of blood pressure from a pulse . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Organisms </Th> <Td> Animalia * </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Biological system </Th> <Td> Circulatory system </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Health </Th> <Td> Unaffected † </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Action </Th> <Td> Involuntary </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Method </Th> <Td> Heart pumps blood using reciprocating method causing inconstant blood flow throughout the circulatory system that can be recognized . ( See Cardiac cycle ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Frequency </Th> <Td> 60 -- 100 per minute ( Humans ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Duration </Th> <Td> 0.6 -- 1 second ( Humans ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <P> Animalia with the exception of Porifera , Cnidaria , Ctenophora , Platyhelminthes , Bryozoan , Amphioxus . </P> † Trials with calves using pulseless artificial hearts showed no adverse effects . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> </P> Pulse evaluation at the radial artery . Recommended points to evaluate pulse <P> In medicine , a pulse represents the tactile arterial palpation of the heartbeat by trained fingertips . The pulse may be palpated in any place that allows an artery to be compressed near the surface of the body , such as at the neck ( carotid artery ) , wrist ( radial artery ) , at the groin ( femoral artery ) , behind the knee ( popliteal artery ) , near the ankle joint ( posterior tibial artery ) , and on foot ( dorsalis pedis artery ) . Pulse ( or the count of arterial pulse per minute ) is equivalent to measuring the heart rate . The heart rate can also be measured by listening to the heart beat by auscultation , traditionally using a stethoscope and counting it for a minute . The radial pulse is commonly measured using three fingers . This has a reason : the finger closest to the heart is used to occlude the pulse pressure , the middle finger is used get a crude estimate of the blood pressure , and the finger most distal to the heart ( usually the ring finger ) is used to nullify the effect of the ulnar pulse as the two arteries are connected via the palmar arches ( superficial and deep ) . The study of the pulse is known as sphygmology . </P> <H2> Contents </H2> <Ul> <Li> 1 Physiology </Li> <Li> 2 Characteristics of pulse <Ul> <Li> 2.1 Rate </Li> <Li> 2.2 Rhythm </Li> <Li> 2.3 Volume <Ul> <Li> 2.3. 1 Hypokinetic pulse </Li> <Li> 2.3. 2 Hyperkinetic pulse </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2.4 Force </Li> <Li> 2.5 Tension </Li> <Li> 2.6 Form </Li> <Li> 2.7 Equality </Li> <Li> 2.8 Condition of arterial wall </Li> <Li> 2.9 Radio - femoral delay </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 Patterns </Li> <Li> 4 Common palpable sites <Ul> <Li> 4.1 Upper limb </Li> <Li> 4.2 Lower limb </Li> <Li> 4.3 Head and neck </Li> <Li> 4.4 Torso </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 5 History </Li> <Li> 6 See also </Li> <Li> 7 References </Li> </Ul> <H2> Physiology ( edit ) </H2> <P> Claudius Galen was perhaps the first physiologist to describe the pulse . The pulse is an expedient tactile method of determination of systolic blood pressure to a trained observer . Diastolic blood pressure is non-palpable and unobservable by tactile methods , occurring between heartbeats . </P> <P> Pressure waves generated by the heart in systole move the arterial walls . Forward movement of blood occurs when the boundaries are pliable and compliant . These properties form enough to create a palpable pressure wave . </P> <P> The heart rate may be greater or lesser than the pulse rate depending upon physiologic demand . In this case , the heart rate is determined by auscultation or audible sounds at the heart apex , in which case it is not the pulse . The pulse deficit ( difference between heart beats and pulsations at the periphery ) is determined by simultaneous palpation at the radial artery and auscultation at the PMI , near the heart apex . It may be present in case of premature beats or atrial fibrillation . </P> <P> Pulse velocity , pulse deficits and much more physiologic data are readily and simplistically visualized by the use of one or more arterial catheters connected to a transducer and oscilloscope . This invasive technique has been commonly used in intensive care since the 1970s . </P> <P> The rate of the pulse is observed and measured by tactile or visual means on the outside of an artery and is recorded as beats per minute or BPM . </P> <P> The pulse may be further indirectly observed under light absorbances of varying wavelengths with assigned and inexpensively reproduced mathematical ratios . Applied capture of variances of light signal from the blood component hemoglobin under oxygenated vs. deoxygenated conditions allows the technology of pulse oximetry . </P> <H2> Characteristics of pulse ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Rate ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Heart rate <P> Normal pulse rates at rest , in beats per minute ( BPM ) : </P> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Infant heartbeat Infant heartbeat </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Problems playing this file ? See media help . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th> newborn ( 0 -- 3 months old ) </Th> <Th> infants ( 3 -- 6 months ) </Th> <Th> infants ( 6 -- 12 months ) </Th> <Th> children ( 1 -- 10 years ) </Th> <Th> children over 10 years & adults , including seniors </Th> <Th> well - trained adult athletes </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 99 - 149 </Td> <Td> 89 -- 119 </Td> <Td> 79 - 119 </Td> <Td> 69 -- 129 </Td> <Td> 59 -- 99 </Td> <Td> 39 -- 59 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The pulse rate can be used to check overall heart health and fitness level . Generally lower is better , but bradycardias can be dangerous . Symptoms of a dangerously slow heartbeat include weakness , loss of energy and fainting . </P> <H3> Rhythm ( edit ) </H3> <P> A normal pulse is regular in rhythm and force . An irregular pulse may be due to sinus arrhythmia , ectopic beats , atrial fibrillation , paroxysmal atrial tachycardia , atrial flutter , partial heart block etc . Intermittent dropping out of beats at pulse is called `` intermittent pulse '' . Examples of regular intermittent ( regularly irregular ) pulse include pulsus bigeminus , second - degree atrioventricular block . An example of irregular intermittent ( irregularly irregular ) pulse is atrial fibrillation . </P> <H3> Volume ( edit ) </H3> <P> The degree of expansion displayed by artery during diastolic and systolic state is called volume . It is also known as amplitude , expansion or size of pulse . </P> Hypokinetic pulse ( edit ) <P> A weak pulse signifies narrow pulse pressure . It may be due to low cardiac output ( as seen in shock , congestive cardiac failure ) , hypovolemia , valvular heart disease ( such as aortic outflow tract obstruction , mitral stenosis , aortic arch syndrome ) etc . </P> Hyperkinetic pulse ( edit ) <P> A bounding pulse signifies high pulse pressure . It may be due to low peripheral resistance ( as seen in fever , anemia , thyrotoxicosis , hyperkinetic heart syndrome ( de ) , A-V fistula , Paget 's disease , beriberi , liver cirrhosis ) , increased cardiac output , increased stroke volume ( as seen in anxiety , exercise , complete heart block , aortic regurgitation ) , decreased distensibility of arterial system ( as seen in atherosclerosis , hypertension and coarctation of aorta ) . </P> <P> The strength of the pulse can also be reported : </P> <Ul> <Li> 0 = Absent </Li> <Li> 1 = Barely palpable </Li> <Li> 2 = Easily palpable </Li> <Li> 3 = Full </Li> <Li> 4 = Aneurysmal or bounding pulse </Li> </Ul> <H3> Force ( edit ) </H3> <P> Also known as compressibility of pulse . It is a rough measure of systolic blood pressure . </P> <H3> Tension ( edit ) </H3> <P> It corresponds to diastolic blood pressure . A low tension pulse ( pulsus mollis ) , the vessel is soft or impalpable between beats . In high tension pulse ( pulsus durus ) , vessels feel rigid even between pulse beats . </P> <H3> Form ( edit ) </H3> <P> A form or contour of a pulse is palpatiory estimation of arteriogram . A quickly rising and quickly falling pulse ( pulsus celer ) is seen in aortic regurgitation . A slow rising and slowly falling pulse ( pulsus tardus ) is seen in aortic stenosis . </P> <H3> Equality ( edit ) </H3> <P> Comparing pulses and different places gives valuable clinical information . </P> <P> A discrepant or unequal pulse between left and right radial artery is observed in anomalous or aberrant course of artery , coarctation of aorta , aortitis , dissecting aneurysm , peripheral embolism etc . An unequal pulse between upper and lower extremities is seen in coarctation to aorta , aortitis , block at bifurcation of aorta , dissection of aorta , iatrogenic trauma and arteriosclerotic obstruction . </P> <H3> Condition of arterial wall ( edit ) </H3> <P> A normal artery is not palpable after flattening by digital pressure . A thick radial artery which is palpable 7.5 -- 10 cm up the forearm is suggestive of arteriosclerosis . </P> <H3> Radio - femoral delay ( edit ) </H3> <P> In coarctation of aorta , femoral pulse may be significantly delayed as compared to radial pulse ( unless there is coexisting aortic regurgitation ) . The delay can also be observed in supravalvar aortic stenosis . </P> <H2> Patterns ( edit ) </H2> <P> Several pulse patterns can be of clinically significance . These include : </P> <Ul> <Li> A dicrotic pulse is characterized by a percussion wave in systole and a prominent dicrotic wave in diastole . Physiologically , the dicrotic wave is the result of reflected waves from the lower extremities and aorta . Conditions associated with low cardiac output and high systemic vascular resistance can produce a dicrotic pulse . </Li> <Li> Pulsus alternans : an ominous medical sign that indicates progressive systolic heart failure . To trained fingertips , the examiner notes a pattern of a strong pulse followed by a weak pulse over and over again . This pulse signals a flagging effort of the heart to sustain itself in systole . </Li> <Li> Pulsus bigeminus : indicates a pair of hoofbeats within each heartbeat . Concurrent auscultation of the heart may reveal a gallop rhythm of the native heartbeat . </Li> <Li> Pulsus bisferiens : an unusual physical finding typically seen in patients with aortic valve diseases . If the aortic valve does not normally open and close , trained fingertips will observe two pulses to each heartbeat instead of one . </Li> <Li> Pulsus tardus et parvus , also pulsus parvus et tardus , slow - rising pulse and anacrotic pulse , is weak ( parvus ) , and late ( tardus ) relative to its expected characteristics . It is caused by a stiffened aortic valve that makes it progressively harder to open , thus requiring increased generation of blood pressure in the left ventricle . It is seen in aortic valve stenosis . </Li> <Li> Pulsus paradoxus : a condition in which some heartbeats can not be detected at the radial artery during the inspiration phase of respiration . It is caused by an exaggerated decrease in blood pressure during this phase , and is diagnostic of a variety of cardiac and respiratory conditions of varying urgency . </Li> <Li> Tachycardia : an elevated resting heart rate . In general an electrocardiogram ( ECG ) is required to identify the type of tachycardia . </Li> <Li> Pulsatile This description of the pulse implies the intrinsic physiology of systole and diastole . Scientifically , systole and diastole are forces that expand and contract the pulmonary and systemic circulations . </Li> <Li> A collapsing pulse is a sign of hyperdynamic circulation . </Li> </Ul> <H2> Common palpable sites ( edit ) </H2> <P> </P> <H3> Upper limb ( edit ) </H3> Front of right upper extremity <Ul> <Li> Axillary pulse : located inferiorly of the lateral wall of the axilla </Li> <Li> Brachial pulse : located on the inside of the upper arm near the elbow , frequently used in place of carotid pulse in infants ( brachial artery ) </Li> <Li> Radial pulse : located on the lateral of the wrist ( radial artery ) . It can also be found in the anatomical snuff box . </Li> <Li> Ulnar pulse : located on the medial of the wrist ( ulnar artery ) . </Li> </Ul> <P> Chinese medicine has focused on the pulse in the upper limbs for several centuries . The concept of pulse diagnosis is essentially based on palpation and observations of the radial and ulnar volar pulses at the readily accessible wrist . </P> <H3> Lower limb ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Femoral pulse : located in the inner thigh , at the mid-inguinal point , halfway between the pubic symphysis and anterior superior iliac spine ( femoral artery ) . </Li> <Li> Popliteal pulse : Above the knee in the popliteal fossa , found by holding the bent knee . The patient bends the knee at approximately 124 ° , and the physician holds it in both hands to find the popliteal artery in the pit behind the knee ( Popliteal artery ) . </Li> <Li> Dorsalis pedis pulse : located on top of the foot , immediately lateral to the extensor of hallucis longus ( dorsalis pedis artery ) . </Li> <Li> Tibialis posterior pulse : located on the medial side of the ankle , 2 cm inferior and 2 cm posterior to the medial malleolus ( posterior tibial artery ) . It is easily palpable over Pimenta 's Point . </Li> </Ul> <H3> Head and neck ( edit ) </H3> Arteries of the neck . <Ul> <Li> Carotid pulse : located in the neck ( carotid artery ) . The carotid artery should be palpated gently and while the patient is sitting or lying down . Stimulating its baroreceptors with low palpitation can provoke severe bradycardia or even stop the heart in some sensitive persons . Also , a person 's two carotid arteries should not be palpated at the same time . Doing so may limit the flow of blood to the head , possibly leading to fainting or brain ischemia . It can be felt between the anterior border of the sternocleidomastoid muscle , above the hyoid bone and lateral to the thyroid cartilage . </Li> <Li> Facial pulse : located on the mandible ( lower jawbone ) on a line with the corners of the mouth ( facial artery ) . </Li> <Li> Temporal pulse : located on the temple directly in front of the ear ( superficial temporal artery ) . </Li> </Ul> <P> Although the pulse can be felt in multiple places in the head , people should not normally hear their heartbeats within the head . This is called pulsatile tinnitus , and it can indicate several medical disorders . </P> <H3> Torso ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Apical pulse : located in the 5th left intercostal space , 1.25 cm lateral to the mid-clavicular line . In contrast with other pulse sites , the apical pulse site is unilateral , and measured not under an artery , but below the heart itself ( more specifically , the apex of the heart ) . See also apex beat . </Li> </Ul> <H2> History ( edit ) </H2> <P> The first person to accurately measure the pulse rate was Santorio Santorii who invented the pulsilogium , a form of pendulum , based on the work by Galileo Galilei . A century later another physician , de Lacroix , used the pulsilogium to test cardiac function . </P> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Heart rate </Li> <Li> Pulse meter </Li> <Li> Tempo </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wikimedia Commons has media related to Pulse . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ Temkin 165 ; BBC ( a ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ U.S. Department of Health and Human Services - National Ites of Health Pulse </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Pulse Rate Measurement '' . Healthwise . WebMD . Retrieved 14 March 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` www.meddean.luc.edu '' . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 20 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Vascular Surgery , University of Kansas School of Medicine '' . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 20 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Dennis , Mark ; Bowen , William Talbot ; Cho , Lucy ( 2016 ) . Mechanisms of Clinical Signs - EPub3 . Elsevier Health Sciences . p. 177 . ISBN 9780729585613 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : McGee , Steven ( 2016 ) . Evidence - Based Physical Diagnosis E-Book . Elsevier Health Sciences . pp. 105 -- 106 . ISBN 9780323508711 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Li JC , Yuan Y , Qin W , et al. ( April 2007 ) . `` Evaluation of the tardus - parvus pattern in patients with atherosclerotic and nonatherosclerotic renal artery stenosis '' . J Ultrasound Med. 26 ( 4 ) : 419 -- 26 . PMID 17384038 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Toy , Eugene , et al. Case Files : Internal Medicine . McGraw - Hill Companies , Inc. 2007 . Page 43 . ISBN 0 - 07 - 146303 - 8 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Sanders , Roger C. ; Winter , Thomas Charles ( 2007 ) . Clinical Sonography : A Practical Guide . Lippincott Williams & Wilkins . p. 219 . 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<Li> </Li> </Ul> Symptoms and signs relating to the cardiovascular system ( R00 -- R03 , 785 ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Chest pain </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Referred pain </Li> <Li> Angina </Li> <Li> Aerophagia </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Auscultation </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Heart sounds <Ul> <Li> Split S2 </Li> <Li> S3 </Li> <Li> S4 </Li> <Li> Gallop rhythm </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Heart murmur <Ul> <Li> Systolic </Li> <Li> Diastolic </Li> <Li> Continuous </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Pericardial friction rub </Li> <Li> Heart click </Li> <Li> Bruit <Ul> <Li> carotid </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Pulse </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Tachycardia </Li> <Li> Bradycardia </Li> <Li> Pulsus tardus et parvus </Li> <Li> Pulsus paradoxus </Li> <Li> doubled <Ul> <Li> Pulsus bisferiens </Li> <Li> Dicrotic pulse </Li> <Li> Pulsus bigeminus </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Pulsus alternans </Li> <Li> Pulse deficit </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Vascular disease </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Gangrene </Li> </Ul> </Td> 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where can pulse be felt in the body

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I Am a Fugitive from a Georgia Chain Gang ! - Wikipedia <H1> I Am a Fugitive from a Georgia Chain Gang ! </H1> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2009 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> I Am a Fugitive from a Georgia Chain Gang ! is a book written by Robert Elliott Burns in 1932 and published by Grosset & Dunlap . </P> <P> The book tells the story of Burns ' imprisonment on a chain gang in Georgia in the 1920s , his subsequent escape , and the furor that developed . The story was first published in January 1932 , serialized in True Detective Mysteries magazine . Later that year , Burns ' story was made into the motion picture I Am a Fugitive from a Chain Gang , starring Paul Muni . The book and movie were both credited with helping to reform deplorable conditions on Deep South chain gangs under Governor Ellis Arnall in 1943 . </P> <P> A sequel , Out of These Chains , was written by Burns ' brother , Vincent Godfrey Burns , an Episcopalian priest , in 1942 . </P> <H2> Bibliography ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Robert Elliott Burns , I Am a Fugitive from a Georgia Chain Gang ! , Vanguard Press , 1932 ; Gale Research , 1972 ; Beehive Press , 1994 ; University of Georgia Press , 1997 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 8203 - 1943 - 8 </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ `` New Georgia Encyclopedia : I Am a Fugitive from a Georgia Chain Gang ! '' . The New Georgia Encyclopedia . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 31 . </Li> </Ol> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This article about a biographical or autobiographical book whose subject was born in the United States is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=I_Am_a_Fugitive_from_a_Georgia_Chain_Gang!&oldid=844871095 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> 1932 books </Li> <Li> American memoirs </Li> <Li> Books adapted into films </Li> <Li> United States biography book stubs </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Articles needing additional references from December 2009 </Li> <Li> All articles needing additional references </Li> <Li> All stub articles </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски </Li> </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 7 June 2018 , at 18 : 54 ( UTC ) . </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul>

i was a fugitive from a georgia chain gang

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Stadium High school - wikipedia <H1> Stadium High school </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Stadium High School </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Address </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> 111 North E Street Tacoma , Pierce , Washington 98403 United States </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Information </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> School type </Th> <Td> Public </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Status </Th> <Td> open </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> School district </Th> <Td> Tacoma Public Schools </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> CEEB code </Th> <Td> 481395 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Principal </Th> <Td> Kevin Ikeda </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Grades </Th> <Td> 9 - 12 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Campus type </Th> <Td> Closed </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> School color ( s ) </Th> <Td> Royal Blue , Gold </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Mascot </Th> <Td> Tiger </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Nickname </Th> <Td> Tigers </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Newspaper </Th> <Td> Stadium World </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Yearbook </Th> <Td> Tahoma </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Website </Th> <Td> Website </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Stadium High School is a public high school in Tacoma , Washington , and a historic landmark . It is part of Tacoma Public Schools , or Tacoma School District No. 10 and is located in the Stadium District , near downtown Tacoma . The original building burned to a shell in 1898 while it was still a partially constructed hotel designed by Hewitt & Hewitt that was being used for storage . It was reconstructed for use as a school beginning in 1906 according to designs by Frederick Heath , and a `` bowl '' stadium was added later in 1910 . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 History </Li> <Li> 2 Daffodil Festival </Li> <Li> 3 Notable alumni </Li> <Li> 4 References </Li> <Li> 5 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> History ( edit ) </H2> Stadium High School during a 2007 renovation <P> The main building was constructed by architects Hewitt and Hewitt for the Northern Pacific Railroad Company and the Tacoma Land Company at what was then known as Blackwell Point . Construction began in 1891 with the intention of building a luxury hotel resembling a French château . The Panic of 1893 , however , brought construction to an abrupt halt when the Northern Pacific was faced with financial disaster . The unfinished building became a storage facility , with much of the building materials still inside . On October 11 , 1898 , the building was gutted by a massive fire . The walls remained standing , and the Northern Pacific began to dismantle the structure , removing some 40,000 bricks that would be used to construct still - existing train stations in Missoula , Montana , and Wallace , Idaho . </P> <P> The Tacoma School District purchased the gutted building on February 19 , 1904 , with the intent of turning it into a high school . The redesign and later renovations were planned by the school 's architect , Frederick Heath . It was repaired and renovated into a school . Despite its extraordinary locale and design , on the inside it looks , feels , and operates like a typical American high school . </P> <P> The reconstructed building opened on September 10 , 1906 , as Tacoma High School . Seven years later , the name was changed to reference the adjacent Stadium Bowl . Later additions included a circular lunchroom , an underground swimming pool , a science and industrial arts complex , a gymnasium , and a multi-story parking lot structure with tennis courts on the roof . </P> <P> The stadium , also designed by Frederick Heath , dates from 1910 and is in a location once known as Old Woman 's Gulch . It was originally much grander than it is today , with a seating capacity of 32,000 . Among those who spoke there were Theodore Roosevelt , Woodrow Wilson , Warren G. Harding , William Jennings Bryan , and Billy Sunday . </P> <P> The stadium was originally built in 1909 -- 1910 using steam shovels and sluicing to move more than 180,000 cubic yards ( 140,000 m ) down the edges of the gulch to create a flat playing field of 2.5 acres ( 10,000 m ) . Wooden molds were built to cast concrete for 31 rows of stadium seating surrounding the playfield . </P> <P> The original structure exceeded what the soil could support . A restoration project in the 1970s had to sacrifice roughly half of the seating capacity because of instability . In 1981 a burst storm drain washed away the scoreboard and the bayward end zone of the football field . This was followed by a further restoration allowing the stadium to reopen in 1985 . </P> <P> The school was the filming location for many of the scenes of the 1999 movie 10 Things I Hate About You . </P> <P> In 2005 - 2006 the school underwent a major renovation , seismic upgrade , historical restoration , and expansion . Bassetti Architects were the design architects , and Merrit Pardini Architects ( later Krei Architecture ) were the architects of record for this work . During the renovation , students were temporarily relocated to the old site of Mount Tahoma High School in the south end , just over 7 miles ( 11 km ) away . </P> <P> The centennial celebration of Stadium High School was held on September 16 , 2006 . The celebration was attended by 3299 alumni , setting a Guinness World Record for the largest recorded school reunion . </P> A panorama of the high school and the eponymous stadium , with Commencement Bay in the background ( 2008 ) <H2> Daffodil festival ( edit ) </H2> <P> Every year , Stadium participates in the Pierce County Daffodil Festival . A competition is held in house to select the Stadium Princess , who goes on to compete against other regional schools , for the Daffodil Festival Queen title . The Queen title is considered the highest honor of the regional festival . The Stadium band accompanies the float of Stadium 's princesses every year in the parade , held annually in April . </P> <P> In the years of 2006 and 2007 , no one in Tacoma submitted a float , a requirement for participation in the festival . The festival board waived the requirement , but in 2008 warned that if no group within Tacoma School District boundaries presented a float , Tacoma and its students , including the Royal Court program , would be barred from participation in the 2009 parade . In response , the Stadium High School Environmental Club decided to build a float , ensuring Stadium and other area schools inclusion in the Daffodil Festival for 2009 . </P> <P> Annie Jeong of Stadium was crowned Daffodil queen 2010 . </P> <H2> Notable alumni ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Bill Baarsma , ' 60 , Tacoma mayor </Li> <Li> Sam Baker , former NFL Pro Bowl player ; transferred after his junior year </Li> <Li> Bruce Bennett ( b . Herman Brix ) ' 24 , Olympic shot - put medalist and Hollywood actor </Li> <Li> Rosemarie Bowe , ' 50 , actress , wife of Robert Stack </Li> <Li> Dale Chihuly , modern studio glass artist -- attended 1956 and 1957 </Li> <Li> Cathryn Damon , ' 47 , stage , TV and film actress </Li> <Li> R.N. DeArmond , author , historian </Li> <Li> Jeff Durgan , professional soccer player ( retired ) </Li> <Li> Evan Hunziker , man who spent three months in North Korean custody for illegally entering the country </Li> <Li> Josh Keyes , artist </Li> <Li> Edward LaChapelle , avalanche researcher </Li> <Li> Al Libke , former MLB player ( Cincinnati Reds ) </Li> <Li> Michael Manuel , actor </Li> <Li> Vicci Martinez , acoustic - rock singer / songwriter </Li> <Li> Marjie Millar ( b . Marjie Miller ) , ' 49 , TV and movie actress </Li> <Li> Gordon Naccarato , ' 72 , restaurateur </Li> <Li> Eric T. Olson , ' 69 , admiral and commander of U.S. Special Operations Command </Li> <Li> Janis Paige ( b . Donna Mae Jaden ) , ' 40 , film and theater actress </Li> <Li> Dixy Lee Ray , ' 33 , chair of federal Atomic Energy Commission , Governor of Washington </Li> <Li> Debbie Regala , ' 63 , State Senator , District 27 - D </Li> <Li> Irv Robbins , ' 35 ? , co-founder of Baskin - Robbins </Li> <Li> L.J. Roberts ' 62 , musician , US Army Colonel , Vietnam , NSA , < TNT / US Army / US Gov > </Li> <Li> Albert Rosellini , ' 27 , attorney , civic leader , governor of Washington </Li> <Li> James Sargent Russell , ' 18 , admiral , commander of NATO forces in Europe </Li> <Li> Sugar Ray Seales , ' 71 , boxer , 1972 Olympic gold medalist and professional prizefighter </Li> <Li> Doug Sisk , former MLB player ( New York Mets , Baltimore Orioles , Atlanta Braves ) </Li> <Li> Jeff Stock , professional soccer player </Li> <Li> Jack Tuell , ' 40 , author and bishop in the United Methodist Church </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ ( 1 ) News Tribune </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2015 - 01 - 02 . Retrieved 2005 - 09 - 16 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Metro Parks Tacoma '' . metroparkstacoma.org . Retrieved 4 August 2015 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Plaque outside the school , May 22 , 1992 . Consulted 16 August 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Stadium High School '' . Tacoma Schools . Retrieved 4 August 2015 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Plaque outside the stadium , May 28 , 1993 . Consulted 16 August 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bassetti Architects Archived December 6 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Guinness World Records Archived November 7 , 2014 , at the Wayback Machine . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Santos ( April 6 , 2008 ) . `` Students keep city of Tacoma in the festival '' . The Tacoma News Tribune . Retrieved 2008 - 04 - 09 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Santos ( 03 / 13 / 1012 : 05 am ) . `` Stadium student crowned Daffodil queen '' . The Tacoma News Tribune . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 01 . Check date values in : date = ( help ) </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Some famous and notable graduates '' . The News Tribune ( Tacoma , WA ) . September 9 , 2006 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Spokesman - Review - Google News Archive Search '' . google.com . Retrieved 4 August 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Approve Starlet 's Pact '' . The Kansas City Times . Missouri , Kansas City . Associated Press . June 18 , 1952 . p. 28 . Retrieved January 18 , 2017 -- via Newspapers.com . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Eng , Lily ( 1996 - 12 - 19 ) . `` Former Captive 's Life Troubled '' . Seattle Times . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 08 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Roberts , C.R. ( 2008 - 05 - 07 ) . `` Ice cream pioneer Irvine Robbins got start in Tacoma '' . The News Tribune . Retrieved 2008 - 05 - 12 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wikimedia Commons has media related to Stadium High School . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ul> <Li> Stadium High School official site </Li> <Li> History of Stadium </Li> <Li> Stadium ROTC </Li> <Li> Daffodil Festival Queens </Li> <Li> 100th Year Celebration </Li> <Li> Stadium Boosters - Parents , Alumni , Staff , Neighbors - a 501 ( c ) 3 org </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> WIAA West Central District 3 </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) AA - AAAA Classifications </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) 4A Conferences </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Dl> <Dt> Narrows 4A </Dt> <Dd> Bellarmine Prep Lions </Dd> <Dd> Central Kitsap Cougars </Dd> <Dd> Gig Harbor Tides </Dd> <Dd> Olympia Bears </Dd> <Dd> South Kitsap Wolves </Dd> <Dd> Stadium Tigers </Dd> <Dd> Yelm Tornadoes </Dd> </Dl> <Dl> <Dt> SPSL Central </Dt> <Dd> ( Tennis , Swimming , Track & Field and Golf only ) </Dd> </Dl> <Dl> <Dt> SPSL North </Dt> <Dd> Auburn Trojans </Dd> <Dd> Auburn Riverside Ravens </Dd> <Dd> Kentlake Falcons </Dd> <Dd> Kent Meridian Royals </Dd> <Dd> Kentridge Chargers </Dd> <Dd> Kentwood Conquerors </Dd> <Dd> Mt . 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Tahoma Thunderbirds </Dd> <Dd> North Thurston Rams </Dd> <Dd> Shelton Highclimbers </Dd> <Dd> Timberline Blazers </Dd> <Dd> Wilson Rams </Dd> </Dl> <Dl> <Dt> South Puget Sound League 3A </Dt> <Dd> Auburn Mountainview Lions </Dd> <Dd> Bonney Lake Panthers </Dd> <Dd> Enumclaw Hornets </Dd> <Dd> Decatur Golden Gators </Dd> <Dd> Lakes Lancers </Dd> <Dd> Peninsula Seahawks </Dd> </Dl> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> 2A / 3A Conferences </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Dl> <Dt> Seamount </Dt> <Dd> Evergreen Wolverines - 2A </Dd> <Dd> Foster Bulldogs - 2A </Dd> <Dd> Hazen Highlanders - 3A </Dd> <Dd> Highline Pirates - 2A </Dd> <Dd> Kennedy Catholic Lancers - 3A </Dd> <Dd> Lindbergh Eagles - 2A </Dd> <Dd> Renton Indians - 2A </Dd> <Dd> Tyee Totems - 2A </Dd> </Dl> <Dl> <Dt> Olympic </Dt> <Dd> Bremerton Knights - 2A </Dd> <Dd> Kingston Buccaneers - 2A </Dd> <Dd> Klahowya Eagles - 2A </Dd> <Dd> N Kitsap Vikings - 2A </Dd> <Dd> N Mason Bulldogs - 2A </Dd> <Dd> Olympic Trojans - 2A </Dd> <Dd> Pt Angeles Roughriders - 2A </Dd> <Dd> Pt Townsend Redskins - 1A </Dd> <Dd> Sequim Wolves - 2A </Dd> </Dl> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> 2A Conferences </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Dl> <Dt> South Puget Sound League 2A </Dt> <Dd> Clover Park Warriors </Dd> <Dd> Eatonville Cruisers </Dd> <Dd> Fife Trojans </Dd> <Dd> Franklin Pierce Cardinals </Dd> <Dd> Steilacoom Sentinels </Dd> <Dd> Sumner Spartans </Dd> <Dd> Washington Patriots </Dd> <Dd> White River Hornets </Dd> </Dl> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> A , B , Independent Classifications </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> 1A Conferences </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Dl> <Dt> Nisqually </Dt> <Dd> Cascade Christian Cougars </Dd> <Dd> Cedar Park Christian ( FOOTBALL ONLY ) </Dd> <Dd> Charles Wright </Dd> <Dd> Chimacum </Dd> <Dd> Life Christian </Dd> <Dd> Orting Cardinals </Dd> <Dd> Port Townsend Redskins ( FOOTBALL ONLY ) </Dd> <Dd> Seattle Christian </Dd> <Dd> Vashon Island Pirates </Dd> </Dl> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> 1B Conferences </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Dl> <Dt> North Olympic </Dt> <Dd> Clallam Bay </Dd> <Dd> Crescent </Dd> <Dd> Neah Bay </Dd> </Dl> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Independent </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Auburn Adventist Falcons </Li> <Li> Tacoma School of the Arts 1A ( MUSIC ONLY ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Coordinates : 47 ° 15 ′ 58 '' N 122 ° 26 ′ 53 '' W  /  47.26623 ° N 122.44816 ° W  / 47.26623 ; - 122.44816 </P> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stadium_High_School&oldid=834153020 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> North Tacoma , Washington </Li> <Li> High schools in Pierce County , Washington </Li> <Li> Schools in Tacoma , Washington </Li> <Li> Frederick Heath buildings </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> All articles with dead external links </Li> <Li> Articles with dead external links from November 2016 </Li> <Li> Articles with permanently dead external links </Li> <Li> Webarchive template wayback links </Li> <Li> Articles with dead external links from May 2016 </Li> <Li> CS1 errors : dates </Li> <Li> Articles with dead external links from October 2010 </Li> <Li> All articles with unsourced statements </Li> <Li> Articles with unsourced statements from March 2009 </Li> <Li> Coordinates on Wikidata </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> Add links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 4 April 2018 , at 06 : 01 . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . 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List of WWE champions - wikipedia <H1> List of WWE champions </H1> This article is about a list of wrestlers who have held the current WWE Championship . For a list of wrestlers who have held the now - retired `` World Heavyweight Championship '' , see List of World Heavyweight Champions ( WWE ) . For a list of current title holders in WWE , see List of current champions in WWE . Two - time and current champion AJ Styles . <P> The WWE Championship is a professional wrestling world heavyweight championship in WWE , currently on the SmackDown brand . It is the first world title established in WWE , having been introduced in 1963 as the World Wide Wrestling Federation ( WWWF ) World Heavyweight Championship . The promotion was renamed World Wrestling Federation ( WWF ) in 1979 and ended its affiliation with the National Wrestling Alliance ( NWA ) in 1983 , with the title also renamed to reflect the changes . In 2001 , it was unified with the World Championship ( formerly the WCW World Heavyweight Championship ) following the WWF 's buyout of World Championship Wrestling ( WCW ) and became the Undisputed WWF Championship . In 2002 , the WWF was renamed World Wrestling Entertainment ( WWE ) and split its roster into two brands , Raw and SmackDown . The title , now renamed WWE Championship , was then designated to the SmackDown brand while WWE established an alternate world title known as the World Heavyweight Championship for the Raw brand . A third alternate world title , the ECW World Heavyweight Championship , was reactivated for the ECW brand in 2006 . It was vacated and decommissioned when the ECW brand disbanded in 2010 . </P> <P> When WWE Champion Randy Orton defeated World Heavyweight Champion John Cena at the TLC pay - per - view on December 15 , 2013 , the World Heavyweight Championship was unified with the WWE Championship , resulting in the retiring of the former and the renaming of the latter to the WWE World Heavyweight Championship . On June 27 , 2016 , the name was shortened back to the WWE Championship before assuming the WWE World Championship name on July 26 , when the brand extension returned . It became designated to the SmackDown brand and WWE again established an alternate world title known as the WWE Universal Championship for the Raw brand . In December 2016 , WWE again shortened the title 's name back to WWE Championship . </P> <P> The championship is generally contested in professional wrestling matches , in which participants execute scripted finishes rather than contend in direct competition . Some reigns were held by champions using a ring name , while others use their real name . The first champion was Buddy Rogers , who won the championship in 1963 . The champion with the single longest reign is Bruno Sammartino with a reign of 2,803 days , while the record for longest combined reign is also held by Sammartino at 4,040 . The current champion is AJ Styles , who is in his second reign . He won the championship by defeating Jinder Mahal on SmackDown in Manchester , England on November 7 , 2017 . </P> <P> Overall , there have been 50 different official champions , with John Cena having the most reigns at thirteen . Seven men in history have held the championship for a continuous reign of one year ( 365 days ) or more : Bruno Sammartino ( who achieved the feat on two separate occasions ) , Pedro Morales , Bob Backlund , Hulk Hogan , Randy Savage , John Cena , and CM Punk . </P> <H2> Contents </H2> <Ul> <Li> 1 Title history <Ul> <Li> 1.1 Names </Li> <Li> 1.2 Reigns </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2 Combined reigns </Li> <Li> 3 References </Li> <Li> 4 External links </Li> </Ul> <H2> Title History ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Names ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Name </Th> <Th> Years </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> WWWF World Heavyweight Championship </Td> <Td> April 25 , 1963 -- February 8 , 1971 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> WWWF Heavyweight Championship </Td> <Td> February 8 , 1971 -- March 1 , 1979 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> WWF Heavyweight Championship </Td> <Td> March 1 , 1979 -- December 26 , 1983 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> WWF World Heavyweight Championship </Td> <Td> December 26 , 1983 -- June 29 , 1998 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> WWF Championship </Td> <Td> June 29 , 1998 -- December 9 , 2001 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Undisputed WWF Championship </Td> <Td> December 9 , 2001 -- May 6 , 2002 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Undisputed WWE Championship </Td> <Td> May 6 , 2002 -- May 19 , 2002 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> WWE Undisputed Championship </Td> <Td> May 19 , 2002 -- September 2 , 2002 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> WWE Championship </Td> <Td> September 2 , 2002 -- December 15 , 2013 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> WWE World Heavyweight Championship </Td> <Td> December 15 , 2013 -- June 27 , 2016 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> WWE Championship </Td> <Td> June 27 , 2016 -- July 25 , 2016 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> WWE World Championship </Td> <Td> July 26 , 2016 -- December 9 , 2016 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> WWE Championship </Td> <Td> December 10 , 2016 -- present </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Reigns ( edit ) </H3> <P> As of October 30 , 2018 . </P> <Table> Key <Tr> <Th> No . </Th> <Td> Overall reign number </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Reign </Th> <Td> Reign number for the specific champion </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Days </Th> <Td> Number of days held </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Days recog . </Th> <Td> Number of days held recognized by the promotion </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> † </Th> <Td> Championship change is unrecognized by the promotion </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> < 1 </Th> <Td> Reign lasted less than a day </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> + </Th> <Td> Current reign is changing daily </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th> No . </Th> <Th> Champion </Th> <Th_colspan="3"> Championship change </Th> <Th_colspan="3"> Reign statistics </Th> <Th> Notes </Th> <Th> Ref . </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Date </Th> <Th> Event </Th> <Th> Location </Th> <Th> Reign </Th> <Th> Days </Th> <Th> Days recog . </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> Buddy Rogers </Td> <Td> April 25 , 1963 </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> <Td> Rio de Janeiro , Brazil </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 7001220000000000000 ♠ 22 </Td> <Td> 7001220000000000000 ♠ 22 </Td> <Td> Won a fictional tournament in Rio de Janeiro after the WWWF left the National Wrestling Alliance ( NWA ) , of which Rogers had been the 7th NWA World Heavyweight Champion since defeating Pat O'Connor on June 30 , 1961 . After Rogers ' one fall loss to Lou Thesz for the title on January 24 , 1963 , Northeast promoters ( led by Vince McMahon Sr. and Toots Mondt ) did not recognize this title change and withdrew their membership from the NWA to form the World Wide Wrestling Federation ( WWWF ) . The WWWF billed Rogers as their world champion since January 25 , but did not recognize him as the first ever WWWF World Heavyweight Champion until April 11 . However , WWE.com lists Rogers ' reign and the establishment of the title beginning on April 25 . </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> Bruno Sammartino </Td> <Td> May 17 , 1963 </Td> <Td> House show </Td> <Td> New York , NY </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 7003280300000000000 ♠ 2,803 </Td> <Td> 7003280300000000000 ♠ 2,803 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> Ivan Koloff </Td> <Td> January 18 , 1971 </Td> <Td> House show </Td> <Td> New York , NY </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 7001210000000000000 ♠ 21 </Td> <Td> 7001210000000000000 ♠ 21 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> Pedro Morales </Td> <Td> February 8 , 1971 </Td> <Td> House show </Td> <Td> New York , NY </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 7003102700000000000 ♠ 1,027 </Td> <Td> 7003102700000000000 ♠ 1,027 </Td> <Td> The title was renamed the WWWF Heavyweight Championship when WWWF rejoined the NWA in 1971 . </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 5 </Th> <Td> Stan Stasiak </Td> <Td> December 1 , 1973 </Td> <Td> House show </Td> <Td> Philadelphia , PA </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 </Td> <Td> 7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 6 </Th> <Td> Bruno Sammartino </Td> <Td> December 10 , 1973 </Td> <Td> House show </Td> <Td> New York , NY </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 7003123700000000000 ♠ 1,237 </Td> <Td> 7003123700000000000 ♠ 1,237 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 7 </Th> <Td> Superstar Billy Graham </Td> <Td> April 30 , 1977 </Td> <Td> House show </Td> <Td> Baltimore , MD </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 7002296000000000000 ♠ 296 </Td> <Td> 7002296000000000000 ♠ 296 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 8 </Th> <Td> Bob Backlund </Td> <Td> February 20 , 1978 </Td> <Td> House show </Td> <Td> New York , NY </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 7002648000000000000 ♠ 648 </Td> <Td> 7003213500000000000 ♠ 2,135 </Td> <Td> The title was renamed the WWF Heavyweight Championship when the World Wide Wrestling Federation became the World Wrestling Federation in March 1979 . </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> † </Td> <Td> Antonio Inoki </Td> <Td> November 30 , 1979 </Td> <Td> House show </Td> <Td> Tokushima , Japan </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> Vacated </Td> <Td> December 6 , 1979 </Td> <Td> House show </Td> <Td> Tokyo , Japan </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> Antonio Inoki immediately vacated the title after a rematch with Bob Backlund ended in a no contest due to the interference of Tiger Jeet Singh . </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> † </Td> <Td> Bob Backlund </Td> <Td> December 17 , 1979 </Td> <Td> House show </Td> <Td> New York City , NY </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 7003147000000000000 ♠ 1,470 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> Backlund defeated Bobby Duncum in a Texas Death match to fill the vacancy . WWE recognizes Backlund 's first and second reigns as being uninterrupted and considers this a continuation of the first . </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 9 </Th> <Td> The Iron Sheik </Td> <Td> December 26 , 1983 </Td> <Td> House show </Td> <Td> New York City , NY </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 7001280000000000000 ♠ 28 </Td> <Td> 7001290000000000000 ♠ 29 </Td> <Td> The Iron Sheik won by submission when Bob Backlund 's manager Arnold Skaaland threw in the towel when Backlund was put into Sheik 's camel clutch to prevent any major injury . The title was renamed the WWF World Heavyweight Championship when the WWF ended its affiliation with the NWA . </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 10 </Th> <Td> Hulk Hogan </Td> <Td> January 23 , 1984 </Td> <Td> House show </Td> <Td> New York City , NY </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 7003147400000000000 ♠ 1,474 </Td> <Td> 7003147400000000000 ♠ 1,474 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 11 </Th> <Td> André the Giant </Td> <Td> February 5 , 1988 </Td> <Td> The Main Event I </Td> <Td> Indianapolis , IN </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> < 1 </Td> <Td> < 1 </Td> <Td> André defeated Hulk Hogan when referee Earl Hebner , who was bribed by Ted DiBiase , scored the three - count , despite Hogan raising his shoulder past the two - count . </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> Vacated </Td> <Td> February 5 , 1988 </Td> <Td> The Main Event I </Td> <Td> Indianapolis , IN </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> Immediately after winning the title from Hulk Hogan , André handed the championship belt to Ted DiBiase ; President Jack Tunney ruled this as vacating the title . </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 12 </Th> <Td> Randy Savage </Td> <Td> March 27 , 1988 </Td> <Td> WrestleMania IV </Td> <Td> Atlantic City , NJ </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 7002371000000000000 ♠ 371 </Td> <Td> 7002371000000000000 ♠ 371 </Td> <Td> Defeated Ted DiBiase in a tournament final to win the vacant title . </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 13 </Th> <Td> Hulk Hogan </Td> <Td> April 2 , 1989 </Td> <Td> WrestleMania V </Td> <Td> Atlantic City , NJ </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 7002364000000000000 ♠ 364 </Td> <Td> 7002364000000000000 ♠ 364 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 14 </Th> <Td> The Ultimate Warrior </Td> <Td> April 1 , 1990 </Td> <Td> WrestleMania VI </Td> <Td> Toronto , ON </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 7002293000000000000 ♠ 293 </Td> <Td> 7002293000000000000 ♠ 293 </Td> <Td> This was a title for title match , in which Warrior also defended the Intercontinental Championship . </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 15 </Th> <Td> Sgt . Slaughter </Td> <Td> January 19 , 1991 </Td> <Td> Royal Rumble </Td> <Td> Miami , FL </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 7001640000000000000 ♠ 64 </Td> <Td> 7001640000000000000 ♠ 64 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 16 </Th> <Td> Hulk Hogan </Td> <Td> March 24 , 1991 </Td> <Td> WrestleMania VII </Td> <Td> Los Angeles , CA </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 7002248000000000000 ♠ 248 </Td> <Td> 7002248000000000000 ♠ 248 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 17 </Th> <Td> The Undertaker </Td> <Td> November 27 , 1991 </Td> <Td> Survivor Series </Td> <Td> Detroit , MI </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 </Td> <Td> 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 18 </Th> <Td> Hulk Hogan </Td> <Td> December 3 , 1991 </Td> <Td> This Tuesday in Texas </Td> <Td> San Antonio , TX </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 </Td> <Td> 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> Vacated </Td> <Td> December 4 , 1991 </Td> <Td> Superstars of Wrestling </Td> <Td> New Haven , CT </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> Hulk Hogan was stripped of the title by WWF President Jack Tunney due to the controversy surrounding both of the previous title changes . Aired on tape delay on December 7 , 1991 . </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 19 </Th> <Td> Ric Flair </Td> <Td> January 19 , 1992 </Td> <Td> Royal Rumble </Td> <Td> Albany , NY </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 7001770000000000000 ♠ 77 </Td> <Td> 7001770000000000000 ♠ 77 </Td> <Td> This was the Royal Rumble match , in which Flair last eliminated Sid Justice to win the vacant title . </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 20 </Th> <Td> Randy Savage </Td> <Td> April 5 , 1992 </Td> <Td> WrestleMania VIII </Td> <Td> Indianapolis , IN </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 7002149000000000000 ♠ 149 </Td> <Td> 7002149000000000000 ♠ 149 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 21 </Th> <Td> Ric Flair </Td> <Td> September 1 , 1992 </Td> <Td> Prime Time Wrestling </Td> <Td> Hershey , PA </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 7001410000000000000 ♠ 41 </Td> <Td> 7001410000000000000 ♠ 41 </Td> <Td> Aired on tape delay on September 14 , 1992 . </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 22 </Th> <Td> Bret Hart </Td> <Td> October 12 , 1992 </Td> <Td> House show </Td> <Td> Saskatoon , SK </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 7002174000000000000 ♠ 174 </Td> <Td> 7002175000000000000 ♠ 175 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 23 </Th> <Td> Yokozuna </Td> <Td> April 4 , 1993 </Td> <Td> WrestleMania IX </Td> <Td> Las Vegas , NV </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> < 1 </Td> <Td> < 1 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 24 </Th> <Td> Hulk Hogan </Td> <Td> April 4 , 1993 </Td> <Td> WrestleMania IX </Td> <Td> Las Vegas , NV </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> 7001700000000000000 ♠ 70 </Td> <Td> 7001700000000000000 ♠ 70 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 25 </Th> <Td> Yokozuna </Td> <Td> June 13 , 1993 </Td> <Td> King of the Ring </Td> <Td> Dayton , OH </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 7002280000000000000 ♠ 280 </Td> <Td> 7002280000000000000 ♠ 280 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 26 </Th> <Td> Bret Hart </Td> <Td> March 20 , 1994 </Td> <Td> WrestleMania X </Td> <Td> New York City , NY </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 7002248000000000000 ♠ 248 </Td> <Td> 7002248000000000000 ♠ 248 </Td> <Td> Roddy Piper was the guest referee . </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 27 </Th> <Td> Bob Backlund </Td> <Td> November 23 , 1994 </Td> <Td> Survivor Series </Td> <Td> San Antonio , TX </Td> <Td> 2 ( 3 ) </Td> <Td> 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 </Td> <Td> 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 </Td> <Td> This was a `` Throw in the Towel '' submission match . </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 28 </Th> <Td> Diesel </Td> <Td> November 26 , 1994 </Td> <Td> House show </Td> <Td> New York City , NY </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 7002358000000000000 ♠ 358 </Td> <Td> 7002358000000000000 ♠ 358 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 29 </Th> <Td> Bret Hart </Td> <Td> November 19 , 1995 </Td> <Td> Survivor Series </Td> <Td> Landover , MD </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 7002133000000000000 ♠ 133 </Td> <Td> 7002133000000000000 ♠ 133 </Td> <Td> This was a no disqualification match . </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 30 </Th> <Td> Shawn Michaels </Td> <Td> March 31 , 1996 </Td> <Td> WrestleMania XII </Td> <Td> Anaheim , CA </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 7002231000000000000 ♠ 231 </Td> <Td> 7002231000000000000 ♠ 231 </Td> <Td> This was a 60 - minute Iron Man match , in which Michaels won 1 -- 0 in overtime . </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 31 </Th> <Td> Sycho Sid </Td> <Td> November 17 , 1996 </Td> <Td> Survivor Series </Td> <Td> New York City , NY </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 7001630000000000000 ♠ 63 </Td> <Td> 7001630000000000000 ♠ 63 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 32 </Th> <Td> Shawn Michaels </Td> <Td> January 19 , 1997 </Td> <Td> Royal Rumble </Td> <Td> San Antonio , TX </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 7001250000000000000 ♠ 25 </Td> <Td> 7001250000000000000 ♠ 25 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> Vacated </Td> <Td> February 13 , 1997 </Td> <Td> Raw </Td> <Td> Lowell , MA </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> Shawn Michaels forfeited the title due to a knee injury . </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 33 </Th> <Td> Bret Hart </Td> <Td> February 16 , 1997 </Td> <Td> In Your House 13 : Final Four </Td> <Td> Chattanooga , TN </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 </Td> <Td> 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 </Td> <Td> This was a four - way elimination match for the vacant title also involving Stone Cold Steve Austin , The Undertaker , and Vader . </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 34 </Th> <Td> Sycho Sid </Td> <Td> February 17 , 1997 </Td> <Td> Raw </Td> <Td> Nashville , TN </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 7001340000000000000 ♠ 34 </Td> <Td> 7001340000000000000 ♠ 34 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 35 </Th> <Td> The Undertaker </Td> <Td> March 23 , 1997 </Td> <Td> WrestleMania 13 </Td> <Td> Rosemont , IL </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 7002133000000000000 ♠ 133 </Td> <Td> 7002133000000000000 ♠ 133 </Td> <Td> This was a no disqualification match . </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 36 </Th> <Td> Bret Hart </Td> <Td> August 3 , 1997 </Td> <Td> SummerSlam </Td> <Td> East Rutherford , NJ </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> 7001980000000000000 ♠ 98 </Td> <Td> 7001980000000000000 ♠ 98 </Td> <Td> Shawn Michaels was guest referee . </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 37 </Th> <Td> Shawn Michaels </Td> <Td> November 9 , 1997 </Td> <Td> Survivor Series </Td> <Td> Montreal , QC </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 7002140000000000000 ♠ 140 </Td> <Td> 7002140000000000000 ♠ 140 </Td> <Td> This was the Montreal Screwjob . </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 38 </Th> <Td> Stone Cold Steve Austin </Td> <Td> March 29 , 1998 </Td> <Td> WrestleMania XIV </Td> <Td> Boston , MA </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 7001910000000000000 ♠ 91 </Td> <Td> 7001910000000000000 ♠ 91 </Td> <Td> Mike Tyson was the special outside enforcer . </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 39 </Th> <Td> Kane </Td> <Td> June 28 , 1998 </Td> <Td> King of the Ring </Td> <Td> Pittsburgh , PA </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 </Td> <Td> 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 </Td> <Td> This was a First Blood match . </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 40 </Th> <Td> Stone Cold Steve Austin </Td> <Td> June 29 , 1998 </Td> <Td> Raw is War </Td> <Td> Cleveland , OH </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 7001900000000000000 ♠ 90 </Td> <Td> 7001900000000000000 ♠ 90 </Td> <Td> The title was renamed the WWF Championship . </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> Vacated </Td> <Td> September 27 , 1998 </Td> <Td> Breakdown : In Your House </Td> <Td> Hamilton , ON </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> Vacated after Kane and The Undertaker simultaneously pinned Stone Cold Steve Austin in a triple threat match . A subsequent match for the vacant title at Judgment Day : In Your House between Kane and The Undertaker ended in a no contest . </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 41 </Th> <Td> The Rock </Td> <Td> November 15 , 1998 </Td> <Td> Survivor Series </Td> <Td> St. Louis , MO </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 7001440000000000000 ♠ 44 </Td> <Td> 7001500000000000000 ♠ 50 </Td> <Td> Defeated Mankind in the finals of a tournament for the vacant title in a recreation of the Montreal Screwjob . WWE recognizes The Rock 's reign as ending on January 4 , 1999 , when the following episode aired on tape delay . </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 42 </Th> <Td> Mankind </Td> <Td> December 29 , 1998 </Td> <Td> Raw is War </Td> <Td> Worcester , MA </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 7001260000000000000 ♠ 26 </Td> <Td> 7001200000000000000 ♠ 20 </Td> <Td> This was a no disqualification match . WWE recognizes Mankind 's reign as beginning on January 4 , 1999 , when the episode aired on tape delay . </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 43 </Th> <Td> The Rock </Td> <Td> January 24 , 1999 </Td> <Td> Royal Rumble </Td> <Td> Anaheim , CA </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 </Td> <Td> 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 </Td> <Td> This was an `` I Quit '' match , which The Rock won by knocking Mankind unconscious while someone backstage played an audio recording of Mankind saying `` I quit '' while The Rock placed the microphone against his face . WWE recognizes The Rock 's reign as ending on January 31 , 1999 , when the following match aired on tape delay . </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 44 </Th> <Td> Mankind </Td> <Td> January 26 , 1999 </Td> <Td> Halftime Heat </Td> <Td> Tucson , AZ </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 7001200000000000000 ♠ 20 </Td> <Td> 7001150000000000000 ♠ 15 </Td> <Td> This was an Empty Arena match that aired on tape delay as a special during halftime of Super Bowl XXXIII on January 31 , 1999 . WWE recognizes Mankind 's reign as beginning on January 31 . </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 45 </Th> <Td> The Rock </Td> <Td> February 15 , 1999 </Td> <Td> Raw is War </Td> <Td> Birmingham , AL </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 7001410000000000000 ♠ 41 </Td> <Td> 7001410000000000000 ♠ 41 </Td> <Td> This was a ladder match . </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 46 </Th> <Td> Stone Cold Steve Austin </Td> <Td> March 28 , 1999 </Td> <Td> WrestleMania XV </Td> <Td> Philadelphia , PA </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 7001560000000000000 ♠ 56 </Td> <Td> 7001560000000000000 ♠ 56 </Td> <Td> This was a no disqualification match with Mankind as guest referee . </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 47 </Th> <Td> The Undertaker </Td> <Td> May 23 , 1999 </Td> <Td> Over the Edge </Td> <Td> Kansas City , MO </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 7001360000000000000 ♠ 36 </Td> <Td> 7001360000000000000 ♠ 36 </Td> <Td> Both Vince McMahon and Shane McMahon were guest referees . </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 48 </Th> <Td> Stone Cold Steve Austin </Td> <Td> June 28 , 1999 </Td> <Td> Raw is War </Td> <Td> Charlotte , NC </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 7001550000000000000 ♠ 55 </Td> <Td> 7001550000000000000 ♠ 55 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 49 </Th> <Td> Mankind </Td> <Td> August 22 , 1999 </Td> <Td> SummerSlam </Td> <Td> Minneapolis , MN </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 </Td> <Td> 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 </Td> <Td> This was a triple threat match also involving Triple H. Jesse Ventura was guest referee . </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 50 </Th> <Td> Triple H </Td> <Td> August 23 , 1999 </Td> <Td> Raw is War </Td> <Td> Ames , IA </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 7001220000000000000 ♠ 22 </Td> <Td> 7001240000000000000 ♠ 24 </Td> <Td> Shane McMahon was guest referee . WWE recognizes Triple H 's reign as ending on September 16 , 1999 , when the following episode aired on tape delay . </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 51 </Th> <Td> Vince McMahon </Td> <Td> September 14 , 1999 </Td> <Td> SmackDown ! </Td> <Td> Las Vegas , NV </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 </Td> <Td> 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 </Td> <Td> Shane McMahon was guest referee . WWE recognizes Vince 's reign as beginning on September 16 , 1999 , when the episode aired on tape delay . </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> Vacated </Td> <Td> September 20 , 1999 </Td> <Td> Raw is War </Td> <Td> Houston , TX </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> Vince McMahon vacated the title . </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 52 </Th> <Td> Triple H </Td> <Td> September 26 , 1999 </Td> <Td> Unforgiven </Td> <Td> Charlotte , NC </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 7001490000000000000 ♠ 49 </Td> <Td> 7001490000000000000 ♠ 49 </Td> <Td> This was a six - pack challenge match also involving The Rock , Mankind , Big Show , The British Bulldog , and Kane . Stone Cold Steve Austin was the special outside enforcer . </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 53 </Th> <Td> Big Show </Td> <Td> November 14 , 1999 </Td> <Td> Survivor Series </Td> <Td> Detroit , MI </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 7001500000000000000 ♠ 50 </Td> <Td> 7001500000000000000 ♠ 50 </Td> <Td> This was a triple threat match , also involving The Rock . </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 54 </Th> <Td> Triple H </Td> <Td> January 3 , 2000 </Td> <Td> Raw is War </Td> <Td> Miami , FL </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 7002118000000000000 ♠ 118 </Td> <Td> 7002118000000000000 ♠ 118 </Td> <Td> On April 17 , 2000 , Chris Jericho defeated Triple H for the WWF Championship after Earl Hebner 's fast - count . Later that night , Triple H forced Hebner to reverse the decision , nullifying Jericho 's reign and continuing Triple H 's . </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 55 </Th> <Td> The Rock </Td> <Td> April 30 , 2000 </Td> <Td> Backlash </Td> <Td> Washington , D.C. </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 7001210000000000000 ♠ 21 </Td> <Td> 7001210000000000000 ♠ 21 </Td> <Td> Shane McMahon was guest referee . </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 56 </Th> <Td> Triple H </Td> <Td> May 21 , 2000 </Td> <Td> Judgment Day </Td> <Td> Louisville , KY </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 7001350000000000000 ♠ 35 </Td> <Td> 7001350000000000000 ♠ 35 </Td> <Td> This was a 60 - minute Iron Man match , which Triple H won 6 -- 5 with Shawn Michaels as guest referee . </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 57 </Th> <Td> The Rock </Td> <Td> June 25 , 2000 </Td> <Td> King of the Ring </Td> <Td> Boston , MA </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> 7002119000000000000 ♠ 119 </Td> <Td> 7002119000000000000 ♠ 119 </Td> <Td> This was a six - man tag team match with The Rock , The Undertaker , and Kane vs. Triple H , Vince McMahon , and Shane McMahon . The Rock pinned Vince to win Triple H 's title . </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 58 </Th> <Td> Kurt Angle </Td> <Td> October 22 , 2000 </Td> <Td> No Mercy </Td> <Td> Albany , NY </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 7002126000000000000 ♠ 126 </Td> <Td> 7002126000000000000 ♠ 126 </Td> <Td> This was a no disqualification match . </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 59 </Th> <Td> The Rock </Td> <Td> February 25 , 2001 </Td> <Td> No Way Out </Td> <Td> Las Vegas , NV </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 7001350000000000000 ♠ 35 </Td> <Td> 7001350000000000000 ♠ 35 </Td> <Td> After the WWF purchased World Championship Wrestling ( WCW ) in March 2001 , the WCW Championship became a second concurrently active world championship in the WWF . </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 60 </Th> <Td> Stone Cold Steve Austin </Td> <Td> April 1 , 2001 </Td> <Td> WrestleMania X-Seven </Td> <Td> Houston , TX </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> 7002175000000000000 ♠ 175 </Td> <Td> 7002176000000000000 ♠ 176 </Td> <Td> This was a no disqualification match . </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 61 </Th> <Td> Kurt Angle </Td> <Td> September 23 , 2001 </Td> <Td> Unforgiven </Td> <Td> Pittsburgh , PA </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 7001150000000000000 ♠ 15 </Td> <Td> 7001150000000000000 ♠ 15 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 62 </Th> <Td> Stone Cold Steve Austin </Td> <Td> October 8 , 2001 </Td> <Td> Raw </Td> <Td> Indianapolis , IN </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 7001620000000000000 ♠ 62 </Td> <Td> 7001620000000000000 ♠ 62 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 63 </Th> <Td> Chris Jericho </Td> <Td> December 9 , 2001 </Td> <Td> Vengeance </Td> <Td> San Diego , CA </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 7001980000000000000 ♠ 98 </Td> <Td> 7001980000000000000 ♠ 98 </Td> <Td> Earlier the same night , Jericho defeated ( WCW ) World Champion The Rock for that title . By defeating Stone Cold Steve Austin for the WWF Championship , Jericho unified both titles as the Undisputed WWF Championship . </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 64 </Th> <Td> Triple H </Td> <Td> March 17 , 2002 </Td> <Td> WrestleMania X8 </Td> <Td> Toronto , ON </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> 7001350000000000000 ♠ 35 </Td> <Td> 7001350000000000000 ♠ 35 </Td> <Td> In late March 2002 , due to the WWF 's roster having doubled in size , the brand extension began , splitting the roster between the Raw and SmackDown brands , represented by the TV shows of the same name . Championships were assigned to be exclusive to a specific brand . The Undisputed Championship and the Women 's Championship were non-exclusive at this time , and were defended on both brands . </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 65 </Th> <Td> Hollywood Hulk Hogan </Td> <Td> April 21 , 2002 </Td> <Td> Backlash </Td> <Td> Kansas City , MO </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 7001280000000000000 ♠ 28 </Td> <Td> 7001280000000000000 ♠ 28 </Td> <Td> On May 6 , 2002 , after the World Wrestling Federation was renamed `` World Wrestling Entertainment '' due to a lawsuit by the World Wide Fund for Nature , the title was also renamed : Undisputed WWE Championship and then WWE Undisputed Championship . </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 66 </Th> <Td> The Undertaker </Td> <Td> May 19 , 2002 </Td> <Td> Judgment Day </Td> <Td> Nashville , TN </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 7001630000000000000 ♠ 63 </Td> <Td> 7001630000000000000 ♠ 63 </Td> <Td> On May 20 , 2002 , Rob Van Dam pinned The Undertaker for the title . Raw owner Ric Flair immediately restarted the match due to The Undertaker 's foot being on the ropes and The Undertaker subsequently pinned Van Dam , nullifying Van Dam 's reign and continuing Undertaker 's . </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 67 </Th> <Td> The Rock </Td> <Td> July 21 , 2002 </Td> <Td> Vengeance </Td> <Td> Detroit , MI </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> 7001350000000000000 ♠ 35 </Td> <Td> 7001350000000000000 ♠ 35 </Td> <Td> This was a triple threat match , also involving Kurt Angle . </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 68 </Th> <Td> Brock Lesnar </Td> <Td> August 25 , 2002 </Td> <Td> SummerSlam </Td> <Td> Uniondale , NY </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 7001840000000000000 ♠ 84 </Td> <Td> 7001840000000000000 ♠ 84 </Td> <Td> The following night , Lesnar signed a deal to appear exclusively on the SmackDown brand , making the championship exclusive to the brand . The World Heavyweight Championship was then created for the Raw brand . On September 2 , 2002 , the Undisputed Championship became the WWE Championship as it was no longer `` undisputed '' . </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 69 </Th> <Td> Big Show </Td> <Td> November 17 , 2002 </Td> <Td> Survivor Series </Td> <Td> New York , NY </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 7001280000000000000 ♠ 28 </Td> <Td> 7001280000000000000 ♠ 28 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 70 </Th> <Td> Kurt Angle </Td> <Td> December 15 , 2002 </Td> <Td> Armageddon </Td> <Td> Sunrise , FL </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 7002105000000000000 ♠ 105 </Td> <Td> 7002105000000000000 ♠ 105 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 71 </Th> <Td> Brock Lesnar </Td> <Td> March 30 , 2003 </Td> <Td> WrestleMania XIX </Td> <Td> Seattle , WA </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 7002119000000000000 ♠ 119 </Td> <Td> 7002119000000000000 ♠ 119 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 72 </Th> <Td> Kurt Angle </Td> <Td> July 27 , 2003 </Td> <Td> Vengeance </Td> <Td> Denver , CO </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 7001510000000000000 ♠ 51 </Td> <Td> 7001530000000000000 ♠ 53 </Td> <Td> This was a triple threat match also involving Big Show . WWE recognizes Angle 's reign as ending on September 18 , 2003 , when the following episode aired on tape delay . </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 73 </Th> <Td> Brock Lesnar </Td> <Td> September 16 , 2003 </Td> <Td> SmackDown ! </Td> <Td> Raleigh , NC </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 7002152000000000000 ♠ 152 </Td> <Td> 7002151000000000000 ♠ 151 </Td> <Td> This was a 60 - minute Iron Man match . WWE recognizes Lesnar 's reign as beginning on September 18 , 2003 , when the episode aired on tape delay . </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 74 </Th> <Td> Eddie Guerrero </Td> <Td> February 15 , 2004 </Td> <Td> No Way Out </Td> <Td> Daly City , CA </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 7002133000000000000 ♠ 133 </Td> <Td> 7002133000000000000 ♠ 133 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 75 </Th> <Td> John Bradshaw Layfield </Td> <Td> June 27 , 2004 </Td> <Td> The Great American Bash </Td> <Td> Norfolk , VA </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 7002280000000000000 ♠ 280 </Td> <Td> 7002280000000000000 ♠ 280 </Td> <Td> This was a Texas Bullrope match . </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 76 </Th> <Td> John Cena </Td> <Td> April 3 , 2005 </Td> <Td> WrestleMania 21 </Td> <Td> Los Angeles , CA </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 7002280000000000000 ♠ 280 </Td> <Td> 7002280000000000000 ♠ 280 </Td> <Td> The title became exclusive to the Raw brand following the 2005 WWE draft lottery . </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 77 </Th> <Td> Edge </Td> <Td> January 8 , 2006 </Td> <Td> New Year 's Revolution </Td> <Td> Albany , NY </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 7001210000000000000 ♠ 21 </Td> <Td> 7001210000000000000 ♠ 21 </Td> <Td> Edge cashed in his Money in the Bank contract from WrestleMania 21 immediately after John Cena won an Elimination Chamber match . </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 78 </Th> <Td> John Cena </Td> <Td> January 29 , 2006 </Td> <Td> Royal Rumble </Td> <Td> Miami , FL </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 7002133000000000000 ♠ 133 </Td> <Td> 7002133000000000000 ♠ 133 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 79 </Th> <Td> Rob Van Dam </Td> <Td> June 11 , 2006 </Td> <Td> ECW One Night Stand </Td> <Td> New York City , NY </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 7001220000000000000 ♠ 22 </Td> <Td> 7001220000000000000 ♠ 22 </Td> <Td> Van Dam cashed in his Money in the Bank contract from WrestleMania 22 . This was an Extreme Rules match . The title became property of the new ECW brand due to Van Dam 's status as an ECW wrestler . The ECW World Heavyweight Championship was subsequently reactivated for the brand and awarded to Van Dam . </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 80 </Th> <Td> Edge </Td> <Td> July 3 , 2006 </Td> <Td> Raw </Td> <Td> Philadelphia , PA </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 7001760000000000000 ♠ 76 </Td> <Td> 7001760000000000000 ♠ 76 </Td> <Td> This was a triple threat match also involving John Cena . The title became exclusive to the Raw brand due to Edge 's status as a Raw superstar . </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 81 </Th> <Td> John Cena </Td> <Td> September 17 , 2006 </Td> <Td> Unforgiven </Td> <Td> Toronto , ON </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 7002380000000000000 ♠ 380 </Td> <Td> 7002381000000000000 ♠ 381 </Td> <Td> This was a Tables , Ladders , and Chairs match . </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> Vacated </Td> <Td> October 2 , 2007 </Td> <Td> ECW </Td> <Td> Dayton , OH </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> Vacated when John Cena suffered a torn right pectoral tendon . </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 82 </Th> <Td> Randy Orton </Td> <Td> October 7 , 2007 </Td> <Td> No Mercy </Td> <Td> Rosemont , IL </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> < 1 </Td> <Td> < 1 </Td> <Td> Orton was originally scheduled to have a Last Man Standing match against John Cena for the title , but due to Cena vacating the title Vince McMahon awarded it to Orton . </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 83 </Th> <Td> Triple H </Td> <Td> October 7 , 2007 </Td> <Td> No Mercy </Td> <Td> Rosemont , IL </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> < 1 </Td> <Td> < 1 </Td> <Td> Defeated Randy Orton in the opening match after Vince McMahon accepted Triple H 's open challenge on Orton 's behalf . </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 84 </Th> <Td> Randy Orton </Td> <Td> October 7 , 2007 </Td> <Td> No Mercy </Td> <Td> Rosemont , IL </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 7002203000000000000 ♠ 203 </Td> <Td> 7002203000000000000 ♠ 203 </Td> <Td> Due to promising the match type , Vince McMahon made Triple H defend the title against Orton in a Last Man Standing match . </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 85 </Th> <Td> Triple H </Td> <Td> April 27 , 2008 </Td> <Td> Backlash </Td> <Td> Baltimore , MD </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> 7002210000000000000 ♠ 210 </Td> <Td> 7002210000000000000 ♠ 210 </Td> <Td> This was a fatal four - way elimination match also involving John Cena and John Bradshaw Layfield . The title became exclusive to the SmackDown brand following the 2008 WWE draft . </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 86 </Th> <Td> Edge </Td> <Td> November 23 , 2008 </Td> <Td> Survivor Series </Td> <Td> Boston , MA </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 7001210000000000000 ♠ 21 </Td> <Td> 7001210000000000000 ♠ 21 </Td> <Td> This was a triple threat match also involving Vladimir Kozlov . Jeff Hardy had originally been scheduled to take part in the match , but did not participate after being ( in storyline ) attacked prior to the event . Triple H and Kozlov started the match before Edge was revealed as Hardy 's surprise replacement . </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 87 </Th> <Td> Jeff Hardy </Td> <Td> December 14 , 2008 </Td> <Td> Armageddon </Td> <Td> Buffalo , NY </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 7001420000000000000 ♠ 42 </Td> <Td> 7001420000000000000 ♠ 42 </Td> <Td> This was a triple threat match , also involving Triple H . </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 88 </Th> <Td> Edge </Td> <Td> January 25 , 2009 </Td> <Td> Royal Rumble </Td> <Td> Detroit , MI </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 7001210000000000000 ♠ 21 </Td> <Td> 7001210000000000000 ♠ 21 </Td> <Td> This was a no - disqualification match . </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 89 </Th> <Td> Triple H </Td> <Td> February 15 , 2009 </Td> <Td> No Way Out </Td> <Td> Seattle , WA </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> 7001700000000000000 ♠ 70 </Td> <Td> 7001690000000000000 ♠ 69 </Td> <Td> This was an Elimination Chamber match also involving Jeff Hardy , Vladimir Kozlov , The Undertaker , and Big Show . The title became exclusive to the Raw brand following the 2009 WWE draft . </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 90 </Th> <Td> Randy Orton </Td> <Td> April 26 , 2009 </Td> <Td> Backlash </Td> <Td> Providence , RI </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 7001420000000000000 ♠ 42 </Td> <Td> 7001420000000000000 ♠ 42 </Td> <Td> This was a six - man tag team match with Orton , Ted DiBiase , and Cody Rhodes against Triple H , Shane McMahon , and Batista . Orton won the championship due to his team winning . </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 91 </Th> <Td> Batista </Td> <Td> June 7 , 2009 </Td> <Td> Extreme Rules </Td> <Td> New Orleans , LA </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 </Td> <Td> 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 </Td> <Td> This was a steel cage match . </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> Vacated </Td> <Td> June 9 , 2009 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> Vacated when Batista suffered a torn left biceps . </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 92 </Th> <Td> Randy Orton </Td> <Td> June 15 , 2009 </Td> <Td> Raw </Td> <Td> Charlotte , NC </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 7001900000000000000 ♠ 90 </Td> <Td> 7001900000000000000 ♠ 90 </Td> <Td> This was a fatal four - way match for the vacant title also involving Triple H , John Cena , and Big Show . </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 93 </Th> <Td> John Cena </Td> <Td> September 13 , 2009 </Td> <Td> Breaking Point </Td> <Td> Montreal , QC </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 7001210000000000000 ♠ 21 </Td> <Td> 7001210000000000000 ♠ 21 </Td> <Td> This was an `` I Quit '' match . If anyone interfered on Randy Orton 's behalf , he would have forfeited the title . </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 94 </Th> <Td> Randy Orton </Td> <Td> October 4 , 2009 </Td> <Td> Hell in a Cell </Td> <Td> Newark , NJ </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> 7001210000000000000 ♠ 21 </Td> <Td> 7001210000000000000 ♠ 21 </Td> <Td> This was a Hell in a Cell match . </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 95 </Th> <Td> John Cena </Td> <Td> October 25 , 2009 </Td> <Td> Bragging Rights </Td> <Td> Pittsburgh , PA </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> 7001490000000000000 ♠ 49 </Td> <Td> 7001490000000000000 ♠ 49 </Td> <Td> This was a 60 - minute Anything Goes Iron Man match in which Cena won 6 - 5 . If Cena lost , he would have had to leave the Raw brand . </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 96 </Th> <Td> Sheamus </Td> <Td> December 13 , 2009 </Td> <Td> TLC : Tables , Ladders & Chairs </Td> <Td> San Antonio , TX </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 7001700000000000000 ♠ 70 </Td> <Td> 7001700000000000000 ♠ 70 </Td> <Td> This was a tables match . On February 16 , 2010 , the ECW brand was disbanded and the ECW Championship was deactivated . </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 97 </Th> <Td> John Cena </Td> <Td> February 21 , 2010 </Td> <Td> Elimination Chamber </Td> <Td> St. Louis , MO </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> < 1 </Td> <Td> < 1 </Td> <Td> This was an Elimination Chamber match also involving Triple H , Randy Orton , Ted DiBiase , and Kofi Kingston . </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 98 </Th> <Td> Batista </Td> <Td> February 21 , 2010 </Td> <Td> Elimination Chamber </Td> <Td> St. Louis , MO </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 7001350000000000000 ♠ 35 </Td> <Td> 7001360000000000000 ♠ 36 </Td> <Td> Mr. McMahon granted SmackDown wrestler Batista a championship match with John Cena after Cena won the Elimination Chamber match . Batista then transferred to the Raw roster after winning the title . </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 99 </Th> <Td> John Cena </Td> <Td> March 28 , 2010 </Td> <Td> WrestleMania XXVI </Td> <Td> Glendale , AZ </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> 7001840000000000000 ♠ 84 </Td> <Td> 7001840000000000000 ♠ 84 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 100 </Th> <Td> Sheamus </Td> <Td> June 20 , 2010 </Td> <Td> Fatal 4 - Way </Td> <Td> Uniondale , NY </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 7001910000000000000 ♠ 91 </Td> <Td> 7001910000000000000 ♠ 91 </Td> <Td> This was a fatal four - way match also involving Edge and Randy Orton . </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 101 </Th> <Td> Randy Orton </Td> <Td> September 19 , 2010 </Td> <Td> Night of Champions </Td> <Td> Rosemont , IL </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 7001640000000000000 ♠ 64 </Td> <Td> 7001640000000000000 ♠ 64 </Td> <Td> This was a Six - Pack Elimination Challenge match also involving Edge , John Cena , Chris Jericho , and Wade Barrett . </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 102 </Th> <Td> The Miz </Td> <Td> November 22 , 2010 </Td> <Td> Raw </Td> <Td> Orlando , FL </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 7002160000000000000 ♠ 160 </Td> <Td> 7002159000000000000 ♠ 159 </Td> <Td> The Miz cashed in his Money in the Bank contract after Randy Orton had successfully defended the WWE Championship against Wade Barrett . </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 103 </Th> <Td> John Cena </Td> <Td> May 1 , 2011 </Td> <Td> Extreme Rules </Td> <Td> Tampa , FL </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> 7001770000000000000 ♠ 77 </Td> <Td> 7001770000000000000 ♠ 77 </Td> <Td> This was a triple threat steel cage match also involving John Morrison . </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 104 </Th> <Td> CM Punk </Td> <Td> July 17 , 2011 </Td> <Td> Money in the Bank </Td> <Td> Rosemont , IL </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 7001280000000000000 ♠ 28 </Td> <Td> 7001280000000000000 ♠ 28 </Td> <Td> Punk ( kayfabe ) left WWE the day after with the championship . He returned on the July 25 , 2011 episode of Raw ; his reign was deemed to continue through this period . </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 105 </Th> <Td> Rey Mysterio ( and CM Punk ) </Td> <Td> July 25 , 2011 </Td> <Td> Raw </Td> <Td> Hampton , VA </Td> <Td> ( 1 ) </Td> <Td> < 1 </Td> <Td> < 1 </Td> <Td> Defeated The Miz in a tournament final to crown a new champion . CM Punk was also recognized as WWE Champion . </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 106 </Th> <Td> John Cena ( and CM Punk ) </Td> <Td> July 25 , 2011 </Td> <Td> Raw </Td> <Td> Hampton , VA </Td> <Td> 9 ( 1 ) </Td> <Td> 7001200000000000000 ♠ 20 </Td> <Td> 7001200000000000000 ♠ 20 </Td> <Td> New Chief Operating Officer Triple H decreed that Rey Mysterio had to face former champion Cena . CM Punk was also recognized as WWE Champion . </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> -- </Th> <Td> CM Punk </Td> <Td> August 14 , 2011 </Td> <Td> SummerSlam </Td> <Td> Los Angeles , CA </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> Punk defeated John Cena in a match to determine the undisputed champion . This is considered a continuation of Punk 's first reign . Triple H was guest referee . </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 107 </Th> <Td> Alberto Del Rio </Td> <Td> August 14 , 2011 </Td> <Td> SummerSlam </Td> <Td> Los Angeles , CA </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 7001350000000000000 ♠ 35 </Td> <Td> 7001350000000000000 ♠ 35 </Td> <Td> Del Rio cashed in his Money in the Bank contract after CM Punk was attacked by Kevin Nash . On August 29 , 2011 , the first brand extension ended , allowing the WWE Champion to appear on both Raw and SmackDown . </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 108 </Th> <Td> John Cena </Td> <Td> September 18 , 2011 </Td> <Td> Night of Champions </Td> <Td> Buffalo , NY </Td> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> 7001140000000000000 ♠ 14 </Td> <Td> 7001140000000000000 ♠ 14 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 109 </Th> <Td> Alberto Del Rio </Td> <Td> October 2 , 2011 </Td> <Td> Hell in a Cell </Td> <Td> New Orleans , LA </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 7001490000000000000 ♠ 49 </Td> <Td> 7001490000000000000 ♠ 49 </Td> <Td> This was a triple threat Hell in a Cell match also involving CM Punk . </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 110 </Th> <Td> CM Punk </Td> <Td> November 20 , 2011 </Td> <Td> Survivor Series </Td> <Td> New York City , NY </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 7002434000000000000 ♠ 434 </Td> <Td> 7002434000000000000 ♠ 434 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 111 </Th> <Td> The Rock </Td> <Td> January 27 , 2013 </Td> <Td> Royal Rumble </Td> <Td> Phoenix , AZ </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> 7001700000000000000 ♠ 70 </Td> <Td> 7001700000000000000 ♠ 70 </Td> <Td> CM Punk had initially won , but the match was then restarted by Mr. McMahon due to interference by The Shield . </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 112 </Th> <Td> John Cena </Td> <Td> April 7 , 2013 </Td> <Td> WrestleMania 29 </Td> <Td> East Rutherford , NJ </Td> <Td> 11 </Td> <Td> 7002133000000000000 ♠ 133 </Td> <Td> 7002133000000000000 ♠ 133 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 113 </Th> <Td> Daniel Bryan </Td> <Td> August 18 , 2013 </Td> <Td> SummerSlam </Td> <Td> Los Angeles , CA </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> < 1 </Td> <Td> < 1 </Td> <Td> Triple H was guest referee . </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 114 </Th> <Td> Randy Orton </Td> <Td> August 18 , 2013 </Td> <Td> SummerSlam </Td> <Td> Los Angeles , CA </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> 7001280000000000000 ♠ 28 </Td> <Td> 7001290000000000000 ♠ 29 </Td> <Td> Orton cashed in his Money in the Bank contract . Triple H was guest referee . </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 115 </Th> <Td> Daniel Bryan </Td> <Td> September 15 , 2013 </Td> <Td> Night of Champions </Td> <Td> Detroit , MI </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 </Td> <Td> 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> Vacated </Td> <Td> September 16 , 2013 </Td> <Td> Raw </Td> <Td> Cleveland , OH </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> Vacated after a controversial finish when Daniel Bryan defeated Randy Orton to win the title . A subsequent match for the vacant title at Battleground between Bryan and Orton ended in a no contest . </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 116 </Th> <Td> Randy Orton </Td> <Td> October 27 , 2013 </Td> <Td> Hell in a Cell </Td> <Td> Miami , FL </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> 7002161000000000000 ♠ 161 </Td> <Td> 7002161000000000000 ♠ 161 </Td> <Td> Orton defeated Daniel Bryan in a Hell in a Cell match for the vacant title with Shawn Michaels serving as guest referee . On December 15 , 2013 at TLC , Orton defeated John Cena to unify the World Heavyweight Championship with the WWE Championship . The World Heavyweight Championship was retired and the WWE Championship became known as the WWE World Heavyweight Championship . </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 117 </Th> <Td> Daniel Bryan </Td> <Td> April 6 , 2014 </Td> <Td> WrestleMania XXX </Td> <Td> New Orleans , LA </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 7001640000000000000 ♠ 64 </Td> <Td> 7001640000000000000 ♠ 64 </Td> <Td> This was a triple threat match also involving Batista . </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> Vacated </Td> <Td> June 9 , 2014 </Td> <Td> Raw </Td> <Td> Minneapolis , MN </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> Daniel Bryan was stripped of the title due to a neck injury . </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 118 </Th> <Td> John Cena </Td> <Td> June 29 , 2014 </Td> <Td> Money in the Bank </Td> <Td> Boston , MA </Td> <Td> 12 </Td> <Td> 7001490000000000000 ♠ 49 </Td> <Td> 7001500000000000000 ♠ 50 </Td> <Td> This was a ladder match for the vacant title also involving Alberto Del Rio , Bray Wyatt , Cesaro , Kane , Randy Orton , Roman Reigns , and Sheamus . </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 119 </Th> <Td> Brock Lesnar </Td> <Td> August 17 , 2014 </Td> <Td> SummerSlam </Td> <Td> Los Angeles , CA </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 7002224000000000000 ♠ 224 </Td> <Td> 7002224000000000000 ♠ 224 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 120 </Th> <Td> Seth Rollins </Td> <Td> March 29 , 2015 </Td> <Td> WrestleMania 31 </Td> <Td> Santa Clara , CA </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 7002220000000000000 ♠ 220 </Td> <Td> 7002220000000000000 ♠ 220 </Td> <Td> Rollins cashed in his Money in the Bank contract during a singles match between Brock Lesnar and Roman Reigns , making it a triple threat match and subsequently pinned Reigns . </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> Vacated </Td> <Td> November 4 , 2015 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> Vacated after Seth Rollins suffered a torn ACL , MCL , and a damaged meniscus at a live show in Dublin , Ireland . </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 121 </Th> <Td> Roman Reigns </Td> <Td> November 22 , 2015 </Td> <Td> Survivor Series </Td> <Td> Atlanta , GA </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> < 1 </Td> <Td> < 1 </Td> <Td> Defeated Dean Ambrose in a tournament final to win the vacant title . </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 122 </Th> <Td> Sheamus </Td> <Td> November 22 , 2015 </Td> <Td> Survivor Series </Td> <Td> Atlanta , GA </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 7001220000000000000 ♠ 22 </Td> <Td> 7001230000000000000 ♠ 23 </Td> <Td> Sheamus cashed in his Money in the Bank contract . </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 123 </Th> <Td> Roman Reigns </Td> <Td> December 14 , 2015 </Td> <Td> Raw </Td> <Td> Philadelphia , PA </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 7001410000000000000 ♠ 41 </Td> <Td> 7001410000000000000 ♠ 41 </Td> <Td> This was a title vs. career match . </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 124 </Th> <Td> Triple H </Td> <Td> January 24 , 2016 </Td> <Td> Royal Rumble </Td> <Td> Orlando , FL </Td> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> 7001700000000000000 ♠ 70 </Td> <Td> 7001700000000000000 ♠ 70 </Td> <Td> This was the Royal Rumble match in which Roman Reigns defended the title . Reigns was eliminated by Triple H , who lastly eliminated Dean Ambrose . </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 125 </Th> <Td> Roman Reigns </Td> <Td> April 3 , 2016 </Td> <Td> WrestleMania 32 </Td> <Td> Arlington , TX </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 7001770000000000000 ♠ 77 </Td> <Td> 7001770000000000000 ♠ 77 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 126 </Th> <Td> Seth Rollins </Td> <Td> June 19 , 2016 </Td> <Td> Money in the Bank </Td> <Td> Las Vegas , NV </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> < 1 </Td> <Td> < 1 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 127 </Th> <Td> Dean Ambrose </Td> <Td> June 19 , 2016 </Td> <Td> Money in the Bank </Td> <Td> Las Vegas , NV </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 7001840000000000000 ♠ 84 </Td> <Td> 7001840000000000000 ♠ 84 </Td> <Td> Ambrose cashed in his Money in the Bank contract and the title 's name reverted to WWE Championship . The brand extension returned and the title became exclusive to the SmackDown brand following the 2016 WWE draft . The WWE Universal Championship was created for the Raw brand ; the WWE Championship was renamed to WWE World Championship . </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 128 </Th> <Td> AJ Styles </Td> <Td> September 11 , 2016 </Td> <Td> Backlash </Td> <Td> Richmond , VA </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 7002140000000000000 ♠ 140 </Td> <Td> 7002140000000000000 ♠ 140 </Td> <Td> In December 2016 , the title 's name was shortened back to WWE Championship . </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 129 </Th> <Td> John Cena </Td> <Td> January 29 , 2017 </Td> <Td> Royal Rumble </Td> <Td> San Antonio , TX </Td> <Td> 13 </Td> <Td> 7001140000000000000 ♠ 14 </Td> <Td> 7001150000000000000 ♠ 15 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 130 </Th> <Td> Bray Wyatt </Td> <Td> February 12 , 2017 </Td> <Td> Elimination Chamber </Td> <Td> Phoenix , AZ </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 7001490000000000000 ♠ 49 </Td> <Td> 7001490000000000000 ♠ 49 </Td> <Td> This was an Elimination Chamber match also involving AJ Styles , Baron Corbin , Dean Ambrose , and The Miz . </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 131 </Th> <Td> Randy Orton </Td> <Td> April 2 , 2017 </Td> <Td> WrestleMania 33 </Td> <Td> Orlando , FL </Td> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> 7001490000000000000 ♠ 49 </Td> <Td> 7001500000000000000 ♠ 50 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 132 </Th> <Td> Jinder Mahal </Td> <Td> May 21 , 2017 </Td> <Td> Backlash </Td> <Td> Rosemont , IL </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 7002170000000000000 ♠ 170 </Td> <Td> 7002170000000000000 ♠ 170 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 133 </Th> <Td> AJ Styles </Td> <Td> November 7 , 2017 </Td> <Td> SmackDown Live </Td> <Td> Manchester , England </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 7002357000000000000 ♠ 357 + </Td> <Td> 7002357000000000000 ♠ 357 + </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Combined reigns ( edit ) </H2> Record 13 - time champion John Cena , shown here with the `` Spinner Belt '' which represented the championship from 2005 -- 2013 Bruno Sammartino , who reigned for a combined 4,040 days as champion <P> As of October 30 , 2018 . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> † </Th> <Td> Indicates the current champion </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> < 1 </Th> <Td> Indications reign was less than a day </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> + </Th> <Td> Indicates reign is changing daily </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Rank </Th> <Th> Wrestler </Th> <Th> No. of reigns </Th> <Th> Combined days </Th> <Th> Combined days recognized by WWE </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> Bruno Sammartino </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> 4,040 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> Hulk Hogan </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> 2,185 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> Bob Backlund </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> 2,138 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> John Cena </Td> <Td> 13 </Td> <Td> 1,254 </Td> <Td> 1,257 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 5 </Th> <Td> Pedro Morales </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> 1,027 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 6 </Th> <Td> Randy Orton </Td> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> 658 </Td> <Td> 660 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 7 </Th> <Td> Bret Hart </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> 654 </Td> <Td> 655 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 8 </Th> <Td> Triple H </Td> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> 609 </Td> <Td> 610 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 9 </Th> <Td> Brock Lesnar </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 579 </Td> <Td> 578 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 10 </Th> <Td> Stone Cold Steve Austin </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 529 </Td> <Td> 530 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 11 </Th> <Td> Randy Savage </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> 520 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 12 </Th> <Td> AJ Styles † </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> 497 + </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 13 </Th> <Td> CM Punk </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 462 </Td> <Td> 463 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 14 </Th> <Td> Shawn Michaels </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> 396 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 15 </Th> <Td> The Rock </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> 367 </Td> <Td> 378 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 16 </Th> <Td> Diesel </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> 358 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 17 </Th> <Td> Kurt Angle </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 297 </Td> <Td> 299 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 18 </Th> <Td> Superstar Billy Graham </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> 296 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 19 </Th> <Td> The Ultimate Warrior </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> 293 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 20 </Th> <Td> Yokozuna </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> 280 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> John Bradshaw Layfield </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> 280 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 22 </Th> <Td> The Undertaker </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> 238 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 23 </Th> <Td> Seth Rollins </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> 220 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 24 </Th> <Td> Sheamus </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 183 </Td> <Td> 184 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 25 </Th> <Td> Jinder Mahal </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> 170 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 26 </Th> <Td> The Miz </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 160 </Td> <Td> 159 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 27 </Th> <Td> Edge </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> 139 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 28 </Th> <Td> Eddie Guerrero </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> 133 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 29 </Th> <Td> Roman Reigns </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> 118 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Ric Flair </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> 118 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 31 </Th> <Td> Chris Jericho </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> 98 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 32 </Th> <Td> Sycho Sid </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> 97 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 33 </Th> <Td> Alberto Del Rio </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> 84 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Dean Ambrose </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> 84 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 35 </Th> <Td> Big Show </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> 78 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 36 </Th> <Td> Daniel Bryan </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> 65 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 37 </Th> <Td> Sgt . 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who held the most wwe titles at one time

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Falklands War - wikipedia <H1> Falklands War </H1> This article is about the 1982 war . For the 1770 diplomatic crisis , see Falklands Crisis ( 1770 ) . <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Falklands War </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Map outlining the British recapture of the islands </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Date </Th> <Td> 2 April -- 14 June 1982 ( 2 months , 1 week and 5 days ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Location </Th> <Td> Falkland Islands , South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands and surrounding sea and airspace </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Result </Th> <Td> British victory </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Territorial changes </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Status quo ante bellum in South Georgia and the Falklands </Li> <Li> Argentine occupation of Southern Thule ended </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Belligerents </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> United Kingdom </Td> <Td> Argentina </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Commanders and leaders </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Margaret Thatcher </Li> <Li> Sir Terence Lewin </Li> <Li> Sir John Fieldhouse </Li> <Li> Sandy Woodward </Li> <Li> Jeremy Moore </Li> <Li> Julian Thompson </Li> <Li> Tony Wilson </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Leopoldo Galtieri </Li> <Li> Jorge Anaya </Li> <Li> Basilio Lami Dozo </Li> <Li> Juan Lombardo </Li> <Li> Ernesto Crespo </Li> <Li> Mario Menéndez </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Casualties and losses </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 255 killed </Li> <Li> 775 wounded </Li> <Li> 115 POWs </Li> <Li> 2 destroyers </Li> <Li> 2 frigates </Li> <Li> 1 LSL </Li> <Li> 1 LCU </Li> <Li> 1 container ship </Li> <Li> 24 helicopters </Li> <Li> 10 fighters </Li> <Li> 1 bomber ( interned in Brazil ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 649 killed </Li> <Li> 1,657 wounded </Li> <Li> 11,313 POWs </Li> <Li> 1 cruiser </Li> <Li> 1 submarine </Li> <Li> 4 cargo vessels </Li> <Li> 2 patrol boats </Li> <Li> 1 spy trawler </Li> <Li> 25 helicopters </Li> <Li> 35 fighters </Li> <Li> 2 bombers </Li> <Li> 4 cargo aircraft </Li> <Li> 25 COIN aircraft </Li> <Li> 9 armed trainers </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> 3 civilians killed by British shelling </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Falklands War </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Argentine invasion </Li> <Li> South Georgia </Li> <Li> Occupation </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Paraquet </Li> <Li> Black Buck </Li> <Li> Belgrano </Li> <Li> Sobral </Li> <Li> Sheffield </Li> <Li> Pebble Island </Li> <Li> Mikado </Li> <Li> Sutton </Li> <Li> San Carlos </Li> <Li> Ardent </Li> <Li> Seal Cove </Li> <Li> Antelope </Li> <Li> Atlantic Conveyor </Li> <Li> Coventry </Li> <Li> Goose Green </Li> <Li> Mount Kent </Li> <Li> Top Malo House </Li> <Li> Bluff Cove </Li> <Li> Many Branch Point </Li> <Li> Mount Harriet </Li> <Li> Two Sisters </Li> <Li> Glamorgan </Li> <Li> Mount Longdon </Li> <Li> Wireless Ridge </Li> <Li> Mount Tumbledown </Li> <Li> Port Stanley </Li> <Li> Thule Island </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The Falklands War ( Spanish : Guerra de las Malvinas ) , also known as the Falklands Conflict , Falklands Crisis , Malvinas War , South Atlantic Conflict , and the Guerra del Atlántico Sur ( Spanish for `` South Atlantic War '' ) , was a ten - week war between Argentina and the United Kingdom over two British dependent territories in the South Atlantic : the Falkland Islands , and its territorial dependency , the South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands . It began on Friday , 2 April 1982 , when Argentina invaded and occupied the Falkland Islands ( and , the following day , South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands ) in an attempt to establish the sovereignty it had claimed over them . On 5 April , the British government dispatched a naval task force to engage the Argentine Navy and Air Force before making an amphibious assault on the islands . The conflict lasted 74 days and ended with the Argentine surrender on 14 June 1982 , returning the islands to British control . In total , 649 Argentine military personnel , 255 British military personnel , and three Falkland Islanders died during the hostilities . </P> <P> The conflict was a major episode in the protracted confrontation over the territories ' sovereignty . Argentina asserted ( and maintains ) that the islands are Argentine territory , and the Argentine government thus characterised its military action as the reclamation of its own territory . The British government regarded the action as an invasion of a territory that had been a Crown colony since 1841 . Falkland Islanders , who have inhabited the islands since the early 19th century , are predominantly descendants of British settlers , and strongly favour British sovereignty . Neither state officially declared war , although both governments declared the Islands a war zone . Hostilities were almost exclusively limited to the territories under dispute and the area of the South Atlantic where they lie . </P> <P> The conflict has had a strong effect in both countries and has been the subject of various books , articles , films , and songs . Patriotic sentiment ran high in Argentina , but the outcome prompted large protests against the ruling military government , hastening its downfall . In the United Kingdom , the Conservative government , bolstered by the successful outcome , was re-elected with an increased majority the following year . The cultural and political effect of the conflict has been less in the UK than in Argentina , where it remains a common topic for discussion . </P> <P> Diplomatic relations between the United Kingdom and Argentina were restored in 1989 following a meeting in Madrid , at which the two governments issued a joint statement . No change in either country 's position regarding the sovereignty of the Falkland Islands was made explicit . In 1994 , Argentina 's claim to the territories was added to its constitution . </P> <H2> Contents </H2> <Ul> <Li> 1 Lead - up to the conflict </Li> <Li> 2 Argentine invasion <Ul> <Li> 2.1 Initial British response </Li> <Li> 2.2 Position of third party countries </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 British Task Force <Ul> <Li> 3.1 Recapture of South Georgia and the attack on Santa Fe </Li> <Li> 3.2 Black Buck raids </Li> <Li> 3.3 Escalation of the air war </Li> <Li> 3.4 Sinking of ARA General Belgrano </Li> <Li> 3.5 Sinking of HMS Sheffield </Li> <Li> 3.6 British special forces operations </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 Land battles <Ul> <Li> 4.1 Landing at San Carlos -- Bomb Alley </Li> <Li> 4.2 Battle of Goose Green </Li> <Li> 4.3 Special forces on Mount Kent </Li> <Li> 4.4 Bluff Cove and Fitzroy </Li> <Li> 4.5 Fall of Stanley </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 5 Recapture of South Sandwich Islands </Li> <Li> 6 Casualties <Ul> <Li> 6.1 Red Cross Box </Li> <Li> 6.2 British casualty evacuation </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 7 Aftermath <Ul> <Li> 7.1 Military analysis </Li> <Li> 7.2 Memorials </Li> <Li> 7.3 Minefields </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 8 Press and publicity <Ul> <Li> 8.1 Argentina </Li> <Li> 8.2 United Kingdom </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 9 Cultural impact </Li> <Li> 10 See also </Li> <Li> 11 Notes </Li> <Li> 12 References </Li> <Li> 13 Bibliography <Ul> <Li> 13.1 Historiography </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 14 External links </Li> </Ul> <H2> Lead - up to the conflict ( edit ) </H2> Main article : Events leading to the Falklands War Lieutenant General Leopoldo Galtieri , leader of the Argentine Junta Admiral Jorge Anaya was the driving force in the Junta 's decision to invade . <P> In the period leading up to the war -- and , in particular , following the transfer of power between the military dictators General Jorge Rafael Videla and General Roberto Eduardo Viola late in March 1981 -- Argentina had been in the midst of a devastating economic stagnation and large - scale civil unrest against the military junta that had been governing the country since 1976 . In December 1981 there was a further change in the Argentine military regime , bringing to office a new junta headed by General Leopoldo Galtieri ( acting president ) , Air Brigadier Basilio Lami Dozo and Admiral Jorge Anaya . Anaya was the main architect and supporter of a military solution for the long - standing claim over the islands , calculating that the United Kingdom would never respond militarily . </P> <P> By opting for military action , the Galtieri government hoped to mobilise the long - standing patriotic feelings of Argentines towards the islands , and thus divert public attention from the country 's chronic economic problems and the regime 's ongoing human rights violations of the Dirty War . Such action would also bolster its dwindling legitimacy . The newspaper La Prensa speculated in a step - by - step plan beginning with cutting off supplies to the islands , ending in direct actions late in 1982 , if the UN talks were fruitless . </P> <P> The ongoing tension between the two countries over the islands increased on 19 March when a group of Argentine scrap metal merchants ( actually infiltrated by Argentine marines ) raised the Argentine flag at South Georgia Island , an act that would later be seen as the first offensive action in the war . The Royal Navy ice patrol vessel HMS Endurance was dispatched from Stanley to South Georgia on the 25th in response . The Argentine military junta , suspecting that the UK would reinforce its South Atlantic Forces , ordered the invasion of the Falkland Islands to be brought forward to 2 April . </P> <P> The UK was initially taken by surprise by the Argentine attack on the South Atlantic islands , despite repeated warnings by Royal Navy captain Nicholas Barker and others . Barker believed that Defence Secretary John Nott 's 1981 review ( in which Nott described plans to withdraw the Endurance , the UK 's only naval presence in the South Atlantic ) had sent a signal to the Argentines that the UK was unwilling , and would soon be unable , to defend its territories and subjects in the Falklands . </P> <H2> Argentine invasion ( edit ) </H2> Main articles : 1982 invasion of the Falkland Islands , Invasion of South Georgia , Argentine air forces in the Falklands War , Argentine naval forces in the Falklands War , and Argentine ground forces in the Falklands War The Argentine destroyer ARA Santísima Trinidad landed Special Forces south of Stanley Argentinian soldiers in Port Stanley , 2 April 1982 <P> On 2 April 1982 , Argentine forces mounted amphibious landings , known as Operation Rosario , on the Falkland Islands . The invasion was met with a nominal defence organised by the Falkland Islands ' Governor Sir Rex Hunt , giving command to Major Mike Norman of the Royal Marines . The events of the invasion included the landing of Lieutenant Commander Guillermo Sanchez - Sabarots ' Amphibious Commandos Group , the attack on Moody Brook barracks , the engagement between the troops of Hugo Santillan and Bill Trollope at Stanley , and the final engagement and surrender at Government House . </P> <H3> Initial British response ( edit ) </H3> Further information : British naval forces in the Falklands War , British ground forces in the Falklands War , and British air services in the Falklands War The cover of Newsweek magazine , 19 April 1982 , depicts HMS Hermes , flagship of the British Task Force . The title references the 1980 Star Wars sequel . <P> Word of the invasion first reached the UK from Argentine sources . A Ministry of Defence operative in London had a short telex conversation with Governor Hunt 's telex operator , who confirmed that Argentines were on the island and in control . Later that day , BBC journalist Laurie Margolis spoke with an islander at Goose Green via amateur radio , who confirmed the presence of a large Argentine fleet and that Argentine forces had taken control of the island . Operation Corporate was the codename given to the British military operations in the Falklands War . The commander of task force operations was Admiral Sir John Fieldhouse . Operations lasted from 1 April 1982 to 20 June 1982 . The British undertook a series of military operations as a means of recapturing the Falklands from Argentine occupation . The British government had taken action prior to the 2 April invasion . In response to events on South Georgia , the submarines HMS Splendid and HMS Spartan were ordered to sail south on 29 March , whereas the stores ship Royal Fleet Auxiliary ( RFA ) Fort Austin was dispatched from the Western Mediterranean to support HMS Endurance . Lord Carrington had wished to send a third submarine , but the decision was deferred due to concerns about the impact on operational commitments . Coincidentally , on 26 March , the submarine HMS Superb left Gibraltar and it was assumed in the press it was heading south . There has since been speculation that the effect of those reports was to panic the Argentine junta into invading the Falklands before nuclear - powered submarines could be deployed . </P> <P> The following day , during a crisis meeting headed by the Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher , the Chief of the Naval Staff , Admiral Sir Henry Leach , advised them that `` Britain could and should send a task force if the islands are invaded '' . On 1 April , Leach sent orders to a Royal Navy force carrying out exercises in the Mediterranean to prepare to sail south . Following the invasion on 2 April , after an emergency meeting of the cabinet , approval was given to form a task force to retake the islands . This was backed in an emergency session of the House of Commons the next day . </P> <P> On 6 April , the British Government set up a War Cabinet to provide day - to - day political oversight of the campaign . This was the critical instrument of crisis management for the British with its remit being to `` keep under review political and military developments relating to the South Atlantic , and to report as necessary to the Defence and Overseas Policy Committee '' . Until it was dissolved on 12 August , the War Cabinet met at least daily . Although Margaret Thatcher is described as dominating the War Cabinet , Lawrence Freedman notes in the Official History of the Falklands Campaign that she did not ignore opposition or fail to consult others . However , once a decision was reached she `` did not look back '' . </P> <H3> Position of third party countries ( edit ) </H3> <P> On the evening of 3 April , the United Kingdom 's United Nations ambassador Sir Anthony Parsons put a draft resolution to the United Nations Security Council . The resolution , which condemned the hostilities and demanded the immediate Argentine withdrawal from the Islands , was adopted by the council the following day as United Nations Security Council Resolution 502 , which passed with ten votes in support , one against ( Panama ) and four abstentions ( China , the Soviet Union , Poland and Spain ) . The UK received further political support from member countries of the Commonwealth of Nations and the European Economic Community . The EEC also provided economic support by imposing economic sanctions on Argentina . Argentina itself was politically backed by a majority of countries in Latin America ( though not , crucially , Chile ) and some members of the Non-Aligned Movement . </P> <P> The New Zealand government expelled the Argentinian ambassador following the invasion . The Prime Minister , Robert Muldoon , was in London when the war broke out and in an opinion piece published in The Times he said : `` The military rulers of Argentina must not be appeased ... New Zealand will back Britain all the way . '' Broadcasting on the BBC World Service , he told the Falkland Islanders : `` This is Rob Muldoon . We are thinking of you and we are giving our full and total support to the British Government in its endeavours to rectify this situation and get rid of the people who have invaded your country . '' On 20 May 1982 , he announced that New Zealand would make HMNZS Canterbury , a Leander - class frigate , available for use where the British thought fit to release a Royal Navy vessel for the Falklands . In the House of Commons afterwards , Margaret Thatcher said : `` ... the New Zealand Government and people have been absolutely magnificent in their support for this country ( and ) the Falkland Islanders , for the rule of liberty and of law '' . </P> <P> The Sierra Leone government allowed Task force ships to refuel at Freetown . </P> <P> VC10 transport aircraft landed at Banjul in The Gambia while flying between the UK and Ascension Island . </P> <P> France allowed UK aircraft and warships use of its port and airfield facilities at Dakar in Senegal . </P> <P> The war was an unexpected event in a world strained by the Cold War and the North -- South divide . The response of some countries was the effort to mediate the crisis and later as the war began , the support ( or criticism ) based in terms of anti-colonialism , political solidarity , historical relationships or realpolitik . </P> <P> The United States was concerned that a protracted conflict could draw the Soviet Union on Argentina 's side , and initially tried to mediate an end to the conflict through `` shuttle diplomacy '' . However , when Argentina refused the U.S. peace overtures , U.S. Secretary of State Alexander Haig announced that the United States would prohibit arms sales to Argentina and provide material support for British operations . Both Houses of the U.S. Congress passed resolutions supporting the U.S. action siding with the United Kingdom . </P> <P> The U.S. provided the United Kingdom with military equipment ranging from submarine detectors to the latest missiles . President Ronald Reagan approved the Royal Navy 's request to borrow the Sea Harrier - capable amphibious assault ship USS Iwo Jima ( LPH - 2 ) if the British lost an aircraft carrier . The United States Navy developed a plan to help the British man the ship with American military contractors , likely retired sailors with knowledge of Iwo Jima 's systems . </P> <P> France provided dissimilar aircraft training so Harrier pilots could train against the French aircraft used by Argentina . French and British intelligence also worked to prevent Argentina from obtaining more Exocet missiles on the international market . At the same time Peru attempted to purchase 12 missiles for Argentina , in a failed secret operation . </P> <P> Chile gave support to the UK in the form of intelligence about the Argentine military and early warning intelligence on Argentine air movements . Throughout the war , Argentina was afraid of a Chilean military intervention in Patagonia and kept some of its best mountain regiments away from the Falklands near the Chilean border as a precaution . </P> <P> While France overtly backed the United Kingdom , a French technical team remained in Argentina throughout the war . French government sources have said that the French team was engaged in intelligence - gathering ; however , it simultaneously provided direct material support to the Argentines , identifying and fixing faults in Exocet missile launchers . According to the book Operation Israel , advisers from Israel Aerospace Industries were already in Argentina and continued their work during the conflict . The book also claims that Israel sold weapons and drop tanks in a secret operation in Peru . Peru also openly sent `` Mirages , pilots and missiles '' to Argentina during the war . Peru had earlier transferred ten Hercules transport planes to Argentina soon after the British Task Force had set sail in April 1982 . Nick van der Bijl records that , after the Argentine defeat at Goose Green , Venezuela and Guatemala offered to send paratroopers to the Falklands . Through Libya , under Muammar Gaddafi , Argentina received 20 launchers and 60 SA - 7 missiles , as well as machine guns , mortars and mines ; all in all , the load of four trips of two Boeing 707s of the AAF , refuelled in Recife with the knowledge and consent of the Brazilian government . Some of these clandestine logistics operations were mounted by the Soviet Union . </P> <H2> British task force ( edit ) </H2> Main article : British logistics in the Falklands War HMS Invincible , one of two aircraft carriers that the Royal Navy had available for the task force . Royal Navy Fleet Air Arm Sea Harrier FRS1 . The gloss paint scheme was altered to a duller one en route south . <P> The British government had no contingency plan for an invasion of the islands , and the task force was rapidly put together from whatever vessels were available . The nuclear - powered submarine Conqueror set sail from France on 4 April , whilst the two aircraft carriers Invincible and Hermes , in the company of escort vessels , left Portsmouth only a day later . On its return to Southampton from a world cruise on 7 April , the ocean liner SS Canberra was requisitioned and set sail two days later with 3 Commando Brigade aboard . The ocean liner Queen Elizabeth 2 was also requisitioned and left Southampton on 12 May with 5th Infantry Brigade on board . The whole task force eventually comprised 127 ships : 43 Royal Navy vessels , 22 Royal Fleet Auxiliary ships and 62 merchant ships . </P> <P> The retaking of the Falkland Islands was considered extremely difficult . The U.S. Navy considered a successful counter-invasion by the British `` a military impossibility '' . Firstly , the British were significantly constrained by the disparity in deployable air cover . The British had 42 aircraft ( 28 Sea Harriers and 14 Harrier GR. 3s ) available for air combat operations , against approximately 122 serviceable jet fighters , of which about 50 were used as air superiority fighters and the remainder as strike aircraft , in Argentina 's air forces during the war . Crucially , the British lacked airborne early warning and control ( AEW ) aircraft . Planning also considered the Argentine surface fleet and the threat posed by Exocet - equipped vessels or the two Type 209 submarines . </P> <P> By mid-April , the Royal Air Force had set up the airbase of RAF Ascension Island , co-located with Wideawake Airfield on the mid-Atlantic British overseas territory of Ascension Island , including a sizeable force of Avro Vulcan B Mk 2 bombers , Handley Page Victor K Mk 2 refuelling aircraft , and McDonnell Douglas Phantom FGR Mk 2 fighters to protect them . Meanwhile , the main British naval task force arrived at Ascension to prepare for active service . A small force had already been sent south to recapture South Georgia . </P> <P> Encounters began in April ; the British Task Force was shadowed by Boeing 707 aircraft of the Argentine Air Force during their travel to the south . Several of these flights were intercepted by Sea Harriers outside the British - imposed exclusion zone ; the unarmed 707s were not attacked because diplomatic moves were still in progress and the UK had not yet decided to commit itself to armed force . On 23 April , a Brazilian commercial Douglas DC - 10 from VARIG Airlines en route to South Africa was intercepted by British Harriers who visually identified the civilian plane . </P> <H3> Recapture of South Georgia and the attack on Santa Fe ( edit ) </H3> <P> The South Georgia force , Operation Paraquet , under the command of Major Guy Sheridan RM , consisted of Marines from 42 Commando , a troop of the Special Air Service ( SAS ) and Special Boat Service ( SBS ) troops who were intended to land as reconnaissance forces for an invasion by the Royal Marines . All were embarked on RFA Tidespring . First to arrive was the Churchill - class submarine HMS Conqueror on 19 April , and the island was over-flown by a radar - mapping Handley Page Victor on 20 April . </P> <P> The first landings of SAS troops took place on 21 April , but -- with the southern hemisphere autumn setting in -- the weather was so bad that their landings and others made the next day were all withdrawn after two helicopters crashed in fog on Fortuna Glacier . On 23 April , a submarine alert was sounded and operations were halted , with Tidespring being withdrawn to deeper water to avoid interception . On 24 April , the British forces regrouped and headed in to attack . </P> The ARA Santa Fe ( as USS Catfish ) in 1956 <P> On 25 April , after resupplying the Argentine garrison in South Georgia , the submarine ARA Santa Fe was spotted on the surface by a Westland Wessex HAS Mk 3 helicopter from HMS Antrim , which attacked the Argentine submarine with depth charges . HMS Plymouth launched a Westland Wasp HAS. Mk. 1 helicopter , and HMS Brilliant launched a Westland Lynx HAS Mk 2 . The Lynx launched a torpedo , and strafed the submarine with its pintle - mounted general purpose machine gun ; the Wessex also fired on Santa Fe with its GPMG . The Wasp from HMS Plymouth as well as two other Wasps launched from HMS Endurance fired AS - 12 ASM antiship missiles at the submarine , scoring hits . Santa Fe was damaged badly enough to prevent her from diving . The crew abandoned the submarine at the jetty at King Edward Point on South Georgia . </P> <P> With Tidespring now far out to sea , and the Argentine forces augmented by the submarine 's crew , Major Sheridan decided to gather the 76 men he had and make a direct assault that day . After a short forced march by the British troops and a naval bombardment demonstration by two Royal Navy vessels ( Antrim and Plymouth ) , the Argentine forces surrendered without resistance . The message sent from the naval force at South Georgia to London was , `` Be pleased to inform Her Majesty that the White Ensign flies alongside the Union Jack in South Georgia . God Save the Queen . '' The Prime Minister , Margaret Thatcher , broke the news to the media , telling them to `` Just rejoice at that news , and congratulate our forces and the Marines ! '' </P> <H3> Black Buck raids ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Operation Black Buck RAF Avro Vulcan B. Mk. 2 strategic bomber <P> On 1 May , British operations on the Falklands opened with the `` Black Buck 1 '' attack ( of a series of five ) on the airfield at Stanley . A Vulcan bomber from Ascension flew on an 8,000 - nautical - mile ( 15,000 km ; 9,200 mi ) round trip dropping conventional bombs across the runway at Stanley and back to Ascension . The mission required repeated refuelling , and required several Victor K2 tanker aircraft operating in concert , including tanker to tanker refuelling . The overall effect of the raids on the war is difficult to determine , and the raids consumed precious tanker resources from Ascension , but also prevented Argentina from stationing fast jets on the islands . </P> <P> The raids did minimal damage to the runway , and damage to radars was quickly repaired . As of 2014 the Royal Air Force Web site stated that all the three bombing missions had been successful , but historian Lawrence Freedman , who had access to classified documents , said in a 2005 book that the subsequent bombing missions were failures . Argentine sources said that the Vulcan raids influenced Argentina to withdraw some of its Mirage IIIs from Southern Argentina to the Buenos Aires Defence Zone . This was later described as propaganda by Falklands veteran Commander Nigel Ward . In any case , the effect of the Vulcan raids on Argentina 's deployment of defensive fighters was watered down when British officials made clear that there would be no strikes on air bases in Argentina . </P> <P> Of the five Black Buck raids , three were against Stanley Airfield , with the other two anti-radar missions using Shrike anti-radiation missiles . </P> <H3> Escalation of the air War ( edit ) </H3> French - built Super Étendard of the Argentine Naval Aviation <P> The Falklands had only three airfields . The longest and only paved runway was at the capital , Stanley , and even that was too short to support fast jets ( although an arrestor gear was fitted in April to support Skyhawks ) . Therefore , the Argentines were forced to launch their major strikes from the mainland , severely hampering their efforts at forward staging , combat air patrols , and close air support over the islands . The effective loiter time of incoming Argentine aircraft was low , and they were later compelled to overfly British forces in any attempt to attack the islands . </P> <P> The first major Argentine strike force comprised 36 aircraft ( A-4 Skyhawks , IAI Daggers , English Electric Canberras , and Mirage III escorts ) , and was sent on 1 May , in the belief that the British invasion was imminent or landings had already taken place . Only a section of Grupo 6 ( flying IAI Dagger aircraft ) found ships , which were firing at Argentine defences near the islands . The Daggers managed to attack the ships and return safely . This greatly boosted morale of the Argentine pilots , who now knew they could survive an attack against modern warships , protected by radar ground clutter from the Islands and by using a late pop up profile . Meanwhile , other Argentine aircraft were intercepted by BAE Sea Harriers operating from HMS Invincible . A Dagger and a Canberra were shot down . </P> <P> Combat broke out between Sea Harrier FRS Mk 1 fighters of No. 801 Naval Air Squadron and Mirage III fighters of Grupo 8 . Both sides refused to fight at the other 's best altitude , until two Mirages finally descended to engage . One was shot down by an AIM - 9L Sidewinder air - to - air missile ( AAM ) , while the other escaped but was damaged and without enough fuel to return to its mainland air base . The plane made for Stanley , where it fell victim to friendly fire from the Argentine defenders . </P> <P> As a result of this experience , Argentine Air Force staff decided to employ A-4 Skyhawks and Daggers only as strike units , the Canberras only during the night , and Mirage IIIs ( without air refuelling capability or any capable AAM ) as decoys to lure away the British Sea Harriers . The decoying would be later extended with the formation of the Escuadrón Fénix , a squadron of civilian jets flying 24 hours - a-day simulating strike aircraft preparing to attack the fleet . On one of these flights on 7 June , an Air Force Learjet 35A was shot down , killing the squadron commander , Vice Commodore Rodolfo De La Colina , the highest - ranking Argentine officer to die in the war . Stanley was used as an Argentine strongpoint throughout the conflict . Despite the Black Buck and Harrier raids on Stanley airfield ( no fast jets were stationed there for air defence ) and overnight shelling by detached ships , it was never out of action entirely . Stanley was defended by a mixture of surface - to - air missile ( SAM ) systems ( Franco - German Roland and British Tigercat ) and Swiss - built Oerlikon 35 mm twin anti-aircraft cannons . Lockheed Hercules transport night flights brought supplies , weapons , vehicles , and fuel , and airlifted out the wounded up until the end of the conflict . </P> <P> The only Argentine Hercules shot down by the British was lost on 1 June when TC - 63 was intercepted by a Sea Harrier in daylight when it was searching for the British fleet north - east of the islands after the Argentine Navy retired its last SP - 2H Neptune due to airframe attrition . </P> <P> Various options to attack the home base of the five Argentine Etendards at Río Grande were examined and discounted ( Operation Mikado ) , subsequently five Royal Navy submarines lined up , submerged , on the edge of Argentina 's 12 - nautical - mile ( 22 km ; 14 mi ) territorial limit to provide early warning of bombing raids on the British task force . </P> <H3> Sinking of ARA General Belgrano ( edit ) </H3> ARA General Belgrano , sinking Alferez Sobral <P> Two British naval task forces ( one of surface vessels and one of submarines ) and the Argentine fleet were operating in the neighbourhood of the Falklands and soon came into conflict . The first naval loss was the Second World War - vintage Argentine light cruiser ARA General Belgrano . The nuclear - powered submarine HMS Conqueror sank General Belgrano on 2 May . Three hundred and twenty - three members of General Belgrano 's crew died in the incident . More than 700 men were rescued from the open ocean despite cold seas and stormy weather . The losses from General Belgrano totalled nearly half of the Argentine deaths in the Falklands conflict and the loss of the ship hardened the stance of the Argentine government . </P> <P> Regardless of controversies over the sinking -- including disagreement about the exact nature of the maritime exclusion zone and whether General Belgrano had been returning to port at the time of the sinking -- it had a crucial strategic effect : the elimination of the Argentine naval threat . After her loss , the entire Argentine fleet , with the exception of the conventional submarine ARA San Luis , returned to port and did not leave again during the fighting . The two escorting destroyers and the battle group centred on the aircraft carrier ARA Veinticinco de Mayo both withdrew from the area , ending the direct threat to the British fleet that their pincer movement had represented . </P> <P> However , settling the controversy in 2003 , the ship 's captain Hector Bonzo confirmed that General Belgrano had actually been manoeuvering , not `` sailing away '' from the exclusion zone , and had orders to sink `` any British ship he could find '' . Further , Captain Bonzo stated that any suggestion that HMS Conqueror 's actions were a `` betrayal '' was utterly wrong ; rather , the submarine carried out its duties according to the accepted rules of war . </P> <P> In a separate incident later that night , British forces engaged an Argentine patrol gunboat , the ARA Alferez Sobral , that was searching for the crew of the Argentine Air Force Canberra light bomber shot down on 1 May . Two Royal Navy Lynx helicopters fired four Sea Skua missiles at her . Badly damaged and with eight crew dead , Alferez Sobral managed to return to Puerto Deseado two days later . The Canberra 's crew were never found . </P> <H3> Sinking of HMS Sheffield ( edit ) </H3> HMS Sheffield <P> On 4 May , two days after the sinking of General Belgrano , the British lost the Type 42 destroyer HMS Sheffield to fire following an Exocet missile strike from the Argentine 2nd Naval Air Fighter / Attack Squadron . Sheffield had been ordered forward with two other Type 42s to provide a long - range radar and medium - high altitude missile picket far from the British carriers . She was struck amidships , with devastating effect , ultimately killing 20 crew members and severely injuring 24 others . The ship was abandoned several hours later , gutted and deformed by the fires that continued to burn for six more days . She finally sank outside the Maritime Exclusion Zone on 10 May . </P> <P> The incident is described in detail by Admiral Sandy Woodward in his book One Hundred Days , in Chapter One . Woodward was a former commanding officer of Sheffield . The destruction of Sheffield ( the first Royal Navy ship sunk in action since the Second World War ) had a profound impact on the British public , bringing home the fact that the `` Falklands Crisis '' , as the BBC News put it , was now an actual `` shooting war '' . </P> <P> The tempo of operations increased throughout the first half of May as the United Nations ' attempts to mediate a peace were rejected by the Argentinians . The final British negotiating position was presented to Argentina by UN Secretary General Pérez de Cuéllar on 18 May 1982 . In it , the British abandoned their previous `` red - line '' that British administration of the islands should be restored on the withdrawal of Argentinian forces , as supported by United Nations Security Council Resolution 502 . Instead , it proposed a UN administrator should supervise the mutual withdrawal of both Argentinian and British forces , then govern the islands in consultation with the representative institutions of the islands , including Argentines , although no Argentines lived there . Reference to `` self - determination '' of the islanders was dropped and the British proposed that future negotiations over the sovereignty of the islands should be conducted by the UN . </P> <H3> British Special forces operations ( edit ) </H3> <P> Given the threat to the British fleet posed by the Etendard - Exocet combination , plans were made to use C - 130s to fly in some SAS troops to attack the home base of the five Etendards at Río Grande , Tierra del Fuego . The operation was codenamed `` Mikado '' . The operation was later scrapped , after acknowledging that its chances of success were limited , and replaced with a plan to use the submarine HMS Onyx to drop SAS operatives several miles offshore at night for them to make their way to the coast aboard rubber inflatables and proceed to destroy Argentina 's remaining Exocet stockpile . </P> <P> An SAS reconnaissance team was dispatched to carry out preparations for a seaborne infiltration . A Westland Sea King helicopter carrying the assigned team took off from HMS Invincible on the night of 17 May , but bad weather forced it to land 50 miles ( 80 km ) from its target and the mission was aborted . The pilot flew to Chile , landed south of Punta Arenas , and dropped off the SAS team . The helicopter 's crew of three then destroyed the aircraft , surrendered to Chilean police on 25 May , and were repatriated to the UK after interrogation . The discovery of the burnt - out helicopter attracted considerable international attention . Meanwhile , the SAS team crossed the border and penetrated into Argentina , but cancelled their mission after the Argentines suspected an SAS operation and deployed some 2,000 troops to search for them . The SAS men were able to return to Chile , and took a civilian flight back to the UK . </P> <P> On 14 May the SAS carried out a raid on Pebble Island on the Falklands , where the Argentine Navy had taken over a grass airstrip for FMA IA 58 Pucará light ground - attack aircraft and Beechcraft T - 34 Mentors , which resulted in the destruction of several aircraft . </P> <H2> Land battles ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Landing at San Carlos -- bomb Alley ( edit ) </H3> Main articles : Operation Sutton and Battle of San Carlos British sailors in anti-flash gear at action stations on HMS Cardiff near San Carlos , June 1982 . <P> During the night of 21 May , the British Amphibious Task Group under the command of Commodore Michael Clapp ( Commodore , Amphibious Warfare -- COMAW ) mounted Operation Sutton , the amphibious landing on beaches around San Carlos Water , on the northwestern coast of East Falkland facing onto Falkland Sound . The bay , known as Bomb Alley by British forces , was the scene of repeated air attacks by low - flying Argentine jets . </P> <P> The 4,000 men of 3 Commando Brigade were put ashore as follows : 2nd Battalion , Parachute Regiment ( 2 Para ) from the RORO ferry Norland and 40 Commando Royal Marines from the amphibious ship HMS Fearless were landed at San Carlos ( Blue Beach ) , 3rd Battalion , Parachute Regiment ( 3 Para ) from the amphibious ship HMS Intrepid was landed at Port San Carlos ( Green Beach ) and 45 Commando from RFA Stromness was landed at Ajax Bay ( Red Beach ) . Notably , the waves of eight LCUs and eight LCVPs were led by Major Ewen Southby - Tailyour , who had commanded the Falklands detachment NP8901 from March 1978 to 1979 . 42 Commando on the ocean liner SS Canberra was a tactical reserve . Units from the Royal Artillery , Royal Engineers , etc. and armoured reconnaissance vehicles were also put ashore with the landing craft , the Round Table class LSL and mexeflote barges . Rapier missile launchers were carried as underslung loads of Sea Kings for rapid deployment . </P> <P> By dawn the next day , they had established a secure beachhead from which to conduct offensive operations . From there , Brigadier Julian Thompson 's plan was to capture Darwin and Goose Green before turning towards Port Stanley . Now , with the British troops on the ground , the Argentine Air Force began the night bombing campaign against them using Canberra bomber planes until the last day of the war ( 14 June ) . </P> HMS Antelope smoking after being hit , 23 May HMS Coventry <P> At sea , the paucity of the British ships ' anti-aircraft defences was demonstrated in the sinking of HMS Ardent on 21 May , HMS Antelope on 24 May , and MV Atlantic Conveyor ( struck by two AM39 Exocets ) on 25 May along with a vital cargo of helicopters , runway - building equipment and tents . The loss of all but one of the Chinook helicopters being carried by the Atlantic Conveyor was a severe blow from a logistical perspective . </P> <P> Also lost on this day was HMS Coventry , a sister to Sheffield , whilst in company with HMS Broadsword after being ordered to act as a decoy to draw away Argentine aircraft from other ships at San Carlos Bay . HMS Argonaut and HMS Brilliant were badly damaged . However , many British ships escaped being sunk because of weaknesses of the Argentine pilots ' bombing tactics described below . </P> <P> To avoid the highest concentration of British air defences , Argentine pilots released ordnance from very low altitude , and hence their bomb fuzes did not have sufficient time to arm before impact . The low release of the retarded bombs ( some of which the British had sold to the Argentines years earlier ) meant that many never exploded , as there was insufficient time in the air for them to arm themselves . </P> <P> A simple free - fall bomb in a low altitude release , impacts almost directly below the aircraft , which is then within the lethal fragmentation zone of the explosion . A retarded bomb has a small parachute or air brake that opens to reduce the speed of the bomb to produce a safe horizontal separation between the bomb and the aircraft . The fuze for a retarded bomb requires that the retarder be open a minimum time to ensure safe separation . The pilots would have been aware of this -- but due to the high concentration required to avoid SAMs , Anti-Aircraft Artillery ( AAA ) , and British Sea Harriers , many failed to climb to the necessary release point . The Argentine forces solved the problem by fitting improvised retarding devices , allowing the pilots to effectively employ low - level bombing attacks on 8 June . </P> <P> In his autobiographical account of the Falklands War , Admiral Woodward blamed the BBC World Service for disclosing information that led the Argentines to change the retarding devices on the bombs . The World Service reported the lack of detonations after receiving a briefing on the matter from a Ministry of Defence official . He describes the BBC as being more concerned with being `` fearless seekers after truth '' than with the lives of British servicemen . Colonel ' H ' . Jones levelled similar accusations against the BBC after they disclosed the impending British attack on Goose Green by 2 Para . </P> <P> Thirteen bombs hit British ships without detonating . Lord Craig , the retired Marshal of the Royal Air Force , is said to have remarked : `` Six better fuses and we would have lost '' although Ardent and Antelope were both lost despite the failure of bombs to explode . The fuzes were functioning correctly , and the bombs were simply released from too low an altitude . The Argentines lost 22 aircraft in the attacks . </P> <H3> Battle of Goose Green ( edit ) </H3> Infantry deployment in East Falklands after landing in San Carlos Main article : Battle of Goose Green <P> From early on 27 May until 28 May , 2 Para , ( approximately 500 men ) with naval gunfire support from HMS Arrow and artillery support from 8 Commando Battery , Royal Artillery , approached and attacked Darwin and Goose Green , which was held by the Argentine 12th Infantry Regiment . After a tough struggle that lasted all night and into the next day , the British won the battle ; in all , 17 British and 47 Argentine soldiers were killed . In total 961 Argentine troops ( including 202 Argentine Air Force personnel of the Condor airfield ) were taken prisoner . </P> <P> The BBC announced the taking of Goose Green on the BBC World Service before it had actually happened . It was during this attack that Lieutenant Colonel H. Jones , the commanding officer of 2 Para , was killed at the head of his battalion while charging into the well - prepared Argentine positions . He was posthumously awarded the Victoria Cross . </P> <P> With the sizeable Argentine force at Goose Green out of the way , British forces were now able to break out of the San Carlos beachhead . On 27 May , men of 45 Cdo and 3 Para started a loaded march across East Falkland towards the coastal settlement of Teal Inlet . </P> <H3> Special forces on Mount Kent ( edit ) </H3> <P> Meanwhile , 42 Commando prepared to move by helicopter to Mount Kent . Unknown to senior British officers , the Argentine generals were determined to tie down the British troops in the Mount Kent area , and on 27 and 28 May they sent transport aircraft loaded with Blowpipe surface - to - air missiles and commandos ( 602nd Commando Company and 601st National Gendarmerie Special Forces Squadron ) to Stanley . This operation was known as Operation Autoimpuesta ( `` Self - determination initiative '' ) . </P> <P> For the next week , the SAS and the Mountain and Arctic Warfare Cadre ( M&AWC ) of 3 Commando Brigade waged intense patrol battles with patrols of the volunteers ' 602nd Commando Company under Major Aldo Rico , normally second in Command of the 22nd Mountain Infantry Regiment . Throughout 30 May , Royal Air Force Harriers were active over Mount Kent . One of them , Harrier XZ963 , flown by Squadron Leader Jerry Pook -- in responding to a call for help from D Squadron , attacked Mount Kent 's eastern lower slopes , and that led to its loss through small - arms fire . Pook was subsequently awarded the Distinguished Flying Cross . </P> <P> The Argentine Navy used their last AM39 Exocet missile attempting to attack HMS Invincible on 30 May . There are Argentine claims that the missile struck ; however , the British have denied this , some citing that HMS Avenger shot it down . When Invincible returned to the UK after the war , she showed no signs of missile damage . </P> <P> On 31 May , the M&AWC defeated Argentine Special Forces at the skirmish at Top Malo House . A 13 - strong Argentine Army Commando detachment ( Captain José Vercesi 's 1st Assault Section , 602nd Commando Company ) found itself trapped in a small shepherd 's house at Top Malo . The Argentine commandos fired from windows and doorways and then took refuge in a stream bed 200 metres ( 700 ft ) from the burning house . Completely surrounded , they fought 19 M&AWC marines under Captain Rod Boswell for 45 minutes until , with their ammunition almost exhausted , they elected to surrender . </P> <P> Three Cadre members were badly wounded . On the Argentine side , there were two dead , including Lieutenant Ernesto Espinoza and Sergeant Mateo Sbert ( who were posthumously decorated for their bravery ) . Only five Argentines were left unscathed . As the British mopped up Top Malo House , Lieutenant Fraser Haddow 's M&AWC patrol came down from Malo Hill , brandishing a large Union Flag . One wounded Argentine soldier , Lieutenant Horacio Losito , commented that their escape route would have taken them through Haddow 's position . </P> <P> 601st Commando tried to move forward to rescue 602nd Commando Company on Estancia Mountain . Spotted by 42 Commando , they were engaged with L16 81mm mortars and forced to withdraw to Two Sisters mountain . The leader of 602nd Commando Company on Estancia Mountain realised his position had become untenable and after conferring with fellow officers ordered a withdrawal . </P> <P> The Argentine operation also saw the extensive use of helicopter support to position and extract patrols ; the 601st Combat Aviation Battalion also suffered casualties . At about 11 : 00 am on 30 May , an Aérospatiale SA 330 Puma helicopter was brought down by a shoulder - launched FIM - 92 Stinger surface - to - air missile ( SAM ) fired by the SAS in the vicinity of Mount Kent . Six Argentine National Gendarmerie Special Forces were killed and eight more wounded in the crash . </P> <P> As Brigadier Thompson commented , `` It was fortunate that I had ignored the views expressed by Northwood HQ that reconnaissance of Mount Kent before insertion of 42 Commando was superfluous . Had D Squadron not been there , the Argentine Special Forces would have caught the Commando before de-planing and , in the darkness and confusion on a strange landing zone , inflicted heavy casualties on men and helicopters . '' </P> <H3> Bluff Cove and Fitzroy ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Bluff Cove Air Attacks <P> By 1 June , with the arrival of a further 5,000 British troops of the 5th Infantry Brigade , the new British divisional commander , Major General Jeremy Moore RM , had sufficient force to start planning an offensive against Stanley . During this build - up , the Argentine air assaults on the British naval forces continued , killing 56 . Of the dead , 32 were from the Welsh Guards on RFA Sir Galahad and RFA Sir Tristram on 8 June . According to Surgeon - Commander Rick Jolly of the Falklands Field Hospital , more than 150 men suffered burns and injuries of some kind in the attack , including , famously , Simon Weston . </P> <P> The Guards were sent to support an advance along the southern approach to Stanley . On 2 June , a small advance party of 2 Para moved to Swan Inlet house in a number of Army Westland Scout helicopters . Telephoning ahead to Fitzroy , they discovered that the area was clear of Argentines and ( exceeding their authority ) commandeered the one remaining RAF Chinook helicopter to frantically ferry another contingent of 2 Para ahead to Fitzroy ( a settlement on Port Pleasant ) and Bluff Cove ( a settlement on Port Fitzroy ) . </P> <P> This uncoordinated advance caused great difficulties in planning for the commanders of the combined operation , as they now found themselves with a 30 miles ( 48 km ) string of indefensible positions on their southern flank . Support could not be sent by air as the single remaining Chinook was already heavily oversubscribed . The soldiers could march , but their equipment and heavy supplies would need to be ferried by sea . </P> <P> Plans were drawn up for half the Welsh Guards to march light on the night of 2 June , whilst the Scots Guards and the second half of the Welsh Guards were to be ferried from San Carlos Water in the Landing Ship Logistics ( LSL ) Sir Tristram and the landing platform dock ( LPD ) Intrepid on the night of 5 June . Intrepid was planned to stay one day and unload itself and as much of Sir Tristram as possible , leaving the next evening for the relative safety of San Carlos . Escorts would be provided for this day , after which Sir Tristram would be left to unload using a Mexeflote ( a powered raft ) for as long as it took to finish . </P> <P> Political pressure from above to not risk the LPD forced Commodore Clapp to alter this plan . Two lower - value LSLs would be sent , but with no suitable beaches to land on , Intrepid 's landing craft would need to accompany them to unload . A complicated operation across several nights with Intrepid and her sister ship Fearless sailing half - way to dispatch their craft was devised . </P> <P> The attempted overland march by half the Welsh Guards failed , possibly as they refused to march light and attempted to carry their equipment . They returned to San Carlos and landed directly at Bluff Cove when Fearless dispatched her landing craft . Sir Tristram sailed on the night of 6 June and was joined by Sir Galahad at dawn on 7 June . Anchored 1,200 feet ( 370 m ) apart in Port Pleasant , the landing ships were near Fitzroy , the designated landing point . </P> <P> The landing craft should have been able to unload the ships to that point relatively quickly , but confusion over the ordered disembarkation point ( the first half of the Guards going direct to Bluff Cove ) resulted in the senior Welsh Guards infantry officer aboard insisting that his troops should be ferried the far longer distance directly to Port Fitzroy / Bluff Cove . The alternative was for the infantrymen to march via the recently repaired Bluff Cove bridge ( destroyed by retreating Argentine combat engineers ) to their destination , a journey of around seven miles ( 11 km ) . </P> <P> On Sir Galahad 's stern ramp there was an argument about what to do . The officers on board were told that they could not sail to Bluff Cove that day . They were told that they had to get their men off ship and onto the beach as soon as possible as the ships were vulnerable to enemy aircraft . It would take 20 minutes to transport the men to shore using the LCU and Mexeflote . They would then have the choice of walking the seven miles to Bluff Cove or wait until dark to sail there . The officers on board said that they would remain on board until dark and then sail . They refused to take their men off the ship . They possibly doubted that the bridge had been repaired due to the presence on board Sir Galahad of the Royal Engineer Troop whose job it was to repair the bridge . The Welsh Guards were keen to rejoin the rest of their Battalion , who were potentially facing the enemy without their support . They had also not seen any enemy aircraft since landing at San Carlos and may have been overconfident in the air defences . Ewen Southby - Tailyour gave a direct order for the men to leave the ship and go to the beach , the order was ignored . </P> <P> The longer journey time of the landing craft taking the troops directly to Bluff Cove and the squabbling over how the landing was to be performed caused an enormous delay in unloading . This had disastrous consequences . Without escorts , having not yet established their air defence , and still almost fully laden , the two LSLs in Port Pleasant were sitting targets for two waves of Argentine A-4 Skyhawks . </P> <P> The disaster at Port Pleasant ( although often known as Bluff Cove ) would provide the world with some of the most sobering images of the war as TV news video footage showed Navy helicopters hovering in thick smoke to winch survivors from the burning landing ships . </P> HMS Cardiff anchored outside Port Stanley at the end of hostilities in 1982 <P> British casualties were 48 killed and 115 wounded . Three Argentine pilots were also killed . The air strike delayed the scheduled British ground attack on Stanley by two days . Argentine General Mario Menéndez , commander of Argentine forces in the Falklands , was told that 900 British soldiers had died . He expected that the losses would cause enemy morale to drop and the British assault to stall . </P> <H3> Fall of Stanley ( edit ) </H3> See also : Argentine surrender in the Falklands War The road to Stanley Argentine prisoners of war -- Port Stanley <P> On the night of 11 June , after several days of painstaking reconnaissance and logistic build - up , British forces launched a brigade - sized night attack against the heavily defended ring of high ground surrounding Stanley . Units of 3 Commando Brigade , supported by naval gunfire from several Royal Navy ships , simultaneously attacked in the Battle of Mount Harriet , Battle of Two Sisters , and Battle of Mount Longdon . Mount Harriet was taken at a cost of 2 British and 18 Argentine soldiers . At Two Sisters , the British faced both enemy resistance and friendly fire , but managed to capture their objectives . The toughest battle was at Mount Longdon . British forces were bogged down by assault rifle , mortar , machine gun , artillery fire , sniper fire , and ambushes . Despite this , the British continued their advance . </P> <P> During this battle , 13 were killed when HMS Glamorgan , straying too close to shore while returning from the gun line , was struck by an improvised trailer - based Exocet MM38 launcher taken from the destroyer ARA Seguí by Argentine Navy technicians . On the same day , Sergeant Ian McKay of 4 Platoon , B Company , 3 Para died in a grenade attack on an Argentine bunker , which earned him a posthumous Victoria Cross . After a night of fierce fighting , all objectives were secured . Both sides suffered heavy losses . </P> <P> The night of 13 June saw the start of the second phase of attacks , in which the momentum of the initial assault was maintained . 2 Para , with light armour support from the Blues and Royals , captured Wireless Ridge , with the loss of 3 British and 25 Argentine lives , and the 2nd battalion , Scots Guards captured Mount Tumbledown at the Battle of Mount Tumbledown , which cost 10 British and 30 Argentine lives . </P> A pile of discarded Argentine weapons in Port Stanley <P> With the last natural defence line at Mount Tumbledown breached , the Argentine town defences of Stanley began to falter . In the morning gloom , one company commander got lost and his junior officers became despondent . Private Santiago Carrizo of the 3rd Regiment described how a platoon commander ordered them to take up positions in the houses and `` if a Kelper resists , shoot him '' , but the entire company did nothing of the kind . </P> <P> A ceasefire was declared on 14 June and the commander of the Argentine garrison in Stanley , Brigade General Mario Menéndez , surrendered to Major General Jeremy Moore the same day . </P> <H2> Recapture of South Sandwich Islands ( edit ) </H2> Main article : Operation Keyhole The Argentine Thule Garrison at the Corbeta Uruguay base <P> On 20 June , the British retook the South Sandwich Islands , which involved accepting the surrender of the Southern Thule Garrison at the Corbeta Uruguay base , and declared hostilities over . Argentina had established Corbeta Uruguay in 1976 , but prior to 1982 the United Kingdom had contested the existence of the Argentine base only through diplomatic channels . </P> <H2> Casualties ( edit ) </H2> The Argentine Military Cemetery , on East Falkland The British Military Cemetery at San Carlos on East Falkland <P> In total 907 were killed during the 74 days of the conflict : </P> <Ul> <Li> Argentina -- 649 <Ul> <Li> Ejército Argentino ( Army ) -- 194 ( 16 officers , 35 non-commissioned officers ( NCO ) and 143 conscript privates ) </Li> <Li> Armada de la República Argentina ( Navy ) -- 341 ( including 321 in ARA General Belgrano and 4 naval aviators ) <Ul> <Li> IMARA ( Marines ) -- 34 </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Fuerza Aérea Argentina ( Air Force ) -- 55 ( including 31 pilots and 14 ground crew ) </Li> <Li> Gendarmería Nacional Argentina ( Border Guard ) -- 7 </Li> <Li> Prefectura Naval Argentina ( Coast Guard ) -- 2 </Li> <Li> Civilian sailors -- 16 </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> United Kingdom -- A total of 255 British servicemen and 3 female Falkland Island civilians were killed during the Falklands War . <Ul> <Li> Royal Navy -- 86 + 2 Hong Kong laundrymen ( see below ) </Li> <Li> Royal Marines -- 27 ( 2 officers , 14 NCOs and 11 marines ) </Li> <Li> Royal Fleet Auxiliary -- 4 + 6 Hong Kong sailors </Li> <Li> Merchant Navy -- 6 </Li> <Li> British Army -- 123 ( 7 officers , 40 NCOs and 76 privates ) </Li> <Li> Royal Air Force -- 1 ( 1 officer ) </Li> <Li> Falkland Islands civilians -- 3 women killed by friendly fire </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> <P> Of the 86 Royal Navy personnel , 22 were lost in HMS Ardent , 19 + 1 lost in HMS Sheffield , 19 + 1 lost in HMS Coventry and 13 lost in HMS Glamorgan . Fourteen naval cooks were among the dead , the largest number from any one branch in the Royal Navy . </P> <P> Thirty - three of the British Army 's dead came from the Welsh Guards ( 32 of which died on the RFA Sir Galahad in the Bluff Cove Air Attacks ) , 21 from the 3rd Battalion , the Parachute Regiment , 18 from the 2nd Battalion , the Parachute Regiment , 19 from the Special Air Service , 3 from Royal Signals and 8 from each of the Scots Guards and Royal Engineers . The 1st battalion / 7th Duke of Edinburgh 's Own Gurkha Rifles lost one man . </P> <P> Two more British deaths may be attributed to Operation Corporate , bringing the total to 260 : </P> <Ul> <Li> Captain Brian Biddick from SS Uganda underwent an emergency operation on the voyage to the Falklands . Later he was repatriated by an RAF medical flight to the hospital at Wroughton where he died on 12 May . </Li> <Li> Paul Mills from HMS Coventry suffered from complications from a skull fracture sustained in the sinking of his ship and died on 29 March 1983 ; he is buried in his home town of Swavesey . </Li> </Ul> <P> There were 1,188 Argentine and 777 British non-fatal casualties . </P> <P> Further information about the field hospitals and hospital ships is at Ajax Bay and List of hospitals and hospital ships of the Royal Navy . On the Argentine side beside the Military Hospital at Port Stanley , the Argentine Air Force Mobile Field Hospital was deployed at Comodoro Rivadavia . </P> <H3> Red Cross Box ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( February 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Before British offensive operations began , the British and Argentine governments agreed to establish an area on the high seas where both sides could station hospital ships without fear of attack by the other side . This area , a circle 20 nautical miles in diameter , was referred to as the Red Cross Box ( 48 ° 30 ′ S 53 ° 45 ′ W  /  48.500 ° S 53.750 ° W  / - 48.500 ; - 53.750 ) , about 45 miles ( 72 km ) north of Falkland Sound . Ultimately , the British stationed four ships ( HMS Hydra , HMS Hecla and HMS Herald and the primary hospital ship SS Uganda ) within the box , while the Argentines stationed three ( ARA Almirante Irízar , Bahia Paraiso and Puerto Deseado ) . </P> Hecla at HM Naval Base Gibraltar , during conversion to a hospital ship for service during the Falklands War <P> The hospital ships were non-warships converted to serve as hospital ships . The three British naval vessels were survey vessels and Uganda was a passenger liner . Almirante Irizar was an icebreaker , Bahia Paraiso was an Antarctic supply transport and Puerto Deseado was a survey ship . The British and Argentine vessels operating within the Box were in radio contact and there was some transfer of patients between the hospital ships . For example , the Uganda on four occasions transferred patients to an Argentine hospital ship . The British naval hospital ships operated as casualty ferries , carrying casualties from both sides from the Falklands to Uganda and operating a shuttle service between the Red Cross Box and Montevideo . </P> <P> Throughout the conflict officials of the International Committee of the Red Cross ( ICRC ) conducted inspections to verify that all concerned were abiding by the rules of the Geneva Conventions . On 12 June , some personnel were transferred from the Argentine hospital ship to the British ships by helicopter . Argentine naval officers also inspected the British casualty ferries in the estuary of the River Plate . </P> <H3> British casualty evacuation ( edit ) </H3> <P> Hydra worked with Hecla and Herald , to take casualties from Uganda to Montevideo , Uruguay , where a fleet of Uruguayan ambulances met them . RAF VC10 aircraft then flew the casualties to the UK for transfer to the Princess Alexandra Hospital at RAF Wroughton , near Swindon . </P> <H2> Aftermath ( edit ) </H2> Main article : Aftermath of the Falklands War The Monumento a los Caídos en Malvinas ( `` Monument for the Fallen in the Falklands '' ) in Plaza San Martín , Buenos Aires ; a member of the historic Patricios regiment stands guard <P> This brief war brought many consequences for all the parties involved , besides the considerable casualty rate and large materiel loss , especially of shipping and aircraft , relative to the deployed military strengths of the opposing sides . </P> <P> In the United Kingdom , Margaret Thatcher 's popularity increased . The success of the Falklands campaign was widely regarded as a factor in the turnaround in fortunes for the Conservative government , who had been trailing behind the SDP - Liberal Alliance in the opinion polls for months before the conflict began , but after the success in the Falklands the Conservatives returned to the top of the opinion polls by a wide margin and went on to win the following year 's general election by a landslide . Subsequently , Defence Secretary Nott 's proposed cuts to the Royal Navy were abandoned . </P> <P> The islanders subsequently had full British citizenship restored in 1983 , their lifestyle was improved by investments the UK made after the war and by the liberalisation of economic measures that had been stalled through fear of angering Argentina . In 1985 , a new constitution was enacted promoting self - government , which has continued to devolve power to the islanders . </P> The 1982 Liberation Memorial in Stanley , Falkland Islands <P> In Argentina , the Falklands War meant that a possible war with Chile was avoided . Further , Argentina returned to a democratic government in the 1983 general election , the first free general election since 1973 . It also had a major social impact , destroying the military 's image as the `` moral reserve of the nation '' that they had maintained through most of the 20th century . </P> <P> Various figures have been produced for the number of veterans who have committed suicide since the war . Some studies have estimated that 264 British veterans and 350 -- 500 Argentine veterans have committed suicide since 1982 . However , a detailed study of 21,432 British veterans of the war commissioned by the UK Ministry of Defence found that only 95 had died from `` intentional self - harm and events of undetermined intent ( suicides and open verdict deaths ) '' , a proportion lower than would be expected within the general population over the same period . </P> <H3> Military Analysis ( edit ) </H3> <P> Militarily , the Falklands conflict remains the largest air - naval combat operation between modern forces since the end of the Second World War . As such , it has been the subject of intense study by military analysts and historians . The most significant `` lessons learned '' include : the vulnerability of surface ships to anti-ship missiles and submarines , the challenges of co-ordinating logistical support for a long - distance projection of power , and reconfirmation of the role of tactical air power , including the use of helicopters . </P> <P> In 1986 , the BBC broadcast the Horizon programme , In the Wake of HMS Sheffield , which discussed lessons learned from the conflict , and measures since taken to implement them , such as stealth ships and close - in weapon systems . </P> <H3> Memorials ( edit ) </H3> <P> There are several memorials on the Falkland Islands themselves , the most notable of which is the 1982 Liberation Memorial , unveiled in 1984 on the second anniversary of the end of the war . It lists the names of the 255 British military personnel who died during the war and is located in front of the Secretariat Building in Stanley , overlooking Stanley Harbour . The Memorial was funded entirely by the Islanders and is inscribed with the words `` In Memory of Those Who Liberated Us '' . </P> <P> In addition to memorials on the islands , there is a memorial in the crypt of St Paul 's Cathedral , London to the British war dead . The Falkland Islands Memorial Chapel at Pangbourne College was opened in March 2000 as a commemoration of the lives and sacrifice of all those who served and died in the South Atlantic in 1982 . In Argentina , there is a memorial at Plaza San Martín in Buenos Aires , another one in Rosario , and a third one in Ushuaia . </P> <P> During the war , British dead were put into plastic body bags and buried in mass graves . After the war , the bodies were recovered ; 14 were reburied at Blue Beach Military Cemetery and 64 were returned to the UK . </P> <P> Many of the Argentine dead are buried in the Argentine Military Cemetery west of the Darwin Settlement . The government of Argentina declined an offer by the UK to have the bodies repatriated to the mainland . </P> <H3> Minefields ( edit ) </H3> Although some minefields have been cleared , a substantial number of them still exist in the islands , such as this one at Port William on East Falkland . <P> As of 2011 , there were 113 uncleared minefields on the Falkland Islands and unexploded ordnance ( UXOs ) covering an area of 13 km ( 5.0 sq mi ) . Of this area , 5.5 km ( 2.1 sq mi ) on the Murrell Peninsula were classified as being `` suspected minefields '' -- the area had been heavily pastured for the previous 25 years without incident . It was estimated that these minefields had 20,000 anti-personnel mines and 5,000 anti-tank mines . No human casualties from mines or UXO have been reported in the Falkland Islands since 1984 , and no civilian mine casualties have ever occurred on the islands . The UK reported six military personnel were injured in 1982 and a further two injured in 1983 . Most military accidents took place while clearing the minefields in the immediate aftermath of the 1982 conflict or in the process of trying to establish the extent of the minefield perimeters , particularly where no detailed records existed . </P> <P> On 9 May 2008 , the Falkland Islands Government asserted that the minefields , which represent 0.1 % of the available farmland on the islands `` present no long term social or economic difficulties for the Falklands , '' and that the impact of clearing the mines would cause more problems than containing them . However , the British Government , in accordance with its commitments under the Mine Ban Treaty has a commitment to clear the mines by the end of 2019 . In May 2012 , it was announced that 3.7 km ( 1.4 sq mi ) of Stanley Common ( which lies between the Stanley -- Mount Pleasant road and the shoreline ) was made safe and had been opened to the public , opening up a 3 km ( 1.9 mi ) stretch of coastline and a further two kilometres of shoreline along Mullet 's Creek . </P> <H2> Press and publicity ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Argentina ( edit ) </H3> Gente 's `` Estamos ganando '' headline ( `` We 're winning '' ) <P> Selected war correspondents were regularly flown to Port Stanley in military aircraft to report on the war . Back in Buenos Aires , newspapers and magazines faithfully reported on `` the heroic actions of the largely conscript army and its successes '' . </P> <P> Officers from the intelligence services were attached to the newspapers and ' leaked ' information confirming the official communiqués from the government . The glossy magazines Gente and Siete Días swelled to 60 pages with colour photographs of British warships in flames -- many of them faked -- and bogus eyewitness reports of the Argentine commandos ' guerrilla war on South Georgia ( 6 May ) and an already dead Pucará pilot 's attack on HMS Hermes ( Lt. Daniel Antonio Jukic had been killed at Goose Green during a British air strike on 1 May ) . Most of the faked photos actually came from the tabloid press . One of the best remembered headlines was `` Estamos ganando '' ( `` We 're winning '' ) from the magazine Gente , that would later use variations of it . </P> <P> The Argentine troops on the Falkland Islands could read Gaceta Argentina -- a newspaper intended to boost morale among the servicemen . Some of its untruths could easily be unveiled by the soldiers who recovered corpses . </P> <P> The Malvinas cause united the Argentines in a patriotic atmosphere that protected the junta from critics , and even opponents of the military government supported Galtieri ; Ernesto Sabato said : `` Do n't be mistaken , Europe ; it is not a dictatorship who is fighting for the Malvinas , it is the whole Nation . Opponents of the military dictatorship , like me , are fighting to extirpate the last trace of colonialism . '' The Madres de Plaza de Mayo were even exposed to death threats from ordinary people . </P> <P> HMS Invincible was repeatedly sunk in the Argentine press , and on 30 April 1982 the Argentine magazine Tal Cual showed Prime Minister Thatcher with an eyepatch and the text : Pirate , witch and assassin . Guilty ! Three British reporters sent to Argentina to cover the war from the Argentine perspective were jailed until the end of the war . </P> <H3> United Kingdom ( edit ) </H3> The Sun 's infamous `` Gotcha '' headline <P> Seventeen newspaper reporters , two photographers , two radio reporters and three television reporters with five technicians sailed with the Task Force to the war . The Newspaper Publishers ' Association selected them from among 160 applicants , excluding foreign media . The hasty selection resulted in the inclusion of two journalists among the war reporters who were interested only in Queen Elizabeth II 's son Prince Andrew , who was serving in the conflict . The Prince flew a helicopter on multiple missions , including anti-surface warfare , Exocet missile decoy and casualty evacuation . </P> <P> Merchant vessels had the civilian Inmarsat uplink , which enabled written telex and voice report transmissions via satellite . SS Canberra had a facsimile machine that was used to upload 202 pictures from the South Atlantic over the course of the war . The Royal Navy leased bandwidth on the U.S. Defense Satellite Communications System for worldwide communications . Television demands a thousand times the data rate of telephone , but the Ministry of Defence was unsuccessful in convincing the U.S. to allocate more bandwidth . </P> <P> TV producers suspected that the enquiry was half - hearted ; since the Vietnam War television pictures of casualties and traumatised soldiers were recognised as having negative propaganda value . However , the technology only allowed uploading a single frame per 20 minutes -- and only if the military satellites were allocated 100 % to television transmissions . Videotapes were shipped to Ascension Island , where a broadband satellite uplink was available , resulting in TV coverage being delayed by three weeks . </P> <P> The press was very dependent on the Royal Navy , and was censored on site . Many reporters in the UK knew more about the war than those with the Task Force . </P> <P> The Royal Navy expected Fleet Street to conduct a Second World War - style positive news campaign but the majority of the British media , especially the BBC , reported the war in a neutral fashion . These reporters referred to `` the British troops '' and `` the Argentinian troops '' instead of `` our lads '' and the `` Argies '' . The two main tabloid papers presented opposing viewpoints : The Daily Mirror was decidedly anti-war , whilst The Sun became well known for headlines such as `` Stick It Up Your Junta ! , '' which , along with the reporting in other tabloids , led to accusations of xenophobia and jingoism . The Sun was condemned for its `` Gotcha '' headline following the sinking of the ARA General Belgrano . </P> <H2> Cultural impact ( edit ) </H2> Main article : Cultural impact of the Falklands War <P> There were wide - ranging influences on popular culture in both the UK and Argentina , from the immediate postwar period to the present . The Argentine writer Jorge Luis Borges described the war as `` a fight between two bald men over a comb '' . The words yomp and Exocet entered the British vernacular as a result of the war . The Falklands War also provided material for theatre , film and TV drama and influenced the output of musicians . In Argentina , the military government banned the broadcasting of music in the English language , giving way to the rise of local rock musicians . </P> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> United Kingdom portal </Li> <Li> Argentina portal </Li> <Li> War portal </Li> <Li> 1980s portal </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Beagle conflict , a border dispute between Chile and Argentina that involved island territory . </Li> <Li> Operation Algeciras , a failed Argentine plan to send Montoneros to sabotage British military facilities in Gibraltar </Li> <Li> Operation Soberanía , plans for Argentina 's invasion of Chile in 1978 and later . </Li> <Li> Reassertion of British sovereignty over the Falkland Islands ( 1833 ) </Li> <Li> Argentina - United Kingdom relations </Li> </Ul> <H2> Notes ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ 255 military personnel . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ <Ul> <Li> 2 April : 57 Royal Marines ( RM ) , 11 Royal Navy ( RN ) and 23 Falkland Islands Defence Force ( FIDF ) members </Li> <Li> 3 April : 22 RM </Li> <Li> 21 May : 1 Royal Air Force ( RAF ) member </Li> <Li> 10 June : 1 Special Air Services ( SAS ) member . </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ 633 military personnel and 16 civilian sailors . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ 6 Pucaras , 4 T - 34 Mentor and 1 Short Skyvan </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Location : `` Bomb Alley '' San Carlos Water , Falkland Islands ( linkback://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falklands_War#Landing_at_San_Carlos -- Bomb_Alley ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ 21 / 27 May : 9 Dagger , 5 A-4C , 3 A-4Q , 3 A-4B & 2 Pucara </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Location : `` Mount Kent '' Mount Kent , Falkland Islands ( linkback://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falklands_War#Special_forces_on_Mount_Kent ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Buenos Aires War Memorial is at coordinates 34 ° 35 ′ 37 '' S 58 ° 22 ′ 29 '' W  /  34.59373 ° S 58.374782 ° W  / - 34.59373 ; - 58.374782  ( Buenos Aires War Memorial ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ 1982 Liberation Memorial is at coordinates 51 ° 41 ′ 29 '' S 57 ° 52 ′ 02 '' W  /  51.691395 ° S 57.867298 ° W  / - 51.691395 ; - 57.867298  ( 1982 Liberation Memorial ) </Li> </Ol> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Falklands 25 : Background Briefing '' . Ministry of Defence ( UK ) . Archived from the original on 3 May 2010 . Retrieved 1 November 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Nómina de veteranos de Guerra de Malvinas que cumplen con los requisitos establecidos por la Ley 23.848 '' ( in Spanish ) . Ministry of Defense of Argentina . Archived from the original on 23 October 2011 . Retrieved 1 November 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Falkland Islands profile '' . BBC News . 5 November 2013 . Retrieved 19 June 2014 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Historia Marítima Argentina , Volume 10 , p. 137 . Departamento de Estudios Históricos Navales , Cuántica Editora , Argentina : 1993 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Argentine to reaffirm Sovereignty Rights over The Falkland Islands '' . National Turk . Retrieved 7 January 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Cómo evitar que Londres convierta a las Malvinas en un Estado independiente '' . Clarin . Retrieved 7 February 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Joint statement of 19 October 1989 : Re-establishing Consular Relations Between Britain and Argentina , and Agreeing a Framework on Sovereignty Which Would Allow Further Talks '' . Falklands info . Archived from the original on 17 May 2012 . Retrieved 4 January 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Constitución Nacional '' . Argentine Senate ( in Spanish ) . Archived from the original on 17 June 2004 . La Nación Argentina ratifica su legítima e imprescriptible soberanía sobre las Islas Malvinas , Georgias del Sur y Sandwich del Sur y los espacios marítimos e insulares correspondientes , por ser parte integrante del territorio nacional . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ White , Rowland ( 2006 ) . Vulcan 607 . London : Bantam Press . pp. 13 -- 14 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 593 - 05392 - 8 . The price for Anaya 's blessing was approval for the navy 's plan to seize Las Malvinas , the Falkland Islands </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bicheno 2006 , p. 25 : `` A basic assumption underlying the conflict was that the British were , in the opinion of the war 's main architect , Admiral Jorge Anaya , unworthy heirs to a glorious heritage , the men mainly maricones ... to call a man a maricón does not question his heterosexuality ; but it definitely impugns his physical and moral courage . Anaya was Naval Attaché in London from January 1975 to January 1976 ... He returned to Argentina , making no attempt to conceal his contempt for all things British . '' </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Middlebrook 1989 , p. 1 : `` He was an ardent ' Malvinist ' ... Anaya was enthusiastic , and his orders in the last days of 1981 were to set in train that tragic series of events . '' </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Argentina -- the horrors of a dictatorial past live on -- Radio Netherlands Worldwide -- English '' . Radionetherlands.nl. 30 March 2006 . Archived from the original on 10 September 2006 . Retrieved 7 February 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kirschbaum , Oscar ; Van Der Kooy , Roger ; Cardoso , Eduardo ( 1983 ) . Malvinas , La Trama Secreta ( in Spanish ) . Buenos Aires : Sudamericana / Planeta . ISBN 978 - 950 - 37 - 0006 - 8 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Haig : `` Malvinas fue mi Waterloo '' `` . La Nación ( in Spanish ) . 10 August 1997 . Retrieved 25 October 2010 . ¿ Qué creía ? Que tenía que ver con despertar el orgullo nacional y con otra cosa. ... La junta -- Galtieri me lo dijo -- nunca creyó que los británicos darían pelea . Él creía que Occidente se había corrompido . Que los británicos no tenían Dios , que Estados Unidos se había corrompido ... Nunca lo pude convencer de que ellos no sólo iban a pelear , que además iban a ganar . '' ( `` What do you believe ? This was neither about national pride nor anything else. ... The junta -- Galtieri told me -- never believed the British would respond . He thought the Western World was corrupt . That the British people had no God , that the U.S. was corrupt ... I could never convince him that the British would not only fight back but also win ( the war ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Ministerio de Educación , Ciencia y Tecnología de la Nación '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 18 March 2009 . Retrieved 7 February 2010 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Jimmy Burns : The land that lost its heroes , 1987 , Bloomsbury Publishing , ISBN 0 - 7475 - 0002 - 9 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` En Buenos Aires , la Junta comenzó a estudiar la posibilidad de ocupar las Islas Malvinas y Georgias antes de que los británicos pudieran reforzarlas '' . Portierramaryaire.com . Retrieved 7 February 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Briley , Harold ( 9 April 1997 ) . `` Obituary : Captain Nicholas Barker '' . The Independent . UK . p. 16 . Retrieved 2 March 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Barnett , Correlli ( 1997 ) . `` The high cost of cuts '' . The Spectator . Archived from the original on 1 May 2013 . Retrieved 7 February 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Falklands War 1982 - Operation Rosario '' . The British Empire . Retrieved 21 September 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Falklands War : The first day , 2 April 1982 '' . 2002 - 04 - 02 . Retrieved 2018 - 09 - 21 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Margolis , Laurie ( 2 April 2007 ) . `` UK How BBC man scooped invasion news '' . BBC News . Retrieved 7 February 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Duncan , Andrew , The Falklands War , Marshall Cavendish Books Limited , ISBN 1 - 84415 - 429 - 7 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` No. 49194 '' . The London Gazette ( Supplement ) . 13 December 1982 . p. 16109 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Lawrence Freedman ( 15 August 2007 ) . The Official History of the Falklands Campaign , Volume 1 : The Origins of the Falklands War . Routledge . pp. 202 -- 203 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 41912 - 3 . Retrieved 5 February 2012 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` A Chronology of events during the Falklands Conflict of 1982 '' . Falkland Islands Information . Archived from the original on 27 March 2010 . Retrieved 24 December 2011 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Freedman 2005b , pp. 21 -- 22 : `` day - to - day oversight was to be provided by ... which came to be known as the War Cabinet . This became the critical instrument of crisis management '' </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Gold , Peter ( 2005 ) . Gibraltar , British or Spanish ? . Routledge . p. 39 . ISBN 0 - 415 - 34795 - 5 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Gold , Peter ( 2005 ) . Gibraltar , British or Spanish ? . Routledge . p. 37 . ISBN 0 - 415 - 34795 - 5 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Krepp , Stella Paresa ; Krepp , Stella Paresa ( April 2017 ) . `` Between the Cold War and the Global South : Argentina and Third World Solidarity in the Falklands / Malvinas Crisis '' . Estudos Históricos ( Rio de Janeiro ) . 30 ( 60 ) : 141 -- 160 . doi : 10.1590 / s2178 - 14942017000100008 . ISSN 0103 - 2186 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Falklands War cartoon '' . NZ History . Ministry for Culture and Heritage . 20 November 2013 . Retrieved 17 September 2018 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Black , Joanne ( 9 April 2013 ) . `` From our archive : when Rob met Maggie '' . Noted . New Zealand Listener . Retrieved 17 September 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ New Zealand Foreign Affairs Review , Volume 32 p. 44 , Ministry of Foreign Affairs , 1982 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Falklands : MT message to President Stevens of Sierra Leone ( thanks for allowing Navy ships to refuel at Freetown ) '' . Margaret Thatcher Foundation . 24 April 1982 . Retrieved 8 October 2018 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Fremont - Barnes , Gregory . `` An A-Z of the Falklands War '' . The History Press . Retrieved 16 October 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Borger , Julian ( 1 April 2012 ) . `` U.S. feared Falklands war would be ' close - run thing ' , documents reveal '' . The Guardian . London . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Grimmett , Richard F. ( 1 June 1999 ) . `` Foreign Policy Roles of the President and Congress '' . U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 24 February 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Caspar Weinberger , In the Arena : A Memoir of the Twentieth Century , with Gretchen Roberts ( Washington , DC : Regnery , 2001 ) , 374 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Paul Reynolds , `` Obituary : Caspar Weinberger , '' BBC News , 28 March 2006 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Graham Jenkins , `` Reagan , Thatcher , and the Tilt , '' Automatic Ballpoint , 7 May 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher was to later write : `` Without the Harriers ... using the latest version of the Sidewinder air - to - air missile supplied by Caspar Weinberger , we could not have retaken the Falklands . '' Dan Snow , Peter Snow , p. 270 , 20th Century Battlefields , Random House , 2012 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Reagan Readied U.S. Warship for ' 82 Falklands War '' . News and Analysis , U.S. Naval Institute . 27 June 2012 . Retrieved 27 June 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ John , Nott ( 2002 ) . `` Here Today , Gone Tomorrow '' . Archived from the original on 22 November 2010 . As soon as the conflict began Hernou ( French Defence Minister ) got in touch with me to make available a Super-Etendard and Mirage aircraft so our Harrier pilots could train against them before setting off to the South Atlantic . ( John Nott , defence minister during the Falklands war ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ John , Nott ( 2002 ) . `` Here Today , Gone Tomorrow '' . Archived from the original on 22 November 2010 . A remarkable world - wide operation then ensured to prevent further Exocets being bought by Argentina . I authorised our agents to pose as bona fide purchasers of equipment on the international market , ensuring that we outbid the Argentineans . Other agents identified Exocet missiles in various markets and covertly rendered them inoperable , based on information from the French . ( John Nott , defence minister during the Falklands war ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Peruvian Exocet connection in the Falklands / Malvinas war '' . Mercopress. 3 April 2012 . Retrieved 21 April 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` El otro rol de Peru durante la guerra de Malvinas '' . Infobae ( in Spanish ) . 1 April 2012 . Archived from the original on 5 May 2012 . Retrieved 21 April 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Interview with Chilean Air Force Chief during the Falklands War Fernando Matthei Malvinas : `` Hice todo lo posible para que Argentina perdiera la guerra '' in Clarin , Buenos Aires on 1 . September 2005 . Retrieved 11 Jule 2011 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Freedman 2005b , pp. 397 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The best trained units of the Argentine army , the 6th and 8th Mountain Brigades and the 11th Cold Weather Brigade were left behind to guard the frontier with Chile . '' Pradeep Barua , p. 152 , The Military Effectiveness of Post-Colonial States , BRILL , 2013 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Thomson , Mike ( 5 March 2012 ) . `` How France helped both sides in the Falklands War '' . BBC . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Robin Yapp ( 20 April 2011 ) . `` Israel ' supplied arms to Argentina during Falklands War ' '' . Daily Telegraph . London . Retrieved 18 April 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` ' Begin aided Argentina during Falklands War to avenge the British ' '' . Haaretz. 21 April 2011 . Retrieved 18 April 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Tras el pedido de perdón y en medio de elogios , Cristina regresó de Perú '' in Argentine newspaper Clarín on 24 March 2010 ( in Spanish ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Land that Lost Its Heroes : How Argentina Lost the Falklands War , Jimmy Burns , p. 190 , Bloomsbury Publishing , 11 / 04 / 2012 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ van der Bijl , Nick ( 1999 ) . Nine battles to Stanley . Leo Cooper . p. 141 . ISBN 978 - 0850526196 . The Junta were slow to admit defeat , but when the news was broadcast , Venezuela and Guatemala offered to send airborne units to ' smash the British in the Falklands ' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Hernan Dobry in article Kadafi fue un amigo solidario de la dictadura durante Malvinas Archived 17 September 2011 at the Wayback Machine. , in Argentine newspaper Perfil on 27 February 2011 , in Spanish language </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Brazil helped Soviet support operation for Argentina during the Falklands conflict '' . MercoPress. 23 April 2012 . Retrieved 6 June 2012 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` The Falkland Islands Conflict , 1982 '' . Global Security . Retrieved 25 December 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Woodward & Robinson 1997 , p. 72 Cited in To Rule The Waves : How the British Navy Shaped the Modern World Herman , A ( 2004 ) Harper Collins , New York , p. 560 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Lawrence Freedman ( 2005 ) . `` 30 '' . The Official History of the Falklands Campaign : War and diplomacy . 2 . Psychology Press . pp. 431 -- 444 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7146 - 5207 - 8 . Retrieved 7 June 2015 . `` During the course of May confidence that the naval threat was under control grew . Optimism on the air threat was much scarcer , especially among those who might be on the receiving end . '' </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` AV - 8B Harrier Operations '' . GlobalSecurity.org . Retrieved 21 April 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Argentine Airpower in the Falklands War '' . Airpower.maxwell.af.mil . Retrieved 4 January 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Hastings , Max ; Jenkins , Simon ( 1983 ) . The Battle for the Falklands . Norton . pp. 115 -- 116 . ISBN 0 - 393 - 30198 - 2 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` FAA map '' . Archived from the original on 24 October 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 24 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Brown 1987 , p. 110 </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Submarine Operations during the Falklands War -- U.S. Naval War College '' . Retrieved 7 February 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 1982 : Marines land in South Georgia '' . BBC . 25 April 1982 . Retrieved 20 June 2005 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Ward 2000 , p. 186 : `` ... to get twenty - one bombs to Port Stanley is going to take about one million , one hundred thousand pounds of fuel -- equalled about 137,000 gallons . That was enough fuel to fly 260 Sea Harrier bombing missions over Port Stanley . Which in turn meant just over 1300 bombs . Interesting stuff ! '' </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Operation Black Buck '' . Royal Air Force . Archived from the original on 14 February 2014 . Retrieved 12 March 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Freedman 2005b , pp. 296 , 301 , 631 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Offensive Air Operations of the Falklands War '' . Globalsecurity.org . As a result of these heavy losses ... it was decided to pull the Mirage III 's back to the mainland to stand alert for a possible Vulcan attack . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Falkland Islands Conflict , 1982 : Air Defense of the Fleet '' . Globalsecurity.org . Finally , the bombing raids caused the Argentines to fear an air attack on the mainland , causing them to retain some Mirage aircraft and Roland missiles for defense . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` La familia Mirage '' . Aeroespacio ( in Spanish ) . Fuerza Aerea Argentina . ISSN 0001 - 9127 . Archived from the original on 31 May 2011 . `` Los M III debían defender el territorio continental argentino de posibles ataques de los bombarderos Vulcan de la RAF , brindar escolta a los cazabombarderos de la FAA , e impedir los ataques de aviones de la Royal Navy y de la RAF sobre las Malvinas . '' ( `` The M III would defend the Argentine mainland against possible attacks by Vulcan bombers from the RAF , providing escort of fighter bombers to the FAA , and to prevent attacks by aircraft of the Royal Navy and RAF on the Falklands . '' ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Ward 2000 , pp. 247 -- 48 : `` Propaganda was , of course , used later to try to justify these missions : ' The Mirage IIIs were redrawn from Southern Argentina to Buenos Aires to add to the defences there following the Vulcan raids on the islands . ' Apparently the logic behind this statement was that if the Vulcan could hit Port Stanley , the ( sic ) Buenos Aires was well within range as well and was vulnerable to similar attacks . I never went along with that baloney . A lone Vulcan or two running in to attack Buenos Aires without fighter support would have been shot to hell in quick time . '' - `` Mirage IIIs were in evidence near the islands on several occasions during the conflict , either escorting the Neptune reconnaissance missions or on ' interference ' flights that attempted to draw CAP attention away from air - to - ground attacks . '' - `` Suffice it to say that you did n't need more than one or two Mirage IIIs to intercept a Vulcan attack on Buenos Aires '' - `` It would have taken much more than a lone Vulcan raid to upset Buenos Aires '' </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Falkland Islands Conflict , 1982 : Air Defense of the Fleet '' . Globalsecurity.org . Unfortunately the British Secretary of State for Defence announced sometime later that Britain would not bomb targets on the Argentine mainland . This statement was undoubtedly welcomed by the Argentine military command , because it permitted the very limited number of Roland SAM 's to be deployed around the airfield at Stanley . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Argentine Air Force remembers its `` baptism of fire '' twenty years on `` . En.mercopress.com. 1 May 2002 . Retrieved 9 June 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Rodríguez Mottino , Horacio ( 1984 ) . La artillería argentina en Malvinas ( in Spanish ) . Editorial Clio . p. 170 . ISBN 978 - 9509377028 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Rodolfo Manuel de la Colina '' . Fuerza Aérea Argentina ( in Spanish ) . Archived from the original on 7 October 2014 . Retrieved 12 March 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Noticias Municipales Puerto Madryn '' . Madryn.gov.ar. 2 April 2009 . Archived from the original on 15 April 2012 . Retrieved 4 January 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Fuerza Aérea Argentina '' . Fuerzaaerea.mil.ar . Archived from the original on 30 April 2009 . Retrieved 7 February 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` ASN Aircraft accident description Lockheed C - 130H Hercules TC - 63 -- Pebble Island '' . Aviation-safety.net . Retrieved 7 February 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Evans , Michael ( 27 November 2007 ) . `` Underwater and undercover : how nuclear subs were first line of Falklands defence '' . The Times . London . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Peter Beaumont ( 25 May 2003 ) . `` Belgrano crew ' trigger happy ' '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 20 May 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Woodward & Robinson 1997 , p. 8 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Charles Moore , Margaret Thatcher : The Authorized Biography ( 2013 ) Volume 1 , pp. 726 -- 728 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The SAS vs the Exocet '' . eliteukforces.info. 27 October 2007 . Retrieved 7 February 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Evans , Michael ; Hamilton , Alan ( 27 June 2005 ) . `` Thatcher in the dark on sinking of Belgrano '' . The Times . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` British Special Air Service SAS - The Falklands - Operation Corporate '' . Retrieved 2 October 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Yates , David ( 2006 ) . Bomb Alley -- Falkland Islands 1982 . Pen and Sword . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84415 - 417 - 3 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Americas Charles ends Falklands tour on sombre note '' . BBC News . 15 March 1999 . Retrieved 7 February 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Rumley , Leesa ( 1 June 2007 ) . `` Captain Hart Dyke , Commanding Officer of HMS Coventry '' . BBC News . Retrieved 7 February 2010 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Woodward & Robinson 1997 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` British Ships Sunk and Damaged -- Falklands War 1982 '' . Naval-history.net . Retrieved 7 February 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Gethin Chamberlain ( 5 April 2002 ) . `` Would British forces be able to retake the Falklands today ? '' . The Scotsman . UK . p. 12 . Archived from the original on 5 April 2002 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Falklands Conflict 1982 '' . Royal Navy . 2 April 1982 . Archived from the original on 9 April 2008 . Retrieved 7 February 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Captain Paul Bootherstone obituary '' . Guardian . 9 April 2001 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` No. 49134 '' . The London Gazette ( Supplement ) . 8 October 1982 . p. 12854 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Argentine Aircraft in the Falklands '' . Britains-smallwars.com . Archived from the original on 23 February 2009 . Retrieved 7 February 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Argentine Air Force -- Group 5 '' . Skyhawk.org . Archived from the original on 9 May 2007 . Retrieved 7 February 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Super Etendard '' . Operationcorporate.com. 29 May 2007 . Retrieved 7 February 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` HMS Yarmouth , Captains Diary '' . Archived from the original on 21 March 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Argentine Commandos on Mount Kent '' . Britains-smallwars.com . Archived from the original on 28 March 2010 . Retrieved 7 February 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Argentine Puma Shot Down By American `` Stinger '' Missile `` . En.mercopress.com. 12 April 2002 . Retrieved 7 February 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Julian Thompson , No Picnic , p. 93 , Cassell & Co , 2001 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Rick Jolly , The Red & Green Life Machine , p. 124 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Ewen Southby - Tailyour ( 31 December 1990 ) . Reasons in Writing : A Commando 's View of the Falklands War . Pen and Sword . p. 297 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84415 - 014 - 4 . `` It was clear that I was achieving nothing and so , in desperation , I gave a direct order for the infantry to get ashore with or without their kit in order that we could get on with unloading Sir Tristram . The officers ignored my order . In doing so they explained to me quite clearly that no orders would be accepted from an officer of equivalent rank . '' </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 1982 : Fifty die in Argentine air attack '' . BBC News . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bolia , Robert S . `` The Falklands War : The Bluff Cove Disaster '' ( PDF ) . Military Review ( November -- December 2004 ) : 71 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 16 March 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` An interview with CL ( R ) Ing . Julio Pérez , chief designer of Exocet trailer - based launcher '' ( in Spanish ) . Archived from the original on 2 March 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Hastings & Jenkins 1984 , p. 307 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The race to regain Thule '' . Navy News p. 21 . July 1982 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Ley 24.950 : Decláranse `` Héroes nacionales '' a los combatientes argentinos fallecidos durante la guerra de Malvinas `` . InfoLEG ( in Spanish ) . 18 March 1998 . Retrieved 11 March 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` list '' . Ejercito.mil.ar . Archived from the original on 6 April 2010 . Retrieved 7 February 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ list Archived 4 February 2010 at the Wayback Machine . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` list '' . Fuerzaaerea.mil.ar . Archived from the original on 6 April 2010 . Retrieved 7 February 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Databases -- Falklands War 1982 '' . Roll of Honour . Retrieved 4 January 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` list '' . Raf.mod.uk. 1 October 2004 . Archived from the original on 6 June 2011 . Retrieved 7 February 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` list '' . Raf.mod.uk. 1 October 2004 . Archived from the original on 6 June 2011 . Retrieved 7 February 2010 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Falkland Islands -- A history of the 1982 conflict '' . Raf.mod.uk. 1 October 2004 . Archived from the original on 21 March 2009 . Retrieved 7 February 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Force 4 : The Newsletter of the Royal Fleet Auxiliary , April 1983 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Para '' . Raf.mod.uk. 1 October 2004 . Archived from the original on 11 December 2009 . Retrieved 7 February 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` SAS '' . Raf.mod.uk. 1 October 2004 . Archived from the original on 11 December 2009 . Retrieved 7 February 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` rest of army '' . Raf.mod.uk. 1 October 2004 . Archived from the original on 11 December 2009 . Retrieved 7 February 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Peter . `` HMHS Uganda History '' . Merchantnavyofficers.com . Retrieved 9 June 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Swavesey St Andrew Roll of Honour '' . Roll-of-honour.com . Retrieved 9 June 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Davis , Ian ( 17 October 2014 ) . `` NATO 's Ebola ' capability gap ' : where are the hospital ships ? '' . NATO Watch . NATO . Retrieved 2 February 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 1983 : Thatcher triumphs again '' . BBC News . 5 April 2005 . Retrieved 8 June 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Rees , Alun . `` Suicide of Falklands veterans '' . Daily Mail . London . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kapur , Navneet ; While , David ; Blatchley , Nick ; Bray , Isabelle ; Harrison , Kate ( 2009 ) . Hotopf , Matthew , ed . `` Suicide after leaving the UK armed forces -- a cohort study '' . PLoS Medicine . 6 ( 3 ) : e26 . doi : 10.1371 / journal. pmed. 1000026 . PMC 2650723 . PMID 19260757 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Edición Impresa Una fecha trágica de nuestra historia '' . Perfil.com. 4 January 2012 . Archived from the original on 1 May 2013 . Retrieved 3 January 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ A study of deaths among UK Armed Forces personnel deployed to the 1982 Falklands Campaign : 1982 to 2012 published : 14 May 2013 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Norton - Taylor , Richard ( 14 May 2013 ) . `` Falklands war : new study debunks claims of high suicide rates '' . London : The Guardian . Retrieved 12 July 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 1982 Liberation Memorial - Things to Do in the Falkland Islands '' . www.falklandislands.com . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 14 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Lady Thatcher marks Falklands anniversary at St Paul 's '' . Archived from the original on 3 March 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` About the Chapel '' . The Falkland Islands Memorial Chapel website . Retrieved 12 June 2016 . The Falkland Islands Memorial Chapel at Pangbourne College has been built to commemorate the lives and sacrifice of all those who died in the South Atlantic in 1982 -- to stand as a permanent and ' living ' memorial to remember them -- and the courage of the thousands of Servicemen and women who served with them to protect the sovereignty of the Falkland Islands </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Falklands ( Las Malvinas ) War Memorial Wall '' . Archived from the original on 16 July 2007 . Retrieved 16 July 2007 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Peter Snow , Dan Snow ( 16 July 2008 ) . `` 1982 Falklands '' . 20th Century Battlefields . BBC . BBC Two . Retrieved 20 October 2011 . After the war the British government offered to return the bodies of the Argentinian dead to Argentina for burial , but their government refused . They said that these islands were part of Argentina , and the bodies would remain here . For the Falkland islanders , these graves are daily reminder that Argentina refuses to drop its claim their homeland . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` United Kingdom -- Mine Action , Contamination and Impact '' . Landmine and Cluster Munition Monitor. 21 September 2011 . Retrieved 16 June 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Falklands ' land mine clearance set to enter a new expanded phase in early 2012 '' . MercoPress . Montevideo. 8 December 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Falklands recover 370 hectares of Stanley Common made minefields in 1982 by Argentine forces '' . MercoPress . Montevideo. 17 May 2012 . Retrieved 17 June 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ El periodismo argentino y su papel en la Guerra de Malvinas Archived 6 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine . ( in Spanish ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Middlebrook 1989 , p. 94 : `` First of May . Menéndez ordered the publication of a newspaper for the troops on the Falkland Islands called Gaceta Argentina . It stated that one of the Mirages lost on 1 May had collided with a Sea Harrier and the Argentine pilot survived . In fact Argentine AAA at Stanley shot down the Mirage when it tried an emergency landing there . It was a blatant lie for all those Argentine servicemen who had seen the Mirage being shot down by Argentine guns and had removed the dead pilot from the crashed aeroplane . Similarly , the junta 's press office in Buenos Aires informed that Lieutenant Antonio Jukic , who actually was killed in his Pucará on the ground at Goose Green , had perished in a gallant , single - handed Pucará attack on HMS Hermes , setting it on fire . This statement was illustrated with dramatic sketches . The men at Goose Green knew that Lieutenant Jukic had died on the ground there . Gaceta Argentina summed up the British losses up to 25 May as : 5 warship sunk ( correct number 3 ) , 3 transport ships including SS Canberra ( 1 ; Atlantic Conveyor ) , 14 Sea Harriers ( 2 shot down & 3 accidents ) and many ships damaged , including HMS Hermes . Gaceta Argentina even wrote : ' All of these details refer only to proven claims and not to estimated or unproven claims ... ' . '' </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` title missing '' . La Nación ( in Spanish ) . May 1982 . No se engañen en Europa . No es una dictadura la que lucha por Malvinas , es la Nación entera . Opositores a la dictadura militar , como yo , estamos luchando por extirpar el último resto de colonialismo . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Harris 1983 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Margaret Thatcher portrayed as a pirate , 30 April 1982 '' . Science and Society Picture Library . Retrieved 1 July 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Mather , Ian ( 1 April 2007 ) . `` I went as a reporter but ended up a prisoner of war '' . The Observer . London . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Freedman , `` two journalists on Invincible were interested in no issue other than what Prince Andrew , a helicopter pilot as well as the Queen 's son , was up to '' . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Freedman 2005b , p. 36 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Harris 1983 : `` You must have been told you could n't report bad news ... You were expected to do a 1940 propaganda job . '' </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Hastings & Jenkins 1984 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` When Britain Went to War '' . Channel 4 . Retrieved 7 February 2010 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Dawn Fowler . `` Margaret Thatcher And Falklands War Drama '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 14 March 2012 . Retrieved 9 February 2011 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` A new Britain , a new kind of newspaper '' . The Guardian . London . 25 February 2002 . Retrieved 9 February 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Stefanie Hauk . `` Between censorship and rude sensationalism -- Falkland and `` the information war '' '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 9 February 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kassimeris , George ; Buckley , John D. ( 16 February 2010 ) . The Ashgate research companion to modern warfare . p. 425 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7546 - 7410 - 8 . Retrieved 9 February 2011 . The Falklands conflict was no different , although the excessively jingoistic headlines of The Sun newspaper ( ' UP YOURS GALTIERI ! ' , ' ARGIE BARGEY ' and ' GOTCHA ' ) resulted in a downturn in readership . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Sun newspaper on the Falklands '' . The Guardian . London . 25 February 2002 . Retrieved 7 February 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Douglas , Torin ( 14 September 2004 ) . `` UK Magazine Forty years of The Sun '' . BBC News . Retrieved 7 February 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` War '' . British-library.uk. 4 May 1982 . Retrieved 7 February 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Falkland Islands : Imperial pride '' . the Guardian . Retrieved 2 October 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Por MATIAS QUEROL . `` Malvinas , el curioso renacer del rock argentino '' . About . Archived from the original on 8 June 2013 . Retrieved 2 October 2014 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> Bibliography ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Barnett , Anthony ( 1982 ) . Iron Britannia : Why Parliament Waged Its Falklands War . Allison & Busby . ISBN 0 - 85031 - 493 - 3 . </Li> <Li> Bicheno , Hugh ( 2006 ) . Razor 's edge : the unofficial history of the Falklands War . Weidenfeld & Nicolson . ISBN 0 - 297 - 84633 - 7 . </Li> <Li> Blakeway , Denys ( 1992 ) . The Falklands War . Sidgwick & Jackson . ISBN 0 - 283 - 06101 - 4 . </Li> <Li> Brown , David ( 1987 ) . The Royal Navy and the Falklands War . Leo Cooper . ISBN 0 - 85052 - 059 - 2 . </Li> <Li> Dalyell , Tam ( 1982 ) . One man 's Falklands . Cecil Woolf . ISBN 0 - 900821 - 65 - 5 . </Li> <Li> Dalyell , Tam ( 1983 ) . Thatcher 's Torpedo . Cecil Woolf . ISBN 0 - 900821 - 66 - 3 . </Li> <Li> Eddy , Paul ; Gillman , Peter ; Linklater , Magnus ; Sunday Times of London Insight Team ( 1982 ) . The Falklands War . Sphere Books . ISBN 0 - 7221 - 8282 - 1 . </Li> <Li> Femenia , Nora ( 1996 ) . National identity in times of crises : The scripts of the Falklands - Malvinas War . Nova Science Publishers . ISBN 1 - 56072 - 196 - 0 . </Li> <Li> Finlan , Alastair . The Royal Navy in the Falklands Conflict and the Gulf War : Culture and Strategy ( Psychology Press , 2004 ) . </Li> <Li> Fremont - Barnes , Gregory ( 2012 ) . The Falklands 1982 : Ground operations in the South Atlantic . 244 . Osprey Publishing . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84908 - 607 - 3 . </Li> <Li> Franks ; et al. ( January 1983 ) . Falkland Islands Review : Report of a Committee of Privy Counsellors ( PDF ) ( Report ) . HMSO . Cmnd. 8787 . </Li> <Li> Freedman , Lawrence ( 2005a ) . The official history of the Falklands Campaign. 1 . Routledge . ISBN 0 - 7146 - 5206 - 7 . </Li> <Li> Freedman , Lawrence ( 2005b ) . The official history of the Falklands Campaign. 2 . Routledge . ISBN 0 - 7146 - 5207 - 5 . </Li> <Li> Gavshon , Arthur ; Rice , Desmond ( 1984 ) . The sinking of the Belgrano . Secker & Warburg . ISBN 0 - 436 - 41332 - 9 . </Li> <Li> Harris , Robert ( 1983 ) . GOTCHA ! The Media , the Government and the Falklands Crisis . Faber and Faber . ISBN 0 - 571 - 13052 - 6 . </Li> <Li> Hastings , Max ; Jenkins , Simon ( 1984 ) . The battle for the Falklands . Norton . ISBN 0 - 393 - 30198 - 2 . </Li> <Li> Hobson , Chris ; Noble , Andrew ( 2002 ) . Munro , Bob , ed . Falklands air war . North American trade distribution , Specialty Press Publishers & Wholesalers . ISBN 978 - 1 - 85780 - 126 - 2 . </Li> <Li> Hunt , Rex ( 1992 ) . My Falkland Days . Politico 's Publishing . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84275 - 017 - 9 . </Li> <Li> Kon , Daniel ( 1983 ) . Los chicos de la guerra = The boys of the war . New English Library . ISBN 0 - 450 - 05611 - 2 . ( English translation ) </Li> <Li> McClure , Jason ( November 2004 ) . `` The Falklands War : Causes and Lessons '' . Strategic Insights. 3 ( 11 ) . </Li> <Li> McManners , Hugh ( 2007 ) . Forgotten Voices of the Falklands . Ebury . ISBN 978 - 0 - 09 - 190880 - 5 . </Li> <Li> Middlebrook , Martin ( 1985 ) . Operation Corporate : The story of the Falklands War , 1982 . Viking . ISBN 0 - 670 - 80223 - 9 . </Li> <Li> Middlebrook , Martin ( 1989 ) . The fight for the `` Malvinas '' : The Argentine Forces in the Falklands War . Viking . ISBN 0 - 670 - 82106 - 3 . </Li> <Li> Norton - Taylor , Richard ( 1985 ) . The Ponting affair . Cecil Woolf . ISBN 0 - 900821 - 73 - 6 . </Li> <Li> Ponting , Clive ( 1985 ) . The right to know : The inside story of the Belgrano affair . Sphere . ISBN 0 - 7221 - 6944 - 2 . </Li> <Li> Prince , Stephen . `` British command and control in the Falklands Campaign . '' Defense & Security Analysis 18.4 ( 2002 ) : 333 - 349 . </Li> <Li> Tinker , David ( 1982 ) . A message from the Falklands : The life and gallant death of David Tinker : From his letters and poems . Penguin . ISBN 0 - 14 - 006778 - 7 . </Li> <Li> Thornton , Richard C. ( 1998 ) . The Falklands sting : Reagan , Thatcher , and Argentina 's bomb . Brassey 's . ISBN 1 - 57488 - 155 - 8 . </Li> <Li> Underwood , Geoffrey ( 1983 ) . Our Falklands war : The men of the task force tell their story . Maritime Books . ISBN 0 - 907771 - 08 - 4 . </Li> <Li> Ward , Nigel ( 2000 ) . Sea harrier over the Falklands . Cassell . ISBN 978 - 0 - 304 - 35542 - 6 . </Li> <Li> Woodward , Sandy ; Robinson , Patrick ( 1997 ) . One hundred days : The memoirs of the Falklands battle group commander . Naval Institute Press . ISBN 1 - 55750 - 652 - 3 . </Li> </Ul> <H3> Historiography ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Caviedes , César N ( 1994 ) . `` Conflict over the Falkland Islands : A never - ending story ? '' . Latin American Research Review . 29 ( 2 ) : 172 -- 87 . </Li> <Li> Little , Walter . `` The Falklands Affair : A Review of the Literature , '' Political Studies , ( June 1984 ) 32 # 2 pp 296 -- 310 </Li> <Li> Tulchin , Joseph S ( 1987 ) . `` The Malvinas War Of 1982 : An Inevitable Conflict That Never Should Have Occurred '' . Latin American Research Review . 22 ( 3 ) : 123 -- 141 . </Li> </Ul> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wikiquote has quotations related to : Falklands War </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wikimedia Commons has media related to Falklands War . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ul> <Li> `` Falkland Islands History Roll of Honour '' . Royal Air Force . Archived from the original on 2 April 2015 . Retrieved 8 March 2015 . </Li> <Li> `` The Falklands roundtable : Final edited transcript '' ( PDF ) . Miller Center of Public Affairs . </Li> <Li> `` The Falkland Islands Conflict 1982 '' . falklandswar.org.uk . </Li> <Li> Schumann , Peter B. `` Argentiniens unbewältigte Vergangenheit '' ( Argentina 's unresolved past ) . Deutschlandfunk ( in German ) . </Li> <Li> `` The South Atlantic Medal Association 1982 '' . sama82.org.uk . </Li> <Li> `` Battle atlas of the Falklands war 1982 by land , sea and air '' . naval-history.net . </Li> <Li> `` No. 49134 '' . The London Gazette ( Supplement ) . 8 October 1982 . pp. 12831 -- 12861 . Victoria Cross and other decorations </Li> <Li> `` No. 48999 '' . The London Gazette ( Supplement ) . 3 June 1982 . pp. 7421 -- 7422 . Decorations specifically for the defence of South Georgia </Li> <Li> `` ITB Batería Costera Exocet en Malvinas : Entrevista con el CL ( R ) Ing . Julio Pérez '' ( ITB Exocet battery : Interview with Julio Pérez ) . Fuerzas Navales Magazine ( in Spanish ) ( 14 ) . 2002 . Archived from the original on 2 March 2008 . </Li> <Li> ex-7th Argentine Infantry Regiment veterans ( in Spanish ) </Li> <Li> `` Coverage of the Falklands war '' . RadioTapes.com . </Li> <Li> Rey , Carlos Alberto ; Rattenbach , Benjamín et al ( in Spanish ) . Report Rattenbach : Report of the commission for analysis and evaluation of responsibility in the conflict ` South Atlantic ` . Wikisource . </Li> <Li> Paul A Olsen ( 17 May 2012 ) . Operation Corporate : Operational Art and Implications for the Joint Operational Access Concept . School of Advanced Military Studies ( Report ) . DTIC . ADA566546 . </Li> <Li> Lessons of the Falklands . Department of the Navy ( Report ) . DTIC . February 1983 . 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why did argentina attack the falklands/malvinas islands

https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Falklands_War&amp;oldid=865589436

Orbit of the Moon - wikipedia <H1> Orbit of the Moon </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Dl> <Dd> Not to be confused with Lunar orbit ( the orbit of an object around the Moon ) . </Dd> </Dl> <Table> Orbit of the Moon <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Diagram of the Moon 's orbit with respect to the Earth </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Property </Th> <Th> Value </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Semi-major axis </Td> <Td> 384,748 km ( 239,071 mi ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Mean distance </Td> <Td> 385,000 km ( 239,000 mi ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Inverse sine parallax </Td> <Td> 384,400 km ( 238,900 mi ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Perigee ( i.e. min . distance from Earth ) </Td> <Td> 362,600 km ( 225,300 mi ) ( avg . ) ( 356 400 -- 370 400 km ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Apogee ( i.e. max . distance from Earth ) </Td> <Td> 405,400 km ( 251,900 mi ) ( avg . ) ( 404 000 -- 406 700 km ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Mean eccentricity </Td> <Td> 6998549006000000000 ♠ 0.054 9006 ( 0.026 -- 0.077 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Mean obliquity </Td> <Td> 6.687 ° </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Mean inclination </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> of orbit to ecliptic </Td> <Td> 5.15 ° ( 4.99 -- 5.30 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> of lunar equator to ecliptic </Td> <Td> 1.543 ° </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Period of </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> orbit around Earth ( sidereal ) </Td> <Td> 27.322 days </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> orbit around Earth ( synodic ) </Td> <Td> 29.530 days </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> precession of nodes </Td> <Td> 18.5996 years </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> precession of line of apsides </Td> <Td> 8.8504 years </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The Moon orbits Earth in the prograde direction and completes one revolution relative to the stars in about 27.322 days ( a sidereal month ) and one revolution relative to the Sun in about 29.530 days ( a synodic month ) . Earth and the Moon orbit about their barycentre ( common center of mass ) , which lies about 4,600 km ( 2,900 mi ) from Earth 's center ( about 3 / 4 of the radius of Earth ) . On average , the distance to the Moon is about 385,000 km ( 239,000 mi ) from Earth 's center , which corresponds to about 60 Earth radii . With a mean orbital velocity of 1.022 km / s ( 2,290 mph ) , the Moon covers a distance approximately its diameter , or about half a degree on the celestial sphere , each hour . The Moon differs from most satellites of other planets in that its orbit is close to the ecliptic plane instead of that of its primary ( in this case , the Earth 's equatorial plane ) . The Moon 's orbital plane is inclined by about 5.1 ° to the ecliptic plane , whereas the Moon 's equatorial plane is tilted by only 1.5 ° . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Properties <Ul> <Li> 1.1 Elliptic shape </Li> <Li> 1.2 Elongation </Li> <Li> 1.3 Precession </Li> <Li> 1.4 Inclination <Ul> <Li> 1.4. 1 Nodes </Li> <Li> 1.4. 2 Inclination to the equator and lunar standstill </Li> <Li> 1.4. 3 Scale model </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2 History of observations and measurements </Li> <Li> 3 Lunar periods </Li> <Li> 4 Tidal evolution </Li> <Li> 5 Libration </Li> <Li> 6 Path of Earth and Moon around Sun </Li> <Li> 7 See also </Li> <Li> 8 References </Li> <Li> 9 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Properties ( edit ) </H2> <P> The properties of the orbit described in this section are approximations . The Moon 's orbit around Earth has many irregularities ( perturbations ) , the study of which ( lunar theory ) has a long history . </P> Comparison of the Moon 's apparent size at lunar perigee -- apogee <H3> Elliptic shape ( edit ) </H3> <P> The orbit of the Moon is distinctly elliptical , with an average eccentricity of 0.0549 . The non-circular form of the lunar orbit causes variations in the Moon 's angular speed and apparent size as it moves towards and away from an observer on Earth . The mean angular movement relative to an imaginary observer at the Earth - Moon barycentre is 7001131760000000000 ♠ 13.176 ° per day to the east ( Julian day 2000 ) . </P> <H3> Elongation ( edit ) </H3> <P> The Moon 's elongation is its angular distance east of the Sun at any time . At new moon , it is zero and the Moon is said to be in conjunction . At full moon , the elongation is 180 ° and it is said to be in opposition . In both cases , the Moon is in syzygy , that is , the Sun , Moon and Earth are nearly aligned . When elongation is either 90 ° or 270 ° , the Moon is said to be in quadrature . </P> <H3> Precession ( edit ) </H3> Apsidal precession -- the Moon 's orbit rotates once every 8.85 years . Orbital inclination -- the Moon 's orbit is inclined by 5.14 ° to the ecliptic . Earth 's lunar orbit perturbations <P> The orientation of the orbit is not fixed in space , but rotates over time . This orbital precession is also called apsidal precession and is the rotation of the Moon 's orbit within the orbital plane , i.e. the axes of the ellipse change direction . The Moon 's major axis -- the longest diameter of the orbit , joining its nearest and farthest points , the perigee and apogee , respectively -- makes one complete revolution every 8.85 Earth years , or 3,232.6054 days , as it rotates slowly in the same direction as the Moon itself ( direct motion ) . The Moon 's apsidal precession is distinct from the nodal precession of its orbital plane and axial precession of moon itself . </P> <P> For the moon to make a complete rotation on its axis takes approximately 27.3 days . It takes the moon about this same time to orbit the earth ; this is why we always see the same side of the moon ( see tidal locking ) . </P> <H3> Inclination ( edit ) </H3> <P> The mean inclination of the lunar orbit to the ecliptic plane is 5.145 ° . Theoretical considerations show that the present inclination relative to the ecliptic plane arose by tidal evolution from an earlier near - Earth orbit with a fairly constant inclination relative to Earth 's equator . It would require an inclination of this earlier orbit of about 10 ° to the equator to produce a present inclination of 5 ° to the ecliptic . It is thought that originally the inclination to the equator was near zero , but it could have been increased to 10 ° through the influence of planetesimals passing near the moon while falling to the earth . If this had not happened , the moon would now lie much closer to the ecliptic and eclipses would be much more frequent . </P> <P> The rotational axis of the Moon is not perpendicular to its orbital plane , so the lunar equator is not in the plane of its orbit , but is inclined to it by a constant value of 6.688 ° ( this is the obliquity ) . As was discovered by Jacques Cassini in 1722 , the rotational axis of the Moon precesses with the same rate as its orbital plane , but is 180 ° out of phase ( see Cassini 's Laws ) . Therefore , the angle between the ecliptic and the lunar equator is always 1.543 ° , even though the rotational axis of the Moon is not fixed with respect to the stars . </P> Nodes ( edit ) Main article : Lunar node <P> The nodes are points at which the Moon 's orbit crosses the ecliptic . The Moon crosses the same node every 27.2122 days , an interval called the draconic or draconitic month . The line of nodes , the intersection between the two respective planes , has a retrograde motion : for an observer on Earth , it rotates westward along the ecliptic with a period of 18.60 years or 19.3549 ° per year . When viewed from the celestial north , the nodes move clockwise around Earth , opposite to Earth 's own spin and its revolution around the Sun . Lunar and solar eclipses can occur when the nodes align with the Sun , roughly every 173.3 days . Lunar orbit inclination also determines eclipses ; shadows cross when nodes coincide with full and new moon when the Sun , Earth , and Moon align in three dimensions . </P> <P> In effect , this means that the `` tropical year '' on the moon is only 347 days long . This is called the draconic year or eclipse year . The `` seasons '' on the moon fit into this period . For about half of this draconic year , the sun is north of the lunar equator ( but at most 1.543 ° ) , and for the other half , it is south of the lunar equator . Obviously , the effect of these seasons is minor compared to the difference between lunar night and lunar day . At the lunar poles , instead of usual lunar days and nights of about 15 Earth days , the sun will be `` up '' for 173 days as it will be `` down '' ; polar sunrise and sunset takes 18 days each year . `` Up '' here means that the centre of the sun is above the horizon . Lunar polar sunrises and sunsets occur around the time of eclipses ( solar or lunar ) . For example , at the Solar eclipse of March 9 , 2016 , the moon was near its descending node , and the sun was near the point in the sky where the equator of the moon crosses the ecliptic . When the sun reaches that point , the centre of the sun sets at the lunar north pole and rises at the lunar south pole . </P> Inclination to the equator and lunar standstill ( edit ) Main article : Lunar standstill <P> Every 18.6 years , the angle between the Moon 's orbit and Earth 's equator reaches a maximum of 28 ° 36 ′ , the sum of Earth 's equatorial tilt ( 23 ° 27 ′ ) and the Moon 's orbital inclination ( 5 ° 09 ′ ) to the ecliptic . This is called major lunar standstill . Around this time , the Moon 's declination will vary from − 28 ° 36 ′ to + 28 ° 36 ′ . Conversely , 9.3 years later , the angle between the Moon 's orbit and Earth 's equator reaches its minimum of 18 ° 20 ′ . This is called a minor lunar standstill . The last lunar standstill was a minor standstill in October , 2015 . At that time the descending node was lined up with the equinox ( the point in the sky having right ascension zero and declination zero ) . The nodes are moving west by about 19 ° per year . The sun crosses a given node about 20 days earlier each year . </P> <P> When the inclination of the Moon 's orbit to the Earth 's equator is at its minimum of 18 ° 20 ′ , the centre of the Moon 's disk will be above the horizon every day from latitudes less than 71 ° 40 ' ( 90 ° − 18 ° 20 ' ) north or south . When the inclination is at its maximum of 28 ° 36 ' , the centre of the Moon 's disk will be above the horizon every day only from latitudes less than 61 ° 24 ' ( 90 ° − 28 ° 36 ' ) north or south . </P> <P> At higher latitudes , there will be a period of at least one day each month when the Moon does not rise , but there will also be a period of at least one day each month when the Moon does not set . This is similar to the seasonal behaviour of the Sun , but with a period of 27.2 days instead of 365 days . Note that a point on the Moon can actually be visible when it is about 34 arc minutes below the horizon , due to atmospheric refraction . </P> <P> Because of the inclination of the moon 's orbit with respect to the earth 's equator , the moon is above the horizon at the North and South Pole for almost two weeks every month , even though the sun is below the horizon for six months at a time . The period from moonrise to moonrise at the poles is a tropical month , about 27.3 days , quite close to the sidereal period . When the sun is the furthest below the horizon ( winter solstice ) , the moon will be full when it is at its highest point . When the moon is in Gemini it will be above the horizon at the North Pole , and when it is in Sagittarius it will be up at the South Pole . </P> <P> The moon 's light is used by zooplankton in the Arctic when the sun is below the horizon for months and must have been helpful to the animals that lived in Arctic and Antarctic regions when the climate was warmer . </P> Scale model ( edit ) <Ul> <Li> <P> Scale model of the Earth -- Moon system : Sizes and distances are to scale . </P> </Li> </Ul> <H2> History of observations and measurements ( edit ) </H2> <P> About 1000 BC , the Babylonians were the first human civilization known to have kept a consistent record of lunar observations . Clay tablets from that period , which have been found over the territory of present - day Iraq , are inscribed with cuneiform writing recording the times and dates of moonrises and moonsets , the stars that the Moon passed close by , and the time differences between rising and setting of both the Sun and the Moon around the time of the full moon . Babylonian astronomy discovered the three main periods of the Moon 's motion and used data analysis to build lunar calendars that extended well into the future . This use of detailed , systematic observations to make predictions based on experimental data may be classified as the first scientific study in human history . However , the Babylonians seem to have lacked any geometrical or physical interpretation of their data , and they could not predict future lunar eclipses ( although `` warnings '' were issued before likely eclipse times ) . </P> <P> Ancient Greek astronomers were the first to introduce and analyze mathematical models of the motion of objects in the sky . Ptolemy described lunar motion by using a well - defined geometric model of epicycles and evection . </P> <P> Sir Isaac Newton was the first to develop a complete theory of motion , mechanics . The sheer wealth of humanity 's observations of the lunar motion was the main testbed of his theory . </P> <H2> Lunar periods ( edit ) </H2> See also : Lunar month and Month <Table> <Tr> <Th> Name </Th> <Th> Value ( days ) </Th> <Th> Definition </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Sidereal month </Td> <Td> 7001273216620000000 ♠ 27.321 662 </Td> <Td> with respect to the distant stars ( 13.36874634 passes per solar orbit ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Synodic month </Td> <Td> 7001295305890000000 ♠ 29.530 589 </Td> <Td> with respect to the Sun ( phases of the Moon , 12.36874634 passes per solar orbit ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Tropical month </Td> <Td> 7001273215820000000 ♠ 27.321 582 </Td> <Td> with respect to the vernal point ( precesses in ~ 26,000 years ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Anomalistic month </Td> <Td> 7001275545500000000 ♠ 27.554 550 </Td> <Td> with respect to the perigee ( precesses in 3232.6054 days = 8.850578 years ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Draconic month </Td> <Td> 7001272122210000000 ♠ 27.212 221 </Td> <Td> with respect to the ascending node ( precesses in 6793.4765 days = 18.5996 years ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> There are several different periods associated with the lunar orbit . The sidereal month is the time it takes to make one complete orbit around Earth with respect to the fixed stars . It is about 27.32 days . The synodic month is the time it takes the Moon to reach the same visual phase . This varies notably throughout the year , but averages around 29.53 days . The synodic period is longer than the sidereal period because the Earth -- Moon system moves in its orbit around the Sun during each sidereal month , hence a longer period is required to achieve a similar alignment of Earth , the Sun , and the Moon . The anomalistic month is the time between perigees and is about 27.55 days . The Earth -- Moon separation determines the strength of the lunar tide raising force . </P> <P> The draconic month is the time from ascending node to ascending node . The time between two successive passes of the same ecliptic longitude is called the tropical month . The latter three periods are slightly different from the sidereal month . </P> <P> The average length of a calendar month ( a twelfth of a year ) is about 30.4 days . This is not a lunar period , though the calendar month is historically related to the visible lunar phase . </P> The Moon 's distance from Earth and moon phases in 2014 . Moon phases : 0 ( 1 ) -- new moon , 0.25 -- first quarter , 0.5 -- full moon , 0.75 -- last quarter <H2> Tidal evolution ( edit ) </H2> See also : Tide , Tidal acceleration , and Axial tilt § Long term <P> The gravitational attraction that the Moon exerts on Earth is the cause of tides in the sea ; the Sun has a lesser tidal influence . If Earth had a global ocean of uniform depth , the Moon would act to deform both the solid Earth ( by a small amount ) and the ocean in the shape of an ellipsoid with the high points roughly beneath the Moon and on the opposite side of Earth . However , because of the presence of the continents , Earth 's much faster rotation and varying ocean depths , this simplistic visualisation does not happen . Although the tidal flow period is generally synchronized to the Moon 's orbit around Earth , its relative timing varies greatly . In some places on Earth , there is only one high tide per day , whereas others such as Southampton have four , though this is somewhat rare . </P> <P> The notional tidal bulges are carried ahead of the Earth -- Moon orientation by the continents as a result of Earth 's rotation . The eccentric mass of each bulge exerts a small amount of gravitational attraction on the Moon , with the bulge on the side of Earth closest to the Moon pulling in a direction slightly forward along the Moon 's orbit ( because Earth 's rotation has carried the bulge forward ) . The bulge on the side furthest from the Moon has the opposite effect , but because the gravitational attraction varies inversely with the square of distance , the effect is stronger for the near - side bulge . As a result , some of Earth 's angular ( or rotational ) momentum is gradually being transferred to the rotation of the Earth -- Moon pair around their mutual centre of mass , called the barycentre . This slightly faster rotation causes the Earth -- Moon distance to increase at approximately 38 millimetres per year . Conservation of angular momentum means that Earth 's axial rotation is gradually slowing , and because of this its day lengthens by approximately 23 microseconds every year ( excluding glacial rebound ) . Both figures are valid only for the current configuration of the continents . Tidal rhythmites from 620 million years ago show that , over hundreds of millions of years , the Moon receded at an average rate of 22 mm ( 0.87 in ) per year and the day lengthened at an average rate of 12 microseconds per year , both about half of their current values . See tidal acceleration for a more detailed description and references . </P> <P> The Moon is gradually receding from Earth into a higher orbit , and calculations suggest that this would continue for about 50 billion years . By that time , Earth and the Moon would be in a mutual spin -- orbit resonance or tidal locking , in which the Moon will orbit Earth in about 47 days ( currently 27 days ) , and both the Moon and Earth would rotate around their axes in the same time , always facing each other with the same side . This has already happened to the Moon -- the same side always faces Earth -- and is also slowly happening to the Earth . However , the slowdown of Earth 's rotation is not occurring fast enough for the rotation to lengthen to a month before other effects change the situation : approximately 2.3 billion years from now , the increase of the Sun 's radiation will have caused Earth 's oceans to evaporate , removing the bulk of the tidal friction and acceleration . </P> <H2> Libration ( edit ) </H2> Main article : Libration Animation of the Moon as it cycles through its phases . The apparent wobbling of the Moon is known as libration . <P> The Moon is in synchronous rotation , meaning that it keeps the same face toward Earth at all times . This synchronous rotation is only true on average , because the Moon 's orbit has a definite eccentricity . As a result , the angular velocity of the Moon varies as it orbits Earth and hence is not always equal to the Moon 's rotational velocity . When the Moon is at its perigee , its rotation is slower than its orbital motion , and this allows us to see up to eight degrees of longitude of its eastern ( right ) far side . Conversely , when the Moon reaches its apogee , its rotation is faster than its orbital motion and this reveals eight degrees of longitude of its western ( left ) far side . This is referred to as longitudinal libration . </P> <P> Because the lunar orbit is also inclined to Earth 's ecliptic plane by 5.1 ° , the rotational axis of the Moon seems to rotate towards and away from Earth during one complete orbit . This is referred to as latitudinal libration , which allows one to see almost 7 ° of latitude beyond the pole on the far side . Finally , because the Moon is only about 60 Earth radii away from Earth 's centre of mass , an observer at the equator who observes the Moon throughout the night moves laterally by one Earth diameter . This gives rise to a diurnal libration , which allows one to view an additional one degree 's worth of lunar longitude . For the same reason , observers at both of Earth 's geographical poles would be able to see one additional degree 's worth of libration in latitude . </P> <H2> Path of Earth and Moon around Sun ( edit ) </H2> Section of the Earth -- Moon system 's trajectory around the Sun ( to scale ) Orbital path of the Earth Orbital path of the Moon <P> When viewed from the north celestial pole ( i.e. , from the approximate direction of the star Polaris ) the Moon orbits Earth anticlockwise and Earth orbits the Sun anticlockwise , and the Moon and Earth rotate on their own axes anticlockwise . </P> <P> The right - hand rule can be used to indicate the direction of the angular velocity . If the thumb of the right hand points to the north celestial pole , its fingers curl in the direction that the Moon orbits Earth , Earth orbits the Sun , and the Moon and Earth rotate on their own axes . </P> <P> In representations of the Solar System , it is common to draw the trajectory of Earth from the point of view of the Sun , and the trajectory of the Moon from the point of view of Earth . This could give the impression that the Moon orbits Earth in such a way that sometimes it goes backwards when viewed from the Sun 's perspective . Because the orbital velocity of the Moon around Earth ( 1 km / s ) is small compared to the orbital velocity of Earth about the Sun ( 30 km / s ) , this never happens . There are no rearward loops in the Moon 's solar orbit . </P> <P> Considering the Earth -- Moon system as a binary planet , its centre of gravity is within Earth , about 4,624 km ( 2,873 mi ) or 72.6 % of the Earth 's radius from the centre of the Earth . This centre of gravity remains on the line between the centres of the Earth and Moon as the Earth completes its diurnal rotation . The path of the Earth -- Moon system in its solar orbit is defined as the movement of this mutual centre of gravity around the sun . Consequently , Earth 's centre veers inside and outside the solar orbital path during each synodic month as the Moon moves in its orbit around the common centre of gravity . </P> <P> The Sun 's gravitational effect on the Moon is more than twice that of Earth 's on the Moon ; consequently , the Moon 's trajectory is always convex ( as seen when looking Sunward at the entire Sun -- Earth -- Moon system from a great distance outside Earth -- Moon solar orbit ) , and is nowhere concave ( from the same perspective ) or looped . That is , the region enclosed by the Moon 's orbit of the Sun is a convex set . </P> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Moon portal </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Ernest William Brown </Li> <Li> Double planet </Li> <Li> List of orbits </Li> <Li> ELP2000 </Li> <Li> Ephemeris </Li> <Li> Jet Propulsion Laboratory Development Ephemeris </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Lunar distance ( astronomy ) </Li> <Li> Lunar Laser Ranging Experiment </Li> <Li> Lunar phase </Li> <Li> Lunar theory </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Milankovitch cycles </Li> <Li> Orbital elements </Li> <Li> Supermoon </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ The geometric mean distance in the orbit ( of ELP ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ M. Chapront - Touzé ; J. Chapront ( 1983 ) . `` The lunar ephemeris ELP - 2000 '' . Astronomy & Astrophysics. 124 : 54 . Bibcode : 1983A&A ... 124 ... 50C . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ The constant in the ELP expressions for the distance , which is the mean distance averaged over time </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ M. Chapront - Touzé ; J. Chapront ( 1988 ) . `` ELP2000 - 85 : a semi-analytical lunar ephemeris adequate for historical times '' . Astronomy & Astrophysics. 190 : 351 . Bibcode : 1988A&A ... 190 ... 342C . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ This often quoted value for the mean distance is actually the inverse of the mean of the inverse of the distance , which is not the same as the mean distance itself . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Jean Meeus , Mathematical astronomy morsels ( Richmond , VA : Willmann - Bell , 1997 ) 11 -- 12 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Lang , Kenneth R. ( 2011 ) , The Cambridge Guide to the Solar System , 2nd ed. , Cambridge University Press . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Moon Fact Sheet '' . NASA . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 08 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Martin C. Gutzwiller ( 1998 ) . `` Moon - Earth - Sun : The oldest three - body problem '' . Reviews of Modern Physics. 70 ( 2 ) : 589 -- 639 . Bibcode : 1998RvMP ... 70 ... 589G . doi : 10.1103 / RevModPhys. 70.589 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Solar System : Earth and Moon The Institute for Creation Research '' . www.icr.org . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 20 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Peter Goldreich ( Nov 1966 ) . `` History of the Lunar Orbit '' . Reviews of Geophysics . doi : 10.1029 / RG004i004p00411 . Jihad Touma & Jack Wisdom ( Nov 1994 ) . `` Evolution of the Earth - Moon system '' . The Astronomical Journal . doi : 10.1086 / 117209 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kaveh Pahlevan & Alessandro Morbidelli ( Nov 26 , 2015 ) . `` Collisionless encounters and the origin of the lunar inclination '' . Nature . doi : 10.1038 / nature16137 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Jacob Aron ( Nov 28 , 2015 ) . `` Flying gold knocked the moon off course and ruined eclipses '' . New Scientist . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` View of the Moon '' . U. of Arkansas at Little Rock . Retrieved May 9 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Calculated from arcsin ( 0.25 ° / 1.543 ° ) / 90 ° times 173 days , since the angular radius of the sun is about 0.25 ° . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Moonlight helps plankton escape predators during Arctic winters '' . New Scientist . Jan 16 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ The periods are calculated from orbital elements , using the rate of change of quantities at the instant J2000 . The J2000 rate of change equals the coefficient of the first - degree term of VSOP polynomials . In the original VSOP87 elements , the units are arcseconds ( '' ) and Julian centuries . There are 1,296,000 '' in a circle , 36525 days in a Julian century . The sidereal month is the time of a revolution of longitude λ with respect to the fixed J2000 equinox . VSOP87 gives 1732559343.7306 '' or 1336.8513455 revolutions in 36525 days -- 27.321661547 days per revolution . The tropical month is similar , but the longitude for the equinox of date is used . For the anomalistic year , the mean anomaly ( λ - ω ) is used ( equinox does not matter ) . For the draconic month , ( λ - Ω ) is used . For the synodic month , the sidereal period of the mean Sun ( or Earth ) and the Moon . The period would be 1 / ( 1 / m - 1 / e ) . VSOP elements from Simon , J.L. ; Bretagnon , P. ; Chapront , J. ; Chapront - Touzé , M. ; Francou , G. ; Laskar , J. ( February 1994 ) . `` Numerical expressions for precession formulae and mean elements for the Moon and planets '' . Astronomy and Astrophysics. 282 ( 2 ) : 669 . Bibcode : 1994A&A ... 282 ... 663S . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Jean Meeus , Astronomical Algorithms ( Richmond , VA : Willmann - Bell , 1998 ) p 354 . From 1900 -- 2100 , the shortest time from one new moon to the next is 29 days , 6 hours , and 35 min , and the longest 29 days , 19 hours , and 55 min . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ C.D. Murray ; S.F. Dermott ( 1999 ) . Solar System Dynamics . Cambridge University Press . p. 184 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Dickinson , Terence ( 1993 ) . From the Big Bang to Planet X . Camden East , Ontario : Camden House . pp. 79 -- 81 . ISBN 0 - 921820 - 71 - 2 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Caltech Scientists Predict Greater Longevity for Planets with Life Archived 2012 - 03 - 30 at the Wayback Machine . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : The reference by H.L. Vacher ( 2001 ) ( details separately cited in this list ) describes this as ' convex outward ' , whereas older references such as `` The Moon 's Orbit Around the Sun , Turner , A.B. Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society of Canada , Vol. 6 , p. 117 , 1912JRASC ... 6 ... 117T '' ; and `` H Godfray , Elementary Treatise on the Lunar Theory '' describe the same geometry by the words concave to the sun . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Aslaksen , Helmer ( 2010 ) . `` The Orbit of the Moon around the Sun is Convex ! '' . Retrieved 2006 - 04 - 21 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ The Moon Always Veers Toward the Sun at MathPages </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Vacher , H.L. ( November 2001 ) . `` Computational Geology 18 -- Definition and the Concept of Set '' ( PDF ) . Journal of Geoscience Education . 49 ( 5 ) : 470 -- 479 . Retrieved 2006 - 04 - 21 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> View of the Moon Good diagrams of Moon , Earth , tilts of orbits and axes , courtesy of U. of Arkansas </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="3"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> The Moon </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Physical properties </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Internal structure </Li> <Li> Topography </Li> <Li> Atmosphere </Li> <Li> Gravity field <Ul> <Li> Hill sphere </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Magnetic field </Li> <Li> Sodium tail </Li> <Li> Moonlight <Ul> <Li> Earthshine </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Orbit </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Orbital elements <Ul> <Li> Distance <Ul> <Li> Perigee & apogee </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Nodes <Ul> <Li> Nodal period </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Precession </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Syzygy <Ul> <Li> New moon </Li> <Li> Full moon </Li> <Li> Eclipses <Ul> <Li> Lunar eclipse <Ul> <Li> Total penumbral lunar eclipse </Li> <Li> Tetrad </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Solar eclipse </Li> <Li> Solar eclipses on the Moon </Li> <Li> Eclipse cycle </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Supermoon </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Tide <Ul> <Li> Tidal force </Li> <Li> Tidal locking </Li> <Li> Tidal acceleration </Li> <Li> Tidal range </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Lunar mansion </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Surface & features </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Selenography </Li> <Li> Terminator </Li> <Li> Hemispheres <Ul> <Li> Near side </Li> <Li> Far side </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Poles <Ul> <Li> North pole </Li> <Li> South pole <Ul> <Li> Face </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Maria <Ul> <Li> List </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Mountains <Ul> <Li> Peak of eternal light </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Valleys </Li> <Li> Volcanic features <Ul> <Li> Domes </Li> <Li> Calderas </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Craters <Ul> <Li> List </Li> <Li> Ray systems </Li> <Li> Crater of eternal darkness </Li> <Li> Shackleton crater </Li> <Li> South Pole -- Aitken basin </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Soil <Ul> <Li> Swirls </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Rilles </Li> <Li> Wrinkle ridges </Li> <Li> Rocks <Ul> <Li> Lunar basalt 70017 </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Water </Li> <Li> Space weathering <Ul> <Li> Micrometeorite </Li> <Li> Sputtering </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Quakes </Li> <Li> Transient lunar phenomenon </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Science </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Observation </Li> <Li> Libration </Li> <Li> Lunar theory </Li> <Li> Origin <Ul> <Li> Giant - impact hypothesis <Ul> <Li> Theia </Li> <Li> Lunar magma ocean </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Geology <Ul> <Li> Timescale <Ul> <Li> Late Heavy Bombardment </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Lunar meteorites </Li> <Li> KREEP </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Experiments <Ul> <Li> Lunar laser ranging </Li> <Li> ALSEP </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Lunar sample displays <Ul> <Li> Apollo 11 </Li> <Li> Apollo 17 </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Exploration </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Missions <Ul> <Li> Apollo program </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Probes </Li> <Li> Landing <Ul> <Li> Conspiracy theories </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Colonization </Li> <Li> Tourism </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Time - telling </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Lunar calendar </Li> <Li> Lunisolar calendar </Li> <Li> Month <Ul> <Li> Lunar month <Ul> <Li> Nodal period </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Fortnight </Li> <Li> Sennight </Li> <Li> Lunar mansion </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Phases & names </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> New </Li> <Li> Full <Ul> <Li> Names </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Crescent </Li> <Li> Super & micro </Li> <Li> Blood </Li> <Li> Blue </Li> <Li> Black </Li> <Li> Dark </Li> <Li> Wet </Li> <Li> Tetrad </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Related topics </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Psychology <Ul> <Li> Lunar effect </Li> <Li> Moon illusion </Li> <Li> Pareidolia <Ul> <Li> Man in the Moon </Li> <Li> Moon rabbit </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Craters named after people </Li> <Li> Memorials on the Moon </Li> <Li> Moon in fiction </Li> <Li> Moon in mythology <Ul> <Li> Hjúki and Bil </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> `` Moon is made of green cheese '' </Li> <Li> Natural satellite </Li> <Li> Double planet </Li> <Li> Lilith ( hypothetical second moon ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="3"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Moon portal </Li> <Li> Earth sciences portal </Li> <Li> Solar System portal </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Earth 's location in the Universe </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Included </Th> <Td> Earth → Solar System → Local Interstellar Cloud → Local Bubble → Gould Belt → Orion Arm → Milky Way → Milky Way subgroup → Local Group → Virgo Supercluster → Laniakea Supercluster → Observable universe → Universe Each arrow ( → ) may be read as `` within '' or `` part of '' . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Related </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Cosmic View ( 1957 essay ) </Li> <Li> To the Moon and Beyond ( 1964 film ) </Li> <Li> Cosmic Zoom ( 1968 film ) </Li> <Li> Powers of Ten ( 1968 and 1977 films ) </Li> <Li> Cosmic Voyage ( 1996 documentary ) </Li> <Li> Cosmic Eye ( 2012 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Astronomy portal - Cosmology portal </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Gravitational orbits </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Types </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> General </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Box </Li> <Li> Capture </Li> <Li> Circular </Li> <Li> Elliptical / Highly elliptical </Li> <Li> Escape </Li> <Li> Graveyard </Li> <Li> Horseshoe </Li> <Li> Hyperbolic trajectory </Li> <Li> Inclined / Non-inclined </Li> <Li> Osculating </Li> <Li> Parabolic trajectory </Li> <Li> Parking </Li> <Li> Synchronous <Ul> <Li> semi </Li> <Li> sub </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Transfer orbit </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Geocentric </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Geosynchronous </Li> <Li> Geostationary </Li> <Li> Sun - synchronous </Li> <Li> Low Earth </Li> <Li> Medium Earth </Li> <Li> High Earth </Li> <Li> Molniya </Li> <Li> Near - equatorial </Li> <Li> Orbit of the Moon </Li> <Li> Polar </Li> <Li> Tundra </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> About other points </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Areosynchronous </Li> <Li> Areostationary </Li> <Li> Halo </Li> <Li> Lissajous </Li> <Li> Lunar </Li> <Li> Heliocentric </Li> <Li> Heliosynchronous </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Parameters </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> <Ul> <Li> Shape </Li> <Li> Size </Li> </Ul> </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> e Eccentricity </Li> <Li> a Semi-major axis </Li> <Li> b Semi-minor axis </Li> <Li> Q , q Apsides </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Orientation </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> i Inclination </Li> <Li> Ω Longitude of the ascending node </Li> <Li> ω Argument of periapsis </Li> <Li> π Longitude of the periapsis </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Position </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> M Mean anomaly </Li> <Li> ν , θ , f True anomaly </Li> <Li> E Eccentric anomaly </Li> <Li> L Mean longitude </Li> <Li> l True longitude </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Variation </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> T Orbital period </Li> <Li> n Mean motion </Li> <Li> v Orbital speed </Li> <Li> t Epoch </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Maneuvers </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Collision avoidance ( spacecraft ) </Li> <Li> Delta - 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Vegas Golden Knights - Wikipedia <H1> Vegas Golden Knights </H1> <P> </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Vegas Golden Knights </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> 2018 -- 19 Vegas Golden Knights season </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Conference </Th> <Td> Western </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Division </Th> <Td> Pacific </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Founded </Th> <Td> 2017 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> History </Th> <Td> Vegas Golden Knights 2017 -- present </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Home arena </Th> <Td> T - Mobile Arena </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> City </Th> <Td> Paradise , Nevada </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Colors </Th> <Td> Steel grey , gold , red , black </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Media </Th> <Td> AT&T SportsNet Rocky Mountain West ( TV ) KRLV ( Fox Sports 1340 / 98.9 ) ( English radio ) KENO ( ESPN Deportes 1460 ) ( Spanish radio ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Owner ( s ) </Th> <Td> Bill Foley ( 70 % ) Maloof family ( 30 % ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> General manager </Th> <Td> George McPhee </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Head coach </Th> <Td> Gerard Gallant </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Captain </Th> <Td> Vacant </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Minor league affiliates </Th> <Td> Chicago Wolves ( AHL ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Stanley Cups </Th> <Td> 0 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Conference championships </Th> <Td> 1 ( 2017 -- 18 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Presidents ' Trophy </Th> <Td> 0 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Division championships </Th> <Td> 1 ( 2017 -- 18 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Official website </Th> <Td> nhl.com/goldenknights </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The Vegas Golden Knights are a professional ice hockey team based in the Las Vegas metropolitan area . The team began play in the 2017 -- 18 NHL season , and is a member of the Pacific Division of the Western Conference of the National Hockey League ( NHL ) . The team is owned by Black Knight Sports & Entertainment , a consortium led by Bill Foley and the Maloof family . The team plays its home games at T - Mobile Arena on the Las Vegas Strip in Paradise , Nevada . </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 History <Ul> <Li> 1.1 Background and establishment </Li> <Li> 1.2 Start of operations : 2017 -- present </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2 Team identity <Ul> <Li> 2.1 Logos , colors , and uniforms </Li> <Li> 2.2 Name </Li> <Li> 2.3 Mascot </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 Team information <Ul> <Li> 3.1 Broadcasting </Li> <Li> 3.2 Minor league affiliate </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 Season - by - season record </Li> <Li> 5 Players and personnel <Ul> <Li> 5.1 Current roster </Li> <Li> 5.2 Head coaches </Li> <Li> 5.3 General managers </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 6 Team and league honors <Ul> <Li> 6.1 Awards and trophies </Li> <Li> 6.2 First - round draft picks </Li> <Li> 6.3 Retired numbers </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 7 Records <Ul> <Li> 7.1 Regular season scoring leaders </Li> <Li> 7.2 Individual </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 8 See also </Li> <Li> 9 References </Li> <Li> 10 External links </Li> </Ul> <H2> History ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Background and establishment ( edit ) </H3> <P> The NHL has had a presence in Las Vegas since 1991 , when an outdoor game was held in Las Vegas , with the Los Angeles Kings facing the New York Rangers outside Caesars Palace in a preseason exhibition game . The city has since hosted the Frozen Fury , a preseason competition between the Los Angeles Kings and the Colorado Avalanche , and the NHL Awards ceremonies have been held in Las Vegas since 2009 . In 2009 , the media speculated about a plan involving Hollywood producer Jerry Bruckheimer to move the Phoenix Coyotes to Nevada . </P> <P> Rumors of a Las Vegas expansion team surfaced again in August 2014 , pointing to a new indoor arena on the Strip ( built as a joint venture between Anschutz Entertainment Group , owners of the Los Angeles Kings , and MGM Resorts International ) as the potential home arena , although these rumors were denied by the league . In November 2014 , an unconfirmed report stated that the league had selected billionaire businessman Bill Foley and the Maloof family ( former owners of the National Basketball Association 's Sacramento Kings , and founders of the Palms Casino Resort ) to lead the ownership group for a Las Vegas expansion team . In December 2014 , the NHL 's board of governors decided to allow Foley to hold a season ticket drive to gauge interest in a Las Vegas team , though league commissioner Gary Bettman also warned the media to `` ( not ) make more out of this than it is '' . The season ticket drive began in February 2015 , with interested parties placing ten percent deposits for the 2016 -- 17 season . The drive drew 5,000 deposits in its first day and a half , and reached its goal of 10,000 deposits by April 2015 . </P> <P> In June 2015 , the league officially opened the window for prospective owners to bid on expansion teams . By this point , Foley had secured more than 13,200 season - ticket deposits . Two expansion applications were submitted : Foley 's application for a Las Vegas team , and a bid from Quebecor to revive the Quebec Nordiques at a new arena in Quebec City . Both Las Vegas and Quebec were invited to move into Phase II of the league expansion bid in August 2015 , and subsequently advanced to Phase III . </P> <P> At the league owners ' meeting on June 22 , 2016 , in Las Vegas , the Las Vegas expansion bid was approved by a unanimous vote , with play to begin in the 2017 -- 18 NHL season . The team became the first major professional sports franchise to be based in Las Vegas , and the first NHL expansion team since 2000 . Foley committed to pay the league 's $500 million expansion fee and began the process of hiring the team 's principal staff and determining its official identity . Foley announced that former Washington Capitals general manager George McPhee would be the franchise 's first general manager . On November 22 , 2016 , the name was revealed as the Vegas Golden Knights . </P> <H3> Start of operations : 2017 -- present ( edit ) </H3> <P> On March 1 , 2017 ( coinciding with the league 's trade deadline ) , the team completed its expansion fee payments and filings , making it eligible to formally begin operations such as free agent acquisition , and participation in league meetings . Five days later , the Golden Knights made their first personnel move by signing Reid Duke to a three - year entry - level contract . </P> Gerard Gallant coaching the Golden Knights during their inaugural 2017 -- 18 season . Gallant was named as the head coach in April 2017 . <P> The team announced inaugural head coach Gerard Gallant on April 13 , 2017 . Over the next two months , the Golden Knights developed their farm system , announcing affiliations with the Chicago Wolves of the American Hockey League and the Quad City Mallards of the ECHL . </P> <P> The team participated in the 2017 NHL Expansion Draft on June 21 , 2017 , selecting an available player from all 30 teams in the NHL . The draft picks were announced at T - Mobile Arena during the NHL Awards ceremony . Some notable selections included goalie Marc - Andre Fleury from the Pittsburgh Penguins and winger James Neal from the Nashville Predators . At the 2017 NHL Entry Draft , Cody Glass was the first player selected by the Golden Knights . The Golden Knights played their first game on October 6 against the Dallas Stars with Neal scoring the franchise 's first two goals en route to their first victory . </P> <P> The team 's inaugural home game was played on October 10 , 2017 , hosting the Arizona Coyotes as the second game of a home - and - home series . In the aftermath of the October 1 mass shooting , the pre-game ceremonies honored the victims of the attack , and the team issued an appeal for donations to its charitable arm . With their 5 -- 2 win , the Golden Knights increased their unbeaten streak to start the season to 3 -- 0 , an NHL record for an expansion team . The Golden Knights are the first team in NHL history to have started their inaugural season winning eight of their first nine games . During their tenth game , goaltender Oscar Dansk was injured becoming the third Golden Knights ' goaltender to be injured during the season after losing starters Fleury and the recently acquired Malcolm Subban , forcing the team to start a fourth goaltender in 11 games with Maxime Lagace . Fifteen games into the season , Vadim Shipachyov became the first player to retire from the NHL as a Golden Knight when he decided to return to the Kontinental Hockey League . In December , the Golden Knights set another NHL expansion team record of six straight wins , a record they had previously missed when they lost their tenth game of the season , and established a new NHL record with eight straight wins . On February 1 , 2018 , the Golden Knights set the expansion team record for wins in a debut season with 34 wins after only 50 games , and then on February 21 , 2018 , set a record for most points by an expansion team in the inaugural season with 84 . Clinching a berth for the 2018 playoffs on March 26 , the Golden Knights became the first team since the Edmonton Oilers and Hartford Whalers in the 1979 -- 80 season to make the playoffs in their inaugural season in the league . On March 31 , the Knights clinched the Pacific Division title , becoming the first true expansion team in the four major sports to win its division in its inaugural season ( not counting all - expansion divisions , as was the case in the 1967 -- 68 season ) . They had led the Pacific since December 23 . </P> <P> On April 11 , the franchise won its first playoff game in a 1 -- 0 victory over the Los Angeles Kings in the first game of the series . Six days later on April 17 , the franchise earned their first playoff series win against the Kings , winning the fourth game by a 1 -- 0 score , which also became their first playoff series sweep . The Knights became the first team in NHL history to sweep their first playoff series in their inaugural season . On May 6 , 2018 , the Golden Knights defeated the San Jose Sharks four - games - to - two , becoming the third team in NHL history to win multiple playoff series in their inaugural season , and advanced to the Western Conference Finals . On May 20 , Vegas defeated the Winnipeg Jets to win the Western Conference Finals in five games , becoming the third NHL team to advance to the Stanley Cup Finals in its inaugural season , after the Toronto Arenas in 1918 and the St. Louis Blues in 1968 . The Golden Knights would lose the Stanley Cup Finals to the Washington Capitals in five games . The Golden Knights are the first , and to date only , true expansion team to advance to the Stanley Cup Finals in their inaugural season . The Golden Knights are additionally the fastest true expansion team to advance to the finals in the history of all four major professional leagues in North America . </P> <H2> Team identity ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Logos , colors , and uniforms ( edit ) </H3> The team 's secondary logo <P> The team 's primary logo is a barbute helmet , superimposed on a black and gold seal , with a V - shaped opening . The secondary logo is two crossing swords behind a red star , designed to resemble the star found on the landmark Welcome to Fabulous Las Vegas sign . </P> <P> The team 's primary color is steel gray , which is said to represent `` strength and durability '' . The other team colors are gold , red ( found in the Las Vegas skyline and at Red Rock Canyon ) , and black ( for `` power and intensity '' ) . </P> <P> The first uniforms in Golden Knights team history were unveiled publicly on June 20 , 2017 . </P> <H3> Name ( edit ) </H3> <P> The team 's name includes `` Knights '' as a homage to the Black Knights of the United States Military Academy , Foley 's alma mater , and because knights were , according to Foley , `` the epitome of the warrior class '' . Foley had hoped to name his team the Black Knights , but dropped that plan after encountering resistance from federal officials . Foley was unable to call the team the `` Vegas Knights '' due to the London Knights owning the `` Knights '' name in Canada . </P> <P> `` Golden '' was included in the name because gold is , as Foley stated , the `` No. 1 precious metal '' , and because Nevada is the largest gold - producing state in the country . `` Las '' was omitted from the team 's name because , according to Foley , residents tend to refer to the city simply as `` Vegas '' , and because a four - word name would have been too long . </P> <P> The United States Army initially expressed concern after the Golden Knights ' name was announced , because their parachute team uses the same nickname . The Army later disputed the trademark and colors of the team during its first season , to which the team responded : `` We are not aware of a single complaint from anyone attending our games that they were expecting to see the parachute team and not a professional hockey game . '' An objection was also raised by the College of Saint Rose because its sports teams use the same name ; the Vegas team 's initial trademark application was denied as a result , but was later approved on appeal . The team did clear the name with Clarkson University , which also uses the name Golden Knights . </P> <H3> Mascot ( edit ) </H3> Chance , the team 's mascot . <P> The Golden Knights ' mascot is a Gila monster named Chance . He was unveiled at the team 's second home game on October 13 , 2017 . The team opted against using a knight for a mascot because it found that knight mascots used by other teams were not very child - friendly . </P> <H2> Team information ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Broadcasting ( edit ) </H3> <P> AT&T SportsNet Rocky Mountain is the regional television rightsholder for all Golden Knights games not broadcast nationally by NBCSN or NBC . The team 's designated market includes Nevada , Idaho , Montana , Utah , Wyoming , and parts of Arizona and California . Golden Knights games on AT&T SportsNet are called by former Boston Bruins radio announcer Dave Goucher on play - by - play , and Shane Hnidy , who previously worked color for the Winnipeg Jets on TSN . </P> <P> The team has a three - year radio deal with Lotus Broadcasting . Lotus airs the team 's games on its Fox Sports Radio affiliate , KRLV 1340 / 98.9 . KRLV fronts a network of nine stations across Nevada , California , Arizona , and Utah . </P> <P> One game a week is also aired on the company 's ESPN Deportes Radio affiliate , KENO 1460 , making the team one of only three in the NHL to offer Spanish - language broadcasts . </P> <H3> Minor league affiliate ( edit ) </H3> <P> On May 16 , 2017 , the Golden Knights entered a multi-year affiliation agreement with a minor league team , the Chicago Wolves of the American Hockey League . Like most NHL - AHL affiliation arrangements , the Golden Knights are able to transfer players to and from the Wolves . Although the Wolves are the Golden Knights affiliate , the two teams do not share the same ownership . In addition to the Wolves , the Golden Knights were affiliated with the Quad City Mallards of the ECHL for the 2017 -- 18 season , however , the Mallards ceased operations after the one season . </P> <H2> Season - by - season record ( edit ) </H2> <P> This is a complete list of the seasons completed by the Golden Knights . For the full season - by - season history , see List of Vegas Golden Knights seasons . </P> <P> GP = Games played , W = Wins , L = Losses , T = Ties , OTL = Overtime Losses , Pts = Points , GF = Goals for , GA = Goals against </P> <Table> <Tr> <Td> Season </Td> <Td> GP </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> OTL </Td> <Td> Pts </Td> <Td> GF </Td> <Td> GA </Td> <Td> Finish </Td> <Td> Playoffs </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2017 -- 18 </Td> <Td> 82 </Td> <Td> 51 </Td> <Td> 24 </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> 109 </Td> <Td> 272 </Td> <Td> 228 </Td> <Td> 1st , Pacific </Td> <Td> Lost in Stanley Cup Finals , 1 -- 4 ( Capitals ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Players and personnel ( edit ) </H2> Main article : List of Vegas Golden Knights players <H3> Current roster ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> view </Li> <Li> talk </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <P> Updated July 5 , 2018 </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> # </Th> <Th> Nat </Th> <Th> Player </Th> <Th> Pos </Th> <Th> S / G </Th> <Th> Age </Th> <Th> Acquired </Th> <Th> Birthplace </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 7001410000000000000 ♠ 41 </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> Pierre - Edouard Bellemare ( A ) </Td> <Td> LW </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 33 </Td> <Td> 2017 </Td> <Td> Le Blanc - Mesnil , France </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 7001400000000000000 ♠ 40 </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> Ryan Carpenter </Td> <Td> C / RW </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 27 </Td> <Td> 2017 </Td> <Td> Oviedo , Florida </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> -- </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> Daniel Carr </Td> <Td> LW </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 26 </Td> <Td> 2018 </Td> <Td> Sherwood Park , Alberta </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 7001280000000000000 ♠ 28 </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> William Carrier ( RFA ) </Td> <Td> LW </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 23 </Td> <Td> 2017 </Td> <Td> LaSalle , Quebec </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 7001210000000000000 ♠ 21 </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> Cody Eakin </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 27 </Td> <Td> 2017 </Td> <Td> Winnipeg , Manitoba </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> Deryk Engelland ( A ) </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 36 </Td> <Td> 2017 </Td> <Td> Edmonton , Alberta </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 7001290000000000000 ♠ 29 </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> Marc - Andre Fleury </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 33 </Td> <Td> 2017 </Td> <Td> Sorel - Tracy , Quebec </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 7001560000000000000 ♠ 56 </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> Erik Haula </Td> <Td> LW </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 27 </Td> <Td> 2017 </Td> <Td> Pori , Finland </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> -- </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> Nick Holden </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 31 </Td> <Td> 2018 </Td> <Td> St. Albert , Alberta </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 7001770000000000000 ♠ 77 </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> Brad Hunt </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 29 </Td> <Td> 2017 </Td> <Td> Maple Ridge , British Columbia </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 7001710000000000000 ♠ 71 </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> William Karlsson ( RFA ) </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 24 </Td> <Td> 2017 </Td> <Td> Märsta , Sweden </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 7001330000000000000 ♠ 33 </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> Maxime Lagace </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 25 </Td> <Td> 2017 </Td> <Td> Longueuil , Quebec </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 7001240000000000000 ♠ 24 </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> Oscar Lindberg </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 26 </Td> <Td> 2017 </Td> <Td> Skellefteå , Sweden </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 7001810000000000000 ♠ 81 </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> Jonathan Marchessault </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 27 </Td> <Td> 2017 </Td> <Td> Cap - Rouge , Quebec </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> -- </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> Curtis McKenzie </Td> <Td> LW </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 27 </Td> <Td> 2018 </Td> <Td> Golden , British Columbia </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> Brayden McNabb </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 27 </Td> <Td> 2017 </Td> <Td> Davidson , Saskatchewan </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 7001150000000000000 ♠ 15 </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> Jon Merrill </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 26 </Td> <Td> 2017 </Td> <Td> Oklahoma City , Oklahoma </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> Colin Miller </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 25 </Td> <Td> 2017 </Td> <Td> Sault Ste . Marie , Ontario </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 7001920000000000000 ♠ 92 </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> Tomas Nosek ( RFA ) </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 25 </Td> <Td> 2017 </Td> <Td> Pardubice , Czech Republic </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 7001750000000000000 ♠ 75 </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> Ryan Reaves </Td> <Td> RW </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 31 </Td> <Td> 2018 </Td> <Td> Winnipeg , Manitoba </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 7001880000000000000 ♠ 88 </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> Nate Schmidt </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 27 </Td> <Td> 2017 </Td> <Td> St. Cloud , Minnesota </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 7001190000000000000 ♠ 19 </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> Reilly Smith ( A ) </Td> <Td> RW </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 27 </Td> <Td> 2017 </Td> <Td> Etobicoke , Ontario </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> -- </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> Paul Stastny </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 32 </Td> <Td> 2018 </Td> <Td> Quebec City , Quebec </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 7001300000000000000 ♠ 30 </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> Malcolm Subban </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 24 </Td> <Td> 2017 </Td> <Td> Toronto , Ontario </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 7001900000000000000 ♠ 90 </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> Tomas Tatar </Td> <Td> LW </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 27 </Td> <Td> 2018 </Td> <Td> Ilava , Czechoslovakia </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 7001270000000000000 ♠ 27 </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> Shea Theodore ( RFA ) </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 22 </Td> <Td> 2017 </Td> <Td> Langley , British Columbia </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 7001890000000000000 ♠ 89 </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> Alex Tuch </Td> <Td> RW </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 22 </Td> <Td> 2017 </Td> <Td> Syracuse , New York </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> </P> <H3> Head coaches ( edit ) </H3> Main article : List of Vegas Golden Knights head coaches <Ul> <Li> Gerard Gallant ( 2017 -- present ) </Li> </Ul> <H3> General managers ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> George McPhee ( 2016 -- present ) </Li> </Ul> <H2> Team and league honors ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Awards and trophies ( edit ) </H3> Main article : List of Vegas Golden Knights award winners <P> Clarence S. Campbell Bowl </P> <Ul> <Li> 2017 -- 18 </Li> </Ul> <P> Jack Adams Award </P> <Ul> <Li> Gerard Gallant : 2017 -- 18 </Li> </Ul> <P> Lady Byng Memorial Trophy </P> <Ul> <Li> William Karlsson : 2017 -- 18 </Li> </Ul> <P> Mark Messier Leadership Award </P> <Ul> <Li> Deryk Engelland : 2017 -- 18 </Li> </Ul> <P> NHL General Manager of the Year Award </P> <Ul> <Li> George McPhee : 2017 -- 18 </Li> </Ul> <H3> First - round draft picks ( edit ) </H3> Main article : List of Vegas Golden Knights draft picks <Ul> <Li> 2017 : Cody Glass ( 6th overall ) </Li> <Li> 2017 : Nick Suzuki ( 13th overall ) </Li> <Li> 2017 : Erik Brannstrom ( 15th overall ) </Li> </Ul> <H3> Retired numbers ( edit ) </H3> <P> The number 58 was retired by the team on March 31 , 2018 , in honor of the 58 victims killed in the 2017 Las Vegas shooting . </P> <P> The team is also not able to issue the jersey number 99 to any of its players as it was retired league - wide in honor of Wayne Gretzky at the 2000 NHL All - Star Game . </P> <Table> Vegas Golden Knights retired numbers <Tr> <Th> No . </Th> <Th> Player </Th> <Th> Position </Th> <Th> Career </Th> <Th> No. retirement </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 58 </Td> <Td> Victims of 2017 Las Vegas shooting </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> March 31 , 2018 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Records ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Regular season scoring leaders ( edit ) </H3> <P> These are the top - ten point - scorers in franchise history . Figures are updated after each completed NHL regular season . </P> <Ul> <Li> * -- current Golden Knights player </Li> </Ul> William Karlsson is the club 's all - time regular season scoring leader , recording 78 points as a member of the Golden Knights . <P> Note : Pos = Position ; GP = Games Played ; G = Goals ; A = Assists ; Pts = Points ; P / G = Points per game </P> <P> </P> <Table> <Tr> <Td> <Table> Points <Tr> <Th> Player </Th> <Th> Pos </Th> <Th> GP </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th> Pts </Th> <Th> P / G </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> William Karlsson * </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 82 </Td> <Td> 43 </Td> <Td> 35 </Td> <Td> 78 </Td> <Td> 0.95 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Jonathan Marchessault * </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 77 </Td> <Td> 27 </Td> <Td> 48 </Td> <Td> 75 </Td> <Td> 0.97 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> David Perron </Td> <Td> LW </Td> <Td> 70 </Td> <Td> 16 </Td> <Td> 50 </Td> <Td> 66 </Td> <Td> 0.94 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Reilly Smith * </Td> <Td> RW </Td> <Td> 67 </Td> <Td> 22 </Td> <Td> 38 </Td> <Td> 60 </Td> <Td> 0.90 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Erik Haula * </Td> <Td> LW </Td> <Td> 76 </Td> <Td> 29 </Td> <Td> 26 </Td> <Td> 55 </Td> <Td> 0.72 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> James Neal </Td> <Td> LW </Td> <Td> 71 </Td> <Td> 25 </Td> <Td> 19 </Td> <Td> 44 </Td> <Td> 0.62 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Colin Miller * </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 82 </Td> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> 31 </Td> <Td> 41 </Td> <Td> 0.50 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Alex Tuch * </Td> <Td> RW </Td> <Td> 78 </Td> <Td> 15 </Td> <Td> 22 </Td> <Td> 37 </Td> <Td> 0.47 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Nate Schmidt * </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 76 </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> 31 </Td> <Td> 36 </Td> <Td> 0.47 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Shea Theodore * </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 61 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 23 </Td> <Td> 29 </Td> <Td> 0.48 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> </P> </Td> <Td> <Table> Goals <Tr> <Th> Player </Th> <Th> Pos </Th> <Th> </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> William Karlsson * </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 43 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Erik Haula * </Td> <Td> LW </Td> <Td> 29 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Jonathan Marchessault * </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 27 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> James Neal </Td> <Td> LW </Td> <Td> 25 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Reilly Smith * </Td> <Td> RW </Td> <Td> 22 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> David Perron </Td> <Td> LW </Td> <Td> 16 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Alex Tuch * </Td> <Td> RW </Td> <Td> 15 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Cody Eakin * </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 11 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Colin Miller * </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 10 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Oscar Lindberg * </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 9 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> </P> </Td> <Td> <Table> Assists <Tr> <Th> Player </Th> <Th> Pos </Th> <Th> </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> David Perron </Td> <Td> LW </Td> <Td> 50 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Jonathan Marchessault * </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 48 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Reilly Smith * </Td> <Td> RW </Td> <Td> 38 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> William Karlsson * </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 35 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Colin Miller * </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 31 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Nate Schmidt * </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 31 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Erik Haula * </Td> <Td> LW </Td> <Td> 26 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Shea Theodore * </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 23 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Alex Tuch * </Td> <Td> RW </Td> <Td> 22 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> James Neal </Td> <Td> LW </Td> <Td> 19 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> </P> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Individual ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Most goals in a season : William Karlsson , 43 ( 2017 -- 18 ) </Li> <Li> Most assists in a season : David Perron , 50 ( 2017 -- 18 ) </Li> <Li> Most points in a season : William Karlsson , 78 ( 2017 -- 18 ) </Li> <Li> Most points in a season , defenseman : Colin Miller , 41 ( 2017 -- 18 ) </Li> <Li> Most points in a season , rookie : Alex Tuch , 37 ( 2017 -- 18 ) </Li> <Li> Most penalty minutes in a season : Colin Miller , 53 ( 2017 -- 18 ) </Li> <Li> Best + / - in a season : William Karlsson , 49 ( 2017 - 18 ) </Li> <Li> Most wins in a season : Marc - Andre Fleury , 29 ( 2017 - 18 ) </Li> <Li> Most shutouts in a season : Marc - André Fleury , 4 ( 2017 -- 18 ) </Li> <Li> Lowest GAA in a season ( min 30 GP ) : Marc - André Fleury , 2.25 ( 2017 -- 18 ) </Li> <Li> Best SV % in a season ( min 30 GP ) : Marc - André Fleury , . 927 ( 2017 -- 18 ) </Li> </Ul> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> City National Arena </Li> <Li> List of NHL players </Li> <Li> List of NHL seasons </Li> <Li> Las Vegas Wranglers </Li> <Li> Las Vegas Thunder </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Introducing the Vegas Golden Knights '' . NHL.com . NHL Enterprises , L.P. November 22 , 2016 . Retrieved November 23 , 2016 . The team 's colors - steel grey , gold , red and black - reflect the community and the focus of the team : ... </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Staff Directory '' ( PDF ) . 2017 - 18 Vegas Golden Knights Media Guide . NHL Enterprises , L.P. November 3 , 2017 . Retrieved November 8 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Ewing , Mark ( July 16 , 2017 ) . `` Bill Foley And The National Hockey League 's Newest Franchise , The Vegas Golden Knights '' . Forbes . Retrieved July 23 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Rosen , Dan ( June 22 , 2016 ) . `` Las Vegas awarded NHL franchise '' . NHL.com . NHL Enterprises , L.P . Retrieved June 22 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Mitanis , Marcus ( February 19 , 2016 ) . `` T - Mobile Arena in Las Vegas to Open Spring 2016 '' . Skyrisecities . Retrieved June 25 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 2009 NHL Awards heads to Las Vegas for first time '' . NHL.com . NHL Enterprises , L.P. March 13 , 2009 . Retrieved March 14 , 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Hollywood aspirations for NHL '' . The Globe and Mail . Toronto . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Brewer , Ray ( August 27 , 2014 ) . `` NHL says no credibility to report of Las Vegas expansion team '' . Las Vegas Sun . Retrieved August 28 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` NHL denies expansion report , including a second team in Toronto '' . Toronto Star . August 27 , 2014 . Retrieved August 28 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Gallagher : Bettman has changed his tune on NHL expansion '' . The Province . Retrieved August 28 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kosman , Josh ; Brooks , Larry ( November 12 , 2014 ) . `` NHL picks owners for likely Vegas team '' . New York Post . Retrieved November 13 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Maloof family joins effort to land Las Vegas NHL team '' . Las Vegas Review - Journal . Retrieved November 13 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` NHL gets serious about Las Vegas ; can Canadiens redefine themselves ? '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved December 10 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` NHL allows Las Vegas to explore expansion interest '' . The Canadian Press . Retrieved December 10 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Snellas , Alan ( February 12 , 2015 ) . `` NHL ticket drive already halfway to goal '' . Las Vegas Review - Journal . Retrieved July 12 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Snellas , Alan ( April 11 , 2015 ) . `` Businessman behind NHL drive has blue - jeans , relaxed approach '' . Las Vegas Review - Journal . Retrieved July 12 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ McLaren , Ian ( August 5 , 2015 ) . `` Las Vegas group invited to participate in Phase 2 of NHL expansion application process - NHL on The Score - Scores , standings , news , leaders '' . TheScore.com . Retrieved August 5 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Carp , Steve ( June 22 , 2016 ) . `` Las Vegas awarded NHL expansion team '' . Las Vegas Review - Journal . Retrieved September 7 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Klein , Cutler ( June 22 , 2016 ) . `` From six teams to 31 : History of NHL expansion '' . NHL.com . NHL Enterprises , L.P . Retrieved January 3 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Heitner , Darren ( 22 June 2016 ) . `` The NHL Leads the Way in Bringing Pro Sports to Las Vegas '' . Inc.com . Retrieved 29 June 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` McPhee named GM of Las Vegas expansion team '' . July 13 , 2016 . Retrieved July 13 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Golden Knights file paperwork , make final payment to NHL ahead of trade deadline '' . Las Vegas Review - Journal . Retrieved March 1 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Golden Knights Sign Reid Duke To Entry - Level Contract '' . NHL.com . NHL Enterprises , L.P. March 6 , 2017 . Retrieved May 8 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Reid Duke becomes Vegas Golden Knights ' first signing : Three odd facts to know '' . CBSSports.com . Retrieved March 6 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Golden Knights Name Gerard Gallant Head Coach '' . NHL.com . NHL Enterprises , L.P. April 13 , 2017 . Retrieved April 13 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Carp , Steve ( May 16 , 2017 ) . `` Golden Knights ' AHL affiliate to be Chicago Wolves '' . Las Vegas Review - Journal . Retrieved September 30 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Gotz , Ben ( June 1 , 2017 ) . `` Golden Knights form partnership with ECHL 's Mallards '' . Las Vegas Review - Journal . Retrieved September 30 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Shapiro , Sean . `` Neal , Fleury help Golden Knights win first game , defeat Stars '' . NHL.com . NHL Enterprises , L.P . Retrieved October 6 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Golden Knights opt for # VegasStrong on boards over ads in home opener '' . NHL.com . NHL Enterprises , L.P. October 10 , 2017 . Retrieved May 8 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Tucker , Cam ( October 9 , 2017 ) . `` Golden Knights win emotional , historic home opener '' . NBCSports.com . Retrieved October 9 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Golden Knights strike balance between respect , celebration in opener '' . Sportsnet.ca . Retrieved October 11 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Vegas Golden Knights make history with big win in emotional home opener '' . USA Today . October 11 , 2017 . Retrieved October 13 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Vegas Golden Knights goaltenders just ca n't stop getting injured '' . CBS Sports . October 31 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Compton , Brian ( October 30 , 2017 ) . `` Tavares helps Islanders end Golden Knights winning streak '' . NHL.com . NHL Enterprises , L.P . Retrieved May 8 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Golden Knights enter the record books again after overtime win '' . Yahoo Sports . December 29 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Are the Vegas Golden Knights the best expansion franchise ever ? '' . ESPN . January 5 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Golden Knights set expansion team record for wins in debut season '' . ESPN.com . ESPN . February 2 , 2018 . Retrieved February 2 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Tuch gets tiebreaker in 2nd , Golden Knights beat Flames 7 - 3 '' . ESPN.com . February 21 , 2018 . Retrieved February 22 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kaplan , Emily ( March 27 , 2018 ) . `` Vegas first to clinch playoff berth in inaugural season since ' 79 - 80 '' . ESPN . ABC News . Retrieved March 27 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Schoen , David ( March 31 , 2018 ) . `` Golden Knights win , 3 - 2 , clinch Pacific Division title '' . Las Vegas Review - Journal . Retrieved April 5 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Harris , Beth ( April 18 , 2018 ) . `` Golden Knights make history by sweeping Kings '' . cbc.ca . Retrieved April 18 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Dubow , Josh ( May 7 , 2018 ) . `` Vegas Golden Knights cash Round 3 ticket '' . Toronto Star . Retrieved May 7 , 2018 . Vegas become just the third team in NHL history to win multiple series in its first season . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Golden Knights advance to Stanley Cup Final , eliminate Jets in Game 5 '' . NHL.com . May 20 , 2018 . Retrieved May 28 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Capitals capture 1st Stanley Cup with 4 - 3 win over Golden Knights '' . http://abc7.com . June 7 , 2018 . Retrieved June 8 , 2018 . External link in website = ( help ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Are the Las Vegas Golden Knights already the greatest expansion team ever ? '' . Golfdigest.com . Retrieved June 11 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Prewitt , Alex ( January 9 , 2017 ) . `` All In : Behind the scenes with the Golden Knights , Vegas 's first major league franchise '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved September 30 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Keefer , Case ( November 23 , 2016 ) . `` How Bill Foley and his staff picked Vegas Golden Knights as NHL team name '' . Las Vegas Sun . Retrieved September 30 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Cotsonika , Nicholas ( June 20 , 2017 ) . `` Golden Knights ' now part of the League ' with uniform unveiled '' . NHL.com . NHL Enterprises , L.P . Retrieved April 18 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Katsilometes , John ( November 23 , 2016 ) . `` Knight moves : Foley picks a precious metal and drops ' Las ' in new name '' . Las Vegas Review - Journal . Retrieved September 30 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Payne , Marissa ( December 1 , 2016 ) . `` Despite U.S. Army 's concerns , NHL expansion team 's owner sticking by nickname choice '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved September 30 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Sadler , Emily ( August 5 , 2016 ) . `` Las Vegas ' NHL name search complicated by London Knights '' . Sportsnet.ca . Sportsnet . Retrieved May 8 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kimelman , Adam ( November 22 , 2016 ) . `` Vegas Golden Knights official team name '' . NHL.com . NHL Enterprises , L.P . Retrieved May 8 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Brewer , Contessa ( January 12 , 2018 ) . `` US Army files complaint about the colors and team name of NHL 's Vegas Golden Knights '' . CNBC.com . Retrieved January 13 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Carp , Steve ( August 9 , 2017 ) . `` Vegas Golden Knights get approval for name trademark '' . Las Vegas Review - Journal . Retrieved September 30 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Stevens , Matt ( January 12 , 2018 ) . `` Vegas Golden Knights , Named to Avoid Trademark Dispute , Face Trademark Dispute '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved January 24 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Get To Know Chance , The Golden Knights New Mascot '' . NHL.com . NHL Enterprises , L.P. October 13 , 2017 . Retrieved October 26 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Vegas Golden Knights reveal Chance as team 's mascot '' . Las Vegas Review - Journal . October 13 , 2017 . Retrieved October 14 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Granger , Jesse ( October 20 , 2017 ) . `` Golden Knights are looking for a standout fan experience at T - Mobile '' . Las Vegas Sun . Retrieved November 1 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Golden Knights officially announce TV deal with Root Sports '' . Las Vegas Review - Journal . Retrieved 23 May 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Root Sports to become official television home of the Vegas Golden Knights '' ( Press release ) . AT&T SportsNet . May 23 , 2017 . Retrieved September 19 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Granger , Jesse ( May 22 , 2017 ) . `` Root Sports to be TV home of Vegas Golden Knights '' . Las Vegas Sun . Retrieved September 19 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Golden Knights name first TV , radio broadcasters '' . Las Vegas Sun . 2017 - 08 - 15 . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 30 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Golden Knights , Lotus Broadcasting happy with partnership '' . Las Vegas Review - Journal . Retrieved 19 April 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Broadcast Affiliates '' . NHL.com . Retrieved May 10 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` By broadcasting select games in Spanish , Golden Knights aim to reach new demographic '' . Las Vegas Sun . Retrieved 18 April 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Metcalf , Bobby ( March 13 , 2018 ) . `` Quad - City Mallards to cease operations at end of season '' . Quad City Times . Lee Enterprises . Retrieved May 28 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Vegas Golden Knights Roster '' . NHL.com . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Vegas Golden Knights Hockey Transactions '' . TSN.ca . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` George McPhee named GM of Las Vegas expansion team '' . The Washington Post . 2016 - 07 - 13 . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 20 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Granger , Jesse ( March 31 , 2018 ) . `` Golden Knights retire jersey No. 58 to honor shooting victims '' . Las Vegas Sun . Greenspun Media Group . Retrieved April 1 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Perfect setting : Gretzky 's number retired before All - Star Game '' . CNN Sports Illustrated . Associated Press . February 6 , 2000 . Archived from the original on November 12 , 2013 . Retrieved June 9 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Vegas Golden Knights all - time player list '' . hockeydb.com . Retrieved May 25 , 2018 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wikimedia Commons has media related to Vegas Golden Knights . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ul> <Li> Official website </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Vegas Golden Knights </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Founded in 2017 </Li> <Li> Based in Paradise , Nevada </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Franchise </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Team </Li> <Li> General managers </Li> <Li> Coaches </Li> <Li> Players </Li> <Li> Captains </Li> <Li> Draft picks <Ul> <Li> Expansion draft </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Seasons </Li> <Li> Current season </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> History </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Records </Li> <Li> Award winners </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Personnel </Th> <Td> <Dl> <Dt> Owner </Dt> <Dd> Black Knight Sports & Entertainment ( Bill Foley ( 85 % ) , Maloof family ( 15 % ) ) </Dd> <Dt> General manager </Dt> <Dd> George McPhee </Dd> <Dt> Head coach </Dt> <Dd> Gerard Gallant </Dd> <Dt> Captain </Dt> <Dd> Vacant </Dd> <Dt> Current roster </Dt> </Dl> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Arena </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> T - Mobile Arena </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Affiliates </Th> <Td> <Dl> <Dt> AHL </Dt> <Dd> Chicago Wolves </Dd> </Dl> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Media </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> AT&T SportsNet Rocky Mountain </Li> <Li> KRLV ( AM 1340 / FM 98.9 ) </Li> <Li> KENO ( AM 1460 ) ( Spanish broadcast ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Culture and lore </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` Viva Las Vegas '' </Li> <Li> `` Vegas Lights '' </Li> <Li> City National Arena </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Links to related articles </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Vegas Golden Knights seasons </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 2010s </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 2010 -- 11 . 2011 -- 12 . 2012 -- 13 . 2013 -- 14 . 2014 -- 15 . 2015 -- 16 . 2016 -- 17 . 2017 -- 18 </Li> <Li> 2018 -- 19 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Highlighted seasons indicate Stanley Cup championship </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> National Hockey League </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Western Conference </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> Eastern Conference </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Pacific Division </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Anaheim Ducks </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Arizona Coyotes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Calgary Flames </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Edmonton Oilers </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Los Angeles Kings </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> San Jose Sharks </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Vancouver Canucks </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Vegas Golden Knights </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Central Division </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Chicago Blackhawks </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Colorado Avalanche </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Dallas Stars </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Minnesota Wild </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Nashville Predators </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> St. Louis Blues </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Winnipeg Jets </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Atlantic Division </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Boston Bruins </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Buffalo Sabres </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Detroit Red Wings </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Florida Panthers </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Montreal Canadiens </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Ottawa Senators </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Tampa Bay Lightning </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Toronto Maple Leafs </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Metropolitan Division </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Carolina Hurricanes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Columbus Blue Jackets </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> New Jersey Devils </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> New York Islanders </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> New York Rangers </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Philadelphia Flyers </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Pittsburgh Penguins </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Washington Capitals </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Events </Th> <Td> <Dl> <Dd> Seasons <Dl> <Dd> structure </Dd> </Dl> </Dd> <Dd> Stanley Cup <Dl> <Dd> Playoffs <Dl> <Dd> Conference Finals </Dd> <Dd> Finals </Dd> </Dl> </Dd> <Dd> Champions </Dd> <Dd> Winning players </Dd> <Dd> Traditions and anecdotes </Dd> </Dl> </Dd> <Dd> Presidents ' Trophy </Dd> <Dd> All - 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where did the name las vegas golden knights come from

https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Vegas_Golden_Knights&amp;oldid=850130479

Aponte - wikipedia <H1> Aponte </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <P> Aponte may refer to : </P> <P> Surname : Galician and Portuguese : from a misdivision of Daponte , a topographic name from da ponte ' from the bridge ' </P> <Ul> <Li> Carlos Aponte , Colombian footballerc </Li> <Li> Christopher Aponte , American ballet dancer </Li> <Li> Edwin David Aponte ( born 1957 ) , American historian and theologian </Li> <Li> Gabriel Cano de Aponte ( 1665 -- 1733 ) , Spanish soldier and Royal Governor of Chile </Li> <Li> Gianluigi Aponte ( born 1940 ) , Italian businessman </Li> <Li> Javier Aponte Dalmau , Puerto Rican politician </Li> <Li> José Aponte ( disambiguation ) , several people </Li> <Li> Kevin Aponte ( born 1990 ) , Puerto Rican actor </Li> <Li> Luis Aponte ( born 1953 ) , Venezuelan baseball player </Li> <Li> Luis Aponte Martínez ( 1922 -- 2012 ) , Puerto Rican Catholic cardinal </Li> <Li> Manuel Alejandro Aponte Gómez ( 1974 -- 2014 ) , Mexican drug cartel leader </Li> <Li> Marco Aponte ( born 1966 ) , Venezuelan academic and performer </Li> <Li> Mari Carmen Aponte ( born 1946 ) , American attorney and politician </Li> <Li> Mike Aponte , American blackjack player </Li> <Li> Ricardo Aponte ( born c. 1949 ) , United States Air Force general </Li> <Li> Rick Aponte ( born 1956 ) , Dominican Republic baseball coach </Li> <Li> Sergio Aponte Polito , Mexican Army general </Li> <Li> Sylvia Rodríguez Aponte , Puerto Rican politician </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This page lists people with the surname Aponte . If an internal link intending to refer to a specific person led you to this page , you may wish to change that link by adding the person 's given name ( s ) to the link . </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aponte&oldid=768794101 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> Surnames </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> All set index articles </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> Deutsch </Li> <Li> Italiano </Li> <Li> Slovenščina </Li> </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 5 March 2017 , at 20 : 53 . </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul>

where does the last name aponte come from

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Tautology ( language ) - wikipedia <H1> Tautology ( language ) </H1> This article is about tautology in language . For other uses , see Tautology ( disambiguation ) . <P> </P> <P> In literary criticism and rhetoric , a tautology is a statement which repeats the same idea , using near - synonymous morphemes , words , or phrases , that is , `` saying the same thing twice '' . Tautology and pleonasm are not consistently differentiated in the literature . </P> <P> Like pleonasm , it is often considered a fault of style when unintentional . On the other hand , an intentional repetition may be an effective way to emphasize a thought , or help the listener or reader understand a point . </P> <P> Sometimes logical tautologies like `` Boys will be boys '' are conflated with language tautologies , but in general , a rhetorical tautology is not inherently true . </P> <H2> Contents </H2> <Ul> <Li> 1 Etymology </Li> <Li> 2 Examples </Li> <Li> 3 Discussion </Li> <Li> 4 See also </Li> <Li> 5 References </Li> <Li> 6 External links </Li> </Ul> <H2> Etymology ( edit ) </H2> <P> The word was coined in Hellenistic Greek from ταὐτός ' the same plus λόγος ' word / idea '. , and transmitted through 3rd - century Latin tautologia and French tautologie . It first appears in English in the 16th century . The use in the term logical tautology was introduced in English by Wittgenstein in 1919 , perhaps following Auguste Comte 's usage in 1835 . </P> <H2> Examples ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> `` With malice toward none , with charity for all , '' from Abraham Lincoln 's second inaugural address . </Li> </Ul> <H2> Discussion ( edit ) </H2> <P> Intentional repetition of meaning intends to amplify or emphasize a particular , usually significant , fact about what is being discussed . For example , a gift is , by definition , free of charge ; using the phrase `` free gift '' might emphasize that there are no hidden conditions or fine print , be it the expectation of money or reciprocation , or that the gift is being given by volition . </P> <P> This is related to the rhetorical device of hendiadys , where one concept is expressed through the use of two descriptive words or phrases . For example , `` goblets and gold '' meaning wealth , or `` this day and age '' meaning the present time . Superficially these expressions may seem tautological , but they are stylistically sound because the repeated meaning is just a way to emphasize the same idea . </P> <P> The use of tautologies is , however , usually unintentional . For example , the phrases `` mental telepathy '' , `` planned conspiracies '' , and `` small dwarfs '' imply that there are such things as `` physical telepathy , spontaneous conspiracies , and giant dwarfs . '' ) </P> <P> Parallelism is not tautology , but rather a particular stylistic device . Much Old Testament poetry is based on parallelism : the same thing said twice , but in slightly different ways ( Fowler puts it as pleonasm ) . However , modern biblical study emphasizes that there are subtle distinctions and developments between the two lines , such that they are usually not truly the `` same thing . '' Parallelism can be found wherever there is poetry in the Bible : Psalms , the Books of the Prophets , and in other areas as well . </P> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Pleonasm </Li> <Li> Figure of speech </Li> <Li> Grammar </Li> <Li> No true Scotsman </Li> <Li> Oxymoron </Li> <Li> Parallelism ( rhetoric ) </Li> <Li> Redundancy ( linguistics ) </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Fowler , Henry Watson ( 1 April 1983 ) , Gowers , Sir Ernest , ed. , Modern English Usage ( 2nd ed . ) , Oxford University Press , ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 281389 - 3 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bryson , Bill ( 29 July 1999 ) , The Mother Tongue : The English Language , Penguin Books , ISBN 978 - 0 - 14 - 014305 - 8 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bogdan Szymanek , `` Remarks on Tautology in Word - Formation '' in Laurie Bauer , et al. , Semantics of Complex Words , Studies in Morphology 3 , 2015 , ISBN 3319141023 , p. 142 </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : John Bascom , Philosophy of Rhetoric , p. 241 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Oxford English Dictionary , 3rd edition , 2014 , s.v. </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Ernest Ament , `` Glossary of Rhetorical Terms '' ( 1 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kallan , Richard ( 2005 ) . Armed Gunmen , True Facts , and Other Ridiculous Nonsense : A Compiled Compendium of Repetitive Redundancies . Pantheon Books . p. x . ISBN 0 - 375 - 42352 - 4 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Look up tautology in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ul> <Li> Figures of Speech : Tautology </Li> <Li> Tautology Explained </Li> </Ul> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tautology_(language)&oldid=864342086 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> Sentences by type </Li> <Li> Rhetoric </Li> <Li> Linguistics </Li> <Li> Logical expressions </Li> <Li> Propositions </Li> <Li> Semantics </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Use dmy dates from August 2018 </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> Afrikaans </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> Azərbaycanca </Li> <Li> Башҡортса </Li> <Li> Беларуская </Li> <Li> Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ </Li> <Li> Български </Li> <Li> Català </Li> <Li> Deutsch </Li> <Li> Español </Li> <Li> فارسی </Li> <Li> 한국어 </Li> <Li> Հայերեն </Li> <Li> हिन्दी </Li> <Li> Bahasa Indonesia </Li> <Li> Íslenska </Li> <Li> עברית </Li> <Li> Қазақша </Li> <Li> Nederlands </Li> <Li> 日本 語 </Li> <Li> Norsk </Li> <Li> Occitan </Li> <Li> Polski </Li> <Li> Português </Li> <Li> Русский </Li> <Li> Simple English </Li> <Li> Slovenčina </Li> <Li> Српски / srpski </Li> <Li> Svenska </Li> <Li> Українська </Li> <Li> 中文 </Li> 22 more </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 16 October 2018 , at 16 : 07 ( UTC ) . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul>

two words used together that mean the same thing

https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Tautology_(language)&amp;oldid=864342086

High - and low - level - Wikipedia <H1> High - and low - level </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This article does not cite any sources . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2009 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> High - level and low - level are typically terms used to classify , describe and point to specific goals of a systematic operation , though its uses also vary depending on the context - such as use in computer science versus business administration . In general , high - level is used to describe operations that are more abstract in nature , where overall goals and systemic features are typically more concerned with the wider , macro system as a whole . Alternatively , a low - level description is one that describes more specific individual components of a systematic operation , focusing on the details of rudimentary micro functions rather than macro , complex processes . Low - level classification is typically more concerned with individual components within the system and how they operate . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Differences and similarities </Li> <Li> 2 Uses </Li> <Li> 3 Examples </Li> <Li> 4 See also </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Differences and similarities ( edit ) </H2> <P> Due to the nature of complex systems , the high - level description will often be completely different from the low level one . For example , there are features to an ant colony that are not features of any individual ant ; features of the human mind that are not known to be descriptive of individual neurons in the brain , features of oceans which are not features of any individual water molecule , and features to a human personality that are not features of any cell in a body . The descriptions of these differ depending at what level they are studied . Features which emerge only at a high level of description are known as epiphenomena . </P> <H2> Uses ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> In computer science , software are typically divided into two types : high - level end - user applications software ( e.g. word processors , databases , video games , etc . ) , and low - level systems software ( e.g. , operation systems , hardware drivers , etc . ) . As such , high - level applications typically rely on low - level applications to function . In terms of programming , a high - level programming language is one which has a relatively high level of abstraction , and manipulates conceptual functions in a structured manner . A low - level programming language is one like assembly language that contains rudimentary microprocessor commands . </Li> <Li> In formal methods , a high - level formal specification can be related to a low - level executable implementation ( e.g. , formally by mathematical proof using formal verification techniques ) . </Li> <Li> In sociology and social anthropology , high - level descriptions would be terms like economy and political structure , and low level descriptions would be individual peoples ' motivations and work . </Li> <Li> In neuroscience , low - level would relate to the functioning of a cell ( or part of a cell , or molecule ) and high level to the overall function or activity of a neural system . </Li> <Li> In documentation , a high - level document contains the executive summary , the low - level documents the technical specifications . </Li> <Li> In business , corporate strategy is a high - level description , a list of who does what jobs is a low level description . </Li> </Ul> <H2> Examples ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Climate is a high - level description of the actions of the atmosphere and oceans . Physics of water and gas molecules is a low - level description of the same system . </Li> <Li> The instruction `` write a creative poem on love '' is a high - level instruction . The instruction `` tighten the tendons in the dominant wrist to grip the pen '' is a low - level description of an activity within that . </Li> <Li> `` Wikipedia is an encyclopedia '' is a high - level description compared to `` Wikipedia is a collection of textual articles on many topics '' . The former reflects a higher level view of organization , purpose , concept and structure , but does not explain what Wikipedia physically is . The latter is more detailed as to what exactly Wikipedia contains and how it 's made up , but does n't explain what its overall purpose and goals are . These are typical features of high - level and low - level descriptions . </Li> </Ul> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Complex systems </Li> <Li> Complexity </Li> <Li> Cybernetics </Li> <Li> Dennett 's three stances </Li> <Li> Levels of analysis </Li> <Li> Meta - systems </Li> <Li> Self - organization </Li> <Li> Systems thinking </Li> </Ul> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=High-_and_low-level&oldid=802772186 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> Systems theory </Li> <Li> Complex systems theory </Li> <Li> Cybernetics </Li> <Li> Formal methods </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Articles lacking sources from December 2009 </Li> <Li> All articles lacking sources </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> 中文 </Li> </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 28 September 2017 , at 11 : 06 . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul>

difference between medium and higher level of occupation

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Prime Minister of Mauritius - wikipedia <H1> Prime Minister of Mauritius </H1> <P> </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Prime Minister of Mauritius </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Coat of arms of Mauritius </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Flag of Mauritius </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Incumbent Pravind Jugnauth since 23 January 2017 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Style </Th> <Td> The Honourable </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Residence </Th> <Td> Clarisse House ( Official ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Nominator </Th> <Td> The President who must appoint the MP supporting a clear majority in the National Assembly </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Appointer </Th> <Td> Ameenah Gurib </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Term length </Th> <Td> At The President 's Pleasure serving as long as the office holder has a majority in the National Assembly </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Inaugural holder </Th> <Td> Sir Seewoosagur Ramgoolam </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Formation </Th> <Td> 12 March 1968 ; 50 years ago ( 1968 - 03 - 12 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Salary </Th> <Td> Rs 3.66 Million </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Website </Th> <Td> Prime Minister Office </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Mauritius </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> This article is part of a series on the politics and government of Mauritius </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Constitution </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Presidency ( show ) <Ul> <Li> Acting President <Dl> <Dd> Barlen Vyapoory </Dd> </Dl> </Li> <Li> Vice-President <Dl> <Dd> Barlen Vyapoory </Dd> </Dl> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Government ( show ) <Ul> <Li> Prime Minister <Dl> <Dd> Pravind Jugnauth </Dd> </Dl> </Li> <Li> Deputy Prime Minister <Dl> <Dd> Ivan Collendavelloo </Dd> </Dl> </Li> <Li> Cabinet </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Legislature ( show ) <Ul> <Li> National Assembly <Dl> <Dd> Speaker : Maya Hanoomanjee </Dd> </Dl> </Li> <Li> Leader of the Opposition <Dl> <Dd> Xavier Luc Duval </Dd> </Dl> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Judiciary ( show ) <Ul> <Li> Supreme Court </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Elections ( show ) <Ul> <Li> Political parties </Li> <Li> Constituencies </Li> <Li> Recent elections <Dl> <Dd> <Ul> <Li> Presidential : 2008 </Li> </Ul> </Dd> <Dd> <Ul> <Li> General : 2005 </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> 2014 </Li> </Ul> </Dd> </Dl> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Administrative divisions ( show ) <Ul> <Li> Districts </Li> <Li> Outer islands </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Foreign relations ( show ) <Ul> <Li> Minister of Foreign Affairs </Li> <Li> Diplomatic missions <Dl> <Dd> <Ul> <Li> of Mauritius </Li> <Li> to Mauritius </Li> </Ul> </Dd> </Dl> </Li> <Li> Passport </Li> <Li> Visa requirements </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Other countries </Li> <Li> Atlas </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The Prime Minister of Mauritius ( French : Premier Ministre de Maurice ) is the head of government of Mauritius . He presides over the Cabinet of Ministers which advises the President of the Country and is collectively responsible to the National Assembly for any advice given and for all action done by or under the authority of any Minister in the execution of his office . </P> <P> The position is the most powerful constitutional office of the Republic . This is mainly because the office is amalgamated with other functions whereby conventions , the office holder is also the Minister of Defense & Home Affairs ( which makes the office holder responsible for law & order , internal security , defense , the armed forces and intelligence services ) , the Leader of the National Assembly ( which makes the office holder responsible for setting the agenda for parliament ) and Minister for Rodrigues & Dependencies ( which makes the office holder responsible for territorial occupancy , administration of local dependencies & their defense ) . It is also inter-alia , the head of government and presides over the cabinet of Ministers . It is second in the order of precedence just after the president and enjoys relative importance in the public as the office holder is usually the leader of the party / alliance that wins an election . </P> <P> The current Prime Minister of Mauritius , Pravind Jugnauth , leader of the MSM , was appointed by the President on 23 January 2017 following the resignation of coalition leader Sir Anerood Jugnauth who held the post following victory of his Alliance in the 2014 General Election. The official residence of the Prime Minister during his term in office is the Clarisse House , the Prime Minister 's Office is located in Port Louis . The longest serving prime minister is Anerood Jugnauth who held the office for 18th year as Prime Minister . </P> <H2> Contents </H2> <Ul> <Li> 1 Overview </Li> <Li> 2 History <Ul> <Li> 2.1 Pre-Independence </Li> <Li> 2.2 Independence </Li> <Li> 2.3 Republic </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 Oaths </Li> <Li> 4 See also </Li> <Li> 5 References </Li> </Ul> <H2> Overview ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( December 2012 ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The current Prime Minister 's portfolio includes , inter-alia , the following : </P> <Ul> <Li> Law and Order </Li> <Li> Civil Status , Citizenship </Li> <Li> External Communications </Li> <Li> Electoral Commissions and Electoral Affairs </Li> <Li> Government Information Services </Li> <Li> Meteorological Services </Li> <Li> Mauritius Oceanography Institute </Li> <Li> Human Rights </Li> <Li> Strategic Policy </Li> </Ul> <P> The Prime Minister is appointed by the President . He or She holds the second most senior position in the country , second only to the president . The Prime Minister is usually the leader of the largest party in the ruling coalition . The position of Prime Minister alongside with the office of Deputy Prime Minister is specified under CHAPTER VI Section 59 Part 1 of the Constitution of Mauritius . </P> <P> After the country became a Republic on 12 March 1992 , the President became the Head of State . The President holds prerogative powers which includes summoning , prorogation and dissolution of parliament including appointment of the Prime Minister and Cabinet . The Prime Minister has the constitutional duty to advise him / her when to exercise these prerogatives . </P> <H2> History ( edit ) </H2> See also : List of Prime Ministers of Mauritius <H3> Pre-independence ( edit ) </H3> <P> During the British Mauritius period , it was the Chief Minister who was the head of government , executive powers was vested by the Governor , representative of the Monarch . The only Chief Minister which the country had known was Sir Seewoosagur Ramgoolam , from 26 September 1961 to 12 March 1968 . </P> <H3> Independence ( edit ) </H3> <P> The office of the Prime Minister of Mauritius was created on 12 March 1968 when Mauritius became an independent state . Queen Elizabeth II remained as head of state as Queen of Mauritius , with her executive powers in Mauritius delegated to the governor - general . </P> <P> After the 1967 General Election , Sir Seewoosagur Ramgoolam ( SSR ) became the first Prime Minister of Mauritius , he was re-elected in the 1976 General Election and remained in office . In the 1982 General Election , Sir Anerood Jugnauth ( SAJ ) coalition was elected , he became Prime Minister . However his alliance break up in 1983 and the 1983 General Election was held , SAJ formed another alliance , he was elected again and remain in office . In the 1987 General Election , another coalition concluded by SAJ won again , he remained in office . SAJ also won the 1991 General Election and remained the Prime Minister of Mauritius . The new leader of the Labour Party Dr. Navin Ramgoolam , became the Leader of the Opposition . </P> <H3> Republic ( edit ) </H3> <P> After the country became a Republic on 12 March 1992 , the President became the Head of State . The President holds prerogative powers which includes summoning , prorogation and dissolution of parliament including appointment of the Prime Minister and Cabinet . The Prime Minister has the constitutional duty to advise him / her when to exercise these prerogatives . </P> <P> On 12 March 1992 , Mauritius became a Republic State , with a new constitution in 1992 , the terms of the General Elections was regulated to 5 years . Since then , each 5 years elections take place and a new Prime Minister is elected . After the 1995 General Election , Dr. Navin Ramgoolam became Prime Minister of Mauritius for the first time . However , he lost the 2000 General Election . In 2000 , the Prime Minister 's office was shared between two leaders , Sir Anerood Jugnauth spent 3 years as Prime Minister and Paul Bérenger spent 2 years . After the 2005 General Election , Dr. Navin Ramgoolam became the Prime Minister of Mauritius again . In 2010 General Election , he was re-elected and remained in office . The 2014 General Election returned Sir Anerood Jugnauth to the Prime Minister 's office . </P> <H2> Oaths ( edit ) </H2> <P> According to the third Schedule of the Constitution of Mauritius , an oath under this section shall be administered by the Prime Minister . </P> <P> I , ... , being appointed Prime Minister / Minister / Junior Minister , do swear ( or solemnly affirm ) that I will to the best of my judgment , at all times when so required , freely give my counsel and advice to the President ( or any other person for the time being lawfully performing the functions of that office ) for the good management of the public affairs of Mauritius , and I do further swear ( or solemnly affirm ) that I will not on any account , at any time whatsoever , disclose the counsel , advice , opinion or vote of any particular Minister or Junior Minister and that I will not , except with the authority of the Cabinet and to such extent as may be required for the good management of the affairs of Mauritius , directly or indirectly reveal the business or proceedings of the Prime Minister / Minister / Junior Minister or any matter coming to my knowledge in my capacity as such and that in all things I will be a true and faithful Prime Minister / Minister / Junior Minister . ( So help me God . ) </P> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Mauritius portal </Li> <Li> Politics portal </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Spouse of the Prime Minister of Mauritius </Li> <Li> List of Prime Ministers of Mauritius </Li> <Li> President of Mauritius </Li> <Li> Deputy Prime Minister of Mauritius </Li> <Li> Vice Prime Minister of Mauritius </Li> <Li> Leader of the Opposition ( Mauritius ) </Li> <Li> Government of Mauritius </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wikimedia Commons has media related to Prime ministers of Mauritius . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ Walter , Karen ( 16 July 2017 ) . `` Salaires des dirigeants : le PM mieux payé que Putin et Modi '' . lexpress.mu ( in French ) . Retrieved 4 February 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Prime Minister '' . Government of Mauritius . Retrieved 26 December 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Mauritius '' . Worldsstatesmen.org . Retrieved 26 December 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Nohlen , D , Krennerich , M & Thibaut , B ( 1999 ) Elections in Africa : A data handbook , p618 ISBN 0 - 19 - 829645 - 2 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Constitution of Mauritius '' ( PDF ) . Government of Mauritius . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 24 September 2015 . Retrieved 26 December 2012 . </Li> </Ol> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="3"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Prime Ministers of Mauritius ( List ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> British Mauritius Chief Minister </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Sir Seewoosagur Ramgoolam ( 1961 -- 1968 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Mauritius ( 1968 -- 1992 ) </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Sir Seewoosagur Ramgoolam ( 1968 -- 1982 ) </Li> <Li> Sir Anerood Jugnauth ( 1982 -- 1992 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Republic of Mauritius </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Sir Anerood Jugnauth ( 1992 -- 1995 ) </Li> <Li> Dr. Navin Ramgoolam ( 1995 -- 2000 ) </Li> <Li> Sir Anerood Jugnauth ( 2000 -- 2003 ) </Li> <Li> Paul Bérenger ( 2003 -- 2005 ) </Li> <Li> Dr. Navin Ramgoolam ( 2005 -- 2014 ) </Li> <Li> Sir Anerood Jugnauth ( 2014 -- 2017 ) </Li> <Li> Pravind Jugnauth ( 2017 -- present ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="3"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Commons </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Heads of state and government of Africa </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Heads of state </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> UN member states </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Algeria </Li> <Li> Angola </Li> <Li> Benin </Li> <Li> Botswana </Li> <Li> Burkina Faso </Li> <Li> Burundi </Li> <Li> Cameroon </Li> <Li> Cape Verde </Li> <Li> Central African Republic </Li> <Li> Chad </Li> <Li> Comoros </Li> <Li> Democratic Republic of the Congo </Li> <Li> Republic of the Congo </Li> <Li> Djibouti </Li> <Li> Egypt </Li> <Li> Equatorial Guinea </Li> <Li> Eritrea </Li> <Li> Ethiopia </Li> <Li> Gabon </Li> <Li> The Gambia </Li> <Li> Ghana </Li> <Li> Guinea </Li> <Li> Guinea - 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The Passion of the Christ - wikipedia <H1> The Passion of the Christ </H1> Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the film . For the passions of Jesus Christ , see Passion of Jesus . For the set of paintings , see The Passion of Christ ( Strasbourg ) . <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> The Passion of the Christ </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Theatrical release poster </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Directed by </Th> <Td> Mel Gibson </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Produced by </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Bruce Davey </Li> <Li> Mel Gibson </Li> <Li> Stephen McEveety </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Screenplay by </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Mel Gibson </Li> <Li> Benedict Fitzgerald </Li> <Li> Translation : </Li> <Li> William Fulco </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Based on </Th> <Td> The Passion in the New Testament of the Bible and The Dolorous Passion of Our Lord Jesus Christ by Anne Catherine Emmerich </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Starring </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Jim Caviezel </Li> <Li> Monica Bellucci </Li> <Li> Claudia Gerini </Li> <Li> Maia Morgenstern </Li> <Li> Sergio Rubini </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Music by </Th> <Td> John Debney </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Cinematography </Th> <Td> Caleb Deschanel </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Edited by </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> John Wright </Li> <Li> Steve Mirkovich </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Production company </Th> <Td> Icon Productions </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Distributed by </Th> <Td> Newmarket Films </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Release date </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> February 25 , 2004 ( 2004 - 02 - 25 ) </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Running time </Th> <Td> 127 minutes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Country </Th> <Td> United States </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Language </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Aramaic Latin English ( Dubbed ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Budget </Th> <Td> $30 million </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Box office </Th> <Td> $611.9 million </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The Passion of the Christ ( also known simply as The Passion ) is a 2004 American biblical drama film directed by Mel Gibson , written by Gibson and Benedict Fitzgerald , and starring Jim Caviezel as Jesus Christ , Maia Morgenstern as the Virgin Mary and Monica Bellucci as Mary Magdalene . It depicts the Passion of Jesus largely according to the Gospels of Matthew , Mark , Luke and John . It also draws on pious accounts such as the Friday of Sorrows along with other devotional writings , such as the reputed Marian apparitions attributed to Blessed Anne Catherine Emmerich . </P> <P> The film primarily covers the final twelve hours of Jesus ' life , beginning with the Agony in the Garden of Gethsemane , the insomnia and grievance of the Blessed Virgin Mary , the brutal scourge and crucifixion , ending with a brief depiction of his resurrection . </P> <P> The film has been controversial and received largely mixed reviews , with some critics finding the extreme violence distracting and excessive , as well as claiming that the film subliminally promoted antisemitism . The film grossed $612 million worldwide during its theatrical release . It received three Academy Award nominations in 2005 and remains the highest grossing non-English language film of all time . It 's also the fifth highest grossing R - rated film worldwide ( after Deadpool , The Matrix Reloaded , It , and Logan ) . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Plot </Li> <Li> 2 Cast </Li> <Li> 3 Themes </Li> <Li> 4 Source material <Ul> <Li> 4.1 New Testament </Li> <Li> 4.2 Tanakh </Li> <Li> 4.3 Traditional iconography and stories </Li> <Li> 4.4 Catholic devotional writings </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 5 Differences from traditional Passion story </Li> <Li> 6 Production <Ul> <Li> 6.1 Script and language </Li> <Li> 6.2 Filming </Li> <Li> 6.3 Music </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 7 Post-production <Ul> <Li> 7.1 Title change </Li> <Li> 7.2 Distribution and marketing </Li> <Li> 7.3 Evangelical support </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 8 Release <Ul> <Li> 8.1 Box office </Li> <Li> 8.2 Theatrical re-release </Li> <Li> 8.3 Home media </Li> <Li> 8.4 Television broadcast </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 9 Reception <Ul> <Li> 9.1 Critical response </Li> <Li> 9.2 Independent promotion and discussion </Li> <Li> 9.3 Accolades </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 10 Controversies <Ul> <Li> 10.1 Questions of historical and biblical accuracy </Li> <Li> 10.2 Disputed papal endorsement </Li> <Li> 10.3 Allegations of antisemitism </Li> <Li> 10.4 Criticism of excessive violence </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 11 Sequel </Li> <Li> 12 See also </Li> <Li> 13 References </Li> <Li> 14 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Plot ( edit ) </H2> <P> In the late hours of night at the forested garden of Gethsemane , Jesus Christ ( Caviezel ) , at the height of his cause , prays while his disciples Peter , James , and John ( James 's brother ) sleep . After he wakes them and tells them to pray , Jesus walks to a secluded portion of the forest wherein during his prayer , Satan appears in a hooded ghost - like androgynous , albino form , and tempts him with reasonable doubt , stating - `` it is not right for one man to die for their ( humanity 's ) sins . '' Ignoring it and praying on , Jesus ' sweat turns into blood and drips to the ground while a snake emerges from Satan 's guise . Jesus hears his disciples call out for him , and he rebukes Satan by crushing the snake 's head with his heel , and Satan vanishes . </P> <P> Meanwhile , Judas Iscariot , another of Jesus ' disciples , having received a bribe of thirty pieces of silver , leads a group of temple guards to the forest and betrays Jesus ( by confirmation of his identity ) with a simple kiss on the cheek . As the armed guards move in to arrest Jesus , Peter draws his dagger and slashes off the ear of Malchus , one of the guards and a servant of the high priest Caiaphas . Jesus , in turn , heals the ear as he reprimands Peter for his actions . As the disciples flee , the guards secure Jesus , and beat him during the journey to the Sanhedrin . </P> <P> John informs Mary , mother of Jesus and Mary Magdalene of the arrest , while Peter follows Jesus and his captors at a distance . Caiaphas holds trial over the objection of some of the other priests , who are expelled from the court . When questioned by Caiaphas if he is the Son of God , Jesus replies , `` I am '' . A horrified Caiaphas tears his robes in outrage and Jesus is condemned to death for blasphemy . Peter , secretly watching , is confronted by the surrounding mob for being a follower of Jesus , and he angrily denies this three times . But after cursing at the mob during the third denial , a sobbing Peter flees after remembering that Jesus had foretold this coping of a defense . At the same time , a guilt - ridden Judas attempts to return the money he was paid to have Jesus freed , but is refused by the priests . Tormented by demons , he flees the city , finds solitude . By sunrise , he hangs himself from a tree with a rope he finds on a decaying donkey corpse . </P> <P> Caiaphas brings Jesus before Pontius Pilate to be condemned to death , but after questioning Jesus and finding no fault , a sympathetic Pilate instead relays him to the court of Herod Antipas , as Jesus is from Antipas ' ruling town of Nazareth , Galilee . After Jesus is again found not guilty and returned , Pilate offers the crowd options for either him to chastise Jesus , or release him . He then attempts to have Jesus freed by the peoples ' choice , between Jesus and a violent criminal Barabbas . To his dismay and anger , the crowd demands to have Barabbas freed and Jesus killed . In an attempt to appease the moment , Pilate orders that he simply be punished but not killed . Jesus is brutally scourged , abused , and mocked by the Roman guards as `` king of the Jews '' with a crown of thorns until Abenader , the general , angrily stops them . However , Caiaphas , with the crowds ' verbal backing , continues to demand that Jesus be crucified as a heretic and Barabbas released . Admonished , Pilate washes his hands , takes no responsibility of the incident , and reluctantly orders Jesus ' crucifixion . During the course of events , Satan watches Jesus ' bloody sufferings with great interest . A dismayed Pilate watches the march , while his wife Claudia , who knows of Jesus ' status as a holy man , comforts him . </P> <P> As Jesus labors to carry a heavy wooden cross along the Via Dolorosa to Calvary , a woman avoids the escort of soldiers , and wipes Jesus ' face with her veil . Jesus is beaten and pressed by the guards until the unwilling Simon of Cyrene is forced into carrying the cross with him . At the end of their travel , with his mother Mary , Mary Magdalene , and others witnessing , Jesus is crucified . The very act seems to affect the weather conditions of the earth itself . </P> <P> Hanging from the cross , Jesus prays to God asking forgiveness for the people who did this to him , and redeems a criminal as a saint who is crucified beside him . Succumbing to impending death , Jesus gives up his spirit and dies . A single droplet of rain falls from the sky to the ground , triggering a sudden earthquake which destroys the temple and rips the cloth covering the Holy of Holies in two , to the horror of Caiaphas and the other priests . Satan is shown screaming in agonized defeat . Jesus ' lifeless body is taken down from the cross , and entombed . In the end , the healed body of Jesus rises from the dead and exits the tomb resurrected . </P> <H2> Cast ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Jim Caviezel as Jesus Christ </Li> <Li> Maia Morgenstern as Mary </Li> <Li> Hristo Zhivkov as John </Li> <Li> Monica Bellucci as Mary Magdalene </Li> <Li> Francesco De Vito as Peter </Li> <Li> Mattia Sbragia as Caiphas </Li> <Li> Toni Bertorelli as Annas ben Seth </Li> <Li> Luca Lionello as Judas Iscariot </Li> <Li> Hristo Shopov as Pontius Pilate </Li> <Li> Rosalinda Celentano as Satan </Li> <Li> Claudia Gerini as Claudia Procles </Li> <Li> Fabio Sartor as Abenader </Li> <Li> Luca De Dominicis as Herod Ántipas </Li> <Li> Chokri Ben Zagden as James </Li> <Li> Jarreth Merz as Simon of Cyrene </Li> <Li> Sergio Rubini as Dismas </Li> <Li> Francesco Cabras as Gesmas </Li> <Li> Giovanni Capalbo as Cassius </Li> <Li> Roberto Bestazoni as Malchus </Li> <Li> Sabrina Impacciatore as Seraphia </Li> <Li> Pietro Sarubbi as Barabbas </Li> <Li> Matt Patresi as Janus </Li> <Li> Ted Rusoff as Chief Elder </Li> <Li> Giacinto Ferro as Joseph of Arimathea </Li> <Li> Aleksander Mincer as Nicodemus </Li> </Ul> <H2> Themes ( edit ) </H2> <P> In The Passion : Photography from the Movie `` The Passion of the Christ '' , director Mel Gibson says : `` This is a movie about love , hope , faith and forgiveness . He ( Jesus ) died for all mankind , suffered for all of us . It 's time to get back to that basic message . The world has gone nuts . We could all use a little more love , faith , hope and forgiveness . '' </P> <H2> Source material ( edit ) </H2> <H3> New Testament ( edit ) </H3> <P> According to Mel Gibson , the primary source material for The Passion of the Christ is the four canonical Gospel narratives of Christ 's passion . The film includes a trial of Jesus at Herod 's court , which is only found in the Gospel of Luke . Many of the utterances from Jesus in the film can not be directly sourced to the Gospel and are part of a wider Christian narrative . The film also draws from other parts of the New Testament . The line spoken by Jesus in the film , `` I make all things new , '' is found in the Book of Revelation . </P> <H3> Tanakh ( edit ) </H3> <P> The film also refers to the Tanakh . The film begins with an epigraph from the Fourth Song of the Suffering Servant from Isaiah . In the opening scene set in the Garden of Gethsemane , Jesus crushes a serpent 's head in direct visual allusion to Genesis 3 : 15 . Throughout the film , Jesus quotes from the Psalms , beyond the instances recorded in the New Testament . </P> <H3> Traditional iconography and stories ( edit ) </H3> <P> Many of the depictions in the film deliberately mirror traditional representations of the Passion in art . For example , the fourteen Stations of the Cross are central to the depiction of the Via Dolorosa in The Passion of the Christ . All the stations are portrayed except for the eighth station ( Jesus meets the women of Jerusalem , a deleted scene on the DVD ) and the fourteenth station ( Jesus is laid in the tomb ) . Gibson was also visually inspired by the representation of Jesus on the Shroud of Turin . </P> <P> At the suggestion of actress Maia Morgenstern , the Passover Seder is quoted early in the film . Mary asks `` Why is this night different from other nights ? '' , and Mary Magdalene replies with the traditional response : `` Because once we were slaves and we are slaves no longer '' . </P> <P> The conflation of Mary Magdalene with the adulteress saved from stoning by Jesus has some precedent in tradition , and according to the director was done for dramatic reasons . The names of some characters in the film are traditional and extra-Scriptural , such as the thieves crucified alongside the Christ , Dismas and Gesmas ( also Gestas ) . </P> <H3> Catholic devotional writings ( edit ) </H3> <P> Screenwriters Gibson and Benedict Fitzgerald said that they read many accounts of Christ 's Passion for inspiration , including the devotional writings of Roman Catholic mystics . A principal source is The Dolorous Passion of Our Lord Jesus Christ the visions of the stigmatic German nun Anne Catherine Emmerich ( 1774 -- 1824 ) , as written by the poet Clemens Brentano . A careful reading of Emmerich 's book shows the film 's high level of dependence on it . </P> <P> However , Brentano 's attribution of the book The Dolorous Passion to Emmerich has been subject to dispute , with allegations that Brentano wrote much of the book himself ; a Vatican investigation concluding that : `` It is absolutely not certain that she ever wrote this '' . In his review of the movie in the Catholic publication America , Jesuit priest John O ' Malley used the terms `` devout fiction '' and `` well - intentioned fraud '' to refer to the writings of Clemens Brentano . </P> <P> Among the many elements taken from The Dolorous Passion are scenes such as the suspension of Jesus from a bridge after his arrest by the Temple guards , the torment of Judas by demons after he had handed over Jesus to the Sanhedrin , the wiping up of the blood of Jesus after his scourging , and the dislocation of Jesus ' shoulder so that his palm would reach the hole bored for the nail . </P> <H2> Differences from traditional Passion story ( edit ) </H2> <P> Certain elements of The Passion of the Christ do not have precedent in earlier depictions of the Passion . In the Garden of Gethsemane scene at the beginning of the movie , Satan appears and attempts to distract Jesus while he is praying . Jesus then crushes a serpent beneath his heel ( a reference to the protoevangelium , Genesis 3 : 15 -- a prophecy of Messiah ) ; this does not occur in any of the gospels . In another example , Judas Iscariot is tormented by children who appear as demons to him . The film gives focus to the fragile relationship of Tiberius Caesar with Pontius Pilate through Pilate 's discussion with his wife about imperial orders to avert further Judean revolts . The movie clearly identifies Simon of Cyrene as Jewish , although the Synoptic Gospels provide only his name and place of origin . In the film , a Roman soldier derides Simon ( who helps Jesus bear the cross ) by derisively calling him Jew . In contrast , Simon is described as a pagan in The Dolorous Passion of Our Lord Jesus Christ . Another major difference that passes most unnoticed is the INRI titulus on Christ 's cross which is written only in two languages ( however occupying three lines ) , instead of three as mentioned in the Gospels . </P> <P> Other scenes unique to the film include the one in which the crucified thief who taunted Christ has his eye pecked out by a crow ( in some Catholic iconography a crow is represented above the bad thief and a dove or angel above the good thief ) and the flashback of Christ at an earlier time building an elevated , four - legged table for a Roman . The scene of Satan carrying a demonic baby during Christ 's flogging has been construed as a perversion of traditional depictions of the Madonna and Child , and also as a representation of Satan and the Antichrist . Gibson described this scene : </P> <P> It 's evil distorting what 's good . What is more tender and beautiful than a mother and a child ? So the Devil takes that and distorts it just a little bit . Instead of a normal mother and child you have an androgynous figure holding a 40 - year - old ' baby ' with hair on his back . It is weird , it is shocking , it 's almost too much -- just like turning Jesus over to continue scourging him on his chest is shocking and almost too much , which is the exact moment when this appearance of the Devil and the baby takes place . </P> <H2> Production ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Script and language ( edit ) </H3> <P> Gibson originally announced that he would use two old languages without subtitles and rely on `` filmic storytelling '' . Because the story of the Passion is so well - known , Gibson felt the need to avoid vernacular languages in order to surprise audiences : `` I think it 's almost counterproductive to say some of these things in a modern language . It makes you want to stand up and shout out the next line , like when you hear ' To be or not to be ' and you instinctively say to yourself , ' That is the question . ' '' The script was written in English by Gibson and Benedict Fitzgerald , then translated by William Fulco , S.J. , a professor at Loyola Marymount University , into Latin and reconstructed Aramaic . Gibson chose to use Latin instead of Greek , which was the lingua franca of that particular part of the Roman Empire at the time , since there is no source for the Koine Greek spoken in that region . The street Greek spoken in the ancient Levant region of Jesus ' day is not the exact Greek language used in the Bible . Fulco sometimes incorporated deliberate errors in pronunciations and word endings when the characters were speaking a language unfamiliar to them , and some of the crude language used by the Roman soldiers was not translated in the subtitles . </P> <H3> Filming ( edit ) </H3> Old city of Matera <P> The film was produced independently and shot in Italy , primarily at Cinecittà Studios in Rome , in the old city of Matera , and in the ghost town of Craco ( Basilicata ) . The estimated US $30 million production cost , plus an additional estimated $15 million in marketing costs , were fully borne by Gibson and his company , Icon Productions . According to the DVD Special Feature , Martin Scorsese had recently finished his film , Gangs of New York , and Gibson and his production designers constructed part of their set using Scorsese 's set . This saved Gibson a lot of time and money . </P> <P> Gibson 's film was released on Ash Wednesday , February 25 , 2004 . It was rated R by the Motion Picture Association of America for `` sequences of graphic violence '' . Icon Entertainment distributed the theatrical version of the film , and 20th Century Fox distributed the VHS / DVD / Blu - ray version of the film . </P> <P> Gibson consulted several theological advisers during filming , including Fr . Jonathan Morris . During filming , assistant director Jan Michelini was struck twice by lightning . Minutes later , Jim Caviezel was also struck . </P> <H3> Music ( edit ) </H3> <P> Three albums were released with Mel Gibson 's co-operation : ( 1 ) the film soundtrack of John Debney 's original orchestral score conducted by Nick Ingman ; ( 2 ) The Passion of the Christ : Songs , by producers Mark Joseph and Tim Cook , with original compositions by various artists , and ( 3 ) The Passion of the Christ : Songs Inspired By . The first two albums each received a 2005 Dove award , and the soundtrack received an Academy Award nomination of Best Original Music Score . </P> <P> A preliminary score was composed and recorded by Lisa Gerrard and Patrick Cassidy , but was incomplete at film 's release . Jack Lenz was the primary musical researcher and one of the composers ; several clips of his compositions have been posted online . </P> <H2> Post-production ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Title change ( edit ) </H3> <P> Although Mel Gibson wanted to call his film The Passion , on October 16 , 2003 , his spokesman announced that the title used in the United States would be The Passion of Christ because Miramax Films had already registered the title The Passion with the MPAA for the 1987 novel by Jeanette Winterson . Later , the title was changed again to The Passion of the Christ for all markets . </P> <H3> Distribution and marketing ( edit ) </H3> <P> Gibson began production on his film without securing outside funding or distribution . In 2002 , he explained why he could not get backing from the Hollywood studios : `` This is a film about something that nobody wants to touch , shot in two dead languages . In Los Angeles they think I am insane , and maybe I am . '' Gibson and his Icon Productions company provided the film 's sole backing , spending about $30 million on production costs and an estimated $15 million on marketing . After early accusations of anti-Semitism , it became difficult for Gibson to find an American distribution company . 20th Century Fox had a first - look deal with Icon and passed on the film in response to public protests . In order to avoid the spectacle of other studios turning down the film and to avoid subjecting the distributor to the same intense public criticism he had received , Gibson decided to distribute the movie in the United States himself , with Newmarket Films . </P> <P> Gibson departed from the usual film marketing formula . He employed a small - scale television advertising campaign with no press junkets . The Passion of the Christ was heavily promoted by many church groups , both within their organizations and to the public . The United Methodist Church stated that many of its members , like other Christians , felt that the movie was a good way to evangelize non-believers . As a result , many congregations planned to be at the theaters , some of whom set up tables to answer questions and share prayers. Rev. John Tanner , pastor of Cove United Methodist Church , Hampton Cove , Alabama has said : `` They feel the film presents a unique opportunity to share Christianity in a way today 's public can identify with . '' </P> <H3> Evangelical support ( edit ) </H3> <P> The Passion of the Christ received enthusiastic support from the American evangelical community . Prior to the film 's release , Gibson actively reached out to evangelical leaders seeking their support and feedback . With their help , Gibson organized and attended a series of prerelease screenings for evangelical audiences and discussed the making of the film and his personal faith . In June 2003 he screened the film for 800 pastors attending a leadership conference at New Life Church , pastored by Ted Haggard , then president of the National Association of Evangelicals . Gibson gave similar showings at Joel Osteen 's Lakewood Church , Greg Laurie 's Harvest Christian Fellowship , and to 3,600 pastors at a conference at Rick Warren 's Saddleback Church in Lake Forest . From the summer of 2003 to the film 's release in February 2004 , portions or rough cuts of the film were shown to over eighty audiences -- many of which were evangelical audiences . Gibson received numerous public endorsements from evangelical leaders , including Billy Graham , Robert Schuller , Darrell Bock , and David Neff , editor of Christianity Today . In an open letter published prior to the film 's release , James Dobson , the founder and chairman of Focus on the Family , endorsed the film and defended it against its detractors . Similar public endorsements of the film were received from evangelical leaders Pat Robertson , Rick Warren , Lee Strobel , Jerry Falwell , Max Lucado , Tim LaHaye and Chuck Colson . </P> <H2> Release ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Box Office ( edit ) </H3> <P> The Passion of the Christ opened in the United States on February 25 , 2004 ( Ash Wednesday , the beginning of Lent ) . It earned $83,848,082 in its opening weekend , ranking it fourth overall in domestic opening weekend earnings for 2004 . It went on to earn $370,782,930 overall in the United States , and remained the highest grossing R - rated film in the domestic market . ( U.S. & Canada ) . The film sold an estimated 59,625,500 tickets in the US in its initial theatrical run . </P> <P> In Malaysia , government censors initially banned it completely , but after Christian leaders protested , the restriction was lifted , but only for Christian audiences , allowing them to view the film in specially designated theatres . In Israel , the film was not banned . However , it never received theatrical distribution because no Israeli distributor would market the movie . </P> <P> Despite the various controversies and refusals of certain governments to allow the film to be viewed in wide release , The Passion of the Christ earned $611,899,420 worldwide . The film was also a relative success in certain countries with large Muslim populations , such as in Egypt , where it ranked 20th overall in its box office numbers for 2004 . The film was the highest grossing non-English - language film of all time until 2017 , when it was surpassed by Wolf Warrior 2 . </P> <H3> Theatrical re-release ( edit ) </H3> <P> An edited version titled The Passion Recut was released on March 11 , 2005 , with five minutes of the most explicit violence deleted to broaden the audience . Gibson explained his reasoning for the new version of the film : </P> <Table> <Tr> <Td> `` </Td> <Td> After the initial run in movie theaters , I received numerous letters from people all across the country . Many told me they wanted to share the experience with loved ones but were concerned that the harsher images of the film would be too intense for them to bear . In light of this I decided to re-edit The Passion of the Christ . </Td> <Td> '' </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Despite the attempt to tone down the content , the Motion Picture Association of America deemed the film too violent to rate PG - 13 , so Gibson released it as unrated . The re-release showed for three weeks . </P> <H3> Home media ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( August 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> On August 31 , 2004 , the film was released on DVD , VHS , and later D - VHS in North America by 20th Century Fox Home Entertainment . As with the original theatrical release , the film 's release on home video formats proved to be very popular . Early reports indicated that over 2.4 million copies of the film were sold by the middle of the day . The film was available on DVD with English and Spanish subtitles and on VHS tape with English subtitles . The film was released on Blu - ray in North America as a two - disc Definitive Edition set on February 17 , 2009 . It was also released on Blu - ray in Australia a week before Easter . </P> <P> Although the original DVD release sold well , it contained no extra materials other than soundtrack language selections . The no - frills edition provoked speculation about when a special edition would be released . On January 30 , 2007 , a two - disc Definitive Edition was released in the North American markets , and March 26 elsewhere . It contains several documentaries , soundtrack commentaries , deleted scenes , outtakes , the 2005 unrated version , and the original 2004 theatrical version . </P> <P> The British version of the two - disc DVD contains two additional deleted scenes . In the first , Jesus meets the women of Jerusalem ( at the eighth station of the cross ) and falls to the ground as the women wail around him , and Simon of Cyrene attempts to hold up the cross and help up Jesus simultaneously . Afterwards , while both are holding up the cross , Jesus says to the women weeping for him , `` Do not weep for me , but for yourselves and for your children '' . In the second , Pilate washes his hands , turns to Caiaphas , and says : `` Look you to it '' ( i.e. , the Pharisees wish to have Jesus crucified ) . Pilate then turns to Abanader and says : `` Do as they wish '' . The scene next shows Pilate calling to his servant , who is carrying a wooden board on which Pilate writes , `` Jesus of Nazareth king of the Jews '' , in Latin and Hebrew . He then holds the board above his head in full view of Caiaphas , who after reading it challenges Pilate on its content . Pilate replies angrily to Caiaphas in non-subtitled Hebrew . The disc contains only two deleted scenes in total . No other scenes from the movie are shown on disc 2 . </P> <P> On February 7 , 2017 , 20th Century Fox re-released the film on Blu - Ray and DVD featuring both cuts . Only the original theatrical version is dubbed in English , Spanish this marks the first time the film has ever been dubbed in another language . </P> <H3> Television broadcast ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> On April 17 , 2011 ( Palm Sunday ) , Trinity Broadcasting Network ( TBN ) presented a world television premiere of the film at 7 : 30 pm ET / PT , with multiple showings scheduled . The network has continued to air the film throughout the year , and particularly around Easter . </P> <P> On March 29 , 2013 ( Good Friday ) , as a part of their special Holy Week programming , TV5 presented the Filipino - dubbed version of the film at 2 : 00 pm ( PST , UTC + 8 ) in the Philippines . Its total broadcast ran for two hours , but excluding the advertisements , it would only run up for approximately one hour instead of its full run time of two hours and six minutes . It ended exactly at 4 : 00 p.m. It has been rated SPG by the Movie and Television Review and Classification Board ( MTRCB ) for themes , language and violence with some scenes censored for television . TV5 is the first broadcast network outside of the United States and dubbed the Vernacular Hebrew and Latin language to Filipino ( through translating its supplied English subtitles ) . </P> <H2> Reception ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Critical response ( edit ) </H3> <P> The Passion of the Christ polarized critics : Jim Caviezel 's performance , the musical score , the sound , the makeup , and the cinematography were praised , while the film 's graphic violence and alleged antisemitic undertones were singled out for criticism . The film has a `` rotten '' rating of 49 % on Rotten Tomatoes , based on 268 reviews with an average score of 5.9 out of 10 . The consensus states `` The graphic details of Jesus ' torture make the movie tough to sit through and obscure whatever message it is trying to convey . '' The film 's Metacritic score of 47 out of 100 , based on 43 critics , indicates `` mixed or average reviews '' . CinemaScore reported that audiences gave the film a rare `` A + '' grade . </P> <P> In a positive review for Time , Richard Corliss called The Passion of the Christ `` a serious , handsome , excruciating film that radiates total commitment . '' New York Press film critic Armond White praised Gibson 's direction , comparing him to Carl Theodor Dreyer in how he transformed art into spirituality . Roger Ebert from the Chicago Sun - Times gave the movie four out of four stars , calling it `` the most violent film ( he ) ha ( s ) ever seen '' as well as reflecting on how the film personally impacted him as a former altar boy saying `` What Gibson has provided for me , for the first time in my life , is a visceral idea of what the Passion consisted of . That his film is superficial in terms of the surrounding message -- that we get only a few passing references to the teachings of Jesus -- is , I suppose , not the point . This is not a sermon or a homily , but a visualization of the central event in the Christian religion . Take it or leave it . '' In a negative review , Slate magazine 's David Edelstein called it `` a two - hour - and - six - minute snuff movie '' , while Jami Bernard of the New York Daily News felt it was `` the most virulently anti-Semitic movie made since the German propaganda films of World War II '' . Writing for the Dallas Observer , Robert Wilonsky said he found the movie `` too turgid to awe the nonbelievers , too zealous to inspire and often too silly to take seriously , with its demonic hallucinations that look like escapees from a David Lynch film ; I swear I could n't find the devil carrying around a hairy - backed midget anywhere in the text I read . '' </P> <P> The June 2006 issue of Entertainment Weekly named The Passion of the Christ the most controversial film of all time , followed by Stanley Kubrick 's A Clockwork Orange ( 1971 ) . In 2010 , Time listed it as one of the most `` ridiculously violent '' films of all time . </P> <H3> Independent Promotion and discussion ( edit ) </H3> <P> A number of independent websites such as MyLifeAfter.com and Passion-Movie.com were launched to promote the film and its message and to allow people to discuss the film 's effect on their lives . Documentaries such as Changed Lives : Miracles of the Passion chronicled stories of miraculous savings , forgiveness , new - found faith , and the story of a man who confessed to murdering his girlfriend after authorities determined her death was due to suicide . Another documentary , Impact : The Passion of the Christ , chronicled the popular response of the film in the United States , India , and Japan and examined the claims of antisemitism against Mel Gibson and the film . </P> <H3> Accolades ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( September 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Wins </P> <Ul> <Li> National Board of Review -- Freedom of Expression ( tie ) </Li> <Li> People 's Choice Awards -- Favorite Motion Picture Drama </Li> <Li> Satellite Awards -- Best Director </Li> <Li> Moviefone Moviegoer Awards -- Best Picture </Li> <Li> Ethnic Multicultural Media Academy ( EMMA Awards ) -- Best Film Actress -- Maia Morgenstern </Li> <Li> Motion Picture Sound Editors ( Golden Reel Awards ) -- Best Sound Editing in a Feature Film -- Music -- Michael T. Ryan </Li> <Li> Golden Knight Film Festival -- Grand Prix -- Mel Gibson ; Best Actor -- Hristo Shopov </Li> <Li> ShoWest / USA Today / Coca - Cola -- Consumers Choice for Favorite Movie Award </Li> <Li> American Society of Composers , Authors and Publishers -- ASCAP Henry Mancini Award -- John Debney </Li> <Li> Hollywood Film Festival , USA -- Hollywood Producer of the Year -- Mel Gibson </Li> <Li> Catholics in Media Associates -- Film Award -- Mel Gibson </Li> <Li> Cinema Writers Circle Awards -- Spain -- Best Foreign Film </Li> <Li> GMA Dove Award , The Passion of the Christ Original Motion Picture Soundtrack , Instrumental Album of the Year </Li> </Ul> <P> Nominations </P> <Ul> <Li> Academy Awards <Ul> <Li> Best Cinematography -- Caleb Deschanel </Li> <Li> Best Makeup -- Keith Vanderlaan , Christien Tinsley </Li> <Li> Best Original Score -- John Debney </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> American Society of Cinematographers -- Outstanding Achievement in Cinematography in Theatrical Releases -- Caleb Deschanel </Li> <Li> Broadcast Film Critics Association Awards -- Best Popular Movie </Li> <Li> Irish Film and Television Awards -- Jameson People 's Choice Award for Best International Film </Li> <Li> MTV Movie Awards -- Best male performance -- Jim Caviezel </Li> </Ul> <P> Other honors The film was nominated in the following categories for American Film Institute recognition : </P> <Ul> <Li> 2006 : AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Cheers -- Nominated </Li> <Li> 2008 : AFI 's 10 Top 10 : -- Nominated Epic Film </Li> </Ul> <H2> Controversies ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Questions of historical and biblical accuracy ( edit ) </H3> <P> Despite criticisms that Gibson deliberately added additional material to the historical accounts of first - century Judea and biblical accounts of Christ 's crucifixion , some scholars defend the film as not being primarily concerned with historical accuracy . Biblical scholar Mark Goodacre protested that he could not find one documented example of Gibson explicitly claiming the film to be historically accurate . Gibson has been quoted as saying : `` I think that my first duty is to be as faithful as possible in telling the story so that it does n't contradict the Scriptures . Now , so long as it did n't do that , I felt that I had a pretty wide berth for artistic interpretation , and to fill in some of the spaces with logic , with imagination , with various other readings . '' </P> <P> When asked about the film 's faithfulness to the account given in the New Testament , Father Augustine Di Noia of the Vatican 's Doctrinal Congregation replied : `` Mel Gibson 's film is not a documentary ... but remains faithful to the fundamental structure common to all four accounts ( of the Gospels ) '' and `` Gibson 's film is entirely faithful to the New Testament '' . </P> <H3> Disputed papal endorsement ( edit ) </H3> <P> In early December 2003 , Passion of the Christ co-producer Stephen McEveety provided the film to Archbishop Stanisław Dziwisz , the pope 's secretary . Archbishop Dziwisz returned the film to McEveety and said he had watched it with John Paul II . On December 16 , Daily Variety reported that the pope had seen the film , and on December 17 , The Wall Street Journal columnist Peggy Noonan reported that John Paul II had said : `` It is as it was , '' sourcing McEveety , who said he heard it from Dziwisz . National Catholic Reporter journalist John Allen published a similar account on the same day , quoting an unnamed senior Vatican official . The following day , Reuters and the Associated Press each independently confirmed the story , citing Vatican sources . On December 24 , an anonymous Vatican official told Catholic News Service , `` There was no declaration , no judgment from the pope . '' On January 9 , John Allen defended his earlier reporting , saying that his official source was adamant about the veracity of the original story . In a January 18 column , Frank Rich interviewed the Italian translator who quoted Dziwisz as saying that the pope called the film `` incredible '' and said `` it is as it was . '' Rich attacked the marketing of the film and suggested Dziwisz wielded too much influence over the pope . The next day Archbishop Dziwisz told CNS , `` The Holy Father told no one his opinion of this film . '' This denial resulted in a round of commentators who accused the film producers of fabricating a papal quote to market their movie . </P> <P> However , the Icon Productions spokesman stood by the story , and a source close to the situation said McEveety had asked for and received Vatican officials ' permission to repeat the `` It is as it was '' statement before speaking to Noonan . Journalist Rod Dreher reported that McEveety had received an e-mail from papal spokesman Dr. Joaquin Navarro - Valls on December 28 , backing the Noonan account and ending : `` I would try to make the words ' It is as it was ' the leit motive ( sic ) in any discusion ( sic ) on the film . Repeat the words again and again and again . '' </P> <P> Peggy Noonan had also received e-mail confirmation of the quote from Navarro - Valls before writing her December 17 column . Complicating the situation , Navarro - Valls told Dreher that the e-mail sent to McEveety was not genuine , suggesting it was fabricated . However , Noonan later verified that all of the Navarro - Valls e-mails came from the same Vatican IP address . The Los Angeles Times reported that they had previously confirmed the accuracy of the quote from Navarro - Valls when the story first broke . On CNN , John Allen reported Vatican sources who claim to have heard Dziwisz on other occasions affirm the accuracy of the quotation . </P> <P> On January 22 , Navarro - Valls released the following official statement : </P> <P> The film is a cinematographic transposition of the historical event of the Passion of Jesus Christ according to the accounts of the Gospel . It is a common practice of the Holy Father not to express public opinions on artistic works , opinions that are always open to different evaluations of aesthetic character . </P> <H3> Allegations of anti-Semitism ( edit ) </H3> <P> Before the film was released , there were prominent criticisms of perceived antisemitic content in the film . 20th Century Fox told New York Assemblyman Dov Hikind they had passed on distributing the film in response to a protest outside the News Corporation building . Hikind warned other companies that `` they should not distribute this film . This is unhealthy for Jews all over the world . '' </P> <P> A joint committee of the Secretariat for Ecumenical and Inter-religious Affairs of the United States Conference of Catholic Bishops and the Department of Inter-religious Affairs of the Anti-Defamation League obtained a version of the script before it was released in theaters . They released a statement , calling it </P> <P> one of the most troublesome texts , relative to anti-Semitic potential , that any of us had seen in twenty - five years . It must be emphasized that the main storyline presented Jesus as having been relentlessly pursued by an evil cabal of Jews , headed by the high priest Caiaphas , who finally blackmailed a weak - kneed Pilate into putting Jesus to death . This is precisely the storyline that fueled centuries of anti-Semitism within Christian societies . This is also a storyline rejected by the Roman Catholic Church at Vatican II in its document Nostra aetate , and by nearly all mainline Protestant churches in parallel documents ... Unless this basic storyline has been altered by Mr. Gibson , a fringe Catholic who is building his own church in the Los Angeles area and who apparently accepts neither the teachings of Vatican II nor modern biblical scholarship , The Passion of the Christ retains a real potential for undermining the repudiation of classical Christian anti-Semitism by the churches in the last forty years . </P> <P> The ADL itself also released a statement about the yet - to - be-released film : </P> <P> For filmmakers to do justice to the biblical accounts of the passion , they must complement their artistic vision with sound scholarship , which includes knowledge of how the passion accounts have been used historically to disparage and attack Jews and Judaism . Absent such scholarly and theological understanding , productions such as The Passion could likely falsify history and fuel the animus of those who hate Jews . </P> <P> Rabbi Daniel Lapin , the head of the Toward Tradition organization , criticized this statement , and said of Abraham Foxman , the head of the ADL , `` what he is saying is that the only way to escape the wrath of Foxman is to repudiate your faith '' . </P> <P> In The Nation , reviewer Katha Pollitt said : `` Gibson has violated just about every precept of the United States Conference of Catholic Bishops own 1988 ' Criteria ' for the portrayal of Jews in dramatizations of the Passion ( no bloodthirsty Jews , no rabble , no use of Scripture that reinforces negative stereotypes of Jews , etc . ) ( ... ) The priests have big noses and gnarly faces , lumpish bodies , yellow teeth ; Herod Antipas and his court are a bizarre collection of oily - haired , epicene perverts . The ' good Jews ' look like Italian movie stars ( Italian sex symbol Monica Bellucci is Mary Magdalene ) ; Jesus 's mother , who would have been around 50 and appeared 70 , could pass for a ripe 35 . '' Jesuit priest Fr . William Fulco , S.J. , of Loyola Marymount University -- and the film 's Hebrew dialogue translator -- specifically disagreed with that assessment , and disagreed with concerns that the film accused the Jewish community of deicide . </P> <P> One specific scene in the film perceived as an example of anti-Semitism was in the dialogue of Caiaphas , when he states `` His blood ( is ) on us and on our children ! '' , a quote historically interpreted by some as a curse taken upon by the Jewish people . Certain Jewish groups asked this be removed from the film . However , only the subtitles were removed ; the original dialogue remains in the Hebrew soundtrack . When asked about this scene , Gibson said : `` I wanted it in . My brother said I was wimping out if I did n't include it . But , man , if I included that in there , they 'd be coming after me at my house . They 'd come to kill me . '' In another interview when asked about the scene , he said , `` It 's one little passage , and I believe it , but I do n't and never have believed it refers to Jews , and implicates them in any sort of curse . It 's directed at all of us , all men who were there , and all that came after . His blood is on us , and that 's what Jesus wanted . But I finally had to admit that one of the reasons I felt strongly about keeping it , aside from the fact it 's true , is that I did n't want to let someone else dictate what could or could n't be said . '' </P> <P> Additionally , the film 's suggestion that the Temple 's destruction was a direct result of the Jews ' actions towards Jesus could also be interpreted as an offensive take on an event which Jewish tradition views as a tragedy , and which is still mourned by many Jews today on the fast day of Tisha B'Av . </P> <P> Asked by Bill O'Reilly if his movie would `` upset Jews '' , Gibson responded , `` It 's not meant to . I think it 's meant to just tell the truth . I want to be as truthful as possible . '' In a Globe and Mail newspaper interview , he added : `` If anyone has distorted Gospel passages to rationalize cruelty towards Jews or anyone , it 's in defiance of repeated Papal condemnation . The Papacy has condemned racism in any form ... Jesus died for the sins of all times , and I 'll be the first on the line for culpability '' . </P> <P> Conservative columnist Cal Thomas also disagreed with allegations of anti-Semitism , saying `` To those in the Jewish community who worry that the film ( ... ) might contain anti-Semitic elements , or encourage people to persecute Jews , fear not . The film does not indict Jews for the death of Jesus . '' Two Orthodox Jews , Rabbi Daniel Lapin and conservative talk - show host and author Michael Medved , also vocally rejected claims that the film is anti-Semitic . They have noted the film 's many sympathetic portrayals of Jews : Simon of Cyrene ( who helps Jesus carry the cross ) , Mary Magdalene , the Virgin Mary , St. Peter , St. John , Veronica ( who wipes Jesus ' face and offers him water ) and several Jewish priests who protest Jesus ' arrest ( Nicodemus and Joseph of Arimathea ) during Caiaphas ' trial of Jesus . </P> <P> Bob Smithouser of Plugged in Online believed that film was trying to convey the evils and sins of humanity rather than specifically targeting Jews , stating : `` The anthropomorphic portrayal of Satan as a player in these events brilliantly pulls the proceedings into the supernatural realm -- a fact that should have quelled the much - publicized cries of anti-Semitism since it shows a diabolical force at work beyond any political and religious agendas of the Jews and Romans . '' </P> <P> Moreover , Senior Vatican officer Cardinal Darío Castrillón Hoyos , who has seen the film , addressed the matter so : </P> <P> Anti-Semitism , like all forms of racism , distorts the truth in order to put a whole race of people in a bad light . This film does nothing of the sort . It draws out from the historical objectivity of the Gospel narratives sentiments of forgiveness , mercy , and reconciliation . It captures the subtleties and the horror of sin , as well as the gentle power of love and forgiveness , without making or insinuating blanket condemnations against one group . This film expressed the exact opposite , that learning from the example of Christ , there should never be any more violence against any other human being . </P> <P> South Park parodied the controversy in the episodes `` Good Times with Weapons '' , `` Up the Down Steroid '' and `` The Passion of the Jew '' , all of which aired just a few weeks after the film 's release . </P> <H3> Criticism of excessive violence ( edit ) </H3> <P> Several critics were troubled by the film 's extensive , detailed violence , and especially cautioned parents to avoid taking their children to the cinema . Film critic Roger Ebert , who gave a four - out - of - four - star rating , said in his review : </P> <P> The movie is 126 minutes long , and I would guess that at least 100 of those minutes , maybe more , are concerned specifically and graphically with the details of the torture and death of Jesus . This is the most violent film I have ever seen . </P> <P> Ebert also stated that the R - rated film should have instead been rated NC - 17 ( an MPAA rating even harsher than the R rating ) in a `` Movie Answer Man '' response , adding that no level - minded parent should ever allow children to see it . </P> <P> Film historian Michael Gurnow , in an April 2008 cover story for American Atheists , stated much the same , labeling the work a mainstream snuff film . </P> <P> A.O. Scott , in The New York Times , said : `` The Passion of the Christ is so relentlessly focused on the savagery of Jesus ' final hours that this film seems to arise less from love than from wrath , and to succeed more in assaulting the spirit than in uplifting it . '' David Edelstein , Slate 's film critic , dubbed the film `` a two - hour - and - six - minute snuff movie -- The Jesus Chainsaw Massacre -- that thinks it 's an act of faith '' , and further criticized Gibson for focusing on the brutality of Jesus ' execution , instead of his religious teachings . </P> <P> During Diane Sawyer 's interview of him , Gibson said : </P> <P> I wanted it to be shocking ; and I wanted it to be extreme ... So that they see the enormity -- the enormity of that sacrifice ; to see that someone could endure that and still come back with love and forgiveness , even through extreme pain and suffering and ridicule . The actual crucifixion was more violent than what was shown on the film , but I thought no one would get anything out of it . </P> <H2> Sequel ( edit ) </H2> <P> In June 2016 , it was announced that Mel Gibson is working on a sequel to The Passion of the Christ , focusing on the resurrection of Jesus . The screenwriter is Randall Wallace , who wrote the screenplay for Braveheart ( 1995 ) . Gibson has expressed an interest in directing the film . He also said that the film will come out in a few years since it is a big project . In November 2016 , Gibson confirmed that the title of the sequel would be Resurrection and implied that part of the movie would be taking place in hell , stating that the film would explore what happened in the three - day period between the death of Jesus and his return . He also revealed that the film would probably be about three years away , because of its massive undertaking . </P> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Christianity portal </Li> <Li> Film in the United States portal </Li> <Li> 2000s portal </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Cultural depictions of Jesus <Ul> <Li> Saint Mary </Li> <Li> The Messiah </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> The Passion </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Passion of the Christ ( 18 ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . February 18 , 2004 . Retrieved June 2 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` The Passion of the Christ ( 2004 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 05 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Peggy Noonan ( December 17 , 2003 ) . `` ' It Is as It Was ' Mel Gibson 's `` The Passion '' gets a thumbs - up from the pope `` . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 20 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Father John O'Malley A Movie , a Mystic , a Spiritual Tradition America , March 15 , 2004 `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on October 5 , 2011 . Retrieved 2011 - 07 - 19 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Jesus and Mel Gibson 's The Passion of the Christ by Kathleen E. Corley , Robert Leslie Webb. 2004 . ISBN 0 - 8264 - 7781 - X. pages 160 -- 161 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Mel Gibson 's Passion and philosophy by Jorge J.E. Gracia. 2004 . ISBN 0 - 8126 - 9571 - 2 . page 145 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Movies in American History : An Encyclopedia edited by Philip C. Dimare. 2011 . ISBN 1 - 59884 - 296 - X. page 909 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Entertainment Weekly '' . June 2006 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Passion of the Christ Movie Reviews , Pictures -- Rotten Tomatoes '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 16 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Passion of the Christ , The ( 2004 ) : Reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 16 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` All Time Worldwide Box Office Grosses '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 02 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Gibson , Mel ( 2004 - 02 - 25 ) , The Passion of the Christ , retrieved 2016 - 09 - 01 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ The Holy Bible , Book of Revelation 21 : 5 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ The Holy Bible , Book of Isaiah 53 : 5 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ The Holy Bible , Book of Genesis 3 : 15 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Cooney Carrillo , Jenny ( February 26 , 2004 ) . `` The Passion of Mel '' . Urbancinefile . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Abramowitz , Rachel ( March 7 , 2004 ) . `` Along came Mary ; Mel Gibson was sold on Maia Morgenstern for ' Passion ' at first sight '' . Los Angeles Times . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Clement Brentano . The Dolorous Passion of Our Lord Jesus Christ . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Movies in American History : An Encyclopedia edited by Philip C. DiMare 2011 ISBN 1 - 59884 - 296 - X page 909 </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Emmerich , Anne Catherine , and Clemens Brentano . The Dolorous Passion of Our Lord Jesus Christ . Anvil Publishers , Georgia , 2005 pages 49 -- 56 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ John Thavis , Catholic News Service February 4 , 2004 : `` Vatican confirms papal plans to beatify nun who inspired Gibson film '' ( 1 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ John Thavis , Catholic News Service October 4 , 2004 : `` Pope beatifies five , including German nun who inspired Gibson film '' ( 2 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Moring , Mark ( March 1 , 2004 ) . `` What 's Up With the Ugly Baby ? '' . Christianity Today . Archived from the original on July 9 , 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 20 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Mel Gibson 's Great Passion '' . Zenit . March 6 , 2003 . Archived from the original on August 15 , 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ ' Msgr . Charles Pope ' `` A Hidden , Mysterious , and Much Debated Word in the Our Father '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Translating the passion '' . Language Hat . March 8 , 2004 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Reeves , Tony ( February 2 , 2012 ) . `` The Passion of the Christ film locations '' . The Worldwide Guide To Movie Locations . Retrieved February 18 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Susman , Gary ( October 24 , 2003 ) . `` Charged Performance '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved March 31 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Ross , Scott . `` Behind the Scenes of ' The Passion ' with Jim Caviezel '' . Retrieved March 31 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Jesus actor struck by lightning '' . BBC News . October 23 , 2003 . Retrieved April 14 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Jack Lenz Bio '' . JackLenz.com . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Clips of Musical Compositions by Jack Lenz '' . JackLenz.com . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Susman , Gary ( October 16 , 2004 ) . `` Napoleon Branding '' . `` Entertainment Weekly '' . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 16 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Nick Vivarelli ( September 23 , 2002 ) . `` Gibson To Direct Christ Tale With Caviezel As Star '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 20 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Patsuris , Penelope ( March 3 , 2004 ) . `` What Mel 's Passion Will Earn Him '' . Forbes.com . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Fox passes on Gibson 's ' The Passion ' '' . Los Angeles Times . October 22 , 2004 . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 30 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Horn , John ( October 22 , 2004 ) . `` Gibson to Market ' Christ ' on His Own , Sources Say '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 20 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Cobb , Jerry ( February 25 , 2004 ) . `` Marketing ' The Passion of the Christ ' '' . MSNBC.com . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Maresco , Peter A. ( Fall 2004 ) . `` Mel Gibson 's The Passion of the Christ : Market Segmentation , Mass Marketing and Promotion , and the Internet '' . Journal of Religion and Popular Culture . Archived from the original on July 5 , 2008 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Many churches look to ' Passion ' as evangelism tool '' . United Methodist Church . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 07 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Pauley , John L. ; King , Amy ( 2013 ) . Robert H. Woods , ed . Evangelical Christians and Popular Culture . 1 . Westport : Praeger Publishing . pp. 36 -- 51 . ISBN 978 - 0313386541 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Pawley , p. 38 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Pawley , p. 40 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Pawley , p. 40 -- 41 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Pauley , p. 41 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Dobson , James C. ( February 6 , 2004 ) . `` Open Letter on ' The Passion of the Christ ' '' . WND . Retrieved August 7 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Fredriksen , Paula ( 2006 ) . On ' The Passion of the Christ ' : Exploring the Issues Raised by the Controversial Movie . Berkeley : University of California Press . ISBN 978 - 0520248533 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Domestic Grosses by MPAA Rating '' . Box Office Mojo . Amazon.com , Inc . Retrieved February 24 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ DeSantis , Nick ( February 22 , 2016 ) . `` ' Deadpool ' Box Office On Pace To Dethrone ' Passion Of The Christ ' As Top - Grossing R - Rated Movie Of All Time '' . Forbes . Retrieved February 23 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( February 27 , 2016 ) . `` Powerless Versus ' Deadpool ' , ' Gods of Egypt ' Is First 2016 Big - Budget Bomb : Saturday AM B.O. Update '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved February 28 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ McClintock , Pamela ( February 28 , 2016 ) . `` Box Office : ' Deadpool ' Entombs Big - Budget Bomb ' Gods of Egypt ' to Stay No. 1 '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved February 28 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ McClintock , Pamela ( March 6 , 2016 ) . `` Box Office : ' Zootopia ' Defeats ' Deadpool ' With Record $73.7 M '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 7 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Passion of the Christ ( 2004 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 30 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Censors in Malaysia give OK to ' Passion ' '' . Los Angeles Times . July 10 , 2004 . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 20 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Laura King ( March 15 , 2004 ) . `` ' Passion ' goes unseen in Israel '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 20 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Blanford , Nicholas ( April 9 , 2004 ) . `` Gibson 's movie unlikely box - office hit in Arab world '' . The Christian Science Monitor . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 2004 Box Office Totals for Egypt '' . BoxOfficeMojo.com . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ O'Neill , Eddie ( February 2 , 2014 ) . `` ' The Passion of the Christ ' , a Decade Later '' . National Catholic Register . Retrieved July 31 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Patrick Frater ( 8 August 2017 ) . `` ' Wolf Warriors II ' Takes All Time China Box Office Record '' . Variety . Retrieved 12 December 2017 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` The Passion of the Christ Review '' . PluggedInOnline.com . Archived from the original on May 13 , 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Box Office Stats for The Passion Recut '' . BoxOfficeMojo.com . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Gibson , Mel . The Passion of the Christ ( DVD ; visual material ) ( in Latin and Hebrew ) . Beverly Hills , California : 20th Century Fox Home Entertainment , © 2004 . ISBN 9780310263661 . OCLC 55205651 . Retrieved March 29 , 2013 . Lay summary -- Internet Movie Database . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Gibson , Mel . The Passion of the Christ ( Blu - ray ; visual material ) ( in Latin and Hebrew ) ( definitive ed . ) . Beverly Hills , California : 20th Century Fox Home Entertainment , © 2009 . OCLC 302426419 . Retrieved March 29 , 2013 . Lay summary -- Amazon . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Re-Release of The Passion '' . Miserere.org . Archived from the original on November 22 , 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Stella Papamichael . `` Movies -- review -- The Passion of the Christ : Special Edition DVD '' . BBC . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 05 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Mel Gibson 's ' The Passion of the Christ ' Returns to Blu - ray '' . High - Def Digest . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Passion of the Christ '' . TBN . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 05 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Passion of the Christ '' . February 25 , 2004 . Retrieved February 5 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` The Passion of the Christ '' . Metacritic . Retrieved February 5 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Pamela McClintock ( August 19 , 2011 ) . `` Why CinemaScore Matters for Box Office '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved September 14 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ White , Armond ( March 18 , 2008 ) . `` Steve McQueen 's Hunger '' . New York Press . Retrieved April 16 , 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Ebert , Roger ( February 24 , 2004 ) . `` The Passion of the Christ '' . RogerEbert.com . Retrieved 2006 - 08 - 02 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Edelstein , David ( February 24 , 2004 ) . `` Jesus H. Christ '' . Slate . Archived from the original on November 23 , 2009 . Retrieved November 18 , 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bernard , Jami ( February 24 , 2004 ) . `` The Passion of the Christ '' . New York Daily News . Archived from the original on April 16 , 2004 . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 20 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Josh Sanburn ( September 3 , 2010 ) . `` Top 10 Ridiculously Violent Movies '' . Time . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Film prompts murder confession -- Scotsman.com News '' . Edinburgh : News.scotsman.com . March 27 , 2004 . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 05 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Cheers Nominees '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 01 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` AFI 's Top 10 Epic Nominations '' . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 01 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Mark Goodacre ( May 2 , 2004 ) . `` Historical Accuracy of The Passion of the Christ '' . Archived from the original on October 13 , 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 20 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Mark Goodacre , `` The Power of The Passion : Reacting and Over-reacting to Gibson 's Artistic Vision '' in `` Jesus and Mel Gibson 's The Passion of the Christ . The Film , the Gospels and the Claims of History '' , ed . Kathleen E. Corley and Robert L. Webb , 2004 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ David Neff and Jane Johnson Struck ( February 23 , 2004 ) . `` ' Dude , That Was Graphic ' : Mel Gibson talks about The Passion of The Christ '' . Christianity Today . Archived from the original on July 9 , 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 20 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Mel Gibson 's `` Passion '' : On Review at the Vatican `` . ZENIT . December 8 , 2003 . Archived from the original on September 14 , 2012 . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 05 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : John L. Allen , Jr . ( January 23 , 2004 ) . `` The Word From Rome '' . National Catholic Reporter . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 20 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Peggy Noonan ( January 22 , 2004 ) . `` The story of the Vatican and Mel Gibson 's film gets curiouser '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 20 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ John L. Allen , Jr . ( January 9 , 2004 ) . `` The Word From Rome '' . National Catholic Reporter . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 20 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Wooden , Cindy ( January 19 , 2004 ) . `` Pope never commented on Gibson 's ' Passion ' film , says papal secretary '' . Catholic News Service . Archived from the original on January 24 , 2004 . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 20 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Gabriel Snyder ( January 19 , 2004 ) . `` Did Pope really plug ' Passion ' ? '' . Daily Variety . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 20 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Rod Dreher ( January 21 , 2004 ) . `` Did the Vatican endorse Gibson 's film -- or did n't it ? '' . Dallas Morning News . Archived from the original on January 2004 . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 19 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` ' The Passion ' Stirs Controversy at the Vatican '' . CNN transcript . January 21 , 2004 . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 20 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Pawlikowski , John T. ( February 2004 ) . `` Christian Anti-Semitism : Past History , Present Challenges Reflections in Light of Mel Gibson 's The Passion of the Christ '' . Journal of Religion and Film . Archived from the original on August 20 , 2006 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` ADL Statement on Mel Gibson 's ' The Passion ' '' ( Press release ) . Anti-Defamation League . June 24 , 2003 . Archived from the original on July 23 , 2008 . Retrieved August 20 , 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Nacha Cattan ( March 5 , 2004 ) . `` '' Passion '' Critics Endanger Jews , Angry Rabbis Claim , Attacking Groups , Foxman `` . The Jewish Daily Forward . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Pollitt , Katha ( March 11 , 2004 ) . `` The Protocols of Mel Gibson '' . The Nation . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 20 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Wooden , Cindy ( May 2 , 2003 ) . `` As filming ends , ' Passion ' strikes some nerves '' . National Catholic Reporter . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 20 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Vermes , Geza ( February 27 , 2003 ) . `` Celluloid brutality '' . London : The Guardian . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 20 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Jesus War '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Terry Lawson ( February 17 , 2004 ) . `` Mel Gibson and Other `` Passion '' Filmakers say the Movie was Guided by Faith `` . Detroit Free Press . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Markoe , Lauren ( July 15 , 2013 ) . `` Tisha B'Av 2013 : A New Approach To A Solemn Jewish Holiday '' . Huffington Post . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Corliss , Richard ( January 19 , 2003 ) . `` The Passion of Mel Gibson '' . Time . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 25 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Mel Gibson Interview '' . Globe and Mail . February 14 , 2004 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Greatest Story Ever Filmed '' . TownHall.com . August 5 , 2003 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Passion of the Christ '' . Pluggedin.com . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Gaspari , Antonio ( September 18 , 2003 ) . `` The Cardinal & the Passion '' . National Review Online . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 20 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Roger Ebert , The Passion of the Christ ( review ) , February 24 , 2004 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Movie Answer Man '' . Chicago Sun - Times . March 7 , 2004 . Archived from the original on September 29 , 2012 . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 05 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` '' The Passion of the Snuff : How the MPAA Allowed a Horror Film to Irreparably Scar Countless Young Minds in the Name of Religion '' American Atheist , April 2008 '' ( PDF ) . American Atheists . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on February 18 , 2015 . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 17 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ A.O. Scott ( February 25 , 2004 ) . `` Good and Evil Locked in Violent Showdown '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on February 13 , 2012 . Retrieved July 8 , 2007 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ David Edelstein . `` Jesus H. Christ '' . Slate Magazine . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Mel Gibson is working on a ' Passion of the Christ ' sequel '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Mike Fleming Jr ( September 6 , 2016 ) . `` Mel Gibson On His Venice Festival Comeback Picture ' Hacksaw Ridge ' -- Q&A '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved September 11 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Scott , Ryan ( 3 November 2016 ) , `` Passion of the Christ 2 Gets Titled Resurrection , May Take Jesus to Hell '' , movieweb.com , retrieved 3 November 2016 </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wikiquote has quotations related to : The Passion of the Christ </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ul> <Li> The Passion of the Christ on IMDb </Li> <Li> The Passion of the Christ at the TCM Movie Database </Li> <Li> The Passion of the Christ at Box Office Mojo </Li> <Li> The Passion of the Christ at Rotten Tomatoes </Li> <Li> The Passion of the Christ at Metacritic </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Mel Gibson </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Films directed </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> The Man Without a Face ( 1993 ) </Li> <Li> Braveheart ( 1995 ) </Li> <Li> The Passion of the Christ ( 2004 ) </Li> <Li> Apocalypto ( 2006 ) </Li> <Li> Hacksaw Ridge ( 2016 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Written only </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Get the Gringo ( 2012 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Produced only </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> The Singing Detective ( 2003 ) </Li> <Li> Paparazzi ( 2004 ) </Li> <Li> Stonehearst Asylum ( 2014 ) </Li> <Li> The Professor and the Madman ( TBA ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Related articles </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Filmography </Li> <Li> Awards and nominations </Li> <Li> Icon Productions </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> GND : 4774371 - 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where does the movie the crucifixion take place

https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=The_Passion_of_the_Christ&amp;oldid=818122402

2018 FA Cup final - wikipedia <H1> 2018 FA Cup final </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> 2018 FA Cup Final <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> The match programme cover </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Event </Th> <Td> 2017 -- 18 FA Cup </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Chelsea </Th> <Th> Manchester United </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Th> </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Th> 0 </Th> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Date </Th> <Td> 19 May 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 19 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Venue </Th> <Td> Wembley Stadium , London </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Man of the Match </Th> <Td> Antonio Rüdiger ( Chelsea ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Referee </Th> <Td> Michael Oliver ( Northumberland ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Attendance </Th> <Td> 87,647 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Weather </Th> <Td> 21 ° C ( 70 ° F ) Sunny </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> ← 2017 2019 → </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The 2018 FA Cup Final was the final match of the 2017 -- 18 FA Cup and the 137th final of the FA Cup , the world 's oldest football cup competition . It was played at Wembley Stadium in London , England on 19 May 2018 between Manchester United and Chelsea . It was the second successive final for Chelsea following their defeat by Arsenal the previous year . </P> <P> As winners , Chelsea qualified for the group stage of the 2018 -- 19 UEFA Europa League , although they had qualified for that phase already via their league position . Chelsea also earned the right to play 2017 -- 18 Premier League champions Manchester City for the 2018 FA Community Shield . </P> <P> The teams had met twice before in the FA Cup Final , winning one each between them . The first was in 1994 , which Manchester United won 4 -- 0 , and most recently in 2007 , when Chelsea -- then managed by current Manchester United boss José Mourinho -- won 1 -- 0 after extra time . </P> <P> On 24 April 2018 , it was announced that Michael Oliver would officiate the match . It was notable for being the first Final to use the video assistant referee ( VAR ) system . As President of the Football Association , Prince William , Duke of Cambridge would normally attend the final , presenting the trophy to the winning captain at the conclusion of the game . In 2018 however , the final was scheduled for the same day as his brother 's wedding , for which he was serving as best man . It was announced on 15 May 2018 that the trophy would be presented by Jackie Wilkins , the widow of former Manchester United and Chelsea player Ray Wilkins , who died in April 2018 . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Route to the final <Ul> <Li> 1.1 Chelsea </Li> <Li> 1.2 Manchester United </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2 Pre-match </Li> <Li> 3 Match officials </Li> <Li> 4 Match <Ul> <Li> 4.1 Summary </Li> <Li> 4.2 Details </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 5 Notes </Li> <Li> 6 References </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Route to the final ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Chelsea ( edit ) </H3> <P> In all results below , the score of the finalist is given first . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Round </Th> <Th> Opposition </Th> <Th> Score </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 3rd Replay </Th> <Td> Norwich City ( A ) Norwich City ( H ) </Td> <Td> 0 -- 0 1 -- 1 ( a.e.t. ) ( 5 -- 3 p ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 4th </Th> <Td> Newcastle United ( H ) </Td> <Td> 3 -- 0 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 5th </Th> <Td> Hull City ( H ) </Td> <Td> 4 -- 0 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> QF </Th> <Td> Leicester City ( A ) </Td> <Td> 2 -- 1 ( a.e.t. ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> SF </Th> <Td> Southampton ( N ) </Td> <Td> 2 -- 0 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="3"> Key : ( H ) = Home venue ; ( A ) = Away venue ; ( N ) = Neutral venue . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Chelsea as a Premier League team entered in the third round of the FA Cup against Championship club Norwich City on 7 January at Carrow Road , which ended with a 0 -- 0 draw . The replay was held 11 days later and was a 1 -- 1 draw with goals from Michy Batshuayi in the 55th minute and Jamal Lewis in the 90th minute , going to extra time and then a penalty shootout that Chelsea won 5 -- 3 . In the fourth round , they met Premier League opposition Newcastle United at Stamford Bridge , and won 3 -- 0 with two goals from Batshuayi and a one from Marcos Alonso . In the fifth round , Chelsea faced another Championship team , Hull City , and won 4 -- 0 with Willian ( 2 ) , Pedro and Olivier Giroud scoring . In the quarter - finals , they visited the King Power Stadium to face Leicester City , where a goal for Chelsea from Álvaro Morata and a Leicester equaliser from Jamie Vardy took the game to extra time , in which substitute Pedro came off the bench and scored the winning goal to take Chelsea to the semi-finals at Wembley to face Southampton . In that match , goals from both strikers Giroud and Morata were enough to see off Southampton 2 -- 0 to bring Chelsea back to the FA Cup Final for the second successive season . Chelsea are seeking their eighth FA Cup triumph . </P> <H3> Manchester United ( edit ) </H3> <P> In all results below , the score of the finalist is given first . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Round </Th> <Th> Opposition </Th> <Th> Score </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 3rd </Th> <Td> Derby County ( H ) </Td> <Td> 2 -- 0 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 4th </Th> <Td> Yeovil Town ( A ) </Td> <Td> 4 -- 0 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 5th </Th> <Td> Huddersfield Town ( A ) </Td> <Td> 2 -- 0 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> QF </Th> <Td> Brighton & Hove Albion ( H ) </Td> <Td> 2 -- 0 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> SF </Th> <Td> Tottenham Hotspur ( N ) </Td> <Td> 2 -- 1 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="3"> Key : ( H ) = Home venue ; ( A ) = Away venue ; ( N ) = Neutral venue . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Manchester United , also of the Premier League , entered in the third round and were drawn at home against Championship side Derby County and won 2 -- 0 with goals from Jesse Lingard and Romelu Lukaku . In the next round , they were drawn against League Two club Yeovil Town at Huish Park and won 4 -- 0 with goals from Marcus Rashford , Ander Herrera , Jesse Lingard and Lukaku . In the fifth round , Manchester United were drawn with fellow Premier League side Huddersfield Town away at Kirklees Stadium , and Lukaku scored both goals in a 2 -- 0 win . In the quarter - finals , they played Premier League Brighton & Hove Albion at Old Trafford , and progressed due to goals by Lukaku and Nemanja Matić . In the semi-final at Wembley Stadium against Premier League club Tottenham Hotspur , Manchester United reached their 20th final after coming from behind to win 2 -- 1 with goals from Alexis Sánchez and Herrera . Manchester United were looking to match Arsenal 's record of 13 FA Cup wins . </P> <H2> Pre-match ( edit ) </H2> <P> Tributes for former Chelsea and Manchester United midfielder Ray Wilkins , who died on 4 April , were held before the match on the hoardings and the screens in the stadium , as well as a feature in the match programme . Wilkins won the FA Cup with both sides , scoring for United in the initial 1983 FA Cup Final tie , and winning it three times as assistant manager of Chelsea -- in 2000 , 2009 and 2010 . The traditional performance of the hymn , `` Abide with Me '' was performed by the choir of the Royal Air Force and 14 individual fans of 14 different clubs with a flypast by 3 RAF Typhoons . The national anthem , `` God Save the Queen '' was performed by soprano Emily Haig who also performed it at the 2018 FA Women 's Cup Final . </P> <H2> Match officials ( edit ) </H2> <P> The referee for the match was 33 - year - old Michael Oliver from Northumberland . He previously officiated when these two sides met in the previous season 's quarter - final , in which he sent off Manchester United 's Ander Herrera . His assistants were Ian Hussin from Liverpool and Lee Betts from Norfolk . The fourth official was Lee Mason of Lancashire , and the fifth official was Constantine Hatzidakis from Kent . For the first time in the final , there was a Video Assistant Referee ( VAR ) , Neil Swarbrick of Lancashire . His assistant was Mick McDonough , also of Northumberland . </P> <H2> Match ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Summary ( edit ) </H3> The game during the second half <P> After 21 minutes , Chelsea 's Eden Hazard entered Manchester United 's penalty area , where he was fouled by their defender Phil Jones . Hazard took the penalty kick himself , sending it past United goalkeeper David de Gea for the only goal of the game . </P> <P> In the second half , Manchester United had more opportunities , forcing Chelsea goalkeeper Thibaut Courtois to make saves . Alexis Sánchez had a potential equaliser ruled out for offside after VAR confirmed the decision was correct and Paul Pogba missed a header late into the match . </P> <P> It was the first time that José Mourinho lost a cup final in charge of an English team , at the seventh attempt , and the first domestic cup won by Antonio Conte , who lost the 2012 Coppa Italia Final with Juventus and the 2017 FA Cup Final for Chelsea . </P> <P> BBC Sport correspondent Phil McNulty highlighted the performance of the Chelsea players Hazard , Courtois , N'Golo Kanté , Gary Cahill and Antonio Rüdiger , while criticising United trio Jones , Sánchez and Pogba . </P> <H3> Details ( edit ) </H3> 19 May 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 19 ) 17 : 15 BST <Table> <Tr> <Th> Chelsea </Th> <Th> 1 -- 0 </Th> <Th> Manchester United </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Hazard 22 ' ( pen . ) </Td> <Td> Report </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Wembley Stadium , London Attendance : 87,647 Referee : Michael Oliver ( Northumberland ) <Table> <Tr> <Td> Chelsea </Td> <Td> Manchester United </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Th> </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> GK </Td> <Td> 13 </Td> <Td> Thibaut Courtois </Td> <Td> 90 + 3 ' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> CB </Td> <Td> 28 </Td> <Td> César Azpilicueta </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> CB </Td> <Td> 24 </Td> <Td> Gary Cahill ( c ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> CB </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Antonio Rüdiger </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> RM </Td> <Td> 15 </Td> <Td> Victor Moses </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> CM </Td> <Td> 14 </Td> <Td> Tiémoué Bakayoko </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> CM </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> N'Golo Kanté </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> CM </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Cesc Fàbregas </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> LM </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Marcos Alonso </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> CF </Td> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> Eden Hazard </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 90 + 1 ' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> CF </Td> <Td> 18 </Td> <Td> Olivier Giroud </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 89 ' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="4"> Substitutes : </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> GK </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Willy Caballero </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> DF </Td> <Td> 21 </Td> <Td> Davide Zappacosta </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> DF </Td> <Td> 50 </Td> <Td> Trevoh Chalobah </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> MF </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> Ross Barkley </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> MF </Td> <Td> 11 </Td> <Td> Pedro </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> MF </Td> <Td> 22 </Td> <Td> Willian </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 90 + 1 ' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> FW </Td> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> Álvaro Morata </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 89 ' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="4"> Manager : </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="4"> Antonio Conte </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Th> </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> GK </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> David de Gea </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> RB </Td> <Td> 25 </Td> <Td> Antonio Valencia ( c ) </Td> <Td> 58 ' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> CB </Td> <Td> 12 </Td> <Td> Chris Smalling </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> CB </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Phil Jones </Td> <Td> 21 ' </Td> <Td> 87 ' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> LB </Td> <Td> 18 </Td> <Td> Ashley Young </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> CM </Td> <Td> 21 </Td> <Td> Ander Herrera </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> CM </Td> <Td> 31 </Td> <Td> Nemanja Matić </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> CM </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> Paul Pogba </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> RF </Td> <Td> 14 </Td> <Td> Jesse Lingard </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 73 ' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> CF </Td> <Td> 19 </Td> <Td> Marcus Rashford </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 73 ' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> LF </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> Alexis Sánchez </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="4"> Substitutes : </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> GK </Td> <Td> 20 </Td> <Td> Sergio Romero </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> DF </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Eric Bailly </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> DF </Td> <Td> 36 </Td> <Td> Matteo Darmian </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> MF </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> Juan Mata </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 87 ' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> MF </Td> <Td> 39 </Td> <Td> Scott McTominay </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> FW </Td> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> Romelu Lukaku </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 73 ' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> FW </Td> <Td> 11 </Td> <Td> Anthony Martial </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 73 ' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="4"> Manager : </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="4"> José Mourinho </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Td> <P> Man of the Match : Antonio Rüdiger ( Chelsea ) </P> <P> Assistant referees : Ian Hussin ( Liverpool ) Lee Betts ( Norfolk ) Fourth official : Lee Mason ( Lancashire ) Fifth official : Constantine Hatzidakis ( Kent ) Video assistant referee : Neil Swarbrick ( Lancashire ) Assistant video assistant referee : Mick McDonough ( Northumberland ) </P> </Td> <Td> <P> Match rules </P> <Ul> <Li> 90 minutes . </Li> <Li> 30 minutes of extra time if necessary . </Li> <Li> Penalty shoot - out if scores still level . </Li> <Li> Seven named substitutes . </Li> <Li> Maximum of three substitutions , with a fourth allowed in extra time . </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Notes ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ Although Tottenham Hotspur played their home games at Wembley in 2017 -- 18 , it was designated as a neutral venue for the semi-final . </Li> </Ol> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Eden Hazard penalty wins Emirates FA Cup for Chelsea '' . TheFA.com . The Football Association . 19 May 2018 . Retrieved 24 May 2018 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Cup Final referee Michael Oliver humbled by wave of support '' . TheFA.com . The Football Association . 24 April 2018 . Retrieved 24 April 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The website for the English football association , the Emirates FA Cup and the England football team '' . www.clubwembley.com . Retrieved 22 April 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` UEFA '' ( pdf ) . Retrieved 22 April 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Premier League and Football League : Ups & downs and European qualification '' . BBC Sport. 29 April 2018 . Retrieved 1 May 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Kick - off time and match officials confirmed for Emirates FA Cup Final '' . TheFA.com . The Football Association . 24 April 2018 . Retrieved 24 April 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Ship , Chris ( 27 March 2018 ) . `` Prince William will miss the FA Cup final to attend Harry and Meghan 's wedding '' . ITV News . Retrieved 27 April 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` FA Cup final : Ray Wilkins ' widow to present trophy to winners '' . BBC Sport. 15 May 2018 . Retrieved 15 May 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Begley , Emlyn ( 17 January 2018 ) . `` Chelsea 1 -- 1 Norwich City ( 5 -- 3 pens ) '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 22 April 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Mullen , Andrew ( 28 January 2018 ) . `` Chelsea 3 -- 0 Newcastle United '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 22 April 2018 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Begley , Emlyn ( 16 February 2018 ) . `` Chelsea 4 -- 0 Hull City '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 22 April 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Abraham , Timothy ( 22 April 2018 ) . `` Chelsea 2 -- 0 Southampton '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 18 May 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Manchester United 2 -- 0 Derby County '' . BBC Sport. 22 April 2018 . Retrieved 22 April 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Yeovil Town 0 -- 4 Manchester United '' . BBC Sport. 22 April 2018 . Retrieved 22 April 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Huddersfield Town 0 -- 2 Manchester United '' . BBC Sport. 17 February 2018 . Retrieved 22 April 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Manchester United 2 -- 0 Brighton & Hove Albion '' . BBC Sport. 17 March 2018 . Retrieved 22 April 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Manchester United 2 -- 1 Tottenham Hotspur '' . BBC Sport. 21 April 2018 . Retrieved 22 April 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Moallim , Mohamed ( 21 April 2018 ) . `` Jose Mourinho says he has `` too many critics '' ? as Man Utd equal another English football record `` . Squawka.com . Retrieved 22 April 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Stone , Simon ( 2 May 2018 ) . `` FA Cup : Ray Wilkins ' family invited to final between Chelsea & Man Utd '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 2 May 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Ray Wilkins 1956 -- 2018 '' . Chelsea Football Club . 4 April 2018 . Retrieved 5 April 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Fan choir to sing Abide With Me before Chelsea vs Manchester United '' . Evening Standard . 17 May 2018 . Retrieved 18 May 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Ray Wilkins tribute '' . The FA . Retrieved 18 May 2018 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : McNulty , Phil ( 19 May 2018 ) . `` Chelsea 1 -- 0 Manchester United '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 19 May 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Rules of the FA Challenge Cup competition '' ( PDF ) . The Football Association . Retrieved 22 April 2018 . </Li> </Ol> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> FA Cup </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Seasons </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 1871 -- 72 </Li> <Li> 1872 -- 73 </Li> <Li> 1873 -- 74 </Li> <Li> 1874 -- 75 </Li> <Li> 1875 -- 76 </Li> <Li> 1876 -- 77 </Li> <Li> 1877 -- 78 </Li> <Li> 1878 -- 79 </Li> <Li> 1879 -- 80 </Li> <Li> 1880 -- 81 </Li> <Li> 1881 -- 82 </Li> <Li> 1882 -- 83 </Li> <Li> 1883 -- 84 </Li> <Li> 1884 -- 85 </Li> <Li> 1885 -- 86 </Li> <Li> 1886 -- 87 </Li> <Li> 1887 -- 88 </Li> <Li> 1888 -- 89 </Li> <Li> 1889 -- 90 </Li> <Li> 1890 -- 91 </Li> <Li> 1891 -- 92 </Li> <Li> 1892 -- 93 </Li> <Li> 1893 -- 94 </Li> <Li> 1894 -- 95 </Li> <Li> 1895 -- 96 </Li> <Li> 1896 -- 97 </Li> <Li> 1897 -- 98 </Li> <Li> 1898 -- 99 </Li> <Li> 1899 -- 1900 </Li> <Li> 1900 -- 01 </Li> <Li> 1901 -- 02 </Li> <Li> 1902 -- 03 </Li> <Li> 1903 -- 04 </Li> <Li> 1904 -- 05 </Li> <Li> 1905 -- 06 </Li> <Li> 1906 -- 07 </Li> <Li> 1907 -- 08 </Li> <Li> 1908 -- 09 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10 </Li> <Li> 2010 -- 11 </Li> <Li> 2011 -- 12 </Li> <Li> 2012 -- 13 </Li> <Li> 2013 -- 14 </Li> <Li> 2014 -- 15 </Li> <Li> 2015 -- 16 </Li> <Li> 2016 -- 17 </Li> <Li> 2017 -- 18 </Li> <Li> 2018 -- 19 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Qualifying rounds </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 1888 -- 89 </Li> <Li> 1889 -- 90 </Li> <Li> 1890 -- 91 </Li> <Li> 1891 -- 92 </Li> <Li> 1892 -- 93 </Li> <Li> 1893 -- 94 </Li> <Li> 1894 -- 95 </Li> <Li> 1895 -- 96 </Li> <Li> 1896 -- 97 </Li> <Li> 1897 -- 98 </Li> <Li> 1898 -- 99 </Li> <Li> 1899 -- 1900 </Li> <Li> 1900 -- 01 </Li> <Li> 1901 -- 02 </Li> <Li> 1902 -- 03 </Li> <Li> 1903 -- 04 </Li> <Li> 1904 -- 05 </Li> <Li> 1905 -- 06 </Li> <Li> 1906 -- 07 </Li> <Li> 1907 -- 08 </Li> <Li> 1908 -- 09 </Li> <Li> 1909 -- 10 </Li> <Li> 1910 -- 11 </Li> <Li> 1911 -- 12 </Li> <Li> 1912 -- 13 </Li> <Li> 1913 -- 14 </Li> <Li> 1914 -- 15 </Li> <Li> 1919 -- 20 </Li> <Li> 1920 -- 21 </Li> <Li> 1921 -- 22 </Li> <Li> 1922 -- 23 </Li> <Li> 1923 -- 24 </Li> <Li> 1924 -- 25 </Li> <Li> 1925 -- 26 </Li> <Li> 1926 -- 27 </Li> <Li> 1927 -- 28 </Li> <Li> 1928 -- 29 </Li> <Li> 1929 -- 30 </Li> <Li> 1930 -- 31 </Li> <Li> 1931 -- 32 </Li> <Li> 1932 -- 33 </Li> <Li> 1933 -- 34 </Li> <Li> 1934 -- 35 </Li> <Li> 1935 -- 36 </Li> <Li> 1936 -- 37 </Li> <Li> 1937 -- 38 </Li> <Li> 1938 -- 39 </Li> <Li> 1945 -- 46 </Li> <Li> 1946 -- 47 </Li> <Li> 1947 -- 48 </Li> <Li> 1948 -- 49 </Li> <Li> 1949 -- 50 </Li> <Li> 1950 -- 51 </Li> <Li> 1951 -- 52 </Li> <Li> 1952 -- 53 </Li> <Li> 1953 -- 54 </Li> <Li> 1954 -- 55 </Li> <Li> 1955 -- 56 </Li> <Li> 1956 -- 57 </Li> <Li> 1957 -- 58 </Li> <Li> 1958 -- 59 </Li> <Li> 1959 -- 60 </Li> <Li> 1960 -- 61 </Li> <Li> 1961 -- 62 </Li> <Li> 1962 -- 63 </Li> <Li> 1963 -- 64 </Li> <Li> 1964 -- 65 </Li> <Li> 1965 -- 66 </Li> <Li> 1966 -- 67 </Li> <Li> 1967 -- 68 </Li> <Li> 1968 -- 69 </Li> <Li> 1969 -- 70 </Li> <Li> 1970 -- 71 </Li> <Li> 1971 -- 72 </Li> <Li> 1972 -- 73 </Li> <Li> 1973 -- 74 </Li> <Li> 1974 -- 75 </Li> <Li> 1975 -- 76 </Li> <Li> 1976 -- 77 </Li> <Li> 1977 -- 78 </Li> <Li> 1978 -- 79 </Li> <Li> 1979 -- 80 </Li> <Li> 1980 -- 81 </Li> <Li> 1981 -- 82 </Li> <Li> 1982 -- 83 </Li> <Li> 1983 -- 84 </Li> <Li> 1984 -- 85 </Li> <Li> 1985 -- 86 </Li> <Li> 1986 -- 87 </Li> <Li> 1987 -- 88 </Li> <Li> 1988 -- 89 </Li> <Li> 1989 -- 90 </Li> <Li> 1990 -- 91 </Li> <Li> 1991 -- 92 </Li> <Li> 1992 -- 93 </Li> <Li> 1993 -- 94 </Li> <Li> 1994 -- 95 </Li> <Li> 1995 -- 96 </Li> <Li> 1996 -- 97 </Li> <Li> 1997 -- 98 </Li> <Li> 1998 -- 99 </Li> <Li> 1999 -- 2000 </Li> <Li> 2000 -- 01 </Li> <Li> 2001 -- 02 </Li> <Li> 2002 -- 03 </Li> <Li> 2003 -- 04 </Li> <Li> 2004 -- 05 </Li> <Li> 2005 -- 06 </Li> <Li> 2006 -- 07 </Li> <Li> 2007 -- 08 </Li> <Li> 2008 -- 09 </Li> <Li> 2009 -- 10 </Li> <Li> 2010 -- 11 </Li> <Li> 2011 -- 12 </Li> <Li> 2012 -- 13 </Li> <Li> 2013 -- 14 </Li> <Li> 2014 -- 15 </Li> <Li> 2015 -- 16 </Li> <Li> 2016 -- 17 </Li> <Li> 2017 -- 18 </Li> <Li> 2018 -- 19 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Finals </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 1872 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<Li> </Li> <Li> 2011 </Li> <Li> 2012 </Li> <Li> 2013 </Li> <Li> 2014 </Li> <Li> 2015 </Li> <Li> 2016 </Li> <Li> 2017 </Li> <Li> 2018 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> History </Li> <Li> Trophy </Li> <Li> List of finals </Li> <Li> Third - fourth place matches </Li> <Li> Semi-finals </Li> <Li> Final referees </Li> <Li> Winning managers </Li> <Li> Non-English clubs </Li> <Li> Non-League clubs in the 5th Round </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> 2017 -- 18 in English football </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> `` 2016 -- 17 2018 -- 19 '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> National teams </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Senior ( 2018 FIFA World Cup qualifying round , finals ) </Li> <Li> U21 ( UEFA Euro 2019 qualifying round ) </Li> <Li> U19 ( UEFA Euro 2018 qualifying round , finals ) </Li> <Li> U17 ( UEFA Euro 2018 finals ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> League 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Premier , One ) </Li> <Li> Northern League ( One , Two ) </Li> <Li> North West Counties League ( Premier , One ) </Li> <Li> Southern Combination League ( Premier , One ) </Li> <Li> Southern Counties East League ( Premier , One ) </Li> <Li> South West Peninsula League Premier Division ( level 10 only ) </Li> <Li> Spartan South Midlands League ( Premier , One ) </Li> <Li> United Counties League ( Premier , One ) </Li> <Li> Wessex League ( Premier , One ) </Li> <Li> Western League ( Premier , One ) </Li> <Li> West Midlands ( Regional ) League ( level 10 only ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Cup competitions </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> FA cups </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> FA Cup ( Qualifying Rounds , Final ) </Li> <Li> FA Community Shield </Li> <Li> FA Trophy ( Final ) </Li> <Li> FA Vase ( Final ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> EFL cups </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> EFL Cup ( Final ) </Li> <Li> EFL Trophy ( Final ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Youth competitions </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Under - 23 </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Professional U23 Development League </Li> <Li> Premier League Cup </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Under - 18 </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Professional U18 Development League </Li> <Li> FA Youth Cup </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Club seasons </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Premier League </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> AFC Bournemouth </Li> <Li> Arsenal </Li> <Li> Brighton & Hove Albion </Li> <Li> Burnley </Li> <Li> Chelsea </Li> <Li> Crystal Palace </Li> <Li> Everton </Li> <Li> Huddersfield Town </Li> <Li> Leicester City </Li> <Li> Liverpool </Li> <Li> Manchester City </Li> <Li> Manchester United </Li> <Li> Newcastle United </Li> <Li> Southampton </Li> <Li> Stoke City </Li> <Li> Swansea City </Li> <Li> Tottenham Hotspur </Li> <Li> Watford </Li> <Li> West Bromwich Albion </Li> <Li> West Ham United </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Championship </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Aston Villa </Li> <Li> Barnsley </Li> <Li> Birmingham City </Li> <Li> Bolton Wanderers </Li> <Li> Brentford </Li> <Li> Bristol City </Li> <Li> Burton Albion </Li> <Li> Cardiff City </Li> <Li> Derby County </Li> <Li> Fulham </Li> <Li> Hull City </Li> <Li> Ipswich Town </Li> <Li> Leeds United </Li> <Li> Middlesbrough </Li> <Li> Millwall </Li> <Li> Norwich City </Li> <Li> Nottingham Forest </Li> <Li> Preston North End </Li> <Li> Queens Park Rangers </Li> <Li> Reading </Li> <Li> Sheffield United </Li> <Li> Sheffield Wednesday </Li> <Li> Sunderland </Li> <Li> Wolverhampton Wanderers </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> League One </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> AFC Wimbledon </Li> <Li> Blackburn Rovers </Li> <Li> Blackpool </Li> <Li> Bradford City </Li> <Li> Bristol Rovers </Li> <Li> Bury </Li> <Li> Charlton Athletic </Li> <Li> Doncaster Rovers </Li> <Li> Fleetwood Town </Li> <Li> Gillingham </Li> <Li> Milton Keynes Dons </Li> <Li> Northampton Town </Li> <Li> Oldham Athletic </Li> <Li> Oxford United </Li> <Li> Peterborough United </Li> <Li> Plymouth Argyle </Li> <Li> Portsmouth </Li> <Li> Rochdale </Li> <Li> Rotherham United </Li> <Li> Scunthorpe United </Li> <Li> Shrewsbury Town </Li> <Li> Southend United </Li> <Li> Walsall </Li> <Li> Wigan Athletic </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> League Two </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Accrington Stanley </Li> <Li> Barnet </Li> <Li> Cambridge United </Li> <Li> Carlisle United </Li> <Li> Cheltenham Town </Li> <Li> Chesterfield </Li> <Li> Colchester United </Li> <Li> Coventry City </Li> <Li> Crawley Town </Li> <Li> Crewe Alexandra </Li> <Li> Exeter City </Li> <Li> Forest Green Rovers </Li> <Li> Grimsby Town </Li> <Li> Lincoln City </Li> <Li> Luton Town </Li> <Li> Mansfield Town </Li> <Li> Morecambe </Li> <Li> Newport County </Li> <Li> Notts County </Li> <Li> Port Vale </Li> <Li> Stevenage </Li> <Li> Swindon Town </Li> <Li> Wycombe Wanderers </Li> <Li> Yeovil Town </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Summer 2017 transfers </Li> <Li> Winter 2017 -- 18 transfers </Li> <Li> Summer 2018 transfers </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Chelsea F.C. matches </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> FA Cup Finals </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 1915 </Li> <Li> 1967 </Li> <Li> 1970 </Li> <Li> 1994 </Li> <Li> 1997 </Li> <Li> 2000 </Li> <Li> 2002 </Li> <Li> 2007 </Li> <Li> 2009 </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> 2012 </Li> <Li> 2017 </Li> <Li> 2018 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Football League War Cup Final </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 1945 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> League Cup Finals </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 1965 </Li> <Li> 1972 </Li> <Li> 1998 </Li> <Li> 2005 </Li> <Li> 2007 </Li> <Li> 2008 </Li> <Li> 2015 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> FA Community Shields </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 1955 </Li> <Li> 1970 </Li> <Li> 1997 </Li> <Li> 2000 </Li> <Li> 2005 </Li> <Li> 2006 </Li> <Li> 2007 </Li> <Li> 2009 </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> 2012 </Li> <Li> 2015 </Li> <Li> 2017 </Li> <Li> 2018 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> UEFA Champions League Finals </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 2008 </Li> <Li> 2012 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> UEFA Cup Winners ' Cup Finals </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 1971 </Li> <Li> 1998 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> UEFA Europa League Final </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 2013 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> UEFA Super Cups </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 1998 </Li> <Li> 2012 </Li> <Li> 2013 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> FIFA Club World Cup Final </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 2012 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Full Members ' Cup Finals </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 1986 </Li> <Li> 1990 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Football League play - offs Final </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 1988 Second Division </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Other matches </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 2006 MLS All - Star Game </Li> <Li> 2012 MLS All - Star Game </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Manchester United F.C. matches </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> FA Cup Finals </Th> <Td> 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<Li> 2013 </Li> <Li> 2016 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> UEFA Champions League Finals </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 1968 </Li> <Li> 1999 </Li> <Li> 2008 </Li> <Li> 2009 </Li> <Li> 2011 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> European Cup Winners ' Cup Final </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 1991 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> UEFA Europa League Final </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 2017 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> UEFA Super Cup </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 1991 </Li> <Li> 1999 </Li> <Li> 2008 </Li> <Li> 2017 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Intercontinental Cup </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 1968 </Li> <Li> 1999 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> FIFA Club World Cup Final </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 2008 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Notable league matches </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 3 -- 5 v West Bromwich Albion ( 1978 ) </Li> <Li> Manchester United -- Arsenal brawl ( 1990 ) </Li> <Li> 9 -- 0 v Ipswich Town ( 1995 ) </Li> <Li> 8 -- 1 v Nottingham Forest ( 1999 ) </Li> <Li> Battle of Old Trafford ( 2003 ) </Li> <Li> Battle of the Buffet ( 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A Midsummer Night 's Dream - wikipedia <H1> A Midsummer Night 's Dream </H1> Jump to : navigation , search This article is about Shakespeare 's play . For other uses , see A Midsummer Night 's Dream ( disambiguation ) . Oberon , Titania and Puck with Fairies Dancing by William Blake , c. 1786 <P> A Midsummer Night 's Dream is a comedy written by William Shakespeare in 1595 / 96 . It portrays the events surrounding the marriage of Theseus , the Duke of Athens , to Hippolyta , the former queen of the Amazons . These include the adventures of four young Athenian lovers and a group of six amateur actors ( the mechanicals ) who are controlled and manipulated by the fairies who inhabit the forest in which most of the play is set . The play is one of Shakespeare 's most popular works for the stage and is widely performed across the world . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Characters </Li> <Li> 2 Plot </Li> <Li> 3 Sources </Li> <Li> 4 Date and text </Li> <Li> 5 Themes and motifs <Ul> <Li> 5.1 Carnivalesque </Li> <Li> 5.2 Love </Li> <Li> 5.3 Problem with time </Li> <Li> 5.4 Loss of individual identity </Li> <Li> 5.5 Ambiguous sexuality </Li> <Li> 5.6 Feminism </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 6 Criticism and interpretation <Ul> <Li> 6.1 Critical history <Ul> <Li> 6.1. 1 17th century </Li> <Li> 6.1. 2 18th century </Li> <Li> 6.1. 3 19th century </Li> <Li> 6.1. 4 20th century </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 7 Performance history <Ul> <Li> 7.1 17th and 18th centuries </Li> <Li> 7.2 The Victorian stage </Li> <Li> 7.3 20th and 21st centuries </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 8 Adaptations and cultural references <Ul> <Li> 8.1 Literary </Li> <Li> 8.2 Musical versions </Li> <Li> 8.3 Ballets </Li> <Li> 8.4 Film adaptations </Li> <Li> 8.5 TV productions </Li> <Li> 8.6 Astronomy </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 9 Gallery </Li> <Li> 10 See also </Li> <Li> 11 Notes and references <Ul> <Li> 11.1 Notes </Li> <Li> 11.2 References </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 12 Sources <Ul> <Li> 12.1 Editions of A Midsummer Night 's Dream </Li> <Li> 12.2 Secondary sources </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 13 Further reading </Li> <Li> 14 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Characters ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Theseus -- Duke of Athens </Li> <Li> Hippolyta -- Queen of the Amazons </Li> <Li> Egeus -- father of Hermia </Li> <Li> Hermia -- daughter of Egeus , in love with Lysander </Li> <Li> Lysander -- in love with Hermia </Li> <Li> Demetrius -- suitor to Hermia </Li> <Li> Helena -- in love with Demetrius </Li> <Li> Philostrate -- Master of the Revels </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Peter Quince -- a carpenter </Li> <Li> Nick Bottom -- a weaver </Li> <Li> Francis Flute -- a bellows - mender </Li> <Li> Tom Snout -- a tinker </Li> <Li> Snug -- a joiner </Li> <Li> Robin Starveling -- a tailor </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Oberon -- King of the Fairies </Li> <Li> Titania -- Queen of the Fairies </Li> <Li> Robin Goodfellow -- a puck </Li> <Li> Peasblossom , Cobweb , Moth , Mustardseed -- fairy servants to Titania </Li> <Li> Indian changeling </Li> </Ul> <H2> Plot ( edit ) </H2> Hermia and Helena by Washington Allston , 1818 <P> The play consists of four interconnecting plots , connected by a celebration of the wedding of Duke Theseus of Athens and the Amazon queen , Hippolyta , which is set simultaneously in the woodland and in the realm of Fairyland , under the light of the moon . </P> <P> The play opens with Hermia , who is in love with Lysander , resistant to her father Egeus ' demand that she wed Demetrius , whom he has arranged for her to marry . Helena meanwhile pines unrequitedly for Demetrius . Enraged , Egeus invokes an ancient Athenian law before Duke Theseus , whereby a daughter must marry the suitor chosen by her father , or else face death . Theseus offers her another choice : lifelong chastity while worshipping the goddess Artemis as a nun . </P> <P> Peter Quince and his fellow players Nick Bottom , Francis Flute , Robin Starveling , Tom Snout , and Snug plan to put on a play for the wedding of the Duke and the Queen , `` the most lamentable comedy and most cruel death of Pyramus and Thisbe . '' Quince reads the names of characters and bestows them on the players . Nick Bottom , who is playing the main role of Pyramus , is over-enthusiastic and wants to dominate others by suggesting himself for the characters of Thisbe , the Lion , and Pyramus at the same time . He would also rather be a tyrant and recites some lines of Ercles . Bottom is told by Quince that he would do the Lion so terribly as to frighten the duchess and ladies enough for the Duke and Lords to have the players hanged . Quince ends the meeting with `` at the Duke 's oak we meet . '' </P> The Quarrel of Oberon and Titania by Joseph Noel Paton <P> In a parallel plot line , Oberon , king of the fairies , and Titania , his queen , have come to the forest outside Athens . Titania tells Oberon that she plans to stay there until she has attended Theseus and Hippolyta 's wedding . Oberon and Titania are estranged because Titania refuses to give her Indian changeling to Oberon for use as his `` knight '' or `` henchman , '' since the child 's mother was one of Titania 's worshippers . Oberon seeks to punish Titania 's disobedience . He calls upon Robin `` Puck '' Goodfellow , his `` shrewd and knavish sprite , '' to help him concoct a magical juice derived from a flower called `` love - in - idleness , '' which turns from white to purple when struck by Cupid 's arrow . When the concoction is applied to the eyelids of a sleeping person , that person , upon waking , falls in love with the first living thing he perceives . He instructs Puck to retrieve the flower with the hope that he might make Titania fall in love with an animal of the forest and thereby shame her into giving up the little Indian boy . He says , `` And ere I take this charm from off her sight , / As I can take it with another herb , / I 'll make her render up her page to me . '' </P> <P> Hermia and Lysander have escaped to the same forest in hopes of eloping . Helena , desperate to reclaim Demetrius 's love , tells Demetrius about the plan and he follows them in hopes of killing Lysander . Helena continually makes advances towards Demetrius , promising to love him more than Hermia . However , he rebuffs her with cruel insults against her . Observing this , Oberon orders Puck to spread some of the magical juice from the flower on the eyelids of the young Athenian man . Instead , Puck mistakes Lysander for Demetrius , not having actually seen either before , and administers the juice to the sleeping Lysander . Helena , coming across him , wakes him while attempting to determine whether he is dead or asleep . Upon this happening , Lysander immediately falls in love with Helena . Oberon sees Demetrius still following Hermia and is enraged . When Demetrius goes to sleep , Oberon sends Puck to get Helena while he charms Demetrius ' eyes . Upon waking up , he sees Helena . Now , both men are in pursuit of Helena . However , she is convinced that her two suitors are mocking her , as neither loved her originally . Hermia is at a loss to see why her lover has abandoned her , and accuses Helena of stealing Lysander away from her . The four quarrel with each other until Lysander and Demetrius become so enraged that they seek a place to duel to prove whose love for Helena is the greater . Oberon orders Puck to keep Lysander and Demetrius from catching up with one another and to remove the charm from Lysander so Lysander can return to love Hermia , while Demetrius continues to love Helena . </P> A drawing of Puck , Titania and Bottom in A Midsummer Night 's Dream from Act III , Scene ii by Charles Buchel <P> Meanwhile , Quince and his band of six labourers ( `` rude mechanicals , '' as they are described by Puck ) have arranged to perform their play about Pyramus and Thisbe for Theseus ' wedding and venture into the forest , near Titania 's bower , for their rehearsal . Bottom is spotted by Puck , who ( taking his name to be another word for a jackass ) transforms his head into that of a donkey . When Bottom returns for his next lines , the other workmen run screaming in terror : They claim that they are haunted , much to Bottom 's confusion . Determined to await his friends , he begins to sing to himself . Titania , having received the love - potion , is awakened by Bottom 's singing and immediately falls in love with him . She lavishes him with the attention of her and her fairies , and while she is in this state of devotion , Oberon takes the changeling . Having achieved his goals , Oberon releases Titania , orders Puck to remove the donkey 's head from Bottom , and arranges everything so Helena , Hermia , Demetrius and Lysander will all believe they have been dreaming when they awaken . Puck distracts Lysander and Demetrius from fighting over Helena 's love by mimicking their voices and leading them apart . Eventually , all four find themselves separately falling asleep in the glade . Once they fall asleep , Puck administers the love potion to Lysander again , claiming all will be well in the morning . </P> <P> The fairies then disappear , and Theseus and Hippolyta arrive on the scene , during an early morning hunt . They wake the lovers and , since Demetrius no longer loves Hermia , Theseus over-rules Egeus 's demands and arranges a group wedding . The lovers decide that the night 's events must have been a dream . After they exit , Bottom awakes , and he too decides that he must have experienced a dream `` past the wit of man . '' </P> <P> In Athens , Theseus , Hippolyta and the lovers watch the six workmen perform Pyramus and Thisbe . The performers are so terrible playing their roles that the guests laugh as if it were meant to be a comedy , and everyone retires to bed . Afterwards , Oberon , Titania , Puck , and other fairies enter , and bless the house and its occupants with good fortune . After all the other characters leave , Puck `` restores amends '' and suggests that what the audience experienced might just be a dream . </P> <H2> Sources ( edit ) </H2> A Midsummer Night 's Dream act IV , scene I. Engraving from a painting by Henry Fuseli , published 1796 <P> It is unknown exactly when A Midsummer Night 's Dream was written or first performed , but on the basis of topical references and an allusion to Edmund Spenser 's Epithalamion , it is usually dated 1595 or early 1596 . Some have theorised that the play might have been written for an aristocratic wedding ( for example that of Elizabeth Carey , Lady Berkeley ) , while others suggest that it was written for the Queen to celebrate the feast day of St. John . No concrete evidence exists to support this theory . In any case , it would have been performed at The Theatre and , later , The Globe . Though it is not a translation or adaptation of an earlier work , various sources such as Ovid 's Metamorphoses and Chaucer 's `` The Knight 's Tale '' served as inspiration . According to John Twyning , the play 's plot of four lovers undergoing a trial in the woods was intended as a `` riff '' on Der Busant , a Middle High German poem . </P> <P> According to Dorothea Kehler , the writing period can be placed between 1594 and 1596 , which means that Shakespeare had probably already completed Romeo and Juliet and had yet to start working on The Merchant of Venice . The play belongs to the early - middle period of the author , when Shakespeare devoted his attention to the lyricism of his works . </P> <P> According to De Vere Family lore ( which may or may not actually be true ) , the wedding of Elizabeth De Vere to William Stanley , Sixth Earl of Derby , on June 26 , 1594 , at the Court of Greenwich , and occurring in the presence of Queen Elizabeth , this was the event to occasion Shakespeare 's first performance of A Midsummer Night 's Dream . </P> <H2> Date and text ( edit ) </H2> The title page from the first quarto , printed in 1600 <P> The play was entered into the Register of the Stationers ' Company on 8 October 1600 by the bookseller Thomas Fisher , who published the first quarto edition later that year . A second quarto was printed in 1619 by William Jaggard , as part of his so - called False Folio . The play next appeared in print in the First Folio of 1623 . The title page of Q1 states that the play was `` sundry times publickely acted '' prior to 1600 . The first performance known with certainty occurred at Court on 1 January 1605 . </P> <H2> Themes and motifs ( edit ) </H2> <P> Lovers Bliss </P> <P> Prior to the Christian St. John 's Day , in Ancient Greece , marking Midsummer was an event called Adonia . It was the first festive day ( and night ) when Adonis was allowed to depart the underworld to spend six months with his paramour , Aphrodite. * It was considered a time to celebrate the first bliss of new and reunited lovers . The wedding of Theseus and Hippolyta and the mistaken and waylaid lovers , Titania and Bottom , even the erstwhile acting troupe , model various aspects ( and forms ) of love . </P> <H3> Carnivalesque ( edit ) </H3> <P> Both David Wiles of the University of London and Harold Bloom of Yale University have strongly endorsed the reading of this play under the themes of Carnivalesque , Bacchanalia , and Saturnalia . Writing in 1998 , David Wiles stated that : `` The starting point for my own analysis will be the proposition that although we encounter A Midsummer Night 's Dream as a text , it was historically part of an aristocratic carnival . It was written for a wedding , and part of the festive structure of the wedding night . The audience who saw the play in the public theatre in the months that followed became vicarious participants in an aristocratic festival from which they were physically excluded . My purpose will be to demonstrate how closely the play is integrated with a historically specific upper - class celebration . '' </P> <H3> Love ( edit ) </H3> Hermia and Lysander by John Simmons ( 1870 ) <P> David Bevington argues that the play represents the dark side of love . He writes that the fairies make light of love by mistaking the lovers and by applying a love potion to Titania 's eyes , forcing her to fall in love with an ass . In the forest , both couples are beset by problems . Hermia and Lysander are both met by Puck , who provides some comic relief in the play by confounding the four lovers in the forest . However , the play also alludes to serious themes . At the end of the play , Hippolyta and Theseus , happily married , watch the play about the unfortunate lovers , Pyramus and Thisbe , and are able to enjoy and laugh at it . Helena and Demetrius are both oblivious to the dark side of their love , totally unaware of what may have come of the events in the forest . </P> <H3> Problem with time ( edit ) </H3> <P> There is a dispute over the scenario of the play as it is cited at first by Theseus that `` four happy days bring in another moon . '' The wood episode then takes place at a night of no moon , but Lysander asserts that there will be so much light in the very night they will escape that dew on the grass will be shining like liquid pearls . Also , in the next scene , Quince states that they will rehearse in moonlight , which creates a real confusion . It is possible that the Moon set during the night allowing Lysander to escape in the moonlight and for the actors to rehearse , then for the wood episode to occur without moonlight . Theseus 's statement can also be interpreted to mean `` four days until the next month . '' Another possibility is that , since each month there are roughly four consecutive nights that the moon is not seen due to its closeness to the sun in the sky ( the two nights before the moment of new moon , followed by the two following it ) , it may in this fashion indicate a liminal `` dark of the moon '' period full of magical possibilities . This is further supported by Hippolyta 's opening lines exclaiming `` And then the moon , like to a silver bow New - bent in heaven , shall behold the night of our solemnities . '' ; the thin crescent - shaped moon being the hallmark of the new moon 's return to the skies each month . The play also intertwines the Midsummer Eve of the title with May Day , furthering the idea of a confusion of time and the seasons . This is evidenced by Theseus commenting on some slumbering youths , that they `` observe The rite of May . '' </P> <H3> Loss of individual identity ( edit ) </H3> Edwin Landseer , Scene from A Midsummer Night 's Dream . Titania and Bottom ( 1848 ) <P> Maurice Hunt , Chair of the English Department at Baylor University , writes of the blurring of the identities of fantasy and reality in the play that make possible `` that pleasing , narcotic dreaminess associated with the fairies of the play . '' By emphasising this theme , even in the setting of the play , Shakespeare prepares the reader 's mind to accept the fantastic reality of the fairy world and its happenings . This also seems to be the axis around which the plot conflicts in the play occur . Hunt suggests that it is the breaking down of individual identities that leads to the central conflict in the story . It is the brawl between Oberon and Titania , based on a lack of recognition for the other in the relationship , that drives the rest of the drama in the story and makes it dangerous for any of the other lovers to come together due to the disturbance of Nature caused by a fairy dispute . Similarly , this failure to identify and to distinguish is what leads Puck to mistake one set of lovers for another in the forest , placing the flower 's juice on Lysander 's eyes instead of Demetrius ' . </P> <P> Victor Kiernan , a Marxist scholar and historian , writes that it is for the greater sake of love that this loss of identity takes place and that individual characters are made to suffer accordingly : `` It was the more extravagant cult of love that struck sensible people as irrational , and likely to have dubious effects on its acolytes . '' He believes that identities in the play are not so much lost as they are blended together to create a type of haze through which distinction becomes nearly impossible . It is driven by a desire for new and more practical ties between characters as a means of coping with the strange world within the forest , even in relationships as diverse and seemingly unrealistic as the brief love between Titania and Bottom : `` It was the tidal force of this social need that lent energy to relationships . '' </P> <P> The aesthetics scholar David Marshall draws out this theme even further by noting that the loss of identity reaches its fullness in the description of the mechanicals and their assumption of other identities . In describing the occupations of the acting troupe , he writes `` Two construct or put together , two mend and repair , one weaves and one sews . All join together what is apart or mend what has been rent , broken , or sundered . '' In Marshall 's opinion , this loss of individual identity not only blurs specificities , it creates new identities found in community , which Marshall points out may lead to some understanding of Shakespeare 's opinions on love and marriage . Further , the mechanicals understand this theme as they take on their individual parts for a corporate performance of Pyramus and Thisbe . Marshall remarks that `` To be an actor is to double and divide oneself , to discover oneself in two parts : both oneself and not oneself , both the part and not the part . '' He claims that the mechanicals understand this and that each character , particularly among the lovers , has a sense of laying down individual identity for the greater benefit of the group or pairing . It seems that a desire to lose one 's individuality and find identity in the love of another is what quietly moves the events of A Midsummer Night 's Dream . As the primary sense of motivation , this desire is reflected even in the scenery depictions and the story 's overall mood . </P> <H3> Ambiguous sexuality ( edit ) </H3> The Awakening of the Fairy Queen Titania <P> In his essay `` Preposterous Pleasures : Queer Theories and A Midsummer Night 's Dream , '' Douglas E. Green explores possible interpretations of alternative sexuality that he finds within the text of the play , in juxtaposition to the proscribed social mores of the culture at the time the play was written . He writes that his essay `` does not ( seek to ) rewrite A Midsummer Night 's Dream as a gay play but rather explores some of its ' homoerotic significations ' ... moments of ' queer ' disruption and eruption in this Shakespearean comedy . '' Green states that he does not consider Shakespeare to have been a `` sexual radical , '' but that the play represented a `` topsy - turvy world '' or `` temporary holiday '' that mediates or negotiates the `` discontents of civilisation , '' which while resolved neatly in the story 's conclusion , do not resolve so neatly in real life . Green writes that the `` sodomitical elements , '' `` homoeroticism , '' `` lesbianism , '' and even `` compulsory heterosexuality '' in the story must be considered in the context of the `` culture of early modern England '' as a commentary on the `` aesthetic rigidities of comic form and political ideologies of the prevailing order . '' Aspects of ambiguous sexuality and gender conflict in the story are also addressed in essays by Shirley Garner and William W.E. Slights albeit all the characters are played by males . </P> <H3> Feminism ( edit ) </H3> Midsummer Eve by Edward Robert Hughes c. 1908 <P> Male dominance is one thematic element found in A Midsummer Night 's Dream . In A Midsummer Night 's Dream , Lysander and Hermia escape into the woods for a night where they do not fall under the laws of Theseus or Egeus . Upon their arrival in Athens , the couples are married . Marriage is seen as the ultimate social achievement for women while men can go on to do many other great things and gain social recognition . In The Imperial Votaress , Louis Montrose draws attention to male and female gender roles and norms present in the comedy in connection with Elizabethan culture . In reference to the triple wedding , he says , `` The festive conclusion in A Midsummer Night 's Dream depends upon the success of a process by which the feminine pride and power manifested in Amazon warriors , possessive mothers , unruly wives , and wilful daughters are brought under the control of lords and husbands . '' He says that the consummation of marriage is how power over a woman changes hands from father to husband . A connection between flowers and sexuality is drawn . The juice employed by Oberon can be seen as symbolising menstrual blood as well as the sexual blood shed by virgins . While blood as a result of menstruation is representative of a woman 's power , blood as a result of a first sexual encounter represents man 's power over women . </P> <P> There are points in the play , however , when there is an absence of patriarchal control . In his book Power on Display , Leonard Tennenhouse says the problem in A Midsummer Night 's Dream is the problem of `` authority gone archaic '' . The Athenian law requiring a daughter to die if she does not do her father 's will is outdated . Tennenhouse contrasts the patriarchal rule of Theseus in Athens with that of Oberon in the carnivalistic Faerie world . The disorder in the land of the fairies completely opposes the world of Athens . He states that during times of carnival and festival , male power is broken down . For example , what happens to the four lovers in the woods as well as Bottom 's dream represents chaos that contrasts with Theseus ' political order . However , Theseus does not punish the lovers for their disobedience . According to Tennenhouse , by forgiving the lovers , he has made a distinction between the law of the patriarch ( Egeus ) and that of the monarch ( Theseus ) , creating two different voices of authority . This distinction can be compared to the time of Elizabeth I , in which monarchs were seen as having two bodies : the body natural and the body politic . Elizabeth 's succession itself represented both the voice of a patriarch as well as the voice of a monarch : ( 1 ) her father 's will which stated that the crown should pass to her and ( 2 ) the fact that she was the daughter of a king . </P> <H2> Criticism and interpretation ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Critical History ( edit ) </H3> 17th century ( edit ) Samuel Pepys , the first literary critic to comment on the play , found A Midsummer Night 's Dream to be `` the most insipid ridiculous play that ever I saw in my life . '' <P> Dorothea Kehler has attempted to trace the criticism of the work through the centuries . The earliest such piece of criticism was a 1662 entry in the diary of Samuel Pepys . He found the play to be `` the most insipid ridiculous play that ever I saw in my life . '' He did , however , admit that it had `` some good dancing and some handsome women , which was all my pleasure . '' The next critic to write on the play was John Dryden , writing in 1677 . He was preoccupied with the question of whether fairies should be depicted in theatrical plays , since they did not exist . He concluded that poets should be allowed to depict things which do not exist but derive from popular belief . And fairies are of this sort , as are pigmies and the extraordinary effects of magick . Based on this reasoning , Dryden defended the merits of three fantasy plays : A Midsummer Night 's Dream , The Tempest , and Ben Jonson 's Masque of Witches . </P> 18th century ( edit ) <P> Charles Gildon in the early 18th century recommended this play for its beautiful reflections , descriptions , similes , and topics . Gildon thought that Shakespeare drew inspiration from the works of Ovid and Virgil , and that he could read them in the original Latin and not in later translations . James Halliwell - Phillipps , writing in the 1840s , found that there were many inconsistencies in the play , but considered it the most beautiful poetical drama ever written . Henry Austin Clapp , writing in 1885 , commented on the inconsistency of the time depicted in the play , as it should take place in four days and nights and seems to last less than two , and felt that this added to the unrealistic quality of the play . </P> Horace Howard Furness defended A Midsummer Night 's Dream from claims of inconsistency , and felt this did not detract from the quality of the play . <P> Horace Howard Furness , defending the play in 1895 , felt that the apparent inconsistency did not detract from the play 's quality . In 1971 , Neil Taylor argued that there was a double time - scheme in the play , making it seem to last a minimum of four nights but to also be timeless . In 1977 , Anne Paolucci argued that the play lasts five days . </P> <P> William Duff , writing in the 1770s , also recommended this play . He felt the depiction of the supernatural was among Shakespeare 's strengths , not weaknesses . He especially praised the poetry and wit of the fairies , and the quality of the verse involved . His contemporary Francis Gentleman , an admirer of Shakespeare , was much less appreciative of this play . He felt that the poetry , the characterisation , and the originality of the play were its strengths , but that its major weaknesses were a `` puerile '' ( childishly silly and immature ) plot and that it consists of an odd mixture of incidents . The connection of the incidents to each other seemed rather forced to Gentleman . </P> <P> Edmond Malone , a Shakespearean scholar and critic of the late 18th century , found another supposed flaw in this particular play , its lack of a proper decorum . He found that the `` more exalted characters '' ( the aristocrats of Athens ) are subservient to the interests of those beneath them . In other words , the lower - class characters play larger roles than their betters and overshadow them . He found this to be a grave error of the writer . Malone thought that this play had to be an early and immature work of Shakespeare and , by implication , that an older writer would know better . Malone 's main argument seems to derive from the classism of his era . He assumes that the aristocrats had to receive more attention in the narrative and to be more important , more distinguished , and better than the lower class . </P> 19th century ( edit ) William Hazlitt preferred reading A Midsummer Night 's Dream over watching it acted on stage . <P> According to Kehler , significant 19th - century criticism began in 1808 with August Wilhelm Schlegel . Schlegel perceived unity in the multiple plot lines . He noted that the donkey 's head is not a random transformation , but reflects Bottom 's true nature . He identified the tale of Pyramus and Thisbe as a burlesque of the Athenian lovers . In 1817 , William Hazlitt found the play to be better as a written work than a staged production . He found the work to be `` a delightful fiction '' but when staged , it is reduced to a dull pantomime . He concluded that poetry and the stage do not fit together . Kehler finds the comment to be more of an indication of the quality of the theatrical productions available to Hazlitt , rather than a true indication of the play 's supposed unsuitability to the stage . She notes that prior to the 1840s , all stage productions of this play were adaptations unfaithful to the original text . </P> <P> In 1811 -- 1812 , Samuel Taylor Coleridge made two points of criticism about this play . The first was that the entire play should be seen as a dream . Second , that Helena is guilty of `` ungrateful treachery '' to Hermia . He thought that this was a reflection of the lack of principles in women , who are more likely to follow their own passions and inclinations than men . Women , in his view , feel less abhorrence for moral evil , though they are concerned with its outward consequences . Coleridge was probably the earliest critic to introduce gender issues to the analysis of this play . Kehler dismisses his views on Helena as indications of Coleridge 's own misogyny , rather than genuine reflections of Helena 's morality . </P> William Maginn thought Bottom a lucky man and was particularly amused that he treats Titania , the Queen of the Fairies , `` as carelessly as if she were the wench of the next - door tapster . '' <P> In 1837 , William Maginn produced essays on the play . He turned his attention to Theseus ' speech about `` the lunatic , the lover , and the poet '' and to Hippolyta 's response to it . He regarded Theseus as the voice of Shakespeare himself and the speech as a call for imaginative audiences . He also viewed Bottom as a lucky man on whom Fortune showered favours beyond measure . He was particularly amused by the way Bottom reacts to the love of the fairy queen : completely unfazed . Maginn argued that `` Theseus would have bent in reverent awe before Titania . Bottom treats her as carelessly as if she were the wench of the next - door tapster . '' Finally , Maginn thought that Oberon should not be blamed for Titania 's humiliation , which is the result of an accident . He viewed Oberon as angry with the `` caprices '' of his queen , but unable to anticipate that her charmed affections would be reserved for a weaver with a donkey 's head . </P> <P> In 1839 , the philosopher Hermann Ulrici wrote that the play and its depiction of human life reflected the views of Platonism . In his view , Shakespeare implied that human life is nothing but a dream , suggesting influence from Plato and his followers who thought human reality is deprived of all genuine existence . Ulrici noted the way Theseus and Hippolyta behave here , like ordinary people . He agreed with Malone that this did not fit their stations in life , but viewed this behaviour as an indication of parody about class differences . </P> <P> In 1849 , Charles Knight also wrote about the play and its apparent lack of proper social stratification . He thought that this play indicated Shakespeare 's maturity as a playwright , and that its `` Thesean harmony '' reflects proper decorum of character . He also viewed Bottom as the best - drawn character , with his self - confidence , authority , and self - love . He argued that Bottom stands as a representative of the whole human race . Like Hazlitt he felt that the work is best appreciated when read as a text , rather than acted on stage . He found the writing to be `` subtle and ethereal '' , and standing above literary criticism and its reductive reasoning . </P> Georg Gottfried Gervinus thought Hermia lacking in filial piety and devoid of conscience for running away with Lysander , himself not a shining beacon of virtue ( here seen wooing Helena ) . <P> Also in 1849 , Georg Gottfried Gervinus wrote extensively about the play . He denied the theory that this play should be seen as a dream . He argued that it should be seen as an ethical construct and an allegory . He thought that it was an allegorical depiction of the errors of sensual love , which is likened to a dream . In his view , Hermia lacks in filial obedience and acts as if devoid of conscience when she runs away with Lysander . Lysander is also guilty for disobeying and mocking his prospective father - in - law . Pyramus and Thisbe also lack in filial obedience , since they `` woo by moonlight '' behind their parents ' backs . The fairies , in his view , should be seen as `` personified dream gods '' . They represent the caprices of superficial love , and they lack in intellect , feeling , and ethics . </P> <P> Gervinus also wrote on where the fairyland of the play is located . Not in Attica , but in the Indies . His views on the Indies seem to Kehler to be influenced by Orientalism . He speaks of the Indies as scented with the aroma of flowers and as the place where mortals live in the state of a half - dream . Gervinus denies and devalues the loyalty of Titania to her friend . He views this supposed friendship as not grounded in spiritual association . Titania merely `` delight in her beauty , her ' swimming gait , ' and her powers of imitation '' . Gervinus further views Titania as an immoral character for not trying to reconcile with her husband . In her resentment , Titania seeks separation from him , which Gervinus blames her for . </P> <P> Gervinus wrote with elitist disdain about the mechanicals of the play and their acting aspirations . He described them as homely creatures with `` hard hands and thick heads '' . They are , in his view , ignorant men who compose and act in plays merely for financial reward . They are not real artists . Gervinus reserves his praise and respect only for Theseus , who he thinks represents the intellectual man . Like several of his predecessors , Gervinus thought that this work should be read as a text and not acted on stage . </P> Charles Cowden Clarke appreciated the mechanicals , and in particular found Nick Bottom conceited but good natured and imaginative . <P> In 1863 , Charles Cowden Clarke also wrote on this play . Kehler notes he was the husband of famous Shakespearean scholar Mary Cowden Clarke . Charles was more appreciative of the lower - class mechanicals of the play . He commented favourably on their individualisation and their collective richness of character . He thought that Bottom was conceited but good natured , and shows a considerable store of imagination in his interaction with the representatives of the fairy world . He also argued that Bottom 's conceit was a quality inseparable from his secondary profession , that of an actor . </P> <P> In 1872 , Henry N. Hudson , an American clergyman and editor of Shakespeare , also wrote comments on this play . Kehler pays little attention to his writings , as they were largely derivative of previous works . She notes , however , that Hudson too believed that the play should be viewed as a dream . He cited the lightness of the characterisation as supporting of his view . In 1881 , Edward Dowden argued that Theseus and his reflections on art are central to the play . He also argued that Theseus was one of the `` heroic men of action '' so central to Shakespeare 's theatrical works . </P> <P> Henry A. Clapp ( 1885 ) and Horace Howard Furness ( 1895 ) were both more concerned with the problem of the play 's duration , though they held opposing views . In 1887 , Denton Jacques Snider argued that the play should be read as a dialectic , either between understanding and imagination or between prose and poetry . He also viewed the play as representing three phases or movements . The first is the Real World of the play , which represents reason . The second is the Fairy World , an ideal world which represents imagination and the supernatural . The third is their representation in art , where the action is self - reflective . Snider viewed Titania and her caprice as solely to blame for her marital strife with Oberon . She therefore deserves punishment , and Oberon is a dutiful husband who provides her with one . For failing to live in peace with Oberon and her kind , Titania is sentenced to fall in love with a human . And this human , unlike Oberon is a `` horrid brute '' . </P> <P> Towards the end of the 19th century , Georg Brandes ( 1895 -- 6 ) and Frederick S. Boas ( 1896 ) were the last major additions to A Midsummer Night 's Dream criticism . Brandes ' approach to anticipates later psychological readings , seeing Oberon 's magic as symbolic and `` typifying the sorcery of the erotic imagination '' . Brandes felt that in the play , Shakespeare looks inward at the `` domain of the unconscious '' . Boas eschews the play as ethical treatise or psychological study and instead takes a more historicist and literal approach . To Boas the play is , despite its fantastical and exotic trappings , `` essentially English and Elizabethan . '' He sees Theseus as a Tudor noble ; Helena a mere plot device to `` concentrate the four lovers on a single spot '' ; and the Pyramus and Thisbe play - within - the - play a parody of a prominent topos of contemporary plays . Summing up their contributions , Kehler writes : `` This is recognizably modern criticism . '' </P> 20th century ( edit ) <P> The 20th century brought new insights into the play . In 1961 , Elizabeth Sewell argued that Shakespeare aligns himself not with the aristocrats of the play , but with Bottom and the artisans . It is their task to produce a wedding entertainment , precisely the purpose of the writer on working in this play . Also in 1961 , Frank Kermode wrote on the themes of the play and their literary sources . He counted among them fantasy , blind love , and divine love . He traced these themes to the works of Macrobius , Apuleius , and Giordano Bruno . Bottom also briefly alludes to a passage from the First Epistle to the Corinthians by Paul the Apostle , dealing with divine love . </P> <P> In 1964 , R.W. Dent argued against theories that the exemplary model of love in the play is the rational love of Theseus and Hippolyta . He argued that in this work , love is inexplicable . It is the offspring of imagination , not reason . However the exemplary love of the play is one of an imagination controlled and restrained , and avoids the excesses of `` dotage '' . Genuine love is contrasted with the unrequited love ( and dotage ) of Demetrius for Hermia , and with the supposed love ( and dotage ) of Titania for an unworthy object . </P> <P> Dent also denied the rationality and wisdom typically attributed to Theseus . He reminded his readers that this is the character of Theseus from Greek mythology , a creation himself of `` antique fable '' . Theseus ' views on art are far from rational or wise . He ca n't tell the difference between an actual play and its interlude . The interlude of the play 's acting troop is less about the art and more of an expression of the mechanicals ' distrust of their own audience . They fear the audience reactions will be either excessive or inadequate , and say so on stage . Theseus fails to get the message . </P> <P> Also in 1964 , Jan Kott offered his own views on the play . He viewed as main themes of the play violence and `` unrepressed animalistic sexuality '' . Both Lysander and Demetrius are , in his view , verbally brutal lovers , their love interests are exchangeable and objectified . The changeling that Oberon desires is his new `` sexual toy '' . The aristocrats of the play , both mortal and immortal , are promiscuous . As for the Athenian lovers following their night in the forest , they are ashamed to talk about it because that night liberated them from themselves and social norms , and allowed them to reveal their real selves . Kott 's views were controversial and contemporary critics wrote , either in favour of or against Kott 's views , but few ignored them . </P> <P> In 1967 , John A. Allen theorised that Bottom is a symbol of the animalistic aspect of humanity . He also thought Bottom was redeemed through the maternal tenderness of Titania , which allowed him to understand the love and self - sacrifice of Pyramus and Thisbe . In 1968 , Stephen Fender offered his own views on the play . He emphasised the `` terrifying power '' of the fairies and argued that they control the play 's events . They are the most powerful figures featured , not Theseus as often thought . He also emphasised the ethically ambivalent characters of the play . Finally , Fender noted a layer of complexity in the play . Theseus , Hippolyta , and Bottom have contradictory reactions to the events of the night , and each has partly valid reasons for their reactions , implying that the puzzles offered to the play 's audience can have no singular answer or meaning . </P> <P> In 1969 , Michael Taylor argued that previous critics offered a too cheerful view of what the play depicts . He emphasised the less pleasant aspects of the otherwise appealing fairies and the nastiness of the mortal Demetrius prior to his enchantment . He argued that the overall themes are the often painful aspects of love and the pettiness of people , which here include the fairies . </P> <P> In 1970 , R.A. Zimbardo viewed the play as full of symbols . The Moon and its phases alluded to in the play , in his view , stand for permanence in mutability . The play uses the principle of discordia concors in several of its key scenes . Theseus and Hippolyta represent marriage and , symbolically , the reconciliation of the natural seasons or the phases of time . Hippolyta 's story arc is that she must submit to Theseus and become a matron . Titania has to give up her motherly obsession with the changeling boy and passes through a symbolic death , and Oberon has to once again woo and win his wife . Kehler notes that Zimbardo took for granted the female subordination within the obligatory marriage , social views that were already challenged in the 1960s . </P> <P> In 1971 , James L. Calderwood offered a new view on the role of Oberon . He viewed the king as specialising in the arts of illusion . Oberon , in his view , is the interior dramatist of the play , orchestrating events . He is responsible for the play 's happy ending , when he influences Theseus to overrule Egeus and allow the lovers to marry . Oberon and Theseus bring harmony out of discord . He also suggested that the lovers ' identities , which are blurred and lost in the forest , recall the unstable identities of the actors who constantly change roles . In fact the failure of the artisans ' play is based on their chief flaw as actors : they can not lose their own identities to even temporarily replace them with those of their fictional roles . </P> <P> Also in 1971 , Andrew D. Weiner argued that the play 's actual theme is unity . The poet 's imagination creates unity by giving form to diverse elements , and the writer is addressing the spectator 's own imagination which also creates and perceives unity . Weiner connected this unity to the concept of uniformity , and in turn viewed this as Shakespeare 's allusion to the `` eternal truths '' of Platonism and Christianity . </P> <P> Also writing in 1971 , Hugh M. Richmond offered an entirely new view of the play 's love story lines . He argued that what passes for love in this play is actually a self - destructive expression of passion . He argued that the play 's significant characters are all affected by passion and by a sadomasochistic type of sexuality . This passion prevents the lovers from genuinely communicating with each other . At the same time it protects them from the disenchantment with the love interest that communication inevitably brings . The exception to the rule is Bottom , who is chiefly devoted to himself . His own egotism protects him from feeling passion for anyone else . Richmond also noted that there are parallels between the tale of Pyramus and Thisbe , featured in this play , and that of Shakespeare 's Romeo and Juliet . </P> <P> In 1972 , Ralph Berry argued that Shakespeare was chiefly concerned with epistemology in this play . The lovers declare illusion to be reality , the actors declare reality to be illusion . The play ultimately reconciles the seemingly opposing views and vindicates imagination . Also in 1972 , Thomas McFarland argued that the play is dominated by a mood of happiness and that it is one of the happiest literary creations ever produced . The mood is so lovely that the audience never feels fear or worry about the fate of the characters . </P> <P> In 1974 , Marjorie Garber argued that metamorphosis is both the major subject of the play and the model of its structure . She noted that in this play , the entry in the woods is a dream - like change in perception , a change which affects both the characters and the audience . Dreams here take priority over reason , and are truer than the reality they seek to interpret and transform . Also in 1974 , Alexander Leggatt offered his own reading of the play . He was certain that there are grimmer elements in the play , but they are overlooked because the audience focuses on the story of the sympathetic young lovers . He viewed the characters as separated into four groups which interact in various ways . Among the four , the fairies stand as the most sophisticated and unconstrained . The contrasts between the interacting groups produce the play 's comic perspective . </P> <P> In 1975 , Ronald F. Miller expresses his view that the play is a study in the epistemology of imagination . He focused on the role of the fairies , who have a mysterious aura of evanescence and ambiguity . Also in 1975 , David Bevington offered his own reading of the play . He in part refuted the ideas of Jan Kott concerning the sexuality of Oberon and the fairies . He pointed that Oberon may be bisexual and his desire for the changeling boy may be sexual in nature , as Kott suggested . But there is little textual evidence to support this , as the writer left ambiguous clues concerning the idea of love among the fairies . He concluded that therefore their love life is `` unknowable and incomprehensible '' . According to Bevington , the main theme of the play is the conflict between sexual desire and rational restraint , an essential tension reflected throughout the play . It is the tension between the dark and benevolent sides of love , which are reconciled in the end . </P> <P> In 1979 , M.E. Lamb suggested that the play may have borrowed an aspect of the ancient myth of Theseus : the Athenian 's entry into the Labyrinth of the Minotaur . The woods of the play serve as a metaphorical labyrinth , and for Elizabethans the woods were often an allegory of sexual sin . The lovers in the woods conquer irrational passion and find their way back . Bottom with his animal head becomes a comical version of the Minotaur . Bottom also becomes Ariadne 's thread which guides the lovers . In having the new Minotaur rescue rather than threaten the lovers , the classical myth is comically inverted . Theseus himself is the bridegroom of the play who has left the labyrinth and promiscuity behind , having conquered his passion . The artisans may stand in for the master craftsman of the myth , and builder of the Labyrinth , Daedalus . Even Theseus ' best known speech in the play , which connects the poet with the lunatic and the lover may be another metaphor of the lover . It is a challenge for the poet to confront the irrationality he shares with lovers and lunatics , accepting the risks of entering the labyrinth . </P> <P> Also in 1979 , Harold F. Brooks agreed that the main theme of the play , its very heart , is desire and its culmination in marriage . All other subjects are of lesser importance , including that of imagination and that of appearance and reality . In 1980 , Florence Falk offered a view of the play based on theories of cultural anthropology . She argued that the play is about traditional rites of passage , which trigger development within the individual and society . Theseus has detached himself from imagination and rules Athens harshly . The lovers flee from the structure of his society to the communitas of the woods . The woods serve here as the communitas , a temporary aggregate for persons whose asocial desires require accommodation to preserve the health of society . This is the rite of passage where the asocial can be contained . Falk identified this communitas with the woods , with the unconscious , with the dream space . She argued that the lovers experience release into self - knowledge and then return to the renewed Athens . This is `` societas '' , the resolution of the dialectic between the dualism of communitas and structure . </P> <P> Also in 1980 , Christian critic R. Chris Hassel , Jr. offered a Christian view of the play . The experience of the lovers and that of Bottom ( as expressed in his awakening speech ) teach them `` a new humility , a healthy sense of folly '' . They realise that there are things that are true despite the fact that they can not be seen or understood . They just learned a lesson of faith . Hassel also thought that Theseus ' speech on the lunatic , the lover , and the poet is an applause to imagination . But it is also a laughing rejection of futile attempts to perceive , categorise , or express it . </P> Alex Aronson considered Puck a representation of the unconscious mind and a contrast to Theseus as a representation of the conscious mind . <P> Some of the interpretations of the play have been based on psychology and its diverse theories . In 1972 , Alex Aronson argued that Theseus represents the conscious mind and Puck represents the unconscious mind . Puck , in this view , is a guise of the unconscious as a trickster , while remaining subservient to Oberon . Aronson thought that the play explores unauthorised desire and linked it to the concept of fertility . He viewed the donkey and the trees as fertility symbols . The lovers ' sexual desires are symbolised in their forest encounters . In 1973 , Melvin Goldstein argued that the lovers can not simply return to Athens and wed . First , they have to pass through stages of madness ( multiple disguises ) , and discover their `` authentic sexual selves '' . In 1979 , Norman N. Holland applied psychoanalytic literary criticism to the play . He interpreted the dream of Hermia as if it was a real dream . In his view , the dream uncovers the phases of Hermia 's sexual development . Her search for options is her defence mechanism . She both desires Lysander and wants to retain her virginity . </P> <P> In 1981 , Mordecai Marcus argued for a new meaning of Eros ( Love ) and Thanatos ( Death ) in this play . In his view , Shakespeare suggests that love requires the risk of death . Love achieves force and direction from the interweaving of the life impulse with the deathward - release of sexual tension . He also viewed the play as suggesting that the healing force of love is connected to the acceptance of death , and vice versa . </P> <P> In 1987 , Jan Lawson Hinely argued that this play has a therapeutic value . Shakespeare in many ways explores the sexual fears of the characters , releases them , and transforms them . And the happy ending is the reestablishment of social harmony . Patriarchy itself is also challenged and transformed , as the men offer their women a loving equality , one founded on respect and trust . She even viewed Titania 's loving acceptance of the donkey - headed Bottom as a metaphor for basic trust . This trust is what enables the warring and uncertain lovers to achieve their sexual maturity . In 1988 , Allen Dunn argued that the play is an exploration of the characters ' fears and desires , and that its structure is based on a series of sexual clashes . </P> <P> In 1991 , Barbara Freedman argued that the play justifies the ideological formation of absolute monarchy , and makes visible for examination the maintenance process of hegemonic order . </P> <H2> Performance History ( edit ) </H2> The first page printed in the Second Folio of 1632 <H3> 17th and 18th centuries ( edit ) </H3> <P> During the years of the Puritan Interregnum when the theatres were closed ( 1642 -- 60 ) , the comic subplot of Bottom and his compatriots was performed as a droll . Drolls were comical playlets , often adapted from the subplots of Shakespearean and other plays , that could be attached to the acts of acrobats and jugglers and other allowed performances , thus circumventing the ban against drama . When the theatres re-opened in 1660 , A Midsummer Night 's Dream was acted in adapted form , like many other Shakespearean plays . Samuel Pepys saw it on 29 September 1662 and thought it `` the most insipid , ridiculous play that ever I saw ... '' </P> <P> After the Jacobean / Caroline era , A Midsummer Night 's Dream was never performed in its entirety until the 1840s . Instead , it was heavily adapted in forms like Henry Purcell 's musical masque / play The Fairy Queen ( 1692 ) , which had a successful run at the Dorset Garden Theatre , but was not revived . Richard Leveridge turned the Pyramus and Thisbe scenes into an Italian opera burlesque , acted at Lincoln 's Inn Fields in 1716 . John Frederick Lampe elaborated upon Leveridge 's version in 1745 . Charles Johnson had used the Pyramus and Thisbe material in the finale of Love in a Forest , his 1723 adaptation of As You Like It . In 1755 , David Garrick did the opposite of what had been done a century earlier : he extracted Bottom and his companions and acted the rest , in an adaptation called The Fairies . Frederic Reynolds produced an operatic version in 1816 . </P> <H3> The victorian stage ( edit ) </H3> <P> In 1840 , Madame Vestris at Covent Garden returned the play to the stage with a relatively full text , adding musical sequences and balletic dances . Vestris took the role of Oberon , and for the next seventy years , Oberon and Puck would always be played by women . </P> <P> After the success of Madame Vestris ' production , 19th - century theatre continued to stage the Dream as a spectacle , often with a cast numbering nearly one hundred . Detailed sets were created for the palace and the forest , and the fairies were portrayed as gossamer - winged ballerinas . The overture by Felix Mendelssohn was always used throughout this period . Augustin Daly 's production opened in 1895 in London and ran for 21 performances . The special effects were constructed by the Martinka Magic Company , which was later owned by Houdini . </P> <H3> 20th and 21st centuries ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( February 2008 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> Vince Cardinale as Puck from the Carmel Shakespeare Festival production of A Midsummer Night 's Dream , September 2000 Performance Saratov Puppet Theatre `` Teremok '' A Midsummer Night 's Dream based on the play by William Shakespeare ( 2007 ) <P> Herbert Beerbohm Tree staged a 1911 production with live rabbits . </P> <P> Max Reinhardt staged A Midsummer Night 's Dream thirteen times between 1905 and 1934 , introducing a revolving set . After he fled Germany he devised a more spectacular outdoor version at the Hollywood Bowl , in September 1934 . The shell was removed and replaced by a forest planted in tons of dirt hauled in especially for the event , and a trestle was constructed from the hills to the stage . The wedding procession inserted between Acts IV and V crossed the trestle with torches down the hillside . The cast included James Cagney , Olivia de Havilland , Mickey Rooney and Victor Jory , and a corps of dancers which included Katherine Dunham and Butterfly McQueen , with Mendelssohn 's music . </P> <P> On the strength of this production , Warner Brothers signed Reinhardt to direct a filmed version , Hollywood 's first Shakespeare movie since Douglas Fairbanks Sr. and Mary Pickford 's Taming of the Shrew in 1929 . Rooney ( Puck ) and De Havilland ( Hermia and Zara ) were the only holdovers from the Hollywood Bowl cast . James Cagney starred , in his only Shakespearean role , as Bottom . Other actors in the film who played Shakespearean roles just this once included Joe E. Brown and Dick Powell . Erich Wolfgang Korngold was brought from Austria to arrange Mendelssohn 's music for the film . He not only used the Midsummer Night 's Dream music but also several other pieces by Mendelssohn . Korngold went on to make a Hollywood career , remaining in the US after Nazi Germany annexed Austria . </P> <P> Director Harley Granville - Barker introduced in 1914 a less spectacular way of staging the Dream : he reduced the size of the cast and used Elizabethan folk music instead of Mendelssohn . He replaced large , complex sets with a simple system of patterned curtains . He portrayed the fairies as golden robotic insectoid creatures based on Cambodian idols . His simpler , sparer staging significantly influenced subsequent productions . </P> <P> In 1970 , Peter Brook staged the play for the Royal Shakespeare Company in a blank white box , in which masculine fairies engaged in circus tricks such as trapeze artistry . Brook also introduced the subsequently popular idea of doubling Theseus / Oberon and Hippolyta / Titania , as if to suggest that the world of the fairies is a mirror version of the world of the mortals . British actors who played various roles in Brook 's production included Patrick Stewart , Ben Kingsley , John Kane ( Puck ) and Frances de la Tour ( Helena ) . Since Brook 's production , directors have used their imaginations freely in staging the play . In particular , there has been an increased use of sexuality on stage , as many directors see the palace as a symbol of restraint and repression , while the wood is a symbol of unrestrained sexuality , both liberating and terrifying . </P> <P> A Midsummer Night 's Dream has been produced many times in New York , including several stagings by the New York Shakespeare Festival at the Delacorte Theatre in Central Park and a production by the Theatre for a New Audience , produced by Joseph Papp at the Public Theater . In 1978 , the Riverside Shakespeare Company staged an outdoor production starring Eric Hoffmann as Puck , with Karen Hurley as Titania and Eric Conger as Oberon , directed by company founder Gloria Skurski . There have been several variations since then , including some set in the 1980s . </P> <P> The University of Michigan 's Nichols Arboretum 's programme Shakespeare in the Arb has presented a play every summer since 2001 . Shakespeare in the Arb has produced A Midsummer Night 's Dream three times . These performances take place in a 123 - acre ( 50 ha ) natural setting , with lush woods , a flowing river , and steep hills . The performance takes place in several places , with actors and audience moving together to each setting . `` As one critic commented , ' The actors used the vastness of its Arb ( oretum ) stage to full advantage , making entrances from behind trees , appearing over rises and vanishing into the woods . ' '' </P> <P> In the first production of Emma Rice as the artistic director of Shakespeare 's Globe ( 2016 ) , she has carried the play to Indies , with Indian characters , probably a reference to Gervinus . Changing the characters from Athenians to `` Hoxton Hipsters '' and creating an all male love triangle between Lysander , Demetrius and Helenus ( a male Helena ) , the play was carried to a more gender fluid era . The last performance was broadcast live all around the world through internet . </P> <H2> Adaptations and cultural references ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This section appears to contain trivial , minor , or unrelated references to popular culture . Please reorganize this content to explain the subject 's impact on popular culture rather than simply listing appearances ; add references to reliable sources if possible , otherwise delete it . ( April 2017 ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Literary ( edit ) </H3> <P> St. John 's Eve written in 1853 by Henrik Ibsen relies heavily on the Shakespearean play . Botho Strauß 's play The Park ( 1983 ) is based on characters and motifs from A Midsummer Night 's Dream . </P> <P> Neil Gaiman 's comic series The Sandman uses the play as a focal point in issue No. 19 . In it , Shakespeare and his company perform the play for the real Oberon and Titania and an audience of fairies . The play is heavily quoted in the comic . Shakespeare 's son Hamnet Shakespeare appears in the play as the Indian boy . It is strongly hinted that he is later taken away by Titania , much like the changeling in the story . This issue was the first and only comic to win the World Fantasy Award for Best Short Fiction , in 1991 . </P> <P> Terry Pratchett 's book Lords and Ladies ( 1992 ) is a parody of the play . </P> <P> Michael Gow 's play , Away ( 1986 ) , features inter-textual references to A Midsummer Night 's Dream , and opens with a performance of the final part , with the protagonist , Tom , in a role similar to that of Puck . </P> <P> In Ballet Shoes , a children 's novel by Noel Streatfeild , published in 1936 , the three sisters Pauline , Petrova and Posy perform in A Midsummer Night 's Dream as dancers and actors . </P> <P> Themes in the John Crowley novel Little , Big draw heavily from this Shakespeare play . </P> <H3> Musical versions ( edit ) </H3> <P> Henry Purcell The Fairy - Queen by Henry Purcell consists of a set of masques meant to go between acts of the play , as well as considerable rewriting of the play to be current to 17th century audiences . </P> <P> Felix Mendelssohn Bartholdy </P> Main article : A Midsummer Night 's Dream ( Mendelssohn ) <P> In 1826 , Felix Mendelssohn composed a concert overture , inspired by the play , that was first performed in 1827 . In 1842 , partly because of the fame of the overture , and partly because his employer King Friedrich Wilhelm IV of Prussia liked the incidental music that Mendelssohn had written for other plays that had been staged at the palace in German translation , Mendelssohn was commissioned to write incidental music for a production of A Midsummer Night 's Dream that was to be staged in 1843 in Potsdam . He incorporated the existing Overture into the incidental music , which was used in most stage versions through the 19th century . The best known of the pieces from the incidental music is the famous Wedding March , frequently used as a recessional in weddings . </P> <P> The choreographer Marius Petipa , more famous for his collaborations with Tchaikovsky ( on the ballets Swan Lake and The Sleeping Beauty ) made another ballet adaptation for the Imperial Ballet of St. Petersburg with additional music and adaptations to Mendelssohn 's score by Léon Minkus . The revival premiered 14 July 1876 . English choreographer Frederick Ashton also created a 40 - minute ballet version of the play , retitled to The Dream . George Balanchine was another to create a Midsummer Night 's Dream ballet based on the play , using Mendelssohn 's music . </P> <P> Between 1917 and 1939 Carl Orff also wrote incidental music for a German version of the play , Ein Sommernachtstraum ( performed in 1939 ) . Since Mendelssohn 's parents were Jews who converted to Lutheranism , his music had been banned by the Nazi regime , and the Nazi cultural officials put out a call for new music for the play : Orff was one of the musicians who responded . He later reworked the music for a final version , completed in 1964 . </P> <P> Ralph Vaughan Williams `` Over Hill , Over Dale '' , from Act 2 , is the third of the Three Shakespeare Songs set to music by the British composer Ralph Vaughan Williams . He wrote the pieces for a cappella SATB choir in 1951 for the British Federation of Music Festivals , and they remain a popular part of British choral repertoire today . </P> <P> Benjamin Britten The play was adapted into an opera , with music by Benjamin Britten and libretto by Britten and Peter Pears . The opera was first performed on 11 June 1960 at Aldeburgh . </P> <P> Moonwork The theatre company , Moonwork put on a production of Midsummer in 1999 . It was conceived by Mason Pettit , Gregory Sherman and Gregory Wolfe ( who directed it ) . The show featured a rock - opera version of the play within a play , Pyramus & Thisbe , with music written by Rusty Magee . The music for the rest of the show was written by Andrew Sherman . </P> <P> The Donkey Show The Donkey Show is a disco - era experience based on A Midsummer Night 's Dream , that first appeared off Broadway in 1999 . </P> <P> Other In 1949 a three - act opera by Delannoy entitled Puck was premiered in Strasbourg . Progressive Rock guitarist Steve Hackett , best known for his work with Genesis , made a classical adaptation of the play in 1997 . Hans Werner Henze 's Eighth Symphony is inspired by sequences from the play . </P> <P> The Alexander W. Dreyfoos School of the Arts Theatre Department presented the show as a musical adapted / directed by Beverly Blanchette ( produced by Marcie Gorman ) using the songs of The Moody Blues . The show was called Midsummer and was subsequently performed at Morsani Hall / Straz Performing Arts Center in Tampa , at the Florida State International Thespian Society Festival . Text / Concept Copyright , 9 December 2011 . </P> <P> In 2011 , Opera Memphis , Playhouse on the Square , and contemporary a cappella groups DeltaCappella and Riva , premiered Michael Ching 's A Midsummer Night 's Dream : Opera A Cappella . </P> <H3> Ballets ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> George Balanchine 's A Midsummer Night 's Dream , his first original full - length ballet , was premiered by the New York City Ballet on 17 January 1962 . It was chosen to open the NYCB 's first season at the New York State Theater at Lincoln Center in 1964 . Balanchine interpolated further music by Mendelssohn into his Dream , including the overture from Athalie . A film version of the ballet was released in 1966 . </Li> <Li> Frederick Ashton created The Dream , a short ( not full - length ) ballet set exclusively to the famous music by Félix Mendelssohn , arranged by John Lanchbery , in 1964 . It was created on England 's Royal Ballet and has since entered the repertoire of other companies , notably The Joffrey Ballet and American Ballet Theatre . </Li> <Li> John Neumeier created his full - length ballet Ein Sommernachtstraum for his company at the Hamburg State Opera ( Hamburgische Staatsoper ) in 1977 . Longer than Ashton 's or Balanchine 's earlier versions , Neumeier 's version includes other music by Mendelssohn along with the Midsummer Night 's Dream music , as well as music from the modern composer György Sándor Ligeti , and jaunty barrel organ music . Neumeier devotes the three sharply differing musical styles to the three character groups , with the aristocrats and nobles dancing to Mendelssohn , the fairies to Ligeti , and the rustics or mechanicals to the barrel organ . </Li> <Li> Elvis Costello composed the music for a full - length ballet Il Sogno , based on A Midsummer Night 's Dream . The music was subsequently released as a classical album by Deutsche Grammophon in 2004 . </Li> </Ul> <H3> Film adaptations ( edit ) </H3> See also : List of William Shakespeare screen adaptations § A Midsummer Night 's Dream <P> A Midsummer Night 's Dream has been adapted as a film many times . The following are the best known . </P> <Ul> <Li> A 1925 German silent film Wood Love directed by Hans Neumann . </Li> <Li> A 1935 film version was directed by Max Reinhardt and William Dieterle . The cast included James Cagney as Bottom , Mickey Rooney as Puck , Olivia de Havilland as Hermia , Joe E. Brown as Francis Flute , Dick Powell as Lysander and Victor Jory as Oberon . </Li> <Li> A Midsummer Night 's dream / Sen noci svatojánské ( 1959 ) was directed by Czech animator Jiri Trnka . This was a stop - motion puppet film that followed Shakespeare 's story simply with a narrator . ( The English language version was narrated by Richard Burton ) . </Li> <Li> A 1968 film version was directed by Peter Hall . The cast included Paul Rogers as Bottom , Ian Holm as Puck , Diana Rigg as Helena , Helen Mirren as Hermia , Ian Richardson as Oberon , Judi Dench as Titania , and Sebastian Shaw as Quince . This film stars the Royal Shakespeare Company , and is directed by Peter Hall . </Li> <Li> A 1969 film version was directed by Jean - Christophe Averty . The cast included Jean - Claude Drouot as Oberon , Claude Jade as Helena , Christine Delaroche as Hermia , Marie Versini as Hippolyta , Michel Modo as Flute , Guy Grosso as Quinze . </Li> <Li> A Midsummer Night 's Sex Comedy ( 1982 ) was written and directed by Woody Allen . The plot is loosely based on Ingmar Bergman 's Smiles of a Summer Night , with some elements from Shakespeare 's play . </Li> <Li> Bottom 's Dream ( 1983 ) was an animated short directed by John Canemaker , showing events of the play from the point of view of Bottom . The film uses selections of Mendelssohn 's music , lines from the play , and surreal imagery to convey Bottom 's experience . </Li> <Li> Dead Poets Society features the play as a production for which Neil Perry tries out for and wins the role of Puck , in spite of his father 's disapproval of his acting aspirations . </Li> <Li> A 1996 adaptation directed by Adrian Noble . The cast included Desmond Barrit as Bottom , Finbar Lynch as Puck , Alex Jennings as Oberon / Theseus , and Lindsay Duncan as Titania / Hippolyta . This film is based on Noble 's hugely popular Royal Shakespeare Company production . Its art design is eccentric , featuring a forest of floating light bulbs and a giant umbrella for Titania 's bower . </Li> <Li> A 1999 film version was written and directed by Michael Hoffman . The cast includes Kevin Kline as Bottom , Rupert Everett as Oberon , Michelle Pfeiffer as Titania , Stanley Tucci as Puck , Sophie Marceau as Hippolyta , Christian Bale as Demetrius , Dominic West as Lysander , and Calista Flockhart as Helena . This adaptation relocates the play 's action from Athens to a fictional `` Monte Athena '' , located in Tuscany , Italy , although all textual mentions of Athens are retained . </Li> <Li> A 1999 version was written and directed by James Kerwin . The cast included Travis Schuldt as Demetrius . It set the story against a surreal backdrop of techno clubs and ancient symbols . </Li> <Li> The Children 's Midsummer Night 's Dream ( 2002 ) directed by Christine Edzard , was produced by Sands Films at their studio in Rotherhithe , London using 350 school children from Southwark , between the ages of eight and eleven , all theatrically untrained . The sets and costumes were designed to scale and made on site . </Li> <Li> A Midsummer Night 's Rave ( 2002 ) directed by Gil Cates Jr. changes the setting to a modern rave . Puck is a drug dealer , the magic flower called love - in - idleness is replaced with magic ecstasy , and the King and Queen of Fairies are the host of the rave and the DJ . </Li> <Li> Were the World Mine ( 2008 ) features a modern interpretation of the play put on in a private high school in a small town . </Li> <Li> Strange Magic ( 2015 ) was inspired by the play . </Li> </Ul> <H3> TV productions ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> The `` play within a play '' from Act V , Scene I , Pyramus and Thisbe , was performed by the members of the British pop music group The Beatles on 28 April 1964 for a British television special , Around The Beatles . Paul McCartney appeared as Pyramus , John Lennon as Thisbe , George Harrison as Moonshine , and Ringo Starr as Lion . The performance , before a live audience , was done with great comic intent and included a number of intentional hecklers . This was broadcast in the UK on ITV on 6 May , and in the US on ABC on 15 November . </Li> <Li> The 1981 BBC Television Shakespeare production was produced by Jonathan Miller and directed by Elijah Moshinsky . It starred Helen Mirren as Titania , Peter McEnery as Oberon , Phil Daniels as Puck , Robert Lindsay as Lysander , Geoffrey Palmer as Quince and Brian Glover as Bottom . </Li> <Li> An abbreviated version of A Midsummer Night 's Dream was made into an animated short ( with the same title ) by Walt Disney Television Animation in 1999 as part of the Mouse Tales series . It was featured in a 2002 episode of Disney 's House of Mouse ( `` House of Scrooge '' , Season 3 , Episode 34 ) . The star - crossed lovers are played by Mickey Mouse ( Lysander ) , Minnie Mouse ( Hermia ) , Donald Duck ( Demetrius ) , and Daisy Duck ( Helena ) . The character based on Theseus is played by Ludwig Von Drake , and the character based on Egeus by Scrooge McDuck . Goofy appears as an accident - prone Puck . The story ends with the revelation that it was a dream experienced by Mickey Mouse while sleeping at a picnic hosted by Minnie . </Li> <Li> In 2005 ShakespeaRe - Told , the BBC TV series , aired an updated of the play . It was written by Peter Bowker . The cast includes Johnny Vegas as Bottom , Dean Lennox Kelly as Puck , Bill Paterson as Theo ( a conflation of Theseus and Egeus ) , and Imelda Staunton as his wife Polly ( Hippolyta ) . Lennie James plays Oberon and Sharon Small is Titania . Zoe Tapper and Michelle Bonnard play Hermia and Helena . </Li> <Li> BBC1 's 2016 production was a 90 - minute filmic adaptation by Russell T Davies directed by David Kerr starring Matt Lucas as Bottom , Maxine Peake as Titania , and with a diverse cast including Nonso Anozie as Oberon , Prisca Bakare as Hermia and Hiran Abeysekera as Puck . </Li> </Ul> <H3> Astronomy ( edit ) </H3> <P> In 1787 , British astronomer William Herschel discovered two new moons of Uranus that he named after characters in the play : Oberon , and Titania . Another Uranian moon , discovered in 1985 by the Voyager 2 spacecraft , has been named Puck . </P> <H2> Gallery ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> ' ' A Midsummer Night 's Dream ' ' in Art </Li> <Li> <P> Puck by Joshua Reynolds , 1789 </P> </Li> <Li> <P> Titania and Bottom by Johann Heinrich Füssli 1793 -- 94 </P> </Li> <Li> <P> Titania and Bottom by John Anster Fitzgerald </P> </Li> <Li> <P> Joseph Noel Paton : The Reconciliation of Titania and Oberon </P> </Li> <Li> <P> The Marriage of Oberon and Titania by John Anster Fitzgerald </P> </Li> <Li> <P> Henry Meynell Rheam : Titania welcoming her fairy brethren </P> </Li> <Li> <P> La Folie de Titania , by Paul Gervais , 1897 </P> </Li> <Li> <P> A Midsummer Night 's Dream by John Simmons , 1873 </P> </Li> <Li> <P> Thomas Stothard - Oberon and Titania from A Midsummer Night 's Dream , Act IV , Scene I </P> </Li> </Ul> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Pyramus and Thisbe </Li> <Li> Summer solstice </Li> </Ul> <H2> Notes and references ( edit ) </H2> <P> All references to A Midsummer Night 's Dream , unless otherwise specified , are taken from the Arden Shakespeare 2nd series edition . Under their referencing system , which uses roman numerals , III. I. 55 means act 3 , scene 1 , line 55 . </P> <H3> Notes ( edit ) </H3> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ Theseus ' `` The lunatic , the lover , and the poet '' speech is in A Midsummer Night 's Dream V.I. 2 -- 22 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Specifically , Bottom alludes to I Corinthians 2 : 9 . </Li> </Ol> <H3> References ( edit ) </H3> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ Brooks 1979 , p. lix . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Twyning 2012 , p. 77 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kehler 1998 , p. 3 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ http : / / www.tudorplace.com/VERE </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Brooks 1979 , p. xxi . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Brooks 1979 , p. lvii . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Wiles 2008 , pp. 208 -- 23 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Wiles 2008 , p. 213 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bevington 1996 , pp. 24 -- 35 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bevington 1996 , p. 32 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ A Midsummer Night 's Dream , I.I. 2 -- 3 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ A Midsummer Night 's Dream , I.I. 208 -- 13 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ A Midsummer Night 's Dream , I. II. 90 -- 9 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ A Midsummer Night 's Dream , IV. I. 131 -- 5 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Hunt 1986 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kiernan 1993 , p. 212 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kiernan 1993 , p. 210 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Marshall 1982 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Green 1998 , p. 370 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Green 1998 , p. 375 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Garner 1998 , pp. 129 -- 30 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Slights 1988 , p. 261 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Howard 2003 , p. 414 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Montrose 2000 , p. 65 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Montrose 2000 , pp. 61 -- 9 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Tennenhouse 1986 , p. 73 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Tennenhouse 1986 , p. 74 -- 6 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Kehler 1998 , p. 6 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kehler 1998 , pp. 6 -- 7 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Kehler 1998 , p. 7 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kehler 1998 , pp. 7 -- 8 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Kehler 1998 , p. 8 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ A Midsummer Night 's Dream V.I. 2 -- 22 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Kehler 1998 , p. 9 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kehler 1998 , pp. 8 -- 9 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kehler 1998 , pp. 9 -- 10 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Kehler 1998 , p. 10 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Kehler 1998 , p. 11 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Kehler 1998 , p. 29 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Kehler 1998 , pp. 29 -- 30 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Kehler 1998 , p. 30 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kehler 1998 , pp. 30 -- 1 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Kehler 1998 , p. 31 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kehler 1998 , pp. 31 -- 2 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Kehler 1998 , p. 32 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kehler 1998 , pp. 32 -- 3 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Kehler 1998 , p. 33 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kehler 1998 , pp. 33 -- 4 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Kehler 1998 , p. 34 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Kehler 1998 , p. 40 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kehler 1998 , pp. 40 -- 1 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Kehler 1998 , p. 41 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Halliday 1964 , pp. 142 -- 3 , 316 -- 17 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Halliday 1964 , pp. 255 , 271 , 278 , 316 -- 17 , 410 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ RSC n.d. </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Shakespeare in the Arb n.d. </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Broich 2006 , p. 144 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Levenson , Jill L. ; Ormsby , Robert ( 27 March 2017 ) . `` The Shakespearean World '' . Taylor & Francis . Retrieved 12 October 2017 -- via Google Books . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Forward 2006 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Whittall 1998 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Marks 1999 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ IOBDB n.d. </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Waleson 2011 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Charles 2000 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Barnes 1967 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Reynolds 2006 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Watts 1972 , p. 48 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Trailer for ' Strange Magic , ' George Lucas 's Next Big Movie '' . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 13 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Cavendish 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ BBC 2005 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ O'Donovan 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ USGS n.d. </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Brooks 1979 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> Sources ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Editions of a Midsummer Night 's Dream ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Brooks , Harold F. , ed. ( 1979 ) . A Midsummer Night 's Dream . The Arden Shakespeare , 2nd series . Methuen & Co . ISBN 0 - 415 - 02699 - 7 . </Li> </Ul> <H3> Secondary sources ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Barnes , Clive ( 18 April 1967 ) . `` Midsummer Night 's Dream : Balanchine Helps Turn Classic Into Film '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . OCLC 1645522 . Retrieved 31 March 2017 . </Li> <Li> `` A Midsummer Night 's Dream '' . BBC . 28 November 2005 . Retrieved 1 April 2017 . </Li> <Li> Bevington , David ( 1996 ) . `` But We Are Spirits of Another Sort ' : The Dark Side of Love and Magic in ' A Midsummer Night 's Dream ' '' . In Dutton , Richard . A Midsummer Night 's Dream . New York : St. Martin 's Press . pp. 24 -- 35 . ISBN 978 - 0333601976 . </Li> <Li> Broich , Ulrich ( 2006 ) . `` Oberon and Titania in the City Park : The Magic of Other Texts as the Subject of Der Park by Botho Strauß '' . In Jansohn , Christa . German Shakespeare Studies at the Turn of the Twenty - first Century . International studies in Shakespeare and his contemporaries . Newark , Delaware : University of Delaware Press . pp. 144 -- 60 . ISBN 9780874139112 . </Li> <Li> Cavendish , Dominic ( 21 June 2014 ) . `` 10 things you did n't know about A Midsummer Night 's Dream '' . The Telegraph . Archived from the original on 29 September 2016 . Retrieved 1 April 2017 . </Li> <Li> Charles , Gerard ( 2000 ) . `` A Midsummer Night 's Dream '' . BalletMet . Archived from the original on 1 May 2011 . Retrieved 29 January 2010 . </Li> <Li> Forward , Stephanie ( 1 August 2006 ) . `` A reader 's guide to Lords And Ladies '' . The Open University . Archived from the original on 7 October 2016 . Retrieved 2 June 2016 . </Li> <Li> Garner , Shirley Nelson ( 1998 ) . `` A Midsummer Night 's Dream : `` Jack Shall Have Jill ; / Nought Shall Go Ill '' `` . In Kehler , Dorothea . A Midsummer Night 's Dream : Critical Essays . Garland reference library of the humanities. 1900 ( reprint ed . ) . Psychology Press . pp. 127 -- 44 . ISBN 978 - 0815338901 . </Li> <Li> Green , Douglas E. ( 1998 ) . `` Preposterous Pleasures : Queer Theories and A Midsummer Night 's Dream '' . In Kehler , Dorothea . A Midsummer Night 's Dream : Critical Essays . Garland reference library of the humanities. 1900 ( reprint ed . ) . Psychology Press . pp. 369 -- 400 . ISBN 978 - 0815338901 . </Li> <Li> Halliday , F.E. ( 1964 ) . A Shakespeare Companion 1564 -- 1964 . Baltimore : Penguin . </Li> <Li> Howard , Jean E. ( 2003 ) . `` Feminist Criticism '' . In Wells , Stanley ; Orlin , Lena Cowen . Shakespeare : An Oxford Guide . New York : Oxford University Press . pp. 411 -- 23 . ISBN 9780199245222 . </Li> <Li> Hunt , Maurice ( 1986 ) . `` Individuation in `` A Midsummer Night 's Dream '' `` . South Central Review . The South Central Modern Language Association . 3 ( 2 ) : 1 -- 13 . doi : 10.2307 / 3189362 . eISSN 1549 - 3377 . ISSN 0743 - 6831 . JSTOR 3189362 -- via JSTOR . ( Registration required ( help ) ) . </Li> <Li> `` The Donkey Show : A Midsummer Night 's Disco '' . Internet Off - Broadway Database . n.d . Retrieved 31 March 2017 . </Li> <Li> Kehler , Dorothea ( 1998 ) . `` A Midsummer Night 's Dream : A Bibliographic Survey of the Criticism '' . In Kehler , Dorothea . A Midsummer Night 's Dream : Critical Essays . Garland reference library of the humanities. 1900 ( reprint ed . ) . Psychology Press . pp. 3 -- 76 . ISBN 978 - 0815338901 . </Li> <Li> Kiernan , Victor Gordon ( 1993 ) . Shakespeare , Poet and Citizen . London : Verso . ISBN 9780860913924 . </Li> <Li> Marks , Peter ( 28 May 1999 ) . `` More a Backstage Bacchanal Than a Midsummer Dream '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Archived from the original on 22 April 2016 . Retrieved 22 November 2016 . </Li> <Li> Marshall , David ( 1982 ) . `` Exchanging Visions : Reading A Midsummer Night 's Dream '' . ELH . The Johns Hopkins University Press . 49 ( 3 ) : 543 -- 75 . doi : 10.2307 / 2872755 . eISSN 1080 - 6547 . ISSN 0013 - 8304 . JSTOR 2872755 -- via JSTOR . ( Registration required ( help ) ) . </Li> <Li> Montrose , Louis ( 2000 ) . `` The Imperial Votaress '' . In Brown , Richard Danson ; Johnson , David . A Shakespeare Reader : Sources and Criticism . London : Macmillan Press . pp. 60 -- 71 . ISBN 9780312230395 . </Li> <Li> O'Donovan , Gerard ( 30 May 2016 ) . `` Russell T Davies made Shakespeare engaging , fresh and funny '' . The Telegraph . Archived from the original on 5 August 2016 . Retrieved 1 April 2017 . </Li> <Li> Reynolds , Norman ( 14 July 2006 ) . `` Ein Sommernachtstraum '' ( A Midsummer Night 's Dream ) . Ballet.co.uk . Archived from the original on 29 November 2014 . Retrieved 11 May 2014 . </Li> <Li> `` Stage History '' . The Royal Shakespeare Company . n.d. Archived from the original on 13 December 2016 . Retrieved 11 May 2014 . </Li> <Li> `` Shakespeare in the Arb '' . University of Michigan . n.d. Archived from the original on 23 June 2016 . Retrieved 15 July 2016 . </Li> <Li> Slights , William W.E. ( 1988 ) . `` The Changeling in A Dream '' . Studies in English Literature , 1500 - 1900 . Rice University . 28 ( 2 , Elizabethan and Jacobean Drama ) : 259 -- 72 . doi : 10.2307 / 450551 . eISSN 1522 - 9270 . ISSN 0039 - 3657 . JSTOR 450551 -- via JSTOR . ( Registration required ( help ) ) . </Li> <Li> Tennenhouse , Leonard ( 1986 ) . Power on Display : The Politics of Shakespeare 's Genres . Routledge library editions : Shakespeare . 48 ( reprint ed . ) . New York : Routledge . ISBN 9780415353151 . </Li> <Li> Twyning , John ( 2012 ) . Forms of English History in Literature , Landscape , and Architecture . New York : Springer Publishing . ISBN 9781137284709 . </Li> <Li> `` Planet and Satellite Names and Discoverers '' . USGS . n.d . Retrieved 1 April 2017 . </Li> <Li> Waleson , Heidi ( 25 January 2011 ) . `` A Remarkably Inventive A Cappella Premiere '' . The Wall Street Journal . ISSN 0099 - 9660 . OCLC 781541372 . </Li> <Li> Watts , Richard W. ( 1972 ) . `` Films of a Moonstruck World '' . In Eckert , Charles W. Focus on Shakespearean Films . Film focus . Prentice - Hall . ISBN 9780138076443 . </Li> <Li> Whittall , Arnold ( 1998 ) . `` Midsummer Night 's Dream , A '' . In Sadie , Stanley . The New Grove Dictionary of Opera . The New Grove Dictionary of Opera . 3 ( 8 ed . ) . Macmillan Publishers . ISBN 0 - 333 - 73432 - 7 . Retrieved 31 March 2017 -- via Grove Music Online . </Li> <Li> Wiles , David ( 2008 ) . `` The Carnivalesque in A Midsummer Night 's Dream '' . In Bloom , Harold ; Marson , Janyce . A Midsummer Night 's Dream . Bloom 's Shakespeare Through the Ages . New York : Bloom 's Literary Criticism . pp. 208 -- 23 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7910 - 9595 - 9 . </Li> </Ul> <H2> Further reading ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Buchanan , Judith ( 2005 ) . `` Historically Juxtaposed Beans ( I ) : A Midsummer Night 's Dream on Film '' . In Buchanan , Judith . Shakespeare on Film . Harlow : Pearson Education . pp. 121 -- 49 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 582 - 43716 - 6 . </Li> <Li> Croce , Benedetto ( 1999 ) . `` Benedetto Croce , comedy of love '' . In Kennedy , Judith M. ; Kennedy , Richard F. A Midsummer Night 's Dream . Shakespeare : The Critical Tradition. 7 . London : A&C Black . pp. 386 -- 8 . ISBN 9781847141750 . </Li> <Li> Evans , G. Blakemore ; Tobin , J.J.M. , eds. ( 1997 ) . `` A Midsummer Night 's Dream '' . The Riverside Shakespeare . 1 ( 2nd , illustrated ed . ) . Boston : Houghton Mifflin . pp. 256 -- 83 . ISBN 9780395858226 . </Li> <Li> Foakes , R.A. , ed. ( 2003 ) . A Midsummer Night 's Dream . The New Cambridge Shakespeare ( 2nd ed . ) . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 9780521532471 . </Li> <Li> Holland , Peter , ed. ( 1994 ) . A Midsummer Night 's Dream . The Oxford Shakespeare . Oxford : Oxford University Press . doi : 10.1093 / actrade / 9780198129288. book. 1 . ISBN 9780198129288 . </Li> <Li> Huke , Ivan ; Perkins , Derek Cyril ( 1981 ) . A Midsummer Night 's Dream . Literature Revision Notes and Examples . Walton - on - Thames : Celtic Revision Aids . ISBN 9780177513053 . </Li> <Li> Merwin , Ted ( 23 March 2007 ) . `` The Dark Lady as a Bright Literary Light '' . The Jewish Week . pp. 56 -- 7 . </Li> <Li> Parker , P. ( 1998 ) . `` Murals and Morals : A Midsummer Night 's Dream '' . In Most , Glenn W. Texte Edieren ( Editing Texts ) . Aporemata : Kritische Studien zur Philologiegeschichte. 2 . Göttingen : Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht . pp. 190 -- 218 . 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where is a midsummer night's dream set

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Valuation ( finance ) - wikipedia <H1> Valuation ( finance ) </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . 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Valuations can be done on assets ( for example , investments in marketable securities such as stocks , options , business enterprises , or intangible assets such as patents and trademarks ) or on liabilities ( e.g. , bonds issued by a company ) . Valuations are needed for many reasons such as investment analysis , capital budgeting , merger and acquisition transactions , financial reporting , taxable events to determine the proper tax liability , and in litigation . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Valuation overview </Li> <Li> 2 Business valuation <Ul> <Li> 2.1 Discounted cash flow method </Li> <Li> 2.2 Guideline companies method </Li> <Li> 2.3 Net asset value method </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 Usage </Li> <Li> 4 Valuation of a suffering company </Li> <Li> 5 Valuation of a startup company </Li> <Li> 6 Valuation of intangible assets </Li> <Li> 7 Valuation of mining projects </Li> <Li> 8 Asset pricing models </Li> <Li> 9 See also </Li> <Li> 10 References </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Valuation overview ( edit ) </H2> <P> Valuation of financial assets is done using one or more of these types of models : </P> <Ol> <Li> Absolute value models that determine the present value of an asset 's expected future cash flows . These kinds of models take two general forms : multi-period models such as discounted cash flow models or single - period models such as the Gordon model . These models rely on mathematics rather than price observation . </Li> <Li> Relative value models determine value based on the observation of market prices of similar assets . </Li> <Li> Option pricing models are used for certain types of financial assets ( e.g. , warrants , put options , call options , employee stock options , investments with embedded options such as a callable bond ) and are a complex present value model . The most common option pricing models are the Black -- Scholes - Merton models and lattice models . </Li> </Ol> <P> Common terms for the value of an asset or liability are market value , fair value , and intrinsic value . The meanings of these terms differ . For instance , when an analyst believes a stock 's intrinsic value is greater ( less ) than its market price , an analyst makes a `` buy '' ( `` sell '' ) recommendation . Moreover , an asset 's intrinsic value may be subject to personal opinion and vary among analysts . </P> <P> The International Valuation Standards include definitions for common bases of value and generally accepted practice procedures for valuing assets of all types . </P> <H2> Business valuation ( edit ) </H2> <P> Businesses or fractional interests in businesses may be valued for various purposes such as mergers and acquisitions , sale of securities , and taxable events . An accurate valuation of privately owned companies largely depends on the reliability of the firm 's historic financial information . Public company financial statements are audited by Certified Public Accountants ( USA ) , Chartered Certified Accountants ( ACCA ) or Chartered Accountants ( UK and Canada ) and overseen by a government regulator . Alternatively , private firms do not have government oversight -- unless operating in a regulated industry -- and are usually not required to have their financial statements audited . Moreover , managers of private firms often prepare their financial statements to minimize profits and , therefore , taxes . Alternatively , managers of public firms tend to want higher profits to increase their stock price . Therefore , a firm 's historic financial information may not be accurate and can lead to over - and undervaluation . In an acquisition , a buyer often performs due diligence to verify the seller 's information . </P> <P> Financial statements prepared in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles ( GAAP ) show many assets based on their historic costs rather than at their current market values . For instance , a firm 's balance sheet will usually show the value of land it owns at what the firm paid for it rather than at its current market value . But under GAAP requirements , a firm must show the fair values ( which usually approximates market value ) of some types of assets such as financial instruments that are held for sale rather than at their original cost . When a firm is required to show some of its assets at fair value , some call this process `` mark - to - market '' . But reporting asset values on financial statements at fair values gives managers ample opportunity to slant asset values upward to artificially increase profits and their stock prices . Managers may be motivated to alter earnings upward so they can earn bonuses . Despite the risk of manager bias , equity investors and creditors prefer to know the market values of a firm 's assets -- rather than their historical costs -- because current values give them better information to make decisions . </P> <P> There are commonly three pillars to valuing business entities : comparable company analyses , discounted cash flow analysis , and precedent transaction analysis . </P> <H3> Discounted cash flow method ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Valuation using discounted cash flows <P> This method estimates the value of an asset based on its expected future cash flows , which are discounted to the present ( i.e. , the present value ) . This concept of discounting future money is commonly known as the time value of money . For instance , an asset that matures and pays $1 in one year is worth less than $1 today . The size of the discount is based on an opportunity cost of capital and it is expressed as a percentage or discount rate . </P> <P> In finance theory , the amount of the opportunity cost is based on a relation between the risk and return of some sort of investment . Classic economic theory maintains that people are rational and averse to risk . They , therefore , need an incentive to accept risk . The incentive in finance comes in the form of higher expected returns after buying a risky asset . In other words , the more risky the investment , the more return investors want from that investment . Using the same example as above , assume the first investment opportunity is a government bond that will pay interest of 5 % per year and the principal and interest payments are guaranteed by the government . Alternatively , the second investment opportunity is a bond issued by small company and that bond also pays annual interest of 5 % . If given a choice between the two bonds , virtually all investors would buy the government bond rather than the small - firm bond because the first is less risky while paying the same interest rate as the riskier second bond . In this case , an investor has no incentive to buy the riskier second bond . Furthermore , in order to attract capital from investors , the small firm issuing the second bond must pay an interest rate higher than 5 % that the government bond pays . Otherwise , no investor is likely to buy that bond and , therefore , the firm will be unable to raise capital . But by offering to pay an interest rate more than 5 % the firm gives investors an incentive to buy a riskier bond . </P> <P> For a valuation using the discounted cash flow method , one first estimates the future cash flows from the investment and then estimates a reasonable discount rate after considering the riskiness of those cash flows and interest rates in the capital markets . Next , one makes a calculation to compute the present value of the future cash flows . </P> <H3> Guideline companies method ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Comparable company analysis <P> This method determines the value of a firm by observing the prices of similar companies ( called `` guideline companies '' ) that sold in the market . Those sales could be shares of stock or sales of entire firms . The observed prices serve as valuation benchmarks . From the prices , one calculates price multiples such as the price - to - earnings or price - to - book ratios -- one or more of which used to value the firm . For example , the average price - to - earnings multiple of the guideline companies is applied to the subject firm 's earnings to estimate its value . </P> <P> Many price multiples can be calculated . Most are based on a financial statement element such as a firm 's earnings ( price - to - earnings ) or book value ( price - to - book value ) but multiples can be based on other factors such as price - per - subscriber . </P> <H3> Net asset value method ( edit ) </H3> <P> The third-most common method of estimating the value of a company looks to the assets and liabilities of the business . At a minimum , a solvent company could shut down operations , sell off the assets , and pay the creditors . Any cash that would remain establishes a floor value for the company . This method is known as the net asset value or cost method . In general the discounted cash flows of a well - performing company exceed this floor value . Some companies , however , are worth more `` dead than alive '' , like weakly performing companies that own many tangible assets . This method can also be used to value heterogeneous portfolios of investments , as well as nonprofits , for which discounted cash flow analysis is not relevant . The valuation premise normally used is that of an orderly liquidation of the assets , although some valuation scenarios ( e.g. , purchase price allocation ) imply an `` in - use '' valuation such as depreciated replacement cost new . </P> <P> An alternative approach to the net asset value method is the excess earnings method . This method was first described in ARM34 , and later refined by the U.S. Internal Revenue Service 's Revenue Ruling 68 - 609 . The excess earnings method has the appraiser identify the value of tangible assets , estimate an appropriate return on those tangible assets , and subtract that return from the total return for the business , leaving the `` excess '' return , which is presumed to come from the intangible assets . An appropriate capitalization rate is applied to the excess return , resulting in the value of those intangible assets . That value is added to the value of the tangible assets and any non-operating assets , and the total is the value estimate for the business as a whole . </P> <H2> Usage ( edit ) </H2> <P> In finance , valuation analysis is required for many reasons including tax assessment , wills and estates , divorce settlements , business analysis , and basic bookkeeping and accounting . Since the value of things fluctuates over time , valuations are as of a specific date like the end of the accounting quarter or year . They may alternatively be mark - to - market estimates of the current value of assets or liabilities as of this minute or this day for the purposes of managing portfolios and associated financial risk ( for example , within large financial firms including investment banks and stockbrokers ) . </P> <P> Some balance sheet items are much easier to value than others . Publicly traded stocks and bonds have prices that are quoted frequently and readily available . Other assets are harder to value . For instance , private firms that have no frequently quoted price . Additionally , financial instruments that have prices that are partly dependent on theoretical models of one kind or another are difficult to value . For example , options are generally valued using the Black -- Scholes model while the liabilities of life assurance firms are valued using the theory of present value . Intangible business assets , like goodwill and intellectual property , are open to a wide range of value interpretations . </P> <P> It is possible and conventional for financial professionals to make their own estimates of the valuations of assets or liabilities that they are interested in . Their calculations are of various kinds including analyses of companies that focus on price - to - book , price - to - earnings , price - to - cash - flow and present value calculations , and analyses of bonds that focus on credit ratings , assessments of default risk , risk premia , and levels of real interest rates . All of these approaches may be thought of as creating estimates of value that compete for credibility with the prevailing share or bond prices , where applicable , and may or may not result in buying or selling by market participants . Where the valuation is for the purpose of a merger or acquisition the respective businesses make available further detailed financial information , usually on the completion of a non-disclosure agreement . </P> <P> It is important to note that valuation requires judgment and assumptions : </P> <Ul> <Li> There are different circumstances and purposes to value an asset ( e.g. , distressed firm , tax purposes , mergers and acquisitions , financial reporting ) . Such differences can lead to different valuation methods or different interpretations of the method results </Li> <Li> All valuation models and methods have limitations ( e.g. , degree of complexity , relevance of observations , mathematical form ) </Li> <Li> Model inputs can vary significantly because of necessary judgment and differing assumptions </Li> </Ul> <P> Users of valuations benefit when key information , assumptions , and limitations are disclosed to them . Then they can weigh the degree of reliability of the result and make their decision . </P> <H2> Valuation of a suffering company ( edit ) </H2> <P> Additional adjustments to a valuation approach , whether it is market - , income - , or asset - based , may be necessary in some instances like : </P> <Ul> <Li> Excess or restricted cash </Li> <Li> Other non-operating assets and liabilities </Li> <Li> Lack of marketability discount of shares </Li> <Li> Control premium or lack of control discount </Li> <Li> Above - or below - market leases </Li> <Li> Excess salaries in the case of private companies </Li> </Ul> <P> There are other adjustments to the financial statements that have to be made when valuing a distressed company . Andrew Miller identifies typical adjustments used to recast the financial statements that include : </P> <Ul> <Li> Working capital adjustment </Li> <Li> Deferred capital expenditures </Li> <Li> Cost of goods sold adjustment </Li> <Li> Non-recurring professional fees and costs </Li> <Li> Certain non-operating income / expense items </Li> </Ul> <H2> Valuation of a startup company ( edit ) </H2> <P> Startup companies such as Uber , which was valued at $50 billion in early 2015 , have a valuation based on what investors , for the most part venture capital firms , are willing to pay for a share of the firm . They are not listed on any stock market , nor is the valuation based on their assets or profits , but on their potential for success , growth , and eventually , possible profits . Many startup companies use internal growth factors to show their potential growth which may attribute to their valuation . The professional investors who fund startups are experts , but hardly infallible , see Dot - com bubble . </P> <H2> Valuation of intangible assets ( edit ) </H2> <P> Valuation models can be used to value intangible assets such as for patent valuation , but also in copyrights , software , trade secrets , and customer relationships . Since few sales of benchmark intangible assets can ever be observed , one often values these sorts of assets using either a present value model or estimating the costs to recreate it . Regardless of the method , the process is often time - consuming and costly . </P> <P> Valuations of intangible assets are often necessary for financial reporting and intellectual property transactions . </P> <P> Stock markets give indirectly an estimate of a corporation 's intangible asset value . It can be reckoned as the difference between its market capitalisation and its book value ( by including only hard assets in it ) . </P> <H2> Valuation of mining projects ( edit ) </H2> <P> In mining , valuation is the process of determining the value or worth of a mining property . Mining valuations are sometimes required for IPOs , fairness opinions , litigation , mergers and acquisitions , and shareholder - related matters . In valuation of a mining project or mining property , fair market value is the standard of value to be used . </P> <P> The CIMVal Standards ( `` Canadian Institute of Mining , Metallurgy and Petroleum on Valuation of Mineral Properties '' ) are a recognised standard for valuation of mining projects and is also recognised by the Toronto Stock Exchange . The standards stress the use of the cost approach , market approach , and the income approach , depending on the stage of development of the mining property or project . </P> <P> Depending on context , Real options valuation techniques are also sometimes employed ; for further discussion here see Business valuation : Option pricing approaches , Corporate finance : Valuing flexibility , as well as Mineral economics in general . </P> <H2> Asset pricing models ( edit ) </H2> <P> See also Modern portfolio theory </P> <Ul> <Li> Capital asset pricing model </Li> <Li> Arbitrage pricing theory </Li> <Li> Black -- Scholes ( for options ) </Li> <Li> Fuzzy pay - off method for real option valuation </Li> <Li> Single - index model </Li> <Li> Markov switching multifractal </Li> <Li> Multiple factor models </Li> </Ul> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Applied information economics </Li> <Li> Appraisal ( disambiguation ) </Li> <Li> Asset price inflation </Li> <Li> Business valuation </Li> <Li> Business valuation standard </Li> <Li> Depreciation </Li> <Li> Earnings response coefficient </Li> <Li> Efficient - market hypothesis </Li> <Li> Equity investment </Li> <Li> Fundamental analysis </Li> <Li> Intellectual property valuation </Li> <Li> Investment management </Li> <Li> Lipper average </Li> <Li> Market - based valuation </Li> <Li> Paper valuation </Li> <Li> Patent valuation </Li> <Li> Present value </Li> <Li> Pricing </Li> <Li> Real estate appraisal </Li> <Li> Stock valuation </Li> <Li> Price discovery </Li> <Li> Real options valuation </Li> <Li> Technical analysis </Li> <Li> Terminal value </Li> <Li> Chepakovich valuation model </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ Simkovic , Michael ( 2017 ) . `` The Evolution of Valuation in Bankruptcy '' . American Bankruptcy Law Journal . SSRN 2810622 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Joseph Swanson and Peter Marshall , Houlihan Lokey and Lyndon Norley , Kirkland & Ellis International LLP ( 2008 ) . A Practitioner 's Guide to CorRestructuring , Andrew Miller 's Valuation of a Distressed Company p. 24 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 905121 - 31 - 1 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Cook , Andrew . `` Investing in Potential '' . five23.io . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 15 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Andrew Ross Sorkin ( May 11 , 2015 ) . `` Main Street Portfolios Are Investing in Unicorns '' ( Dealbook blog ) . The New York Times . Retrieved May 12 , 2015 . There is no meaningful stock market for these shares . Their values are based on what a small handful of investors -- usually venture capital firms , private equity firms or other corporations -- are willing to pay for a stake . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Standards and Guidelines for Valuation of Mineral Properties . Special committee of the Canadian Institute Of Mining , Metallurgy and Petroleum on Valuation of Mineral Properties ( CIMVAL ) , February 2003 . </Li> </Ol> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="3"> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Corporate finance and investment banking </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Capital structure </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Convertible debt </Li> <Li> Exchangeable debt </Li> <Li> Mezzanine debt </Li> <Li> Pari passu </Li> <Li> Preferred equity </Li> <Li> Second lien debt </Li> <Li> Senior debt </Li> <Li> Senior secured debt </Li> <Li> Shareholder loan </Li> <Li> Stock </Li> <Li> Subordinated debt </Li> <Li> Warrant </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Transactions ( terms / conditions ) </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Equity offerings </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> At - the - market offering </Li> <Li> Book building </Li> <Li> Bookrunner </Li> <Li> Corporate spin - off </Li> <Li> Equity carve - out </Li> <Li> Follow - on offering </Li> <Li> Greenshoe <Ul> <Li> Reverse </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Initial public offering </Li> <Li> Private placement </Li> <Li> Public offering </Li> <Li> Rights issue </Li> <Li> Seasoned equity offering </Li> <Li> Secondary market offering </Li> <Li> Underwriting </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Mergers and acquisitions </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Buy side </Li> <Li> Control premium </Li> <Li> Demerger </Li> <Li> Divestment </Li> <Li> Drag - along right </Li> <Li> Management due diligence </Li> <Li> Managerial entrenchment </Li> <Li> Minority discount </Li> <Li> Pitch book </Li> <Li> Pre-emption right </Li> <Li> Proxy fight </Li> <Li> Post-merger integration </Li> <Li> Sell side </Li> <Li> Shareholder rights plan </Li> <Li> Special situation </Li> <Li> Squeeze out </Li> <Li> Staggered board of directors </Li> <Li> Stock swap </Li> <Li> Super-majority amendment </Li> <Li> Tag - along right </Li> <Li> Takeover <Ul> <Li> Reverse </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Tender offer </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Leverage </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Debt restructuring </Li> <Li> Debtor - in - possession financing </Li> <Li> Financial sponsor </Li> <Li> Leveraged buyout </Li> <Li> Leveraged recapitalization </Li> <Li> High - yield debt </Li> <Li> Private equity </Li> <Li> Project finance </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Valuation </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Accretion / dilution analysis </Li> <Li> Adjusted present value </Li> <Li> Associate company </Li> <Li> Business valuation </Li> <Li> Conglomerate discount </Li> <Li> Cost of capital <Ul> <Li> Weighted average </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Discounted cash flow </Li> <Li> Economic Value Added </Li> <Li> Enterprise value </Li> <Li> Fairness opinion </Li> <Li> Financial modeling </Li> <Li> Free cash flow <Ul> <Li> Free cash flow to equity </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Market value added </Li> <Li> Minority interest </Li> <Li> Modigliani -- Miller theorem </Li> <Li> Net present value </Li> <Li> Pure play </Li> <Li> Real options </Li> <Li> Residual income </Li> <Li> Stock valuation </Li> <Li> Sum - of - the - parts analysis </Li> <Li> Tax shield </Li> <Li> Terminal value </Li> <Li> Valuation using multiples </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="3"> <Ul> <Li> List of investment banks </Li> <Li> Outline of finance </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Valuation_(finance)&oldid=788340232 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> Financial markets </Li> <Li> Financial economics </Li> <Li> Valuation ( finance ) </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Articles needing additional references from March 2009 </Li> <Li> All articles needing additional references </Li> <Li> Wikipedia articles needing clarification from October 2015 </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> فارسی </Li> <Li> Italiano </Li> <Li> नेपाली </Li> <Li> Русский </Li> </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 30 June 2017 , at 22 : 14 . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . 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purpose of valuation determines the method of valuation

https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Valuation_(finance)&amp;oldid=788340232

List of Black Sails episodes - wikipedia <H1> List of Black Sails episodes </H1> <P> </P> <P> Black Sails is an American television drama series created by Jon Steinberg and Robert Levine for Starz that debuted on January 25 , 2014 . It is produced by Film Afrika Worldwide and Platinum Dunes . It is written as a prequel to Robert Louis Stevenson 's novel Treasure Island . The series was renewed for a fourth season on July 31 , 2015 , before the third season had premiered . On July 20 , 2016 , Starz announced that the series ' fourth season would be its last ; the season premiered on January 29 , 2017 and concluded on April 2 , 2017 . During the course of the series , 38 episodes of Black Sails aired over four seasons . </P> <H2> Contents </H2> <Ul> <Li> 1 Series overview </Li> <Li> 2 Episodes <Ul> <Li> 2.1 Season 1 ( 2014 ) </Li> <Li> 2.2 Season 2 ( 2015 ) </Li> <Li> 2.3 Season 3 ( 2016 ) </Li> <Li> 2.4 Season 4 ( 2017 ) </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 References </Li> <Li> 4 External links </Li> </Ul> <H2> Series overview ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Season </Th> <Th_colspan="2"> Episodes </Th> <Th_colspan="2"> Originally aired </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> First aired </Th> <Th> Last aired </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> 8 </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> January 25 , 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 25 ) </Td> <Td> March 15 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 15 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> 10 </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> January 24 , 2015 ( 2015 - 01 - 24 ) </Td> <Td> March 28 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 28 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> 10 </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> January 23 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 23 ) </Td> <Td> March 26 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 26 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> 10 </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> January 29 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 29 ) </Td> <Td> April 2 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 02 ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Episodes ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Season 1 ( 2014 ) ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> No . overall </Th> <Th> No. in season </Th> <Th> Title </Th> <Th> Directed by </Th> <Th> Written by </Th> <Th> Original air date </Th> <Th> US viewers ( millions ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` I . '' </Td> <Td> Neil Marshall </Td> <Td> Jonathan E. Steinberg & Robert Levine </Td> <Td> January 25 , 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 25 ) </Td> <Td> 0.846 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="7"> John Silver joins Captain Flint 's crew as the ship 's new cook while holding a highly valuable page of the Captain 's Log which he takes from the ship 's first cook who has stolen it from the captain . Meanwhile Captain Flint faces a potential mutiny from his crew and must work to secure their support and recruits his first mate Billy Bones 's help to overthrow the mutineer 's leader Singleton . Also Eleanor Guthrie tries to keep order on the lawless island of New Providence conducting her father 's business as the Royal Navy 's suspicions of the pirates grow stronger . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` II . '' </Td> <Td> Sam Miller </Td> <Td> Jonathan E. Steinberg & Robert Levine </Td> <Td> February 1 , 2014 ( 2014 - 02 - 01 ) </Td> <Td> 0.840 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="7"> After Captain Flint reveals Singleton as the thief in front of his crew , he has Gates convince Billy who knows the truth about his captain that this is for the good of the ship . Meanwhile , Silver and Max are forced to hide in the brothel when they put themselves in danger as Captain Vane and his new partners Jack Rackham and Anne Bonny are determined to get a hold of the missing page in the hunt for the Spanish galleon , Urca de Lima . Also , Eleanor is given an ultimatum by Max and has to decide on wealth or love . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` III . '' </Td> <Td> Neil Marshall </Td> <Td> Jonathan E. Steinberg & Robert Levine </Td> <Td> February 8 , 2014 ( 2014 - 02 - 08 ) </Td> <Td> 0.671 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="7"> Flint asks Gates to seek additional help from Captain Hornigold to borrow his ship , Royal Lion , in search of the Urca de Lima . Meanwhile , Silver and Billy tackle a morale problem when they work together on the finding out the remaining mutineers . During a captains meeting to strike a deal , Eleanor is impressed by Vane 's voice of reason and calm demeanor , which leads to them having an intimate encounter . However , once she finds out Max is raped by his crew , she punishes Vane by giving them an ultimatum . Also Gates is promoted from quartermaster to captaining his own ship . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` IV . '' </Td> <Td> Sam Miller </Td> <Td> Brad Caleb Kane </Td> <Td> February 15 , 2014 ( 2014 - 02 - 15 ) </Td> <Td> 0.672 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="7"> The Walrus suffers a disastrous undertaking when the crew takes on the mission careening the ship 's hull under the new quartermaster 's orders . Meanwhile , Silver warns Flint about Billy 's allegiance with Morley as the story of Mrs. Barlow comes to light . When Captain Bryson arrives in New Providence , Eleanor wants the cannon aboard his supply ship , Andromache for protection in the search for Urca de Lima . However , after he denies her , she turns to her father for help in persuading him despite betraying Mr. Scott 's wishes . Also , Vane is surprised to see a figure from his past . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 5 </Th> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> `` V . '' </Td> <Td> Marc Munden </Td> <Td> Doris Egan </Td> <Td> February 22 , 2014 ( 2014 - 02 - 22 ) </Td> <Td> 0.744 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="7"> Flint and his crew of the Walrus play a deadly game of naval warfare when they engage Captain Bryson and the Andromache on the open sea to gain precious cargo . Meanwhile , Richard forces his daughter 's hand about his business when he makes an announcement to the locals about his assets being liquidated , causing a mob to riot against Eleanor who seeks help from Hornigold . Rackham makes a career change for him and Vane when they become owners of the brothel . Also , Billy questions Flint about Mrs. Barlow and Bonny confesses to Max about her past with men . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 6 </Th> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> `` VI . '' </Td> <Td> T.J. Scott </Td> <Td> Heather Bellson </Td> <Td> March 1 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 01 ) </Td> <Td> 0.847 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="7"> Capturing the Andromache proves to be a costly endeavor when Flint loses a few of his crew to Bryson 's men who are holed up in the hull . Meanwhile , Bonny decides to take a stand against Hamund and his men from harming Max . Eleanor gets a visit from an unlikely ally who needs her help and turns to Silver to form a plan . Billy reads a private letter from Mrs. Barlow asking for a pardon for Flint 's murderous actions aboard the Maria Aleyne , and asks Gates to confront him before the men learn of his betrayal . Vane reaches his destination from his self - made voyage . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 7 </Th> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> `` VII . '' </Td> <Td> Marc Munden </Td> <Td> Michael Angeli </Td> <Td> March 8 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 08 ) </Td> <Td> 0.703 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="7"> Flint explains to Gates about Mrs. Barlow 's letter after Billy 's disappearance . Randell 's accusation of Silver being a thief causes problems when he is put in a tight spot with Dufresne , the new quartermaster . Eleanor suffers a loss when Mr. Scott wants nothing to do with her partnership with Flint and becomes a part of Captain Hornigold 's crew . When Rackham ca n't turn a profit , Max helps run his business at the brothel . In need of a new crew , Captain Vane makes a deal with the man from his past to borrow his men , but ends up fighting a battle to the death . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 8 </Th> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> `` VIII . '' </Td> <Td> T.J. Scott </Td> <Td> Jonathan E. Steinberg & Robert Levine </Td> <Td> March 15 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 15 ) </Td> <Td> 0.762 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="7"> The hunt for the Urca de Lima begins when Silver divulges the schedule to Flint , taking them to the ship 's location . Not satisfied with her share of the brothel 's profits , Mrs. Mapleton tries to blackmail Rackham that if he does not approve of the new profits sharing in the brothel , she will tell the locals what really happened to Mr. Noonan . Meanwhile , Vane makes his way back to New Providence with his new crew . Eleanor 's situation changes when a small band of men take over Hornigolds 's fort and start sinking supply ships in the bay . While managing the mutiny aboard the Walrus , Gates calls off the attack of the Ranger , putting his fate in Flint 's hands . The final scenes of the season show that the Walrus has beached itself upon the same isle as the Urca de Lima . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Season 2 ( 2015 ) ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> No . overall </Th> <Th> No. in season </Th> <Th> Title </Th> <Th> Directed by </Th> <Th> Written by </Th> <Th> Original air date </Th> <Th> US viewers ( millions ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 9 </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` IX . '' </Td> <Td> Steve Boyum </Td> <Td> Jonathan E. Steinberg & Robert Levine </Td> <Td> January 24 , 2015 ( 2015 - 01 - 24 ) </Td> <Td> 0.860 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="7"> The Walrus crew is stranded on the beach with an army of Spanish soldiers standing between them and the gold on Urca de Lima . When going before his former crew to face judgment for his crimes , Flint devises a plan for survival to sneak aboard the warship and take out the watchman . Thinking he means to escape , Silver volunteers to go on the mission . Meanwhile , Eleanor struggles to maintain her hold on Nassau as a new threat arrives ; the murderous pirate Ned Low and his equally violent crew from his ship , Fancy . Also , Vane has a new position at the fort on New Providence , while Jack is reduced to being labeled a `` crew - killer '' and endures daily beatings . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 10 </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` X . '' </Td> <Td> Clark Johnson </Td> <Td> Michael Chernuchin </Td> <Td> January 31 , 2015 ( 2015 - 01 - 31 ) </Td> <Td> 0.746 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="7"> A member of the Walrus crew unexpectedly returns , but finds himself crudely tethered down on a beach . Flint , still stuck in the bowels of the ship , sets his plan in motion to become captain in two days ' time by offering advice to Dufresne on a certain route to navigate the galleon through . Meanwhile , Silver tries to make himself indispensable to his crewmates by reading them gossip that the quiet cook Randall witnesses daily aboard the ship . Meeks asks Eleanor to depose of his captain , Ned Low since his unquenchable thirst for power is causing the crew to be reckless . After Jack learns about the intimate encounter between Max and Anne , he accepts it and later proposes his next money - making scheme with them . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 11 </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` XI . '' </Td> <Td> Stefan Schwartz </Td> <Td> Brad Caleb Kane </Td> <Td> February 7 , 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 07 ) </Td> <Td> 0.691 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="7"> When Flint returns to Nassau to retrieve the gold , he encounters a problem when he learns that Hornigold no longer commands the fort on the island , and anchors the Spanish warship in the bay directly in line with it . No longer a `` crew - killer '' , Rackham 's reputation is restored , but he is worried that Anne is being taking advantage of by Max , driving a wedge between them . Later , Vane is confronted by Ned Low , who learns of his intimate relationship with Eleanor and threatens her well - being after being provoked . This causes Vane to take action and devises a plan to board Low 's ship , kill him and steal his crew , but discovers he is carrying precious `` cargo '' in the brig . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 12 </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` XII . '' </Td> <Td> Clark Johnson </Td> <Td> Story by : Julie Siege Teleplay by : Jonathan E. Steinberg & Dan Shotz </Td> <Td> February 14 , 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 14 ) </Td> <Td> 0.752 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="7"> Wanting to remove Vane from the fort , Flint sends a messenger to him issuing a warning . Eleanor tries to put an end to Flint 's plan to demolish the fort , giving him an ultimatum ; however , the final decision rests in his hands only . Meanwhile , Vane learns that Low 's special cargo is Abigail Ashe , daughter of the Carolina 's governor , and plots to ransom her off . Rackham admires what Max can do with the help of one of her ladies in order to gain him a ship and crew , making him a captain again . Silver , insuring his portion of the gold , makes use of his time on the island by playing to the locals with gossip , but in doing so , he is reunited with an old crew member from the Walrus who is badly malnourished . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 13 </Th> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> `` XIII . '' </Td> <Td> Alik Sakharov </Td> <Td> Aaron Helbing & Todd Helbing </Td> <Td> February 21 , 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 21 ) </Td> <Td> 0.750 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="7"> Flint begins the bombardment of Vane 's fort in earnest . After destroying a portion of the wall , Flint and Hornigold stage their crews on the beach , arming them to retake the fort . During the bombardment , it is shown through a series of flashbacks that not only had Flint wholly committed himself to Hamilton 's plan to retake Nassau and pardon the pirates , but has also begun an affair with him . While seeking the support from his commander , Flint is confronted by him and Lord Hamilton , who strip Flint of rank and expel him from the Royal Navy while giving Flint and Mrs Hamilton till nightfall to flee London , while Mr Hamilton is committed to a mental hospital . In the present , Ms Hamilton , now Ms Barlow , rides into town attempting to avert the bloodshed of the coming battle . She finally gets him alone and tells him of Abigail Ashe , the daughter of a once trusted friend , and that they should trade her for safety in the Colonies , thus gaining the support they need to finally make Mr Hamilton 's plan a reality . She leaves a copy of Marcus Aurelius with a dedication to Flint by Mr Hamilton , then leaves him to his thoughts just as Vane bursts into the room with a dagger intent on killing him . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 14 </Th> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> `` XIV . '' </Td> <Td> Michael Nankin </Td> <Td> Heather Bellson </Td> <Td> February 28 , 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 28 ) </Td> <Td> 0.778 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="7"> To spare Flint exposure to his crew , Billy Bones decides to remain silent and not go ahead with his plans for revenge . However , he later states that he was captured and tortured by the British navy , with the option to denounce Flint for a pardon and a cahoot . Flint contracts his promise to capture the fort and kill Vane , and his promise to raid the Spanish gold , so that he can regain a legitimate reputation by following the plan by Eleanor and Miranda to return the daughter of the Carolina governor . Jack Rackham finally takes on his maiden voyage as a captain , but it takes a turn for the worse when his ship is boarded by rival pirates , who have a stronger crew and heavier weaponry . They give Rackham the option of a sharing term , and given the pitiful nature of it , Rackham decides to risk a confrontation with the rival captain . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 15 </Th> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> `` XV . '' </Td> <Td> Alik Sakharov </Td> <Td> Lisa Schultz Boyd </Td> <Td> March 7 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 07 ) </Td> <Td> 0.632 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="7"> The pirates prepare to take a vote on whether Flint or Hornigold should become captain , causing Flint 's plans to take a halt . Billy secretly meets with Dufresne and declares his plan to gather at least ten men that oppose flint , to capture him and surrender him to the British , so that they may all receive full pardons for their piracy . John Silver comes to find out that Flint kept quiet about the fate of the crew of the Spanish gold , in which the entire crew died from a tropical disease , leaving the gold unprotected , after which Flint planned to start a secret expedition to gather the gold without any issues or opposition . Eleanor betrays Vane by releasing Abby , the daughter of the Carolina governor , to help along with the plan for pardons by Flint and Miranda . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 16 </Th> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> `` XVI . '' </Td> <Td> Steve Boyum </Td> <Td> Story by : Marc Berzenski & Maria Melnik Teleplay by : Jonathan E. Steinberg & Robert Levine </Td> <Td> March 14 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 14 ) </Td> <Td> 0.743 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="7"> Billy 's trap to eliminate the traitors of the pirate crew succeeds , and Flint ends up winning against Hornigold in the election for the captain . After the election and its results against him , Hornigold departs from Nassau . Flint also leaves Nassau , but instead sails to Carolina to meet with the governor there in regards to his daughter ; Carolina is a place where pirates are believed to be most evil and the attitude towards them is extremely hostile . John Silver discusses the plan for the retrieval of the unguarded Spanish gold with Jack Rackham and his crew , deliberately ignoring the fact that a major trap is currently being laid for them . The mother of Max , the new madame of Nassau , reveals to Eleanor of Silver 's plan to retrieve the gold , on which they both agree that the plan goes against the free dream that they share for Nassau , to transform the pirate town into a legitimate location . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 17 </Th> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> `` XVII . '' </Td> <Td> Lukas Ettlin </Td> <Td> Story by : Dan Shotz Teleplay by : Brad Caleb Kane </Td> <Td> March 21 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 21 ) </Td> <Td> 0.653 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="7"> As Silver and his party attempt to reclaim the Urca gold , Vane overtakes the plan to Silver 's surprise . However , Billy remains faithful to Flint 's cause , and Silver remains on board , hiding with a few of the survivors . The remaining traitors that were not captured join forces to capture Eleanor , and deliver her to the British navy as a pirate hostage , to receive their ten full pardons for their actions as pirates . Flint prepares to accept the conditions of Peter Ashe , the Carolina governor , to expose his whole story from London and allowing an inspection of the pirate port of Nassau , but Miranda comes to the realization that it was Peter who betrayed them so many years go , so she retracts her deal with the governor , causing Peter 's guards to capture Flint and kill her . Flint 's execution is later announced . Upon hearing the news of Flint 's upcoming execution , Vane believes that this would destroy the reputation of Nassau , and suggests an alliance with Billy to save Flint from being killed . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 18 </Th> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> `` XVIII . '' </Td> <Td> Steve Boyum </Td> <Td> Jonathan E. Steinberg & Robert Levine </Td> <Td> March 28 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 28 ) </Td> <Td> 0.668 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="7"> In Charles Town , the day of Captain Flint 's trial comes . Lord Ashe offers him a chance to avoid humiliation , but Flint declines , still bitter at Ashe for Mrs Barlow 's death . However , help for Flint arrives in the unlikeliest form : Charles Vane . Vane 's men launch their attack on the city and Flint and Vane fight their way out , with Flint murdering Ashe en route . They reach the ship to find Flint 's crew have regained leadership , but Flint orders Vane 's crew to be released - realising pirates have to unite against the world . Silver , after being tortured , is forced to have his leg cut off . When he finally awakens , he reveals the spy they hired to watch the Spanish soldiers sold the location to another crew . The crew of Jack Rackham . The ending scene pictures Max celebrating Jack 's successful attempt to bring the treasure back to Nassau . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Season 3 ( 2016 ) ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> No . overall </Th> <Th> No. in season </Th> <Th> Title </Th> <Th> Directed by </Th> <Th> Written by </Th> <Th> Original air date </Th> <Th> US viewers ( millions ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 19 </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` XIX . '' </Td> <Td> Alik Sakharov </Td> <Td> Jonathan E. Steinberg & Robert Levine </Td> <Td> January 23 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 23 ) </Td> <Td> 0.843 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="7"> A formidable new character is introduced . Flint and his crew wage war against anyone who has taken a stance against piracy . John Silver thinks this is becoming dangerous and reckless . Max has Anne persuade Jack to start repairs on New Providence Island 's fort , which is still in ruins after the events of Season 2 . Jack has sent Vane to take a ship , claiming there is much needed timber aboard . Vane finds slaves instead and angrily confronts Jack , who convinces Vane that slave labor is the only way to fix the fort . Back in England , Eleanor is offered a deal in exchange for her life and a new British threat emerges . Flint and the Walrus come across Hornigold and his crew and are forced to make a difficult decision . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 20 </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` XX . '' </Td> <Td> Lukas Ettlin </Td> <Td> Jonathan E. Steinberg & Brad Caleb Kane </Td> <Td> January 30 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 30 ) </Td> <Td> 0.759 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="7"> The crew of the Walrus are forced to brace themselves against the elements . Blackbeard disagrees on an issue with Rackham , while Woodes Rogers and Eleanor begin to draft the terms that their partnership will be based upon . Bonny begins to worry about the future , what it entails , and where her relationship with Max will go . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 21 </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` XXI . '' </Td> <Td> Stefan Schwartz </Td> <Td> Jonathan E. Steinberg & Dan Shotz </Td> <Td> February 6 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 06 ) </Td> <Td> 0.501 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="7"> While stranded at sea , tensions between Flint and Silver begin to rise , and Silver finds himself pushed to his limit by Flint . While the port of Nassau begins to prepare to defend itself against an invasion , Rackham takes the lead of the force . Max sorts out issues within her house , while at the same time , Vane has to make a difficult decision to ward off his own defeat . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 22 </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` XXII . '' </Td> <Td> Steve Boyum </Td> <Td> Jonathan E. Steinberg & Lisa Schultz Boyd </Td> <Td> February 13 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 13 ) </Td> <Td> 0.640 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="7"> Flint and his crew are captured by islanders , marched to a hidden village and imprisoned . Rogers tells Eleanor he wants her as his counselor during his move onto Nassau . Jack blows up the fort so that Vane , aided by Teach , can escape . Flint identifies their captors as escaped slaves . On ship , Teach shows Vane that Eleanor is aboard a British vessel , and later wonders where his loyalties lie . Flint , Silver and Billy realize that they must convince their captors that their interests are aligned . Rogers and his men believe they have trapped the remaining pirates until a single ship begins moving across the bay . When it is closer to the British fleet , Vane lights the ship on fire and jumps overboard . At the village , Flint tells Silver that the islanders will kill them because they can not risk their secret being revealed . Under cover of darkness , Mr. Scott approaches the slaves who escaped from the fort but is challenged by two British sailors and gunfire is exchanged , injuring Mr. Scott . The slaves load him into a boat and make for the open ocean . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 23 </Th> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> `` XXIII . '' </Td> <Td> Alik Sakharov </Td> <Td> Jonathan E. Steinberg & Robert Levine </Td> <Td> February 20 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 20 ) </Td> <Td> 0.679 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="7"> As they begin to face certain death , Flint is forced into action by Silver to save themselves . Blackbeard helps Vane with his issues and shows him a better path forward , while a new threat arises for Eleanor and Woodes Rogers , putting their plans on hold . Max takes issues into her own hands and makes her own way forward . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 24 </Th> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> `` XXIV . '' </Td> <Td> Lukas Ettlin </Td> <Td> Dan Shotz </Td> <Td> February 27 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 27 ) </Td> <Td> 0.603 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="7"> Flint decides to step forward to challenge Blackbeard , to determine the fate and the future of piracy . Woodes Rogers moves forward and makes an arrest , while Rackham is motivated after finding a new purpose and reason to go forward . Madi Scotts , the daughter of Maroons Queen and Mr. Scott , helps Silver as he 's being held captive . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 25 </Th> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> `` XXV . '' </Td> <Td> Rob Bailey </Td> <Td> Marc Berzenski & Josh Rothenberger </Td> <Td> March 5 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 05 ) </Td> <Td> 0.658 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="7"> Finally , Flint and Silver make their way to return to Nassau , and upon their arrival , they find that a legend has been created . Rackham and Bonny find themselves in a jeopardous situation after an unexpected change of terms takes place . Vane continues with his mission , and it begins to evolve , while Eleanor secretly confides her issues in Rogers . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 26 </Th> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> `` XXVI . '' </Td> <Td> Stefan Schwartz </Td> <Td> Evan Bleiweiss </Td> <Td> March 12 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 12 ) </Td> <Td> 0.677 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="7"> While relocating a prisoner , Rogers finds himself under attack . Meanwhile , on the Walrus , violence erupts between the crew members of the ship , and Silver and Madi find themselves in a situation that puts them to a test . Billy finally finds a new role for himself in the upcoming battle , that may benefit both the battle and himself . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 27 </Th> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> `` XXVII . '' </Td> <Td> Steve Boyum </Td> <Td> Story by : Brad Caleb Kane & Tyler Van Patten Teleplay by : Brad Caleb Kane </Td> <Td> March 19 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 19 ) </Td> <Td> 0.608 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="7"> Eleanor visits Vane in prison and redoubles her commitment to his execution . Later , she visits Rogers , who has fallen ill with fever and is bedridden. Rogers grants her emergency power to govern New Providence Island until he recovers . On the Walrus , Flint and Silver attempt a risky maneuver to shake Captain Hornigold 's pursuit . Billy plots a way to buy time before Vane 's execution . Rogers becomes unresponsive ; Eleanor orders an expedited trial to execute Vane the next day . Flint and Silver discuss leadership styles . Billy prepares to rescue Vane , but things do n't go according to plan . Flint and Rackham plan how to best defend themselves , while Eleanor plans the British offensive . Teach is informed of the outcome of Vane 's execution . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 28 </Th> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> `` XXVIII . '' </Td> <Td> Alik Sakharov </Td> <Td> Jonathan E. Steinberg & Robert Levine </Td> <Td> March 26 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 26 ) </Td> <Td> 0.644 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="7"> As Flint buries the treasure , he is questioned by Silver about his true reasons for the war against the British and the tactics for the upcoming battle on the island . On the day of the attack , the British and Hornigold manage to take the beach with superior firepower , forcing Flint and his men to retreat . Meanwhile , Rackham and Bonny unite with the fleet of Blackbeard , who seeks revenge for the death of Charles Vane . In Nassau , Eleanor is confronted by an anonymous message , which demands the removal of the remains of Charles Vane and the gibbet from the market square . Rogers recovers and reassures Eleanor his support in overcoming her enemies . Silver sends Dobbs to the beach to kill Hornigold . Hornigold shoots Dobbs and is eventually killed by Flint . In Nassau , a pardoned pirate captain is murdered by Billy , as there was no reaction on the message with the black spot . With the help of Bonny and Rackham , Blackbeard 's fleet manage to force the British fleet to retreat . In Nassau , Billy creates the claim of responsibility for the murder and a warning , using the name `` Long John Silver '' . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Season 4 ( 2017 ) ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> No . overall </Th> <Th> No. in season </Th> <Th> Title </Th> <Th> Directed by </Th> <Th> Written by </Th> <Th> Original air date </Th> <Th> US viewers ( millions ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 29 </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` XXIX . '' </Td> <Td> Lukas Ettlin </Td> <Td> Jonathan E. Steinberg & Robert Levine </Td> <Td> January 29 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 29 ) </Td> <Td> 0.738 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="7"> The war for Nassau is well under way , as Flint and Blackbeard 's crews set to make landfall . The fort appears lightly armed but landfall still is n't as easy as they anticipated . Falling into a trap , Flint must recover and lead his crew to a successful retreat . Woodes Rogers and Eleanor Guthrie have married , but his divorce from his ex-wife is not without consequence . The pirate and slave forces have been severely decimated as 121 of them are captured and numerous others are dead . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 30 </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` XXX . '' </Td> <Td> Alik Sakharov </Td> <Td> Jonathan E. Steinberg & Dan Shotz </Td> <Td> February 5 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 05 ) </Td> <Td> 0.340 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="7"> Long John Silver is captured by a former crewman of Blackbeard and tries to talk his way into freedom . Max finds out about Featherstone and Idelle 's involvement in the leaking of secrets to the pirates . Blackbeard begins a blockade of Nassau Harbour that Woodes Rogers devises a plan to counter . The remainder of Flint 's crew and Billy 's men raid a plantation of New Providence to gather supplies and more men for the war . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 31 </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` XXXI . '' </Td> <Td> Roel Reiné </Td> <Td> Jonathan E. Steinberg & Brad Caleb Kane </Td> <Td> February 12 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 12 ) </Td> <Td> 0.503 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="7"> Rogers sets off for Port Royal in order to distract Blackbeard 's blockade and allow Eleanor to seek aid from her grandfather in Philadelphia . The alliance between Flint 's crew and the maroons is strained after Billy and his men turn their back on them . Flint reunites with Silver and gets reintroduced to Israel Hands . Blackbeard catches up to Rogers ' ship and a battle ensues . Flint and his men begin an attack on Nassau . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 32 </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` XXXII . '' </Td> <Td> Marc Jobst </Td> <Td> Peter Ocko & Michael Russell Gunn </Td> <Td> February 19 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 19 ) </Td> <Td> 0.483 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="7"> The pirates have taken over Nassau as news of Captain Berringer 's death reaches Rogers who is en route back to Nassau. 42 captives from Teach 's crew are being transported to Port Royal , but have plans of taking control over the ship . Billy and Silver have words as they discuss the plans for Nassau going forward . Madi tries to talk the former slaves of the Uphill plantation into joining the pirates , but they have reason to worry as a new threat to their success is born . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 33 </Th> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> `` XXXIII . '' </Td> <Td> Alik Sakharov </Td> <Td> Jonathan E. Steinberg & Dan Shotz </Td> <Td> February 26 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 26 ) </Td> <Td> 0.448 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="7"> Eleanor and Flint strike a deal as Governor Rogers attempts to enter Nassau Harbour . Madi and Silver fight about what the deal between Eleanor and Flint means for the future of Nassau . Flint reveals some things about Mr. Scott to Eleanor that causes her discomfort . Rogers reverses course and sails towards Havana to seek aid from Spain . Jack and the escaped prisoners arrive in Nassau and tells Flint of his run in with Rogers . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 34 </Th> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> `` XXXIV . '' </Td> <Td> Steve Boyum </Td> <Td> Jonathan E. Steinberg & Robert Levine </Td> <Td> March 5 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 05 ) </Td> <Td> 0.448 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="7"> A dozen Spanish ships appear over the horizon heading into Nassau Harbour . Some pirates make escape on the Walrus . Silver tries to convince freed slave leader Julius to join forces and fight the Spanish together . Flint , Madi and Eleanor make refuge outside of Nassau as the Spanish troops invade . Survivors seek escape via the Walrus and the Rogers ' captured ship . The pirates plan their next move in the fight for Nassau . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 35 </Th> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> `` XXXV . '' </Td> <Td> Lukas Ettlin </Td> <Td> Robert Levine & Brad Caleb Kane </Td> <Td> March 12 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 12 ) </Td> <Td> 0.505 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="7"> Freed slaves from all over New Providence gather at the hidden village of the Maroons , as they plan how to take control of Nassau . Mrs. Hudson informs Governor Rogers that Eleanor was pregnant before she died . Jack and crew head to Philadelphia to enlist the help of Eleanor 's grandfather , who does n't react to their news as anticipated . Billy tries to get Rogers to split up Flint and Silver in order to for him to expel the pirates . Rogers talks to Madi who is apparently not dead . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 36 </Th> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> `` XXXVI . '' </Td> <Td> Uta Briesewitz </Td> <Td> Story by : Jenniffer Castillo & Jillian Molin Teleplay by : Tyler Van Patten </Td> <Td> March 19 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 19 ) </Td> <Td> 0.473 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="7"> Jack and Max get ready to depart Philadelphia and return to Nassau . Jack contemplates going through with a costly plan that is the only way he believes Nassau will become economic again . Flint and Silver also return to Nassau to retrieve Madi , but argue about which of their plans is the best . Woodes Rogers , puts his own plan into action as they come for Madi . Max speaks to Eleanor 's grandmother Marion Guthrie about Mrs. Guthrie 's plan for Nassau . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 37 </Th> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> `` XXXVII . '' </Td> <Td> Steve Boyum </Td> <Td> Jonathan E. Steinberg & Dan Shotz </Td> <Td> March 26 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 26 ) </Td> <Td> 0.501 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="7"> Flint and Silver 's crew follows Roger 's ship to Skeleton Island . On Skeleton Island , Flint and Dooley set off to hide the treasure , while Silver sends 6 men after them . A flashback is intermittent where Flint teaches Silver how to sword - fight . Roger 's tries to convince Madi to accept his treaty . Jack and his crew also set sail for Skeleton Island . Flint and Silver 's ship catches fire . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 38 </Th> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> `` XXXVIII . '' </Td> <Td> Jonathan E. Steinberg </Td> <Td> Jonathan E. Steinberg & Robert Levine </Td> <Td> April 2 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 02 ) </Td> <Td> 0.568 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="7"> Jack and his crew arrive at Skeleton Island and attempt to rescue any survivors in the aftermath of the ambush of Flint and Silver 's crew by Rogers . They sail behind Rogers and the Eurydice to engage them again in one final battle . The Eurydice has been seized and Flint and Silver go back to Skeleton Island to retrieve the treasure . Jack returns to Philadelphia to talk to Marion Guthrie about her buying out Woodes Rogers debts . Flint chooses to go to Savannah . Order , at least at the surface , is restored in Nassau . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Black Sails : Starz Series Starts January 25th '' . TV Series Finale . November 20 , 2013 . Retrieved November 21 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Berman , Marc ( July 31 , 2015 ) . `` Starz Renews ' Black Sails ' and Jumps on the Binge - Watching Bandwagon '' . TV Media Insights . Retrieved July 31 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Mitovich , Matt Webb ( July 20 , 2016 ) . `` Black Sails to End With Season 4 '' . TVLine . Retrieved July 20 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Black Sails Season 4 Trailer from the New York Comic Con '' . ComingSoon . October 7 , 2016 . Retrieved October 8 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Patten , Dominic . `` Starz 's ' Black Sails ' Debuts Ok '' . Deadline . Retrieved January 28 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Saturday 's Cable Ratings & Broadcast Finals : `` 48 Hours '' Tops Viewers , College Basketball Leads Demos `` . The Futon Critic . Retrieved February 4 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda . `` Saturday Cable Ratings : College Basketball Tops Day + Olympics Coverage , ' Sanjay & Craig ' & More '' . TVByTheNumbers . Retrieved February 12 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Saturday , February 15 , 2014 '' . Multichannel News . Retrieved March 10 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Saturday 's Cable Ratings & Broadcast Finals : NBC Tops Charts with Penultimate Night of Winter Games '' . The Futon Critic . Retrieved February 25 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Saturday 's Cable Ratings & Broadcast Finals : NBC Tops Demo Chart with NHL Coverage '' . The Futon Critic . Retrieved March 5 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' The Walking Dead ' Wins Night , ' Talking Dead ' , ' The Real Housewives of Atlanta ' , ' True Detective ' & More '' . Retrieved March 12 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ TFC Staff ( March 18 , 2014 ) . `` Saturday 's Cable Ratings & Broadcast Finals : Quartet of Newsmagazines Tops Charts '' . The Futon Critic . Retrieved March 18 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Dominic Patten ( January 30 , 2015 ) . `` Starz 's ' Black Sails ' Ratings Steady In Season 2 Debut '' . Deadline . Retrieved January 31 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( February 3 , 2015 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 25 Saturday Cable Originals : 1.31. 15 '' . Showbuzzdaily . Retrieved February 3 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( February 10 , 2015 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 25 Saturday Cable Originals ( & Network Update ) : 2.7. 15 '' . Showbuzzdaily . Retrieved February 10 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( February 18 , 2015 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 25 Saturday Cable Originals : 2.14. 15 ( with Expanded Chart ) '' . Showbuzzdaily . Retrieved February 18 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( February 24 , 2015 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 25 Saturday Cable Originals : 2.21. 15 '' . Showbuzzdaily . Retrieved February 24 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( March 3 , 2015 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 25 Saturday Cable Originals : 2.28. 15 ( Updated ) '' . Showbuzzdaily . Retrieved March 3 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( March 10 , 2015 ) . `` UPDATED SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 25 Saturday Cable Originals : 3.7. 15 '' . Showbuzzdaily . Retrieved March 10 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( March 17 , 2015 ) . `` UPDATED SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 25 Saturday Cable Originals : 3.14. 15 '' . Showbuzzdaily . Retrieved March 17 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( March 24 , 2015 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 25 Saturday Cable Originals : 3.21. 15 '' . Showbuzzdaily . Retrieved March 24 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( March 31 , 2015 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 25 Saturday Cable Originals : 3.28. 15 '' . Showbuzzdaily . Retrieved March 31 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( January 26 , 2016 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals & Network Update : 1.23. 2016 '' . Showbuzzdaily . Retrieved January 26 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( February 2 , 2016 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 1.30. 2016 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved February 4 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( February 9 , 2016 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 2.6. 2016 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved February 15 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( February 17 , 2016 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 2.13. 2016 '' . Showbuzzdaily . Retrieved February 17 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( February 23 , 2016 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 2.20. 2016 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved February 23 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( March 1 , 2016 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 2.27. 2016 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved March 1 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( March 8 , 2016 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 3.5. 2016 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved March 8 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( March 15 , 2016 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 3.12. 2016 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved March 15 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( March 22 , 2016 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 3.19. 2016 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved March 22 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( March 29 , 2016 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 3.26. 2016 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved March 29 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( January 31 , 2017 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 1.29. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved January 31 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( February 7 , 2017 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 2.5. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved February 7 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( February 14 , 2017 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 2.12. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved February 14 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( February 22 , 2017 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 2.19. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved February 22 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( February 28 , 2017 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 2.26. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved February 28 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( March 7 , 2017 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 3.5. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved March 8 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( March 14 , 2017 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 3.12. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved March 14 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( March 21 , 2017 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 3.19. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved March 21 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( March 28 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 3.26. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved March 28 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( April 4 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 4.2. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved April 4 , 2017 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Official website </Li> <Li> List of Black Sails episodes on IMDb </Li> <Li> List of Black Sails episodes at TV Guide </Li> </Ul> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Black_Sails_episodes&oldid=853546907 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> Lists of American drama television series episodes </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Use mdy dates from July 2016 </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> Čeština </Li> <Li> Deutsch </Li> <Li> Polski </Li> <Li> Português </Li> <Li> Русский </Li> </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 5 August 2018 , at 14 : 37 ( UTC ) . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . 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when does the new series of black sails start

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Premier League records and Statistics - wikipedia <H1> Premier League records and Statistics </H1> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This article possibly contains original research . Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations . Statements consisting only of original research should be removed . ( April 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> </P> <P> The top tier of English football was renamed the Premier League for the start of the 1992 -- 93 season . The following page details the football records and statistics of the Premier League . </P> <H2> Contents </H2> <Ul> <Li> 1 League records <Ul> <Li> 1.1 Titles </Li> <Li> 1.2 Points </Li> <Li> 1.3 Wins </Li> <Li> 1.4 Defeats </Li> <Li> 1.5 Draws </Li> <Li> 1.6 Goals </Li> <Li> 1.7 Attendances </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2 Player records <Ul> <Li> 2.1 Appearances </Li> <Li> 2.2 Goals </Li> <Li> 2.3 Assists </Li> <Li> 2.4 Goalkeepers </Li> <Li> 2.5 Disciplinary </Li> <Li> 2.6 Youngest goalscorers </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 Match records <Ul> <Li> 3.1 Scorelines </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 All - time Premier League table </Li> <Li> 5 Managers </Li> <Li> 6 References </Li> </Ul> <H2> League records ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Titles ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Most titles : 13 , Manchester United </Li> <Li> Most consecutive title wins : 3 <Ul> <Li> Manchester United ( 1998 -- 99 , 1999 -- 2000 , 2000 -- 01 ) </Li> <Li> Manchester United ( 2006 -- 07 , 2007 -- 08 , 2008 -- 09 ) </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Biggest title - winning margin : 19 points , 2017 -- 18 ; Manchester City ( 100 points ) over Manchester United ( 81 points ) </Li> <Li> Smallest title - winning margin : 0 points and 8 goal difference -- 2011 -- 12 ; Manchester City ( + 64 ) over Manchester United ( + 56 ) . Both finished on 89 points , but Manchester City won the title with a superior goal difference -- the only time that goal difference has determined the Premier League . </Li> </Ul> <H3> Points ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Most points in a season : 100 , Manchester City ( 2017 -- 18 ) </Li> <Li> Fewest points in a season : 11 , Derby County ( 2007 -- 08 ) </Li> <Li> Most home points in a season : 55 , joint record : <Ul> <Li> Chelsea ( 2005 -- 06 ) </Li> <Li> Manchester United ( 2010 -- 11 ) </Li> <Li> Manchester City ( 2011 -- 12 ) </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Fewest home points in a season : 7 , Sunderland ( 2005 -- 06 ) </Li> <Li> Most away points in a season : 50 , Manchester City ( 2017 -- 18 ) </Li> <Li> Fewest away points in a season : 3 , Derby County ( 2007 -- 08 ) </Li> <Li> Most points in a season without winning the league : 89 , Manchester United ( 2011 -- 12 ) </Li> <Li> Fewest points in a season while winning the league : 75 , Manchester United ( 1996 -- 97 ) </Li> <Li> Most points in a season while being relegated : <Ul> <Li> 42 games : 49 , Crystal Palace ( 1992 -- 93 ) </Li> <Li> 38 games : 42 , West Ham United ( 2002 -- 03 ) </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Fewest points in a season while surviving relegation : 34 , West Bromwich Albion ( 2004 -- 05 ) </Li> </Ul> <H3> Wins ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Most wins in total : 634 , Manchester United </Li> <Li> Most wins in a season ( 38 games ) : 32 , Manchester City ( 2017 -- 18 ) </Li> <Li> Fewest wins in a season ( 38 games ) : 1 , Derby County ( 2007 -- 08 ) </Li> <Li> Most home wins in a season ( 19 games ) : 18 , joint record : <Ul> <Li> Chelsea ( 2005 -- 06 ) </Li> <Li> Manchester United ( 2010 -- 11 ) </Li> <Li> Manchester City ( 2011 -- 12 ) </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Fewest home wins in a season ( 19 games ) : 1 , joint record : <Ul> <Li> Sunderland ( 2005 -- 06 ) </Li> <Li> Derby County ( 2007 -- 08 ) </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Most away wins in a season ( 19 games ) : 16 , Manchester City ( 2017 -- 18 ) </Li> <Li> Fewest away wins in a season ( 19 / 21 games ) : 0 , joint record : <Ul> <Li> Leeds United ( 1992 -- 93 ) </Li> <Li> Coventry City ( 1999 -- 2000 ) </Li> <Li> Wolverhampton Wanderers ( 2003 -- 04 ) </Li> <Li> Norwich City ( 2004 -- 05 ) </Li> <Li> Derby County ( 2007 -- 08 ) </Li> <Li> Hull City ( 2009 -- 10 ) </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Most consecutive wins : 18 , Manchester City ( between 26 August 2017 and 27 December 2017 ) </Li> <Li> Most consecutive home wins : 20 , Manchester City ( between 5 March 2011 and 21 March 2012 ) </Li> <Li> Most consecutive away wins : 11 , joint record : <Ul> <Li> Chelsea ( between 6 April 2008 and 7 December 2008 ) </Li> <Li> Manchester City ( between 21 May 2017 and 27 December 2017 ) </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Most consecutive games without a win : 32 , Derby County ( 2007 -- 08 ) </Li> <Li> Most consecutive games without a win from beginning of season : 16 , Queens Park Rangers ( between 18 August 2012 and 8 December 2012 ) </Li> </Ul> <H3> Defeats ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Most defeats in total : 354 , Everton and West Ham United </Li> <Li> Longest unbeaten run : 49 games , Arsenal ( 7 May 2003 -- 24 October 2004 ) </Li> <Li> Fewest defeats in a season ( 38 games ) : 0 , Arsenal ( 2003 -- 04 ) </Li> <Li> Fewest home defeats in a season ( 19 games ) : 0 , joint record : <Ul> <Li> Manchester United ( 1995 -- 96 , 1999 -- 2000 , 2010 -- 11 ) </Li> <Li> Arsenal ( 1998 -- 99 , 2003 -- 04 , 2007 -- 08 ) </Li> <Li> Chelsea ( 2004 -- 05 , 2005 -- 06 , 2006 -- 07 , 2007 -- 08 , 2014 -- 15 ) </Li> <Li> Liverpool ( 2008 -- 09 , 2017 -- 18 ) </Li> <Li> Manchester City ( 2011 -- 12 ) </Li> <Li> Tottenham Hotspur ( 2016 -- 17 ) </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Fewest away defeats in a season ( 19 games ) : 0 , Arsenal ( 2001 -- 02 , 2003 -- 04 ) </Li> <Li> Most consecutive home games undefeated : 86 , Chelsea ( 20 March 2004 -- 5 October 2008 ) </Li> <Li> Most consecutive away games undefeated : 27 , Arsenal ( 5 April 2003 -- 25 September 2004 ) </Li> <Li> Most defeats in a season ( 42 games or 38 games ) : 29 , joint record : <Ul> <Li> Ipswich Town ( 1994 -- 95 ) </Li> <Li> Sunderland ( 2005 -- 06 ) </Li> <Li> Derby County ( 2007 -- 08 ) </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Most home defeats in a season ( 19 games ) : 14 , Sunderland ( 2002 -- 03 , 2005 -- 06 ) </Li> <Li> Most away defeats in a season ( 19 games ) : 17 , Burnley ( 2009 -- 10 ) </Li> <Li> Most consecutive defeats over more than one season ( 38 games ) : 20 , Sunderland ( 2002 -- 03 , 2005 -- 06 ) </Li> </Ul> <H3> Draws ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Most draws in total : 290 , Everton </Li> <Li> Most draws in a season ( 42 games ) : 18 -- joint record : <Ul> <Li> Manchester City ( 1993 -- 94 ) </Li> <Li> Sheffield United ( 1993 -- 94 ) </Li> <Li> Southampton ( 1994 -- 95 ) </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Most draws in a season ( 38 games ) : 17 -- joint record : <Ul> <Li> Newcastle United ( 2003 -- 04 ) </Li> <Li> Aston Villa ( 2006 -- 07 , 2011 -- 12 ) </Li> <Li> Sunderland ( 2014 -- 15 ) </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Most home draws in a season : 10 -- joint record : <Ul> <Li> Sheffield Wednesday ( 1996 -- 97 ) </Li> <Li> Leicester City ( 1997 -- 98 , 2003 -- 04 ) </Li> <Li> Manchester United ( 2016 -- 17 ) </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Most away draws in a season : 10 , Newcastle United ( 2003 -- 04 ) </Li> <Li> Fewest draws in a season : 3 , Chelsea ( 1997 -- 98 , 2016 -- 17 ) </Li> <Li> Fewest home draws in a season : 0 -- joint record : <Ul> <Li> Manchester City ( 2008 -- 09 ) </Li> <Li> Manchester United ( 2012 -- 13 ) </Li> <Li> Chelsea ( 2016 -- 17 ) </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Fewest away draws in a season : 1 -- joint record : <Ul> <Li> Bolton Wanderers ( 1995 -- 96 ) </Li> <Li> Queens Park Rangers ( 1995 -- 96 , 2014 -- 15 ) </Li> <Li> Barnsley ( 1997 -- 98 ) </Li> <Li> Chelsea ( 1997 -- 98 ) </Li> <Li> Bradford City ( 1999 -- 2000 ) </Li> <Li> Everton ( 2000 -- 01 ) </Li> <Li> Ipswich Town ( 2000 -- 01 ) </Li> <Li> Portsmouth ( 2005 -- 06 , 2007 -- 08 ) </Li> <Li> Burnley ( 2009 -- 10 ) </Li> <Li> Liverpool ( 2011 -- 12 ) </Li> <Li> Newcastle United ( 2013 -- 14 ) </Li> <Li> Queens Park Rangers ( 2014 -- 15 ) </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Most consecutive draws : 7 -- joint record : <Ul> <Li> Norwich City ( 1993 -- 94 ) </Li> <Li> Southampton ( 1994 -- 95 ) </Li> <Li> Manchester City ( 2009 -- 10 ) </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> <H3> Goals ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Most goals scored in a season : 106 , Manchester City ( 2017 -- 18 ) </Li> <Li> Fewest goals scored in a season : 20 , Derby County ( 2007 -- 08 ) </Li> <Li> Most goals conceded in a season ( 42 games ) : 100 , Swindon Town ( 1993 -- 94 ) </Li> <Li> Most goals conceded in a season ( 38 games ) : 89 , Derby County ( 2007 -- 08 ) </Li> <Li> Fewest goals conceded in a season : 15 , Chelsea ( 2004 -- 05 ) </Li> <Li> Best goal difference in a season : 79 , Manchester City ( 2017 -- 18 ) </Li> <Li> Worst goal difference in a season : -- 69 , Derby County ( 2007 -- 08 ) </Li> <Li> Most goals scored in a season by a relegated team : 55 , Blackpool ( 2010 -- 11 ) </Li> <Li> Most goals scored at home in a season : 68 , Chelsea ( 2009 -- 10 ) </Li> <Li> Fewest goals scored at home in a season : 10 , Manchester City ( 2006 -- 07 ) </Li> <Li> Most goals conceded at home in a season ( 21 games ) : 45 , Swindon Town ( 1993 -- 94 ) </Li> <Li> Most goals conceded at home in a season ( 19 games ) : 43 <Ul> <Li> Derby County ( 2007 -- 08 ) </Li> <Li> Wolverhampton Wanderers ( 2011 -- 12 ) </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Fewest goals conceded at home in a season ( 21 games or 19 games ) : 4 , Manchester United ( 1994 -- 95 ) </Li> <Li> Most goals scored away in a season : 48 , Liverpool ( 2013 -- 14 ) </Li> <Li> Fewest goals scored away in a season : 8 <Ul> <Li> Middlesbrough ( 1995 -- 96 ) </Li> <Li> Southampton ( 1998 -- 99 ) </Li> <Li> Sheffield United ( 2006 -- 07 ) </Li> <Li> Derby County ( 2007 -- 08 ) </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Most goals conceded away in a season ( 21 games ) : 59 , Ipswich Town ( 1994 -- 95 ) </Li> <Li> Most goals conceded away in a season ( 19 games ) : 55 , Wigan Athletic ( 2009 -- 10 ) </Li> <Li> Fewest goals conceded away in a season : 9 , Chelsea ( 2004 -- 05 ) </Li> <Li> Fewest failures to score in a match in a season : 0 ( scored in every game ) , Arsenal ( 2001 -- 02 ) </Li> <Li> Most goals scored in total : 1,924 , Manchester United </Li> <Li> Most goals conceded in total : 1,267 , Tottenham Hotspur </Li> </Ul> League history of current and former Premier League teams from 1992 -- 93 to 2013 -- 14 . <H3> Attendances ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Highest attendance , single game : 83,222 , Tottenham Hotspur 1 -- 0 Arsenal ( at Wembley Stadium , 10 February 2018 ) </Li> <Li> Lowest attendance , single game : 3,039 , Wimbledon 1 -- 3 Everton ( at Selhurst Park , 26 January 1993 ) </Li> <Li> Highest season average attendance : 75,821 -- Old Trafford , Manchester United ( 2006 -- 07 ) </Li> <Li> Lowest season average attendance : 8,353 -- Selhurst Park , Wimbledon ( 1992 -- 93 ) </Li> </Ul> <H2> Player records ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Appearances ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Most Premier League appearances : 653 , Gareth Barry ( 2 May 1998 to 24 February 2018 ) </Li> <Li> Oldest player : John Burridge , 43 years and 162 days ( for Manchester City v. Queens Park Rangers , 14 May 1995 ) </Li> <Li> Youngest player : Matthew Briggs , 16 years and 65 days ( for Fulham v. Middlesbrough , 13 May 2007 ) </Li> <Li> Most consecutive Premier League appearances : 310 , Brad Friedel ( 14 August 2004 until 7 October 2012 ) </Li> <Li> Most seasons appeared in : 22 , Ryan Giggs ( every season from 1992 -- 93 to 2013 -- 14 ) </Li> </Ul> <H3> Goals ( edit ) </H3> <Dl> <Dt> Further information : List of Premier League players with 100 or more goals </Dt> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> First Premier League goal : Brian Deane ( for Sheffield United v. Manchester United , 15 August 1992 ) </Li> <Li> Most Premier League goals : 260 , Alan Shearer </Li> <Li> Most Premier League goals at one club : 183 , Wayne Rooney ( Manchester United ) </Li> <Li> Oldest goalscorer : 40 years and 268 days , Teddy Sheringham ( for West Ham United v. Portsmouth , 26 December 2006 ) </Li> <Li> Youngest goalscorer : 16 years and 271 days , James Vaughan ( for Everton v. Crystal Palace , 10 April 2005 ) </Li> <Li> Most consecutive Premier League matches scored in : 11 , Jamie Vardy ( for Leicester City , 29 August to 28 November 2015 ) </Li> <Li> Most seasons scored in : 21 , Ryan Giggs ( every season from 1992 -- 93 to 2012 -- 13 ) </Li> </Ul> <P> Players currently playing in the Premier League are highlighted in bold . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Rank </Th> <Th> Name </Th> <Th> Goals </Th> <Th> Games </Th> <Th> Goals per game </Th> <Th> Playing position </Th> <Th> First goal </Th> <Th> Last goal </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Alan Shearer </Td> <Td> 260 </Td> <Td> 441 </Td> <Td> 0.59 </Td> <Td> Forward </Td> <Td> 1992 -- 93 </Td> <Td> 2005 -- 06 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wayne Rooney </Td> <Td> 208 </Td> <Td> 491 </Td> <Td> 0.42 </Td> <Td> Forward </Td> <Td> 2002 -- 03 </Td> <Td> 2017 -- 18 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Andy Cole </Td> <Td> 187 </Td> <Td> 414 </Td> <Td> 0.45 </Td> <Td> Forward </Td> <Td> 1993 -- 94 </Td> <Td> 2006 -- 07 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Frank Lampard </Td> <Td> 177 </Td> <Td> 609 </Td> <Td> 0.29 </Td> <Td> Midfield </Td> <Td> 1997 -- 98 </Td> <Td> 2014 -- 15 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> Thierry Henry </Td> <Td> 175 </Td> <Td> 258 </Td> <Td> 0.68 </Td> <Td> Forward </Td> <Td> 1999 -- 2000 </Td> <Td> 2011 -- 12 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> Robbie Fowler </Td> <Td> 163 </Td> <Td> 379 </Td> <Td> 0.43 </Td> <Td> Forward </Td> <Td> 1993 -- 94 </Td> <Td> 2006 -- 07 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> Jermain Defoe </Td> <Td> 162 </Td> <Td> 495 </Td> <Td> 0.33 </Td> <Td> Forward </Td> <Td> 2001 -- 02 </Td> <Td> 2017 -- 18 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> Michael Owen </Td> <Td> 150 </Td> <Td> 326 </Td> <Td> 0.46 </Td> <Td> Forward </Td> <Td> 1996 -- 97 </Td> <Td> 2012 -- 13 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> Les Ferdinand </Td> <Td> 149 </Td> <Td> 351 </Td> <Td> 0.42 </Td> <Td> Forward </Td> <Td> 1992 -- 93 </Td> <Td> 2004 -- 05 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Sergio Agüero </Td> <Td> 149 </Td> <Td> 216 </Td> <Td> 0.69 </Td> <Td> Forward </Td> <Td> 2011 -- 12 </Td> <Td> 2018 -- 19 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> </P> <Ul> <Li> Most goals in a season ( 42 games ) : 34 , joint record : <Ul> <Li> Andy Cole ( Newcastle United , 1993 -- 94 ) </Li> <Li> Alan Shearer ( Blackburn Rovers , 1994 -- 95 ) </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dt> Further information : Premier League Golden Boot </Dt> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> Most goals in a season ( 38 games ) : 32 , Mohamed Salah ( Liverpool , 2017 -- 18 ) </Li> <Li> Most games scored in during a Premier League season : 24 , Mohamed Salah ( Liverpool , 2017 -- 18 ) </Li> <Li> Most Premier League goals in a calendar year : 39 , Harry Kane ( Tottenham Hotspur , 2017 ) </Li> <Li> Number of teams scored against in a season : 17 , joint record : <Ul> <Li> 20 - team league : <Ul> <Li> Ian Wright ( Arsenal , 1996 -- 97 ) </Li> <Li> Robin van Persie ( Arsenal , 2011 -- 12 ) </Li> <Li> Mohamed Salah ( Liverpool , 2017 -- 18 ) </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 22 - team league : <Ul> <Li> Andy Cole ( Newcastle United , 1993 -- 94 ) </Li> <Li> Alan Shearer ( Blackburn Rovers , 1994 -- 95 ) </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Most goals in a debut season : 30 , Kevin Phillips ( Sunderland , 1999 -- 2000 ) </Li> <Li> Most Premier League hat - tricks in a season : 5 , Alan Shearer ( 38 games ) ( Blackburn Rovers , 1995 -- 96 ) </Li> <Li> Most Premier League hat - tricks : 11 , Alan Shearer </Li> <Li> Most goals in a game : 5 , joint record : <Ul> <Li> Andy Cole ( for Manchester United v. Ipswich Town , 4 March 1995 ) W 9 -- 0 </Li> <Li> Alan Shearer ( for Newcastle United v. Sheffield Wednesday , 19 September 1999 ) W 8 -- 0 </Li> <Li> Jermain Defoe ( for Tottenham Hotspur v. Wigan Athletic , 22 November 2009 ) W 9 -- 1 </Li> <Li> Dimitar Berbatov ( for Manchester United v. Blackburn Rovers , 27 November 2010 ) W 7 -- 1 </Li> <Li> Sergio Agüero ( for Manchester City v. Newcastle United , 3 October 2015 ) W 6 -- 1 </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dt> Further information : List of Premier League hat - tricks </Dt> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> Most goals in one half : 5 , Jermain Defoe ( for Tottenham Hotspur v. Wigan Athletic , 22 November 2009 ) W 9 -- 1 </Li> <Li> Fastest goal : 10 seconds , Ledley King ( for Tottenham Hotspur v. Bradford City , 9 December 2000 ) </Li> <Li> Most goals scored by a substitute in a game : 4 , Ole Gunnar Solskjær ( for Manchester United v. Nottingham Forest , 6 February 1999 ) </Li> <Li> Most consecutive away league matches scored in : 9 , Robin van Persie ( for Arsenal , 1 January 2011 to 22 May 2011 ) </Li> <Li> Most consecutive seasons to score at least 30 goals : 3 ( 1993 -- 1996 ) , Alan Shearer ( all for Blackburn Rovers ) </Li> <Li> Most consecutive seasons to score at least 25 goals : 4 ( 1993 -- 1997 ) , Alan Shearer ( 1993 -- 1996 for Blackburn Rovers , 1996 -- 1997 for Newcastle United ) </Li> <Li> Most consecutive seasons to score at least 20 goals : 5 ( 2001 -- 2006 ) , Thierry Henry ( all for Arsenal ) </Li> <Li> Most consecutive seasons to score at least 10 goals : 11 ( 2004 -- 2015 ) , Wayne Rooney ( all for Manchester United ) </Li> <Li> Most consecutive seasons to score at least 1 goal : 21 ( 1992 -- 2013 ) , Ryan Giggs ( all for Manchester United ) </Li> <Li> Fastest Premier League hat - trick : 2 minutes 56 seconds , Sadio Mané ( for Southampton v. Aston Villa , 16 May 2015 ) </Li> <Li> Most different clubs to score for : 7 , Craig Bellamy ( for Coventry City , Newcastle United , Blackburn Rovers , Liverpool , West Ham United , Manchester City , Cardiff City ) </Li> <Li> Most own goals : 10 , Richard Dunne </Li> <Li> Most own goals in a season : 4 , joint record : <Ul> <Li> Martin Škrtel ( 2013 -- 14 ) </Li> <Li> Lewis Dunk ( 2017 -- 18 ) </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Most hat - tricks against a single club : 3 , Luis Suárez ( for Liverpool v. Norwich City ) </Li> <Li> Most goals in a calendar month : 10 ( December 2013 ) , Luis Suárez ( Liverpool ) </Li> </Ul> <H3> Assists ( edit ) </H3> <P> Players currently playing in the Premier League are highlighted in bold . </P> <Table> Most assists ( career ) <Tr> <Th> Rank </Th> <Th> Player </Th> <Th> Assists </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Ryan Giggs </Td> <Td> 162 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Cesc Fàbregas </Td> <Td> 111 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wayne Rooney </Td> <Td> 103 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Frank Lampard </Td> <Td> 102 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> Dennis Bergkamp </Td> <Td> 94 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> Steven Gerrard </Td> <Td> 92 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> David Beckham </Td> <Td> 80 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> James Milner </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> David Silva </Td> <Td> 77 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> Teddy Sheringham </Td> <Td> 76 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> </P> <Ul> <Li> Most Premier League assists in a season : 20 , Thierry Henry ( Arsenal , 2002 -- 03 ) </Li> <Li> Most consecutive Premier League matches with an assist : 7 , Mesut Özil ( for Arsenal , 26 September to 21 November 2015 ) </Li> <Li> Most assists in a single Premier League match : 4 , joint record : <Ul> <Li> Dennis Bergkamp ( for Arsenal v. Leicester City , 20 February 1999 ) </Li> <Li> José Antonio Reyes ( for Arsenal v. Middlesbrough , 14 January 2006 ) </Li> <Li> Cesc Fàbregas ( for Arsenal v. Blackburn Rovers , 4 October 2009 ) </Li> <Li> Emmanuel Adebayor ( for Tottenham Hotspur v. Newcastle United , 11 February 2012 ) </Li> <Li> Santi Cazorla ( for Arsenal v. Wigan Athletic , 14 May 2013 ) </Li> <Li> Dušan Tadić ( for Southampton v. Sunderland , 18 October 2014 ) </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> <H3> Goalkeepers ( edit ) </H3> Further information : Premier League Golden Glove <Table> Most clean sheets ( career ) <Tr> <Th> Rank </Th> <Th> Player </Th> <Th> Clean sheets </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Petr Čech </Td> <Td> 202 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> David James </Td> <Td> 169 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Mark Schwarzer </Td> <Td> 151 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> David Seaman </Td> <Td> 140 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> Nigel Martyn </Td> <Td> 137 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> Pepe Reina </Td> <Td> 134 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> Edwin van der Sar </Td> <Td> 132 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Tim Howard </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Brad Friedel </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> Peter Schmeichel </Td> <Td> 128 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ul> <Li> Most clean sheets in one season : 24 , Petr Čech ( for Chelsea , 2004 -- 05 ) </Li> <Li> Longest consecutive run without conceding a goal : 14 games ( 1,311 minutes ) , Edwin van der Sar ( for Manchester United , 2008 -- 09 ) </Li> <Li> Goalscoring goalkeepers ( excluding own goals ) : <Ul> <Li> Peter Schmeichel ( Everton 3 -- 2 Aston Villa , 20 October 2001 ) </Li> <Li> Brad Friedel ( Charlton Athletic 3 -- 2 Blackburn Rovers , 21 February 2004 ) </Li> <Li> Paul Robinson ( Tottenham Hotspur 3 -- 1 Watford , 17 March 2007 ) </Li> <Li> Tim Howard ( Everton 1 -- 2 Bolton Wanderers , 4 January 2012 ) </Li> <Li> Asmir Begović ( Stoke City 1 -- 1 Southampton , 2 November 2013 ) </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> <H3> Disciplinary ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Most red cards : 8 , joint record : <Ul> <Li> Duncan Ferguson </Li> <Li> Patrick Vieira </Li> <Li> Richard Dunne </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Most yellow cards for a player : 103 , Gareth Barry </Li> <Li> Most yellow cards for a single team in one game : 9 ( Tottenham Hotspur v. Chelsea , 2 May 2016 ) </Li> <Li> Fouling record : 782 , Kevin Davies ( since 2000 -- 01 , the first season for which reliable records are available ) </Li> <Li> Longest ban : 12 matches , Joey Barton . After being dismissed for violent conduct , Barton was found guilty of two further separate counts of violent conduct after his dismissal against Manchester City , 23 May 2012 </Li> </Ul> <H3> Youngest Goalscorers ( edit ) </H3> <P> This is a list of the top 10 youngest players to score a goal in the Premier League . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Th> Player </Th> <Th> Date </Th> <Th> Team </Th> <Th> Age </Th> <Th> Opposition </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> James Vaughan </Td> <Td> 10 April 2005 </Td> <Td> Everton </Td> <Td> 16 years , 270 days </Td> <Td> Crystal Palace </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> James Milner </Td> <Td> 26 December 2002 </Td> <Td> Leeds United </Td> <Td> 16 years , 346 days </Td> <Td> Sunderland </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> Wayne Rooney </Td> <Td> 19 October 2002 </Td> <Td> Everton </Td> <Td> 16 years , 351 days </Td> <Td> Arsenal </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> Cesc Fàbregas </Td> <Td> 25 August 2004 </Td> <Td> Arsenal </Td> <Td> 17 years , 114 days </Td> <Td> Blackburn Rovers </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 5 </Th> <Td> Michael Owen </Td> <Td> 6 May 1997 </Td> <Td> Liverpool </Td> <Td> 17 years , 144 days </Td> <Td> Wimbledon </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 6 </Th> <Td> Andy Turner </Td> <Td> 5 September 1992 </Td> <Td> Tottenham </Td> <Td> 17 years , 166 days </Td> <Td> Everton </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 7 </Th> <Td> Federico Macheda </Td> <Td> 5 April 2009 </Td> <Td> Manchester United </Td> <Td> 17 years , 226 days </Td> <Td> Aston Villa </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 8 </Th> <Td> Raheem Sterling </Td> <Td> 20 October 2012 </Td> <Td> Liverpool </Td> <Td> 17 years , 317 days </Td> <Td> Reading </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 9 </Th> <Td> Mikael Forssell </Td> <Td> 20 February 1999 </Td> <Td> Chelsea </Td> <Td> 17 years , 342 days </Td> <Td> Nottingham Forest </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 10 </Th> <Td> Danny Cadamarteri </Td> <Td> 20 September 1997 </Td> <Td> Everton </Td> <Td> 17 years , 344 days </Td> <Td> Barnsley </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Match records ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Scorelines ( edit ) </H3> Further information : List of Premier League highest scoring games <Ul> <Li> Biggest home win : 9 -- 0 , Manchester United v. Ipswich Town ( 4 March 1995 ) </Li> <Li> Biggest away win : 1 -- 8 , Nottingham Forest v. Manchester United ( 6 February 1999 ) </Li> <Li> Biggest aggregate win : 12 -- 1 , joint record : <Ul> <Li> Blackburn Rovers 7 -- 0 Nottingham Forest ( 18 November 1995 ) & Nottingham Forest 1 -- 5 Blackburn Rovers ( 13 April 1996 ) </Li> <Li> Tottenham Hotspur 9 -- 1 Wigan Athletic ( 22 November 2009 ) & Wigan Athletic 0 -- 3 Tottenham Hotspur ( 21 February 2010 ) </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Biggest loss by reigning champions : 1 -- 6 , joint record : <Ul> <Li> Manchester United 1 -- 6 Manchester City ( 23 October 2011 ) , after Manchester United won the 2010 -- 11 season </Li> <Li> Leicester City 1 -- 6 Tottenham Hotspur ( 18 May 2017 ) , after Leicester City won the 2015 -- 16 season </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Largest goal deficit overcome to win : 3 <Ul> <Li> Leeds United 4 -- 3 Derby County ( 8 November 1997 ) </Li> <Li> West Ham United 3 -- 4 Wimbledon ( 9 September 1998 ) </Li> <Li> Tottenham Hotspur 3 -- 5 Manchester United ( 29 September 2001 ) </Li> <Li> Wolverhampton Wanderers 4 -- 3 Leicester City ( 25 October 2003 ) </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Largest goal deficit overcome to draw : 4 , Newcastle United 4 -- 4 Arsenal ( 5 February 2011 ) </Li> <Li> Highest scoring : 7 -- 4 , Portsmouth v. Reading ( 29 September 2007 ) </Li> <Li> Highest scoring draw : 5 -- 5 , West Bromwich Albion v. Manchester United ( 19 May 2013 ) </Li> <Li> Highest scoring in the first half : 7 goals , joint record : <Ul> <Li> Blackburn Rovers 3 -- 4 Leeds United ( 14 September 1997 -- final score ; 3 -- 4 ) </Li> <Li> Bradford City 4 -- 3 Derby County ( 21 April 2000 -- final score ; 4 -- 4 ) </Li> <Li> Reading 3 -- 4 Manchester United ( 1 December 2012 -- final score ; 3 -- 4 ) </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Most individual goal scorers in one game : 9 , joint record : <Ul> <Li> Tottenham Hotspur 4 -- 5 Arsenal ( 13 November 2004 ) </Li> <Li> Portsmouth 7 -- 4 Reading ( 29 September 2007 ) </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Most individual goal scorers in one game for the same team : 7 , joint record : <Ul> <Li> Chelsea 8 -- 0 Aston Villa ( 23 December 2012 ) </Li> <Li> Manchester City 7 -- 0 Norwich City ( 2 November 2013 ) </Li> <Li> Southampton 8 -- 0 Sunderland ( 18 October 2014 ) </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> <H2> All - time Premier League Table ( edit ) </H2> <P> The all - time Premier League table is a cumulative record of all match results , points and goals of every team that has played in the Premier League since its inception in 1992 . The table that follows is accurate as of the end of the 2017 -- 18 season . Teams in bold are part of the 2018 -- 19 Premier League . Numbers in bold are the record ( highest either positive or negative ) numbers in each column . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Pos . </Th> <Th> Club </Th> <Th> Seasons </Th> <Th> Pld </Th> <Th> Win </Th> <Th> Draw </Th> <Th> Loss </Th> <Th> GF </Th> <Th> GA </Th> <Th> GD </Th> <Th> Pts </Th> <Th> 1st </Th> <Th> 2nd </Th> <Th> 3rd </Th> <Th> 4th </Th> <Th> Relegated </Th> <Th> Avg Pts </Th> <Th> Best Pos . </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Manchester United </Td> <Td> 26 </Td> <Td> 1000 </Td> <Td> 629 </Td> <Td> 215 </Td> <Td> 156 </Td> <Td> 1924 </Td> <Td> 875 </Td> <Td> 1049 </Td> <Td> 2102 </Td> <Td> 13 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 80.85 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Arsenal </Td> <Td> 26 </Td> <Td> 1000 </Td> <Td> 544 </Td> <Td> 253 </Td> <Td> 203 </Td> <Td> 1772 </Td> <Td> 962 </Td> <Td> 810 </Td> <Td> 1885 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 72.50 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Chelsea </Td> <Td> 26 </Td> <Td> 1000 </Td> <Td> 537 </Td> <Td> 248 </Td> <Td> 215 </Td> <Td> 1707 </Td> <Td> 963 </Td> <Td> 744 </Td> <Td> 1859 </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 71.50 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Liverpool </Td> <Td> 26 </Td> <Td> 1000 </Td> <Td> 499 </Td> <Td> 255 </Td> <Td> 246 </Td> <Td> 1685 </Td> <Td> 1024 </Td> <Td> 661 </Td> <Td> 1752 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 67.38 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> Tottenham Hotspur </Td> <Td> 26 </Td> <Td> 1000 </Td> <Td> 423 </Td> <Td> 255 </Td> <Td> 322 </Td> <Td> 1480 </Td> <Td> 1267 </Td> <Td> 213 </Td> <Td> 1524 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 58.62 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> Everton </Td> <Td> 26 </Td> <Td> 1000 </Td> <Td> 362 </Td> <Td> 287 </Td> <Td> 351 </Td> <Td> 1303 </Td> <Td> 1265 </Td> <Td> 38 </Td> <Td> 1373 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 52.81 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> Manchester City </Td> <Td> 21 </Td> <Td> 810 </Td> <Td> 359 </Td> <Td> 194 </Td> <Td> 257 </Td> <Td> 1279 </Td> <Td> 952 </Td> <Td> 327 </Td> <Td> 1271 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 60.52 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> Newcastle United </Td> <Td> 23 </Td> <Td> 882 </Td> <Td> 334 </Td> <Td> 225 </Td> <Td> 323 </Td> <Td> 1207 </Td> <Td> 1187 </Td> <Td> 20 </Td> <Td> 1227 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 53.35 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> Aston Villa </Td> <Td> 24 </Td> <Td> 924 </Td> <Td> 316 </Td> <Td> 275 </Td> <Td> 333 </Td> <Td> 1117 </Td> <Td> 1186 </Td> <Td> − 69 </Td> <Td> 1223 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 50.96 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> West Ham United </Td> <Td> 22 </Td> <Td> 844 </Td> <Td> 275 </Td> <Td> 221 </Td> <Td> 348 </Td> <Td> 1012 </Td> <Td> 1214 </Td> <Td> − 202 </Td> <Td> 1046 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 47.55 </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 11 </Td> <Td> Blackburn Rovers </Td> <Td> 18 </Td> <Td> 696 </Td> <Td> 262 </Td> <Td> 184 </Td> <Td> 250 </Td> <Td> 927 </Td> <Td> 907 </Td> <Td> 20 </Td> <Td> 970 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 53.89 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 12 </Td> <Td> Southampton </Td> <Td> 19 </Td> <Td> 734 </Td> <Td> 229 </Td> <Td> 202 </Td> <Td> 303 </Td> <Td> 892 </Td> <Td> 1022 </Td> <Td> − 130 </Td> <Td> 889 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 46.79 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 13 </Td> <Td> Leeds United </Td> <Td> 12 </Td> <Td> 468 </Td> <Td> 189 </Td> <Td> 125 </Td> <Td> 154 </Td> <Td> 641 </Td> <Td> 573 </Td> <Td> 68 </Td> <Td> 692 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 57.67 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 14 </Td> <Td> Middlesbrough </Td> <Td> 15 </Td> <Td> 574 </Td> <Td> 165 </Td> <Td> 169 </Td> <Td> 240 </Td> <Td> 648 </Td> <Td> 794 </Td> <Td> − 146 </Td> <Td> 661 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 44.01 </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 15 </Td> <Td> Sunderland </Td> <Td> 16 </Td> <Td> 608 </Td> <Td> 153 </Td> <Td> 159 </Td> <Td> 296 </Td> <Td> 612 </Td> <Td> 904 </Td> <Td> − 292 </Td> <Td> 618 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 38.63 </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 16 </Td> <Td> Fulham </Td> <Td> 13 </Td> <Td> 494 </Td> <Td> 150 </Td> <Td> 136 </Td> <Td> 208 </Td> <Td> 570 </Td> <Td> 697 </Td> <Td> − 127 </Td> <Td> 586 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 45.08 </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 17 </Td> <Td> Bolton Wanderers </Td> <Td> 13 </Td> <Td> 494 </Td> <Td> 149 </Td> <Td> 128 </Td> <Td> 217 </Td> <Td> 575 </Td> <Td> 745 </Td> <Td> − 170 </Td> <Td> 575 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 44.23 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 18 </Td> <Td> Leicester City </Td> <Td> 12 </Td> <Td> 460 </Td> <Td> 142 </Td> <Td> 129 </Td> <Td> 189 </Td> <Td> 572 </Td> <Td> 670 </Td> <Td> − 98 </Td> <Td> 555 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 46.25 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 19 </Td> <Td> West Bromwich Albion </Td> <Td> 12 </Td> <Td> 456 </Td> <Td> 112 </Td> <Td> 128 </Td> <Td> 216 </Td> <Td> 475 </Td> <Td> 696 </Td> <Td> − 221 </Td> <Td> 464 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 38.67 </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 20 </Td> <Td> Stoke City </Td> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> 380 </Td> <Td> 116 </Td> <Td> 109 </Td> <Td> 155 </Td> <Td> 398 </Td> <Td> 525 </Td> <Td> − 127 </Td> <Td> 457 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 45.70 </Td> <Td> 9 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 21 </Td> <Td> Coventry City </Td> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> 354 </Td> <Td> 99 </Td> <Td> 112 </Td> <Td> 143 </Td> <Td> 387 </Td> <Td> 490 </Td> <Td> − 103 </Td> <Td> 409 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 45.40 </Td> <Td> 11 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 22 </Td> <Td> Sheffield Wednesday </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> 316 </Td> <Td> 101 </Td> <Td> 89 </Td> <Td> 126 </Td> <Td> 409 </Td> <Td> 453 </Td> <Td> − 44 </Td> <Td> 392 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 49.00 </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 23 </Td> <Td> Wimbledon </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> 316 </Td> <Td> 99 </Td> <Td> 94 </Td> <Td> 123 </Td> <Td> 384 </Td> <Td> 472 </Td> <Td> − 88 </Td> <Td> 391 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 48.88 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 24 </Td> <Td> Crystal Palace </Td> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> 350 </Td> <Td> 97 </Td> <Td> 89 </Td> <Td> 164 </Td> <Td> 374 </Td> <Td> 511 </Td> <Td> − 137 </Td> <Td> 380 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 42.22 </Td> <Td> 10 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 25 </Td> <Td> Charlton Athletic </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> 304 </Td> <Td> 93 </Td> <Td> 82 </Td> <Td> 129 </Td> <Td> 342 </Td> <Td> 442 </Td> <Td> − 100 </Td> <Td> 361 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 45.13 </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 26 </Td> <Td> Norwich City </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> 316 </Td> <Td> 89 </Td> <Td> 92 </Td> <Td> 135 </Td> <Td> 365 </Td> <Td> 510 </Td> <Td> − 145 </Td> <Td> 359 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 44.88 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 27 </Td> <Td> Wigan Athletic </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> 304 </Td> <Td> 85 </Td> <Td> 76 </Td> <Td> 143 </Td> <Td> 316 </Td> <Td> 482 </Td> <Td> − 166 </Td> <Td> 331 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 41.38 </Td> <Td> 10 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 28 </Td> <Td> Swansea City </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> 266 </Td> <Td> 82 </Td> <Td> 66 </Td> <Td> 118 </Td> <Td> 306 </Td> <Td> 383 </Td> <Td> − 77 </Td> <Td> 312 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 44.57 </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 29 </Td> <Td> Queens Park Rangers </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> 278 </Td> <Td> 81 </Td> <Td> 65 </Td> <Td> 132 </Td> <Td> 339 </Td> <Td> 431 </Td> <Td> − 92 </Td> <Td> 308 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 44.00 </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 30 </Td> <Td> Birmingham City </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> 266 </Td> <Td> 73 </Td> <Td> 82 </Td> <Td> 111 </Td> <Td> 273 </Td> <Td> 360 </Td> <Td> − 87 </Td> <Td> 301 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 43.00 </Td> <Td> 9 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 31 </Td> <Td> Portsmouth </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> 266 </Td> <Td> 79 </Td> <Td> 65 </Td> <Td> 122 </Td> <Td> 292 </Td> <Td> 380 </Td> <Td> − 88 </Td> <Td> 293 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 41.86 </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 32 </Td> <Td> Derby County </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> 266 </Td> <Td> 68 </Td> <Td> 70 </Td> <Td> 128 </Td> <Td> 271 </Td> <Td> 420 </Td> <Td> − 149 </Td> <Td> 274 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 39.14 </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 33 </Td> <Td> Nottingham Forest </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> 198 </Td> <Td> 60 </Td> <Td> 59 </Td> <Td> 79 </Td> <Td> 229 </Td> <Td> 287 </Td> <Td> − 58 </Td> <Td> 239 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 47.80 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 34 </Td> <Td> Ipswich Town </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> 202 </Td> <Td> 57 </Td> <Td> 53 </Td> <Td> 92 </Td> <Td> 219 </Td> <Td> 312 </Td> <Td> − 93 </Td> <Td> 224 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 44.80 </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 35 </Td> <Td> Watford </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> 190 </Td> <Td> 45 </Td> <Td> 43 </Td> <Td> 102 </Td> <Td> 188 </Td> <Td> 318 </Td> <Td> − 130 </Td> <Td> 178 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 35.60 </Td> <Td> 13 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 36 </Td> <Td> Hull City </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> 190 </Td> <Td> 41 </Td> <Td> 48 </Td> <Td> 101 </Td> <Td> 181 </Td> <Td> 323 </Td> <Td> − 142 </Td> <Td> 171 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 34.20 </Td> <Td> 16 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 37 </Td> <Td> Burnley </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 152 </Td> <Td> 40 </Td> <Td> 37 </Td> <Td> 75 </Td> <Td> 145 </Td> <Td> 229 </Td> <Td> − 84 </Td> <Td> 157 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 39.25 </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 38 </Td> <Td> Wolverhampton Wanderers </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 152 </Td> <Td> 32 </Td> <Td> 40 </Td> <Td> 80 </Td> <Td> 156 </Td> <Td> 281 </Td> <Td> − 125 </Td> <Td> 136 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 34.00 </Td> <Td> 15 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 39 </Td> <Td> Sheffield United </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 122 </Td> <Td> 32 </Td> <Td> 36 </Td> <Td> 54 </Td> <Td> 128 </Td> <Td> 168 </Td> <Td> − 40 </Td> <Td> 132 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 44.00 </Td> <Td> 14 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 40 </Td> <Td> Bournemouth </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 114 </Td> <Td> 34 </Td> <Td> 30 </Td> <Td> 50 </Td> <Td> 145 </Td> <Td> 195 </Td> <Td> − 50 </Td> <Td> 132 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 44.00 </Td> <Td> 9 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 41 </Td> <Td> Reading </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 114 </Td> <Td> 32 </Td> <Td> 23 </Td> <Td> 59 </Td> <Td> 136 </Td> <Td> 186 </Td> <Td> − 50 </Td> <Td> 119 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 39.67 </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 42 </Td> <Td> Oldham Athletic </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 84 </Td> <Td> 22 </Td> <Td> 23 </Td> <Td> 39 </Td> <Td> 105 </Td> <Td> 142 </Td> <Td> − 37 </Td> <Td> 89 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 44.50 </Td> <Td> 19 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 43 </Td> <Td> Bradford City </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 76 </Td> <Td> 14 </Td> <Td> 20 </Td> <Td> 42 </Td> <Td> 68 </Td> <Td> 138 </Td> <Td> − 70 </Td> <Td> 62 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 31.00 </Td> <Td> 17 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 44 </Td> <Td> Brighton & Hove Albion </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 38 </Td> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> 13 </Td> <Td> 16 </Td> <Td> 34 </Td> <Td> 54 </Td> <Td> -- 20 </Td> <Td> 40 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 40.00 </Td> <Td> 15 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 45 </Td> <Td> Blackpool </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 38 </Td> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> 19 </Td> <Td> 55 </Td> <Td> 78 </Td> <Td> − 23 </Td> <Td> 39 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 39.00 </Td> <Td> 19 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 46 </Td> <Td> Huddersfield Town </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 38 </Td> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> 19 </Td> <Td> 28 </Td> <Td> 58 </Td> <Td> -- 30 </Td> <Td> 37 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 37.00 </Td> <Td> 16 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 47 </Td> <Td> Barnsley </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 38 </Td> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> 23 </Td> <Td> 37 </Td> <Td> 82 </Td> <Td> − 45 </Td> <Td> 35 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 35.00 </Td> <Td> 19 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 48 </Td> <Td> Cardiff City </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 38 </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> 22 </Td> <Td> 32 </Td> <Td> 74 </Td> <Td> − 42 </Td> <Td> 30 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 30.00 </Td> <Td> 20 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 49 </Td> <Td> Swindon Town </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 42 </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> 15 </Td> <Td> 22 </Td> <Td> 47 </Td> <Td> 100 </Td> <Td> − 53 </Td> <Td> 30 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 30.00 </Td> <Td> 22 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> League or status at 2018 -- 19 : </P> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 2018 -- 19 Premier League teams </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 2018 -- 19 EFL Championship teams </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 2018 -- 19 EFL League One teams </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 2018 -- 19 EFL League Two teams </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Defunct teams </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Dl> <Dt> Notes </Dt> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> By a 2007 agreement , neither Milton Keynes Dons nor AFC Wimbledon regards itself as custodian of Wimbledon F.C. 's statistics . </Li> </Ul> <H2> Managers ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Most Premier League titles : 13 , Sir Alex Ferguson ( Manchester United ) -- 1993 , 1994 , 1996 , 1997 , 1999 , 2000 , 2001 , 2003 , 2007 , 2008 , 2009 , 2011 , 2013 </Li> <Li> Most Premier League Manager of the Month awards : 27 , Sir Alex Ferguson </Li> <Li> Most consecutive Premier League Manager of the Month awards : 4 , Pep Guardiola </Li> <Li> Most promotions to the Premier League : 4 , Steve Bruce ( Birmingham City in 2001 -- 02 and 2006 -- 07 and Hull City in 2012 -- 13 and 2015 -- 16 ) </Li> <Li> Most relegations from the Premier League : 3 , Dave Bassett ( Sheffield United in 1993 -- 94 , Nottingham Forest in 1996 -- 97 , and Leicester City in 2001 -- 02 ) </Li> <Li> Longest spell as manager : 21 years , 224 days , Arsène Wenger ( Arsenal , 1 October 1996 to 13 May 2018 ) </Li> <Li> Shortest spell as manager ( excluding caretakers ) : 41 days , Les Reed ( Charlton Athletic , 14 November 2006 to 24 December 2006 ) ( 8 games ) </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Dl> <Dt> General </Dt> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> `` For the record : Premier League facts and figures '' . premierleague.com . Premier League . Retrieved 22 May 2017 . </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dt> Specific </Dt> </Dl> <Ol> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` England - List of Champions '' . Rec. Sport. Soccer Statistics Foundation . 26 September 2014 . Retrieved 12 February 2015 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Which records have Manchester City broken this season ? '' . Sky Sports . 14 May 2018 . Retrieved 17 May 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Manchester City win Barclays Premier League title '' . Premier League . 13 May 2012 . Retrieved 12 February 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 5 Lowest Ever Premier League Point Totals ( In The Noughties ) '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Manchester City aim for perfect home record Archived 10 June 2016 at the Wayback Machine . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Ltd , Statto Organisation . `` English Premier League Table 2011 - 2012 - Statto.com '' . Archived from the original on 20 April 2015 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Brad friedel and other incredible premier league records '' . The Independent . Retrieved 12 February 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Stadium , Phil McNulty BBC chief football writer at Etihad . `` Manchester City 3 - 2 QPR '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` hitrowz.com '' . Archived from the original on 22 April 2015 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Premier League relegation battle - how many points do you need to stay up ? '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Premier League relegation battle - how many points do you need to stay up ? '' . Telegraph.co.uk . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 26 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Premier League Club Stats '' . premierleague.com . Retrieved 14 May 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Manchester City aim for perfect home record Archived 10 June 2016 at the Wayback Machine . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Norwich fail the ultimate road test '' . The Guardian . 16 May 2005 . Retrieved 12 February 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Manchester City - Hull City Tigers Preview : Pellegrini 's men look to bounce back from shock defeat '' . goal.com. 30 August 2013 . 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London . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Ltd , Statto Organisation . `` English Premier League Table 1995 - 1996 - Statto.com '' . Archived from the original on 19 February 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Ltd , Statto Organisation . `` English Premier League Table 1999 - 2000 - Statto.com '' . Archived from the original on 5 May 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Ltd , Statto Organisation . `` English Premier League Table 2010 - 2011 - Statto.com '' . Archived from the original on 4 May 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Ltd , Statto Organisation . `` English Premier League Table 1998 - 1999 - Statto.com '' . Archived from the original on 5 May 2015 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Ltd , Statto Organisation . `` English Premier League Table 2003 - 2004 - Statto.com '' . Archived from the original on 4 May 2015 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Ltd , Statto Organisation . `` English Premier League Table 2007 - 2008 - Statto.com '' . Archived from the original on 4 May 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Ltd , Statto Organisation . `` English Premier League Table 2004 - 2005 - Statto.com '' . Archived from the original on 4 March 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Ltd , Statto Organisation . `` English Premier League Table 2005 - 2006 - Statto.com '' . Archived from the original on 4 May 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Ltd , Statto Organisation . `` English Premier League Table 2006 - 2007 - Statto.com '' . Archived from the original on 4 May 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Ltd , Statto Organisation . `` English Premier League Table 2014 - 2015 - Statto.com '' . Archived from the original on 23 May 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Ltd , Statto Organisation . `` English Premier League Table 2008 - 2009 - Statto.com '' . Archived from the original on 11 July 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Ltd , Statto Organisation . `` English Premier League Table 2001 - 2002 - Statto.com '' . Archived from the original on 3 April 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Brad Friedel and other incredible Premier League records '' . 8 October 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Arsenal in the Record Books '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Premier League Records '' . premierleague.com. 14 May 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Premier League Records '' . premierleague.com. 14 May 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Premier League Records '' . premierleague.com. 14 May 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Ltd , Statto Organisation . `` English Premier League Records - Statto.com '' . Archived from the original on 7 November 2011 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Premier League History , Records & Facts '' . premierleague.com . Retrieved 15 July 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Five Worst Premier League Teams in History : 5 - derby - county - 2007 - 2008 '' . 20 October 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ History . `` Swindon Town FC History '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ How Aston Villa are on pace to take one of Derby 's unwanted records - StatsInsights Archived 24 April 2015 at Archive.is </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` The Record Breakers - Part Four '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` As Crystal Palace dice with disaster , remembering the worst Premier League team of all : 2007 / 08 Derby County '' . independent.co.uk . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` How to avoid relegation from the Premier League - A statistical analysis - Just Football '' . 5 October 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Manchester City Official Club News '' . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Premier League Table , Form Guide & Season Archives '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Sequences - Club Records - History - Arsenal.com '' . 12 August 2008 . Archived from the original on 12 August 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Olver , Tom ( 10 February 2018 ) . `` Harry Kane talismanic as Tottenham sink Arsenal in front of record - breaking Wembley crowd '' . Metro . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Lowest ever premiership attendance ? -- Kgb Answers '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` It was one man and his dog ' -- the day just 3,036 watched a Premier League match '' . Guardian . 26 January 2017 . Retrieved 26 January 2017 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Premier League Records '' . premierleague.com. 15 May 2018 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Site of the Premier League - Barclays Premier League News , Fixtures and Results Statistics </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Premier League 's 25 oldest players ever '' . The Telegraph . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 26 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Telegraph - Calcutta : Sports '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Sunday football - Live '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 7 October 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Premier League as it happened '' . 3 October 2010 -- via bbc.co.uk . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Brian Deane scores first ever Premier League goal '' . Daily Mail . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Premier League Top Scorers -- Most Premier League Goals '' . Soccerlens. 25 May 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Rooney has scored the most goals in the Premier League for Manchester United '' . 14 May 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Oldest goal scorers Premier League '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Premier League 's Top 10 Youngest Goalscorers '' . 29 October 2012 . Archived from the original on 29 October 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Jamie Vardy Streak Finally Ends as Riyad Mahrez Steals Show with Hat - Trick and Sends Leicester City to Top - beIN SPORTS '' . Beinsports - USA . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 26 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Bajkowski , Simon ( 15 April 2014 ) . `` Will Giggs continue his scoring streak ? '' . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Player Stats & Info '' . premierleague.com . Premier League . Retrieved 1 September 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Luis Suárez is on course for Premier League record as Liverpool eye Champions League spot '' . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Liverpool 's Mohamed Salah breaks Premier League goals records , wins Golden Boot '' . ESPN . 13 May 2018 . Retrieved 17 May 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Dominic Raynor ( 16 May 2018 ) . `` When , where and how Salah broke record after record '' . Liverpool FC . Retrieved 17 May 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Chapman , Caroline ( 26 December 2017 ) . `` Tottenham Hotspur 5 -- 2 Southampton '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 26 December 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Kevin Phillips proved size is not an issue for great strikers '' . 28 April 2014 -- via The Guardian . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Dart , James ; Bandini , Paolo ( 10 October 2007 ) . `` Who has scored the most hat - tricks in a single season ? '' -- via The Guardian . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bragg , James ( 12 September 2011 ) . `` Players with the most Premier League hat - tricks : Rooney , Fowler , Shearer and more treble kings '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Man Utd 7 - 1 Blackburn '' . 27 November 2010 -- via bbc.co.uk . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Tottenham 9 - 1 Wigan '' . 22 November 2009 -- via bbc.co.uk . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The five fastest Premier League goals of all time - Navas misses the cut '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The biggest wins in the Premier League '' . 23 August 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Numbers game '' . Sky Sports . 24 May 2011 . Retrieved 30 April 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` ESPN.com Soccernet England : Alan Shearer '' . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` hitrowz.com '' . Archived from the original on 24 April 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The 2014 / 15 Premier League season in stats and facts '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Innes , Richard ( 16 May 2015 ) . `` The funniest tweets of disbelief as Sadio Mane scores three - minute hat - trick '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Gorman , Ken ( 1 February 2014 ) . `` Cardiff 2 - 1 Norwich : Craig Bellamy becomes the first player to score for SEVEN different Premier League clubs '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Richard Dunne becomes first ever player to bring Premier League own goals into double figures - Independent.ie '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Martin Skrtel breaks own goal record with his fourth of season '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Brighton 's Lewis Dunk equals Premier League record for own goals in a season Goal.com '' . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 28 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Chappell , Gary ( 5 December 2013 ) . `` Liverpool 's Luis Suarez makes history against Norwich City '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Luis Suarez sets record for goals scored in a month '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Premier League Player Stats : Assists - All Seasons '' . Premier League . Retrieved 26 April 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Arsenal striker has Thierry Henry 's record of 20 assists in a season in his sights '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Mesut Ozil breaks Premier League assist record against Tottenham '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Premier League Records , PremierLeague.com </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Southampton 8 Sunderland 0 : Dusan Tadic equals Premier League assist record as Saints decimate Black Cats , Evening Standard </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Petr Cech Statistics -- 2004 / 05 '' . premierleague.com . Retrieved 17 December 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Brad Friedel and other incredible Premier League records '' . 8 October 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Schmeichel strike in vain '' . 20 October 2001 -- via bbc.co.uk . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Charlton 3 - 2 Blackburn '' . 21 February 2004 -- via bbc.co.uk . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Tottenham 3 - 1 Watford '' . 17 March 2007 -- via bbc.co.uk . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Sport , Arindam Rej BBC . `` Everton 1 - 2 Bolton '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Stoke City goalkeeper Asmir Begovic enters record books '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bristow , Thomas ( 3 May 2016 ) . `` Spurs broke a record at Stamford Bridge ... just not the one they wanted '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Official Premier League Statistics '' . Archived from the original on 30 December 2010 . Retrieved 29 September 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Joey Barton : QPR captain banned for 12 matches by FA '' . BBC Sport. 23 May 2012 . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 19 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Top 10 youngest Premier League goal scorers ever , including Rooney , Milner and Fabregas '' . TalkSport. 30 November 2016 . Retrieved 2 February 2017 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Here , Danger ( 8 March 2013 ) . `` 10 Biggest Thrashings in Premier League History '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/39879805 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Ltd , Vitalnetwork . `` Classic Match : 1997 Leeds 4 - 3 Derby - VitalFootball.co.uk '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Seal , Brian . `` This Day In Football History : 9 September 1998 - And Everybody Says A Two - Goal Lead Is The Most Dangerous '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Man Utd 's amazing comeback '' . 29 September 2001 -- via bbc.co.uk . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Wolves comeback stuns Leicester '' . 25 October 2003 -- via bbc.co.uk . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Newcastle 4 - 4 Arsenal '' . 5 February 2011 -- via bbc.co.uk . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Top five : Highest scoring Premier League games ( 6 ) '' . 15 December 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Sir Alex Ferguson signs off with thriller as Manchester United draw 5 - 5 with West Brom '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Blackburn Rovers 3 - 4 Leeds - 14 / 09 / 97 '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Bradford in eight - goal thriller '' . 21 April 2000 -- via bbc.co.uk . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` PREMIER LEAGUE LIVE : Reading 3 Manchester United 4 - as it happened from the Madejski Stadium '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Tottenham 4 - 5 Arsenal '' . 13 November 2004 -- via bbc.co.uk . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Portsmouth 7 - 4 Reading '' . 29 September 2007 -- via bbc.co.uk . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bridge , Owen Phillips BBC Sport at Stamford . `` Chelsea 8 - 0 Aston Villa '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Sport , Gary Rose BBC . `` Manchester City 7 - 0 Norwich City '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Sport , Luke Reddy BBC . `` Southampton 8 - 0 Sunderland '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` All - Time Premier League Table & Statistics 1992 - 93 to 2017 - 18 '' . myfootballfacts.com . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Middlesbrough deducted 3 points for failure to fulfill a fixture at Blackburn Rovers , on 21 December 1996 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Portsmouth deducted 9 points for entering administration in March 2010 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` History and Honours of Wimbledon FC returned to Merton '' . Wimbledon Independent Supporters Association . 2 August 2007 . Archived from the original on 8 January 2008 . Retrieved 28 May 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Football Supporters ' Federation ( 29 June 2007 ) . `` MK Dons agree to return Wimbledon trophies to Merton - and sanction amendments to football statistics '' ( PDF ) ( Press release ) . Retrieved 28 May 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Jermain Defoe , Harry Kane , Pep Guardiola win Premier League awards for December '' . Sky Sports . 12 January 2018 . Retrieved 12 January 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` All - Time Premier League Manager Statistics - Barrie 's View '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Arsenal boss Arsene Wenger becomes longest - serving Premier League manager '' . Sky Sports . 17 July 2017 . Retrieved 16 November 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Brad Friedel and other incredible Premier League records '' . 8 October 2012 . </Li> </Ol> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Premier League </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Seasons </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 1992 -- 93 </Li> <Li> 1993 -- 94 </Li> <Li> 1994 -- 95 </Li> <Li> 1995 -- 96 </Li> <Li> 1996 -- 97 </Li> <Li> 1997 -- 98 </Li> <Li> 1998 -- 99 </Li> <Li> 1999 -- 2000 </Li> <Li> 2000 -- 01 </Li> <Li> 2001 -- 02 </Li> <Li> 2002 -- 03 </Li> <Li> 2003 -- 04 </Li> <Li> 2004 -- 05 </Li> <Li> 2005 -- 06 </Li> <Li> 2006 -- 07 </Li> <Li> 2007 -- 08 </Li> <Li> 2008 -- 09 </Li> <Li> 2009 -- 10 </Li> <Li> 2010 -- 11 </Li> <Li> 2011 -- 12 </Li> <Li> 2012 -- 13 </Li> <Li> 2013 -- 14 </Li> <Li> 2014 -- 15 </Li> <Li> 2015 -- 16 </Li> <Li> 2016 -- 17 </Li> <Li> 2017 -- 18 </Li> <Li> 2018 -- 19 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Clubs </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> 2018 -- 19 </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Arsenal </Li> <Li> Bournemouth </Li> <Li> Brighton & Hove Albion </Li> <Li> Burnley </Li> <Li> Cardiff City </Li> <Li> Chelsea </Li> <Li> Crystal Palace </Li> <Li> Everton </Li> <Li> Fulham </Li> <Li> Huddersfield Town </Li> <Li> Leicester City </Li> <Li> Liverpool </Li> <Li> Manchester City </Li> <Li> Manchester United </Li> <Li> Newcastle United </Li> <Li> Southampton </Li> <Li> Tottenham Hotspur </Li> <Li> Watford </Li> <Li> West Ham United </Li> <Li> Wolverhampton Wanderers </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Former </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Aston Villa </Li> <Li> Barnsley </Li> <Li> Birmingham City </Li> <Li> Blackburn Rovers </Li> <Li> Blackpool </Li> <Li> Bolton Wanderers </Li> <Li> Bradford City </Li> <Li> Charlton Athletic </Li> <Li> Coventry City </Li> <Li> Derby County </Li> <Li> Hull City </Li> <Li> Ipswich Town </Li> <Li> Leeds United </Li> <Li> Middlesbrough </Li> <Li> Norwich City </Li> <Li> Nottingham Forest </Li> <Li> Oldham Athletic </Li> <Li> Portsmouth </Li> <Li> Queens Park Rangers </Li> <Li> Reading </Li> <Li> Sheffield United </Li> <Li> Sheffield Wednesday </Li> <Li> Stoke City </Li> <Li> Sunderland </Li> <Li> Swansea City </Li> <Li> Swindon Town </Li> <Li> West Bromwich Albion </Li> <Li> Wigan Athletic </Li> <Li> Wimbledon ( defunct ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Competition </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Teams <Ul> <Li> winners </Li> <Li> performance record </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Players <Ul> <Li> foreign </Li> <Li> foreign scorers </Li> <Li> winners </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Managers <Ul> <Li> </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Stadia </Li> <Li> Founding </Li> <Li> Broadcasting foundation </Li> <Li> Broadcasters </Li> <Li> Referees </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Statistics and awards </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Records </Li> <Li> All - 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who has scored the most goals in a premier league season

https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Premier_League_records_and_statistics&amp;oldid=866511685

Moe Greene - wikipedia <H1> Moe Greene </H1> <P> </P> This article is about The Godfather character . For the unrelated character in SCTV , see Harold Ramis . <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Moe Greene </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> First appearance </Th> <Td> The Godfather </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Last appearance </Th> <Td> The Godfather </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Created by </Th> <Td> Mario Puzo </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Portrayed by </Th> <Td> Alex Rocco </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Information </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Gender </Th> <Td> Male </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Occupation </Th> <Td> Casinos ' proprietor , mobster , hitman ( formerly ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Title </Th> <Td> Enforcer </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Family </Th> <Td> Roth Syndicate Barzini crime family ( ties ) Murder , Inc. ( formerly ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Morris Greene is a fictional character appearing in Mario Puzo 's 1969 novel The Godfather and the 1972 movie of the same name . The character 's name is a composite of real Las Vegas mobsters Moe Dalitz , or possibly Moe Sedway , and Gus Greenbaum . However , both Greene 's character and personality are actually based on Bugsy Siegel : his affiliation with the mob in Los Angeles , his involvement in the development of Las Vegas , and his flamboyant tendencies . Greene is portrayed in the movie by Alex Rocco . </P> <H2> Contents </H2> <Ul> <Li> 1 The Godfather </Li> <Li> 2 The Godfather : Part II </Li> <Li> 3 Legacy </Li> <Li> 4 References </Li> </Ul> <H2> The Godfather ( edit ) </H2> <P> Greene is introduced in The Godfather as a renowned Jewish mobster and former executioner for Murder , Inc . He is credited with the development of gambling and entertainment in Las Vegas and bringing the interests of the most powerful organized crime organizations in America to Nevada . Greene is in business with Don Vito Corleone , who bankrolls the creation of Greene 's first hotel - casino . In return , Greene takes the Don 's son Fredo under his wing during the war between the Five Families in New York , due to the intervention of West Coast Don Francesco . Although Fredo is greatly influenced by both Greene and the city , family heir Michael Corleone disapproves of the effect it has on his brother , whom Greene reportedly chastised and slapped around in public . </P> <P> At a discreet meeting with Greene , Michael expresses his disapproval and makes an offer to buy out Greene 's entire interest in the casino as part of the Corleones ' relocation to Nevada . Offended , Greene angrily refuses , claiming that the Corleones have neither the favor nor the power required to drive him out of the business and are only moving to Las Vegas because the other families are chasing them out of New York . In the film , he also belittles Michael 's credentials as a Don , saying , `` I made my bones when you were going out with cheerleaders ! '' </P> <P> In the novel , Greene is murdered shortly afterward by Al Neri . In the end of the film , Michael has Greene killed as part of his mass slaughter of the Corleone family 's enemies . An unknown assassin surprises Greene while he is getting a massage and shoots him through the eye . Greene 's casinos then become property of the Corleone family . </P> <H2> The Godfather : part ii ( edit ) </H2> <P> Greene 's death also plays a part in the second film in the series . Greene was a childhood friend to Michael 's business partner and rival Hyman Roth , and it is implied that Roth 's anger over Greene 's murder is one motivation for his plan to destroy Michael . </P> <H2> Legacy ( edit ) </H2> <P> Alex Rocco 's portrayal of Greene `` cemented Rocco 's place in Hollywood mob cinema '' . Greene 's character and death scene has been described as `` iconic '' . Greene 's death is based on the actual murder of mobster , Bugsy Siegel . </P> <P> The phrase `` Moe Greene special '' was coined in reference to his iconic execution by being shot through the eye . Moe Greene special has subsequently been referenced in other gangster shows including The Sopranos , in the episode , Meadowlands . </P> <P> In 1998 he inspired the title of an Off Broadway drama , `` Moe Green Gets It In The Eye . '' </P> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Fact and Fiction in The Godfather '' . crimelibrary.com . Archived from the original on 2008 - 04 - 17 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 07 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Vincent Canby ( March 16 , 1972 ) . `` Movie Review : The Godfather '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 24 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Paul Berge ( 1 January 2010 ) . Trying to Quit . Lulu.com . pp. 4 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 557 - 19969 - 3 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Larry D. Gragg ( 16 January 2015 ) . Benjamin `` Bugsy '' Siegel : The Gangster , the Flamingo , and the Making of Modern Las Vegas : The Gangster , the Flamingo , and the Making of Modern Las Vegas . ABC - CLIO . pp. 14 -- . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4408 - 0186 - 0 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Fraley , Jason ( 2015 - 07 - 20 ) . `` ' Do you know who I am ? ' The legacy of Moe Greene '' . WTOP . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 25 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Evans , Greg ( 2015 - 07 - 19 ) . `` Alex Rocco , ' Godfather 's ' Cocky ( And Doomed ) Moe Greene , Dies At 79 '' . Deadline . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 25 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Hal Erickson ( 11 December 2017 ) . Any Resemblance to Actual Persons : The Real People Behind 400 + Fictional Movie Characters . McFarland . pp. 214 -- . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4766 - 6605 - 1 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ M. Keith Booker ; Isra Daraiseh ( 1 March 2017 ) . Tony Soprano 's America : Gangsters , Guns , and Money . Rowman & Littlefield Publishers . pp. 74 -- . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4422 - 7323 - 8 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ https://www.nytimes.com/1998/03/05/theater/theater-review-just-one-guy-named-moe-and-he-ain-t-even-here.html </Li> </Ol> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> The Godfather </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Novels </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> The Godfather </Li> <Li> The Sicilian </Li> <Li> The Godfather Returns </Li> <Li> The Godfather 's Revenge </Li> <Li> The Family Corleone </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Films </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> The Godfather </Li> <Li> The Godfather Part II </Li> <Li> The Godfather Part III </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Video games </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> The Godfather ( 1991 ) </Li> <Li> The Godfather ( 2006 ) </Li> <Li> The Godfather II ( 2009 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Corleone family </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Vito Corleone </Li> <Li> Michael Corleone </Li> <Li> Tom Hagen </Li> <Li> Sonny Corleone </Li> <Li> Fredo Corleone </Li> <Li> Carmela Corleone </Li> <Li> Kay Adams - Corleone </Li> <Li> Connie Corleone </Li> <Li> Anthony Corleone </Li> <Li> Mary Corleone </Li> <Li> Vincent Corleone </Li> <Li> Sandra Corleone </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Family allies </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Luca Brasi </Li> <Li> Peter Clemenza </Li> <Li> Al Neri </Li> <Li> Frank Pentangeli </Li> <Li> Salvatore Tessio </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Family enemies </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Don Altobello </Li> <Li> Emilio Barzini </Li> <Li> Don Fanucci </Li> <Li> Moe Greene </Li> <Li> Carlo Rizzi </Li> <Li> Hyman Roth </Li> <Li> Joey Zasa </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Others </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Amerigo Bonasera </Li> <Li> Cardinal Lamberto </Li> <Li> Lucy Mancini </Li> <Li> Danny Shea </Li> <Li> Mickey Shea </Li> <Li> Billy Van Arsdale </Li> <Li> Aldo Trapani </Li> <Li> Albert Volpe </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Music </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> The Godfather ( soundtrack ) </Li> <Li> The Godfather Part II ( soundtrack ) </Li> <Li> The Godfather Part III ( soundtrack ) </Li> <Li> `` Speak Softly , Love '' </Li> <Li> `` Promise Me You 'll Remember '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Miscellaneous </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> List of minor characters in The Godfather series </Li> <Li> Mario Puzo </Li> <Li> Mark Winegardner </Li> <Li> Edward Falco </Li> <Li> Five Families </Li> <Li> Corleone </Li> <Li> The Godfather Effect </Li> <Li> The Godfather Papers and Other Confessions </Li> <Li> The Godfather Saga </Li> <Li> The Last Don </Li> <Li> Omertà </Li> <Li> The Sicilian </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Book </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Moe_Greene&oldid=854527003 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> The Godfather characters </Li> <Li> Characters in American novels of the 20th century </Li> <Li> Fictional American Jews </Li> <Li> Fictional assassinated people </Li> <Li> Fictional assassins </Li> <Li> Fictional characters based on real people </Li> <Li> Fictional characters introduced in 1969 </Li> <Li> Fictional gangsters </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Use mdy dates from May 2016 </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> Español </Li> <Li> Italiano </Li> <Li> Polski </Li> <Li> Svenska </Li> </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 12 August 2018 , at 00 : 53 ( UTC ) . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul>

god father mobster who was shot in the eye

https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Moe_Greene&amp;oldid=854527003

Neil Armstrong - Wikipedia <H1> Neil Armstrong </H1> <P> </P> For other people named Neil Armstrong , see Neil Armstrong ( disambiguation ) . <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Neil Armstrong </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Armstrong in July 1969 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> USAF / NASA astronaut </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> Neil Alden Armstrong ( 1930 - 08 - 05 ) August 5 , 1930 Wapakoneta , Ohio , U.S. </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> August 25 , 2012 ( 2012 - 08 - 25 ) ( aged 82 ) Cincinnati , Ohio , U.S. </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Previous occupation </Th> <Td> Naval aviator , test pilot </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Alma mater </Th> <Td> Purdue University , B.S. 1955 University of Southern California , M.S. 1970 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Rank </Th> <Td> Lieutenant ( junior grade ) , United States Navy </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Time in space </Th> <Td> 8 days , 14 hours , 12 minutes , and 30 seconds </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Selection </Th> <Td> 1958 USAF Man In Space Soonest 1960 USAF Dyna - Soar 1962 NASA Group 2 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Total EVAs </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Total EVA time </Th> <Td> 2 hours 31 minutes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Missions </Th> <Td> Gemini 8 , Apollo 11 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Awards </Th> <Td> Presidential Medal of Freedom Congressional Space Medal of Honor Congressional Gold Medal NASA Distinguished Service Medal NASA Exceptional Service Medal Air Medal ( 3 ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Neil Alden Armstrong ( August 5 , 1930 -- August 25 , 2012 ) was an American astronaut and aeronautical engineer who was the first person to walk on the Moon . He was also a naval aviator , test pilot , and university professor . </P> <P> A graduate of Purdue University , Armstrong studied aeronautical engineering with his college tuition paid for by the U.S. Navy under the Holloway Plan . He became a midshipman in 1949 , and a naval aviator the following year . He saw action in the Korean War , flying the Grumman F9F Panther from the aircraft carrier USS Essex . In September 1951 , he was hit by anti-aircraft fire while making a low bombing run , and forced to bail out . After the war , he completed his bachelor 's degree at Purdue , and became a test pilot at the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics ( NACA ) High - Speed Flight Station at Edwards Air Force Base in California . He was the project pilot on Century Series fighters , and flew the North American X-15 seven times . He was also a participant in the U.S. Air Force 's Man in Space Soonest and X-20 Dyna - Soar human spaceflight programs . </P> <P> Armstrong joined the NASA Astronaut Corps in the second group , which was selected in 1962 . He made his first spaceflight as commander of Gemini 8 in March 1966 , becoming NASA 's first civilian astronaut to fly in space . During this mission with pilot David Scott , he performed the first docking of two spacecraft ; the mission was aborted after Armstrong used some of his reentry control fuel to prevent a dangerous spin caused by a stuck thruster . During training for Armstrong 's second and last spaceflight as commander of Apollo 11 , he had to eject from the Lunar Landing Research Vehicle moments before a fiery crash . </P> <P> In July 1969 , Armstrong and Apollo 11 Lunar Module pilot Buzz Aldrin performed the first manned Moon landing , and spent two and a half hours outside the spacecraft while Michael Collins remained in lunar orbit in the Command / Service Module . When Armstrong stepped onto the lunar surface , he famously said : `` That 's one small step for ( a ) man , one giant leap for mankind . '' Along with Collins and Aldrin , Armstrong was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom by President Richard Nixon . President Jimmy Carter presented Armstrong with the Congressional Space Medal of Honor in 1978 , and Armstrong and his former crewmates received a Congressional Gold Medal in 2009 . </P> <P> After he resigned from NASA in 1971 , Armstrong taught in the Department of Aerospace Engineering at the University of Cincinnati until 1979 . He served on the Apollo 13 accident investigation , and on the Rogers Commission , which investigated the Space Shuttle Challenger disaster . He acted as a spokesman for several businesses , and appeared in advertising for the automotive brand Chrysler starting in January 1979 . </P> <H2> Contents </H2> <Ul> <Li> 1 Early years </Li> <Li> 2 Navy service </Li> <Li> 3 College years </Li> <Li> 4 Test pilot </Li> <Li> 5 Astronaut career <Ul> <Li> 5.1 Gemini program <Ul> <Li> 5.1. 1 Gemini 5 </Li> <Li> 5.1. 2 Gemini 8 </Li> <Li> 5.1. 3 Gemini 11 </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 5.2 Apollo program <Ul> <Li> 5.2. 1 Apollo 11 <Ul> <Li> 5.2. 1.1 Voyage to the Moon </Li> <Li> 5.2. 1.2 First Moon walk </Li> <Li> 5.2. 1.3 Return to Earth </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 6 Life after Apollo <Ul> <Li> 6.1 Teaching </Li> <Li> 6.2 NASA commissions </Li> <Li> 6.3 Business activities </Li> <Li> 6.4 North Pole expedition </Li> <Li> 6.5 Television and film </Li> <Li> 6.6 Reclusiveness </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 7 Personal life </Li> <Li> 8 Illness and death </Li> <Li> 9 Legacy </Li> <Li> 10 Notes </Li> <Li> 11 References </Li> <Li> 12 Further reading </Li> <Li> 13 External links </Li> </Ul> <H2> Early years </H2> <P> Armstrong was born on August 5 , 1930 , near Wapakoneta , Ohio , to Stephen Koenig Armstrong and Viola Louise Engel . He was of German and Scottish ancestry , and had a younger sister , June , and a younger brother , Dean . His father worked as an auditor for the Ohio state government , and the family moved around the state repeatedly , living in sixteen towns over the next fourteen years . Armstrong 's love for flying grew during this time , having started early when his father took his two - year - old son to the Cleveland Air Races . When he was five or six , he experienced his first airplane flight in Warren , Ohio , when he and his father took a ride in a Ford Trimotor , also known as the `` Tin Goose '' . </P> <P> His father 's last move was in 1944 , back to Wapakoneta . Armstrong attended Blume High School , and took flying lessons at the grassy Wapakoneta airfield . He earned a student flight certificate on his sixteenth birthday , then soloed in August , all before he had a driver 's license . He was active in the Boy Scouts and earned the rank of Eagle Scout . As an adult , he was recognized by the Boy Scouts of America with its Distinguished Eagle Scout Award and Silver Buffalo Award . On July 18 , 1969 , while flying toward the Moon , Armstrong greeted the Scouts . Among the few personal items that he carried with him to the Moon and back was a World Scout Badge . </P> <P> In 1947 , at age 17 , Armstrong began studying aeronautical engineering at Purdue University . He was the second person in his family to attend college . He was also accepted to the Massachusetts Institute of Technology ( MIT ) , but an uncle who had attended MIT dissuaded him from attending , telling him that it was not necessary to go all the way to Cambridge , Massachusetts , for a good education . His college tuition was paid for under the Holloway Plan . Successful applicants committed to two years of study , followed by two years of flight training and one year of service in the U.S. Navy as an aviator , then completion of the final two years of their bachelor 's degree . He did not take courses in naval science , nor did he join the Naval Reserve Officers Training Corps at Purdue . </P> <H2> Navy Service </H2> Ensign Neil Armstrong on May 23 , 1952 <P> Armstrong 's call - up from the Navy arrived on January 26 , 1949 , requiring him to report to Naval Air Station Pensacola in Florida for flight training with class 5 - 49 . After passing the medical examinations , he became a midshipman on February 24 , 1949 . Flight training was conducted in a North American SNJ trainer , in which he soloed on September 9 , 1949 . On March 2 , 1950 , he made his first aircraft carrier landing on the USS Cabot , an achievement he considered comparable to his first solo flight . He was then sent to Naval Air Station Corpus Christi in Texas for training on the Grumman F8F Bearcat , culminating in a carrier landing on the USS Wright . On August 16 , 1950 , Armstrong was informed by letter that he was a fully qualified naval aviator . His mother and sister attended his graduation ceremony on August 23 , 1950 . </P> <P> Armstrong 's assignment was to Fleet Aircraft Service Squadron 7 ( FASRON 7 ) at NAS San Diego ( now known as NAS North Island ) . On November 27 , 1950 , he was assigned to VF - 51 , an all - jet squadron , becoming its youngest officer , and made his first flight in a jet , a Grumman F9F Panther , on January 5 , 1951 . He was promoted to ensign on June 5 , 1951 , and made his first jet carrier landing on USS Essex two days later . On June 28 , 1951 , Essex had set sail for Korea , with VF - 51 aboard to act as ground - attack aircraft . VF - 51 flew ahead to Naval Air Station Barbers Point in Hawaii , where it conducted fighter - bomber training before rejoining the ship at the end of July . </P> <P> On August 29 , 1951 , Armstrong saw action in the Korean War as an escort for a photo reconnaissance plane over Songjin . Five days later , on September 3 , he flew armed reconnaissance over the primary transportation and storage facilities south of the village of Majon - ni , west of Wonsan . Making a low bombing run at 350 mph ( 560 km / h ) , Armstrong 's F9F Panther was hit by anti-aircraft fire . While trying to regain control , he collided with a pole at a height of 20 feet ( 6 m ) , which sliced off 3 feet ( 1 m ) of the Panther 's right wing . </P> F9F - 2 Panthers over Korea , with Armstrong piloting S - 116 ( left ) <P> Armstrong flew the plane back to friendly territory , but due to the loss of the aileron , ejection was his only safe option . He intended to eject over water and await rescue by Navy helicopters , but his parachute was blown back over land . A jeep driven by a roommate from flight school picked him up ; it is unknown what happened to the wreckage of his aircraft , F9F - 2 BuNo 125122 . </P> <P> In all , Armstrong flew 78 missions over Korea for a total of 121 hours in the air , a third of them in January 1952 , with the final mission on March 5 , 1952 . Of 492 U.S. Navy personnel killed in the Korean War , 27 of them were from the Essex on this war cruise . Armstrong received the Air Medal for 20 combat missions , two gold stars for the next 40 , the Korean Service Medal and Engagement Star , the National Defense Service Medal and the United Nations Korea Medal . His regular commission was terminated on February 25 , 1952 , and he became an ensign in the United States Navy Reserve . On completion of his combat tour with Essex , he was assigned to a transport squadron , VR - 32 , in May 1952 . He was released from active duty on August 23 , 1952 , but remained in the reserves , and was promoted to lieutenant ( junior grade ) on May 9 , 1953 . As a reservist , he continued to fly , with VF - 724 at Naval Air Station Glenview in Illinois , and then , after moving to California , with VF - 773 at Naval Air Station Los Alamitos . He remained in the reserve for eight years , before resigning his commission on October 21 , 1960 . </P> <H2> College years </H2> <P> After his service with the Navy , Armstrong returned to Purdue . His previously earned good but not outstanding grades now improved , lifting his final Grade Point Average ( GPA ) to a respectable but not outstanding 4.8 out of 6.0 . He pledged the Phi Delta Theta fraternity , and lived in its fraternity house . He wrote and co-directed two musicals as part of the all - student revue . The first was a version of Snow White and the Seven Dwarves , co-directed with his girlfriend Joanne Alford from the Alpha Chi Omega sorority , with songs from the Walt Disney film , including Someday My Prince Will Come ; the second was titled The Land of Egelloc , with music from Gilbert and Sullivan but new lyrics . He was chairman of the Purdue Aero Flying Club , and flew the club 's aircraft , an Aeronca and a couple of Pipers , which were kept at nearby Aretz Airport in Lafayette , Indiana . Flying the Aeronca to Wapakoneta in 1954 , he damaged it in a rough landing in a farmer 's field , and it had to be hauled back to Lafayette on a trailer . He was a baritone player in the Purdue All - American Marching Band . Ten years later he was made an honorary member of Kappa Kappa Psi national band honorary fraternity . Armstrong graduated with a Bachelor of Science degree in Aeronautical Engineering in January 1955 . In 1970 he completed his Master of Science degree in Aerospace Engineering at the University of Southern California ( USC ) . He would eventually be awarded honorary doctorates by several universities . </P> <P> Armstrong met Janet Elizabeth Shearon , who was majoring in home economics , at a party hosted by Alpha Chi Omega . According to the couple , there was no real courtship , and neither could remember the exact circumstances of their engagement . They were married on January 28 , 1956 , at the Congregational Church in Wilmette , Illinois . When he moved to Edwards Air Force Base , he lived in the bachelor quarters of the base , while Janet lived in the Westwood district of Los Angeles . After one semester , they moved into a house in Antelope Valley . Janet did not finish her degree , a fact she regretted later in life . The couple had three children : Eric , Karen , and Mark . In June 1961 , Karen was diagnosed with a malignant tumor of the middle part of her brain stem ; X-ray treatment slowed its growth , but her health deteriorated to the point where she could no longer walk or talk . She died of pneumonia , related to her weakened health , on January 28 , 1962 , aged two . </P> <H2> Test pilot </H2> <P> Following his graduation from Purdue , Armstrong became an experimental research test pilot . He applied at the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics ( NACA ) High - Speed Flight Station at Edwards Air Force Base . NACA had no open positions , and forwarded his application to the Lewis Flight Propulsion Laboratory in Cleveland , where Armstrong made his first test flight on March 1 , 1955 . Armstrong 's stint at Cleveland lasted only a couple of months before a position at the High - Speed Flight Station became available , and he reported for work there on July 11 , 1955 . </P> Armstrong , 26 , as a test pilot at the NACA High - Speed Flight Station at Edwards AFB , California <P> On his first day , Armstrong was tasked with piloting chase planes during releases of experimental aircraft from modified bombers . He also flew the modified bombers , and on one of these missions had his first flight incident at Edwards . On March 22 , 1956 , he was in a Boeing B - 29 Superfortress , which was to air - drop a Douglas D - 558 - 2 Skyrocket . He sat in the right - hand pilot seat while the left - hand seat commander , Stan Butchart , flew the B - 29 . </P> <P> As they climbed to 30,000 feet ( 9 km ) , the number - four engine stopped and the propeller began windmilling ( rotating freely ) in the airstream . Hitting the switch that would stop the propeller 's spinning , Butchart found it slowed but then started spinning again , this time even faster than the others ; if it spun too fast , it would break apart . Their aircraft needed to hold an airspeed of 210 mph ( 338 km / h ) to launch its Skyrocket payload , and the B - 29 could not land with the Skyrocket attached to its belly . Armstrong and Butchart brought the aircraft into a nose - down attitude to increase speed , then launched the Skyrocket . At the instant of launch , the number - four engine propeller disintegrated . Pieces of it damaged the number - three engine and hit the number - two engine . Butchart and Armstrong were forced to shut down the damaged number - three engine , along with the number - one engine , due to the torque it created . They made a slow , circling descent from 30,000 ft ( 9 km ) using only the number - two engine , and landed safely . </P> <P> Armstrong served as project pilot on Century Series fighters , including the North American F - 100 Super Sabre A and C variants , the McDonnell F - 101 Voodoo , the Lockheed F - 104 Starfighter , the Republic F - 105 Thunderchief and the Convair F - 106 Delta Dart . He also flew the Douglas DC - 3 , Lockheed T - 33 Shooting Star , North American F - 86 Sabre , McDonnell Douglas F - 4 Phantom II , Douglas F5D - 1 Skylancer , Boeing B - 29 Superfortress , Boeing B - 47 Stratojet and Boeing KC - 135 Stratotanker , and was one of eight elite pilots involved in the Parasev paraglider research vehicle program . Over his career , he flew more than 200 different models of aircraft . His first flight in a rocket - powered aircraft was on August 15 , 1957 , in the Bell X-1 B , to an altitude of 11.4 miles ( 18.3 km ) . On landing , the poorly designed nose landing gear failed , as had happened on about a dozen previous flights of the Bell X-1B . He flew the North American X-15 seven times , including the first flight with the Q - ball system , the first flight of the number 3 X-15 airframe , and the first flight of the MH - 96 adaptive flight control system . He became an employee of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration ( NASA ) when it was established on October 1 , 1958 , absorbing NACA . </P> <P> Armstrong was involved in several incidents that went down in Edwards folklore or were chronicled in the memoirs of colleagues . During his sixth X-15 flight on April 20 , 1962 , when Armstrong was testing the MH - 96 control system , he flew to a height of over 207,000 feet ( 63 km ) ( the highest he flew before Gemini 8 ) . He held up the aircraft nose for too long during its descent to demonstrate the MH - 96 's g - limiting performance , and the X-15 ballooned back up to around 140,000 feet ( 43 km ) . He flew past the landing field at Mach 3 ( 2,000 mph , 3,200 km / h ) at over 100,000 feet ( 30 km ) in altitude , and ended up 40 miles ( 64 km ) south of Edwards . After sufficient descent , he turned back toward the landing area , and landed , just missing Joshua trees at the south end . It was the longest X-15 flight in both flight time and length of the ground track . </P> Armstrong and X-15 - 1 after a research flight in 1960 <P> Many of the test pilots at Edwards praised Armstrong 's engineering ability . Milt Thompson said he was `` the most technically capable of the early X-15 pilots '' . Bill Dana said Armstrong `` had a mind that absorbed things like a sponge '' . Those who flew for the Air Force tended to have a different opinion , especially people like Yeager and Pete Knight , who did not have engineering degrees . Knight said that pilot - engineers flew in a way that was `` more mechanical than it is flying '' , and gave this as the reason why some pilot - engineers got into trouble : their flying skills did not come naturally . Armstrong made seven flights in the X-15 between November 30 , 1960 , and July 26 , 1962 . He reached a top speed of Mach 5.74 ( 3,989 mph , 6,420 km / h ) in the X-15 - 1 , and left the Flight Research Center with a total of 2,400 flying hours . </P> <P> On April 24 , 1962 , Armstrong flew for the only time with Chuck Yeager . Their job , flying a T - 33 , was to evaluate Smith Ranch Dry Lake in Nevada for use as an emergency landing site for the X-15 . In his autobiography , Yeager wrote that he knew the lake bed was unsuitable for landings after recent rains , but Armstrong insisted on flying out anyway . As they attempted a touch - and - go , the wheels became stuck and they had to wait for rescue . As Armstrong told the story , Yeager never tried to talk him out of it and they made a first successful landing on the east side of the lake . Then Yeager told him to try again , this time a bit slower . On the second landing , they became stuck , provoking Yeager to fits of laughter . </P> <P> On May 21 , 1962 , Armstrong was involved in the `` Nellis Affair '' . He was sent in an F - 104 to inspect Delamar Dry Lake in southern Nevada , again for emergency landings . He misjudged his altitude , and did not realize that the landing gear had not fully extended . As he touched down , the landing gear began to retract ; Armstrong applied full power to abort the landing , but the ventral fin and landing gear door struck the ground , damaging the radio and releasing hydraulic fluid . Without radio communication , Armstrong flew south to Nellis Air Force Base , past the control tower , and waggled his wings , the signal for a no - radio approach . The loss of hydraulic fluid caused the tailhook to release , and upon landing , he caught the arresting wire attached to an anchor chain , and dragged the chain along the runway . </P> <P> It took thirty minutes to clear the runway and rig another arresting cable . Armstrong telephoned Edwards and asked for someone to collect him . Milt Thompson was sent in an F - 104B , the only two - seater available , but a plane Thompson had never flown . With great difficulty , Thompson made it to Nellis , where a strong crosswind caused a hard landing and the left main tire suffered a blowout . The runway was again closed to clear it , and Bill Dana was sent to Nellis in a T - 33 , but he almost landed long . The Nellis base operations office then decided that to avoid any further problems , it would be best to find the three NASA pilots ground transport back to Edwards . </P> <H2> Astronaut career </H2> Armstrong in an early Gemini spacesuit <P> In June 1958 , Armstrong was selected for the U.S. Air Force 's Man In Space Soonest program , but the Advanced Research Projects Agency ( ARPA ) cancelled its funding on August 1 , 1958 , and on November 5 , 1958 , it was superseded by Project Mercury , a civilian project run by NASA . As a NASA civilian test pilot , Armstrong was ineligible to become one of its astronauts at this time , as selection was restricted to military test pilots . In November 1960 , he was chosen as part of the pilot consultant group for the X-20 Dyna - Soar , a military space plane under development by Boeing for the U.S. Air Force , and on March 15 , 1962 , he was selected by the U.S. Air Force as one of seven pilot - engineers who would fly the X-20 when it got off the design board . </P> <P> In April 1962 , NASA announced that applications were being sought for the second group of NASA astronauts for Project Gemini , a proposed two - man spacecraft . This time , selection was open to qualified civilian test pilots . Armstrong visited the Seattle World 's Fair in May 1962 , and attended a conference there on space exploration that was co-sponsored by NASA . After he returned from Seattle on June 4 , he applied to become an astronaut . His application arrived about a week past the June 1 , 1962 , deadline , but Dick Day , a flight simulator expert with whom Armstrong had worked closely at Edwards , saw the late arrival of the application and slipped it into the pile before anyone noticed . At Brooks Air Force Base at the end of June , Armstrong underwent a medical exam that many of the applicants described as painful and at times seemingly pointless . </P> <P> NASA 's Director of Flight Crew Operations , Deke Slayton , called Armstrong on September 13 , 1962 , and asked whether he would be interested in joining the NASA Astronaut Corps as part of what the press dubbed `` the New Nine '' ; without hesitation , Armstrong said yes . The selections were kept secret until three days later , although newspaper reports had been circulating since earlier that year that he would be selected as the `` first civilian astronaut '' . Armstrong was one of two civilian pilots selected for this group ; the other was Elliot See , another former naval aviator . NASA publicly announced the selection of the second group at a press conference on September 17 , 1962 . Compared with the Mercury Seven astronauts , they were younger , and had more impressive academic credentials . </P> <H3> Gemini program </H3> Gemini 5 <P> On February 8 , 1965 , Armstrong and See were announced as the backup crew for Gemini 5 , with Armstrong as its commander , supporting the prime crew of Gordon Cooper and Pete Conrad . The purpose of the mission was to practice space rendezvous and to develop procedures and equipment for a long - duration flight of seven days . These would be required for a mission to the Moon . With two other flights ( Gemini 3 and Gemini 4 ) in preparation , there were six crews competing for simulator time , resulting in Gemini 5 being postponed . The mission lifted off on August 21 . Armstrong and See watched the launch at Cape Kennedy , and then flew to the Manned Spacecraft Center in Houston . The mission was generally successful , despite a problem with the fuel cells that prevented a rendezvous . Cooper and Conrad practiced a `` phantom rendezvous '' , carrying out the maneuver without a target . </P> Gemini 8 Main article : Gemini 8 Armstrong , 35 , suiting up for Gemini 8 in March 1966 <P> The crew assignments for Gemini 8 were announced on September 20 , 1965 . Under the normal rotation system , the backup crew for one mission would become the prime crew for the third mission after , but Slayton designated David Scott as the pilot of Gemini 8 . Scott was the first member of the third group of astronauts , whose selection was announced on October 18 , 1963 , to receive a prime crew assignment . See was designated to command Gemini 9 . Henceforth , each Gemini mission would be commanded by a member of Armstrong 's group , with a member of Scott 's group as the pilot . Conrad would be Armstrong 's backup this time , with Richard F. Gordon Jr. as his pilot . Armstrong became the first American civilian in space ; Valentina Tereshkova of the Soviet Union had become the first civilian ( and first woman ) nearly three years earlier aboard Vostok 6 when it launched on June 16 , 1963 . Armstrong would also be the last of his group to fly in space , as See died in a T - 38 crash on February 28 , 1966 , that also took the life of crewmate Charles Bassett . They were replaced by the backup crew of Tom Stafford and Gene Cernan , while Jim Lovell and Buzz Aldrin moved up from the backup crew of Gemini 10 to become the backup for Gemini 9 , and would eventually fly Gemini 12 . </P> <P> Gemini 8 launched on March 16 , 1966 . It was to be the most complex yet , with a rendezvous and docking with an unmanned Agena target vehicle , and the second American extravehicular activity ( EVA ) by Scott . In total , the mission was planned to last 75 hours and 55 orbits . After the Agena lifted off at 10 : 00 : 00 EST , the Titan II rocket carrying Armstrong and Scott ignited at 11 : 41 : 02 EST , putting them into an orbit from which they chased the Agena . They achieved the first - ever docking between two spacecraft in orbit . Contact with the crew was intermittent due to the lack of tracking stations covering their entire orbits . Out of contact with the ground , the docked spacecraft began to roll , and Armstrong attempted to correct this with the Orbital Attitude and Maneuvering System ( OAMS ) of the Gemini spacecraft . Following the earlier advice of Mission Control , they undocked , but found that the roll increased dramatically to the point where they were turning about once per second , indicating a problem with Gemini 's attitude control . Armstrong engaged the Reentry Control System ( RCS ) and turned off the OAMS . Mission rules dictated that once this system was turned on , the spacecraft had to re-enter at the next possible opportunity . It was later thought that damaged wiring caused one of the thrusters to become stuck in the on position . </P> Recovery of Gemini 8 from the western Pacific Ocean ; Armstrong sitting to the right <P> There were a few people in the Astronaut Office , including Walter Cunningham , who felt that Armstrong and Scott `` had botched their first mission '' . There was speculation that Armstrong could have salvaged the mission if he had turned on only one of the two RCS rings , saving the other for mission objectives . These criticisms were unfounded ; no malfunction procedures had been written , and it was only possible to turn on both RCS rings , not just one or the other . Gene Kranz wrote , `` the crew reacted as they were trained , and they reacted wrong because we trained them wrong . '' The mission planners and controllers had failed to realize that when two spacecraft are docked together , they must be considered to be one spacecraft . Kranz considered this the most important lesson . Armstrong himself was depressed that the mission had been cut short , canceling most mission objectives and robbing Scott of his EVA . The Agena was later re-used as a docking target by Gemini 10 . Armstrong and Scott received the NASA Exceptional Service Medal , and the Air Force awarded Scott the Distinguished Flying Cross as well . Scott was promoted to lieutenant colonel , and Armstrong received a $678 raise in pay to $21,653 a year ( equivalent to $163,319 in 2017 ) , making him NASA 's highest paid astronaut . </P> Gemini 11 Main article : Gemini 11 <P> The final assignment for Armstrong in the Gemini program was as the back - up Command Pilot for Gemini 11 , announced two days after the landing of Gemini 8 . Having trained for two flights , Armstrong was quite knowledgeable about the systems and took on a teaching role for the rookie backup Pilot , William Anders . The launch was on September 12 , 1966 , with Conrad and Gordon on board , who successfully completed the mission objectives , while Armstrong served as a capsule communicator ( CAPCOM ) . </P> <P> Following the flight , President Lyndon B. Johnson asked Armstrong and his wife to take part in a 24 - day goodwill tour of South America . Also on the tour , which took in 11 countries and 14 major cities , were Dick Gordon , George Low , their wives , and other government officials . In Paraguay , Armstrong greeted dignitaries in their local language , Guarani ; in Brazil he talked about the exploits of the Brazilian - born Alberto Santos - Dumont . </P> <H3> Apollo program </H3> <P> On January 27 , 1967 , the date of the Apollo 1 fire , Armstrong was in Washington , D.C. , with Cooper , Gordon , Lovell and Scott Carpenter for the signing of the United Nations Outer Space Treaty . The astronauts chatted with the assembled dignitaries until 18 : 45 , when Carpenter went to the airport , and the others returned to the Georgetown Inn , where they each found messages to phone the Manned Spacecraft Center . During these telephone calls , they learned of the deaths of Gus Grissom , Ed White and Roger Chaffee in the fire . Armstrong and the group spent the rest of the night drinking scotch and discussing what had happened . </P> Armstrong floats to the ground after ejecting from Lunar Landing Research Vehicle 1 <P> On April 5 , 1967 , the same day the Apollo 1 investigation released its final report on the fire , Armstrong assembled with 17 other astronauts for a meeting with Slayton . The first thing Slayton said was , `` The guys who are going to fly the first lunar missions are the guys in this room . '' According to Cernan , one of the astronauts present , Armstrong showed no reaction to the statement . To Armstrong it came as no surprise -- the room was full of veterans of Project Gemini , the only people who could fly the lunar missions . Slayton talked about the planned missions and named Armstrong to the backup crew for Apollo 9 , which at that stage was planned to be a medium Earth orbit test of the Lunar Module -- Command / Service Module combination . </P> <P> This crew assignment was officially announced on November 20 , 1967 . For crewmates , he was assigned Lovell and Aldrin , the crew of Gemini 12 . After design and manufacturing delays in the Lunar Module ( LM ) , Apollo 8 and Apollo 9 swapped prime and backup crews . Based on the normal crew rotation scheme , Armstrong would command Apollo 11 . There would be one change . Mike Collins on the Apollo 8 crew began experiencing trouble with his legs . Doctors diagnosed the problem as a bony growth between his fifth and sixth vertebrae , requiring surgery . Lovell took his place on the Apollo 8 crew , and , when he recovered , Collins joined Armstrong 's crew . </P> <P> To give the astronauts experience with how the LM would fly on its final landing descent , NASA commissioned Bell Aircraft to build two Lunar Landing Research Vehicles ( LLRV ) , later augmented with three Lunar Landing Training Vehicles ( LLTV ) . Nicknamed the `` Flying Bedsteads '' , they simulated the Moon 's one - sixth of Earth 's gravity by using a turbofan engine to support five - sixths of the craft 's weight . On May 6 , 1968 , 100 feet ( 30 m ) above the ground , Armstrong 's controls started to degrade and the LLRV began rolling . He ejected safely . Later analysis suggested that if he had ejected half a second later , his parachute would not have opened in time . His only injury was from biting his tongue . The LLRV was completely destroyed . Even though he was nearly killed , Armstrong maintained that without the LLRV and LLTV , the lunar landings would not have been successful , as they gave commanders valuable experience in the behavior of lunar landing craft . </P> <P> In addition to the LLRV training , NASA began lunar landing simulator training after Apollo 10 was completed . Aldrin and Armstrong worked with the instructors to train for the most feasible possibilities they could encounter during a real lunar landing . The pair only made time to go on one geological expedition , to the mountains of west Texas . The press found out , and filled the area with cars and a helicopter , which made it hard for the astronauts to hear the geologist . They also received briefings from geologists while at NASA . </P> Apollo 11 Main article : Apollo 11 The Apollo 11 crew . Left to right are Armstrong , Michael Collins , and Buzz Aldrin . <P> After Armstrong served as backup commander for Apollo 8 , Slayton offered him the post of commander of Apollo 11 on December 23 , 1968 , as Apollo 8 orbited the Moon . In a meeting that was not made public until the publication of Armstrong 's biography in 2005 , Slayton told him that although the planned crew was Armstrong as Commander , Lunar Module ( LM ) Pilot Buzz Aldrin and Command Module ( CM ) Pilot Michael Collins , he was offering Armstrong the chance to replace Aldrin with Jim Lovell . After thinking it over for a day , Armstrong told Slayton he would stick with Aldrin , as he had no difficulty working with him and thought Lovell deserved his own command . Replacing Aldrin with Lovell would have made Lovell the Lunar Module Pilot , unofficially the lowest ranked member , and Armstrong could not justify placing Lovell , the commander of Gemini 12 , in the number 3 position of the crew . The crew of Apollo 11 was officially announced on January 9 , 1969 , as Armstrong , Collins and Aldrin , with Lovell , Anders and Fred Haise as the backup crew . </P> <P> According to Chris Kraft , a March 1969 meeting between Slayton , George Low , Bob Gilruth and Kraft determined that Armstrong would be the first person on the Moon , in part because NASA management saw him as a person who did not have a large ego . A press conference on April 14 , 1969 , gave the design of the LM cabin as the reason for Armstrong 's being first ; the hatch opened inwards and to the right , making it difficult for the Lunar Module Pilot , on the right - hand side , to exit first . At the time of their meeting , the four men did not know about the hatch consideration . The first knowledge of the meeting outside the small group came when Kraft wrote his book . Methods of circumventing this difficulty existed , but it is not known if these were considered at the time . Slayton added , `` Secondly , just on a pure protocol basis , I figured the commander ought to be the first guy out ... I changed it as soon as I found they had the time line that showed that . Bob Gilruth approved my decision . '' </P> Voyage to the Moon <P> A Saturn V rocket launched Apollo 11 from Launch Complex 39 site at the Kennedy Space Center on July 16 , 1969 , at 13 : 32 : 00 UTC ( 09 : 32 : 00 EDT local time ) . Armstrong 's wife Janet and two sons watched from a yacht moored on the Banana River . During the launch , Armstrong 's heart rate peaked at 110 beats per minute . He found the first stage to be the loudest -- much noisier than the Gemini 8 Titan II launch . The Apollo CM was relatively roomy compared to the Gemini spacecraft . None of the Apollo 11 crew suffered from space sickness , as some members of previous crews had . Armstrong was especially happy , as he had been prone to motion sickness as a child and could experience nausea after doing long periods of aerobatics . </P> Armstrong in the lunar module after the completion of the EVA <P> The objective of Apollo 11 was to land safely rather than to touch down with precision on a particular spot . Three minutes into the lunar descent burn , Armstrong noted that craters were passing about two seconds too early , which meant the LM Eagle would probably touch down several miles beyond the planned landing zone . As the Eagle 's landing radar acquired the surface , several computer error alarms appeared . The first was a code 1202 alarm , and even with their extensive training , neither Armstrong nor Aldrin was aware of what this code meant . They promptly received word from CAPCOM Charles Duke in Houston that the alarms were not a concern ; the 1202 and 1201 alarms were caused by an executive overflow in the Lunar Module computer . As described by Buzz Aldrin in the documentary In the Shadow of the Moon , the overflow condition was caused by his own counter-checklist choice of leaving the docking radar on during the landing process , so the computer had to process unnecessary radar data and did not have enough time to execute all tasks , dropping lower - priority ones . Aldrin stated that he did so with the objective of facilitating re-docking with the CM should an abort become necessary , not realizing that it would cause the overflow condition . </P> <P> When Armstrong noticed they were heading toward a landing area which he believed was unsafe , he took over manual control of the LM , and attempted to find an area which seemed safer , taking longer than expected , and longer than most simulations had taken . For this reason , there was concern from Mission Control that the LM was running low on fuel . Upon landing , Aldrin and Armstrong believed they had 40 seconds left on their fuel , including the 20 seconds ' worth which had to be saved in the event of an abort . During training , Armstrong had landed the LLTV with less than 15 seconds left on several occasions , and he was also confident the LM could survive a vertical fall from 50 feet ( 15 m ) if needed . Analysis after the mission showed that at touchdown there was 45 to 50 seconds of propellant burn time left . </P> <P> The landing on the surface of the Moon occurred several seconds after 20 : 17 : 40 UTC on July 20 , 1969 , at which time one of three 67 - inch ( 170 cm ) probes attached to three of the Lunar Module 's four legs made contact with the surface , a panel light inside the LM lit up , and Aldrin called out , `` Contact light . '' Armstrong shut the engine off and said , `` Shutdown . '' As the LM settled onto the surface , Aldrin said , `` Okay . Engine stop '' , then they both called out some post-landing checklist items . After a ten - second pause , Duke acknowledged the landing with , `` We copy you down , Eagle . '' Armstrong announced the landing to Mission Control and the world with the words , `` Houston , Tranquility Base here . The Eagle has landed . '' Aldrin and Armstrong celebrated with a brisk handshake and pat on the back before returning to the checklist of tasks needed to ready the Lunar Module for liftoff from the Moon should an emergency unfold during the first moments on the lunar surface . After Armstrong had confirmed touch down , Duke re-acknowledged , and expressed the flight controllers ' anxiety : `` Roger , Tranquility . We copy you on the ground . You got a bunch of guys about to turn blue . We 're breathing again . Thanks a lot . '' During the landing , Armstrong 's heart rate ranged from 100 to 150 beats per minute . </P> First Moon walk See also : Apollo 11 -- Lunar surface operations Play media Armstrong describes the lunar surface <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` That 's one small step for ( a ) man , one giant leap for mankind '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Problems playing this file ? See media help . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The official NASA flight plan called for a crew rest period before extravehicular activity , but Armstrong requested that the EVA be moved to earlier in the evening , Houston time . Once Armstrong and Aldrin were ready to go outside , Eagle was depressurized , the hatch was opened and Armstrong made his way down the ladder . At the bottom of the ladder Armstrong said , `` I 'm going to step off the LM now '' . He turned and set his left boot on the lunar surface at 02 : 56 UTC July 21 , 1969 , then spoke the now - famous words , `` That 's one small step for ( a ) man , one giant leap for mankind . '' </P> <P> Armstrong prepared his famous epigram on his own . In a post-flight press conference , he said that he chose the words `` just prior to leaving the LM . '' In a 1983 interview in Esquire Magazine , Armstrong explained to George Plimpton : `` I always knew there was a good chance of being able to return to Earth , but I thought the chances of a successful touch down on the moon surface were about even money -- fifty -- fifty ... Most people do n't realize how difficult the mission was . So it did n't seem to me there was much point in thinking of something to say if we 'd have to abort landing . '' In 2012 , his brother Dean Armstrong stated that Neil had shown him a note with a draft of the line months before the launch . Historian Andrew Chaikin , who had interviewed Armstrong in 1988 for his book A Man on the Moon , disputed that Armstrong had ever claimed to have come up with the line spontaneously during the mission . </P> <P> Recordings of Armstrong 's transmission do not evidence the indefinite article `` a '' before `` man '' , though NASA and Armstrong insisted for years that static had obscured it . Armstrong stated he would never make such a mistake , but after repeated listenings to recordings , he eventually conceded he must have dropped the `` a '' . He later said he `` would hope that history would grant me leeway for dropping the syllable and understand that it was certainly intended , even if it was not said -- although it might actually have been '' . There have since been claims and counter-claims about whether acoustic analysis of the recording reveals the presence of the missing `` a '' ; Peter Shann Ford , an Australian computer programmer , conducted a digital audio analysis and claims that Armstrong did say `` a man '' , but the `` a '' was inaudible due to the limitations of communications technology of the time . Ford and James R. Hansen , Armstrong 's authorized biographer , presented these findings to Armstrong and NASA representatives , who conducted their own analysis . Armstrong found Ford 's analysis `` persuasive . '' Linguists David Beaver and Mark Liberman wrote of their skepticism of Ford 's claims on the blog Language Log . A 2016 peer - reviewed study again concluded Armstrong had included the article . NASA 's transcript continues to show the `` a '' in parentheses . When Armstrong made his proclamation , Voice of America was rebroadcast live via the BBC and many other stations worldwide . The estimated global audience at that moment was 530 million , out of an estimated world population of 3.6 billion . </P> Armstrong on the Moon <P> About 20 minutes after the first step , Aldrin joined Armstrong on the surface and became the second human to set foot on the Moon , and the duo began their tasks of investigating how easily a person could operate on the lunar surface . Early on , Armstrong unveiled a plaque commemorating their flight , and also planted the flag of the United States . The flag used on this mission had a metal rod to hold it horizontal from its pole . Since the rod did not fully extend , and the flag was tightly folded and packed during the journey , the flag ended up with a slightly wavy appearance , as if there were a breeze . Shortly after their flag planting , President Richard Nixon spoke to them by a telephone call from his office . The President spoke for about a minute , after which Armstrong responded for about thirty seconds . In the Apollo 11 photographic record there are only five images of Armstrong partly shown or reflected . The mission was planned to the minute , with the majority of photographic tasks performed by Armstrong with the single Hasselblad camera . </P> <P> After helping to set up the Early Apollo Scientific Experiment Package , Armstrong went for a walk to what is now known as East Crater , 65 yards ( 59 m ) east of the LM , the greatest distance traveled from the LM on the mission . Armstrong 's final task was to remind Aldrin to leave a small package of memorial items to Soviet cosmonauts Yuri Gagarin and Vladimir Komarov , and Apollo 1 astronauts Grissom , White and Chaffee . The time spent on EVA during Apollo 11 was two and a half hours ; each of the subsequent five landings was allotted a progressively longer period for EVA activities -- the crew of Apollo 17 spent over 22 hours exploring the lunar surface . In a 2010 interview , Armstrong explained that NASA limited his Moon walk because they were unsure how the spacesuits would cope with the extremely high temperature on the Moon . </P> Return to Earth The Apollo 11 crew and President Nixon during the post-mission quarantine period <P> After they re-entered the LM , the hatch was closed and sealed . While preparing for the liftoff from the lunar surface , Armstrong and Aldrin discovered that , in their bulky spacesuits , they had broken the ignition switch for the ascent engine ; using part of a pen , they pushed the circuit breaker in to activate the launch sequence . The Eagle then continued to its rendezvous in lunar orbit , where it docked with Columbia , the Command and Service Module . The three astronauts returned to Earth and splashed down in the Pacific Ocean , to be picked up by the USS Hornet . </P> <P> After being released from an 18 - day quarantine to ensure that they had not picked up any infections or diseases from the Moon , the crew were feted across the United States and around the world as part of a 45 - day `` Giant Leap '' tour . Armstrong then took part in Bob Hope 's 1969 USO show , primarily to Vietnam . In May 1970 , Armstrong traveled to the Soviet Union to present a talk at the 13th annual conference of the International Committee on Space Research ; after arriving in Leningrad from Poland , he traveled to Moscow where he met Premier Alexei Kosygin . Armstrong was the first westerner to see the supersonic Tupolev Tu - 144 and was given a tour of the Yuri Gagarin Cosmonaut Training Center , which he described as `` a bit Victorian in nature '' . At the end of the day , he was surprised to view delayed video of the launch of Soyuz 9 -- it had not occurred to Armstrong that the mission was taking place , even though Valentina Tereshkova had been his host and her husband , Andriyan Nikolayev , was on board . </P> <H2> Life after Apollo </H2> Valentina Tereshkova , the first woman in space , presenting a badge to Neil Armstrong , Star City , USSR , June 1970 <H3> Teaching </H3> <P> Armstrong announced shortly after the Apollo 11 flight that he did not plan to fly in space again . He was appointed Deputy Associate Administrator for aeronautics for the Office of Advanced Research and Technology at ARPA ; he served in this position for only a year , and resigned from it and NASA in 1971 . He accepted a teaching position in the Department of Aerospace Engineering at the University of Cincinnati , having chosen Cincinnati over other universities , including his alma mater , Purdue , because Cincinnati had a small aerospace department . He hoped that the faculty members would not be annoyed that he came straight into a professorship with only the USC master 's degree . He began his master 's degree while stationed at Edwards years before , and completed it after Apollo 11 by presenting a report on various aspects of Apollo , instead of a thesis on the simulation of hypersonic flight . </P> <P> At Cincinnati he was University Professor of Aerospace Engineering . He took a heavy teaching load and taught core classes . Armstrong created two graduate - level classes while at the university : aircraft design and experimental flight mechanics . He was considered a good teacher , and was a tough grader . For research , he did not work with NASA . He did not want to give the appearance of favoritism , and he later regretted that decision . After teaching for eight years , he resigned in 1980 . When the university changed from an independent municipal university to a state school , bureaucracy increased . He did not want to be a part of the faculty collective bargaining group , so he decided to teach half - time . According to Armstrong , he had the same amount of work but received half of his salary . In 1979 , less than 10 % of his income came from his university salary . Employees at the university did not know why he left . </P> <H3> NASA commissions </H3> <P> In 1970 , after the explosion and aborted lunar landing of Apollo 13 , Armstrong was part of Edgar Cortright 's accident investigation . He produced a detailed chronology of the flight . A 28 - volt thermostat switch in an oxygen tank was supposed to be replaced with a 65 - volt version , which led to the explosion . Cortright recommended a redesign of the entire tank , at a cost of $40 million . Many NASA managers , as well as Armstrong , opposed the report 's recommendation to re-design the oxygen tanks , since the thermostat switch was the source of the explosion . They lost the argument , and the tanks were redesigned . </P> <P> In 1986 , President Ronald Reagan requested that Armstrong join the Rogers Commission , which investigated the Challenger disaster . Armstrong was appointed vice chairman of the commission . He was in charge of the operational side of the commission , and performed private interviews with contacts he developed over the years to help determine the cause of the accident . As vice chair , he helped keep the number of recommendations the committee gave to nine . He believed if there were too many recommendations , NASA would not act on them . </P> <P> Armstrong was appointed to a fourteen - member commission by President Reagan , to develop a plan for American civilian spaceflight in the 21st century . The commission was chaired by Dr. Thomas O. Paine , former NASA administrator , who Armstrong had worked with during the Apollo program . The group published a book titled Pioneering the Space Frontier : The Report on the National Commission on Space . The commission recommended establishing a permanent lunar base by 2006 and sending humans to Mars by 2015 . The recommendations were largely ignored , as the fallout from the Space Shuttle Challenger disaster took priority . </P> <P> Armstrong and his wife attended the memorial service for the victims of the Space Shuttle Columbia disaster in 2003 , at the invitation of President George W. Bush . </P> <H3> Business activities </H3> <P> After Armstrong retired from NASA in 1971 , he acted as a spokesman for several businesses . The first company to successfully approach him was Chrysler , for whom he appeared in advertising starting in January 1979 . Armstrong thought they had a strong engineering division , and they were in financial difficulty . He later acted as a spokesman for other American companies , including General Time Corporation and the Bankers Association of America . He only acted as a spokesman for American companies . </P> <P> Along with spokesman duties , he also served on the board of directors of several companies . The first company which Armstrong joined the board was Gates Learjet , chairing their technical committee . He flew their new and experimental jets and even set a climb and altitude record for business jets . Armstrong became a member of Cincinnati Gas & Electric Company 's board in 1973 . They were interested in nuclear power and wanted to increase the company 's technical competence . He served on the board of Taft Broadcasting , also based in Cincinnati . Armstrong joined Thiokol 's board in 1989 , after he was vice-chair of the Rogers Commission ; the Space Shuttle Challenger was destroyed due to a problem with the Thiokol - manufactured solid rocket boosters . When Armstrong left the University of Cincinnati , he became the chairman of Cardwell International Ltd. , a company that manufactured drilling rigs . He served on additional aerospace boards , first United Airlines in 1978 and later Eaton Corporation in 1980 . He was asked to chair the board of directors for a subsidiary of Eaton , AIL Systems . He chaired the board through the company 's 2000 merger with EDO Corporation , until his retirement in 2002 . </P> <H3> North Pole expedition </H3> <P> In 1985 , professional expedition leader Mike Dunn organized a trip to take men he deemed the `` greatest explorers '' to the North Pole . The group included Armstrong , Edmund Hillary , Hillary 's son Peter , Steve Fossett , and Patrick Morrow , and arrived on April 6 , 1985 . Armstrong said he was curious to see what the North Pole looked like from ground level , as he had only seen it from the Moon . Armstrong wanted to keep the expedition private , and kept the media in the dark about the trip . </P> <H3> Television and film </H3> <P> In 2010 , he voiced the character of Dr. Jack Morrow in Quantum Quest : A Cassini Space Odyssey , an animated educational sci - fi adventure film initiated by JPL / NASA through a grant from Jet Propulsion Lab . Between 1991 and 1993 , he hosted First Flights with Neil Armstrong , an aviation history documentary series on A&E . </P> <H3> Reclusiveness </H3> <P> Armstrong kept a low profile later in his life , which led to the belief that he was a recluse . He turned down most interviews and declined many public appearances . Michael Collins said in his book Carrying the Fire that when Armstrong moved to a dairy farm to become a college professor it was like he `` retreated to his castle and pulled up the drawbridge '' . Armstrong found this amusing , and noted that , `` ... those of us that live out in the hinterlands think that people that live inside the Beltway are the ones that have the problems . '' Andrew Chaikin says in A Man on the Moon that Armstrong kept a low profile , but was not a recluse , due to participation in interviews , advertisements for Chrysler , and hosting a cable television series . </P> <P> Armstrong used to autograph everything except for first day covers . Around 1993 , he found out his signatures were being sold online , and most of them were forgeries , so he stopped autographing material . Armstrong also wrote letters congratulating Eagle Scouts on their accomplishment . He used to answer all requests for congratulations . In part of 2003 , he had received 950 requests for letters to Eagle Scouts . He decided to quit the practice in the 1990s because he felt the letters should be written by people who knew the scout . These things combined contributed to the reclusiveness myth . </P> <H2> Personal life </H2> <P> Armstrong 's family described him as a `` reluctant American hero '' . John Glenn , the first American to orbit Earth , recalled Armstrong 's humility . `` He did n't feel that he should be out huckstering himself , '' Glenn told CNN . `` He was a humble person , and that 's the way he remained after his lunar flight , as well as before . '' Some former astronauts ( such as Glenn and Harrison Schmitt ) sought political careers after leaving NASA , but although Armstrong was approached by political groups from both parties , he declined all offers . He described his political leanings as favoring states ' rights and opposing the United States acting as the `` world 's policeman '' . </P> <P> When , Armstrong applied at a local Methodist church to lead a Boy Scout troop in the late 1950s , he gave his religious affiliation as `` deist '' . His mother later said that Armstrong 's religious views caused her grief and distress in later life as she was more religious . In the early 1980s , Armstrong was the subject of a hoax saying that he converted to Islam after hearing the adhan , the Muslim call to prayer , while walking on the Moon . The Indonesian singer Suhaemi wrote a song called `` Gema Suara Adzan di Bulan '' ( `` The Resonant Sound of the Call to Prayer on the Moon '' ) which described Armstrong 's conversion ; the song was discussed widely in various Jakarta news outlets in 1983 . Other similar hoax stories were seen in Egypt and Malaysia . In March 1983 , the State Department responded by issuing a message to embassies and consulates in Muslim countries saying that Armstrong `` has not converted to Islam '' . The hoax surfaced occasionally for the next three decades . Part of the confusion arose from the similarity between the names of Armstrong 's American residence in Lebanon , Ohio , and the country of Lebanon , which has a majority Muslim population . </P> Armstrong speaks in February 2012 on the 50th anniversary of John Glenn 's first spaceflight <P> In 1972 , Armstrong visited the town of Langholm , Scotland , the traditional seat of Clan Armstrong ; he was made the first freeman of the burgh , and happily declared the town his home . The Justice of the Peace read from an unrepealed 400 - year - old law that required him to hang any Armstrong found in the town . </P> <P> While working at his farm near Lebanon , Ohio , in November 1978 , Armstrong jumped off the back of his grain truck and his wedding ring got caught in the wheel , tearing off the tip of his left hand 's ring finger . He collected the severed digit and packed it in ice , and surgeons reattached it at the Jewish Hospital in Louisville , Kentucky . In February 1991 , a year after his father had died , and nine months after the death of his mother , he suffered a mild heart attack while skiing with friends at Aspen , Colorado . </P> <P> Armstrong 's first wife , Janet , divorced him in 1994 , after 38 years of marriage . He had already met his second wife , Carol Held Knight , in 1992 at a golf tournament , where they were seated together at the breakfast table . She said little to Armstrong , but two weeks later she received a call from him asking what she was doing -- she replied she was cutting down a cherry tree ; 35 minutes later Armstrong was at her house to help out . They were married on June 12 , 1994 , in Ohio , and then had a second ceremony , at San Ysidro Ranch , in California . He lived in Indian Hill , Ohio . </P> <P> After 1993 , Armstrong refused all requests for autographs because his signed items were selling for large amounts of money and many forgeries were in circulation ; any requests that were sent to him received a form letter in reply , saying that he had stopped signing . Although his no - autograph policy was well known , author Andrew Smith observed people at the 2002 Reno Air Races trying to get signatures , with one person claiming , `` If you shove something close enough in front of his face , he 'll sign . '' He also stopped sending out congratulatory letters to new Eagle Scouts , because he believed these letters should come from people who knew the Scouts personally . </P> <P> Armstrong guarded the use of his name , image , and famous quote . When it was launched in 1981 , MTV wanted to use his quote in its station identification , with the American flag replaced with the MTV logo but he refused the use of his voice and likeness . He sued Hallmark Cards in 1994 after they used his name and a recording of the `` one small step '' quote in a Christmas ornament without permission . The lawsuit was settled out of court for an undisclosed amount of money which Armstrong donated to Purdue . In May 2005 , Armstrong became involved in a legal dispute with his barber of 20 years , Mark Sizemore . After cutting Armstrong 's hair , Sizemore sold some of it to a collector for $3,000 without Armstrong 's knowledge . Armstrong threatened legal action against Sizemore unless he returned the hair or donated the proceeds to a charity of Armstrong 's choosing . Sizemore , unable to retrieve the hair , donated the proceeds to charity . </P> <H2> Illness and Death </H2> Photograph of Armstrong as a boy at his family memorial service in Indian Hill , Ohio , near Cincinnati , on August 31 , 2012 <P> Armstrong underwent bypass surgery on August 7 , 2012 , to relieve blocked coronary arteries . Although he was reportedly recovering well , he developed complications in the hospital and died on August 25 , in Cincinnati , Ohio , aged 82 . After his death , Armstrong was described , in a statement released by the White House , as `` among the greatest of American heroes -- not just of his time , but of all time '' . The statement went on to say that Armstrong had carried the aspirations of the United States ' citizens and that he had delivered `` a moment of human achievement that will never be forgotten . '' </P> <P> His family released a statement describing Armstrong as a `` reluctant American hero ( who had ) served his nation proudly , as a navy fighter pilot , test pilot , and astronaut ... While we mourn the loss of a very good man , we also celebrate his remarkable life and hope that it serves as an example to young people around the world to work hard to make their dreams come true , to be willing to explore and push the limits , and to selflessly serve a cause greater than themselves . For those who may ask what they can do to honor Neil , we have a simple request . Honor his example of service , accomplishment and modesty , and the next time you walk outside on a clear night and see the moon smiling down at you , think of Neil Armstrong and give him a wink . '' This prompted many responses , including the Twitter hashtag `` # WinkAtTheMoon '' . </P> <P> Aldrin called him `` a true American hero and the best pilot I ever knew '' , and said he was disappointed that they would not be able to celebrate the 50th anniversary of the Moon landing together in 2019 . Collins said : `` He was the best , and I will miss him terribly . '' NASA Administrator Charles Bolden said that : `` As long as there are history books , Neil Armstrong will be included in them , remembered for taking humankind 's first small step on a world beyond our own '' . </P> Armstrong 's burial at sea on September 14 , 2012 <P> A tribute was held for Armstrong on September 13 at Washington National Cathedral , whose Space Window depicts the Apollo 11 mission and holds a sliver of Moon rock amid its stained - glass panels . In attendance were Armstrong 's Apollo 11 crewmates , Michael Collins and Buzz Aldrin ; Gene Cernan , the Apollo 17 mission commander and last man to walk on the Moon ; and former Senator and astronaut John Glenn , the first American to orbit the Earth . In a eulogy , Charles Bolden praised Armstrong 's `` courage , grace , and humility '' . Cernan recalled Armstrong 's low - fuel approach to the Moon : `` When the gauge says empty we all know there 's a gallon or two left in the tank ! '' Diana Krall sang the song `` Fly Me to the Moon '' . Collins led prayers . Scott recalled their Gemini 8 mission with Armstrong when he spoke , possibly for the first time , about an incident in which glue spilled on his harness and prevented it from locking correctly minutes before the hatch had to be sealed or the mission aborted . Armstrong then called on Conrad to solve the problem , which he did , to continue the mission without stopping the countdown clock . `` That happened because Neil Armstrong was a team player , he always worked on behalf of the team . '' On September 14 , Armstrong 's cremated remains were scattered in the Atlantic Ocean during a burial at sea ceremony aboard the USS Philippine Sea . Flags were flown at half - staff on the day of Armstrong 's funeral . </P> <H2> Legacy </H2> Congressional Gold Medal , with the Apollo 11 crew and John Glenn inscribed <P> Armstrong received many honors and awards , including the Presidential Medal of Freedom from President Nixon , the Cullum Geographical Medal from the American Geographical Society , and the Collier Trophy from the National Aeronautic Association , all in 1969 , the NASA Distinguished Service Medal in 1970 , the Dr. Robert H. Goddard Memorial Trophy in 1970 , the Sylvanus Thayer Award by the United States Military Academy in 1971 , the Congressional Space Medal of Honor from President Jimmy Carter in 1978 , the Wright Brothers Memorial Trophy from the National Aeronautic Association in 2001 , and a Congressional Gold Medal in 2011 . Armstrong and his Apollo 11 crewmates were the 1999 recipients of the Langley Gold Medal from the Smithsonian Institution . On April 18 , 2006 , he received NASA 's Ambassador of Exploration Award . The Space Foundation named Armstrong as a recipient of its 2013 General James E. Hill Lifetime Space Achievement Award . Armstrong was also inducted into the Aerospace Walk of Honor , the National Aviation Hall of Fame , and the United States Astronaut Hall of Fame . He was awarded his Naval Astronaut badge in a ceremony on board the aircraft carrier USS Dwight D. Eisenhower on March 10 , 2010 , in a ceremony attended by Lovell and Cernan . </P> <P> The lunar crater Armstrong , 31 miles ( 50 km ) from the Apollo 11 landing site , and asteroid 6469 Armstrong are named in his honor . There are more than a dozen elementary , middle and high schools named in his honor in the United States , and many places around the world have streets , buildings , schools , and other places named for Armstrong and / or Apollo . The Armstrong Air and Space Museum , in Armstrong 's hometown of Wapakoneta , and the airport in New Knoxville , Ohio , where he took his first flying lessons when he was fifteen , are named after him . Purdue University announced in October 2004 that its new engineering building would be named Neil Armstrong Hall of Engineering in his honor ; the building was dedicated on October 27 , 2007 , during a ceremony at which Armstrong was joined by fourteen other Purdue Astronauts . The NASA Dryden Flight Research Center was renamed the NASA Neil A. Armstrong Flight Research Center in 2014 . </P> President Barack Obama poses with Apollo 11 astronauts , from left , Buzz Aldrin , Michael Collins , and Neil Armstrong , on the 40th anniversary of the Apollo 11 lunar landing on July 20 , 2009 <P> In September 2012 , the U.S. Navy announced that the first Armstrong - class vessel would be named RV Neil Armstrong . The ship was delivered to the Navy on September 23 , 2015 . It is a modern oceanographic research platform capable of supporting a wide range of oceanographic research activities conducted by academic groups . </P> <P> Armstrong 's authorized biography , First Man : The Life of Neil A. Armstrong , was published in 2005 . For many years , Armstrong turned down biography offers from authors such as Stephen Ambrose and James A. Michener , but agreed to work with James R. Hansen after reading one of Hansen 's other biographies . A film adaptation of the book starring Ryan Gosling and directed by Damien Chazelle is scheduled to be released in October 2018 . </P> <P> In a 2010 Space Foundation survey , Armstrong was ranked as the # 1 most popular space hero , and in 2013 , Flying magazine ranked him at # 1 on its list of the `` 51 Heroes of Aviation '' . The press often asked Armstrong for his views on the future of spaceflight . In 2005 , Armstrong said that a manned mission to Mars will be easier than the lunar challenge of the 1960s . In 2010 , he made a rare public criticism of the decision to cancel the Ares I launch vehicle and the Constellation Moon landing program . </P> <P> In an open letter also signed by fellow Apollo veterans Lovell and Cernan , he noted , `` For The United States , the leading space faring nation for nearly half a century , to be without carriage to low Earth orbit and with no human exploration capability to go beyond Earth orbit for an indeterminate time into the future , destines our nation to become one of second or even third rate stature '' . Armstrong had also publicly recalled his initial concerns about the Apollo 11 mission , when he had believed there was only a 50 percent chance of landing on the Moon . `` I was elated , ecstatic and extremely surprised that we were successful '' , he later said . On November 18 , 2010 , aged 80 , Armstrong said in a speech during the Science & Technology Summit in The Hague , Netherlands , that he would offer his services as commander on a mission to Mars if he were asked . </P> <H2> Notes </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ `` History of Wapakoneta ( or is it Wapaghkonnetta ? ) '' . City of Wapakoneta , Ohio . Archived from the original on November 26 , 2011 . Retrieved August 25 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Hansen 2005 , pp. 49 -- 50 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Hansen 2005 , p. 13 , 20 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Chrisafis , Angelique ( May 28 , 2004 ) . `` Ulster Scots ' Eagle fails to take off '' . The Guardian . Archived from the original on April 2 , 2015 . Retrieved March 26 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Neil Armstrong grants rare interview to accountants organization '' . CBC News . May 24 , 2012 . Archived from the original on January 7 , 2018 . Retrieved April 8 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Hansen 2005 , p. 29 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Project Apollo : Astronaut Biographies '' . NASA . Archived from the original on April 28 , 2011 . Retrieved May 12 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Hansen 2005 , p. 45 . `` According to a volunteer group in Warren . Ohio that had worked through the 2000s to turn the Warren Airport into a historical exhibit , the date of Neil 's inaugural ; flight was July 26 , 1936 . If that date is correct , Neil was still only five when he experienced his first airplane ride , his sixth birthday not coming for ten more days . '' </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Koestler - Grack 2010 , p. 14 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Distinguished Eagle Scouts '' ( PDF ) . Boy Scouts of America . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on March 12 , 2016 . Retrieved November 4 , 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Apollo 11 -- Day 3 , part 2 : Entering Eagle -- Transcript '' . NASA . April 11 , 2010 . Archived from the original on January 4 , 2011 . Retrieved February 10 , 2011 . I 'd like to say hello to all my fellow Scouts and Scouters at Farragut State Park in Idaho having a National Jamboree there this week ; and Apollo 11 would like to send them best wishes `` . Capsule communicator Charles Duke replied : `` Thank you , Apollo 11 . I 'm sure that , if they did n't hear that , they 'll get the word through the news . Certainly appreciate that . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` World Scouting salutes Neil Armstrong '' . World Organization of the Scout Movement . Archived from the original on September 4 , 2015 . Retrieved July 27 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Hansen 2005 , pp. 55 -- 56 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Hansen 2005 , p. 58 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Hansen 2005 , pp. 68 -- 69 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Hansen 2005 , p. 71 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Hansen 2005 , pp. 76 -- 79 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Hansen 2005 , pp. 79 -- 85 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Hansen 2005 , p. 90 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Hansen 2005 , pp. 92 -- 93 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Hansen 2005 , pp. 95 -- 96 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Hansen 2005 , p. 112 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Ex-Lieutenant ( junior grade ) Neil Alden Armstrong , U.S. Naval Reserve , Transcript of Naval Service '' ( PDF ) . United States Navy . March 27 , 1967 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on May 6 , 2017 . Retrieved February 28 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Hansen 2005 , p. 118 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Hansen 2005 , pp. 61 -- 62 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Purdue mourns alumnus Neil Armstrong '' . Purdue University . August 25 , 2012 . Archived from the original on December 16 , 2017 . Retrieved April 2 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Purdue Bands launch $2 million fund - raising campaign '' . Purdue University . April 25 , 1997 . Retrieved July 10 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Biographical Data : Neil A. Armstrong '' . NASA . August 2012 . Archived from the original on December 4 , 2017 . Retrieved April 7 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Biography : Neil A. Armstrong '' . NASA ( Glenn Research Center ) . March 2008 . Archived from the original on May 26 , 2011 . Retrieved May 16 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Hansen 2005 , p. 62 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Hansen 2005 , pp. 124 -- 128 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Hansen 2005 , pp. 161 -- 164 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Hansen 2005 , pp. 119 -- 120 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Hansen 2005 , p. 130 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Hansen 2005 , p. 134 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Creech , Gray ( July 15 , 2004 ) . `` From the Mojave to the Moon : Neil Armstrong 's Early NASA Years '' . 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Foreword by Samuel C. Phillips . Washington , D.C. : Scientific and Technical Information Branch , NASA . ISBN 978 - 0 - 486 - 46756 - 6 . LCCN 79001042 . OCLC 227923959 . NASA SP - 4205 . Retrieved August 1 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Burgess , Colin ( 2013 ) . Moon Bound : Choosing and Preparing NASA 's Lunar Astronauts . Springer - Praxis books in space exploration . New York ; London : Springer . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4614 - 3854 - 0 . OCLC 905162781 . </Li> <Li> Cernan , Eugene ; Davis , Don ( 1999 ) . The Last Man on the Moon . New York : St Martin 's Griffin . ISBN 978 - 0 - 312 - 19906 - 7 . OCLC 40200305 . </Li> <Li> Chaikin , Andrew ( 1994 ) . A Man on the Moon : The Voyages of the Apollo Astronauts . London : Penguin Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 14 - 024146 - 4 . OCLC 895935578 . </Li> <Li> Chaikin , Andrew ( 2007 ) . A Man on the Moon : The Voyages of the Apollo Astronauts . London : Penguin Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 14 - 311235 - 8 . OCLC 958200469 . </Li> <Li> Collins , Michael ( 2001 ) . Carrying the Fire : An Astronaut 's Journeys . New York : Cooper Square Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8154 - 1028 - 7 . OCLC 45755963 . </Li> <Li> Cortright , Edgar M. ( 1975 ) . Apollo Expeditions to the Moon . Washington , D.C. : U.S. Government Printing Office . OCLC 251694818 . NASA SP 350 . </Li> <Li> Cunningham , Walter ( 2010 ) ( 1977 ) . The All - American Boys . New York : ipicturebooks . ISBN 978 - 1 - 876963 - 24 - 8 . OCLC 713908039 . </Li> <Li> Hacker , Barton C. ; Grimwood , James M. ( 2010 ) ( 1977 ) . On the Shoulders of Titans : A History of Project Gemini ( PDF ) . NASA History Series . Washington , D.C. : NASA History Division , Office of Policy and Plans . ISBN 978 - 0 - 16 - 067157 - 9 . OCLC 945144787 . NASA SP - 4203 . Retrieved April 8 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Hansen , James R. ( 2005 ) . First Man : The Life of Neil A. Armstrong . New York : Simon & Schuster . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7432 - 5631 - 5 . OCLC 937302502 . </Li> <Li> Hansen , James R. ( 2012 ) . First Man : The Life of Neil A. Armstrong . New York : Simon & Schuster . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4767 - 2781 - 3 . OCLC 1029741947 . </Li> <Li> Harland , David ( 1999 ) . Exploring the Moon : The Apollo Expeditions . London ; New York : Springer . ISBN 978 - 1 - 85233 - 099 - 6 . OCLC 982158259 . </Li> <Li> Jenkins , Dennis R. ( June 2000 ) . Hypersonics Before the Shuttle : A Concise History of the X-15 Research Airplane ( PDF ) . Monographs in Aerospace History . Washington , DC : NASA . OCLC 421657636 . NASA SP - 2000 - 4518 . Retrieved February 28 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Koestler - Grack , Rachel A. ( 2010 ) . Neil Armstrong . Pleasantville , New York : Gareth Stevens . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4339 - 2147 - 6 . OCLC 300982973 . </Li> <Li> Kraft , Chris ( 2001 ) . Flight : My Life in Mission Control . New York : Dutton . ISBN 978 - 0 - 525 - 94571 - 0 . OCLC 49323520 . </Li> <Li> Kranz , Gene ( 2000 ) . Failure is not an Option : Mission Control From Mercury to Apollo 13 and Beyond . Alexandria , Virginia : Simon & Schuster . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4391 - 4881 - 5 . OCLC 810544750 . </Li> <Li> Lovell , Jim ; Kluger , Jeffrey ( 2000 ) . Apollo 13 . Boston : Houghton Mifflin . ISBN 978 - 0 - 618 - 05665 - 1 . OCLC 1011809615 . </Li> <Li> Manned Spacecraft Center ( November 1969 ) . Apollo 11 Mission Report ( PDF ) . Houston : NASA . OCLC 8444918 . MSC 00171 . Retrieved February 28 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Nelson , Craig ( 2009 ) . Rocket Men : The Epic Story of the First Men on the Moon . New York City : Viking . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7195 - 6948 - 7 . OCLC 699213335 . </Li> <Li> Nickell , Duane S. ( 2008 ) . Guidebook for the Scientific Traveler : Visiting Astronomy and Space . New Brunswick , New Jersey : Rutgers University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8135 - 4374 - 1 . OCLC 190785292 . </Li> <Li> Orloff , Richard W. ( 2000 ) . Apollo by the Numbers : A Statistical Reference ( PDF ) . NASA History Series . Washington , D.C. : NASA History Division , Office of Policy and Plans . ISBN 978 - 0 - 16 - 050631 - 4 . LCCN 00061677 . OCLC 829406439 . NASA SP - 2000 - 4029 . Retrieved March 4 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Reichl , Eugen ( 2016 ) . Project Gemini . Atglen , Pennsylvania : Schiffer . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7643 - 5070 - 2 . </Li> <Li> Shapiro , Michael E. ( 2012 ) . Cable Television Prime Time Programming 1990 -- 2010 . Jefferson , North Carolina : McFarland & Co . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7864 - 7087 - 7 . OCLC 878810736 . </Li> <Li> Smith , Andrew ( 2005 ) . Moondust : In Search of the Men Who Fell to Earth . London : Bloomsbury . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7475 - 6368 - 6 . OCLC 728066122 . </Li> </Ul> <H2> Further reading </H2> <Ul> <Li> Barbree , Jay ( 2014 ) . Neil Armstrong : A Life of Flight . New York : Thomas Dunne Books . ISBN 978 - 1 - 250 - 04071 - 8 . OCLC 900815422 . </Li> <Li> Francis , French ; Burgess , Colin ( 2010 ) . In the Shadow of the Moon . Lincoln : London University of Nebraska Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8032 - 2979 - 2 . OCLC 1019883802 . </Li> <Li> Thompson , Milton O. ( 1992 ) . At The Edge Of Space : The X-15 Flight Program . Washington , D.C. : Smithsonian Books . ISBN 978 - 1 - 56098 - 107 - 7 . OCLC 925195868 . </Li> </Ul> <H2> External links </H2> <Ul> <Li> Neil Armstrong at Encyclopædia Britannica </Li> <Li> Neil Armstrong Commemorative Website -- University of Cincinnati </Li> <Li> Neil Armstrong on IMDb </Li> <Li> Appearances on C - SPAN </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Td> Preceded by Ellsworth Bunker </Td> <Td> Sylvanus Thayer Award recipient 1971 </Td> <Td> Succeeded by Billy Graham </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> People who have walked on the Moon </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Neil Armstrong ( CDR , Apollo 11 ) </Li> <Li> Buzz Aldrin ( LMP , Apollo 11 ) </Li> <Li> Pete Conrad ( CDR , Apollo 12 ) </Li> <Li> Alan Bean ( LMP , Apollo 12 ) </Li> <Li> Alan Shepard ( CDR , Apollo 14 ) </Li> <Li> Edgar Mitchell ( LMP , Apollo 14 ) </Li> <Li> David Scott ( CDR , Apollo 15 ) </Li> <Li> James Irwin ( LMP , Apollo 15 ) </Li> <Li> John Young ( CDR , Apollo 16 ) </Li> <Li> Charles Duke ( LMP , Apollo 16 ) </Li> <Li> Gene Cernan ( CDR , Apollo 17 ) </Li> <Li> Harrison Schmitt ( LMP , Apollo 17 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Moon landing <Ul> <Li> Apollo program </Li> <Li> Apollo Lunar Module </Li> <Li> Lunar Roving Vehicle </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Recipients of the Congressional Space Medal of Honor </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Michael P. 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who is the first person who went to moon

https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Neil_Armstrong&amp;oldid=855702024

British Empire - wikipedia <H1> British Empire </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> British Empire </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Flag of the United Kingdom </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> All areas of the world that were ever part of the British Empire . Current British Overseas Territories have their names underlined in red . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The British Empire comprised the dominions , colonies , protectorates , mandates and other territories ruled or administered by the United Kingdom and its predecessor states . It originated with the overseas possessions and trading posts established by England between the late 16th and early 18th centuries . At its height , it was the largest empire in history and , for over a century , was the foremost global power . By 1913 , the British Empire held sway over 412 million people , 7001230000000000000 ♠ 23 % of the world population at the time , and by 1920 , it covered 35,500,000 km ( 13,700,000 sq mi ) , 7001240000000000000 ♠ 24 % of the Earth 's total land area . As a result , its political , legal , linguistic and cultural legacy is widespread . At the peak of its power , the phrase `` the empire on which the sun never sets '' was often used to describe the British Empire , because its expanse around the globe meant that the sun was always shining on at least one of its territories . </P> <P> During the Age of Discovery in the 15th and 16th centuries , Portugal and Spain pioneered European exploration of the globe , and in the process established large overseas empires . Envious of the great wealth these empires generated , England , France , and the Netherlands began to establish colonies and trade networks of their own in the Americas and Asia . A series of wars in the 17th and 18th centuries with the Netherlands and France left England and then , following union between England and Scotland in 1707 , Great Britain , the dominant colonial power in North America . It then became the dominant power in the Indian subcontinent after the East India Company 's conquest of Mughal Bengal at the Battle of Plassey in 1757 . </P> <P> The independence of the Thirteen Colonies in North America in 1783 after the American War of Independence caused Britain to lose some of its oldest and most populous colonies . British attention soon turned towards Asia , Africa , and the Pacific . After the defeat of France in the Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars ( 1792 -- 1815 ) , Britain emerged as the principal naval and imperial power of the 19th century . Unchallenged at sea , British dominance was later described as Pax Britannica ( `` British Peace '' ) , a period of relative peace in Europe and the world ( 1815 -- 1914 ) during which the British Empire became the global hegemon and adopted the role of global policeman . In the early 19th century , the Industrial Revolution began to transform Britain ; so that by the time of the Great Exhibition in 1851 , the country was described as the `` workshop of the world '' . The British Empire expanded to include most of India , large parts of Africa and many other territories throughout the world . Alongside the formal control that Britain exerted over its own colonies , its dominance of much of world trade meant that it effectively controlled the economies of many regions , such as Asia and Latin America . </P> <P> In Britain , political attitudes favoured free trade and laissez - faire policies and a gradual widening of the voting franchise . During the 19th century , Britain 's population increased at a dramatic rate , accompanied by rapid urbanisation , which caused significant social and economic stresses . To seek new markets and sources of raw materials , the Conservative Party under Benjamin Disraeli launched a period of imperialist expansion in Egypt , South Africa , and elsewhere . Canada , Australia , and New Zealand became self - governing dominions . </P> <P> By the start of the 20th century , Germany and the United States had begun to challenge Britain 's economic lead . Subsequent military and economic tensions between Britain and Germany were major causes of the First World War , during which Britain relied heavily upon its empire . The conflict placed enormous strain on the military , financial and manpower resources of Britain . Although the British Empire achieved its largest territorial extent immediately after World War I , Britain was no longer the world 's pre-eminent industrial or military power . In the Second World War , Britain 's colonies in Southeast Asia were occupied by Japan . Despite the final victory of Britain and its allies , the damage to British prestige helped to accelerate the decline of the empire . India , Britain 's most valuable and populous possession , achieved independence as part of a larger decolonisation movement in which Britain granted independence to most territories of the empire . The transfer of Hong Kong to China in 1997 marked for many the end of the British Empire . Fourteen overseas territories remain under British sovereignty . </P> <P> After independence , many former British colonies joined the Commonwealth of Nations , a free association of independent states . The United Kingdom is now one of 16 Commonwealth nations , a grouping known informally as the Commonwealth realms , that share a monarch , Queen Elizabeth II . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Origins ( 1497 -- 1583 ) <Ul> <Li> 1.1 Plantations of Ireland </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2 `` First '' British Empire ( 1583 -- 1783 ) <Ul> <Li> 2.1 Americas , Africa and the slave trade </Li> <Li> 2.2 Rivalry with the Netherlands in Asia </Li> <Li> 2.3 Global conflicts with France </Li> <Li> 2.4 Loss of the Thirteen American Colonies </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 Rise of the `` Second '' British Empire ( 1783 -- 1815 ) <Ul> <Li> 3.1 Exploration of the Pacific </Li> <Li> 3.2 War with Napoleonic France </Li> <Li> 3.3 Abolition of slavery </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 Britain 's imperial century ( 1815 -- 1914 ) <Ul> <Li> 4.1 East India Company in Asia </Li> <Li> 4.2 Rivalry with Russia </Li> <Li> 4.3 Cape to Cairo </Li> <Li> 4.4 Changing status of the white colonies </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 5 World wars ( 1914 -- 1945 ) <Ul> <Li> 5.1 First World War </Li> <Li> 5.2 Inter-war period </Li> <Li> 5.3 Second World War </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 6 Decolonisation and decline ( 1945 -- 1997 ) <Ul> <Li> 6.1 Initial disengagement </Li> <Li> 6.2 Suez and its aftermath </Li> <Li> 6.3 Wind of change </Li> <Li> 6.4 End of empire </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 7 Legacy </Li> <Li> 8 See also </Li> <Li> 9 References </Li> <Li> 10 Further reading </Li> <Li> 11 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Origins ( 1497 -- 1583 ) </H2> A replica of the Matthew , John Cabot 's ship used for his second voyage to the New World <P> The foundations of the British Empire were laid when England and Scotland were separate kingdoms . In 1496 , King Henry VII of England , following the successes of Spain and Portugal in overseas exploration , commissioned John Cabot to lead a voyage to discover a route to Asia via the North Atlantic . Cabot sailed in 1497 , five years after the European discovery of America , but he made landfall on the coast of Newfoundland , and , mistakenly believing ( like Christopher Columbus ) that he had reached Asia , there was no attempt to found a colony . Cabot led another voyage to the Americas the following year but nothing was ever heard of his ships again . </P> <P> No further attempts to establish English colonies in the Americas were made until well into the reign of Queen Elizabeth I , during the last decades of the 16th century . In the meantime , the 1533 Statute in Restraint of Appeals had declared `` that this realm of England is an Empire '' . The subsequent Protestant Reformation turned England and Catholic Spain into implacable enemies . In 1562 , the English Crown encouraged the privateers John Hawkins and Francis Drake to engage in slave - raiding attacks against Spanish and Portuguese ships off the coast of West Africa with the aim of breaking into the Atlantic slave trade . This effort was rebuffed and later , as the Anglo - Spanish Wars intensified , Elizabeth I gave her blessing to further privateering raids against Spanish ports in the Americas and shipping that was returning across the Atlantic , laden with treasure from the New World . At the same time , influential writers such as Richard Hakluyt and John Dee ( who was the first to use the term `` British Empire '' ) were beginning to press for the establishment of England 's own empire . By this time , Spain had become the dominant power in the Americas and was exploring the Pacific Ocean , Portugal had established trading posts and forts from the coasts of Africa and Brazil to China , and France had begun to settle the Saint Lawrence River area , later to become New France . </P> <H3> Plantations of Ireland </H3> <P> Although England trailed behind other European powers in establishing overseas colonies , it had been engaged during the 16th century in the settlement of Ireland with Protestants from England and Scotland , drawing on precedents dating back to the Norman invasion of Ireland in 1169 . Several people who helped establish the Plantations of Ireland also played a part in the early colonisation of North America , particularly a group known as the West Country men . </P> <H2> `` First '' British Empire ( 1583 -- 1783 ) </H2> Main article : English overseas possessions <P> In 1578 , Elizabeth I granted a patent to Humphrey Gilbert for discovery and overseas exploration . That year , Gilbert sailed for the Caribbean with the intention of engaging in piracy and establishing a colony in North America , but the expedition was aborted before it had crossed the Atlantic . In 1583 , he embarked on a second attempt , on this occasion to the island of Newfoundland whose harbour he formally claimed for England , although no settlers were left behind . Gilbert did not survive the return journey to England , and was succeeded by his half - brother , Walter Raleigh , who was granted his own patent by Elizabeth in 1584 . Later that year , Raleigh founded the Roanoke Colony on the coast of present - day North Carolina , but lack of supplies caused the colony to fail . </P> <P> In 1603 , James VI , King of Scots , ascended ( as James I ) to the English throne and in 1604 negotiated the Treaty of London , ending hostilities with Spain . Now at peace with its main rival , English attention shifted from preying on other nations ' colonial infrastructures to the business of establishing its own overseas colonies . The British Empire began to take shape during the early 17th century , with the English settlement of North America and the smaller islands of the Caribbean , and the establishment of joint - stock companies , most notably the East India Company , to administer colonies and overseas trade . This period , until the loss of the Thirteen Colonies after the American War of Independence towards the end of the 18th century , has subsequently been referred to by some historians as the `` First British Empire '' . </P> <H3> Americas , Africa and the slave trade </H3> Main articles : British colonisation of the Americas , British America , Thirteen Colonies , and Atlantic slave trade <P> The Caribbean initially provided England 's most important and lucrative colonies , but not before several attempts at colonisation failed . An attempt to establish a colony in Guiana in 1604 lasted only two years , and failed in its main objective to find gold deposits . Colonies in St Lucia ( 1605 ) and Grenada ( 1609 ) also rapidly folded , but settlements were successfully established in St. Kitts ( 1624 ) , Barbados ( 1627 ) and Nevis ( 1628 ) . The colonies soon adopted the system of sugar plantations successfully used by the Portuguese in Brazil , which depended on slave labour , and -- at first -- Dutch ships , to sell the slaves and buy the sugar . To ensure that the increasingly healthy profits of this trade remained in English hands , Parliament decreed in 1651 that only English ships would be able to ply their trade in English colonies . This led to hostilities with the United Dutch Provinces -- a series of Anglo - Dutch Wars -- which would eventually strengthen England 's position in the Americas at the expense of the Dutch . In 1655 , England annexed the island of Jamaica from the Spanish , and in 1666 succeeded in colonising the Bahamas . </P> Map of British colonies in continental North America , 1763 -- 1776 <P> England 's first permanent settlement in the Americas was founded in 1607 in Jamestown , led by Captain John Smith and managed by the Virginia Company . Bermuda was settled and claimed by England as a result of the 1609 shipwreck of the Virginia Company 's flagship , and in 1615 was turned over to the newly formed Somers Isles Company . The Virginia Company 's charter was revoked in 1624 and direct control of Virginia was assumed by the crown , thereby founding the Colony of Virginia . The London and Bristol Company was created in 1610 with the aim of creating a permanent settlement on Newfoundland , but was largely unsuccessful . In 1620 , Plymouth was founded as a haven for Puritan religious separatists , later known as the Pilgrims . Fleeing from religious persecution would become the motive of many English would - be colonists to risk the arduous trans - Atlantic voyage : Maryland was founded as a haven for Roman Catholics ( 1634 ) , Rhode Island ( 1636 ) as a colony tolerant of all religions and Connecticut ( 1639 ) for Congregationalists . The Province of Carolina was founded in 1663 . With the surrender of Fort Amsterdam in 1664 , England gained control of the Dutch colony of New Netherland , renaming it New York . This was formalised in negotiations following the Second Anglo - Dutch War , in exchange for Suriname . In 1681 , the colony of Pennsylvania was founded by William Penn . The American colonies were less financially successful than those of the Caribbean , but had large areas of good agricultural land and attracted far larger numbers of English emigrants who preferred their temperate climates . </P> African slaves working in 17th - century Virginia , by an unknown artist , 1670 <P> In 1670 , Charles II incorporated by royal charter the Hudson 's Bay Company ( HBC ) , granting it a monopoly on the fur trade in the area known as Rupert 's Land , which would later form a large proportion of the Dominion of Canada . Forts and trading posts established by the HBC were frequently the subject of attacks by the French , who had established their own fur trading colony in adjacent New France . </P> <P> Two years later , the Royal African Company was inaugurated , receiving from King Charles a monopoly of the trade to supply slaves to the British colonies of the Caribbean . From the outset , slavery was the basis of the British Empire in the West Indies . Until the abolition of its slave trade in 1807 , Britain was responsible for the transportation of 3.5 million African slaves to the Americas , a third of all slaves transported across the Atlantic . To facilitate this trade , forts were established on the coast of West Africa , such as James Island , Accra and Bunce Island . In the British Caribbean , the percentage of the population of African descent rose from 25 % in 1650 to around 80 % in 1780 , and in the Thirteen Colonies from 10 % to 40 % over the same period ( the majority in the southern colonies ) . For the slave traders , the trade was extremely profitable , and became a major economic mainstay for such western British cities as Bristol and Liverpool , which formed the third corner of the triangular trade with Africa and the Americas . For the transported , harsh and unhygienic conditions on the slaving ships and poor diets meant that the average mortality rate during the Middle Passage was one in seven . </P> <P> In 1695 , the Parliament of Scotland granted a charter to the Company of Scotland , which established a settlement in 1698 on the Isthmus of Panama . Besieged by neighbouring Spanish colonists of New Granada , and afflicted by malaria , the colony was abandoned two years later . The Darien scheme was a financial disaster for Scotland -- a quarter of Scottish capital was lost in the enterprise -- and ended Scottish hopes of establishing its own overseas empire . The episode also had major political consequences , persuading the governments of both England and Scotland of the merits of a union of countries , rather than just crowns . This occurred in 1707 with the Treaty of Union , establishing the Kingdom of Great Britain . </P> <H3> Rivalry with the Netherlands in Asia </H3> Fort St. George was founded at Madras in 1639 . <P> At the end of the 16th century , England and the Netherlands began to challenge Portugal 's monopoly of trade with Asia , forming private joint - stock companies to finance the voyages -- the English , later British , East India Company and the Dutch East India Company , chartered in 1600 and 1602 respectively . The primary aim of these companies was to tap into the lucrative spice trade , an effort focused mainly on two regions ; the East Indies archipelago , and an important hub in the trade network , India . There , they competed for trade supremacy with Portugal and with each other . Although England ultimately eclipsed the Netherlands as a colonial power , in the short term the Netherlands ' more advanced financial system and the three Anglo - Dutch Wars of the 17th century left it with a stronger position in Asia . Hostilities ceased after the Glorious Revolution of 1688 when the Dutch William of Orange ascended the English throne , bringing peace between the Netherlands and England . A deal between the two nations left the spice trade of the East Indies archipelago to the Netherlands and the textiles industry of India to England , but textiles soon overtook spices in terms of profitability , and by 1720 , in terms of sales , the British company had overtaken the Dutch . </P> <H3> Global conflicts with France </H3> The death of British General James Wolfe at the 1759 Battle of Quebec during the French and Indian War <P> Peace between England and the Netherlands in 1688 meant that the two countries entered the Nine Years ' War as allies , but the conflict -- waged in Europe and overseas between France , Spain and the Anglo - Dutch alliance -- left the English a stronger colonial power than the Dutch , who were forced to devote a larger proportion of their military budget on the costly land war in Europe . The 18th century saw England ( after 1707 , Britain ) rise to be the world 's dominant colonial power , and France becoming its main rival on the imperial stage . </P> <P> The death of Charles II of Spain in 1700 and his bequeathal of Spain and its colonial empire to Philippe of Anjou , a grandson of the King of France , raised the prospect of the unification of France , Spain and their respective colonies , an unacceptable state of affairs for England and the other powers of Europe . In 1701 , England , Portugal and the Netherlands sided with the Holy Roman Empire against Spain and France in the War of the Spanish Succession , which lasted until 1714 . </P> <P> At the concluding Treaty of Utrecht , Philip renounced his and his descendants ' right to the French throne and Spain lost its empire in Europe . The British Empire was territorially enlarged : from France , Britain gained Newfoundland and Acadia , and from Spain , Gibraltar and Menorca . Gibraltar became a critical naval base and allowed Britain to control the Atlantic entry and exit point to the Mediterranean . Spain also ceded the rights to the lucrative asiento ( permission to sell slaves in Spanish America ) to Britain . </P> Robert Clive 's victory at the Battle of Plassey established the East India Company as a military as well as a commercial power . <P> During the middle decades of the 18th century , there were several outbreaks of military conflict on the Indian subcontinent , the Carnatic Wars , as the English East India Company ( often known simply as `` the Company '' ) and its French counterpart , the French East India Company ( Compagnie française des Indes orientales ) , struggled alongside local rulers to fill the vacuum that had been left by the decline of the Mughal Empire . The Battle of Plassey in 1757 , in which the British , led by Robert Clive , defeated the Nawab of Bengal and his French allies , left the British East India Company in control of Bengal and as the major military and political power in India . France was left control of its enclaves but with military restrictions and an obligation to support British client states , ending French hopes of controlling India . In the following decades the British East India Company gradually increased the size of the territories under its control , either ruling directly or via local rulers under the threat of force from the British Indian Army , the vast majority of which was composed of Indian sepoys . </P> <P> The British and French struggles in India became but one theatre of the global Seven Years ' War ( 1756 -- 1763 ) involving France , Britain and the other major European powers . The signing of the Treaty of Paris ( 1763 ) had important consequences for the future of the British Empire . In North America , France 's future as a colonial power effectively ended with the recognition of British claims to Rupert 's Land , and the ceding of New France to Britain ( leaving a sizeable French - speaking population under British control ) and Louisiana to Spain . Spain ceded Florida to Britain . Along with its victory over France in India , the Seven Years ' War therefore left Britain as the world 's most powerful maritime power . </P> <H3> Loss of the Thirteen American colonies </H3> Main article : American Revolution <P> During the 1760s and early 1770s , relations between the Thirteen Colonies and Britain became increasingly strained , primarily because of resentment of the British Parliament 's attempts to govern and tax American colonists without their consent . This was summarised at the time by the slogan `` No taxation without representation '' , a perceived violation of the guaranteed Rights of Englishmen . The American Revolution began with rejection of Parliamentary authority and moves towards self - government . In response , Britain sent troops to reimpose direct rule , leading to the outbreak of war in 1775 . The following year , in 1776 , the United States declared independence . The entry of France into the war in 1778 tipped the military balance in the Americans ' favour and after a decisive defeat at Yorktown in 1781 , Britain began negotiating peace terms . American independence was acknowledged at the Peace of Paris in 1783 . </P> Surrender of Cornwallis at Yorktown . The loss of the American colonies marked the end of the `` first British Empire '' . <P> The loss of such a large portion of British America , at the time Britain 's most populous overseas possession , is seen by some historians as the event defining the transition between the `` first '' and `` second '' empires , in which Britain shifted its attention away from the Americas to Asia , the Pacific and later Africa . Adam Smith 's Wealth of Nations , published in 1776 , had argued that colonies were redundant , and that free trade should replace the old mercantilist policies that had characterised the first period of colonial expansion , dating back to the protectionism of Spain and Portugal . The growth of trade between the newly independent United States and Britain after 1783 seemed to confirm Smith 's view that political control was not necessary for economic success . </P> <P> The war to the south influenced British policy in Canada , where between 40,000 and 100,000 defeated Loyalists had migrated from the new United States following independence . The 14,000 Loyalists who went to the Saint John and Saint Croix river valleys , then part of Nova Scotia , felt too far removed from the provincial government in Halifax , so London split off New Brunswick as a separate colony in 1784 . The Constitutional Act of 1791 created the provinces of Upper Canada ( mainly English - speaking ) and Lower Canada ( mainly French - speaking ) to defuse tensions between the French and British communities , and implemented governmental systems similar to those employed in Britain , with the intention of asserting imperial authority and not allowing the sort of popular control of government that was perceived to have led to the American Revolution . </P> <P> Tensions between Britain and the United States escalated again during the Napoleonic Wars , as Britain tried to cut off American trade with France and boarded American ships to impress men into the Royal Navy . The US declared war , the War of 1812 , and invaded Canadian territory . In response Britain invaded the US , but the pre-war boundaries were reaffirmed by the 1814 Treaty of Ghent , ensuring Canada 's future would be separate from that of the United States . </P> <H2> Rise of the `` Second '' British Empire ( 1783 -- 1815 ) </H2> <H3> Exploration of the Pacific </H3> James Cook 's mission was to find the alleged southern continent Terra Australis . <P> Since 1718 , transportation to the American colonies had been a penalty for various offences in Britain , with approximately one thousand convicts transported per year across the Atlantic . Forced to find an alternative location after the loss of the Thirteen Colonies in 1783 , the British government turned to the newly discovered lands of Australia . The western coast of Australia had been discovered for Europeans by the Dutch explorer Willem Janszoon in 1606 and was later named New Holland by the Dutch East India Company , but there was no attempt to colonise it . In 1770 James Cook discovered the eastern coast of Australia while on a scientific voyage to the South Pacific Ocean , claimed the continent for Britain , and named it New South Wales . In 1778 , Joseph Banks , Cook 's botanist on the voyage , presented evidence to the government on the suitability of Botany Bay for the establishment of a penal settlement , and in 1787 the first shipment of convicts set sail , arriving in 1788 . Britain continued to transport convicts to New South Wales until 1840 . The Australian colonies became profitable exporters of wool and gold , mainly because of gold rushes in the colony of Victoria , making its capital Melbourne for a time the richest city in the world and the second largest city ( after London ) in the British Empire . </P> <P> During his voyage , Cook also visited New Zealand , first discovered by Dutch explorer Abel Tasman in 1642 , and claimed the North and South islands for the British crown in 1769 and 1770 respectively . Initially , interaction between the indigenous Māori population and Europeans was limited to the trading of goods . European settlement increased through the early decades of the 19th century , with numerous trading stations established , especially in the North . In 1839 , the New Zealand Company announced plans to buy large tracts of land and establish colonies in New Zealand . On 6 February 1840 , Captain William Hobson and around 40 Maori chiefs signed the Treaty of Waitangi . This treaty is considered by many to be New Zealand 's founding document , but differing interpretations of the Maori and English versions of the text have meant that it continues to be a source of dispute . </P> <H3> War with Napoleonic France </H3> Main article : Napoleonic Wars <P> Britain was challenged again by France under Napoleon , in a struggle that , unlike previous wars , represented a contest of ideologies between the two nations . It was not only Britain 's position on the world stage that was at risk : Napoleon threatened to invade Britain itself , just as his armies had overrun many countries of continental Europe . </P> The Battle of Waterloo ended in the defeat of Napoleon . <P> The Napoleonic Wars were therefore ones in which Britain invested large amounts of capital and resources to win . French ports were blockaded by the Royal Navy , which won a decisive victory over a Franco - Spanish fleet at Trafalgar in 1805 . Overseas colonies were attacked and occupied , including those of the Netherlands , which was annexed by Napoleon in 1810 . France was finally defeated by a coalition of European armies in 1815 . Britain was again the beneficiary of peace treaties : France ceded the Ionian Islands , Malta ( which it had occupied in 1797 and 1798 respectively ) , Mauritius , Saint Lucia , and Tobago ; Spain ceded Trinidad ; the Netherlands Guyana , and the Cape Colony . Britain returned Guadeloupe , Martinique , French Guiana , and Réunion to France , and Java and Suriname to the Netherlands , while gaining control of Ceylon ( 1795 -- 1815 ) . </P> Sugar plantation in the British colony of Antigua , 1823 <H3> Abolition of slavery </H3> <P> With the advent of the Industrial Revolution , goods produced by slavery became less important to the British economy . Added to this was the cost of suppressing regular slave rebellions . With support from the British abolitionist movement , Parliament enacted the Slave Trade Act in 1807 , which abolished the slave trade in the empire . In 1808 , Sierra Leone Colony and Protectorate was designated an official British colony for freed slaves . Parliamentary reform in 1832 saw the influence of the West India Committee decline . The Slavery Abolition Act , passed the following year , abolished slavery in the British Empire on 1 August 1834 , finally bringing the Empire into line with the law in the UK ( with the exception of St. Helena , Ceylon and the territories administered by the East India Company , though these exclusions were later repealed ) . Under the Act , slaves were granted full emancipation after a period of four to six years of `` apprenticeship '' . The British government compensated slave - owners . </P> <H2> Britain 's imperial century ( 1815 -- 1914 ) </H2> See also : Timeline of British diplomatic history § 1815 -- 1860 , Industrial Revolution , and Victorian era An elaborate map of the British Empire in 1910 , marked in the traditional colour for imperial British dominions on maps <P> Between 1815 and 1914 , a period referred to as Britain 's `` imperial century '' by some historians , around 10,000,000 square miles ( 26,000,000 km ) of territory and roughly 400 million people were added to the British Empire . Victory over Napoleon left Britain without any serious international rival , other than Russia in Central Asia . Unchallenged at sea , Britain adopted the role of global policeman , a state of affairs later known as the Pax Britannica , and a foreign policy of `` splendid isolation '' . Alongside the formal control it exerted over its own colonies , Britain 's dominant position in world trade meant that it effectively controlled the economies of many countries , such as China , Argentina and Siam , which has been described by some historians as an `` Informal Empire '' . </P> <P> British imperial strength was underpinned by the steamship and the telegraph , new technologies invented in the second half of the 19th century , allowing it to control and defend the empire . By 1902 , the British Empire was linked together by a network of telegraph cables , called the All Red Line . </P> <H3> East India Company in Asia </H3> See also : British Raj An 1876 political cartoon of Benjamin Disraeli ( 1804 -- 1881 ) making Queen Victoria Empress of India . The caption reads `` New crowns for old ones ! '' <P> The East India Company drove the expansion of the British Empire in Asia . The Company 's army had first joined forces with the Royal Navy during the Seven Years ' War , and the two continued to co-operate in arenas outside India : the eviction of the French from Egypt ( 1799 ) , the capture of Java from the Netherlands ( 1811 ) , the acquisition of Penang Island ( 1786 ) , Singapore ( 1819 ) and Malacca ( 1824 ) , and the defeat of Burma ( 1826 ) . </P> <P> From its base in India , the Company had also been engaged in an increasingly profitable opium export trade to China since the 1730s . This trade , illegal since it was outlawed by the Qing dynasty in 1729 , helped reverse the trade imbalances resulting from the British imports of tea , which saw large outflows of silver from Britain to China . In 1839 , the confiscation by the Chinese authorities at Canton of 20,000 chests of opium led Britain to attack China in the First Opium War , and resulted in the seizure by Britain of Hong Kong Island , at that time a minor settlement . </P> <P> During the late 18th and early 19th centuries the British Crown began to assume an increasingly large role in the affairs of the Company . A series of Acts of Parliament were passed , including the Regulating Act of 1773 , Pitt 's India Act of 1784 and the Charter Act of 1813 which regulated the Company 's affairs and established the sovereignty of the Crown over the territories that it had acquired . The Company 's eventual end was precipitated by the Indian Rebellion , a conflict that had begun with the mutiny of sepoys , Indian troops under British officers and discipline . The rebellion took six months to suppress , with heavy loss of life on both sides . The following year the British government dissolved the Company and assumed direct control over India through the Government of India Act 1858 , establishing the British Raj , where an appointed governor - general administered India and Queen Victoria was crowned the Empress of India . India became the empire 's most valuable possession , `` the Jewel in the Crown '' , and was the most important source of Britain 's strength . </P> <P> A series of serious crop failures in the late 19th century led to widespread famines on the subcontinent in which it is estimated that over 15 million people died . The East India Company had failed to implement any coordinated policy to deal with the famines during its period of rule . Later , under direct British rule , commissions were set up after each famine to investigate the causes and implement new policies , which took until the early 1900s to have an effect . </P> <H3> Rivalry with Russia </H3> Main article : The Great Game British cavalry charging against Russian forces at Balaclava in 1854 <P> During the 19th century , Britain and the Russian Empire vied to fill the power vacuums that had been left by the declining Ottoman Empire , Qajar dynasty and Qing Dynasty . This rivalry in Central Asia came to be known as the `` Great Game '' . As far as Britain was concerned , defeats inflicted by Russia on Persia and Turkey demonstrated its imperial ambitions and capabilities and stoked fears in Britain of an overland invasion of India . In 1839 , Britain moved to pre-empt this by invading Afghanistan , but the First Anglo - Afghan War was a disaster for Britain . </P> <P> When Russia invaded the Turkish Balkans in 1853 , fears of Russian dominance in the Mediterranean and Middle East led Britain and France to invade the Crimean Peninsula to destroy Russian naval capabilities . The ensuing Crimean War ( 1854 -- 56 ) , which involved new techniques of modern warfare , was the only global war fought between Britain and another imperial power during the Pax Britannica and was a resounding defeat for Russia . The situation remained unresolved in Central Asia for two more decades , with Britain annexing Baluchistan in 1876 and Russia annexing Kirghizia , Kazakhstan , and Turkmenistan . For a while it appeared that another war would be inevitable , but the two countries reached an agreement on their respective spheres of influence in the region in 1878 and on all outstanding matters in 1907 with the signing of the Anglo - Russian Entente . The destruction of the Russian Navy by the Japanese at the Battle of Port Arthur during the Russo - Japanese War of 1904 -- 05 also limited its threat to the British . </P> <H3> Cape to Cairo </H3> The Rhodes Colossus -- Cecil Rhodes spanning `` Cape to Cairo '' <P> The Dutch East India Company had founded the Cape Colony on the southern tip of Africa in 1652 as a way station for its ships travelling to and from its colonies in the East Indies . Britain formally acquired the colony , and its large Afrikaner ( or Boer ) population in 1806 , having occupied it in 1795 to prevent its falling into French hands during the Flanders Campaign . British immigration began to rise after 1820 , and pushed thousands of Boers , resentful of British rule , northwards to found their own -- mostly short - lived -- independent republics , during the Great Trek of the late 1830s and early 1840s . In the process the Voortrekkers clashed repeatedly with the British , who had their own agenda with regard to colonial expansion in South Africa and to the various native African polities , including those of the Sotho and the Zulu nations . Eventually the Boers established two republics which had a longer lifespan : the South African Republic or Transvaal Republic ( 1852 -- 77 ; 1881 -- 1902 ) and the Orange Free State ( 1854 -- 1902 ) . In 1902 Britain occupied both republics , concluding a treaty with the two Boer Republics following the Second Boer War ( 1899 -- 1902 ) . </P> <P> In 1869 the Suez Canal opened under Napoleon III , linking the Mediterranean with the Indian Ocean . Initially the Canal was opposed by the British ; but once opened , its strategic value was quickly recognised and became the `` jugular vein of the Empire '' . In 1875 , the Conservative government of Benjamin Disraeli bought the indebted Egyptian ruler Isma'il Pasha 's 44 % shareholding in the Suez Canal for £ 4 million ( equivalent to £ 350 million in 2016 ) . Although this did not grant outright control of the strategic waterway , it did give Britain leverage . Joint Anglo - French financial control over Egypt ended in outright British occupation in 1882 . The French were still majority shareholders and attempted to weaken the British position , but a compromise was reached with the 1888 Convention of Constantinople , which made the Canal officially neutral territory . </P> <P> With competitive French , Belgian and Portuguese activity in the lower Congo River region undermining orderly colonisation of tropical Africa , the Berlin Conference of 1884 -- 85 was held to regulate the competition between the European powers in what was called the `` Scramble for Africa '' by defining `` effective occupation '' as the criterion for international recognition of territorial claims . The scramble continued into the 1890s , and caused Britain to reconsider its decision in 1885 to withdraw from Sudan . A joint force of British and Egyptian troops defeated the Mahdist Army in 1896 , and rebuffed an attempted French invasion at Fashoda in 1898 . Sudan was nominally made an Anglo - Egyptian condominium , but a British colony in reality . </P> <P> British gains in Southern and East Africa prompted Cecil Rhodes , pioneer of British expansion in Southern Africa , to urge a `` Cape to Cairo '' railway linking the strategically important Suez Canal to the mineral - rich south of the continent . During the 1880s and 1890s , Rhodes , with his privately owned British South Africa Company , occupied and annexed territories subsequently named after him , Rhodesia . </P> <H3> Changing status of the white colonies </H3> Canada 's major industry in terms of employment and value of the product was the timber trade ( Ontario , 1900 circa ) . <P> The path to independence for the white colonies of the British Empire began with the 1839 Durham Report , which proposed unification and self - government for Upper and Lower Canada , as a solution to political unrest which had erupted in armed rebellions in 1837 . This began with the passing of the Act of Union in 1840 , which created the Province of Canada . Responsible government was first granted to Nova Scotia in 1848 , and was soon extended to the other British North American colonies . With the passage of the British North America Act , 1867 by the British Parliament , Upper and Lower Canada , New Brunswick and Nova Scotia were formed into the Dominion of Canada , a confederation enjoying full self - government with the exception of international relations . Australia and New Zealand achieved similar levels of self - government after 1900 , with the Australian colonies federating in 1901 . The term `` dominion status '' was officially introduced at the Colonial Conference of 1907 . </P> <P> The last decades of the 19th century saw concerted political campaigns for Irish home rule . Ireland had been united with Britain into the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland with the Act of Union 1800 after the Irish Rebellion of 1798 , and had suffered a severe famine between 1845 and 1852 . Home rule was supported by the British Prime minister , William Gladstone , who hoped that Ireland might follow in Canada 's footsteps as a Dominion within the empire , but his 1886 Home Rule bill was defeated in Parliament . Although the bill , if passed , would have granted Ireland less autonomy within the UK than the Canadian provinces had within their own federation , many MPs feared that a partially independent Ireland might pose a security threat to Great Britain or mark the beginning of the break - up of the empire . A second Home Rule bill was also defeated for similar reasons . A third bill was passed by Parliament in 1914 , but not implemented because of the outbreak of the First World War leading to the 1916 Easter Rising . </P> <H2> World Wars ( 1914 -- 1945 ) </H2> <P> By the turn of the 20th century , fears had begun to grow in Britain that it would no longer be able to defend the metropole and the entirety of the empire while at the same time maintaining the policy of `` splendid isolation '' . Germany was rapidly rising as a military and industrial power and was now seen as the most likely opponent in any future war . Recognising that it was overstretched in the Pacific and threatened at home by the Imperial German Navy , Britain formed an alliance with Japan in 1902 and with its old enemies France and Russia in 1904 and 1907 , respectively . </P> <H3> First World War </H3> Main article : History of the United Kingdom during the First World War Soldiers of the Australian 5th Division , waiting to attack during the Battle of Fromelles , 19 July 1916 <P> Britain 's fears of war with Germany were realised in 1914 with the outbreak of the First World War . Britain quickly invaded and occupied most of Germany 's overseas colonies in Africa . In the Pacific , Australia and New Zealand occupied German New Guinea and Samoa respectively . Plans for a post-war division of the Ottoman Empire , which had joined the war on Germany 's side , were secretly drawn up by Britain and France under the 1916 Sykes -- Picot Agreement . This agreement was not divulged to the Sharif of Mecca , who the British had been encouraging to launch an Arab revolt against their Ottoman rulers , giving the impression that Britain was supporting the creation of an independent Arab state . </P> A poster urging men from countries of the British Empire to enlist in the British Army <P> The British declaration of war on Germany and its allies also committed the colonies and Dominions , which provided invaluable military , financial and material support . Over 2.5 million men served in the armies of the Dominions , as well as many thousands of volunteers from the Crown colonies . The contributions of Australian and New Zealand troops during the 1915 Gallipoli Campaign against the Ottoman Empire had a great impact on the national consciousness at home , and marked a watershed in the transition of Australia and New Zealand from colonies to nations in their own right . The countries continue to commemorate this occasion on Anzac Day . Canadians viewed the Battle of Vimy Ridge in a similar light . The important contribution of the Dominions to the war effort was recognised in 1917 by the British Prime Minister David Lloyd George when he invited each of the Dominion Prime Ministers to join an Imperial War Cabinet to co-ordinate imperial policy . </P> <P> Under the terms of the concluding Treaty of Versailles signed in 1919 , the empire reached its greatest extent with the addition of 1,800,000 square miles ( 4,700,000 km ) and 13 million new subjects . The colonies of Germany and the Ottoman Empire were distributed to the Allied powers as League of Nations mandates . Britain gained control of Palestine , Transjordan , Iraq , parts of Cameroon and Togoland , and Tanganyika . The Dominions themselves also acquired mandates of their own : the Union of South Africa gained South West Africa ( modern - day Namibia ) , Australia gained New Guinea , and New Zealand Western Samoa . Nauru was made a combined mandate of Britain and the two Pacific Dominions . </P> <H3> Inter-war period </H3> British Empire at its territorial peak in 1921 <P> The changing world order that the war had brought about , in particular the growth of the United States and Japan as naval powers , and the rise of independence movements in India and Ireland , caused a major reassessment of British imperial policy . Forced to choose between alignment with the United States or Japan , Britain opted not to renew its Japanese alliance and instead signed the 1922 Washington Naval Treaty , where Britain accepted naval parity with the United States . This decision was the source of much debate in Britain during the 1930s as militaristic governments took hold in Japan and Germany helped in part by the Great Depression , for it was feared that the empire could not survive a simultaneous attack by both nations . The issue of the empire 's security was a serious concern in Britain , as it was vital to the British economy . </P> <P> In 1919 , the frustrations caused by delays to Irish home rule led the MPs of Sinn Féin , a pro-independence party that had won a majority of the Irish seats in the 1918 British general election , to establish an independent parliament in Dublin , at which Irish independence was declared . The Irish Republican Army simultaneously began a guerrilla war against the British administration . The Anglo - Irish War ended in 1921 with a stalemate and the signing of the Anglo - Irish Treaty , creating the Irish Free State , a Dominion within the British Empire , with effective internal independence but still constitutionally linked with the British Crown . Northern Ireland , consisting of six of the 32 Irish counties which had been established as a devolved region under the 1920 Government of Ireland Act , immediately exercised its option under the treaty to retain its existing status within the United Kingdom . </P> George V with the British and Dominion prime ministers at the 1926 Imperial Conference <P> A similar struggle began in India when the Government of India Act 1919 failed to satisfy demand for independence . Concerns over communist and foreign plots following the Ghadar Conspiracy ensured that war - time strictures were renewed by the Rowlatt Acts . This led to tension , particularly in the Punjab region , where repressive measures culminated in the Amritsar Massacre . In Britain public opinion was divided over the morality of the massacre , between those who saw it as having saved India from anarchy , and those who viewed it with revulsion . The subsequent Non-Co - Operation movement was called off in March 1922 following the Chauri Chaura incident , and discontent continued to simmer for the next 25 years . </P> <P> In 1922 , Egypt , which had been declared a British protectorate at the outbreak of the First World War , was granted formal independence , though it continued to be a British client state until 1954 . British troops remained stationed in Egypt until the signing of the Anglo - Egyptian Treaty in 1936 , under which it was agreed that the troops would withdraw but continue to occupy and defend the Suez Canal zone . In return , Egypt was assisted in joining the League of Nations . Iraq , a British mandate since 1920 , also gained membership of the League in its own right after achieving independence from Britain in 1932 . In Palestine , Britain was presented with the problem of mediating between the Arabs and increasing numbers of Jews . The 1917 Balfour Declaration , which had been incorporated into the terms of the mandate , stated that a national home for the Jewish people would be established in Palestine , and Jewish immigration allowed up to a limit that would be determined by the mandatory power . This led to increasing conflict with the Arab population , who openly revolted in 1936 . As the threat of war with Germany increased during the 1930s , Britain judged the support of Arabs as more important than the establishment of a Jewish homeland , and shifted to a pro-Arab stance , limiting Jewish immigration and in turn triggering a Jewish insurgency . </P> <P> The right of the Dominions to set their own foreign policy , independent of Britain , was recognised at the 1923 Imperial Conference . Britain 's request for military assistance from the Dominions at the outbreak of the Chanak Crisis the previous year had been turned down by Canada and South Africa , and Canada had refused to be bound by the 1923 Treaty of Lausanne . After pressure from the Irish Free State and South Africa , the 1926 Imperial Conference issued the Balfour Declaration of 1926 , declaring the Dominions to be `` autonomous Communities within the British Empire , equal in status , in no way subordinate one to another '' within a `` British Commonwealth of Nations '' . This declaration was given legal substance under the 1931 Statute of Westminster . The parliaments of Canada , Australia , New Zealand , the Union of South Africa , the Irish Free State and Newfoundland were now independent of British legislative control , they could nullify British laws and Britain could no longer pass laws for them without their consent . Newfoundland reverted to colonial status in 1933 , suffering from financial difficulties during the Great Depression . The Irish Free State distanced itself further from the British state with the introduction of a new constitution in 1937 , making it a republic in all but name . </P> <H3> Second World War </H3> Main article : British Empire in World War II During the Second World War , the Eighth Army was made up of units from many different countries in the British Empire and Commonwealth ; it fought in North African and Italian campaigns . <P> Britain 's declaration of war against Nazi Germany in September 1939 included the Crown colonies and India but did not automatically commit the Dominions of Australia , Canada , New Zealand , Newfoundland and South Africa . All soon declared war on Germany , but Ireland chose to remain legally neutral throughout the war . </P> <P> After the Fall of France in June 1940 , Britain and the empire stood alone against Germany , until the German invasion of Greece on 7 April 1941 . British Prime Minister Winston Churchill successfully lobbied President Franklin D. Roosevelt for military aid from the United States , but Roosevelt was not yet ready to ask Congress to commit the country to war . In August 1941 , Churchill and Roosevelt met and signed the Atlantic Charter , which included the statement that `` the rights of all peoples to choose the form of government under which they live '' should be respected . This wording was ambiguous as to whether it referred to European countries invaded by Germany and Italy , or the peoples colonised by European nations , and would later be interpreted differently by the British , Americans , and nationalist movements . </P> <P> In December 1941 , Japan launched , in quick succession , attacks on British Malaya , the United States naval base at Pearl Harbor , and Hong Kong . Churchill 's reaction to the entry of the United States into the war was that Britain was now assured of victory and the future of the empire was safe , but the manner in which British forces were rapidly defeated in the Far East irreversibly harmed Britain 's standing and prestige as an imperial power . Most damaging of all was the Fall of Singapore , which had previously been hailed as an impregnable fortress and the eastern equivalent of Gibraltar . The realisation that Britain could not defend its entire empire pushed Australia and New Zealand , which now appeared threatened by Japanese forces , into closer ties with the United States . This resulted in the 1951 ANZUS Pact between Australia , New Zealand and the United States of America . </P> <H2> Decolonisation and decline ( 1945 -- 1997 ) </H2> <P> Though Britain and the empire emerged victorious from the Second World War , the effects of the conflict were profound , both at home and abroad . Much of Europe , a continent that had dominated the world for several centuries , was in ruins , and host to the armies of the United States and the Soviet Union , who now held the balance of global power . Britain was left essentially bankrupt , with insolvency only averted in 1946 after the negotiation of a $ US 4.33 billion loan from the United States , the last instalment of which was repaid in 2006 . At the same time , anti-colonial movements were on the rise in the colonies of European nations . The situation was complicated further by the increasing Cold War rivalry of the United States and the Soviet Union . In principle , both nations were opposed to European colonialism . In practice , however , American anti-communism prevailed over anti-imperialism , and therefore the United States supported the continued existence of the British Empire to keep Communist expansion in check . The `` wind of change '' ultimately meant that the British Empire 's days were numbered , and on the whole , Britain adopted a policy of peaceful disengagement from its colonies once stable , non-Communist governments were available to transfer power to . This was in contrast to other European powers such as France and Portugal , which waged costly and ultimately unsuccessful wars to keep their empires intact . Between 1945 and 1965 , the number of people under British rule outside the UK itself fell from 700 million to five million , three million of whom were in Hong Kong . </P> <H3> Initial disengagement </H3> About 14.5 million people lost their homes as a result of the partition of India in 1947 . <P> The pro-decolonisation Labour government , elected at the 1945 general election and led by Clement Attlee , moved quickly to tackle the most pressing issue facing the empire : Indian independence . India 's two major political parties -- the Indian National Congress ( led by Mahatma Gandhi ) and the Muslim League ( led by Muhammad Ali Jinnah ) -- had been campaigning for independence for decades , but disagreed as to how it should be implemented . Congress favoured a unified secular Indian state , whereas the League , fearing domination by the Hindu majority , desired a separate Islamic state for Muslim - majority regions . Increasing civil unrest and the mutiny of the Royal Indian Navy during 1946 led Attlee to promise independence no later than 30 June 1948 . When the urgency of the situation and risk of civil war became apparent , the newly appointed ( and last ) Viceroy , Lord Mountbatten , hastily brought forward the date to 15 August 1947 . The borders drawn by the British to broadly partition India into Hindu and Muslim areas left tens of millions as minorities in the newly independent states of India and Pakistan . Millions of Muslims subsequently crossed from India to Pakistan and Hindus vice versa , and violence between the two communities cost hundreds of thousands of lives . Burma , which had been administered as part of the British Raj , and Sri Lanka gained their independence the following year in 1948 . India , Pakistan and Sri Lanka became members of the Commonwealth , while Burma chose not to join . </P> <P> The British mandate in Palestine , where an Arab majority lived alongside a Jewish minority , presented the British with a similar problem to that of India . The matter was complicated by large numbers of Jewish refugees seeking to be admitted to Palestine following the Holocaust , while Arabs were opposed to the creation of a Jewish state . Frustrated by the intractability of the problem , attacks by Jewish paramilitary organisations and the increasing cost of maintaining its military presence , Britain announced in 1947 that it would withdraw in 1948 and leave the matter to the United Nations to solve . The UN General Assembly subsequently voted for a plan to partition Palestine into a Jewish and an Arab state . </P> <P> Following the defeat of Japan in the Second World War , anti-Japanese resistance movements in Malaya turned their attention towards the British , who had moved to quickly retake control of the colony , valuing it as a source of rubber and tin . The fact that the guerrillas were primarily Malayan - Chinese Communists meant that the British attempt to quell the uprising was supported by the Muslim Malay majority , on the understanding that once the insurgency had been quelled , independence would be granted . The Malayan Emergency , as it was called , began in 1948 and lasted until 1960 , but by 1957 , Britain felt confident enough to grant independence to the Federation of Malaya within the Commonwealth . In 1963 , the 11 states of the federation together with Singapore , Sarawak and North Borneo joined to form Malaysia , but in 1965 Chinese - majority Singapore was expelled from the union following tensions between the Malay and Chinese populations . Brunei , which had been a British protectorate since 1888 , declined to join the union and maintained its status until independence in 1984 . </P> <H3> Suez and its aftermath </H3> Main article : Suez Crisis British Prime Minister Anthony Eden 's decision to invade Egypt during the Suez Crisis ended his political career and revealed Britain 's weakness as an imperial power . <P> In 1951 , the Conservative Party returned to power in Britain , under the leadership of Winston Churchill . Churchill and the Conservatives believed that Britain 's position as a world power relied on the continued existence of the empire , with the base at the Suez Canal allowing Britain to maintain its pre-eminent position in the Middle East in spite of the loss of India . However , Churchill could not ignore Gamal Abdul Nasser 's new revolutionary government of Egypt that had taken power in 1952 , and the following year it was agreed that British troops would withdraw from the Suez Canal zone and that Sudan would be granted self - determination by 1955 , with independence to follow . Sudan was granted independence on 1 January 1956 . </P> <P> In July 1956 , Nasser unilaterally nationalised the Suez Canal . The response of Anthony Eden , who had succeeded Churchill as Prime Minister , was to collude with France to engineer an Israeli attack on Egypt that would give Britain and France an excuse to intervene militarily and retake the canal . Eden infuriated US President Dwight D. Eisenhower , by his lack of consultation , and Eisenhower refused to back the invasion . Another of Eisenhower 's concerns was the possibility of a wider war with the Soviet Union after it threatened to intervene on the Egyptian side . Eisenhower applied financial leverage by threatening to sell US reserves of the British pound and thereby precipitate a collapse of the British currency . Though the invasion force was militarily successful in its objectives , UN intervention and US pressure forced Britain into a humiliating withdrawal of its forces , and Eden resigned . </P> <P> The Suez Crisis very publicly exposed Britain 's limitations to the world and confirmed Britain 's decline on the world stage , demonstrating that henceforth it could no longer act without at least the acquiescence , if not the full support , of the United States . The events at Suez wounded British national pride , leading one MP to describe it as `` Britain 's Waterloo '' and another to suggest that the country had become an `` American satellite '' . Margaret Thatcher later described the mindset she believed had befallen Britain 's political leaders as `` Suez syndrome '' where they `` went from believing that Britain could do anything to an almost neurotic belief that Britain could do nothing '' , from which Britain did not recover until the successful recapture of the Falkland Islands from Argentina in 1982 . </P> <P> While the Suez Crisis caused British power in the Middle East to weaken , it did not collapse . Britain again deployed its armed forces to the region , intervening in Oman ( 1957 ) , Jordan ( 1958 ) and Kuwait ( 1961 ) , though on these occasions with American approval , as the new Prime Minister Harold Macmillan 's foreign policy was to remain firmly aligned with the United States . Britain maintained a military presence in the Middle East for another decade . On 16 January 1968 , a few weeks after the devaluation of the pound , Prime Minister Harold Wilson and his Defence Secretary Denis Healey announced that British troops would be withdrawn from major military bases East of Suez , which included the ones in the Middle East , and primarily from Malaysia and Singapore by the end of 1971 , instead of 1975 as earlier planned . By that time over 50,000 British military personnel were still stationed in the Far East , including 30,000 in Singapore . The British withdrew from Aden in 1967 , Bahrain in 1971 , and the Maldives in 1976 . </P> <H3> Wind of change </H3> Main article : Decolonisation of Africa British Empire by 1959 <P> Macmillan gave a speech in Cape Town , South Africa in February 1960 where he spoke of `` the wind of change blowing through this continent '' . Macmillan wished to avoid the same kind of colonial war that France was fighting in Algeria , and under his premiership decolonisation proceeded rapidly . To the three colonies that had been granted independence in the 1950s -- Sudan , the Gold Coast and Malaya -- were added nearly ten times that number during the 1960s . </P> <P> Britain 's remaining colonies in Africa , except for self - governing Southern Rhodesia , were all granted independence by 1968 . British withdrawal from the southern and eastern parts of Africa was not a peaceful process . Kenyan independence was preceded by the eight - year Mau Mau Uprising . In Rhodesia , the 1965 Unilateral Declaration of Independence by the white minority resulted in a civil war that lasted until the Lancaster House Agreement of 1979 , which set the terms for recognised independence in 1980 , as the new nation of Zimbabwe . </P> British decolonisation in Africa . By the end of the 1960s , all but Rhodesia ( the future Zimbabwe ) and the South African mandate of South West Africa ( Namibia ) had achieved recognised independence . <P> In the Mediterranean , a guerrilla war waged by Greek Cypriots ended in 1960 leading to an independent Cyprus , with the UK retaining the military bases of Akrotiri and Dhekelia . The Mediterranean islands of Malta and Gozo were amicably granted independence from the UK in 1964 and became the country of Malta , though the idea had been raised in 1955 of integration with Britain . </P> <P> Most of the UK 's Caribbean territories achieved independence after the departure in 1961 and 1962 of Jamaica and Trinidad from the West Indies Federation , established in 1958 in an attempt to unite the British Caribbean colonies under one government , but which collapsed following the loss of its two largest members . Barbados achieved independence in 1966 and the remainder of the eastern Caribbean islands in the 1970s and 1980s , but Anguilla and the Turks and Caicos Islands opted to revert to British rule after they had already started on the path to independence . The British Virgin Islands , Cayman Islands and Montserrat opted to retain ties with Britain , while Guyana achieved independence in 1966 . Britain 's last colony on the American mainland , British Honduras , became a self - governing colony in 1964 and was renamed Belize in 1973 , achieving full independence in 1981 . A dispute with Guatemala over claims to Belize was left unresolved . </P> <P> British territories in the Pacific acquired independence in the 1970s beginning with Fiji in 1970 and ending with Vanuatu in 1980 . Vanuatu 's independence was delayed because of political conflict between English and French - speaking communities , as the islands had been jointly administered as a condominium with France . Fiji , Tuvalu , the Solomon Islands and Papua New Guinea chose to become Commonwealth realms . </P> <H3> End of Empire </H3> See also : Falklands War and Transfer of sovereignty over Hong Kong <P> In 1980 , Southern Rhodesia , Britain 's last African colony , became the independent nation of Zimbabwe . The New Hebrides achieved independence ( as Vanuatu ) in 1980 , with Belize following suit in 1981 . The passage of the British Nationality Act 1981 , which reclassified the remaining Crown colonies as `` British Dependent Territories '' ( renamed British Overseas Territories in 2002 ) meant that , aside from a scattering of islands and outposts , the process of decolonisation that had begun after the Second World War was largely complete . In 1982 , Britain 's resolve in defending its remaining overseas territories was tested when Argentina invaded the Falkland Islands , acting on a long - standing claim that dated back to the Spanish Empire . Britain 's ultimately successful military response to retake the islands during the ensuing Falklands War was viewed by many to have contributed to reversing the downward trend in Britain 's status as a world power . The same year , the Canadian government severed its last legal link with Britain by patriating the Canadian constitution from Britain . The 1982 Canada Act passed by the British parliament ended the need for British involvement in changes to the Canadian constitution . Similarly , the Australia Act 1986 ( effective 3 March 1986 ) severed the constitutional link between Britain and the Australian states , while New Zealand 's Constitution Act 1986 ( effective 1 January 1987 ) reformed the constitution of New Zealand to sever its constitutional link with Britain . In 1984 , Brunei , Britain 's last remaining Asian protectorate , gained its independence . </P> <P> In September 1982 the Prime Minister , Margaret Thatcher , travelled to Beijing to negotiate with the Chinese government , on the future of Britain 's last major and most populous overseas territory , Hong Kong . Under the terms of the 1842 Treaty of Nanking , Hong Kong Island itself had been ceded to Britain in perpetuity , but the vast majority of the colony was constituted by the New Territories , which had been acquired under a 99 - year lease in 1898 , due to expire in 1997 . Thatcher , seeing parallels with the Falkland Islands , initially wished to hold Hong Kong and proposed British administration with Chinese sovereignty , though this was rejected by China . A deal was reached in 1984 -- under the terms of the Sino - British Joint Declaration , Hong Kong would become a special administrative region of the People 's Republic of China , maintaining its way of life for at least 50 years . The handover ceremony in 1997 marked for many , including Charles , Prince of Wales , who was in attendance , `` the end of Empire '' . </P> <H2> Legacy </H2> The fourteen British Overseas Territories <P> Britain retains sovereignty over 14 territories outside the British Isles , which were renamed the British Overseas Territories in 2002 . Three are uninhabited except for transient military or scientific personnel ; the remaining eleven are self - governing to varying degrees and are reliant on the UK for foreign relations and defence . The British government has stated its willingness to assist any Overseas Territory that wishes to proceed to independence , where that is an option , and three territories have specifically voted to remain under British sovereignty ( Bermuda in 1995 , Gibraltar in 2002 and the Falkland Islands in 2013 ) . </P> <P> British sovereignty of several of the overseas territories is disputed by their geographical neighbours : Gibraltar is claimed by Spain , the Falkland Islands and South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands are claimed by Argentina , and the British Indian Ocean Territory is claimed by Mauritius and Seychelles . The British Antarctic Territory is subject to overlapping claims by Argentina and Chile , while many countries do not recognise any territorial claims in Antarctica . </P> <P> Most former British colonies and protectorates are among the 52 member states of the Commonwealth of Nations , a non-political , voluntary association of equal members , comprising a population of around 2.2 billion people . Sixteen Commonwealth realms voluntarily continue to share the British monarch , Queen Elizabeth II , as their head of state . These sixteen nations are distinct and equal legal entities -- the United Kingdom , Australia , Canada , New Zealand , Antigua and Barbuda , The Bahamas , Barbados , Belize , Grenada , Jamaica , Papua New Guinea , Saint Kitts and Nevis , Saint Lucia , Saint Vincent and the Grenadines , Solomon Islands and Tuvalu . </P> Parliament House in Canberra , Australia . Britain 's Westminster System of governance has left a legacy of parliamentary democracies in many former colonies . <P> Decades , and in some cases centuries , of British rule and emigration have left their mark on the independent nations that arose from the British Empire . The empire established the use of English in regions around the world . Today it is the primary language of up to 460 million people and is spoken by about one and a half billion as a first , second or foreign language . </P> <P> The spread of English from the latter half of the 20th century has been helped in part by the cultural and economic influence of the United States , itself originally formed from British colonies . Except in Africa where nearly all the former colonies have adopted the presidential system , the English parliamentary system has served as the template for the governments for many former colonies , and English common law for legal systems . </P> Cricket being played in India . British sports continue to be supported in various parts of the former empire . <P> The British Judicial Committee of the Privy Council still serves as the highest court of appeal for several former colonies in the Caribbean and Pacific . British missionaries who travelled around the globe often in advance of soldiers and civil servants spread Protestantism ( including Anglicanism ) to all continents . The British Empire provided refuge for religiously persecuted continental Europeans for hundreds of years . British colonial architecture , such as in churches , railway stations and government buildings , can be seen in many cities that were once part of the British Empire . </P> <P> Individual and team sports developed in Britain -- particularly golf , football , cricket , rugby , netball , lawn bowls , hockey and lawn tennis -- were also exported . The British choice of system of measurement , the imperial system , continues to be used in some countries in various ways . The convention of driving on the left hand side of the road has been retained in much of the former empire . </P> <P> Political boundaries drawn by the British did not always reflect homogeneous ethnicities or religions , contributing to conflicts in formerly colonised areas . The British Empire was also responsible for large migrations of peoples . Millions left the British Isles , with the founding settler populations of the United States , Canada , Australia and New Zealand coming mainly from Britain and Ireland . Tensions remain between the white settler populations of these countries and their indigenous minorities , and between white settler minorities and indigenous majorities in South Africa and Zimbabwe . Settlers in Ireland from Great Britain have left their mark in the form of divided nationalist and unionist communities in Northern Ireland . Millions of people moved to and from British colonies , with large numbers of Indians emigrating to other parts of the empire , such as Malaysia and Fiji , and Chinese people to Malaysia , Singapore and the Caribbean . The demographics of Britain itself was changed after the Second World War owing to immigration to Britain from its former colonies . </P> <H2> See also </H2> <Ul> <Li> History portal </Li> <Li> Colonialism portal </Li> <Li> British Empire portal </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Book : British colonization in north America ( from the reign of King James ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ul> <Li> All - Red Route </Li> <Li> British Empire Exhibition </Li> <Li> British Empire in fiction </Li> <Li> Colonial Office </Li> <Li> Crown Colonies </Li> <Li> Demographics of the British Empire </Li> <Li> Economy of the British Empire </Li> <Li> Historical flags of the British Empire </Li> <Li> Foreign relations of the United Kingdom </Li> <Li> Government Houses of the British Empire and Commonwealth </Li> <Li> Historiography of the British Empire </Li> <Li> History of capitalism </Li> <Li> History of the foreign relations of the United Kingdom </Li> <Li> Indirect rule </Li> <Li> List of British Empire - related topics </Li> <Li> Order of the British Empire </Li> <Li> Territorial evolution of the British Empire </Li> </Ul> <H2> References </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ Ferguson 2004b . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Maddison 2001 , pp. 97 `` The total population of the Empire was 412 million ( in 1913 ) '' , 241 `` ( World population in 1913 ( in thousands ) : ) 1 791 020 '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Rein Taagepera ( September 1997 ) . `` Expansion and Contraction Patterns of Large Polities : Context for Russia '' . International Studies Quarterly . 41 ( 3 ) : 502 . doi : 10.1111 / 0020 - 8833.00053 . JSTOR 2600793 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The World Factbook -- Central Intelligence Agency '' . www.cia.gov . Retrieved 10 September 2016 . land : 148.94 million sq km </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Russo 2012 , p. 15 chapter 1 ' Great Expectations ' : `` The dramatic rise in Spanish fortunes sparked both envy and fear among northern , mostly Protestant , Europeans . '' . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Ferguson 2004b , p. 3 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Tellier , L. - N. ( 2009 ) . Urban World History : an Economic and Geographical Perspective . Quebec : PUQ . p. 463 . ISBN 2 - 7605 - 1588 - 5 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Johnston , pp. 508 -- 10 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Porter , p. 332 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Sondhaus , L. ( 2004 ) . Navies in Modern World History . London : Reaktion Books . p. 9 . ISBN 1 - 86189 - 202 - 0 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Porter , Andrew ( 1998 ) . The Nineteenth Century , The Oxford History of the British Empire Volume III . Oxford University Press . p. 332 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 924678 - 5 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Workshop of the World '' . BBC History . Retrieved 28 April 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Porter , Andrew ( 1998 ) . The Nineteenth Century , The Oxford History of the British Empire Volume III . Oxford University Press . p. 8 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 924678 - 5 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Marshall , P.J. ( 1996 ) . The Cambridge Illustrated History of the British Empire . Cambridge University Press . pp. 156 -- 57 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 00254 - 0 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Tompson , Richard S. ( 2003 ) . Great Britain : a reference guide from the Renaissance to the present . New York : Facts on File . p. 63 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8160 - 4474 - 0 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Hosch , William L. ( 2009 ) . World War I : People , Politics , and Power . America at War . New York : Britannica Educational Publishing . p. 21 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 61530 - 048 - 8 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Brendon , p. 660 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Charles ' diary lays thoughts bare '' . BBC News . 22 February 2006 . Retrieved 13 December 2008 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Brown , p. 594 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Britain , the Commonwealth and the End of Empire '' . BBC News . Retrieved 13 December 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Andrews 1985 , p. 45 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Ferguson 2004b , p. 4 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Canny , p. 35 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Koebner , Richard ( May 1953 ) . `` The Imperial Crown of This Realm : Henry VIII , Constantine the Great , and Polydore Vergil '' . Historical Research . 26 ( 73 ) : 29 -- 52 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1468 - 2281.1953. tb02124. x . 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( 1998 ) . The Transit Metropolis : A Global Inquiry . Chicago : Island Press . p. 320 . ISBN 1 - 55963 - 591 - 6 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Statesmen 's Year Book 1889 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Smith , p. 45 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Waitangi Day '' . History Group , New Zealand Ministry for Culture and Heritage . Retrieved 13 December 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Porter , p. 579 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Mein Smith , p. 49 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ James , p. 152 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Lloyd , pp. 115 -- 118 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ James , p. 165 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Why was Slavery finally abolished in the British Empire ? '' . The Abolition Project . 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Retrieved 12 February 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ James , pp. 624 -- 25 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ James , p. 629 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Brown , p. 689 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Brendon , p. 654 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Joseph , p. 355 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Rothermund , p. 100 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Brendon , pp. 654 -- 55 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Brendon , p. 656 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : House of Commons Foreign Affairs Committee Overseas Territories Report , pp. 145 -- 47 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ House of Commons Foreign Affairs Committee Overseas Territories Report , pp. 146,153 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Davison , Phil ( 18 August 1995 ) . `` Bermudians vote to stay British '' . The Independent . London . Retrieved 11 September 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` British Indian Ocean Territory '' . The World Factbook . CIA . Retrieved 13 December 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ House of Commons Foreign Affairs Committee Overseas Territories Report , p. 136 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ The Commonwealth -- About Us ; Online September 2014 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Head of the Commonwealth '' . Commonwealth Secretariat . Archived from the original on 6 July 2010 . Retrieved 9 October 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Hogg , p. 424 chapter 9 English Worldwide by David Crystal : `` approximately one in four of the worlds population are capable of communicating to a useful level in English '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Ferguson 2004b , p. 307 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Protestant Empire : Religion and the Making of the British Atlantic World by Carla Gardina Pestan , p. 185 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Marshall , pp. 238 -- 40 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Torkildsen , p. 347 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Parsons , p. 1 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Marshall , p. 286 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Dalziel , p. 135 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> Further reading </H2> <Ul> <Li> Abernethy , David ( 2000 ) . The Dynamics of Global Dominance , European Overseas Empires 1415 -- 1980 . Yale University Press . ISBN 0 - 300 - 09314 - 4 . Retrieved 22 July 2009 . </Li> <Li> Andrews , Kenneth ( 1984 ) . Trade , Plunder and Settlement : Maritime Enterprise and the Genesis of the British Empire , 1480 -- 1630 . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 27698 - 5 . Retrieved 22 July 2009 . </Li> <Li> Bandyopādhyāẏa , Śekhara ( 2004 ) . From Plassey to partition : a history of modern India . Orient Longman . ISBN 81 - 250 - 2596 - 0 . </Li> <Li> Brendon , Piers ( 2007 ) . The Decline and Fall of the British Empire , 1781 -- 1997 . Random House . ISBN 0 - 224 - 06222 - 0 . </Li> <Li> Brock , W.R. ( n.d. ) . Britain and the Dominions . Cambridge University Press . </Li> <Li> Brown , Judith ( 1998 ) . The Twentieth Century , The Oxford History of the British Empire Volume IV . Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 924679 - 3 . Retrieved 22 July 2009 . </Li> <Li> Louis , Roger ( 1986 ) . The British Empire in the Middle East , 1945 -- 1951 : Arab Nationalism , the United States , and Postwar Imperialism . Oxford University Press . p. 820 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 822960 - 5 . Retrieved 24 August 2012 . </Li> <Li> Buckner , Phillip ( 2008 ) . Canada and the British Empire . Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 927164 - 1 . Retrieved 22 July 2009 . </Li> <Li> Burk , Kathleen ( 2008 ) . Old World , New World : Great Britain and America from the Beginning . Atlantic Monthly Press . ISBN 0 - 87113 - 971 - 5 . Retrieved 22 January 2012 . </Li> <Li> Canny , Nicholas ( 1998 ) . The Origins of Empire , The Oxford History of the British Empire Volume I. Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 924676 - 9 . Retrieved 22 July 2009 . </Li> <Li> Clegg , Peter ( 2005 ) . `` The UK Caribbean Overseas Territories '' . In de Jong , Lammert ; Kruijt , Dirk . Extended Statehood in the Caribbean . Rozenberg Publishers . ISBN 90 - 5170 - 686 - 3 . </Li> <Li> Combs , Jerald A. ( 2008 ) . The History of American Foreign Policy : From 1895 . M.E. Sharpe . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7656 - 2056 - 9 . </Li> <Li> Dalziel , Nigel ( 2006 ) . The Penguin Historical Atlas of the British Empire . Penguin . ISBN 0 - 14 - 101844 - 5 . Retrieved 22 July 2009 . </Li> <Li> David , Saul ( 2003 ) . The Indian Mutiny . Penguin . ISBN 0 - 670 - 91137 - 2 . Retrieved 22 July 2009 . </Li> <Li> Elkins , Caroline ( 2005 ) . Imperial Reckoning : The Untold Story of Britain 's Gulag in Kenya . New York : Owl Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8050 - 8001 - 8 . </Li> <Li> Ferguson , Niall ( 2004a ) . Colossus : The Price of America 's Empire . London : Penguin . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59420 - 013 - 7 . </Li> <Li> Ferguson , Niall ( 2004b ) . Empire : The Rise and Demise of the British World Order and the Lessons for Global Power . New York : Basic Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 465 - 02329 - 5 . </Li> <Li> Fieldhouse , David Kenneth ( 1999 ) . The West and the Third World : trade , colonialism , dependence , and development . Blackwell Publishing . ISBN 0 - 631 - 19439 - 8 . </Li> <Li> Fox , Gregory H. ( 2008 ) . Humanitarian Occupation . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 85600 - 3 . </Li> <Li> Games , Alison ( 2002 ) . 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States and power in Africa : comparative lessons in authority and control . Princeton University Press . ISBN 0 - 691 - 01028 - 5 . </Li> <Li> Hinks , Peter ( 2007 ) . Encyclopedia of antislavery and abolition . Greenwood Publishing Group . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 33143 - 5 . Retrieved 1 August 2010 . </Li> <Li> Hodge , Carl Cavanagh ( 2007 ) . Encyclopedia of the Age of Imperialism , 1800 -- 1914 . Greenwood Publishing Group . ISBN 0 - 313 - 33404 - 8 . Retrieved 22 July 2009 . </Li> <Li> Hogg , Richard ( 2008 ) . A History of the English Language . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 66227 - 7 . Retrieved 13 April 2010 . </Li> <Li> Hopkirk , Peter ( 2002 ) . The Great Game : The Struggle for Empire in Central Asia . Kodansha International . ISBN 4 - 7700 - 1703 - 0 . </Li> <Li> Hollowell , Jonathan ( 1992 ) . Britain Since 1945 . Blackwell Publishing . ISBN 0 - 631 - 20968 - 9 . </Li> <Li> Hyam , Ronald ( 2002 ) . 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The British Imperial Century , 1815 -- 1914 : A World History Perspective . Rowman & Littlefield . ISBN 0 - 8476 - 8825 - 9 . Retrieved 22 July 2009 . </Li> <Li> Peters , Nonja ( 2006 ) . The Dutch down under , 1606 -- 2006 . University of Western Australia Press . ISBN 1 - 920694 - 75 - 7 . </Li> <Li> Pham , P.L. ( 2010 ) . Ending ' East of Suez ' : The British Decision to Withdraw from Malaysia and Singapore , 1964 -- 1968 . Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 958036 - 1 . Retrieved 24 August 2012 . </Li> <Li> Porter , Andrew ( 1998 ) . The Nineteenth Century , The Oxford History of the British Empire Volume III . Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 924678 - 5 . Retrieved 22 July 2009 . </Li> <Li> Reese , Trevor Richard ( 1963 ) . Colonial Georgia : a study in British imperial policy in the eighteenth century . Athens : University of Georgia Press . ISBN 9780820335537 . Retrieved 20 February 2018 . </Li> <Li> Rhodes , R.A.W. ; Wanna , John ; Weller , Patrick ( 2009 ) . Comparing Westminster . Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 956349 - 4 . </Li> <Li> Rothermund , Dietmar ( 2006 ) . The Routledge companion to decolonization . Routledge . ISBN 0 - 415 - 35632 - 6 . </Li> <Li> Russo , Jean ( 2012 ) . Planting an Empire : The Early Chesapeake in British North America . JHU Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 42 - 140694 - 7 . </Li> <Li> Royle , Trevor ( 2000 ) . Crimea : The Great Crimean War , 1854 -- 1856 . Palgrave Macmillan . ISBN 1 - 4039 - 6416 - 5 . Retrieved 22 July 2009 . </Li> <Li> Shennan , J.H ( 1995 ) . International relations in Europe , 1689 -- 1789 . Routledge . ISBN 0 - 415 - 07780 - X . </Li> <Li> Smith , Simon ( 1998 ) . British Imperialism 1750 -- 1970 . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 3 - 12 - 580640 - 5 . Retrieved 22 July 2009 . </Li> <Li> Springhall , John ( 2001 ) . Decolonization since 1945 : the collapse of European overseas empires . Palgrave . ISBN 0 - 333 - 74600 - 7 . </Li> <Li> Taylor , Alan ( 2001 ) . American Colonies , The Settling of North America . Penguin . ISBN 0 - 14 - 200210 - 0 . Retrieved 22 July 2009 . </Li> <Li> Thatcher , Margaret ( 1993 ) . The Downing Street Years . Harper Collins . ISBN 0 - 06 - 017056 - 5 . Retrieved 22 July 2009 . </Li> <Li> Thomas , Hugh ( 1997 ) . The Slave Trade : The History of The Atlantic Slave Trade . Picador , Phoenix / Orion . ISBN 0 - 7538 - 2056 - 0 . Retrieved 22 July 2009 . </Li> <Li> Tilby , A. Wyatt ( 2009 ) . British India 1600 -- 1828 . BiblioLife . ISBN 978 - 1 - 113 - 14290 - 0 . </Li> <Li> Torkildsen , George ( 2005 ) . Leisure and recreation management . Routledge . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 30995 - 0 . </Li> <Li> Turpin , Colin ; Tomkins , Adam ( 2007 ) . British government and the constitution ( 6th ed . ) . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 69029 - 4 . </Li> <Li> Vandervort , Bruce ( 1998 ) . Wars of imperial conquest in Africa , 1830 -- 1914 . University College London Press . ISBN 1 - 85728 - 486 - 0 . </Li> <Li> Zolberg , Aristide R ( 2006 ) . A nation by design : immigration policy in the fashioning of America . Russell Sage . ISBN 0 - 674 - 02218 - 1 . </Li> </Ul> <H2> External links </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wikimedia Commons has media related to British Empire . </Td> </Tr> </Table> Listen to this article ( info / dl ) <P> </P> This audio file was created from a revision of the article `` British Empire '' dated 2014 - 03 - 07 , and does not reflect subsequent edits to the article . ( Audio help ) More spoken articles <Table> <Tr> <Td> Library resources about British Empire </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Online books </Li> <Li> Resources in your library </Li> <Li> Resources in other libraries </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ul> <Li> `` The British Empire 's Legacy '' , BBC Radio 4 discussion with Catherine Hall and Linda Colley ( In Our Time , Dec. 31 , 1998 ) </Li> <Li> `` The British Empire '' , BBC Radio 4 discussion with Maria Misra , Peter Cain and Catherine Hall ( In Our Time , Nov. 8 , 2001 ) </Li> <Li> `` Slavery and Empire '' , BBC Radio 4 discussion with Linda Colley , Catherine Hall and Felipe Fernandez Armesto ( In Our Time , Oct. 18 , 2002 ) </Li> <Li> The British Empire . An Internet Gateway </Li> <Li> The British Empire </Li> <Li> The British Empire audio resources at TheEnglishCollection.com </Li> <Li> British Empire ( historical state , United Kingdom ) at Encyclopædia Britannica </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Links to related articles </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> History of Europe </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Prehistory </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Paleolithic Europe </Li> <Li> Neolithic Europe </Li> <Li> Bronze Age Europe </Li> <Li> Iron Age Europe </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Classical antiquity </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Classical Greece </Li> <Li> Roman Republic </Li> <Li> Hellenistic period </Li> <Li> Roman Empire </Li> <Li> Early Christianity </Li> <Li> Crisis of the Third Century </Li> <Li> Fall of the Western Roman Empire </Li> <Li> Late antiquity </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Middle Ages </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Early Middle Ages </Li> <Li> Migration Period </Li> <Li> Christianization </Li> <Li> Francia </Li> <Li> Byzantine Empire </Li> <Li> Maritime republics </Li> <Li> Viking Age </Li> <Li> Kievan Rus ' </Li> <Li> Holy Roman Empire </Li> <Li> High Middle Ages </Li> <Li> Feudalism </Li> <Li> Crusades </Li> <Li> Mongol invasion </Li> <Li> Late Middle Ages </Li> <Li> Hundred Years ' War </Li> <Li> Kalmar Union </Li> <Li> Renaissance </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Early modern </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Reformation </Li> <Li> Age of Discovery </Li> <Li> Baroque </Li> <Li> Thirty Years ' War </Li> <Li> Absolute monarchy </Li> <Li> Ottoman Empire </Li> <Li> Portuguese Empire </Li> <Li> Spanish Empire </Li> <Li> Early modern France </Li> <Li> Polish -- Lithuanian Commonwealth </Li> <Li> Swedish Empire </Li> <Li> Dutch Republic </Li> <Li> British Empire </Li> <Li> Habsburg Monarchy </Li> <Li> Russian Empire </Li> <Li> Age of Enlightenment </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Modern </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Great Divergence </Li> <Li> Industrial Revolution </Li> <Li> French Revolution </Li> <Li> Napoleonic Wars </Li> <Li> Nationalism </Li> <Li> Revolutions of 1848 </Li> <Li> World War I </Li> <Li> Russian Revolution </Li> <Li> Interwar period </Li> <Li> World War II </Li> <Li> Cold War </Li> <Li> European integration </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> See also </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Art of Europe </Li> <Li> Genetic history of Europe </Li> <Li> History of the Mediterranean region </Li> <Li> History of the European Union </Li> <Li> History of Western civilization </Li> <Li> Maritime history of Europe </Li> <Li> Military history of Europe </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Colonial empires </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> American Austro - Hungarian Belgian British Couronian Danish Dutch English French German Italian </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Japanese Sovereign Military Order of Malta Ottoman Portuguese Russian Spanish Swedish </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Colonies in antiquity </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> British Empire </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Dl> <Dt> Legend </Dt> <Dd> Current territory </Dd> <Dd> Former territory </Dd> <Dd> * Now a Commonwealth realm </Dd> <Dd> Now a member of the Commonwealth of Nations </Dd> <Dd> Historical flags of the British Empire </Dd> </Dl> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Europe </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> 1542 -- 1800 Ireland ( integrated into UK ) </Li> <Li> 1708 -- 1757 , 1763 -- 1782 and 1798 -- 1802 Minorca </Li> <Li> Since 1713 Gibraltar </Li> <Li> 1800 -- 1813 Malta ( Protectorate ) </Li> <Li> 1813 -- 1964 Malta ( Colony ) </Li> <Li> 1807 -- 1890 Heligoland </Li> <Li> 1809 -- 1864 Ionian Islands </Li> <Li> 1878 -- 1960 Cyprus </Li> <Li> 1921 -- 1937 Irish Free State </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> North America </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> 17th century and before </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> 18th century </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> 19th and 20th century </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 1579 New Albion </Li> <Li> 1583 -- 1907 Newfoundland </Li> <Li> 1605 -- 1979 * Saint Lucia </Li> <Li> 1607 -- 1776 Virginia </Li> <Li> Since 1619 Bermuda </Li> <Li> 1620 -- 1691 Plymouth </Li> <Li> 1623 -- 1883 Saint Kitts </Li> <Li> 1624 -- 1966 * Barbados </Li> <Li> 1625 -- 1650 Saint Croix </Li> <Li> 1627 -- 1979 * Saint Vincent and the Grenadines </Li> <Li> 1628 -- 1883 Nevis </Li> <Li> 1629 -- 1691 Massachusetts Bay </Li> <Li> 1632 -- 1776 Maryland </Li> <Li> since 1632 Montserrat </Li> <Li> 1632 -- 1860 Antigua </Li> <Li> 1635 -- 1644 Saybrook </Li> <Li> 1636 -- 1776 Connecticut </Li> <Li> 1636 -- 1776 Rhode Island </Li> <Li> 1637 -- 1662 New Haven </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 1643 -- 1860 Bay Islands </Li> <Li> Since 1650 Anguilla </Li> <Li> 1655 -- 1850 Mosquito Coast </Li> <Li> 1655 -- 1962 * Jamaica </Li> <Li> 1663 -- 1712 Carolina </Li> <Li> 1664 -- 1776 New York </Li> <Li> 1665 -- 1674 and 1702 -- 1776 New Jersey </Li> <Li> Since 1666 Virgin Islands </Li> <Li> Since 1670 Cayman Islands </Li> <Li> 1670 -- 1973 * Bahamas </Li> <Li> 1670 -- 1870 Rupert 's Land </Li> <Li> 1671 -- 1816 Leeward Islands </Li> <Li> 1674 -- 1702 East Jersey </Li> <Li> 1674 -- 1702 West Jersey </Li> <Li> 1680 -- 1776 New Hampshire </Li> <Li> 1681 -- 1776 Pennsylvania </Li> <Li> 1686 -- 1689 New England </Li> <Li> 1691 -- 1776 Massachusetts Bay </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 1701 -- 1776 Delaware </Li> <Li> 1712 -- 1776 North Carolina </Li> <Li> 1712 -- 1776 South Carolina </Li> <Li> 1713 -- 1867 Nova Scotia </Li> <Li> 1733 -- 1776 Georgia </Li> <Li> 1754 -- 1820 Cape Breton Island </Li> <Li> 1762 -- 1974 * Grenada </Li> <Li> 1763 -- 1978 Dominica </Li> <Li> 1763 -- 1873 Prince Edward Island </Li> <Li> 1763 -- 1791 Quebec </Li> <Li> 1763 -- 1783 East Florida </Li> <Li> 1763 -- 1783 West Florida </Li> <Li> 1784 -- 1867 New Brunswick </Li> <Li> 1791 -- 1841 Lower Canada </Li> <Li> 1791 -- 1841 Upper Canada </Li> <Li> Since 1799 Turks and Caicos Islands </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 1818 -- 1846 Columbia District / Oregon Country </Li> <Li> 1833 -- 1960 Windward Islands </Li> <Li> 1833 -- 1960 Leeward Islands </Li> <Li> 1841 -- 1867 Canada </Li> <Li> 1849 -- 1866 Vancouver Island </Li> <Li> 1853 -- 1863 Queen Charlotte Islands </Li> <Li> 1858 -- 1866 British Columbia </Li> <Li> 1859 -- 1870 North - Western Territory </Li> <Li> 1860 -- 1981 * British Antigua and Barbuda </Li> <Li> 1862 -- 1863 Stickeen </Li> <Li> 1866 -- 1871 British Columbia </Li> <Li> 1867 -- 1931 * Dominion of Canada </Li> <Li> 1871 -- 1964 Honduras </Li> <Li> 1882 -- 1983 * Saint Kitts and Nevis </Li> <Li> 1889 -- 1962 Trinidad and Tobago </Li> <Li> 1907 -- 1949 Newfoundland </Li> <Li> 1958 -- 1962 West Indies Federation </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> 1 . Occupied jointly with the United States . </Li> <Li> 2 . In 1931 , Canada and other British dominions obtained self - government through the Statute of Westminster . See Name of Canada . </Li> <Li> 3 . Gave up self - rule in 1934 , but remained a de jure Dominion until it joined Canada in 1949 . </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> South America </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> 1631 -- 1641 Providence Island </Li> <Li> 1651 -- 1667 Willoughbyland </Li> <Li> 1670 -- 1688 Saint Andrew and Providence Islands </Li> <Li> 1831 -- 1966 Guiana </Li> <Li> Since 1833 Falkland Islands </Li> <Li> Since 1908 South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> 4 . Now a department of Colombia . </Li> <Li> 5 . Occupied by Argentina during the Falklands War of April -- June 1982 . </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Africa </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Td_colspan="1"> 17th and 18th centuries </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> 19th century </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> 20th century </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Since 1658 Saint Helena </Li> <Li> 1792 -- 1961 Sierra Leone </Li> <Li> 1795 -- 1803 Cape Colony </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Since 1815 Ascension Island </Li> <Li> Since 1816 Tristan da Cunha </Li> <Li> 1806 -- 1910 Cape of Good Hope </Li> <Li> 1807 -- 1808 Madeira </Li> <Li> 1810 -- 1968 Mauritius </Li> <Li> 1816 -- 1965 The Gambia </Li> <Li> 1856 -- 1910 Natal </Li> <Li> 1862 -- 1906 Lagos </Li> <Li> 1868 -- 1966 Basutoland </Li> <Li> 1874 -- 1957 Gold Coast </Li> <Li> 1882 -- 1922 Egypt </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 1884 -- 1900 Niger Coast </Li> <Li> 1884 -- 1966 Bechuanaland </Li> <Li> 1884 -- 1960 Somaliland </Li> <Li> 1887 -- 1897 Zululand </Li> <Li> 1890 -- 1962 Uganda </Li> <Li> 1890 -- 1963 Zanzibar </Li> <Li> 1891 -- 1964 Nyasaland </Li> <Li> 1891 -- 1907 Central Africa </Li> <Li> 1893 -- 1968 Swaziland </Li> <Li> 1895 -- 1920 East Africa </Li> <Li> 1899 -- 1956 Sudan </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 1900 -- 1914 Northern Nigeria </Li> <Li> 1900 -- 1914 Southern Nigeria </Li> <Li> 1900 -- 1910 Orange River </Li> <Li> 1900 -- 1910 Transvaal </Li> <Li> 1903 -- 1976 Seychelles </Li> <Li> 1910 -- 1931 South Africa </Li> <Li> 1914 -- 1960 Nigeria </Li> <Li> 1915 -- 1931 South - West Africa </Li> <Li> 1919 -- 1961 Cameroons </Li> <Li> 1920 -- 1963 Kenya </Li> <Li> 1922 -- 1961 Tanganyika </Li> <Li> 1923 -- 1965 and 1979 -- 1980 Southern Rhodesia </Li> <Li> 1924 -- 1964 Northern Rhodesia </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> 6 . League of Nations mandate . </Li> <Li> 7 . Self - governing Southern Rhodesia unilaterally declared independence in 1965 ( as Rhodesia ) and continued as an unrecognised state until the 1979 Lancaster House Agreement . After recognised independence in 1980 , Zimbabwe was a member of the Commonwealth until it withdrew in 2003 . </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Asia </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Td_colspan="1"> 17th and 18th century </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> 19th century </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> 20th century </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 1685 -- 1824 Bencoolen </Li> <Li> 1702 -- 1705 Pulo Condore </Li> <Li> 1757 -- 1947 Bengal </Li> <Li> 1762 -- 1764 Manila and Cavite </Li> <Li> 1781 -- 1784 and 1795 -- 1819 Padang </Li> <Li> 1786 -- 1946 Penang </Li> <Li> 1795 -- 1948 Ceylon </Li> <Li> 1796 -- 1965 Maldives </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 1811 -- 1816 Java </Li> <Li> 1812 -- 1824 Banka and Billiton </Li> <Li> 1819 -- 1826 Malaya </Li> <Li> 1824 -- 1948 Burma </Li> <Li> 1826 -- 1946 Straits Settlements </Li> <Li> 1839 -- 1967 Aden </Li> <Li> 1839 -- 1842 Afghanistan </Li> <Li> 1841 -- 1997 Hong Kong </Li> <Li> 1841 -- 1946 Sarawak </Li> <Li> 1848 -- 1946 Labuan </Li> <Li> 1858 -- 1947 India </Li> <Li> 1874 -- 1963 Borneo </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 1879 -- 1919 Afghanistan ( protectorate ) </Li> <Li> 1882 -- 1963 North Borneo </Li> <Li> 1885 -- 1946 Unfederated Malay States </Li> <Li> 1888 -- 1984 Brunei </Li> <Li> 1891 -- 1971 Muscat and Oman </Li> <Li> 1892 -- 1971 Trucial States </Li> <Li> 1895 -- 1946 Federated Malay States </Li> <Li> 1898 -- 1930 Weihai </Li> <Li> 1878 -- 1960 Cyprus </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 1907 -- 1949 Bhutan ( protectorate ) </Li> <Li> 1918 -- 1961 Kuwait </Li> <Li> 1920 -- 1932 Mesopotamia </Li> <Li> 1921 -- 1946 Transjordan </Li> <Li> 1923 -- 1948 Palestine </Li> <Li> 1945 -- 1946 South Vietnam </Li> <Li> 1946 -- 1963 North Borneo </Li> <Li> 1946 -- 1963 Sarawak </Li> <Li> 1946 -- 1963 Singapore </Li> <Li> 1946 -- 1948 Malayan Union </Li> <Li> 1948 -- 1957 Federation of Malaya </Li> <Li> Since 1960 Akrotiri and Dhekelia ( before as part of Cyprus ) </Li> <Li> Since 1965 British Indian Ocean Territory ( before as part of Mauritius and the Seychelles ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> League of Nations mandate . Iraq 's mandate was not enacted and replaced by the Anglo - Iraqi Treaty </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Oceania </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> 18th and 19th centuries </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> 20th century </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 1788 -- 1901 New South Wales </Li> <Li> 1803 -- 1901 Van Diemen 's Land / Tasmania </Li> <Li> 1807 -- 1863 Auckland Islands </Li> <Li> 1824 -- 1980 New Hebrides </Li> <Li> 1824 -- 1901 Queensland </Li> <Li> 1829 -- 1901 Swan River / Western Australia </Li> <Li> 1836 -- 1901 South Australia </Li> <Li> since 1838 Pitcairn Islands </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 1841 -- 1907 New Zealand </Li> <Li> 1851 -- 1901 Victoria </Li> <Li> 1874 -- 1970 Fiji </Li> <Li> 1877 -- 1976 Western Pacific Territories </Li> <Li> 1884 -- 1949 Papua </Li> <Li> 1888 -- 1901 Rarotonga / Cook Islands </Li> <Li> 1889 -- 1948 Union Islands </Li> <Li> 1892 -- 1979 Gilbert and Ellice Islands </Li> <Li> 1893 -- 1978 Solomon Islands </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 1900 -- 1970 Tonga </Li> <Li> 1900 -- 1974 Niue </Li> <Li> 1901 -- 1942 * Australia </Li> <Li> 1907 -- 1947 * New Zealand </Li> <Li> 1919 -- 1942 and 1945 -- 1968 Nauru </Li> <Li> 1919 -- 1949 New Guinea </Li> <Li> 1949 -- 1975 Papua and New Guinea </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> 9 . Now part of the * Realm of New Zealand . </Li> <Li> 10 . Suspended member . </Li> <Li> 11 . Now Kiribati and * Tuvalu . </Li> <Li> 12 . Now the * Solomon Islands . </Li> <Li> 13 . Now * Papua New Guinea . </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Antarctica and South Atlantic </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Since 1658 Saint Helena </Li> <Li> Since 1815 Ascension Island </Li> <Li> Since 1816 Tristan da Cunha </Li> <Li> Since 1908 British Antarctic Territory </Li> <Li> 1841 -- 1933 Australian Antarctic Territory ( transferred to the Commonwealth of Australia ) </Li> <Li> 1841 -- 1947 Ross Dependency ( transferred to the Realm of New Zealand ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> 14 . Since 2009 part of Saint Helena , Ascension and Tristan da Cunha ; Ascension Island ( 1922 -- ) and Tristan da Cunha ( 1938 -- ) were previously dependencies of Saint Helena . </Li> <Li> 15 . Both claimed in 1908 ; territories formed in 1962 ( British Antarctic Territory ) and 1985 ( South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands ) . </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Empires </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Ancient </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Akkadian </Li> <Li> Egyptian </Li> <Li> Assyrian </Li> <Li> Babylonian </Li> <Li> Carthaginian </Li> <Li> Chinese <Ul> <Li> Qin </Li> <Li> Han </Li> <Li> Three Kingdoms </Li> <Li> Jin </Li> <Li> North and South </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Hellenistic <Ul> <Li> Macedonian </Li> <Li> Seleucid </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Hittite </Li> <Li> Indian <Ul> <Li> Nanda </Li> <Li> Maurya </Li> <Li> Satavahana </Li> <Li> Shunga </Li> <Li> Gupta </Li> <Li> Harsha </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Iranian <Ul> <Li> Elamite </Li> <Li> Median </Li> <Li> Achaemenid </Li> <Li> Parthian </Li> <Li> Sasanian </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Kushan </Li> <Li> Mongol <Ul> <Li> Xianbei </Li> <Li> Xiongnu </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Roman <Ul> <Li> Western </Li> <Li> Eastern </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Teotihuacan </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Post-classical </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Arab <Ul> <Li> Rashidun </Li> <Li> Umayyad </Li> <Li> Abbasid </Li> <Li> Fatimid </Li> <Li> Córdoba </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Aragonese </Li> <Li> Angevin </Li> <Li> Aztec </Li> <Li> Benin </Li> <Li> Bornu </Li> <Li> Bruneian </Li> <Li> Bulgarian <Ul> <Li> First </Li> <Li> Second </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Byzantine <Ul> <Li> Nicaea </Li> <Li> Trebizond </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Chinese <Ul> <Li> Sui </Li> <Li> Tang </Li> <Li> Song </Li> <Li> Yuan </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Ethiopian <Ul> <Li> Zagwe </Li> <Li> Solomonic </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Georgian </Li> <Li> Hunnic </Li> <Li> Inca </Li> <Li> Indian <Ul> <Li> Chola </Li> <Li> Gurjara - 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where did britain create colonies for its empire

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List of Lego films and TV series - wikipedia <H1> List of Lego films and TV series </H1> Jump to : navigation , search For stop - motion films made using Lego bricks , see Brickfilm . <P> This is a list of films and TV series made by The Lego Group and / or based on Lego proper . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 History </Li> <Li> 2 Feature films <Ul> <Li> 2.1 Theatrical films </Li> <Li> 2.2 Direct - to - video </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 Short films <Ul> <Li> 3.1 TV specials </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 TV series </Li> <Li> 5 By theme series </Li> <Li> 6 References </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> History ( edit ) </H2> <P> Brickfilms , videos using Lego , have existed since the 1970s . Starting in 2003 , Lego officially made their first film partnership to make films based on their toy property . They chose Bionicle as the property and they made a deal with Miramax to make a trilogy of Bionicle films . Over the years , after the trilogy ended , a new trilogy based on Bionicle was planned with Universal Pictures after the Miramax film contract ended and the first film in the new trilogy would be titled Bionicle : The Legend Reborn . But plans broke between Lego and Universal so they cancelled the fifth film in the series . But they continued on with a film titled Lego : The Adventures of Clutch Powers . The film received positive reviews from fans and critics and after the DVD release , a sequel was set to star Clutch as the hero again . A mini-sequel and a short film based on Clutch Powers were released and plans for a sequel are unknown . </P> <P> In the summer of 2009 , Lego made a deal with Warner Bros. to make a film based on their property . It would feature many themes and characters and it would be released as the first Lego film in the theaters . In 2011 , Lego released Lego series on TV titled Lego Ninjago : Masters of Spinjitzu . Later , in 2012 , the untitled Lego film was titled `` Lego : The Piece of Resistance '' . Meanwhile , the Ninjago series received fame worldwide and was praised by many fans and critics for its storytelling and plot . The characters on the show had finally developed after the first season and a video game based on the show was released . The show would then be confirmed to exist in the same universe as `` Lego Clutch Powers '' as in one episode , Clutch Powers would be mentioned by Cole as one of the adventurers who discovered a mystical Snake tooth . He would then turn it into a trophy . This small easter egg would later be used by fans to speculate that the show and the movie take place in the same world . </P> <P> Later in the year , Ninjago ended its second season still having positive feedback . A new show titled Legends of Chima would air in January 2013 . The show was faster and more productive than Ninjago and it received mixed reviews . In the same year , the `` Piece of Resistance '' film would be renamed `` The Lego Movie '' by Warner Bros. and it was released in February 2014 . The Lego Movie received wide acclaim from Lego fans and critics for its characters , plot , special effects and humor . Many actors from the Lego universe came to reprise their roles in the film . Due to the success of the film , a Ninjago film was announced to be released in 2017 , and a `` Lego Movie '' sequel was announced to be released in 2018 . In 2014 , Mixels also debuted . In late 2015 , Lego Nexo Knights was introduced , replacing Legends of Chima . On February 10 , 2017 , a spin - off film of The Lego Movie known as The Lego Batman Movie was released in theaters , only this time , the film 's story centers around The Lego Movie character and DC Comics superhero , Batman , and his `` adopted orphan son '' and apprentice sidekick , Robin . </P> <H2> Feature films ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Theatrical films ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Year </Th> <Th> Title </Th> <Th> Production studio ( s ) </Th> <Th> Notes </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2014 </Td> <Td> The Lego Movie </Td> <Td> Warner Animation Group </Td> <Td> Released </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2017 </Td> <Td> The Lego Batman Movie </Td> <Td> Released </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> The Lego Ninjago Movie </Td> <Td> Released </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2019 </Td> <Td> The Lego Movie Sequel </Td> <Td> In development </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> The Billion Brick Race </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Direct - to - video ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Year </Th> <Th> Title </Th> <Th> Production studio ( s ) </Th> <Th> Notes </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2003 </Td> <Td> Bionicle : Mask of Light </Td> <Td> Creative Capers Entertainment </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Bionicle 2 : Legends of Metru Nui </Td> <Td> Prequel to Bionicle : Mask of Light </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2005 </Td> <Td> Bionicle 3 : Web of Shadows </Td> <Td> Sequel to Bionicle : Legends of Metru Nui </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2009 </Td> <Td> Bionicle : The Legend Reborn </Td> <Td> Threshold Animation Studios </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Lego : The Adventures of Clutch Powers </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Hero Factory : Rise of the Rookies </Td> <Td> Hero Factory TV series episodes re-edited </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2011 </Td> <Td> Hero Factory : Savage Planet </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2013 </Td> <Td> Lego Batman : The Movie -- DC Super Heroes Unite </Td> <Td> TT Animation </Td> <Td> Based on the video game Lego Batman 2 : DC Super Heroes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2015 </Td> <Td> Lego DC Comics Super Heroes : Justice League vs. Bizarro League </Td> <Td> Warner Bros. Animation </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Lego DC Comics Super Heroes : Justice League : Attack of the Legion of Doom </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2016 </Td> <Td> Lego DC Comics Super Heroes : Justice League : Cosmic Clash </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Lego Scooby - Doo ! Haunted Hollywood </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Lego DC Comics Super Heroes : Justice League : Gotham City Breakout </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2017 </Td> <Td> Lego Scooby - Doo ! Blowout Beach Bash </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Lego DC Super Hero Girls : Brain Drain </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Short films ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Year </Th> <Th> Title </Th> <Th> Production studio ( s ) </Th> <Th> Notes </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Jack Stone </Td> <Td> Artworld UK </Td> <Td> Released on VHS </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Monty Python & the Holy Grail in Lego </Td> <Td> Spite Your Face Productions </Td> <Td> Monty Python and the Holy Grail DVD release bonus feature </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2005 </Td> <Td> Lego Star Wars : Revenge of the Brick </Td> <Td> Treehouse Animation </Td> <Td> Premiered on Cartoon Network </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2008 </Td> <Td> Lego Indiana Jones and the Raiders of the Lost Brick </Td> <Td> M2Film </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2009 </Td> <Td> Lego Star Wars : The Quest for R2 - D2 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Lego Clutch Powers : Bad Hair Day </Td> <Td> Threshold Animation Studios </Td> <Td> Lego : The Adventures of Clutch Powers DVD release bonus feature </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Lego Star Wars : Bombad Bounty </Td> <Td> M2Film </Td> <Td> Premiered on Cartoon Network </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2011 </Td> <Td> Lego City : A Clutch Powers 4 - D Adventure </Td> <Td> Threshold Animation Studios </Td> <Td> Shown in the Legoland theme parks </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2016 </Td> <Td> The Master </Td> <Td> Warner Animation Group </Td> <Td> Shown in theaters with Storks </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> TV specials ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Year </Th> <Th> Title </Th> <Th> Production studio ( s ) </Th> <Th> Notes </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Lego Atlantis : The Movie </Td> <Td> Threshold Animation Studios </Td> <Td> Premiered on Cartoon Network </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2011 </Td> <Td> Lego Star Wars : The Padawan Menace </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2012 </Td> <Td> Lego Star Wars : The Empire Strikes Out </Td> <Td> Threshold Animation Studios </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2013 </Td> <Td> Lego Marvel Super Heroes : Maximum Overload </Td> <Td> Arc Productions </Td> <Td> Originally aired as five - part miniseries </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2014 </Td> <Td> `` Brick Like Me '' </Td> <Td> Gracie Films / Film Roman / 20th Century Fox </Td> <Td> The Simpsons TV series 550th episode </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Lego DC Comics : Batman Be-Leaguered </Td> <Td> Warner Bros. Animation </Td> <Td> Premiered on Cartoon Network </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2015 </Td> <Td> Lego Marvel Super Heroes : Avengers Reassembled ! </Td> <Td> Arc Productions </Td> <Td> Premiered on Disney XD </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Lego Scooby - Doo : Knight Time Terror </Td> <Td> Warner Bros. Animation </Td> <Td> Premiered on Cartoon Network </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Lego Elves : Unite the Magic </Td> <Td> Ja Film </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2016 </Td> <Td> Lego Jurassic World : The Indominus Escape </Td> <Td> YouTube TV </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2017 </Td> <Td> Lego DC Super Hero Girls : Galactic Wonder </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> LEGO Marvel Super Heroes -- Guardians of the Galaxy : The Thanos Threat </Td> <Td> Disney XD </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> TV series ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Original running </Th> <Th> Title </Th> <Th> Production studio ( s ) </Th> <Th> Notes </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Edward and Friends </Td> <Td> FilmFair </Td> <Td> Based on the Fabuland theme </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2002 </Td> <Td> Galidor : Defenders of the Outer Dimension </Td> <Td> CinéGroupe Tom Lynch Company </Td> <Td> Based on the Lego theme of the same name </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2015 </Td> <Td> Lego Star Wars : Droid Tales </Td> <Td> Wil Film </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2013 -- 2014 </Td> <Td> Lego Star Wars : The Yoda Chronicles </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2010 -- 2014 </Td> <Td> Lego Hero Factory </Td> <Td> Threshold Animation Studios </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2013 -- 2014 </Td> <Td> Legends of Chima </Td> <Td> M2Film / Prime Focus / Wil Film </Td> <Td> Was set to replace Ninjago , but the two coexisted </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2014 -- 2016 </Td> <Td> Mixels </Td> <Td> Cartoon Network Studios </Td> <Td> Complete co-production with Cartoon Network ; first 2D animated series </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2016 </Td> <Td> Lego Bionicle : The Journey to One </Td> <Td> Volta </Td> <Td> First BIONICLE series ; first series to be on Netflix </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="4"> Ongoing </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2011 -- </Td> <Td> Lego Ninjago : Masters of Spinjitzu </Td> <Td> Wil Film </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2012 -- </Td> <Td> Lego Friends of Heartlake City </Td> <Td> M2Film </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2015 -- </Td> <Td> Lego Nexo Knights </Td> <Td> M2 Entertainment </Td> <Td> Replaced Legends of Chima </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2015 -- </Td> <Td> Lego Elves </Td> <Td> Ja Film </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2016 -- </Td> <Td> Lego Friends : The Power of Friendship </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2016 -- </Td> <Td> Lego Star Wars : The Freemaker Adventures </Td> <Td> Disney XD </Td> <Td> First full - length LEGO Star Wars television series </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="4"> Upcoming </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> TBA </Td> <Td> Unikitty ! </Td> <Td> Warner Bros. Animation </Td> <Td> Based on The Lego Movie . Second 2D animated series after Mixels </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> By theme series ( edit ) </H2> <P> Bionicle series : </P> <Ul> <Li> Bionicle : Mask of Light ( 2003 ) </Li> <Li> Bionicle 2 : Legends of Metru Nui ( 2004 ) </Li> <Li> Bionicle 3 : Web of Shadows ( 2005 ) </Li> <Li> Bionicle : The Legend Reborn ( 2009 ) </Li> </Ul> <P> Clutch Powers series : </P> <Ul> <Li> Lego : The Adventures of Clutch Powers ( 2010 ) </Li> <Li> Lego Clutch Powers : Bad Hair Day ( 2010 ) </Li> <Li> Lego City : A Clutch Powers 4 - D Adventure ( 2011 ) </Li> </Ul> <P> Lego Star Wars series : </P> <Ul> <Li> Lego Star Wars : Revenge of the Brick ( 2005 ) </Li> <Li> Lego Star Wars : The Quest for R2 - D2 ( 2009 ) </Li> <Li> Lego Star Wars : Bombad Bounty ( 2010 ) </Li> <Li> Lego Star Wars : The Padawan Menace ( 2011 ) </Li> <Li> Lego Star Wars : The Empire Strikes Out ( 2012 ) </Li> <Li> Lego Star Wars : The Yoda Chronicles ( 2013 ) </Li> <Li> Lego Star Wars : The New Yoda Chronicles ( 2014 ) </Li> <Li> Lego Star Wars : Droid Tales ( 2015 ) </Li> <Li> Lego Star Wars : The Resistance Rises ( 2016 ) </Li> <Li> Lego Star Wars : The Freemaker Adventures ( 2016 ) </Li> </Ul> <P> Lego Friends series : </P> <Ul> <Li> Friends : New Girl in Town ( 2012 ) </Li> <Li> Friends : Stephanie 's Surprise Party ( 2013 ) </Li> <Li> Friends : Dolphin Cruise ( 2013 ) </Li> <Li> Friends : Country Girls ( 2014 ) </Li> <Li> Friends : Emma 's Dilemma ( 2014 ) </Li> <Li> Friends : Friends of the Jungle ( 2014 ) </Li> <Li> Friends : Andrea 's Big Moment ( 2015 ) </Li> </Ul> <P> The Lego Movie series : </P> <Ul> <Li> The Lego Movie ( 2014 ) </Li> <Li> The Lego Movie : 4D - A New Adventure ( 2016 , shown at selected Legoland Parks ) </Li> <Li> The Lego Movie Sequel ( 2019 , to be released ) </Li> <Li> Unikitty ! ( 2017 ) </Li> </Ul> <P> Lego Super Heroes series : </P> <Ul> <Li> Lego Batman : The Movie -- DC Super Heroes Unite ( 2013 ) </Li> <Li> Lego Marvel Super Heroes : Maximum Overload ( 2013 ) </Li> <Li> Lego DC Comics : Batman Be-Leaguered ( 2014 ) </Li> <Li> Lego DC Comics Super Heroes : Justice League vs. Bizarro League ( 2015 ) </Li> <Li> Lego DC Comics Super Heroes : Justice League : Attack of the Legion of Doom ( 2015 ) </Li> <Li> Lego Marvel Super Heroes : Avengers Reassembled ( 2015 ) </Li> <Li> Lego DC Comics Super Heroes : Justice League : Cosmic Clash ( 2016 ) </Li> <Li> Lego DC Comics Super Heroes : Justice League : Gotham City Breakout ( 2016 ) </Li> <Li> The Lego Batman Movie ( 2017 ) ( kind of The Lego Movie series ) </Li> <Li> Lego DC Super Hero Girls : Galactic Wonder ( 2017 ) </Li> <Li> Lego DC Super Hero Girls : Brain Drain ( 2017 ) </Li> </Ul> <P> Lego Ninjago series : </P> <Ul> <Li> Lego Ninjago : Masters of Spinjitzu ( 2011 -- present ) </Li> <Li> The Lego Ninjago Movie ( 2017 , to be released ) ( kind of The Lego Movie series ) </Li> </Ul> <P> Hero Factory series : </P> <Ul> <Li> Lego Hero Factory ( 2010 -- 2014 ) </Li> <Li> Hero Factory ( Universal Studios are trying to get the rights ) </Li> </Ul> <P> Lego Scooby - Doo series : </P> <Ul> <Li> Knight Time Terror ( 2015 ) </Li> <Li> Haunted Hollywood ( 2016 ) </Li> <Li> Blowout Beach Bash ( 2017 ) </Li> </Ul> <P> Lego The Simpsons series </P> <Ul> <Li> The Simpsons : `` Brick Like Me '' ( 2014 ) </Li> </Ul> <P> Other series : </P> <Ul> <Li> Monty Python & the Holy Grail in Lego ( 2001 ) </Li> <Li> Lego Indiana Jones and the Raiders of the Lost Brick ( 2008 ) </Li> <Li> Lego Atlantis : The Movie ( 2010 ) </Li> <Li> Legends of Chima ( 2013 - 2014 ) </Li> <Li> Mixels ( 2014 - 2016 ) </Li> <Li> Lego Nexo Knights ( 2015 -- present ) </Li> <Li> Lego Jurassic World : The Indominus Escape ( 2016 ) </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Warner Bros. DC Comics Movie Slate Fully Revealed ! '' . ComingSoon.net . Archived from the original on October 17 , 2014 . Retrieved October 19 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Kit , Borys ( October 10 , 2014 ) . `` ' Lego Batman ' Spinoff Movie in the Works at Warner Bros. ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on October 15 , 2014 . Retrieved October 19 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Kit , Borys ( April 20 , 2015 ) . `` ' The Lego Batman Movie ' Gets Release Date '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved April 21 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Siegel , Tatiana ; Kit , Borys ( March 28 , 2015 ) . `` New ' Lego ' Spinoff Movie in the Works From Jason Segel , ' Iron Man 3 ' Writer ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 28 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2015 - 10 - 11 . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 07 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Gerding , Stephen ( May 18 , 2017 ) . `` EXCLUSIVE TRAILER : LEGO Scooby - Doo ! : Blowout Beach Bash '' . CBR.com . Retrieved May 20 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Ching , Albert ( May 31 , 2017 ) . `` EXCLUSIVE : LEGO Meets DC Super Hero Girls in Brain Drain Trailer '' . CBR.com . Retrieved July 28 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` LEGO Batman learns to be a team player in ' Be-Leaguered ' '' . USA Today . Retrieved October 23 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Ultron Crashes the Party in First ' LEGO Marvel Super Heroes : Avengers Reassembled ! ' Clip '' . Marvel . Retrieved November 13 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Liu , Ed ( November 21 , 2015 ) . `` Cartoon Network Premieres for November 23 : `` Regular Show : The Movie , '' `` LEGO Scooby - Doo , '' and More `` . ToonZone . Retrieved November 21 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Orange , B. Alan ( September 27 , 2016 ) . `` LEGO Jurassic World Indominus Escape Trailer : An All - New Animated Short '' . MovieWeb . Retrieved November 12 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Trumbore , Dave ( 14 July 2017 ) . `` Marvel Confirms ' Spider - Man ' Cast , Release Date and ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' Season 3 '' . Collider . Retrieved 15 July 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( February 27 , 2015 ) . `` ' Star Wars ' Saga Gets Lego Retelling on Disney XD ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved June 9 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( October 7 , 2016 ) . `` Netflix Orders Six New Kids Series Including ' LEGO Elves ' & Avi Arad 's ' Super Monsters ' '' . deadline.com . Retrieved October 6 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Spangler , Todd ( October 1 , 2015 ) . `` Netflix Orders 7 Original Kids ' Series , Including Lego 's ' Bionicle ' and DreamWorks ' ' Croods ' '' . Variety . Retrieved October 1 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Nordyke , Kimberly ( May 10 , 2017 ) . `` ' Lego Movie 's ' Unikitty Gets Animated Series at Cartoon Network '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved May 10 , 2017 . </Li> </Ol> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Lego </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> The Lego Group </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> History </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Timeline </Li> <Li> Interlego AG v Tyco Industries Inc </Li> <Li> Kirkbi AG v Ritvik Holdings Inc </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Product ranges </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Current </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Architecture </Li> <Li> City </Li> <Li> Creator </Li> <Li> Disney Princess </Li> <Li> Duplo </Li> <Li> Elves </Li> <Li> Friends </Li> <Li> Ideas </Li> <Li> Juniors </Li> <Li> The Lego Batman Movie </Li> <Li> The Lego Ninjago Movie </Li> <Li> Mindstorms </Li> <Li> Minecraft </Li> <Li> Minifigures </Li> <Li> Modular Buildings </Li> <Li> Nexo Knights </Li> <Li> Ninjago </Li> <Li> Speed Champions </Li> <Li> Star Wars </Li> <Li> Super Heroes </Li> <Li> Technic </Li> <Li> Trains </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Discontinued </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 4 + </Li> <Li> Agents </Li> <Li> Adventurers </Li> <Li> Alpha Team </Li> <Li> Aqua Raiders </Li> <Li> Aquazone </Li> <Li> Atlantis </Li> <Li> Avatar : The Last Airbender </Li> <Li> Baby </Li> <Li> Batman </Li> <Li> Belville </Li> <Li> Bionicle </Li> <Li> Cars </Li> <Li> Castle </Li> <Li> Dino </Li> <Li> Dino Attack </Li> <Li> Exo - Force </Li> <Li> Fabuland </Li> <Li> Fusion </Li> <Li> Games </Li> <Li> Harry Potter </Li> <Li> Hero Factory </Li> <Li> The Hobbit </Li> <Li> Homemaker </Li> <Li> Indiana Jones </Li> <Li> Jurassic World </Li> <Li> Legends of Chima </Li> <Li> The Lego Movie </Li> <Li> The Lord of the Rings </Li> <Li> Mars Mission </Li> <Li> Mickey Mouse </Li> <Li> Mixels </Li> <Li> Monster Fighters </Li> <Li> Ninja </Li> <Li> Paradisa </Li> <Li> Pharaoh 's Quest </Li> <Li> Pirates </Li> <Li> Pirates of the Caribbean </Li> <Li> Power Miners </Li> <Li> Prince of Persia </Li> <Li> Quatro </Li> <Li> Racers </Li> <Li> RoboRiders </Li> <Li> Rock Raiders </Li> <Li> Scooby - Doo </Li> <Li> The Simpsons </Li> <Li> Slizer / Throwbots </Li> <Li> Space </Li> <Li> Spider - Man </Li> <Li> Speed Racer </Li> <Li> SpongeBob SquarePants </Li> <Li> Sports </Li> <Li> Spybotics </Li> <Li> Studios </Li> <Li> Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles </Li> <Li> Time Cruisers </Li> <Li> Toy Story </Li> <Li> Ultra Agents </Li> <Li> Vikings </Li> <Li> Wild West </Li> <Li> World Racers </Li> <Li> Znap </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Other products </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Media </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Films & TV series <Ul> <Li> The Lego Movie </Li> <Li> The Lego Batman Movie </Li> <Li> The Lego Ninjago Movie </Li> <Li> The Lego Movie Sequel </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Software <Ul> <Li> Design byME </Li> <Li> Lego Digital Designer </Li> <Li> Lego Interactive </Li> <Li> List of video games </Li> <Li> Lego Universe </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Lego Club Magazine </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ul> <Li> Board games </Li> <Li> Serious Play </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> People </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Ole Kirk Christiansen </Li> <Li> Godtfred Kirk Christiansen </Li> <Li> Kjeld Kirk Kristiansen </Li> <Li> Jørgen Vig Knudstorp </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Theme parks </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Legoland <Ul> <Li> Billund </Li> <Li> California </Li> <Li> Deutschland </Li> <Li> Florida </Li> <Li> Japan </Li> <Li> Malaysia </Li> <Li> Windsor </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Legoland Discovery Centre <Ul> <Li> Boston </Li> <Li> Chicago </Li> <Li> Dallas Fort Worth </Li> <Li> Kansas City </Li> <Li> Westchester </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Events </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> BrickCon </Li> <Li> BrickFair </Li> <Li> BrickFest </Li> <Li> Brickfête </Li> <Li> Brick Fiesta </Li> <Li> Brickworld </Li> <Li> FIRST Lego League <Ul> <Li> FIRST Lego League Jr . </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Robofest </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> In popular culture </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> A Lego Brickumentary </Li> <Li> `` Brick Like Me '' </Li> <Li> The Brick Testament </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Related companies </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Merlin Entertainments </Li> <Li> TT Games <Ul> <Li> Traveller 's Tales </Li> <Li> TT Fusion </Li> <Li> TT Games Publishing </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Other topics </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Brickfilm </Li> <Li> LDraw <Ul> <Li> MLCAD </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Lego gun </Li> <Li> Lego House </Li> <Li> Lego tire </Li> <Li> LUGNET </Li> <Li> Minifigure </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Portal </Li> <Li> Book </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Lego_films_and_TV_series&oldid=803674018 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> Lego films </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Wikipedia articles needing clarification from May 2017 </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> Čeština </Li> <Li> Français </Li> </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 3 October 2017 , at 22 : 53 . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - 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when did the first lego movie come out

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Metal - wikipedia <H1> Metal </H1> Jump to : navigation , search This article is about metallic materials . For other uses , see Metal ( disambiguation ) . <Table> <Tr> <Th> Metallic elements </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Alkali metals </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> lithium </Li> <Li> sodium </Li> <Li> potassium </Li> <Li> rubidium </Li> <Li> caesium </Li> <Li> francium </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Alkaline earth metals </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> beryllium </Li> <Li> magnesium </Li> <Li> calcium </Li> <Li> strontium </Li> <Li> barium </Li> <Li> radium </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Transition metals </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> scandium </Li> <Li> titanium </Li> <Li> vanadium </Li> <Li> chromium </Li> <Li> manganese </Li> <Li> iron </Li> <Li> cobalt </Li> <Li> nickel </Li> <Li> copper </Li> <Li> zinc </Li> <Li> yttrium </Li> <Li> zirconium </Li> <Li> niobium </Li> <Li> molybdenum </Li> <Li> technetium </Li> <Li> ruthenium </Li> <Li> rhodium </Li> <Li> palladium </Li> <Li> silver </Li> <Li> cadmium </Li> <Li> hafnium </Li> <Li> tantalum </Li> <Li> tungsten </Li> <Li> rhenium </Li> <Li> osmium </Li> <Li> iridium </Li> <Li> platinum </Li> <Li> gold </Li> <Li> mercury </Li> <Li> rutherfordium </Li> <Li> dubnium </Li> <Li> seaborgium </Li> <Li> bohrium </Li> <Li> hassium </Li> <Li> copernicium </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Post-transition metals </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> aluminium </Li> <Li> gallium </Li> <Li> indium </Li> <Li> tin </Li> <Li> thallium </Li> <Li> lead </Li> <Li> bismuth </Li> <Li> polonium </Li> <Li> flerovium </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Lanthanides </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> lanthanum </Li> <Li> cerium </Li> <Li> praseodymium </Li> <Li> neodymium </Li> <Li> promethium </Li> <Li> samarium </Li> <Li> europium </Li> <Li> gadolinium </Li> <Li> terbium </Li> <Li> dysprosium </Li> <Li> holmium </Li> <Li> erbium </Li> <Li> thulium </Li> <Li> ytterbium </Li> <Li> lutetium </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Actinides </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> actinium </Li> <Li> thorium </Li> <Li> protactinium </Li> <Li> uranium </Li> <Li> neptunium </Li> <Li> plutonium </Li> <Li> americium </Li> <Li> curium </Li> <Li> berkelium </Li> <Li> californium </Li> <Li> einsteinium </Li> <Li> fermium </Li> <Li> mendelevium </Li> <Li> nobelium </Li> <Li> lawrencium </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Elements which are possibly metals </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> meitnerium </Li> <Li> darmstadtium </Li> <Li> roentgenium </Li> <Li> nihonium </Li> <Li> moscovium </Li> <Li> livermorium </Li> <Li> tennessine </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Elements which are sometimes considered metals </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> germanium </Li> <Li> arsenic </Li> <Li> antimony </Li> <Li> astatine </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> A metal ( from Greek μέταλλον métallon , `` mine , quarry , metal '' ) is a material ( an element , compound , or alloy ) that is typically hard when in solid state , opaque , shiny , and has good electrical and thermal conductivity . Metals are generally malleable -- that is , they can be hammered or pressed permanently out of shape without breaking or cracking -- as well as fusible ( able to be fused or melted ) and ductile ( able to be drawn out into a thin wire ) . About 91 of the 118 elements in the periodic table are metals ; the others are nonmetals or metalloids . Some elements appear in both metallic and non-metallic forms . </P> <P> Astrophysicists use the term `` metal '' to collectively describe all elements other than hydrogen and helium , the simplest two , in a star . The star fuses smaller atoms , mostly hydrogen and helium , to make larger ones over its lifetime . In that sense , the metallicity of an object is the proportion of its matter made up of all heavier chemical elements , not just traditional metals . </P> <P> Many elements and compounds that are not normally classified as metals become metallic under high pressures ; these are formed as metallic allotropes of non-metals . </P> <P> The strength and resilience of metals has led to their frequent use in high - rise building and bridge construction , as well as most vehicles , many home appliances , tools , pipes , non-illuminated signs and railroad tracks . Precious metals were historically used as coinage . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 In the periodic table </Li> <Li> 2 Structure and bonding </Li> <Li> 3 Properties <Ul> <Li> 3.1 Chemical </Li> <Li> 3.2 Physical </Li> <Li> 3.3 Electrical </Li> <Li> 3.4 Mechanical </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 Alloys </Li> <Li> 5 Categories <Ul> <Li> 5.1 Base metal </Li> <Li> 5.2 Ferrous metal </Li> <Li> 5.3 Noble metal </Li> <Li> 5.4 Precious metal </Li> <Li> 5.5 Heavy metal </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 6 Extraction </Li> <Li> 7 Recycling </Li> <Li> 8 Metallurgy </Li> <Li> 9 Applications </Li> <Li> 10 Trade </Li> <Li> 11 History </Li> <Li> 12 See also </Li> <Li> 13 References </Li> <Li> 14 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> In the periodic table </H2> <P> The elements which are considered as metals under ordinary conditions are shown in yellow on the periodic table below . The remaining elements are shown either as nonmetals or as metalloids of intermediate character . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="33"> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Metals -- nonmetals in the periodic table </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th_colspan="14"> </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th> 5 </Th> <Th> 6 </Th> <Th> 7 </Th> <Th> 8 </Th> <Th> 9 </Th> <Th> 10 </Th> <Th> 11 </Th> <Th> 12 </Th> <Th> 13 </Th> <Th> 14 </Th> <Th> 15 </Th> <Th> 16 </Th> <Th> 17 </Th> <Th> 18 </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="3"> Group → </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="3"> ↓ Period </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="30"> </Td> <Td> He </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> Li </Td> <Td> Be </Td> <Td_colspan="24"> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> O </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Ne </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> Na </Td> <Td> Mg </Td> <Td_colspan="24"> </Td> <Td> Al </Td> <Td> Si </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Cl </Td> <Td> Ar </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> Ca </Td> <Td_colspan="14"> </Td> <Td> Sc </Td> <Td> Ti </Td> <Td> V </Td> <Td> Cr </Td> <Td> Mn </Td> <Td> Fe </Td> <Td> Co </Td> <Td> Ni </Td> <Td> Cu </Td> <Td> Zn </Td> <Td> Ga </Td> <Td> Ge </Td> <Td> As </Td> <Td> Se </Td> <Td> Br </Td> <Td> Kr </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 5 </Th> <Td> Rb </Td> <Td> Sr </Td> <Td_colspan="14"> </Td> <Td> Y </Td> <Td> Zr </Td> <Td> Nb </Td> <Td> Mo </Td> <Td> Tc </Td> <Td> Ru </Td> <Td> Rh </Td> <Td> Pd </Td> <Td> Ag </Td> <Td> Cd </Td> <Td> In </Td> <Td> Sn </Td> <Td> Sb </Td> <Td> Te </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Xe </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 6 </Th> <Td> Cs </Td> <Td> Ba </Td> <Td> La </Td> <Td> Ce </Td> <Td> Pr </Td> <Td> Nd </Td> <Td> Pm </Td> <Td> Sm </Td> <Td> Eu </Td> <Td> Gd </Td> <Td> Tb </Td> <Td> Dy </Td> <Td> Ho </Td> <Td> Er </Td> <Td> Tm </Td> <Td> Yb </Td> <Td> Lu </Td> <Td> Hf </Td> <Td> Ta </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Re </Td> <Td> Os </Td> <Td> Ir </Td> <Td> Pt </Td> <Td> Au </Td> <Td> Hg </Td> <Td> Tl </Td> <Td> Pb </Td> <Td> Bi </Td> <Td> Po </Td> <Td> At </Td> <Td> Rn </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 7 </Th> <Td> Fr </Td> <Td> Ra </Td> <Td> Ac </Td> <Td> Th </Td> <Td> Pa </Td> <Td> U </Td> <Td> Np </Td> <Td> Pu </Td> <Td> Am </Td> <Td> Cm </Td> <Td> Bk </Td> <Td> Cf </Td> <Td> Es </Td> <Td> Fm </Td> <Td> Md </Td> <Td> No </Td> <Td> Lr </Td> <Td> Rf </Td> <Td> Db </Td> <Td> Sg </Td> <Td> Bh </Td> <Td> Hs </Td> <Td> Mt </Td> <Td> Ds </Td> <Td> Rg </Td> <Td> Cn </Td> <Td> Nh </Td> <Td> Fl </Td> <Td> Mc </Td> <Td> Lv </Td> <Td> Ts </Td> <Td> Og </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="33"> <Table> <Tr> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Td> Metal </Td> <Td> Metalloid </Td> <Td> Nonmetal </Td> <Td> Unknown properties </Td> <Td> Background color shows metal -- metalloid -- nonmetal trend in the periodic table </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Structure and bonding </H2> hcp and fcc close - packing of spheres <P> The atoms of metallic substances are typically arranged in one of three common crystal structures , namely body - centered cubic ( bcc ) , face - centered cubic ( fcc ) , and hexagonal close - packed ( hcp ) . In bcc , each atom is positioned at the center of a cube of eight others . In fcc and hcp , each atom is surrounded by twelve others , but the stacking of the layers differs . Some metals adopt different structures depending on the temperature . </P> <P> Atoms of metals readily lose their outer shell electrons , resulting in a free flowing cloud of electrons within their otherwise solid arrangement . This provides the ability of metallic substances to easily transmit heat and electricity . While this flow of electrons occurs , the solid characteristic of the metal is produced by electrostatic interactions between each atom and the electron cloud . This type of bond is called a metallic bond . </P> <H2> Properties </H2> <H3> Chemical </H3> <P> Metals are usually inclined to form cations through electron loss , reacting with oxygen in the air to form oxides over various timescales ( iron rusts over years , while potassium burns in seconds ) . Examples : </P> <Dl> <Dd> 4 Na + O → 2 Na O ( sodium oxide ) </Dd> <Dd> 2 Ca + O → 2 CaO ( calcium oxide ) </Dd> <Dd> 4 Al + 3 O → 2 Al O ( aluminium oxide ) . </Dd> </Dl> <P> The transition metals ( such as iron , copper , zinc , and nickel ) are slower to oxidize because they form a passivating layer of oxide that protects the interior . Others , like palladium , platinum and gold , do not react with the atmosphere at all . Some metals form a barrier layer of oxide on their surface which can not be penetrated by further oxygen molecules and thus retain their shiny appearance and good conductivity for many decades ( like aluminium , magnesium , some steels , and titanium ) . The oxides of metals are generally basic , as opposed to those of nonmetals , which are acidic . Exceptions are largely oxides with very high oxidation states such as CrO , Mn O , and OsO , which have strictly acidic reactions . </P> <P> Painting , anodizing or plating metals are good ways to prevent their corrosion . However , a more reactive metal in the electrochemical series must be chosen for coating , especially when chipping of the coating is expected . Water and the two metals form an electrochemical cell , and if the coating is less reactive than the coatee , the coating actually promotes corrosion . </P> <H3> Physical </H3> Gallium crystals <P> Metals in general have high electrical conductivity , high thermal conductivity , and high density . Typically they are malleable and ductile , deforming under stress without cleaving . In terms of optical properties , metals are shiny and lustrous . Sheets of metal beyond a few micrometres in thickness appear opaque , but gold leaf transmits green light . </P> <P> Although most metals have higher densities than most nonmetals , there is wide variation in their densities , lithium being the least dense solid element and osmium the densest . The alkali and alkaline earth metals in groups IA and II A are referred to as the light metals because they have low density , low hardness , and low melting points . The high density of most metals is due to the tightly packed crystal lattice of the metallic structure . The strength of metallic bonds for different metals reaches a maximum around the center of the transition metal series , as those elements have large amounts of delocalized electrons in tight binding type metallic bonds . However , other factors ( such as atomic radius , nuclear charge , number of bonds orbitals , overlap of orbital energies and crystal form ) are involved as well . </P> <H3> Electrical </H3> Filling of the electronic states in various types of materials at equilibrium . Here , height is energy while width is the density of available states for a certain energy in the material listed . The shade follows the Fermi -- Dirac distribution ( black = all states filled , white = no state filled ) . In metals and semimetals the Fermi level E lies inside at least one band . In insulators and semiconductors the Fermi level is inside a band gap ; however , in semiconductors the bands are near enough to the Fermi level to be thermally populated with electrons or holes . <P> The electrical and thermal conductivities of metals originate from the fact that their outer electrons are delocalized . This situation can be visualized by seeing the atomic structure of a metal as a collection of atoms embedded in a sea of highly mobile electrons . The electrical conductivity , as well as the electrons ' contribution to the heat capacity and heat conductivity of metals can be calculated from the free electron model , which does not take into account the detailed structure of the ion lattice . </P> <P> When considering the electronic band structure and binding energy of a metal , it is necessary to take into account the positive potential caused by the specific arrangement of the ion cores -- which is periodic in crystals . The most important consequence of the periodic potential is the formation of a small band gap at the boundary of the Brillouin zone . Mathematically , the potential of the ion cores can be treated by various models , the simplest being the nearly free electron model . </P> <H3> Mechanical </H3> <P> Mechanical properties of metals include ductility , i.e. their capacity for plastic deformation . Reversible elastic deformation in metals can be described by Hooke 's Law for restoring forces , where the stress is linearly proportional to the strain . Forces larger than the elastic limit , or heat , may cause a permanent ( irreversible ) deformation of the object , known as plastic deformation or plasticity . This irreversible change in atomic arrangement may occur as a result of : </P> <Ul> <Li> The action of an applied force ( or work ) . An applied force may be tensile ( pulling ) force , compressive ( pushing ) force , shear , bending or torsion ( twisting ) forces . </Li> <Li> A change in temperature ( heat ) . A temperature change may affect the mobility of the structural defects such as grain boundaries , point vacancies , line and screw dislocations , stacking faults and twins in both crystalline and non-crystalline solids . The movement or displacement of such mobile defects is thermally activated , and thus limited by the rate of atomic diffusion . </Li> </Ul> Hot metal work from a blacksmith . <P> Viscous flow near grain boundaries , for example , can give rise to internal slip , creep and fatigue in metals . It can also contribute to significant changes in the microstructure like grain growth and localized densification due to the elimination of intergranular porosity . Screw dislocations may slip in the direction of any lattice plane containing the dislocation , while the principal driving force for `` dislocation climb '' is the movement or diffusion of vacancies through a crystal lattice . </P> <P> In addition , the nondirectional nature of metallic bonding is also thought to contribute significantly to the ductility of most metallic solids . When the planes of an ionic bond slide past one another , the resultant change in location shifts ions of the same charge into close proximity , resulting in the cleavage of the crystal ; such shift is not observed in covalently bonded crystals where fracture and crystal fragmentation occurs . </P> <H2> Alloys </H2> Main article : Alloy <P> An alloy is a mixture of two or more elements in which the main component is a metal . Most pure metals are either too soft , brittle or chemically reactive for practical use . Combining different ratios of metals as alloys modifies the properties of pure metals to produce desirable characteristics . The aim of making alloys is generally to make them less brittle , harder , resistant to corrosion , or have a more desirable color and luster . Of all the metallic alloys in use today , the alloys of iron ( steel , stainless steel , cast iron , tool steel , alloy steel ) make up the largest proportion both by quantity and commercial value . Iron alloyed with various proportions of carbon gives low , mid and high carbon steels , with increasing carbon levels reducing ductility and toughness . The addition of silicon will produce cast irons , while the addition of chromium , nickel and molybdenum to carbon steels ( more than 10 % ) results in stainless steels . </P> <P> Other significant metallic alloys are those of aluminium , titanium , copper and magnesium . Copper alloys have been known since prehistory -- bronze gave the Bronze Age its name -- and have many applications today , most importantly in electrical wiring . The alloys of the other three metals have been developed relatively recently ; due to their chemical reactivity they require electrolytic extraction processes . The alloys of aluminium , titanium and magnesium are valued for their high strength - to - weight ratios ; magnesium can also provide electromagnetic shielding . These materials are ideal for situations where high strength - to - weight ratio is more important than material cost , such as in aerospace and some automotive applications . </P> <P> Alloys specially designed for highly demanding applications , such as jet engines , may contain more than ten elements . </P> <H2> Categories </H2> <H3> Base metal </H3> Main article : Base metal Zinc , a base metal , reacting with an acid <P> In chemistry , the term base metal is used informally to refer to a metal that is easily oxidized or corroded , and reacts easily with dilute hydrochloric acid ( HCl ) to form metal chloride and hydrogen . Examples include iron , nickel , lead and zinc . Copper is considered a base metal as it is oxidized relatively easily , although it does not react with HCl . Base metal is commonly used in opposition to noble metal . </P> <P> In alchemy , a base metal was a common and inexpensive metal , as opposed to precious metals , mainly gold and silver . A longtime goal of the alchemists was the transmutation of base metals into precious metals . </P> <P> In numismatics , coins in the past derived their value primarily from the precious metal content . Most modern currencies are fiat currency , allowing the coins to be made of base metal . </P> <H3> Ferrous metal </H3> Main article : Ferrous metallurgy See also : Non-ferrous metals <P> The term `` ferrous '' is derived from the Latin word meaning `` containing iron '' . This can include pure iron , such as wrought iron , or an alloy such as steel . Ferrous metals are often magnetic , but not exclusively . </P> <H3> Noble metal </H3> Main article : Noble metal <P> Noble metals are metals that are resistant to corrosion or oxidation , unlike most base metals . They tend to be precious metals , often due to perceived rarity . Examples include gold , platinum , silver , rhodium , iridium and palladium . </P> <H3> Precious metal </H3> A gold nugget Main article : Precious metal <P> A precious metal is a rare metallic chemical element of high economic value . </P> <P> Chemically , the precious metals are less reactive than most elements , have high luster and high electrical conductivity . Historically , precious metals were important as currency , but are now regarded mainly as investment and industrial commodities . Gold , silver , platinum and palladium each have an ISO 4217 currency code . The best - known precious metals are gold and silver . While both have industrial uses , they are better known for their uses in art , jewelry , and coinage . Other precious metals include the platinum group metals : ruthenium , rhodium , palladium , osmium , iridium , and platinum , of which platinum is the most widely traded . </P> <P> The demand for precious metals is driven not only by their practical use , but also by their role as investments and a store of value . Palladium and platinum are , as of fall 2017 , valued at about three quarters the price of gold . Silver is substantially less expensive than these metals , but is often traditionally considered a precious metal for its role in coinage and jewelry . </P> <H3> Heavy metal </H3> Main article : Heavy metal ( chemical element ) <P> A heavy metal is any relatively dense metal or metalloid . More specific definitions have been proposed , but none have obtained widespread acceptance . Some heavy metals have niche uses , or are notably toxic ; some are essential in trace amounts . </P> <H2> Extraction </H2> Main articles : Ore , Mining , and Extractive metallurgy <P> Metals are often extracted from the Earth by means of mining ores that are rich sources of the requisite elements , such as bauxite . Ore is located by prospecting techniques , followed by the exploration and examination of deposits . Mineral sources are generally divided into surface mines , which are mined by excavation using heavy equipment , and subsurface mines . </P> <P> Once the ore is mined , the metals must be extracted , usually by chemical or electrolytic reduction . Pyrometallurgy uses high temperatures to convert ore into raw metals , while hydrometallurgy employs aqueous chemistry for the same purpose . The methods used depend on the metal and their contaminants . </P> <P> When a metal ore is an ionic compound of that metal and a non-metal , the ore must usually be smelted -- heated with a reducing agent -- to extract the pure metal . Many common metals , such as iron , are smelted using carbon as a reducing agent . Some metals , such as aluminium and sodium , have no commercially practical reducing agent , and are extracted using electrolysis instead . </P> <P> Sulfide ores are not reduced directly to the metal but are roasted in air to convert them to oxides . </P> <H2> Recycling </H2> <P> Demand for metals is closely linked to economic growth . During the 20th century , the variety of metals uses in society grew rapidly . Today , the development of major nations , such as China and India , and advances in technologies , are fuelling ever more demand . The result is that mining activities are expanding , and more and more of the world 's metal stocks are above ground in use , rather than below ground as unused reserves . An example is the in - use stock of copper . Between 1932 and 1999 , copper in use in the US rose from 73g to 238g per person . </P> <P> Metals are inherently recyclable , so in principle , can be used over and over again , minimizing these negative environmental impacts and saving energy . For example , 95 % of the energy used to make aluminium from bauxite ore is saved by using recycled material . Levels of metals recycling are generally low . In 2010 , the International Resource Panel , hosted by the United Nations Environment Programme ( UNEP ) published reports on metal stocks that exist within society and their recycling rates . </P> <P> The report authors observed that the metal stocks in society can serve as huge mines above ground . They warned that the recycling rates of some rare metals used in applications such as mobile phones , battery packs for hybrid cars and fuel cells are so low that unless future end - of - life recycling rates are dramatically stepped up these critical metals will become unavailable for use in modern technology . </P> <H2> Metallurgy </H2> Main article : Metallurgy <P> Metallurgy is a domain of materials science that studies the physical and chemical behavior of metallic elements , their intermetallic compounds , and their mixtures , which are called alloys . </P> <H2> Applications </H2> <P> Some metals and metal alloys possess high structural strength per unit mass , making them useful materials for carrying large loads or resisting impact damage . Metal alloys can be engineered to have high resistance to shear , torque and deformation . However the same metal can also be vulnerable to fatigue damage through repeated use or from sudden stress failure when a load capacity is exceeded . The strength and resilience of metals has led to their frequent use in high - rise building and bridge construction , as well as most vehicles , many appliances , tools , pipes , non-illuminated signs and railroad tracks . </P> <P> The two most commonly used structural metals , iron and aluminium , are also the most abundant metals in the Earth 's crust . </P> <P> Metals are good conductors , making them valuable in electrical appliances and for carrying an electric current over a distance with little energy lost . Electrical power grids rely on metal cables to distribute electricity . Home electrical systems , for the most part , are wired with copper wire for its good conducting properties . </P> <P> The thermal conductivity of metal is useful for containers to heat materials over a flame . Metal is also used for heat sinks to protect sensitive equipment from overheating . </P> <P> The high reflectivity of some metals is important in the construction of mirrors , including precision astronomical instruments . This last property can also make metallic jewelry aesthetically appealing . </P> <P> Some metals have specialized uses ; radioactive metals such as uranium and plutonium are used in nuclear power plants to produce energy via nuclear fission . Mercury is a liquid at room temperature and is used in switches to complete a circuit when it flows over the switch contacts . Shape memory alloy is used for applications such as pipes , fasteners and vascular stents . </P> <P> Metals can be doped with foreign molecules -- organic , inorganic , biological and polymers . This doping entails the metal with new properties that are induced by the guest molecules . Applications in catalysis , medicine , electrochemical cells , corrosion and more have been developed . </P> <H2> Trade </H2> <P> The World Bank reports that China was the top importer of ores and metals in 2005 followed by the United States and Japan . </P> <H2> History </H2> <P> The nature of metals has fascinated humans for many centuries , because these materials provided people with tools of unsurpassed properties both in war and in their preparation and processing . Pure gold and silver have been known to humans since the Stone Age . Lead and silver were fused from their ores as early as the fourth millennium BC . </P> <P> Ancient Latin and Greek writers such as Theophrastus , Pliny the Elder in his Natural History , or Pedanius Dioscorides , did not try to classify metals . The ancient Europeans never attained the concept `` metal '' as a distinct elementary substance with fixed , characteristic chemical and physical properties . Following Empedocles , all substances within the sublunary sphere were assumed to vary in their constituent classical elements of earth , water , air and fire . Following the Pythagoreans , Plato assumed that these elements could be further reduced to plane geometrical shapes ( triangles and squares ) bounding space and relating to the regular polyhedra in the sequence earth : cube , water : icosahedron , air : octahedron , fire : tetrahedron . However , this philosophical extension did not become as popular as the simple four elements , after it was rejected by Aristotle . Aristotle also rejected the atomic theory of Democritus , since he classified the implied existence of a vacuum necessary for motion as a contradiction ( a vacuum implies nonexistence , therefore can not exist ) . Aristotle did , however , introduce underlying antagonistic qualities ( or forces ) of dry vs. wet and cold vs. heat into the composition of each of the four elements . The word `` metal '' originally meant `` mines '' and only later gained the general meaning of products from materials obtained in mines . In the first centuries A.D. a relation between the planets and the existing metals was assumed as Gold : Sun , Silver : Moon , Electrum : Jupiter , Iron : Mars , Copper : Venus , Tin : Mercury , Lead : Saturn . After electrum was determined to be a combination of silver and gold , the relations Tin : Jupiter and Mercury : Mercury were substituted into the previous sequence . </P> <P> Arabic and medieval alchemists believed that all metals , and in fact , all sublunar matter , were composed of the principle of sulfur , carrying the combustible property , and the principle of mercury , the mother of all metals and carrier of the liquidity or fusibility , and the volatility properties . These principles were not necessarily the common substances sulfur and mercury found in most laboratories . This theory reinforced the belief that the all metals were destined to become gold in the bowels of the earth through the proper combinations of heat , digestion , time , and elimination of contaminants , all of which could be developed and hastened through the knowledge and methods of alchemy . Paracelsus added the third principle of salt , carrying the nonvolatile and incombustible properties , in his tria prima doctrine . These theories retained the four classical elements as underlying the composition of sulfur , mercury and salt . </P> <P> The first systematic text on the arts of mining and metallurgy was De la Pirotechnia by Vannoccio Biringuccio , which treats the examination , fusion , and working of metals . Sixteen years later , Georgius Agricola published De Re Metallica in 1555 , a clear and complete account of the profession of mining , metallurgy , and the accessory arts and sciences , as well as qualifying as the greatest treatise on the chemical industry through the sixteenth century . He gave the following description of a metal in his De Natura Fossilium ( 1546 ) . </P> <P> Metal is a mineral body , by nature either liquid or somewhat hard . The latter may be melted by the heat of the fire , but when it has cooled down again and lost all heat , it becomes hard again and resumes its proper form . In this respect it differs from the stone which melts in the fire , for although the latter regain its hardness , yet it loses its pristine form and properties . Traditionally there are six different kinds of metals , namely gold , silver , copper , iron , tin and lead . There are really others , for quicksilver is a metal , although the Alchemists disagree with us on this subject , and bismuth is also . The ancient Greek writers seem to have been ignorant of bismuth , wherefore Ammonius rightly states that there are many species of metals , animals , and plants which are unknown to us . Stibium when smelted in the crucible and refined has as much right to be regarded as a proper metal as is accorded to lead by writers . If when smelted , a certain portion be added to tin , a bookseller 's alloy is produced from which the type is made that is used by those who print books on paper . Each metal has its own form which it preserves when separated from those metals which were mixed with it . Therefore neither electrum nor Stannum ( not meaning our tin ) is of itself a real metal , but rather an alloy of two metals . Electrum is an alloy of gold and silver , Stannum of lead and silver . And yet if silver be parted from the electrum , then gold remains and not electrum ; if silver be taken away from Stannum , then lead remains and not Stannum . Whether brass , however , is found as a native metal or not , can not be ascertained with any surety . We only know of the artificial brass , which consists of copper tinted with the colour of the mineral calamine . And yet if any should be dug up , it would be a proper metal . Black and white copper seem to be different from the red kind . Metal , therefore , is by nature either solid , as I have stated , or fluid , as in the unique case of quicksilver . But enough now concerning the simple kinds . </P> <H2> See also </H2> <Ul> <Li> Amorphous metal </Li> <Li> ASM International ( society ) </Li> <Li> Ductility </Li> <Li> Electric field screening </Li> <Li> Metal theft </Li> <Li> Metalworking </Li> <Li> Properties of metals , metalloids and nonmetals </Li> <Li> Properties and uses of metals </Li> <Li> Solid </Li> <Li> Spin transition </Li> <Li> Steel </Li> <Li> Structural steel </Li> <Li> Transition metal </Li> </Ul> <H2> References </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ μέταλλον Henry George Liddell , Robert Scott , A Greek - English Lexicon , on Perseus Digital Library </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ metal , on Oxford Dictionaries </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ metal . Encyclopædia Britannica </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ John C. Martin . `` What we learn from a star 's metal content '' . New Analysis RR Lyrae Kinematics in the Solar Neighborhood . Retrieved September 7 , 2005 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Holleman , A.F. ; Wiberg , E. `` Inorganic Chemistry '' Academic Press : San Diego , 2001 . ISBN 0 - 12 - 352651 - 5 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Mortimer , Charles E. ( 1975 ) . Chemistry : A Conceptual Approach ( 3rd ed . ) . New York : : D. Van Nostrad Company . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Ductility -- strength of materials </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Tunay , Olcay ; Kabdasli , Isik ; Arslan - Alaton , Idil ; Olmez - Hanci , Tugba ( 2010 - 10 - 12 ) . Chemical Oxidation Applications for Industrial Wastewaters . IWA Publishing . ISBN 9781843393078 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Walther , John V. ( 2013 - 02 - 15 ) . Earth 's Natural Resources . Jones & Bartlett Publishers . ISBN 9781449632342 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Abdul - Rahman , Yahia ( 2014 - 11 - 10 ) . The Art of RF ( Riba - Free ) Islamic Banking and Finance : Tools and Techniques for Community - Based Banking . John Wiley & Sons . ISBN 9781118770962 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Metal contamination . Editions Quae. 2006 . ISBN 9782759200115 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Los Alamos National Laboratory -- Sodium '' . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 08 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Los Alamos National Laboratory -- Aluminum '' . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 08 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : The Recycling Rates of Metals : A Status Report Archived 2016 - 01 - 01 at the Wayback Machine . 2010 , International Resource Panel , United Nations Environment Programme </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Tread lightly : Aluminium attack Carolyn Fry , Guardian.co.uk , 22 February 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Metal Stocks in Society : Scientific Synthesis Archived 2016 - 01 - 01 at the Wayback Machine . 2010 , International Resource Panel , United Nations Environment Programme </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Frank Kreith and Yogi Goswami , eds. ( 2004 ) . The CRC Handbook of Mechanical Engineering , 2nd edition . Boca Raton . p. 12 - 2 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Avnir , David ( 2014 ) . `` Molecularly doped metals '' . Acc . Chem. Res. 47 : 579 -- 592 . doi : 10.1021 / ar4001982 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Structure of merchandise imports </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Der Große Brockhaus ( in German ) . 7 : L - MIJ ( Sixteenth , altogether newly prepared ed . ) . Wiesbaden : Bibliographisches Institut & F.A. Brockhaus. 1955 . p. 715 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ John Maxson Stillman , The Story of Early Chemistry D. Appleton ( 1924 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Georgius Agricola , De Re Metallica ( 1556 ) Tr . 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are pure metals made of atoms or ions

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List of songs in Victorious - wikipedia <H1> List of songs in Victorious </H1> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( August 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The following is a list of songs featured in the television series Victorious . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Episode </Th> <Th> Title </Th> <Th> Performed by </Th> <Th> Single </Th> <Th> Season </Th> <Th> Soundtrack </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> `` Pilot '' </Td> <Td> `` Make It Shine '' </Td> <Td> Tori Vega </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Victorious </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> `` The Birthweek Song '' </Td> <Td> `` You 're the Reason '' </Td> <Td> Tori Vega </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Victorious </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> `` Jade Dumps Beck '' </Td> <Td> `` Chicago '' </Td> <Td> Trina Vega </Td> <Td> No </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> `` Tori the Zombie '' </Td> <Td> `` Finally Falling '' </Td> <Td> Tori Vega and Beck Oliver </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Victorious </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> `` Survival of the Hottest '' </Td> <Td> `` Make It Shine '' </Td> <Td> `` Victorious '' Cast </Td> <Td> No </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> `` Wi - Fi in the Sky '' </Td> <Td> `` You 're the Reason '' </Td> <Td> Trina Vega </Td> <Td> No </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> `` The Great Ping Pong Scam '' </Td> <Td> `` Tell Me That You Love Me '' </Td> <Td> Tori Vega and Andre Harris </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Victorious </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> `` Freak the Freak Out '' </Td> <Td> `` Forever Baby '' </Td> <Td> Robbie Shapiro and Rex Powers </Td> <Td> No </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> `` Number One '' ( A.K.A. `` My World '' ) </Td> <Td> Hayley , Tara in a duet Sikowitz in a solo </Td> <Td> No </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> `` Give It Up '' </Td> <Td> Cat Valentine and Jade West </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Victorious </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> `` Hate Me , Love Me '' </Td> <Td> Hayley and Tara </Td> <Td> No </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> `` Freak the Freak Out '' </Td> <Td> Tori Vega </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Victorious </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> `` Rex Dies '' </Td> <Td> `` Forever Baby '' </Td> <Td> Tori Vega , Robbie Shapiro and Rex Powers </Td> <Td> No </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> `` The Diddly - Bops '' </Td> <Td> `` Broken Glass '' </Td> <Td> Robbie Shapiro </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Victorious ( bonus track ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> `` Favorite Food '' </Td> <Td> `` Victorious '' Cast </Td> <Td> No </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Victorious </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> `` Nose Song '' </Td> <Td> Andre Harris </Td> <Td> No </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> `` You 're the Reason '' </Td> <Td> Trina Vega </Td> <Td> No </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> `` Song2You '' </Td> <Td> Tori Vega and Andre Harris </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Victorious </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> `` Wok Star '' </Td> <Td> `` Fly Out of the Well '' </Td> <Td> Daisy Lee </Td> <Td> No </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> `` The Wood '' </Td> <Td> `` Forever Baby '' </Td> <Td> Tori Vega and Jade West </Td> <Td> No </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> `` Beggin ' on Your Knees '' </Td> <Td> `` Beggin ' on Your Knees '' </Td> <Td> Tori Vega </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Victorious </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> `` Ice Cream for Ke $ ha '' </Td> <Td> `` Blow '' </Td> <Td> Ke $ ha </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Cannibal </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> `` Tori Gets Stuck '' </Td> <Td> `` The Captain Is She '' </Td> <Td> Tori Vega and Sikowitz </Td> <Td> No </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> `` Prom Wrecker '' </Td> <Td> `` Best Friend 's Brother '' </Td> <Td> Tori Vega , Cat Valentine and Andre Harris </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Victorious </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> `` Locked Up ! '' </Td> <Td> `` All I Want Is Everything '' </Td> <Td> Tori Vega , Cat Valentine , Jade West and Trina Vega </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Victorious </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> `` I Want You Back '' </Td> <Td> `` Victorious '' Cast </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Victorious </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> `` Helen Back Again '' </Td> <Td> `` ( You Have n't Seen the ) Best of Me '' </Td> <Td> Trina Vega </Td> <Td> No </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> `` Cat 's Broadway Song '' </Td> <Td> Cat Valentine </Td> <Td> No </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> `` Make It Shine ( Remix ) '' </Td> <Td> Tori Vega and Andre Harris </Td> <Td> No </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> `` Jade Gets Crushed '' </Td> <Td> `` 365 Days '' </Td> <Td> Tori Vega and Andre Harris </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Victorious 3.0 ( bonus track ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> `` Okay '' </Td> <Td> Jade West </Td> <Td> No </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> `` Terror on Cupcake Street '' </Td> <Td> `` The Wheels on the Cupcake '' </Td> <Td> `` Victorious '' Cast </Td> <Td> No </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> `` A Christmas Tori '' </Td> <Td> `` It 's Not Christmas Without You '' </Td> <Td> Tori Vega , Cat Valentine and Jade West </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Merry Nickmas ! </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> `` The Breakfast Bunch '' </Td> <Td> `` Run , Run , Run Away '' </Td> <Td> Unknown Artist </Td> <Td> No </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> `` In This Together '' </Td> <Td> Nikki Watkins </Td> <Td> No </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> `` Do n't You ( Forget About Me ) '' </Td> <Td> Tori Vega </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Victorious 2.0 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> `` The Gorilla Club '' </Td> <Td> `` I 'm on Fire '' </Td> <Td> Robbie Shapiro and Andre Harris </Td> <Td> No </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> `` Andre 's Horrible Girl '' </Td> <Td> `` Countdown '' </Td> <Td> Tori Vega and Andre Harris </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Victorious 2.0 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> `` Tori & Jade 's Playdate '' </Td> <Td> `` Take a Hint '' </Td> <Td> Tori Vega and Jade West </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Victorious 2.0 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> `` April Fools Blank '' </Td> <Td> `` Shut Up n ' Dance '' </Td> <Td> `` Victorious '' Cast </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Victorious 2.0 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> `` Driving Tori Crazy '' </Td> <Td> `` 5 Fingaz to the Face '' </Td> <Td> `` Victorious '' Cast </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Victorious 2.0 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> `` How Trina Got In '' </Td> <Td> `` The Joke is on You '' </Td> <Td> Trina Vega </Td> <Td> No </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> `` Tori Goes Platinum '' </Td> <Td> `` Make It in America '' </Td> <Td> Tori Vega </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Victorious 2.0 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> `` Cheer Me Up ( Only One 's Dancing ) '' </Td> <Td> Tori Vega </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Victorious 3.0 ( bonus track ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> `` The Blonde Squad '' </Td> <Td> `` I Think You ' re Swell '' </Td> <Td> Robbie Shapiro </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Victorious 2.0 ( bonus track ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> `` Three Girls and a Moose '' </Td> <Td> `` L.A. Boyz '' </Td> <Td> Tori Vega and Cat Valentine </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Victorious 3.0 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> `` Tori Fixes Beck and Jade '' </Td> <Td> `` You Do n't Know Me '' </Td> <Td> Jade West </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Victorious 3.0 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> `` One Thousand Berry Balls '' </Td> <Td> `` Here 's 2 Us '' </Td> <Td> Tori Vega and Andre Harris </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Victorious 3.0 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> `` The Bad Roommate '' </Td> <Td> `` Faster Than Boyz '' </Td> <Td> Tori Vega and Andre Harris </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Victorious 3.0 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> `` Star - Spangled Tori '' </Td> <Td> `` Star - Spangled Banner '' </Td> <Td> Tori Vega </Td> <Td> No </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> `` Bad Boys '' </Td> <Td> Tori Vega </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Victorious 3.0 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Victorious </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Episodes </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> ' `` iParty with Victorious '' ( 2011 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Discography </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Victorious </Li> <Li> Victorious 2.0 </Li> <Li> Victorious 3.0 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Related articles </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Characters <Ul> <Li> iCarly </Li> <Li> Sam & Cat <Ul> <Li> `` # TheKillerTunaJump '' </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_songs_in_Victorious&oldid=822275932 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> Victorious </Li> <Li> Lists of songs </Li> <Li> American television - related lists </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Articles needing additional references from August 2012 </Li> <Li> All articles needing additional references </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> Bahasa Indonesia </Li> <Li> Bahasa Melayu </Li> </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 25 January 2018 , at 12 : 45 ( UTC ) . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . 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what episode in victorious is give it up

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Active transport - wikipedia <H1> Active transport </H1> Jump to : navigation , search This article is about transport in cellular biology . For human transport systems , see active transportation . <P> Active transport is the movement of molecules across a membrane from a region of their lower concentration to a region of their higher concentration -- in the direction against the concentration gradient . Active transport requires cellular energy to achieve this movement . There are two types of active transport -- primary active transport that uses ATP , and secondary active transport that uses an electrochemical gradient . An example of active transport in human physiology is the uptake of glucose in the intestines . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Cellular transportation mechanisms </Li> <Li> 2 History </Li> <Li> 3 Background </Li> <Li> 4 Primary active transport <Ul> <Li> 4.1 Model of active transport </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 5 Types of primary active transporters </Li> <Li> 6 Secondary active transport <Ul> <Li> 6.1 Antiporter </Li> <Li> 6.2 Symporter </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 7 Bulk transport </Li> <Li> 8 See also </Li> <Li> 9 References </Li> <Li> 10 Notes </Li> <Li> 11 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Cellular transportation mechanisms ( edit ) </H2> <P> Active transport is the movement of molecules across a membrane from a region of their lower concentration to a region of their higher concentration -- in the direction against the concentration gradient or other obstructing factor ( often a concentration gradient ) . </P> <P> Unlike passive transport , which uses the kinetic energy and natural entropy of molecules moving down a gradient , active transport uses cellular energy to move them against a gradient , polar repulsion , or other resistance . Active transport is usually associated with accumulating high concentrations of molecules that the cell needs , such as ions , glucose and amino acids . If the process uses chemical energy , such as from adenosine triphosphate ( ATP ) , it is termed primary active transport . Secondary active transport involves the use of an electrochemical gradient . Examples of active transport include the uptake of glucose in the intestines in humans and the uptake of mineral ions into root hair cells of plants . </P> <H2> History ( edit ) </H2> <P> In 1848 , the German physiologist Emil du Bois - Reymond suggested the possibility of active transport of substances across membranes . </P> <P> Rosenberg ( 1948 ) formulated the concept of active transport based on energetic considerations , but later it would be redefined . </P> <P> In 1997 , Jens Christian Skou , a Danish physician received the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for his research regarding the sodium - potassium pump </P> <P> One category of cotransporters that is especially prominent in research regarding diabetes treatment is sodium glucose cotransporters . These transporters were discovered by scientists at that National Health Institute . These scientists had noticed a discrepancy in the absorption of glucose at different points in the kidney tubule of a rat . The gene was then discovered for intestinal glucose transport protein and linked to these membrane sodium glucose cotransport systems . The first of these membrane transport proteins was named SGLT1 followed by the discovery of SGLT2 . Robert Krane also played a prominent role in this field . </P> <H2> Background ( edit ) </H2> <P> Specialized transmembrane proteins recognize the substance and allow it to move across the membrane when it otherwise would not , either because the phospholipid bilayer of the membrane is impermeable to the substance moved or because the substance is moved against the direction of its concentration gradient . There are two forms of active transport , primary active transport and secondary active transport . In primary active transport , the proteins involved are pumps that normally use the chemical energy in the form of ATP . Secondary active transport , however , makes use of potential energy , which is usually derived through exploitation of an electrochemical gradient . The energy created from one ion moving down its electrochemical gradient is used to power the transport of another ion moving against its electrochemical gradient . This involves pore - forming proteins that form channels across the cell membrane . The difference between passive transport and active transport is that the active transport requires energy , and moves substances against their respective concentration gradient , whereas passive transport requires no energy and moves substances in the direction of their respective concentration gradient . </P> <P> In an antiporter , one substrate is transported in one direction across the membrane while another is cotransported in the opposite direction . In a symporter , two substrates are transported in the same direction across the membrane . Antiport and symport processes are associated with secondary active transport , meaning that one of the two substances is transported against its concentration gradient , utilizing the energy derived from the transport of another ion ( mostly Na , K or H ions ) down its concentration gradient . </P> <P> If substrate molecules are moving from areas of lower concentration to areas of higher concentration ( i.e. , in the opposite direction as , or against the concentration gradient ) , specific transmembrane carrier proteins are required . These proteins have receptors that bind to specific molecules ( e.g. , glucose ) and transport them across the cell membrane . Because energy is required in this process , it is known as ' active ' transport . Examples of active transport include the transportation of sodium out of the cell and potassium into the cell by the sodium - potassium pump . Active transport often takes place in the internal lining of the small intestine . </P> <P> Plants need to absorb mineral salts from the soil or other sources , but these salts exist in very dilute solution . Active transport enables these cells to take up salts from this dilute solution against the direction of the concentration gradient . For example , the molecules chlorine ( Cl ^ - ) and nitrate NO3 - exist in the cytosol of plant cells , and need to be transported into the vacuole . While the vacuole has channels for these ions , transportation of them is against the concentration gradient , and thus movement of these ions is driven by hydrogen pumps , or proton pumps </P> <H2> Primary active transport ( edit ) </H2> The action of the sodium - potassium pump is an example of primary active transport . <P> Primary active transport , also called direct active transport , directly uses metabolic energy to transport molecules across a membrane . Substances that are transported across the cell membrane by primary active transport include metal ions , such as Na , K , Mg , and Ca . These charged particles require ion pumps or ion channels to cross membranes and distribute through the body . </P> <P> Most of the enzymes that perform this type of transport are transmembrane ATPases . A primary ATPase universal to all animal life is the sodium - potassium pump , which helps to maintain the cell potential . The sodium - potassium pump maintains the membrane potential by moving three Na+ ions out of the cell for every two K+ ions moved into the cell . Other sources of energy for Primary active transport are redox energy and photon energy ( light ) . An example of primary active transport using Redox energy is the mitochondrial electron transport chain that uses the reduction energy of NADH to move protons across the inner mitochondrial membrane against their concentration gradient . An example of primary active transport using light energy are the proteins involved in photosynthesis that use the energy of photons to create a proton gradient across the thylakoid membrane and also to create reduction power in the form of NADPH . </P> <H3> Model of active transport ( edit ) </H3> <P> ATP hydrolysis is used to transport hydrogen ions against the electrochemical gradient ( from low to high hydrogen ion concentration ) . Phosphorylation of the carrier protein and the binding of a hydrogen ion induce a conformational ( shape ) change that drives the hydrogen ions to transport against the electrochemical gradient . Hydrolysis of the bound phosphate group and release of hydrogen ion then restores the carrier to its original conformation . </P> <H2> Types of primary active transporters ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> P - type ATPase : sodium potassium pump , calcium pump , proton pump </Li> <Li> F - ATPase : mitochondrial ATP synthase , chloroplast ATP synthase </Li> <Li> V - ATPase : vacuolar ATPase </Li> <Li> ABC ( ATP binding cassette ) transporter : MDR , CFTR , etc . </Li> </Ol> <P> Adenosine Triphosphate - binding cassette transporters ( ABC transporters ) comprise a large and diverse protein family , often functioning as ATP - driven pumps . Usually , there are several domains involved in the overall transporter protein 's structure , including two nucleotide - binding domains that constitute the ATP - binding motif and two hydrophobic transmembrane domains that create the `` pore '' component . In broad terms , ABC transporters are involved in the import or export of molecules across a cell membrane ; yet within the protein family there is an extensive range of function . </P> <P> In plants , ABC transporters are often found within cell and organelle membranes , such as the mitochondria , chloroplast , and plasma membrane . There is evidence to support that plant ABC transporters play a direct role in pathogen response , phytohormone transport , and detoxification . Furthermore , certain plant ABC transporters may function in actively exporting volatile compounds and antimicrobial metabolites . </P> <P> In petunia flowers ( Petunia hybrida ) , the ABC transporter PhABCG1 is involved in the active transport of volatile organic compounds . PhABCG1 is expressed in the petals of open flowers . In general , volatile compounds may promote the attraction of seed - dispersal organisms and pollinators , as well as aid in defense , signaling , allelopathy , and protection . To study the protein PhABCG1 , transgenic petunia RNA interference lines were created with decreased PhABCG1 expression levels . In these transgenic lines , a decrease in emission of volatile compounds was observed . Thus , PhABCG1 is likely involved in the export of volatile compounds . Subsequent experiments involved incubating control and transgenic lines that expressed PhABCG1 to test for transport activity involving different substrates . Ultimately , PhABCG1 is responsible for the protein - mediated transport of volatile organic compounds , such as benezyl alcohol and methylbenzoate , across the plasma membrane . </P> <P> Additionally in plants , ABC transporters may be involved in the transport of cellular metabolites . Pleiotropic Drug Resistance ABC transporters are hypothesized to be involved in stress response and export antimicrobial metabolites . One example of this type of ABC transporter is the protein NtPDR1 . This unique ABC transporter is found in Nicotiana tabacum BY2 cells and is expressed in the presence of microbial elicitors . NtPDR1 is localized in the root epidermis and aerial trichomes of the plant . Experiments using antibodies specifically targeting NtPDR1 followed by Western blotting allowed for this determination of localization . Furthermore , it is likely that the protein NtPDR1 actively transports out antimicrobial diterpene molecules , which are toxic to the cell at high levels . </P> <H2> Secondary active transport ( edit ) </H2> Secondary active transport <P> In secondary active transport , also known as coupled transport or cotransport , energy is used to transport molecules across a membrane ; however , in contrast to primary active transport , there is no direct coupling of ATP ; instead it relies upon the electrochemical potential difference created by pumping ions in / out of the cell . Permitting one ion or molecule to move down an electrochemical gradient , but possibly against the concentration gradient where it is more concentrated to that where it is less concentrated increases entropy and can serve as a source of energy for metabolism ( e.g. in ATP synthase ) . The energy derived from the pumping of protons across a cell membrane is frequently used as the energy source in secondary active transport . In humans , sodium ( Na ) is a commonly co-transported ion across the plasma membrane , whose electrochemical gradient is then used to power the active transport of a second ion or molecule against its gradient . In bacteria and small yeast cells , a commonly cotransported ion is hydrogen . Hydrogen pumps are also used to create an electrochemical gradient to carry out processes within cells such as in the electron transport chain , an important function of cellular respiration that happens in the mitochondrion of the cell . </P> <P> In August 1960 , in Prague , Robert K. Crane presented for the first time his discovery of the sodium - glucose cotransport as the mechanism for intestinal glucose absorption . Crane 's discovery of cotransport was the first ever proposal of flux coupling in biology . </P> <P> Cotransporters can be classified as symporters and antiporters depending on whether the substances move in the same or opposite directions . </P> <H3> Antiporter ( edit ) </H3> Function of symporters and antiporters . <P> In an antiporter two species of ion or other solutes are pumped in opposite directions across a membrane . One of these species is allowed to flow from high to low concentration which yields the entropic energy to drive the transport of the other solute from a low concentration region to a high one . </P> <P> An example is the sodium - calcium exchanger or antiporter , which allows three sodium ions into the cell to transport one calcium out . This antiporter mechanism is important within the membranes of cardiac muscle cells in order to keep the calcium concentration in the cytoplasm low . Many cells also possess calcium ATPases , which can operate at lower intracellular concentrations of calcium and sets the normal or resting concentration of this important second messenger . But the ATPase exports calcium ions more slowly : only 30 per second versus 2000 per second by the exchanger . The exchanger comes into service when the calcium concentration rises steeply or `` spikes '' and enables rapid recovery . This shows that a single type of ion can be transported by several enzymes , which need not be active all the time ( constitutively ) , but may exist to meet specific , intermittent needs . </P> <H3> Symporter ( edit ) </H3> <P> A symporter uses the downhill movement of one solute species from high to low concentration to move another molecule uphill from low concentration to high concentration ( against its concentration gradient ) . Both molecules are transported in the same direction . </P> <P> An example is the glucose symporter SGLT1 , which co-transports one glucose ( or galactose ) molecule into the cell for every two sodium ions it imports into the cell . This symporter is located in the small intestines , heart , and brain . It is also located in the S3 segment of the proximal tubule in each nephron in the kidneys . Its mechanism is exploited in glucose rehydration therapy This mechanism uses the absorption of sugar through the walls of the intestine to pull water in along with it . Defects in SGLT2 prevent effective reabsorption of glucose , causing familial renal glucosuria . </P> <H2> Bulk transport ( edit ) </H2> Main articles : Endocytosis and Exocytosis <P> Endocytosis and exocytosis are both forms of bulk transport that move materials into and out of cells , respectively , via vesicles . In the case of endocytosis , the cellular membrane folds around the desired materials outside the cell . The ingested particle becomes trapped within a pouch , known as a vesicle , inside the cytoplasm . Often enzymes from lysosomes are then used to digest the molecules absorbed by this process . Substances that enter the cell via signal mediated endocytosis include proteins , hormones and growth factors . Viruses enter cells through a form of endocytosis that involves their outer membrane fusing with the membrane of the cell . This forces the viral DNA into the host cell . </P> <P> Biologists distinguish two main types of endocytosis : pinocytosis and phagocytosis . </P> <Ul> <Li> In pinocytosis , cells engulf liquid particles ( in humans this process occurs in the small intestine , where cells engulf fat droplets ) . </Li> <Li> In phagocytosis , cells engulf solid particles . </Li> </Ul> <P> Exocytosis involves the removal of substances through the fusion of the outer cell membrane and a vesicle membrane An example of exocytosis would be the transmission of neurotransmitters across a synapse between brain cells . </P> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> ATP - binding cassette transporter </Li> <Li> Countercurrent exchange </Li> <Li> Protein targeting </Li> <Li> Translocation </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The importance of homeostasis '' . Science . me . Retrieved 23 April 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Du Bois - Reymond , E. ( 1848 -- 84 ) . Untersuchungen über thierische Elektricität Berlin : Reimer . ( Vol. 1 , Part 1 , 1848 ; Vol. 1 , Part 2 , 1849 ; Vol. 2 , Part 1 , 1860 ; Vol. 2 , Part 2 , 1884 ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Rosenberg , T. ( 1948 ) . On accumulation and active transport in biological systems . I. Thermodynamic considerations . Acta Chem. Scand. 2 , 14 - 33 , ( 1 ) . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Jens C. Skou - Biographical '' . Nobelprize.org . Nobel Media AB 2014 . Web . 11 Nov 2017 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Inzucchi , Silvio E et al. `` SGLT - 2 Inhibitors and Cardiovascular Risk : Proposed Pathways and Review of Ongoing Outcome Trials . '' Diabetes & Vascular Disease Research 12.2 ( 2015 ) : 90 -- 100 . PMC . Web . 11 Nov. 2017 </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Story of Discovery : SGLT2 Inhibitors : Harnessing the Kidneys to Help Treat Diabetes . '' National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases , U.S. Department of Health and Human Services , www.niddk.nih.gov/news/research-updates/Pages/story-discovery-SGLT2-inhibitors-harnessing-kidneys-help-treat-diabetes.aspx . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Active Transport Process . Buzzle.com ( 2010 - 05 - 14 ) . Retrieved on 2011 - 12 - 05 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Lodish H , Berk A , Zipursky SL , et al. Molecular Cell Biology . 4th edition . New York : W.H. Freeman ; 2000 . Section 15.6 , Cotransport by Symporters and Antiporters . Available from : https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK21687/ </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Lodish H , Berk A , Zipursky SL , et al. Molecular Cell Biology . 4th edition . New York : W.H. Freeman ; 2000 . Chapter 15 , Transport across Cell Membranes . Available from : https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK21525/ </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Active Transport Archived August 24 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine ... Biologycorner.com . Retrieved on 2011 - 12 - 05 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Lodish H , Berk A , Zipursky SL , et al. Molecular Cell Biology . 4th edition . New York : W.H. Freeman ; 2000 . Section 15.6 , Cotransport by Symporters and Antiporters . Available from : https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK21687 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Physiology : 7 / 7ch05 / 7ch05p11 - Essentials of Human Physiology </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Reese , Jane B. ; Urry , Lisa A. ; Cain , Michael L. ; Wasserman , Steven A. ; Minorsky , Peter V. ; Jackson , Robert B. ( 2014 ) . Tenth Edition , Campbell 's Biology . United States : Pearson Education Inc. p. 135 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 321 - 77565 - 8 -- via Tenth edition . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Cooper , Geoffrey ( 2009 ) . The Cell : A Molecular Approach . Washington , DC : ASM PRESS . p. 65 . ISBN 9780878933006 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Kang , Joohyun ; Park , Jiyoung ( December 6 , 2011 ) . `` Plant ABC Transporters '' ( PDF ) . American Society of Plant Biologists . doi : 10.1199 / tab. 0153 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Adebesin , Funmilayo ( June 30 , 2017 ) . `` Emission of volatile organic compounds from petunia flowers is facilitated by an ABC transporter '' ( PDF ) . Plant Science . 356 : 1386 -- 1388 -- via Science Direct . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Crouzet , Jerome ( April 7 , 2013 ) . `` NtPDR1 , a plasma membrane ABC transporter from Nicotiana tabacum , is involved in diterpene transport '' ( PDF ) . Plant Molecular Biology . 82 : 181 -- 192 -- via SpringerLink . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Physiology : 7 / 7ch05 / 7ch05p12 - Essentials of Human Physiology </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Alberts B , Johnson A , Lewis J , et al. Molecular Biology of the Cell. 4th edition . New York : Garland Science ; 2002 . Carrier Proteins and Active Membrane Transport . Available from : https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK26896/ </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Alberts B , Johnson A , Lewis J , et al. Molecular Biology of the Cell. 4th edition . New York : Garland Science ; 2002 . Electron - Transport Chains and Their Proton Pumps . Available from : https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK26904/ </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Crane , Robert K. ; Miller , D. ; Bihler , I. ( 1961 ) . `` The restrictions on possible mechanisms of intestinal transport of sugars '' . In Kleinzeller , A. ; Kotyk , A. Membrane Transport and Metabolism . Proceedings of a Symposium held in Prague , August 22 -- 27 , 1960 . Prague : Czech Academy of Sciences . pp. 439 -- 449 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Wright EM , Turk E ( February 2004 ) . `` The sodium / glucose cotransport family SLC5 '' . Pflügers Arch. 447 ( 5 ) : 510 -- 8 . doi : 10.1007 / s00424 - 003 - 1063 - 6 . PMID 12748858 . Crane in 1961 was the first to formulate the cotransport concept to explain active transport ( 7 ) . Specifically , he proposed that the accumulation of glucose in the intestinal epithelium across the brush border membrane was coupled to downhill Na transport cross the brush border . This hypothesis was rapidly tested , refined and extended ( to ) encompass the active transport of a diverse range of molecules and ions into virtually every cell type . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Boyd CA ( March 2008 ) . `` Facts , fantasies and fun in epithelial physiology '' . Exp . Physiol. 93 ( 3 ) : 303 -- 14 . doi : 10.1113 / expphysiol. 2007.037523 . PMID 18192340 . p. 304 . `` the insight from this time that remains in all current text books is the notion of Robert Crane published originally as an appendix to a symposium paper published in 1960 ( Crane et al. 1960 ) . The key point here was ' flux coupling ' , the cotransport of sodium and glucose in the apical membrane of the small intestinal epithelial cell . Half a century later this idea has turned into one of the most studied of all transporter proteins ( SGLT1 ) , the sodium -- glucose cotransporter . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Yu , SP ; Choi , DW ( June 1997 ) . `` Na ( + ) - Ca2+ exchange currents in cortical neurons : concomitant forward and reverse operation and effect of glutamate '' . The European Journal of Neuroscience. 9 ( 6 ) : 1273 -- 81 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1460 - 9568.1997. tb01482. x . PMID 9215711 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Strehler , EE ; Zacharias , DA ( January 2001 ) . `` Role of alternative splicing in generating isoform diversity among plasma membrane calcium pumps '' . Physiological Reviews . 81 ( 1 ) : 21 -- 50 . PMID 11152753 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Patterson , M ; Sneyd , J ; Friel , DD ( January 2007 ) . `` Depolarization - induced calcium responses in sympathetic neurons : relative contributions from Ca2+ entry , extrusion , ER / mitochondrial Ca2+ uptake and release , and Ca2+ buffering '' . The Journal of General Physiology. 129 ( 1 ) : 29 -- 56 . doi : 10.1085 / jgp. 200609660 . PMC 2151609 . PMID 17190902 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Wright , EM ; Loo , DD ; Panayotova - Heiermann , M ; Lostao , MP ; Hirayama , BH ; Mackenzie , B ; Boorer , K ; Zampighi , G ( November 1994 ) . `` ' Active ' sugar transport in eukaryotes '' . The Journal of Experimental Biology . 196 : 197 -- 212 . PMID 7823022 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Dyer , J ; Hosie , KB ; Shirazi - Beechey , SP ( July 1997 ) . `` Nutrient regulation of human intestinal sugar transporter ( SGLT2 ) expression '' . Gut. 41 ( 1 ) : 56 -- 9 . doi : 10.1136 / gut. 41.1. 56 . PMC 1027228 . PMID 9274472 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Zhou , L ; Cryan , EV ; D'Andrea , MR ; Belkowski , S ; Conway , BR ; Demarest , KT ( 1 October 2003 ) . `` Human cardiomyocytes express high level of Na+ / glucose cotransporter 1 ( SGLT2 ) '' . Journal of Cellular Biochemistry . 90 ( 2 ) : 339 -- 46 . doi : 10.1002 / jcb. 10631 . PMID 14505350 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Poppe , R ; Karbach , U ; Gambaryan , S ; Wiesinger , H ; Lutzenburg , M ; Kraemer , M ; Witte , OW ; Koepsell , H ( July 1997 ) . `` Expression of the Na+ - D - glucose cotransporter SGLT1 in neurons '' . Journal of Neurochemistry. 69 ( 1 ) : 84 -- 94 . doi : 10.1046 / j. 1471 - 4159.1997. 69010084. x . PMID 9202297 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Wright EM ( 2001 ) . `` Renal Na - glucose cotransporters '' . Am J Physiol Renal Physiol. 280 ( 1 ) : F10 -- 8 . PMID 11133510 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Loo , DD ; Zeuthen , T ; Chandy , G ; Wright , EM ( 12 November 1996 ) . `` Cotransport of water by the Na+ / glucose cotransporter '' . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America . 93 ( 23 ) : 13367 -- 70 . doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 93.23. 13367 . PMC 24099 . PMID 8917597 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Loo , Donald D. ; Zeuthan , Thomas ; Chandy , Grischa ; Wright , Ernest M. ( 1996 - 11 - 12 ) . `` Cotransport of water by Na+ / glucose cotransporter '' Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences . 93 ( 23 ) : 13367 - 13370 . ISSN 0027 - 8424 . PMID 8917597 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Wright EM , Hirayama BA , Loo DF ( 2007 ) . `` Active sugar transport in health and disease '' . Journal of internal medicine . 261 ( 1 ) : 32 -- 43 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 2796.2006. 01746. x . PMID 17222166 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Reece , Jane ; Urry , Lisa ; Cain , Michael ; Wasserman , Steven ; Minorsky , Peter ; Jackson , Robert ( 2014 ) . Tenth Addition Campbell Biology . United States of America : Pearson Education , Inc. p. 137 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 321 - 77565 - 8 -- via Tenth Addition . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Transport into the Cell from the Plasma Membrane : Endocytosis -- Molecular Biology of the Cell -- NCBI Bookshelf . Ncbi.nlm.nih.gov ( 2011 - 10 - 03 ) . Retrieved on 2011 - 12 - 05 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Paston , Ira ; Willingham , Mark C. ( 1985 ) . Endocytosis . Springer , Boston , MA . pp 1 - 44 . doi : 10.1007 / 978 - 1 - 4615 - 6904 - 6_1 . ISBN 9781461569060 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Jahn , Reinhard , and Thomas C Sudhof . `` Membrane Fusion and Exocytosis . '' Membrane Fusion and Exocytosis Annual Review of Biochemistry , Annual Review of Biochemistry , July 1999 , www.annualreviews.org/doi/full/10.1146/annurev.biochem.68.1.863 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Cell : Two Major Process in Exchange Of Materials Between Cell And Environment Archived August 11 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine ... Takdang Aralin ( 2009 - 10 - 26 ) . Retrieved on 2011 - 12 - 05 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Pinocytosis : Definition . biology-online.org </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Phagocytosis . Courses.washington.edu . Retrieved on 2011 - 12 - 05 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> Notes ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Lodish H. ; Berk A. ; Zipursky S.L. ; Matsudaira P. ; Baltimore D. ; Darnell J. ( 2000 ) . `` Section 15.6 Cotransport by Symporters and Antiporters '' . Molecular Cell Biology ( 4th ed . ) . New York : W.H. Freeman . 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Peter Minuit - wikipedia <H1> Peter Minuit </H1> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Peter Minuit , Minnewit </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> 3rd Director of New Netherland </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> In office 1626 -- 1631 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Preceded by </Th> <Td> Willem Verhulst </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Succeeded by </Th> <Td> Sebastiaen Jansen Krol </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Personal details </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> 1580 Wesel , Duchy of Cleves , Holy Roman Empire ( modern North Rhine - Westphalia , Germany ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> 1638 ( aged 58 ) St. Christopher </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Peter Minuit , Pieter Minuit , Pierre Minuit , or Peter Minnewit ( between 1580 and 1585 -- August 5 , 1638 ) was a Walloon from Wesel , in present - day North Rhine - Westphalia , Germany , then part of the Duchy of Cleves . His surname means `` midnight '' in French . He was Director of the Dutch North American colony of New Netherland from 1626 until 1631 , and founded the Swedish colony of New Sweden on the Delaware Peninsula in 1638 . </P> <P> Minuit is generally credited with orchestrating the purchase of Manhattan Island for the Dutch from the Lenape Native Americans . Manhattan later became the site of the Dutch city of New Amsterdam , and the borough of Manhattan of modern - day New York City . A common account states that Minuit purchased Manhattan for $24 worth of trinkets . A letter written by Dutch merchant Peter Schaghen to directors of the Dutch East India Company stated that Manhattan was purchased `` for the value of 60 guilders '' in goods , an amount worth approximately $1,050 in 2015 dollars . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Biography <Ul> <Li> 1.1 Early life </Li> <Li> 1.2 As director of New Netherland </Li> <Li> 1.3 Establishing the New Sweden colony </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2 Legacy <Ul> <Li> 2.1 Places named after Minuit </Li> <Li> 2.2 In popular culture </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 See also </Li> <Li> 4 References <Ul> <Li> 4.1 Notes </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 5 Further reading </Li> <Li> 6 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Biography ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Early life ( edit ) </H3> <P> Peter Minuit was born sometime between 1580 and 1585 , into a Calvinist family that had moved from the city of Tournai ( presently part of Wallonia , Belgium ) in the Southern Netherlands , to Wesel in Germany , in order to avoid Spanish Catholic colonials , who were not favorably disposed toward Protestants . </P> <P> His father , Johan , died in 1609 and Peter took over management of the household and his father 's business . Peter had a good reputation in Wesel , attested by the fact that he was several times appointed a guardian . He also assisted the poor during the Spanish occupation of 1614 -- 1619 . </P> <P> Minuit married Gertrude Raedts on August 20 , 1613 . Gertrude was from a wealthy family and she probably helped Peter Minuit establish himself as a broker . A will drawn up in 1615 in the Dutch city of Utrecht , mentions `` Peter Minnewit '' as a diamond cutter . Whether he traded in other items is unknown . </P> <P> By 1624 , the city was in an economic decline and in 1625 , he had left Wesel and like others , went to Holland . At first , Gertrude went to stay with her relatives in Cleve . </P> <H3> As director of New Netherland ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( May 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> 1909 drawing of The Purchase of Manhattan Island <P> Minuit and his family joined the Dutch West India Company , probably in the mid-1620s , and was sent to New Netherland in 1625 to search for tradable goods other than the animal pelts that then were the major product coming from New Netherland . He returned in the same year , and in 1626 was appointed the new director of New Netherland , taking over from Willem Verhulst . He sailed to North America and arrived in the colony on May 4 , 1626 . </P> <P> Minuit is credited with purchasing the island of Manhattan from the Native Americans in exchange for traded goods valued at 60 guilders . According to the writer Nathaniel Benchley , Minuit conducted the transaction with Seyseys , chief of the Canarsees , who were only too happy to accept valuable merchandise in exchange for an island that was mostly controlled by the Weckquaesgeeks . </P> <P> The figure of 60 guilders comes from a letter by a representative of the Dutch States - General and member of the board of the Dutch West India Company , Pieter Janszoon Schagen , to the States - General in November 1626 . In 1846 , New York historian John Romeyn Brodhead converted the figure of Fl 60 ( or 60 guilders ) to US $ 23 . The popular account rounds this off to $24 . By 2006 sixty guilders in 1626 was worth approximately $1,000 in current dollars , according to the Institute for Social History of Amsterdam . </P> <P> According to researchers at the National Library of the Netherlands , `` The original inhabitants of the area were unfamiliar with the European notions and definitions of ownership rights . For the Indians , water , air and land could not be traded . Such exchanges would also be difficult in practical terms because many groups migrated between their summer and winter quarters . It can be concluded that both parties probably went home with totally different interpretations of the sales agreement . '' </P> <P> A contemporary purchase of rights in nearby Staten Island , to which Minuit also was party , involved duffel cloth , iron kettles , axe heads , hoes , wampum , drilling awls , `` Jew 's harps '' , and `` diverse other wares '' . `` If similar trade goods were involved in the Manhattan arrangement '' , Burrows and Wallace surmise , `` then the Dutch were engaged in high - end technology transfer , handing over equipment of enormous usefulness in tasks ranging from clearing land to drilling wampum . '' </P> <P> Minuit conducted politics in a measure of democracy in the colony during his time in New Netherland . He was highest judge in the colony , but in both civil and criminal affairs he was assisted by a council of five colonists . This advisory body would advise the director and jointly with him would develop , administer , and adjudicate a body of laws to help govern the colony . In addition there was a schout - fiscal , half - sheriff , half - attorney - general , and the customs officer . During Minuit 's administration , several mills were built , trade grew exponentially , and the population grew to almost 300 . </P> <P> In 1631 , the Dutch West India Company ( WIC ) suspended Minuit from his post for reasons that are unclear , but probably for ( perhaps unintentionally ) abetting the landowning patroons who were engaging in illegal fur trade and otherwise enriching themselves against the interests and orders of the West India Company . He arrived back in Europe in August 1632 to explain his actions , but was dismissed and was succeeded as director by Wouter van Twiller . It is possible that Minuit had become the victim of the internal disputes over the rights that the board of directors had given to the patroons . </P> <H3> Establishing the New Sweden colony ( edit ) </H3> <P> After having lived in Cleves , Germany for several years , Minuit made arrangements with Samuel Blommaert and the Swedish government in 1636 or 1637 to create the first Swedish colony in the New World . Located on the lower Delaware River within territory earlier claimed by the Dutch , it was called New Sweden . Minuit and his company arrived on the Fogel Grip and Kalmar Nyckel at Swedes ' Landing ( now Wilmington , Delaware ) , in the spring of 1638 . They constructed Fort Christina later that year , then returned to Stockholm for a second load of colonists , and made a side trip to the Caribbean on the return to pick up a shipment of tobacco for resale in Europe to make the voyage profitable . During this voyage , Minuit drowned when the ship he was visiting ( at the invitation of it 's dutch captain , a friend of Minuit ) , The Flying Deer , was lost with all hands during a hurricane at St. Christopher ( today 's St. Kitts ) in the Caribbean . The losses suffered , such as goods , colonists , and Minuit , caused irreversible damage to Sweden 's colonization attempts . Two years later , Swedish Lt. Måns Nilsson Kling , whose rank was raised to captain , replaced him as governor . Nine expeditions to the colony were carried out before the Dutch captured it in 1655 . </P> <H2> Legacy ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Places named after Minuit ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> The Staten Island Ferry Whitehall Terminal 's Peter Minuit Plaza , north of the South Ferry -- Whitehall Street station ( 1 , ​ 2 ​ , N , ​ R , and ​ W trains ) . Following the 400th anniversary celebrations of Henry Hudson 's voyage to Manhattan , a pavilion was opened there to honor the Dutch . Each night at midnight , LED lights around the pavilion 's perimeter glow in honor of Minuit . </Li> <Li> A marker in Inwood Hill Park at the supposed site of the purchase of Manhattan </Li> <Li> A granite flagstaff base in Battery Park , which depicts the historic purchase </Li> <Li> A school and playground in East Harlem , which are named for him . </Li> <Li> An apartment building at 25 Claremont Avenue in Manhattan , which bears his name above the front entrance </Li> <Li> The Peter Minuit Chapter of the Daughters of the American Revolution </Li> <Li> A memorial on Moltkestraße in Wesel , North Rhine - Westphalia , Germany </Li> </Ul> <H3> In popular culture ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> The beginning lines of Rodgers and Hart 's 1939 song `` Give It Back to the Indians '' recount the sale of Manhattan : `` Old Peter Minuit had nothing to lose when he bought the isle of Manhattan / For twenty - six dollars and a bottle of booze , and they threw in the Bronx and Staten / Pete thought he had the best of the bargain , but the poor red man just grinned / And he grunted `` ugh ! '' ( meaning `` okay '' in his jargon ) for he knew poor Pete was skinned . '' </Li> <Li> One version of Minuit was played by Groucho Marx in the 1957 comedy film The Story of Mankind . </Li> <Li> Minuit is mentioned on the HBO drama Boardwalk Empire , where the character Edward Bader tells a joke featuring the line , `` ' 50 bucks ? ' the fella says . ' Peter Stuyvesant only paid 24 for the entire island of Manhattan ! ' '' , while Steve Buscemi 's ' character Enoch ' Nucky ' Thompson has to correct Bader and inform him that it was in fact Peter Minuit who bought Manhattan , not Stuyvesant . </Li> <Li> Bob Dylan mentions Minuit in his song `` Hard Times in New York Town '' ( released on The Bootleg Series Volume 1 ) in the following line : Mister Hudson come a-sailing down the stream , / and old Mister Minuit paid for his dream . In the released recording of the song , however , Dylan spoonerizes `` Mister Minuit '' by mispronouncing his name as `` Minnie Mistuit . '' The official lyrics have the correct version of the name , except that Minuit is spelled `` Minuet . '' </Li> <Li> Minuit is mentioned in the first episode , Uno , of the AMC drama Better Call Saul . Jimmy McGill ( the later titular Saul ) , while confronting lawyers at his brother 's law firm , accuses them of being `` like Peter Minuit '' and suggests that they `` throw in some beads and shells '' to the $26,000.00 being given to his brother . </Li> </Ul> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Dutch colonization of the Americas </Li> <Li> Dutch Empire </Li> <Li> List of colonial governors of New Jersey </Li> <Li> List of colonial governors of New York </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Notes ( edit ) </H3> <Ol> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Nevius , James ; Nevius , Michelle ( 2014 ) . Footprints in New York : Tracing the Lives of Four Centuries of New Yorkers . Guilford , Conn. : Lyons Press . ISBN 9780762796366 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Soniak , Matt . `` Was Manhattan Really Bought for $24 ? '' . MentalFloss . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 16 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ http://www.iisg.nl/hpw/calculate.php . Retrieved 17 May 2017 . Missing or empty title = ( help ) </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Peter Minuit '' , Wesel.de </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ A Calvinistic Founder of America : Peter Minuit </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Peter Minuit '' , New Netherlands Institute </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Peter Minuit '' ( biography ) , Wesel , Germany , webpage : Wesel - Minuit . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Benchley , Nathaniel . `` The $24 Swindle : The Indians who sold Manhattan were bilked , all right , but they did n't mind -- the land was n't theirs anyway . '' American Heritage , Vol. 11 , no . 1 ( Dec. 1959 ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Peter Schaghen Letter with transcription . New Netherland Institute ( 1626 - 11 - 07 ) . Retrieved on 2015 - 02 - 16 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Nevius , Michelle ; Nevius , James ( 2009 ) . Inside the Apple : A Streetwise History of New York City . Simon and Schuster . p. 9 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4165 - 8997 - 6 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Edwin G. Burrows and Mike Wallace , Gotham : A History of New York City to 1898 , ( 1999 : xivff ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ The International Institute for Social History , Amsterdam calculates its value as 60 guilders ( 1626 ) = € 678.91 ( 2006 ) , equal to about $1,000 in 2006 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Peter Minuit Biography - Facts , Birthday , Life Story . Biography.com ( 1940 - 10 - 27 ) . Retrieved on 2013 - 07 - 23 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Peter Minuit . Historyofholland.com . Retrieved on 2013 - 07 - 23 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bente , Friedrich , 1858 - 1930 . American Lutheranism Volume 1 : Early History of American Lutheranism : Lutheran Swedes in Delaware . Concordia : 1919 , p. 11 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Peter Minuit Playground '' , New York City Department of Parks and Recreation </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ The Annotated Bob Dylan . Reocities.com . Retrieved on 2013 - 07 - 23 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Songs The Official Bob Dylan Site Archived 2011 - 09 - 02 at the Wayback Machine ... Bobdylan.com . Retrieved on 2013 - 07 - 23 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> Further reading ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Arand , Tobias . Peter Minuit aus Wesel - Ein rheinischer Überseekaufmann im 17 . Jahrhundert ; in : Schöne Neue Welt . Rheinländer erobern Amerika , hg . v. Rheinischen Freilichtmuseum und Landesmuseum für Volkskunde in Kommern , Opladen 1981 , 13 - 42 </Li> <Li> Weslager , C.A. ( 1989 ) . A Man and his Ship : Peter Minuit and the Kalmar Nyckel . Wilmington , Delaware : Kalmar Nickel Foundation . ISBN 0 - 9625563 - 1 - 9 . </Li> <Li> James Nevius , Michelle Nevius ( 2014 ) . Footprints in New York : Tracing the Lives of Four Centuries of New Yorkers . Lyons Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7627 - 9636 - 6 . </Li> <Li> Michelle Nevius , James Nevius ( 2009 ) . Inside the Apple : A Streetwise History of New York City . Simon & Schuster . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4165 - 8997 - 6 . </Li> <Li> Russell Shorto ( 2004 ) . The Island at the Center of the World : The Epic Story of Dutch Manhattan and the Forgotten Colony that Shaped America . Random House . ISBN 1 - 4000 - 7867 - 9 . </Li> <Li> Jacobs , Jaap. ( 2005 ) , New Netherland : A Dutch Colony in Seventeenth - Century America . Leiden : Brill Academic Publishers , ISBN 90 - 04 - 12906 - 5 . </Li> <Li> Mickley , Joseph J. Some account of Willem Usselinx and Peter Minuit : Two individuals who were instrumental in establishing the first permanent colony in Delaware , The Historical Society of Delaware , 1881 </Li> </Ul> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Project Gutenberg 's Narrative New Netherland , edited by J. Franklin Jameson , includes a footnote about the life of Minuit , but gives an improbable birth date of 1550 . </Li> <Li> `` The Canarsees '' , Angelfire </Li> <Li> Edwin G. Burrows and Mike Wallace : Gotham , 1999 . </Li> <Li> Kenneth T. Jackson , ed. : Encyclopedia of New York City ( 1995 ) </Li> <Li> Pieter ( later English spelling Peter ) Schaghen , `` Letter on the purchase of Manhattan Island '' , </Li> <Li> Arthur Elmore Bostwick ( 1900 ) . `` Minuit , Peter '' . Appletons ' Cyclopædia of American Biography . </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="3"> Political offices </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Preceded by Willem Verhulst </Td> <Td> Director of New Netherland May 4 , 1626 -- 1631 </Td> <Td> Succeeded by Sebastiaen Jansen Krol </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> New title new colony </Td> <Td> Governor of New Sweden March 29 , 1638 -- June 15 , 1638 </Td> <Td> Succeeded by Måns Nilsson Kling </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> BIBSYS : 5010398 </Li> <Li> GND : 118734105 </Li> <Li> ISNI : 0000 0000 8364 4880 </Li> <Li> LCCN : n93016439 </Li> <Li> SNAC : w6bp26kp </Li> <Li> SUDOC : 184479487 </Li> <Li> VIAF : 22936745 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Peter_Minuit&oldid=845627939 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> 1589 births </Li> <Li> 1638 deaths </Li> <Li> Governors of New Sweden </Li> <Li> People from Wesel </Li> <Li> Deaths in tropical cyclones </Li> <Li> People who died at sea </Li> <Li> Directors of New Netherland </Li> <Li> German people of Walloon descent </Li> <Li> Dutch people of Walloon descent </Li> <Li> Dutch emigrants to New Netherland </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Pages with citations lacking titles </Li> <Li> Pages with citations having bare URLs </Li> <Li> Webarchive template wayback links </Li> <Li> Articles needing additional references from May 2017 </Li> <Li> All articles needing additional references </Li> <Li> All articles with unsourced statements </Li> <Li> Articles with unsourced statements from October 2015 </Li> <Li> Articles with unsourced statements from January 2018 </Li> <Li> Pages using New York City Subway service templates </Li> <Li> Wikipedia articles with BIBSYS identifiers </Li> <Li> Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers </Li> <Li> Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers </Li> <Li> Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers </Li> <Li> Wikipedia articles with SNAC - ID identifiers </Li> <Li> Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers </Li> <Li> Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Беларуская </Li> <Li> Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ </Li> <Li> Čeština </Li> <Li> Dansk </Li> <Li> Deutsch </Li> <Li> Español </Li> <Li> Esperanto </Li> <Li> Euskara </Li> <Li> Français </Li> <Li> 한국어 </Li> <Li> Bahasa Indonesia </Li> <Li> Íslenska </Li> <Li> Italiano </Li> <Li> עברית </Li> <Li> ქართული </Li> <Li> Latina </Li> <Li> Bahasa Melayu </Li> <Li> Nederlands </Li> <Li> Norsk </Li> <Li> Occitan </Li> <Li> Polski </Li> <Li> Português </Li> <Li> Русский </Li> <Li> Slovenčina </Li> <Li> Српски / srpski </Li> <Li> Suomi </Li> <Li> Svenska </Li> <Li> Українська </Li> 20 more </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 13 June 2018 , at 02 : 17 ( UTC ) . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . 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who sold manhattan to the dutch in 1626

https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Peter_Minuit&amp;oldid=845627939

City of Stars - wikipedia <H1> City of Stars </H1> Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the Ryan Gosling and Emma Stone song . For the Logic song , see City of Stars ( Logic song ) . <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> `` City of Stars '' </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Song by Ryan Gosling and Emma Stone </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> from the album La La Land : Original Motion Picture Soundtrack </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Length </Th> <Td> 2 : 25 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Label </Th> <Td> Interscope </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Composer ( s ) </Th> <Td> Justin Hurwitz </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Lyricist ( s ) </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Benj Pasek </Li> <Li> Justin Paul </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> La La Land : Original Motion Picture Soundtrack track listing </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Td> `` Herman 's Habit '' ( 5 ) </Td> <Td> `` City of Stars '' ( 6 ) </Td> <Td> `` Planetarium '' ( 7 ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> `` City of Stars '' is a song performed by Ryan Gosling and Emma Stone from the film La La Land ( 2016 ) . The music of the song was composed by Justin Hurwitz while the lyrics were provided by Benj Pasek and Justin Paul . The song won numerous awards , including the award for Best Original Song at both the 74th Golden Globe Awards and 89th Academy Awards . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Context </Li> <Li> 2 Inspiration </Li> <Li> 3 Accolades </Li> <Li> 4 Charts <Ul> <Li> 4.1 Weekly charts </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 5 See also </Li> <Li> 6 References </Li> <Li> 7 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Context ( edit ) </H2> <P> In the film , the song is first sung by Gosling alone as the character of Sebastian as he sings and dances on the Hermosa Beach pier . Later in the film , it is reprised by Sebastian and Mia ( Stone ) during a montage of him getting ready to tour with Keith 's ( John Legend ) band . </P> <H2> Inspiration ( edit ) </H2> <P> Justin Hurwitz , the composer of the song , discussed the writing of the song : </P> <Table> <Tr> <Td> `` </Td> <Td> ( The song ) started at the piano with me just working on demos for Damien , sending him ideas until something really sparked . It 's so funny that that and `` Audition '' are the two songs that people seem to be responding to the most , at least so far , because they had similar processes in the sense that they had probably the least amount of fussing at the piano demo stage . ( ... ) I was just composing it from an emotional place and thinking about the tone . I would say the tone is hopeful , but melancholy at the same time . And it kind of goes back - and - forth between cadencing in major and cadencing in minor , because I think that 's kind of what the song is about . You have these great moments and then you have these less great moments in life and in Los Angeles and we see it happen in the story . I was thinking about that idea a little bit and just trying to compose a melody that I thought was shapely and beautiful . I guess it has some jazz inflections , because it 's something Sebastian plays on the piano . </Td> <Td> '' </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Accolades ( edit ) </H2> Main article : List of accolades received by La La Land <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="5"> Awards </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Award </Th> <Th> Date of ceremony </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th> Result </Th> <Th> Ref . </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Hollywood Music in Media Awards </Td> <Td> November 17 , 2016 </Td> <Td> Best Song -- Feature Film </Td> <Td> Won </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Critics ' Choice Awards </Td> <Td> December 11 , 2016 </Td> <Td> Best Song </Td> <Td> Won </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> St. Louis Gateway Film Critics Association </Td> <Td> December 18 , 2016 </Td> <Td> Best Song </Td> <Td> Won </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Houston Film Critics Society </Td> <Td> January 6 , 2017 </Td> <Td> Best Original Song </Td> <Td> Won </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Golden Globe Awards </Td> <Td> January 8 , 2017 </Td> <Td> Best Original Song </Td> <Td> Won </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Satellite Awards </Td> <Td> February 19 , 2017 </Td> <Td> Best Original Song </Td> <Td> Won </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Academy Awards </Td> <Td> February 26 , 2017 </Td> <Td> Best Original Song </Td> <Td> Won </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Charts ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Weekly charts ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Chart ( 2017 ) </Th> <Th> Peak position </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) </Th> <Td> 68 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) </Th> <Td> 30 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Belgium ( Ultratip Wallonia ) </Th> <Td> 20 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) </Th> <Td> 89 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> France ( SNEP ) </Th> <Td> 9 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Greece Digital Songs ( Billboard ) </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Hungary ( Single Top 40 ) </Th> <Td> 8 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Ireland ( IRMA ) </Th> <Td> 57 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Italy ( FIMI ) </Th> <Td> 51 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Japan Hot Overseas ( Billboard ) </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Japan Radio Songs ( Billboard ) </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Portugal ( AFP ) </Th> <Td> 45 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Scotland ( Official Charts Company ) </Th> <Td> 29 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) </Th> <Td> 14 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> South Korea International Chart ( Gaon ) </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) </Th> <Td> 48 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) </Th> <Td> 53 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> US Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles ( Billboard ) </Th> <Td> 8 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Another Day of Sun </Li> <Li> Audition ( The Fools Who Dream ) </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ Tapley , Kristopher ( November 17 , 2016 ) . `` Listen to ' City of Stars ' From the ' La La Land ' Soundtrack , Arriving Dec. 9 '' . Variety . Retrieved January 9 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Tapley , Kristopher ( August 31 , 2016 ) . `` ' La La Land ' Composer Justin Hurwitz Details the Film 's Songwriting Process '' . Variety . Retrieved January 14 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Justin Timberlake & Alexandre Desplat Among Winners At Hollywood Music In Media Awards '' . Deadline . November 18 , 2016 . Retrieved November 18 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( November 2 , 2016 ) . `` ' La La Land ' Scores Three Hollywood Music in Media Nominations '' . Variety . Retrieved November 3 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` La La Land Leads with 12 Nominations for the 22nd Annual Critics ' Choice Awards '' . Critics ' Choice . December 1 , 2016 . Retrieved December 1 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 2016 StLFCA Annual Award Nominations '' . St. Louis Gateway Film Critics Association . December 12 , 2016 . Retrieved December 12 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Houston Film Critics Nominations for 2016 Films '' . MovieAwardsPlus.com . December 13 , 2016 . Retrieved December 15 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Houston Film Critics Society Nominations -- ' The Nice Guys ' and Rebecca Hall Get a Deserved Boost '' . AwardsCircuit.com . December 13 , 2016 . Retrieved December 15 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Golden Globes 2017 : The Complete List of Nominations '' . The Hollywood Reporter . December 12 , 2016 . Retrieved December 12 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kilday , Gregg ( November 29 , 2016 ) . `` Satellite Awards Nominees Revealed '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved November 29 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Sheehan , Paul ( January 24 , 2017 ) . `` Oscar nominees list : 2017 Academy Award nominations '' . GoldDerby . Retrieved January 24 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Ryan Gosling & Emma Stone -- City of Stars '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Retrieved February 9 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Ryan Gosling & Emma Stone -- City of Stars '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved February 11 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Ryan Gosling & Emma Stone -- City of Stars '' ( in French ) . Ultratip . Retrieved February 4 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Ryan Gosling -- Chart history '' Canadian Hot 100 for Ryan Gosling . Retrieved March 7 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Le Top de la semaine : Top Singles Téléchargés - SNEP ( Week 5 , 2017 ) '' ( in French ) . Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique . Retrieved February 4 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Greece Digital Song Sales , 4 February 2017 '' . billboard.com . Retrieved 3 February 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Archívum -- Slágerlisták -- MAHASZ '' ( in Hungarian ) . Single ( track ) Top 40 lista . Magyar Hanglemezkiadók Szövetsége . Retrieved January 13 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Chart Track : Week 5 , 2017 '' . Irish Singles Chart . Retrieved February 4 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` IRMA - Irish Charts '' . irma.ie . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Classifica settimanale WK 6 '' ( in Italian ) . Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana . Retrieved February 11 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Billboard Japan Hot Overseas '' ( in Japanese ) . Billboard Japan . 13 March 2017 . Retrieved 8 March 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Billboard Japan Radio Songs '' ( in Japanese ) . Billboard Japan . 13 March 2017 . Retrieved 8 March 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Portuguesecharts.com -- Ryan Gosling & Emma Stone -- City of Stars '' . AFP Top 100 Singles . Retrieved February 9 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Official Scottish Singles Sales Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved January 28 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Spanishcharts.com -- Ryan Gosling & Emma Stone -- City of Stars '' Canciones Top 50 . Retrieved February 2 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Gaon Digital Chart -- Issue date : 2016.12. 11 -- 2016.12. 17 '' . Gaon Chart . Retrieved February 16 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Ryan Gosling , Emma Stone -- City of Stars '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Retrieved February 6 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved January 28 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Ryan Gosling & Emma Stone -- Chart history '' Billboard Bubbling Under Hot 100 for Ryan Gosling & Emma Stone . Retrieved January 25 , 2017 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Academy Award for Best Original Song </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1934 -- 1940 </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` The Continental '' <Ul> <Li> Music : Con Conrad </Li> <Li> Lyrics : Herb Magidson ( 1934 ) </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> `` Lullaby of Broadway '' <Ul> <Li> Music : Harry Warren </Li> <Li> Lyrics : Al Dubin ( 1935 ) </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> `` The Way You Look Tonight '' <Ul> <Li> Music : Jerome Kern </Li> <Li> Lyrics : Dorothy Fields ( 1936 ) </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> `` Sweet Leilani '' <Ul> <Li> Music and lyrics : Harry Owens ( 1937 ) </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> `` Thanks for the Memory '' <Ul> <Li> Music : Ralph Rainger </Li> <Li> Lyrics : Leo Robin ( 1938 ) </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> `` Over the Rainbow '' <Ul> <Li> Music : Harold Arlen </Li> <Li> Lyrics : E.Y. Harburg ( 1939 ) </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> `` When You Wish upon a Star '' <Ul> <Li> Music : Leigh Harline </Li> <Li> Lyrics : Ned Washington ( 1940 ) </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1941 -- 1950 </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` The Last Time I Saw Paris '' <Ul> <Li> Music : Jerome Kern </Li> <Li> Lyrics : Oscar Hammerstein II ( 1941 ) </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> `` White Christmas '' <Ul> <Li> Music and Lyrics : Irving Berlin ( 1942 ) </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> `` You 'll Never Know '' <Ul> <Li> Music : Harry Warren </Li> <Li> Lyrics : Mack Gordon ( 1943 ) </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> `` Swinging on a Star '' <Ul> <Li> Music : Jimmy Van Heusen </Li> <Li> Lyrics : Johnny Burke ( 1944 ) </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> `` It Might as Well Be Spring '' <Ul> <Li> Music : Richard Rodgers </Li> <Li> Lyrics : Oscar Hammerstein II ( 1945 ) </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> `` On the Atchison , Topeka and the Santa Fe '' <Ul> <Li> Music : Harry Warren </Li> <Li> Lyrics : Johnny Mercer ( 1946 ) </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> `` Zip - a-Dee - Doo - Dah '' <Ul> <Li> Music : Allie Wrubel </Li> <Li> Lyrics : Ray Gilbert ( 1947 ) </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> `` Buttons and Bows '' <Ul> <Li> Music : Jay Livingston </Li> <Li> Lyrics : Ray Evans ( 1948 ) </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> `` Baby , It 's Cold Outside '' <Ul> <Li> Music and Lyrics : Frank Loesser ( 1949 ) </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> `` Mona Lisa '' <Ul> <Li> Music and Lyrics : Ray Evans and Jay Livingston ( 1950 ) </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1951 -- 1960 </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` In the Cool , Cool , Cool of the Evening '' <Ul> <Li> Music : Hoagy Carmichael </Li> <Li> Lyrics : Johnny Mercer ( 1951 ) </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> `` High Noon ( Do Not Forsake Me , Oh My Darlin ' ) '' <Ul> <Li> Music : Dimitri Tiomkin </Li> <Li> Lyrics : Ned Washington ( 1952 ) </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> `` Secret Love '' <Ul> <Li> Music : Sammy Fain </Li> <Li> Lyrics : Paul Francis Webster ( 1953 ) </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> `` Three Coins in the Fountain '' <Ul> <Li> Music : Jule Styne </Li> <Li> Lyrics : Sammy Cahn ( 1954 ) </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> `` Love Is a Many Splendored Thing '' <Ul> <Li> Music : Sammy Fain </Li> <Li> Lyrics : Paul Francis Webster ( 1955 ) </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> `` Que Sera , Sera ( Whatever Will Be , Will Be ) '' <Ul> <Li> Music and lyrics : Jay Livingston and Ray Evans ( 1956 ) </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> `` All the Way '' <Ul> <Li> Music : Jimmy Van Heusen </Li> <Li> Lyrics : Sammy Cahn ( 1957 ) </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> `` Gigi '' <Ul> <Li> Music : Frederick Loewe </Li> <Li> Lyrics : Alan Jay Lerner ( 1958 ) </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> `` High Hopes '' <Ul> <Li> Music : Jimmy Van Heusen </Li> <Li> Lyrics : Sammy Cahn ( 1959 ) </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> `` Never on Sunday '' <Ul> <Li> Music and lyrics : Manos Hatzidakis ( 1960 ) </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1961 -- 1970 </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` Moon River '' <Ul> <Li> Music : Henry Mancini </Li> <Li> Lyrics : Johnny Mercer ( 1961 ) </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> `` Days of Wine and Roses '' <Ul> <Li> Music : Henry Mancini </Li> <Li> Lyrics : Johnny Mercer ( 1962 ) </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> `` Call Me Irresponsible '' <Ul> <Li> Music : Jimmy Van Heusen </Li> <Li> Lyrics : Sammy Cahn ( 1963 ) </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> `` Chim Chim Cher - ee '' <Ul> <Li> Music and lyrics : Richard M. Sherman and Robert B. Sherman ( 1964 ) </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> `` The Shadow of Your Smile '' <Ul> <Li> Music : Johnny Mandel </Li> <Li> Lyrics : Paul Francis Webster ( 1965 ) </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> `` Born Free '' <Ul> <Li> Music : John Barry </Li> <Li> Lyrics : Don Black ( 1966 ) </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> `` Talk to the Animals '' <Ul> <Li> Music and lyrics : Leslie Bricusse ( 1967 ) </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> `` The Windmills of Your Mind '' <Ul> <Li> Music : Michel Legrand </Li> <Li> Lyrics : Alan and Marilyn Bergman ( 1968 ) </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> `` Raindrops Keep Fallin ' on My Head '' <Ul> <Li> Music : Burt Bacharach </Li> <Li> Lyrics : Hal David ( 1969 ) </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> `` For All We Know '' <Ul> <Li> Music : Fred Karlin </Li> <Li> Lyrics : Robb Royer and Jimmy Griffin ( 1970 ) </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1971 -- 1980 </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` Theme from Shaft '' <Ul> <Li> Music and lyrics : Isaac Hayes ( 1971 ) </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> `` The Morning After '' <Ul> <Li> Music and lyrics : Al Kasha and Joel Hirschhorn ( 1972 ) </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> `` The Way We Were '' <Ul> <Li> Music : Marvin Hamlisch </Li> <Li> Lyrics : Alan and Marilyn Bergman ( 1973 ) </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> `` We May Never Love Like This Again '' <Ul> <Li> Music and lyrics : Al Kasha and Joel Hirschhorn ( 1974 ) </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> `` I 'm Easy '' <Ul> <Li> Music and lyrics : Keith Carradine ( 1975 ) </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> `` Evergreen ( Love Theme from A Star Is Born ) '' <Ul> <Li> Music : Barbra Streisand </Li> <Li> Lyrics : Paul Williams ( 1976 ) </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> `` You Light Up My Life '' <Ul> <Li> Music and lyrics : Joseph Brooks ( 1977 ) </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> `` Last Dance '' <Ul> <Li> Music and lyrics : Paul Jabara ( 1978 ) </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> `` It Goes Like It Goes '' <Ul> <Li> Music : David Shire </Li> <Li> Lyrics : Norman Gimbel ( 1979 ) </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> `` Fame '' <Ul> <Li> Music : Michael Gore </Li> <Li> Lyrics : Dean Pitchford ( 1980 ) </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1981 -- 1990 </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` Arthur 's Theme ( Best That You Can Do ) '' <Ul> <Li> Music and lyrics : Burt Bacharach , Carole Bayer Sager , Christopher Cross and Peter Allen ( 1981 ) </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> `` Up Where We Belong '' <Ul> <Li> Music : Jack Nitzsche and Buffy Sainte - Marie </Li> <Li> Lyrics : Will Jennings ( 1982 ) </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> `` Flashdance ... What a Feeling '' <Ul> <Li> Music : Giorgio Moroder </Li> <Li> Lyrics : Keith Forsey and Irene Cara ( 1983 ) </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> `` I Just Called to Say I Love You '' <Ul> <Li> Music and lyrics : Stevie Wonder ( 1984 ) </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> `` Say You , Say Me '' <Ul> <Li> Music and lyrics : Lionel Richie ( 1985 ) </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> `` Take My Breath Away '' <Ul> <Li> Music : Giorgio Moroder </Li> <Li> Lyrics : Tom Whitlock ( 1986 ) </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> `` ( I 've Had ) The Time of My Life '' <Ul> <Li> Music : Franke Previte , John DeNicola and Donald Markowitz </Li> <Li> Lyrics : Franke Previte ( 1987 ) </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> `` Let the River Run '' <Ul> <Li> Music and lyrics : Carly Simon ( 1988 ) </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> `` Under the Sea '' <Ul> <Li> Music : Alan Menken </Li> <Li> Lyrics : Howard Ashman ( 1989 ) </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> `` Sooner or Later ( I Always Get My Man ) '' <Ul> <Li> Music and Lyrics : Stephen Sondheim ( 1990 ) </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1991 -- 2000 </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` Beauty and the Beast '' <Ul> <Li> Music : Alan Menken </Li> <Li> Lyrics : Howard Ashman ( 1991 ) </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> `` A Whole New World '' <Ul> <Li> Music : Alan Menken </Li> <Li> Lyrics : Tim Rice ( 1992 ) </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> `` Streets of Philadelphia '' <Ul> <Li> Music and lyrics : Bruce Springsteen ( 1993 ) </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> `` Can You Feel the Love Tonight '' <Ul> <Li> Music : Elton John </Li> <Li> Lyrics : Tim Rice ( 1994 ) </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> `` Colors of the Wind '' <Ul> <Li> Music : Alan Menken </Li> <Li> Lyrics : Stephen Schwartz ( 1995 ) </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> `` You Must Love Me '' <Ul> <Li> Music : Andrew Lloyd Webber </Li> <Li> Lyrics : Tim Rice ( 1996 ) </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> `` My Heart Will Go On '' <Ul> <Li> Music : James Horner </Li> <Li> Lyrics : Will Jennings ( 1997 ) </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> `` When You Believe '' <Ul> <Li> Music and lyrics : Stephen Schwartz ( 1998 ) </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> `` You 'll Be in My Heart '' <Ul> <Li> Music and lyrics : Phil Collins ( 1999 ) </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> `` Things Have Changed '' <Ul> <Li> Music and lyrics : Bob Dylan ( 2000 ) </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 2001 -- 2010 </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` If I Did n't Have You '' <Ul> <Li> Music and lyrics : Randy Newman ( 2001 ) </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> `` Lose Yourself '' <Ul> <Li> Music : Eminem , Jeff Bass and Luis Resto </Li> <Li> Lyrics : Eminem ( 2002 ) </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> `` Into the West '' <Ul> <Li> Music and lyrics : Fran Walsh , Howard Shore and Annie Lennox ( 2003 ) </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> `` Al otro lado del río '' <Ul> <Li> Music and lyrics : Jorge Drexler ( 2004 ) </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> `` It 's Hard out Here for a Pimp '' <Ul> <Li> Music and lyrics : Juicy J , Frayser Boy and DJ Paul ( 2005 ) </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> `` I Need to Wake Up '' <Ul> <Li> Music and lyrics : Melissa Etheridge ( 2006 ) </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> `` Falling Slowly '' <Ul> <Li> Music and lyrics : Glen Hansard and Markéta Irglová ( 2007 ) </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> `` Jai Ho '' <Ul> <Li> Music : A.R. Rahman </Li> <Li> Lyrics : Gulzar ( 2008 ) </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> `` The Weary Kind '' <Ul> <Li> Music and lyrics : Ryan Bingham and T Bone Burnett ( 2009 ) </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> `` We Belong Together '' <Ul> <Li> Music and lyrics : Randy Newman ( 2010 ) </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 2011 -- present </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` Man or Muppet '' <Ul> <Li> Music and lyrics : Bret McKenzie ( 2011 ) </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> `` Skyfall '' <Ul> <Li> Music and lyrics : Adele Adkins and Paul Epworth ( 2012 ) </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> `` Let It Go '' <Ul> <Li> Music and lyrics : Kristen Anderson - Lopez and Robert Lopez ( 2013 ) </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> `` Glory '' <Ul> <Li> Music and lyrics : John Stephens and Lonnie Lynn ( 2014 ) </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> `` Writing 's on the Wall '' <Ul> <Li> Music and lyrics : James Napier and Sam Smith ( 2015 ) </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> `` City of Stars '' <Ul> <Li> Music : Justin Hurwitz </Li> <Li> Lyrics : Benj Pasek and Justin Paul ( 2016 ) </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Critics ' Choice Movie Award for Best Song </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1998 -- 2000 </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` When You Believe '' </Li> <Li> Music & Lyrics : Stephen Schwartz ( 1998 ) </Li> <Li> `` Music of My Heart '' </Li> <Li> Music & Lyrics : Diane Warren ( 1999 ) </Li> <Li> `` My Funny Friend and Me '' </Li> <Li> Music & Lyrics : David Hartley , Sting ( 2000 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 2001 -- 2010 </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` May It Be '' </Li> <Li> Music & Lyrics : Enya , Nicky Ryan , Roma Ryan ( 2001 ) </Li> <Li> `` Lose Yourself '' </Li> <Li> Music & Lyrics : Jeff Bass , Eminem , Luis Resto , ( 2002 ) </Li> <Li> `` A Mighty Wind '' </Li> <Li> Music & Lyrics : Christopher Guest , Eugene Levy , Michael McKean ( 2003 ) </Li> <Li> `` Old Habits Die Hard '' </Li> <Li> Music & Lyrics : Mick Jagger , David Stewart ( 2004 ) </Li> <Li> `` Hustle & Flow '' </Li> <Li> Music & Lyrics : Terrence Howard ( 2005 ) </Li> <Li> `` Listen '' </Li> <Li> Music & Lyrics : Scott Cutler , Henry Krieger , Anne Preven ( 2006 ) </Li> <Li> `` Falling Slowly '' </Li> <Li> Music & Lyrics : Glen Hansard , Markéta Irglová ( 2007 ) </Li> <Li> `` The Wrestler '' </Li> <Li> Music & Lyrics : Bruce Springsteen ( 2008 ) </Li> <Li> `` The Weary Kind '' </Li> <Li> Music & Lyrics : Ryan Bingham and T Bone Burnett ( 2009 ) </Li> <Li> `` If I Rise '' </Li> <Li> Music & Lyrics : Rollo Armstrong , Dido , A.R. Rahman ( 2010 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 2011 -- 2020 </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` Life 's a Happy Song '' </Li> <Li> Music & Lyrics : Bret McKenzie ( 2011 ) </Li> <Li> `` Skyfall '' </Li> <Li> Music & Lyrics : Adele , Paul Epworth ( 2012 ) </Li> <Li> `` Let It Go '' </Li> <Li> Music & Lyrics : Kristen Anderson - Lopez , Robert Lopez ( 2013 ) </Li> <Li> `` Glory '' </Li> <Li> Music & Lyrics : Common , John Legend ( 2014 ) </Li> <Li> `` See You Again '' </Li> <Li> Music & Lyrics : Andrew Cedar , DJ Frank E , Wiz Khalifa , Charlie Puth ( 2015 ) </Li> <Li> `` City of Stars '' </Li> <Li> Music & Lyrics : Justin Hurwitz , Benj Pasek and Justin Paul ( 2016 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Golden Globe Award for Best Original Song ( 2010s ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> `` You Have n't Seen the Last of Me '' Music & Lyrics by Diane Warren ( 2010 ) </Li> <Li> `` Masterpiece '' Music & Lyrics by Madonna , Julie Frost and Jimmy Harry ( 2011 ) </Li> <Li> `` Skyfall '' by Adele Adkins and Paul Epworth ( 2012 ) </Li> <Li> `` Ordinary Love '' by U2 and Danger Mouse ( 2013 ) </Li> <Li> `` Glory '' by Common and John Legend ( 2014 ) </Li> <Li> `` Writing 's on the Wall '' by Sam Smith and Jimmy Napes ( 2015 ) </Li> <Li> `` City of Stars '' by Justin Hurwitz , Benj Pasek and Justin Paul ( 2016 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Complete List </Li> <Li> ( 1960s ) </Li> <Li> ( 1970s ) </Li> <Li> ( 1980s ) </Li> <Li> ( 1990s ) </Li> <Li> ( 2000s ) </Li> <Li> ( 2010s ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=City_of_Stars&oldid=802382499 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> 2016 songs </Li> <Li> Best Original Song Academy Award - winning songs </Li> <Li> Best Original Song Golden Globe winning songs </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) </Li> <Li> CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) </Li> <Li> CS1 Japanese - language sources ( ja ) </Li> <Li> Articles with hAudio microformats </Li> <Li> Singlechart usages for Austria </Li> <Li> Singlechart usages for Flanders </Li> <Li> Singlechart usages for Wallonia Tip </Li> <Li> Singlechart usages for Canada </Li> <Li> Singlechart called without song </Li> <Li> Singlechart usages for Hungarysingle </Li> <Li> Singlechart usages for Ireland </Li> <Li> Singlechart called without artist </Li> <Li> Singlechart usages for Portugal </Li> <Li> Singlechart usages for Scotland </Li> <Li> Singlechart usages for Spain </Li> <Li> Singlechart usages for Switzerland </Li> <Li> Singlechart usages for UK </Li> <Li> Singlechart usages for Billboardbubbling100 </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> Ελληνικά </Li> <Li> Español </Li> <Li> فارسی </Li> <Li> Français </Li> <Li> 한국어 </Li> <Li> Bahasa Indonesia </Li> <Li> Italiano </Li> <Li> עברית </Li> <Li> 日本 語 </Li> <Li> Norsk </Li> <Li> Português </Li> <Li> Русский </Li> <Li> 中文 </Li> </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 25 September 2017 , at 20 : 39 . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul>

city of stars are you shining just for me meaning

https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=City_of_Stars&amp;oldid=802382499

Ink Master - Wikipedia <H1> Ink Master </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Ink Master </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Title card from the first four seasons </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Genre </Th> <Td> Reality television </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Presented by </Th> <Td> Dave Navarro </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Judges </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Chris Núñez </Li> <Li> Oliver Peck </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Narrated by </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Matt Knight ( season 1 ) </Li> <Li> Rick Robles ( season 2 -- present ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Theme music composer </Th> <Td> Vanacore Music , Inc </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Country of origin </Th> <Td> United States </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Original language ( s ) </Th> <Td> English </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> No. of seasons </Th> <Td> 9 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> No. of episodes </Th> <Td> 115 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Production </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Executive producer ( s ) </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Steven Weinstock </Li> <Li> Glenda Hersh </Li> <Li> Andrea Richter </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Location ( s ) </Th> <Td> New York City </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Camera setup </Th> <Td> Multiple </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Running time </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 41 -- 42 minutes </Li> <Li> 83 min . ( season 3 finale ) </Li> <Li> 39 min . ( season 5 finale ) </Li> <Li> 61 min . ( seasons 6 & 7 finales ) </Li> <Li> 62 min . ( season 8 finale ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Production company ( s ) </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Original Media ( 2012 -- 16 ) </Li> <Li> Truly Original ( 2017 -- present ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Release </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Original network </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Spike ( 2012 -- 17 ) </Li> <Li> The Paramount Network ( 2018 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Picture format </Th> <Td> 480i ( SDTV ) 1080i ( HDTV ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Original release </Th> <Td> January 17 , 2012 ( 2012 - 01 - 17 ) -- present </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> External links </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Website </Th> <Td> www.spike.com/shows/ink-master/ </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Ink Master is an American reality competition television series airing on Spike which premiered on January 17 , 2012 . The show features tattoo artists who compete in various challenges assessing their tattoo and other related artistic skills . They are judged by renowned tattoo artists and enthusiasts , with one or more contestants being eliminated each episode . The last contestant standing each season receives a $100,000 prize and the title of Ink Master . The show is produced by Original Media which also produced the reality show Miami Ink . </P> <P> The sixth season of the show premiered on June 23 , 2015 . In May , the network renewed Ink Master for a seventh season which premiered on March 1 , 2016 . The eighth season of the tattoo reality competition Ink Master ( subtitled as Ink Master : Peck vs. Nuñez ) premiered on August 23 , 2016 on Spike . Season 8 had its first female winner . The show has been renewed for seasons 9 and 10 . Two spin - off shows , titled Ink Master : Redemption and Ink Master : Angels , have also been released . The series has also released a number of special standalone episodes generally themed around an upcoming event or holiday such as Halloween . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Show format <Ul> <Li> 1.1 Basic format </Li> <Li> 1.2 Special format </Li> <Li> 1.3 Judging and Judges </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2 Seasons </Li> <Li> 3 Specials </Li> <Li> 4 Spin offs <Ul> <Li> 4.1 Ink Master : Redemption </Li> <Li> 4.2 Ink Master : Angels </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 5 See also </Li> <Li> 6 References </Li> <Li> 7 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Show format ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Basic format ( edit ) </H3> <P> All episodes aside from the finales have the following format , with some minor variations to the application of the format : </P> <P> First , there is a Flash Challenge that will be evaluated based on how well an artist met the skill of the week . Some Flash Challenges involve tattooing , but typically , flash challenges do not incorporate the act of tattooing ; but , instead , will require a non-related artistic skill ( i.e. painting , hair cutting , etching , burning , etc . ) The winner of the flash challenge wins the right to select their own human canvas in the elimination challenge , and , as of season two , pair up the other contestants with their human canvases . </P> <P> After the Flash Challenge comes the Elimination Challenge , a further test of the skill of the week on a human canvas , typically incorporating a prominent style of tattooing . Once the contestants are paired up with their canvases , they are given the day to consult with their assignment . The next day , each contestant is given four to six hours to tattoo their design . Once completed , the contestants meet as a group with the judges and are critiqued one by one . The contestants then are dismissed , with four later being called back . The four typically represent a top two and bottom two for the week , though this breakdown can change . At the end of each episode , a winner is typically declared and one contestant is eliminated . </P> <H3> Special format ( edit ) </H3> <P> For the finale of season one , the final challenge was a marathon tattooing of up to 18 hours . The season two finale did not share this format , and instead consisted of each of the three finalists meeting with his or her respective canvas for four six - hour sessions to create a final piece . This final piece did not require a specific tattoo genre or location for the artist to tattoo . Instead , the artists were able to choose those aspects for themselves , and the only restriction they faced was a time limit . The season three finale followed a similar format to the season two finale , but the artists were allowed five seven - hour sessions for a cumulative 35 - hour master canvas tattoo . </P> <H3> Judging and judges ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Judges </Th> <Th> Background </Th> <Th_colspan="10"> Seasons </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th> 5 </Th> <Th> 6 </Th> <Th> 7 </Th> <Th> 8 </Th> <Th> 9 </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Dave Navarro </Td> <Td> Jane 's Addiction guitarist </Td> <Td_colspan="9"> Main </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Chris Nuñez </Td> <Td> Former Miami Ink cast member </Td> <Td_colspan="9"> Main </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Oliver Peck </Td> <Td> Accomplished tattoo artist </Td> <Td_colspan="9"> Main </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Musician Dave Navarro and tattoo artists Chris Núñez and Oliver Peck are the show 's primary judges ; Dave and Chris have appeared in all episodes to date ; however Oliver missed two episodes of season nine as he was having surgery after a heart attack . Some episodes incorporate a fourth guest judge , usually a well - known tattoo artist who has knowledge or reputation in the style of tattoo ( such as New School , Traditional , Japanese , Portrait , Black and Gray , etc . ) chosen for the week 's elimination challenge . </P> <P> Season two judging was taken to a new level with audience voting participation through the Ink Master website , and also via Facebook voting . The audience vote affected the final ruling by the judges . Sebastian Murphy was eliminated from consideration by the judges in the season finale because he was the contestant whose work in the elimination challenges received the fewest votes by the audience . </P> <P> Season three introduced the human canvas jury , in which the human canvases review each other 's tattoos and nominate for elimination the artist who did the worst piece . </P> <P> Season four introduced the elimination challenge winner 's selection , where the challenge winner picks an artist for elimination from his / her perspective . </P> <P> Season five brought back Joshua Hibbard and Jason Clay Dunn from season three , along with eight other pairs of rivals . The winner 's worst selection did not return for season five . </P> <H2> Seasons ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Season </Th> <Th> Contestants </Th> <Th> Winner </Th> <Th> Runner Up </Th> <Th> Third Place </Th> <Th> Prizes </Th> <Th> First Aired </Th> <Th> Last Aired </Th> <Th_colspan="3"> Judges ( chair order ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th> </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> Shane O'Neill </Td> <Td> Tommy Helm </Td> <Td> James Vaughn </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Title of Ink Master </Li> <Li> $100,000 </Li> <Li> Feature in Inked magazine </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> January 17 , 2012 </Td> <Td> March 6 , 2012 </Td> <Td> Oliver Peck </Td> <Td> Dave Navarro </Td> <Td> Chris Nuñez </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> 16 </Td> <Td> Steve Tefft </Td> <Td> Sarah Miller </Td> <Td> Sebastian Murphy </Td> <Td> October 9 , 2012 </Td> <Td> December 18 , 2012 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> 16 </Td> <Td> Joey Hamilton </Td> <Td> Jime Litwalk </Td> <Td> Katherine `` Tatu Baby '' Flores </Td> <Td> July 16 , 2013 </Td> <Td> October 8 , 2013 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> 17 </Td> <Td> Scott Marshall </Td> <Td> Walter `` Sausage '' Frank </Td> <Td> Matti Hixson </Td> <Td> February 25 , 2014 </Td> <Td> May 20 , 2014 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 5 </Th> <Td> 16 </Td> <Td> Jason Clay Dunn </Td> <Td> Cleen Rock One </Td> <Td> Erik Siuda </Td> <Td> September 2 , 2014 </Td> <Td> December 16 , 2014 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 6 </Th> <Td> 18 </Td> <Td> Dave Kruseman </Td> <Td> Chris Blinston </Td> <Td> Matt O'Baugh </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Title of Ink Master </Li> <Li> $100,000 </Li> <Li> Feature in Inked magazine </Li> <Li> 2015 Dodge Challenger </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> June 23 , 2015 </Td> <Td> October 13 , 2015 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 7 </Th> <Td> 16 </Td> <Td> Anthony Michaels </Td> <Td> Cleen Rock One </Td> <Td> Christian Buckingham </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Title of Ink Master </Li> <Li> $100,000 </Li> <Li> Feature in Inked magazine </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> March 1 , 2016 </Td> <Td> May 24 , 2016 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 8 </Th> <Td> 18 </Td> <Td> Ryan Ashley Malarkey </Td> <Td> Gian Karle Cruz </Td> <Td> Kelly Doty </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Title of Ink Master </Li> <Li> $100,000 </Li> <Li> Feature in Inked magazine </Li> <Li> Dodge Charger </Li> <Li> A guest artist spot in either Nunez 's or Peck 's tattoo shop . </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> August 23 , 2016 </Td> <Td> December 6 , 2016 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 9 </Th> <Td> 36 </Td> <Td> Old Town Ink ( Bubba Irwin & DJ Tambe ) </Td> <Td> Black Cobra Tattoos ( Matt O'Baugh & Katie McGowan ) </Td> <Td> Basilica Tattoo ( Christian Buckingham & Noelin Wheeler ) </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Title of Ink Master </Li> <Li> $200,000 </Li> <Li> Feature in Inked magazine </Li> <Li> Title of `` Master Shop '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> June 6 , 2017 </Td> <Td> September 26 , 2017 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Specials ( edit ) </H2> <P> There have been various standalone holiday and special event themed episodes made that do not follow the series seasons . They have typically followed an upcoming or recently passed holiday . These episodes feature previous Ink Master contestants competing for smaller cash prizes . </P> <P> Ink Master licensed a Dutch / Belgian edition called Ink Master : Meesters van de Lage Landen ( Masters of the Low Countries ) to Spike NL in 2017 . The format remains largely intact , filming takes place mainly around Amsterdam . The winner of the first season of this edition was the Belgian contestant `` Djoels '' </P> <H2> Spin offs ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Ink Master : Redemption ( edit ) </H3> <P> Spin - off series Ink Master : Redemption premiered in September 2015 . The spin - off features canvases who are unhappy with the tattoo they received during the competition . After discussing their tattoo with Navarro , the canvases are given the chance to confront the artist who did the original piece . The artist is offered the chance for redemption by being able to consult with the canvas on a new tattoo ( or modification to improve their existing Ink Master piece ) . After reviewing the artist 's new drawing , the canvas is given a no - strings - attached choice to either proceed with the new tattoo or leave the shop . Episodes sometimes feature a twist , such as rival artists returning to draw a design for the same unhappy canvas , potentially stealing the original artist 's chance at redemption . Ink Master : Redemption was renewed for a second season to coincide with the premiere of season 7 of Ink Master . </P> <H3> Ink Master : Angels ( edit ) </H3> <P> In June 2017 , Spike announced a new spin off series titled Ink Master : Angels . The premise follows four female contestants from the eighth season of Ink Master - season winner Ryan Ashley , Kelly Doty , Nikki Simpson and Gia Rose - as they travel around the United States to face other artists in tattoo challenges with a spot on season ten of Ink Master on the line . The show premiered on October 3 , 2017 . </P> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Television portal </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> List of tattoo TV shows </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Ink Master '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved January 5 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( May 27 , 2015 ) . `` ' Ink Master ' Renewed for Season 7 by Spike TV ; Network Orders Spin - Off ' Ink Master : Redemption ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Tribune Digital Ventures . Retrieved July 13 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Leupp , Thomas . `` Ink Master TV '' . Hollywood.com . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 13 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Ink Master season 9 : Judge Oliver Peck doing well after heart attack '' . cartermatt.com . Retrieved October 5 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Ravindran , Manori . `` Renewed and returning : `` Real Housewives , '' `` Ink Master '' `` . Real Screen . Retrieved 17 May 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` A First Look At Ink Mster Season 8 '' . Youtube . Retrieved 14 June 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Sneak Peek : HallowInk - Video Clips - Ink Master SPIKE.com '' . Spike.com . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 01 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` ' Ink Master ' Renewed for Season 7 by Spike TV ; Network Orders Spin - Off ' Ink Master : Redemption ' '' . TV By The Numbers by zap2it.com. 2015 - 05 - 27 . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 01 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( 2015 - 10 - 14 ) . `` ' Ink Master : Redemption ' Renewed For Season 2 By Spike '' . Deadline . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 01 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` '' Ink Master : Angels '' Spreads Its Wings `` . Spike.com. 2017 - 06 - 05 . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 27 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Official website </Li> <Li> Ink Master on IMDb </Li> <Li> Ink Master at TV Guide </Li> </Ul> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ink_Master&oldid=804447311 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> 2010s American television series </Li> <Li> 2012 American television series debuts </Li> <Li> English - language television programs </Li> <Li> Spike ( TV network ) shows </Li> <Li> Ink Master </Li> <Li> Tattooing television series </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> Español </Li> <Li> Français </Li> <Li> Italiano </Li> <Li> Português </Li> </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 9 October 2017 , at 01 : 54 . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul>

who have been the winners of ink master

https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Ink_Master&amp;oldid=804447311

Forest cover by state in the United States - wikipedia <H1> Forest cover by state in the United States </H1> <P> Forest cover by state is estimated from tree - attributes using the basic statistics reported by the Forest Inventory and Analysis ( FIA ) Program of the U.S. Department of Agriculture Forest Service ( FIA ) . Tree volumes and weights are not directly measured in the field , but computed from other variables that can be measured . </P> <P> This is only the total amount of timberland , the actual forest cover for each state may be significantly higher . </P> Map of above ground woody biomass across the United States c. 2000 <Table> <Tr> <Th> Rank </Th> <Th> State </Th> <Th> Percent </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 </Td> <Td> Maine </Td> <Td> 89.0 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 </Td> <Td> New Hampshire </Td> <Td> 77.5 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 </Td> <Td> West Virginia </Td> <Td> 77.2 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 </Td> <Td> Vermont </Td> <Td> 75.7 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 </Td> <Td> Alabama </Td> <Td> 70.6 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 </Td> <Td> Georgia </Td> <Td> 64.2 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 </Td> <Td> South Carolina </Td> <Td> 63.8 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 </Td> <Td> Mississippi </Td> <Td> 61.9 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 </Td> <Td> Virginia </Td> <Td> 60.7 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 7001100000000000000 ♠ 10 </Td> <Td> North Carolina </Td> <Td> 59.9 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 7001110000000000000 ♠ 11 </Td> <Td> Pennsylvania </Td> <Td> 55.3 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 7001120000000000000 ♠ 12 </Td> <Td> Arkansas </Td> <Td> 55.1 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 7001130000000000000 ♠ 13 </Td> <Td> Connecticut </Td> <Td> 54.7 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 7001140000000000000 ♠ 14 </Td> <Td> Tennessee </Td> <Td> 52.9 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 7001150000000000000 ♠ 15 </Td> <Td> Massachusetts </Td> <Td> 52.5 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 7001160000000000000 ♠ 16 </Td> <Td> Michigan </Td> <Td> 51.2 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 7001170000000000000 ♠ 17 </Td> <Td> New York </Td> <Td> 50.9 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 7001180000000000000 ♠ 18 </Td> <Td> Rhode Island </Td> <Td> 50.8 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 7001190000000000000 ♠ 19 </Td> <Td> Louisiana </Td> <Td> 49.2 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 7001200000000000000 ♠ 20 </Td> <Td> Kentucky </Td> <Td> 48.6 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 7001210000000000000 ♠ 21 </Td> <Td> Wisconsin </Td> <Td> 45.2 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 7001220000000000000 ♠ 22 </Td> <Td> Florida </Td> <Td> 42.4 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 7001230000000000000 ♠ 23 </Td> <Td> Washington </Td> <Td> 40.7 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 7001240000000000000 ♠ 24 </Td> <Td> New Jersey </Td> <Td> 39.5 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 7001250000000000000 ♠ 25 </Td> <Td> Oregon </Td> <Td> 38.8 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 7001260000000000000 ♠ 26 </Td> <Td> Maryland </Td> <Td> 37.9 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 7001270000000000000 ♠ 27 </Td> <Td> Idaho </Td> <Td> 31.8 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 7001280000000000000 ♠ 28 </Td> <Td> Alaska </Td> <Td> 30.4 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 7001290000000000000 ♠ 29 </Td> <Td> Missouri </Td> <Td> 30.3 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 7001300000000000000 ♠ 30 </Td> <Td> Delaware </Td> <Td> 30.0 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 7001310000000000000 ♠ 31 </Td> <Td> Minnesota </Td> <Td> 28.9 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 7001320000000000000 ♠ 32 </Td> <Td> Ohio </Td> <Td> 28.9 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 7001330000000000000 ♠ 33 </Td> <Td> Montana </Td> <Td> 20.6 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 7001340000000000000 ♠ 34 </Td> <Td> Indiana </Td> <Td> 18.9 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 7001350000000000000 ♠ 35 </Td> <Td> California </Td> <Td> 17.8 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 7001360000000000000 ♠ 36 </Td> <Td> Colorado </Td> <Td> 17.5 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 7001370000000000000 ♠ 37 </Td> <Td> Hawaii </Td> <Td> 17.0 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 7001380000000000000 ♠ 38 </Td> <Td> Oklahoma </Td> <Td> 14.2 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 7001390000000000000 ♠ 39 </Td> <Td> Illinois </Td> <Td> 11.5 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 7001400000000000000 ♠ 40 </Td> <Td> Wyoming </Td> <Td> 9.2 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 7001410000000000000 ♠ 41 </Td> <Td> Utah </Td> <Td> 8.9 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 7001420000000000000 ♠ 42 </Td> <Td> Texas </Td> <Td> 7.0 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 7001430000000000000 ♠ 43 </Td> <Td> New Mexico </Td> <Td> 5.6 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 7001440000000000000 ♠ 44 </Td> <Td> Iowa </Td> <Td> 5.4 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 7001450000000000000 ♠ 45 </Td> <Td> Arizona </Td> <Td> 4.8 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 7001460000000000000 ♠ 46 </Td> <Td> South Dakota </Td> <Td> 3.1 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 7001470000000000000 ♠ 47 </Td> <Td> Kansas </Td> <Td> 2.8 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 7001480000000000000 ♠ 48 </Td> <Td> Nebraska </Td> <Td> 1.8 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 7001490000000000000 ♠ 49 </Td> <Td> North Dakota </Td> <Td> 1.0 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 7001500000000000000 ♠ 50 </Td> <Td> Nevada </Td> <Td> 0.5 % </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Forest cover by province or territory in Canada </Li> <Li> Forest cover by federal subject in Russia </Li> <Li> Forest cover by state or territory in Australia </Li> <Li> Forest cover by state in India </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Ecology portal </Li> <Li> Environment portal </Li> <Li> Forestry portal </Li> <Li> United States portal </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ `` FIA Volume Calculations '' ( PDF ) . fs.fed.us . Retrieved 21 April 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bechtold , William A. ; Patterson , Paul L. ; ( Editors ) 2005 . The enhanced forest inventory and analysis program - national sampling design and estimation procedures . Gen. Tech . Rep. SRS - 80 . Asheville , NC : U.S. Department of Agriculture , Forest Service , Southern Research Station . 85 p . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Archived January 7 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ fia@fs.fed.us . `` Forest Inventory and Analysis National Program - FIA Library '' . www.fia.fs.fed.us . Retrieved 21 April 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ fia@fs.fed.us . `` Forest Inventory and Analysis National Program - FIA Library '' . www.fia.fs.fed.us . Retrieved 21 April 2018 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> Further reading ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> US Department of Agriculture . US Forest Resource Facts and HIstorical Trends . 2012 . 64 p . </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> United States state - related lists </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> List of states and territories of the United States </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Demographics </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Educational attainment </Li> <Li> Irreligion </Li> <Li> Largest cities by population </Li> <Li> Most popular given names </Li> <Li> Most populous counties </Li> <Li> Population <Ul> <Li> Density </Li> <Li> Growth rate </Li> <Li> Birth and death rates </Li> <Li> Historical </Li> <Li> African American </Li> <Li> Amish </Li> <Li> Asian </Li> <Li> Hispanic and Latino </Li> <Li> Spanish - speaking </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Religiosity </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Economy </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Billionaires </Li> <Li> Budgets </Li> <Li> Companies </Li> <Li> Federal tax revenue </Li> <Li> Federal taxation and spending </Li> <Li> Gross domestic product <Ul> <Li> Growth rate </Li> <Li> Per capita </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Income <Ul> <Li> Inequality </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Minimum wages </Li> <Li> Poverty rates </Li> <Li> Sales taxes </Li> <Li> Sovereign wealth funds </Li> <Li> State income taxes </Li> <Li> Unemployment rates </Li> <Li> Union affiliation </Li> <Li> Vehicles per capita </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Environment </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Carbon dioxide emissions </Li> <Li> Botanical gardens </Li> <Li> Parks </Li> <Li> Renewable energy </Li> <Li> Superfund sites </Li> <Li> Wilderness areas </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Geography </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Area </Li> <Li> Coastline </Li> <Li> Elevation </Li> <Li> Extreme points </Li> <Li> Forest </Li> <Li> Geographic centers </Li> <Li> Regions </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Government </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Attorneys general </Li> <Li> Capitals </Li> <Li> Capitol buildings </Li> <Li> Comparison </Li> <Li> Counties <Ul> <Li> Alphabetical </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Current State Legislators </Li> <Li> Governors <Ul> <Li> Lieutenant governors </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Legislatures </Li> <Li> Libraries and archives </Li> <Li> Official languages </Li> <Li> Poets laureate </Li> <Li> Political divisions </Li> <Li> State auditors </Li> <Li> State secretaries of state </Li> <Li> State superintendents of education </Li> <Li> State supreme courts </Li> <Li> State treasurers </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Health </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> American Human Development Index </Li> <Li> Fertility rates </Li> <Li> Hospitals </Li> <Li> Life expectancy </Li> <Li> Obesity rates </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> History </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Date of statehood </Li> <Li> Name etymologies </Li> <Li> Historical societies and museums </Li> <Li> National Historic Landmarks </Li> <Li> National Register of Historic Places </Li> <Li> State partitions </Li> <Li> Historic regions </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Law </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Abortion </Li> <Li> Age of consent </Li> <Li> Alcohol <Ul> <Li> Dry communities </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Alford plea </Li> <Li> Cell phone use while driving </Li> <Li> Constitutions </Li> <Li> Firearms <Ul> <Li> Homicide </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Law enforcement agencies </Li> <Li> Legality of cannabis </Li> <Li> Peace Index </Li> <Li> Prisons <Ul> <Li> Incarceration rate </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Same - 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what percentage of the united states is forested

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Deuces ( film ) - Wikipedia <H1> Deuces ( film ) </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Deuces </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Directed by </Th> <Td> Jamal Hill </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Produced by </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Otis Best </Li> <Li> Justin Moritt </Li> <Li> Ron Robinson </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Written by </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Jamal Hill </Li> <Li> Curtis Bryant </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Starring </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Larenz Tate </Li> <Li> Meagan Good </Li> <Li> Lance Gross </Li> <Li> Siya </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Production companies </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Flavor Unit Entertainment </Li> <Li> BET </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Distributed by </Th> <Td> Netflix </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Release date </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> April 1 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 01 ) </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Country </Th> <Td> United States </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Language </Th> <Td> English </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Deuces is an American crime drama written and directed by Jamal Hill . The film stars Larenz Tate , Meagan Good , Lance Gross and Siya . The film is executive produced by Queen Latifah for her production company Flavor Unit Entertainment . Deuces premiered on Netflix on April 1 , 2017 . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Synopsis </Li> <Li> 2 Cast </Li> <Li> 3 References </Li> <Li> 4 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Synopsis ( edit ) </H2> <P> Detective Jason Foster goes undercover to take down a crime ring that has been impenetrable by the police department for years . However , Foster finds himself drawn in by the unique persona of ringleader Stephen `` Deuces '' Brooks and the dual life that he leads . The mission is further complicated when Foster 's sister Janet also falls under Deuce 's spell . </P> <H2> Cast ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Larenz Tate as Stephen `` Deuces '' Brooks </Li> <Li> Meagan Good as Janet Foster </Li> <Li> Lance Gross as Jason Foster </Li> <Li> Siya as Diggs </Li> <Li> Antonique Smith as Tanya </Li> <Li> La La Anthony as Detective Sonya Diaz </Li> <Li> Rick Gonzalez as Papers </Li> <Li> Rotimi as Face </Li> <Li> Andra Fuller as Detective Solomon Garret </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ `` deucesthemovie on Twitter : `` Weekend ready ... that # FridayFeeling # DeucesTheMovie April 1st on @ netflix @ officialrickg @ LarenzTate @ FlavorUnitEnt '' `` . Twitter . 2017 - 03 - 24 . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 02 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Whitney Friedlander ( 2015 - 04 - 23 ) . `` ' Punk 'd ' Ashton Kutcher Show Gets Revamped at BET '' . Variety . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 11 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ theshadefiles ( 2015 - 07 - 30 ) . `` Larenz Tate and Meagan Good New Movie Starring Siya Of Sisterhood Of Hip Hop Deuces ! ! ( Watch '' . The Shade Files . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 11 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 2015 Grammy Nominated Songstress / Actress Antonique Smith Releases `` Higher '' Audio @ Top40-Charts.com `` . Top40-charts.com. 2015 - 09 - 14 . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 18 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Deuces on IMDb </Li> <Li> Deuces at Rotten Tomatoes </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This article about a 2010s crime drama film is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Deuces_(film)&oldid=815906240 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> 2017 films </Li> <Li> English - language films </Li> <Li> American drama films </Li> <Li> American films </Li> <Li> Hood films </Li> <Li> Crime drama film stubs </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> Add links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 17 December 2017 , at 23 : 51 . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul>

what year did the movie deuces come out

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Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports - Wikipedia <H1> Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports </H1> Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Ministry of Sports . <Table> Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Emblem of India </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Agency overview </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Jurisdiction </Th> <Td> Republic of India </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Headquarters </Th> <Td> Shastri Bhawan , Dr. Rajendra Prasad Road , New Delhi - 110001 . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Annual budget </Th> <Td> ₹ 1,943.21 crore ( US $300 million ) ( 2017 - 18 est . ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Minister responsible </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Rajyavardhan Singh Rathore , Minister of State ( Independent Charge ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Agency executives </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Amarendra Kumar Dubey , IAS , Youth Affairs Secretary </Li> <Li> Rahul Bhatnagar , IAS , Sports Secretary </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Child agency </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Sports Authority of India </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Website </Th> <Td> yas.nic.in </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports , a branch of the Government of India , which administers Department of youth affairs and Department of Sports in India . The ministry also overlooks the organisation of Commonwealth 2010 games . As of July 2016 , Minister of Youth Affairs and Sports is the Minister of State ( Independent Charge ) Rajyavardhan Singh Rathore </P> <P> The ministry also gives the annual National Sports awards in various categories , including the Arjuna Award and Rajiv Gandhi Khel Ratna awards . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 History </Li> <Li> 2 Department of Youth Affairs <Ul> <Li> 2.1 Definition of Youth </Li> <Li> 2.2 Organisations </Li> <Li> 2.3 Programmes </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 Department of Sports <Ul> <Li> 3.1 Organisations </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 Ministers of Youth Affairs and Sports </Li> <Li> 5 See also </Li> <Li> 6 References </Li> <Li> 7 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> History ( edit ) </H2> <P> The Ministry was set up as the Department of Sports at the time of organisation of 1982 Asian Games New Delhi . Its name was changed to the Department of Youth Affairs & Sports during celebration of the International Youth Year , 1985 . It became a separate Ministry on 27 May 2000 . Subsequently , In 2008 , the Ministry has been bifurcated into Department of Youth Affairs and Department of Sports under two separate Secretaries . </P> <H2> Department of Youth Affairs ( edit ) </H2> <P> Unlike the sports department , many of the functions of the department are related to other ministries , like Ministry of Education , Employment & Training , Health and Family Welfare thus it functions largely as a facilitator for youth building . </P> <P> It gives two awards , Tenzing Norgay National Adventure Award and Indira Gandhi NSS Award . </P> <H3> Definition of Youth ( edit ) </H3> <P> The United Nations defines `` Youth '' as 15 -- 24 years and in the Commonwealth , it is 15 -- 29 years . In order to use a definition more in line with these international standards , the Draft NYP 2012 changes the definition from 13 -- 35 years to 16 -- 30 years . The draft NYP 2012 plans to divide the age bracket of 16 -- 30 years into three groups . </P> <H3> Organisations ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Nehru Yuva Kendra Sangathan </Li> <Li> Rajiv Gandhi National Institute of Youth Development </Li> </Ul> <H3> Programmes ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Rashtriya Yuva Sashaktikaran Karyakram : Merge of schemes ( National Youth Corps , Youth Hostels etc . ) </Li> <Li> National Programme for Youth and Adolescent Development ( NPYAD ) : introduced 2008 - 09 </Li> <Li> National Service Scheme ( NSS ) </Li> <Li> National Youth Corps </Li> <Li> International Youth Exchange Program </Li> <Li> National Youth Festival </Li> <Li> Urban Sports Infrastructure Scheme ( USIS ) : a pilot project in 2010 -- 11 to provide funding for infrastructure and improvements </Li> <Li> Panchayat Yuva Krida Aur Khel Abhiyan </Li> <Li> Promotion of Scouting & Guiding : The national headquarters of The Bharat Scouts and Guides ( BSG ) is recognised by the Government of India as the apex body in the field of Scouting and Guiding in India . </Li> <Li> Youth Hostels </Li> </Ul> <H2> Department of Sports ( edit ) </H2> <P> The department also gives away the National sports awards , including Special Awards to Medal Winners in International Sports Events , Maulana Abul Kalam Azad Trophy , Dhyanchand Award for Lifetime achievement in Sports and Games , Arjuna Award , Dronacharya Award , Rajiv Gandhi Khel Ratna Award and Rashtriya Khel Protsahan Puraskar. . They also helped in bringing the FIFA U-17 World cup to India . A huge part of it was played by the advisors to the Sports Ministry - Rahul Rana ( Doon School ) and Arjun Dewan ( The Lawrence School ) . </P> <H3> Organisations ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Sports Authority of India </Li> <Li> National Anti Doping Agency ( NADA ) </Li> <Li> Lakshmibai National Institute of Physical Education </Li> <Li> National Dope Testing Laboratory ( NDTL ) </Li> </Ul> <H2> Ministers of Youth Affairs and Sports ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Mamata Banerjee ( 1991 -- 1993 ) </Li> <Li> Uma Bharti ( 7 November 2000 -- 25 August 2002 ) </Li> <Li> Sunil Dutt ( 2004 -- 2005 ) </Li> <Li> Mani Shankar Aiyar ( 2005 -- 2009 ) </Li> <Li> M.S. Gill ( 28 May 2009 -- 18 January 2011 ) </Li> <Li> Ajay Maken ( 19 January 2011 -- 28 October 2012 ) </Li> <Li> Jitendra Singh ( 29 October 2012 -- 25 May 2014 ) </Li> <Li> Sarbananda Sonowal ( 20 May 2014 -- 23 May 2016 ) </Li> <Li> Jitendra Singh ( 23 May 2016 - 5 July 2016 ) </Li> <Li> Vijay Goel ( 5 July 2016 -- 2 September 2017 ) </Li> <Li> Rajyavardhan Singh Rathore ( 3 September 2017 - present ) </Li> </Ul> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Ministry of Sports </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ http://indiabudget.gov.in/ub2017-18/eb/stat3a.pdf </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Council Of Ministers_Who 's Who_india.gov.in '' </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Minister of Youth Affairs and Sports '' . Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 13 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Portfolio of Modi government ministers : Vijay Goel appointed as the new Sports Minister '' , The Financial Express , 5 July 2016 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 2013 Rajiv Gandhi Khel Ratna and Arjuna Awards '' . Press Information Bureau , Ministry of Youth Affairs & Sports . 22 August 2013 . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 04 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Introduction '' . Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 13 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Awards '' . Department of Youth Affairs . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 13 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Youth '' . UNESCO . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 13 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Prasad Joshi ( 13 February 2013 ) . `` Draft National Youth Policy 2012 seeks a shift in youth age bracket '' . Indian Express . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 13 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Draft policy redefines 16 - 30 age group as youth '' . Deccan Herald . 31 May 2012 . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 13 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Nehru Yuva Kendra Sangathan '' . National Portal of India . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 13 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` About RGNIYD '' . Rajiv Gandhi National Institute of Youth Development . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 13 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Grants to NGOs '' . Press Information Bureau , Government of India . 27 July 2010 . Retrieved 26 June 2014 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Promotion of Scouting & Guiding '' . Department of Youth Affairs , Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports . Archived from the original on 14 August 2014 . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 13 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` About Department '' . Department of Youth Affairs . Archived from the original on 14 August 2014 . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 13 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Urban Sports Infrastructure Scheme '' . Government of India , Press Information Bureau . 21 August 2012 . Retrieved 26 June 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Objectives of PYKKA '' . Government of India , Press Information Bureau . 11 March 2013 . Retrieved 26 June 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Awards '' . Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports . Archived from the original on 14 August 2014 . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 13 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` National Sports Awards to be Presented on 31st August , 2013 '' . Press Information Bureau , Government of India . 30 August 2013 . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 13 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` C&W : Cricket News '' . www.cricketandwicket.com . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 05 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Sports Authority of India , Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports '' . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 13 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` NADA : National Anti Doping Agency '' . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 13 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` LNIPE Gwalior MP '' . Archived from the original on 20 October 2014 . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 13 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` National Dope Testing Laboratory ( NDTL ) '' . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 13 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Current Lok Sabha Members Biographical Sketch '' . Web.archive.org . Archived from the original on 12 November 2007 . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 12 . 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who is the present sport minister of india

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List of most - followed Instagram accounts - wikipedia <H1> List of most - followed Instagram accounts </H1> Jump to : navigation , search Selena Gomez is the most followed individual on Instagram , with over 137 million followers . <P> This list contains the top 25 accounts with the most followers on the social photo - sharing platform Instagram . As of May 2018 , the most followed user is Instagram 's own account , with over 235 million followers . Selena Gomez is the most followed individual , with over 137 million followers . Ten accounts have exceeded 100 million followers on the site . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Top accounts <Ul> <Li> 1.1 All - time </Li> <Li> 1.2 By country </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2 See also </Li> <Li> 3 References </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Top accounts </H2> <H3> All - time </H3> <P> The following table lists the top 25 most followed accounts on Instagram , with each total rounded to the nearest million followers , as well as the profession of each user and country of origin . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Rank </Th> <Th> Chg </Th> <Th> Account name </Th> <Th> Owner </Th> <Th> Followers ( millions ) </Th> <Th> Profession </Th> <Th> Country </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1 . </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> @ instagram </Td> <Td> Instagram </Td> <Td> 235 </Td> <Td> Social media platform </Td> <Td> USA </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2 . </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> @ selenagomez </Td> <Td> Selena Gomez </Td> <Td> 137 </Td> <Td> Musician and actress </Td> <Td> USA </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 3 . </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> @ cristiano </Td> <Td> Cristiano Ronaldo </Td> <Td> 126 </Td> <Td> Footballer </Td> <Td> POR </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 4 . </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> @ arianagrande </Td> <Td> Ariana Grande </Td> <Td> 119 </Td> <Td> Musician and actress </Td> <Td> USA </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 5 . </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> @ beyonce </Td> <Td> Beyoncé </Td> <Td> 115 </Td> <Td> Musician and actress </Td> <Td> USA </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 6 . </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> @ kimkardashian </Td> <Td> Kim Kardashian </Td> <Td> 111 </Td> <Td> Reality TV personality </Td> <Td> USA </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 7 . </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> @ kyliejenner </Td> <Td> Kylie Jenner </Td> <Td> 109 </Td> <Td> Reality TV personality </Td> <Td> USA </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 8 . </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> @ taylorswift </Td> <Td> Taylor Swift </Td> <Td> 108 </Td> <Td> Musician and actress </Td> <Td> USA </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 9 . </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> @ therock </Td> <Td> Dwayne Johnson </Td> <Td> 107 </Td> <Td> Actor and professional wrestler </Td> <Td> USA </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 10 . </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> @ justinbieber </Td> <Td> Justin Bieber </Td> <Td> 100 </Td> <Td> Musician </Td> <Td> CAN </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 11 . </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> @ neymarjr </Td> <Td> Neymar </Td> <Td> 93 </Td> <Td> Footballer </Td> <Td> BRA </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 12 . </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> @ leomessi </Td> <Td> Lionel Messi </Td> <Td> 91 </Td> <Td> Footballer </Td> <Td> ARG </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 13 . </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> @ kendalljenner </Td> <Td> Kendall Jenner </Td> <Td> 90 </Td> <Td> Model </Td> <Td> USA </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 14 . </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> @ natgeo </Td> <Td> National Geographic </Td> <Td> 88 </Td> <Td> Magazine </Td> <Td> USA </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 15 . </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> @ nickiminaj </Td> <Td> Nicki Minaj </Td> <Td> 86 </Td> <Td> Musician </Td> <Td> TRI </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 16 . </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> @ nike </Td> <Td> Nike </Td> <Td> 77 </Td> <Td> Sportswear multinational corporation </Td> <Td> USA </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 17 . </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> @ khloekardashian </Td> <Td> Khloé Kardashian </Td> <Td> 76 </Td> <Td> Reality TV personality </Td> <Td> USA </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 18 . </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> @ mileycyrus </Td> <Td> Miley Cyrus </Td> <Td> 75 </Td> <Td> Musician and actress </Td> <Td> USA </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 19 . </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> @ jlo </Td> <Td> Jennifer Lopez </Td> <Td> 75 </Td> <Td> Musician and actress </Td> <Td> USA </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 20 . </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> @ katyperry </Td> <Td> Katy Perry </Td> <Td> 69 </Td> <Td> Musician </Td> <Td> USA </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 21 . </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> @ ddlovato </Td> <Td> Demi Lovato </Td> <Td> 67 </Td> <Td> Musician and actress </Td> <Td> USA </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 22 . </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> @ kourtneykardash </Td> <Td> Kourtney Kardashian </Td> <Td> 63 </Td> <Td> Reality TV personality </Td> <Td> USA </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 23 . </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> @ badgalriri </Td> <Td> Rihanna </Td> <Td> 62 </Td> <Td> Musician </Td> <Td> BAR </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 24 . </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> @ victoriassecret </Td> <Td> Victoria 's Secret </Td> <Td> 59 </Td> <Td> Lingerie retailer </Td> <Td> USA </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 25 . </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> @ kevinhart4real </Td> <Td> Kevin Hart </Td> <Td> 59 </Td> <Td> Comedian </Td> <Td> USA </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="7"> As of May 13 , 2018 </Th> </Tr> </Table> <H3> By country </H3> <P> The following table lists the top 14 most followed accounts on Instagram by country of origin , with each total rounded to the nearest million followers , as well as the profession of each user . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Rank </Th> <Th> Chg </Th> <Th> Country </Th> <Th> Account name </Th> <Th> Owner </Th> <Th> Followers ( millions ) </Th> <Th> Profession </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1 . </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> @ instagram </Td> <Td> Instagram </Td> <Td> 235 </Td> <Td> Social media platform </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2 . </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Portugal </Td> <Td> @ cristiano </Td> <Td> Cristiano Ronaldo </Td> <Td> 126 </Td> <Td> Footballer </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 3 . </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Canada </Td> <Td> @ justinbieber </Td> <Td> Justin Bieber </Td> <Td> 99 </Td> <Td> Musician </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 4 . </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Brazil </Td> <Td> @ neymarjr </Td> <Td> Neymar </Td> <Td> 93 </Td> <Td> Footballer </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 5 . </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Argentina </Td> <Td> @ leomessi </Td> <Td> Lionel Messi </Td> <Td> 91 </Td> <Td> Footballer </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 6 . </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Trinidad and Tobago </Td> <Td> @ nickiminaj </Td> <Td> Nicki Minaj </Td> <Td> 86 </Td> <Td> Musician </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 7 . </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Barbados </Td> <Td> @ badgalriri </Td> <Td> Rihanna </Td> <Td> 61 </Td> <Td> Musician </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 8 . </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Spain </Td> <Td> @ realmadrid </Td> <Td> Real Madrid C.F. </Td> <Td> 58 </Td> <Td> Football club </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 9 . </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Colombia </Td> <Td> @ shakira </Td> <Td> Shakira </Td> <Td> 47 </Td> <Td> Musician </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 10 . </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> United Kingdom </Td> <Td> @ emmawatson </Td> <Td> Emma Watson </Td> <Td> 46 </Td> <Td> Actress </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 11 . </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Hong Kong </Td> <Td> @ 9gag </Td> <Td> 9GAG </Td> <Td> 44 </Td> <Td> Social media platform </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 12 . </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Sweden </Td> <Td> @ iamzlatanibrahimovic </Td> <Td> Zlatan Ibrahimović </Td> <Td> 32 </Td> <Td> Footballer </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 13 . </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> France </Td> <Td> @ chanelofficial </Td> <Td> Chanel </Td> <Td> 27 </Td> <Td> Clothing retailer </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 14 . </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Indonesia </Td> <Td> @ raffinagita1717 </Td> <Td> Raffi Ahmad & Nagita Slavina </Td> <Td> 22 </Td> <Td> Presenter and musician </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="7"> As of May 13 , 2018 </Th> </Tr> </Table> <H2> See also </H2> <Ul> <Li> List of most - liked Instagram pictures </Li> <Li> List of most - followed Twitter accounts </Li> <Li> List of most - subscribed YouTube channels </Li> <Li> List of most - viewed YouTube videos </Li> <Li> List of most streamed artists on Spotify </Li> <Li> List of most streamed songs on Spotify </Li> </Ul> <H2> References </H2> <Ol> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Top 100 Instagram Users by Followers - Socialblade Instagram Stats - Instagram Statistics '' . Socialblade . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Lenker , Maureen Lee ( November 29 , 2017 ) . `` Selena Gomez holds on to Instagram crown with most followers in 2017 '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved February 6 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` @ chanelofficial '' . Instagram . Retrieved April 9 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` @ raffinagita1717 '' . Instagram . 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who has the most followers on instagram in the world

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Life or Something Like it - wikipedia <H1> Life or Something Like it </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Life or Something Like It </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Theatrical release poster </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Directed by </Th> <Td> Stephen Herek </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Produced by </Th> <Td> John Davis Arnon Milchan Toby Jaffe Chi - Li Wong </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Written by </Th> <Td> John Scott Shepherd Dana Stevens </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Starring </Th> <Td> Angelina Jolie Edward Burns </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Music by </Th> <Td> David Newman </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Cinematography </Th> <Td> Stephen H. Burum </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Edited by </Th> <Td> Trudy Ship </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Production company </Th> <Td> Aei Entertainment Regency Enterprises Davis Entertainment New Regency </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Distributed by </Th> <Td> 20th Century Fox </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Release date </Th> <Td> April 26 , 2002 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Running time </Th> <Td> 103 minutes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Country </Th> <Td> United States </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Language </Th> <Td> English </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Budget </Th> <Td> $40 million </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Box office </Th> <Td> $16,872,671 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Life or Something Like It is a 2002 romantic comedy / drama film directed by Stephen Herek . The film focuses on television reporter Lanie Kerrigan ( Angelina Jolie ) and her quest to find meaning in her life . The original music score was composed by David Newman . The film 's taglines are : `` Destiny is what you make of it '' and `` What if you had only 7 days to live ? '' </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Plot </Li> <Li> 2 Cast </Li> <Li> 3 KOMO - TV </Li> <Li> 4 Reception <Ul> <Li> 4.1 Box office </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 5 References </Li> <Li> 6 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Plot ( edit ) </H2> <P> Lanie Kerrigan ( Angelina Jolie ) , a successful reporter for a Seattle television station , interviews a self - proclaimed prophet , Jack ( Tony Shalhoub ) , to find out if he really can predict football scores . Instead , Prophet Jack not only predicts the football score , and that it would hail the next day , but also that she would die in seven days , meaning the following Thursday . When his first two prophecies turn out to be correct , Kerrigan panics and again meets with Jack , asking him for another prophecy so that she can prove it wrong , which would imply uncertainty of her death . Jack tells her that there will be a relatively significant earthquake in San Francisco at 9 : 06 am ; she hopes that it will be wrong but again it also becomes reality . Now Lanie becomes sure of her upcoming death and is forced to reevaluate her life . </P> <P> The remainder of the storyline - which runs for the week of the prophecy - revolves around her attempts at introspection . She seeks consolation in her famous baseball player boyfriend Cal Cooper ( Christian Kane ) , and in her family , but finds little there . Her lifelong ambition , that of appearing on network television , begins to look like a distant dream . In her desperation , she commits professional blunders , but ends up finding support in an unlikely source : her archenemy , the cameraman Pete Scanlon ( Edward Burns ) , with whom she once had casual sex . He introduces her to a new approach to life ; to live every moment of her life and to do whatever she always wanted to do . </P> <P> Lanie implements Pete 's advice ; she moves in with Pete for a day , and he introduces her to his son Tommy ( Jesse James Rutherford ) , who lives with his mother , and they spend a whole day together with Tommy . That night they sleep together for the second time . The next day Lanie receives an opportunity for a job she always dreamed of in New York . She asks Pete to come with her , but he declines and tells her that her appetite for success and fame will never end . Lanie sadly leaves for New York . </P> <P> Pete meets Jack and tells him how wrong he is , as Lanie got the job which Jack foretold she would not get . But Jack explains that he was right as Lanie will never be able to get the job as she 'll die before it begins . He again gives a prophecy of the death of a famous former baseball player in a plane crash . Pete receives the news of the death of the baseball player as foretold by Jack , and tries to call Lanie to warn her . When he can not reach her , he flies to New York . </P> <P> Lanie - unconcerned with Jack 's prophecy - interviews her idol , famous media personality Deborah Connors ( Stockard Channing ) . Lanie realizes how petty the opening questions are and shares a heartfelt moment with Deborah live on air . The interview receives huge ratings . The network immediately offers her a position , but Lanie declines , realizing that she wants a life with Pete in Seattle . </P> <P> As she leaves the studio , a police officer gets into a conflict with a man , who shoots a bullet into the air . Pete tries to warn Lanie across the street , but she is shot in the crossfire . Luckily , Lanie survives , and Pete tells her in the hospital that he has loved her since the first time he saw her , and Lanie says she loves him , too . Later , Pete , Lanie and Tommy watch Cal 's baseball game , while Lanie ( in a voiceover ) says that one part of her has died -- the part which did n't know how to live a life . </P> <H2> Cast ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Angelina Jolie as Lanie Kerrigan </Li> <Li> Edward Burns as Pete Scanlon </Li> <Li> Tony Shalhoub as Prophet Jack </Li> <Li> Christian Kane as Cal Cooper </Li> <Li> James Gammon as Pat Kerrigan </Li> <Li> Melissa Errico as Andrea </Li> <Li> Stockard Channing as Deborah Connors </Li> <Li> Lisa Thornhill as Gwen </Li> <Li> Gregory Itzin as Dennis </Li> <Li> Veena Sood as Doctor </Li> </Ul> <H2> KOMO - TV ( edit ) </H2> <P> The majority of the movie was shot on location in Seattle , Washington although portions were filmed in downtown Vancouver . The TV station in the movie , KQMO , was actually real - life Seattle TV station KOMO - TV ( the KOMO logo was altered on the set of KOMO 4 News and on several of KOMO 's news vehicles , in addition to a few mic flags ) . </P> <P> Several KOMO personalities make cameo appearances ; among them are longtime anchors Dan Lewis and Margo Myers ( the latter moved to KIRO - TV in January 2005 ) , weather anchor and Front Runners host Steve Pool , and weekend weather anchor Theron Zahn . Other KOMO personalities who made brief cameo appearances include People Helper John Sharify , and reporter Michelle Esteban . </P> <P> Additionally , Vancouver news anchors Pamela Martin and Jill Krop , at the time both employed with BCTV , appeared briefly in scenes shot in the BCTV studios . </P> <H2> Reception ( edit ) </H2> <P> As of October 17 , 2014 , based on 121 reviews collected by the review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes , Life or Something Like It has received an overall rating average of 28 % , with an average score of 4.5 out of 10 . </P> <P> Jolie 's performance in the film earned her a Golden Raspberry Award nomination for Worst Actress . </P> <H3> Box Office ( edit ) </H3> <P> The film was a commercial and financial loss , grossing only $16,872,671 against its $40,000,000 budget . </P> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Life Or Something Like It ( 2002 ) - Box Office Mojo '' . boxofficemojo.com . </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wikiquote has quotations related to : Life or Something Like It </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ul> <Li> Life or Something Like It on IMDb </Li> <Li> Life or Something Like It at AllMovie </Li> <Li> Life or Something Like It at Rotten Tomatoes </Li> <Li> Life or Something Like It at Box Office Mojo </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Films directed by Stephen Herek </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Critters ( 1986 ) </Li> <Li> Bill & Ted 's Excellent Adventure ( 1989 ) </Li> <Li> Do n't Tell Mom the Babysitter 's Dead ( 1991 ) </Li> <Li> The Mighty Ducks ( 1992 ) </Li> <Li> The Three Musketeers ( 1993 ) </Li> <Li> Mr. Holland 's Opus ( 1995 ) </Li> <Li> 101 Dalmatians ( 1996 ) </Li> <Li> Holy Man ( 1998 ) </Li> <Li> Rock Star ( 2001 ) </Li> <Li> Life or Something Like It ( 2002 ) </Li> <Li> Man of the House ( 2005 ) </Li> <Li> Picture This ( 2008 ) </Li> <Li> Dead like Me : Life After Death ( 2009 ) </Li> <Li> Into the Blue 2 : The Reef ( 2009 ) </Li> <Li> The Cutting Edge : Fire and Ice ( 2010 ) </Li> <Li> The Chaperone ( 2011 ) </Li> <Li> Jinxed ( 2013 ) </Li> <Li> Dolly Parton 's Coat of Many Colors ( 2015 ) </Li> <Li> The Great Gilly Hopkins ( 2015 ) </Li> <Li> Dolly Parton 's Christmas of Many Colors : Circle of Love ( 2016 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Life_or_Something_Like_It&oldid=799936084 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> English - language films </Li> <Li> 2002 films </Li> <Li> 2000s romantic comedy films </Li> <Li> American comedy - drama films </Li> <Li> American romantic comedy films </Li> <Li> American romantic drama films </Li> <Li> American films </Li> <Li> Films set in Seattle </Li> <Li> Films shot in Vancouver </Li> <Li> Films shot in Washington ( state ) </Li> <Li> Films set in Washington ( state ) </Li> <Li> Regency Enterprises films </Li> <Li> 20th Century Fox films </Li> <Li> Davis Entertainment films </Li> <Li> Films directed by Stephen Herek </Li> <Li> Film scores by David Newman </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> Wikiquote </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> বাংলা </Li> <Li> Български </Li> <Li> Català </Li> <Li> Čeština </Li> <Li> Deutsch </Li> <Li> Español </Li> <Li> فارسی </Li> <Li> Français </Li> <Li> Հայերեն </Li> <Li> Italiano </Li> <Li> 日本 語 </Li> <Li> Plattdüütsch </Li> <Li> Polski </Li> <Li> Português </Li> <Li> Русский </Li> <Li> Suomi </Li> <Li> Svenska </Li> <Li> Türkçe </Li> </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 10 September 2017 , at 18 : 13 . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . 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where was life or something like it filmed

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Romeo and Juliet ( Prokofiev ) - wikipedia <H1> Romeo and Juliet ( Prokofiev ) </H1> Jump to : navigation , search This article is about Sergei Prokofiev 's ballet . For other uses , see Romeo and Juliet ( disambiguation ) . <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Romeo and Juliet </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Commemorative coin depicting a scene from the ballet . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Choreographer </Th> <Td> Ivo Váña - Psota </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Music </Th> <Td> Sergei Prokofiev </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Based on </Th> <Td> Romeo and Juliet </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Premiere </Th> <Td> 1938 ( 1938 ) Mahen Theatre , Brno </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Original ballet company </Th> <Td> Ballet of the National Theatre , Brno </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Characters </Th> <Td> Ivo Váña - Psota as Romeo Zora Šemberová as Juliet </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Genre </Th> <Td> Drambalet </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Romeo and Juliet ( Russian : Ромео и Джульетта ) , Op. 64 , is a ballet by Sergei Prokofiev based on William Shakespeare 's play Romeo and Juliet . Prokofiev reused music from the ballet in three suites for orchestra and a solo piano work . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Background and Premiere </Li> <Li> 2 Kirov ( Mariinsky ) Production ( 1940 ) <Ul> <Li> 2.1 Original Cast </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 Revivals and other productions </Li> <Li> 4 Score <Ul> <Li> 4.1 Instrumentation </Li> <Li> 4.2 Structure </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 5 Orchestral suites extracted from Romeo and Juliet <Ul> <Li> 5.1 Suite No. 1 from Romeo and Juliet , Op . 64bis </Li> <Li> 5.2 Suite No. 2 from Romeo and Juliet , Op . 64ter </Li> <Li> 5.3 Suite No. 3 from Romeo and Juliet , Op. 101 </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 6 Ten Pieces for Piano , Op. 75 </Li> <Li> 7 Recordings </Li> <Li> 8 Notes </Li> <Li> 9 Sources </Li> <Li> 10 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Background and premiere ( edit ) </H2> <P> Based on a synopsis created by Adrian Piotrovsky ( who first suggested the subject to Prokofiev ) and Sergey Radlov , the ballet was composed by Prokofiev in September 1935 to their scenario which followed the precepts of `` drambalet '' ( dramatised ballet , officially promoted at the Kirov Ballet to replace works based primarily on choreographic display and innovation ) . Following Radlov 's acrimonious resignation from the Kirov in June 1934 , a new agreement was signed with the Bolshoi Theatre in Moscow on the understanding that Piotrovsky would remain involved . However , the ballet 's original happy ending ( contrary to Shakespeare ) provoked controversy among Soviet cultural officials ; the ballet 's production was then postponed indefinitely when the staff of the Bolshoi was overhauled at the behest of the chairman of the Committee on Arts Affairs , Platon Kerzhentsev . The ballet 's failure to be produced within Soviet Russia until 1940 may also have been due to the increased fear and caution in the musical and theatrical community in the aftermath of the two notorious Pravda editorials criticising Shostakovich and other `` degenerate modernists '' including Piotrovsky . The conductor Yuri Fayer met with Prokofiev frequently during the writing of the music , and he strongly urged the composer to revert to the traditional ending . Fayer went on to conduct the first performance of the ballet at the Bolshoi Theatre . </P> <P> Suites of the ballet music were heard in Moscow and the United States , but the full ballet premiered in the Mahen Theatre , Brno ( then in Czechoslovakia , now in the Czech Republic ) , on 30 December 1938 . This version was a single - act production with music mainly from the first two suites . Prokofiev was not able to attend the premiere due to his status of outbound restriction . </P> <H2> Kirov ( mariinsky ) production ( 1940 ) ( edit ) </H2> Galina Ulanova and Yuri Zhdanov in the Romeo and Juliet ballet <P> It is better known today from the significantly revised version that was first presented at the Kirov Theatre in Leningrad on 11 January 1940 , with choreography by Leonid Lavrovsky and with Galina Ulanova and Konstantin Sergeyev in the leading roles . Despite the objections of Prokofiev , Lavrovsky significantly changed the score of the ballet . This production received international acclaim and was awarded the Stalin Prize . </P> <P> In 1955 , Mosfilm made the film version of this production with Galina Ulanova as Juliet and Yuri Zhdanov as Romeo . This film won the Best Lyrical Film and nominated as Palme d'Or in the 1955 Cannes Film Festival . </P> <H3> Original Cast ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Galina Ulanova , Juliet </Li> <Li> Konstantin Sergeyev , Romeo </Li> <Li> Robert Gerbek , Tybalt </Li> <Li> Andrei Lopukhov , Mercutio </Li> </Ul> <H2> Revivals and other productions ( edit ) </H2> <P> In 1955 Frederick Ashton choreographed a production of Romeo and Juliet for the Royal Danish Ballet . </P> <P> In 1962 John Cranko 's choreography of Romeo and Juliet for the Stuttgart Ballet helped the company achieve a worldwide reputation . It had its American premiere in 1969 . </P> <P> In 1965 choreographer Sir Kenneth MacMillan 's version for the Royal Ballet premiered at the Royal Opera House , Covent Garden . Margot Fonteyn and Rudolf Nureyev danced the title roles ; Fonteyn , considered to be near retirement , embarked upon a rejuvenated career with a partnership with Nureyev . </P> <P> In 1971 , John Neumeier , partly inspired by John Cranko , created another version of the ballet in Frankfurt . In 1974 Neumeier 's Romeo and Juliet premiered in Hamburg as his first full - length ballet with the company . </P> <P> In 1977 , Rudolf Nureyev created a new version of Romeo and Juliet for the London Festival Ballet , today 's English National Ballet . He performed the lead role of Romeo , with British ballerina Patricia Ruanne creating the role of Juliet . As a partnership , they would tour the production internationally , and it continues to be a popular ballet in the ENB repertoire , with its most recent revival in 2010 being staged by Patricia Ruanne and Frederic Jahn , of the original 1977 cast . This production was also staged by La Scala Theater Ballet in 1980 and Paris Opera Ballet in 1984 and has been a renowned performance in the POB repertoire . </P> <P> In 1979 , Yuri Grigorovich created a new version for the Bolshoi , `` which did away with most of the stage properties and stylized the action into an all - danced text . '' This was revived in 2010 and remains in the Bolshoi repertory . </P> <P> In 1985 choreographer László Seregi 's production premiered at the Hungarian National Ballet , Budapest . </P> A 2010 production at the Royal Swedish Opera <P> In 1996 Choreographer Jean - Christophe Maillot premiered his version of Roméo et Juliette at Les Ballets de Monte - Carlo . Taking formal inspiration from the episodic character of Sergei Prokofiev 's classic score , Maillot structured the action in a manner akin to cinematic narrative . Rather than focusing on themes of political - social opposition between the two feuding clans , this Romeo and Juliet highlights the dualities and ambiguities of adolescence . </P> <P> In 2007 Peter Martins made Romeo + Juliet on New York City Ballet to the Prokofiev music . </P> <P> In 2008 , Krzysztof Pastor presented his version by the Scottish Ballet at the Edinburgh Festival Theatre . The United States debut of this version was by the Joffrey Ballet in 2014 . </P> <P> On July 4 , 2008 , with the approval of the Prokofiev family and permission from the Russian State Archive , the original Prokofiev score was given its world premiere . Musicologist Simon Morrison , author of The People 's Artist : Prokofiev 's Soviet Years , unearthed the original materials in the Moscow archives , obtained permissions , and reconstructed the entire score . Mark Morris created the choreography for the production . The Mark Morris Dance Group premiered the work at the Fisher Center for the Performing Arts at Bard College in New York state . The production subsequently began a year - long tour to include Berkeley , Norfolk , London , New York , and Chicago . </P> <P> In 2011 , the National Ballet of Canada premiered a new choreography of Romeo and Juliet by Alexei Ratmansky in Toronto , with plans to take it on tour in Western Canada in early 2012 . </P> <H2> Score ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Instrumentation ( edit ) </H3> <P> In addition to a somewhat standard instrumentation , the ballet also requires the use of the tenor saxophone . This voice adds a unique sound to the orchestra as it is used both in solo and as part of the ensemble . Prokofiev also used the cornet , viola d'amore and mandolins in the ballet , adding an Italianate flavor to the music . </P> <P> Full instrumentation is as follows : </P> <Dl> <Dt> woodwinds </Dt> <Dd> piccolo </Dd> <Dd> 2 flutes </Dd> <Dd> 2 oboes ( 2nd doubling on 2nd English horn ) </Dd> <Dd> 2 clarinets ( 2nd doubling on sopranino clarinet ) </Dd> <Dd> bass clarinet </Dd> <Dd> tenor saxophone </Dd> <Dd> 2 bassoons </Dd> <Dd> contrabassoon </Dd> </Dl> <Table> <Tr> <Td> <Dl> <Dt> Brass </Dt> <Dd> 6 French horns </Dd> <Dd> 3 trumpets </Dd> <Dd> cornet </Dd> <Dd> 3 trombones </Dd> <Dd> tuba </Dd> </Dl> </Td> <Td> <Dl> <Dt> Percussion </Dt> <Dd> timpani </Dd> <Dd> snare drum </Dd> <Dd> xylophone </Dd> <Dd> triangle </Dd> <Dd> woodblock </Dd> <Dd> maracas </Dd> <Dd> glockenspiel </Dd> <Dd> tambourine </Dd> <Dd> chime in A </Dd> <Dd> cymbals </Dd> <Dd> bass drum </Dd> </Dl> </Td> <Td> <Dl> <Dt> Keyboards </Dt> <Dd> piano </Dd> <Dd> celesta </Dd> <Dd> organ </Dd> <Dt> Plucked strings </Dt> <Dd> 2 mandolins </Dd> <Dd> 2 harps </Dd> <Dt> Bowed strings </Dt> <Dd> viola d'amore ( or solo viola ) </Dd> <Dd> first and second violins </Dd> <Dd> violas </Dd> <Dd> violoncellos </Dd> <Dd> double basses </Dd> </Dl> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The score is published by Muzyka and the Russian State Publisher . </P> <H3> Structure ( edit ) </H3> <P> List of acts , scenes and musical numbers . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Scene </Th> <Th> No . </Th> <Th> English title </Th> <Th> Russian title ( Original title ) </Th> <Th> Tempo indication </Th> <Th> Notes </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="6"> Act 1 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Introduction </Td> <Td> Вступление </Td> <Td> Andante assai </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Scene 1 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Romeo </Td> <Td> Ромео </Td> <Td> Andante </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> The Street Awakens </Td> <Td> Улица просыпается </Td> <Td> Allegretto </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Morning Dance </Td> <Td> Утренний танец </Td> <Td> Allegro </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> The Quarrel </Td> <Td> Ссора </Td> <Td> Allegro brusco </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> The Fight </Td> <Td> Бой </Td> <Td> Presto </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> The Prince Gives His Order </Td> <Td> Приказ герцога </Td> <Td> Andante </Td> <Td> a.k.a. The Duke 's Command . Introduction of Montagues and Capulets in Suite No. 2 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> Interlude </Td> <Td> Интерлюдия </Td> <Td> Andante pomposo ( L'istesso tempo ) </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Scene 2 </Td> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> Preparing for the Ball ( Juliet and the Nurse ) </Td> <Td> Приготовление к балу ( Джульетта и Кормилица ) </Td> <Td> Andante assai . Scherzando </Td> <Td> a.k.a. At the Capulets ' ( Preparations for the Ball ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> Juliet as a Young Girl </Td> <Td> Джульетта - Девочка </Td> <Td> Vivace </Td> <Td> a.k.a. The Young Juliet </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 11 </Td> <Td> Arrival of the Guests ( Minuet ) </Td> <Td> Съезд гостей ( Менуэт ) </Td> <Td> Assai moderato </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 12 </Td> <Td> Masks ( Romeo , Mercutio and Benvolio in Masks ) </Td> <Td> Маски ( Ромео , Меркуцио и Бенволио в масках ) </Td> <Td> Andante marciale </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 13 </Td> <Td> Dance of the Knights </Td> <Td> Танец рыцарей </Td> <Td> Allegro pesante </Td> <Td> The main part of Montagues and Capulets in Suite No. 2 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 14 </Td> <Td> Juliet 's Variation </Td> <Td> Вариация Джульетты </Td> <Td> Moderato ( quasi Allegretto ) </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 15 </Td> <Td> Mercutio </Td> <Td> Меркуцио </Td> <Td> Allegro giocoso </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 16 </Td> <Td> Madrigal </Td> <Td> Мадригал </Td> <Td> Andante tenero </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 17 </Td> <Td> Tybalt Recognizes Romeo </Td> <Td> Тибальд узнает Ромео </Td> <Td> Allegro </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 18 </Td> <Td> Gavotte ( Departure of the Guests ) </Td> <Td> Гавот ( Разъезд гостей ) </Td> <Td> Allegro </Td> <Td> Gavotte ( movement III ) from `` Classical '' Symphony , Op. 25 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 19 </Td> <Td> Balcony Scene </Td> <Td> Сцена у балкона </Td> <Td> Larghetto </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 20 </Td> <Td> Romeo 's Variation </Td> <Td> Вариация Ромео </Td> <Td> Allegretto amoroso </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 21 </Td> <Td> Love Dance </Td> <Td> Любовный танец </Td> <Td> Andante </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="6"> Act 2 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Scene 3 </Td> <Td> 22 </Td> <Td> Folk Dance </Td> <Td> Народный танец </Td> <Td> Allegro giocoso </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 23 </Td> <Td> Romeo and Mercutio </Td> <Td> Ромео и Меркуцио </Td> <Td> Andante tenero </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 24 </Td> <Td> Dance of the Five Couples </Td> <Td> Танец пяти пар </Td> <Td> Vivo </Td> <Td> Dance in Suite No. 2 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 25 </Td> <Td> Dance with Mandolins </Td> <Td> Танец с мандолинами </Td> <Td> Vivace </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 26 </Td> <Td> The Nurse </Td> <Td> Кормилица </Td> <Td> Adagio scherzoso </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 27 </Td> <Td> The Nurse Gives Romeo the Note from Juliet </Td> <Td> Кормилица передает Ромео записку от Джульетты </Td> <Td> Vivace </Td> <Td> a.k.a. The Nurse and Romeo </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Scene 4 </Td> <Td> 28 </Td> <Td> Romeo at Friar Laurence 's </Td> <Td> Ромео у патера Лоренцо </Td> <Td> Andante espressivo </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 29 </Td> <Td> Juliet at Friar Laurence 's </Td> <Td> Джульетта у патера Лоренцо </Td> <Td> Lento </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Scene 5 </Td> <Td> 30 </Td> <Td> The People Continue to Make Merry </Td> <Td> Народное веселье продолжается </Td> <Td> Vivo </Td> <Td> a.k.a. Public Merrymaking </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 31 </Td> <Td> The Folk Dance Again </Td> <Td> Снова народный танец </Td> <Td> Allegro giocoso </Td> <Td> a.k.a. Further Public Festivities ( Снова народный праздник ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 32 </Td> <Td> Tybalt Meets Mercutio </Td> <Td> Встреча Тибальда с Меркуцио </Td> <Td> Moderato </Td> <Td> a.k.a. Meeting of Tybalt and Mercutio </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 33 </Td> <Td> Tybalt and Mercutio Fight </Td> <Td> Тибалд бьётся с Меркуцио </Td> <Td> Precipitato </Td> <Td> a.k.a. The Duel </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 34 </Td> <Td> Death of Mercutio </Td> <Td> Меркуцио умирает </Td> <Td> Moderato </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 35 </Td> <Td> Romeo Decides to Avenge Mercutio 's Death </Td> <Td> Ромео решает мстить за смерть Меркуцио </Td> <Td> Andante . Animato </Td> <Td> a.k.a. Death of Tybalt </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 36 </Td> <Td> Finale of Act II </Td> <Td> Финал второго действия </Td> <Td> Adagio dramatico </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="6"> Act 3 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 37 </Td> <Td> Introduction </Td> <Td> Вступление </Td> <Td> Andante </Td> <Td> reprise of No. 7 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Scene 6 </Td> <Td> 38 </Td> <Td> Romeo and Juliet ( Juliet 's bedroom ) </Td> <Td> Ромео и Джульетта ( Спальня Джульетты ) </Td> <Td> Lento </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 39 </Td> <Td> Farewell before Parting </Td> <Td> Прощание перед разлукой </Td> <Td> Andante </Td> <Td> a.k.a. Romeo Bids Juliet Farewell , or The Last Farewell </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 40 </Td> <Td> The Nurse </Td> <Td> Кормилица </Td> <Td> Andante assai </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 41 </Td> <Td> Juliet Refuses to Marry Paris </Td> <Td> Джульетта отказывается выйти за Париса </Td> <Td> Vivace </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 42 </Td> <Td> Juliet Alone </Td> <Td> Джульетта одна </Td> <Td> Adagio </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 43 </Td> <Td> Interlude </Td> <Td> Интерлюдия </Td> <Td> Adagio </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Scene 7 </Td> <Td> 44 </Td> <Td> At Friar Laurence 's </Td> <Td> У Лоренцо </Td> <Td> Andante </Td> <Td> a.k.a. At Friar Laurence 's Cell </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 45 </Td> <Td> Interlude </Td> <Td> Интерлюдия </Td> <Td> L'istesso tempo </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Scene 8 </Td> <Td> 46 </Td> <Td> Again in Juliet 's Bedroom </Td> <Td> Снова у Джульетты </Td> <Td> Moderato tranquillo </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 47 </Td> <Td> Juliet Alone </Td> <Td> Джульетта одна </Td> <Td> Andante </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 48 </Td> <Td> Morning Serenade </Td> <Td> Утренняя серенада </Td> <Td> Andante giocoso </Td> <Td> a.k.a. Aubade </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 49 </Td> <Td> Dance of the Girls with Lilies </Td> <Td> Танец девушек с лилиями </Td> <Td> Andante con eleganza </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 50 </Td> <Td> At Juliet 's Bedside </Td> <Td> У постели Джульетты </Td> <Td> Andante assai </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="6"> Act 4 : Epilogue </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Scene 9 </Td> <Td> 51 </Td> <Td> Juliet 's Funeral </Td> <Td> Похороны Джульетты </Td> <Td> Adagio funebre </Td> <Td> Romeo at the Tomb of Juliet in Suite No. 2 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 52 </Td> <Td> Death of Juliet </Td> <Td> Смерть Джульетты </Td> <Td> Adagio ( meno mosso del tempo precendente ) </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Orchestral suites extracted from Romeo and Juliet ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Suite No. 1 from Romeo and Juliet , Op . 64bis ( edit ) </H3> <Ol> <Li> Folk Dance </Li> <Li> Scene ( the Street Awakens ) </Li> <Li> Madrigal </Li> <Li> Minuet ( the Arrival of the Guests ) </Li> <Li> Masks </Li> <Li> Romeo and Juliet ( Balcony Scene and Love Dance ) </Li> <Li> Death of Tybalt ( Containing parts from No. 33 , 6 , 35 & 36 from the complete score ) </Li> </Ol> <H3> Suite No. 2 from Romeo and Juliet , Op . 64ter ( edit ) </H3> <Ol> <Li> Montagues and Capulets ( The Prince Gives His Order and Dance of the Knights ) </Li> <Li> Juliet as a Young Girl </Li> <Li> Friar Laurence ( Romeo at Friar Laurence 's ) </Li> <Li> Dance ( Dance of the Five Couples ) </Li> <Li> Romeo and Juliet Before Parting </Li> <Li> Dance of the Girls with Lilies </Li> <Li> Romeo at Juliet 's Grave ( Juliet 's Funeral ) </Li> </Ol> <H3> Suite No. 3 from Romeo and Juliet , Op. 101 ( edit ) </H3> <Ol> <Li> Romeo at the Fountain ( Introduction & Romeo ) </Li> <Li> Morning Dance </Li> <Li> Juliet ( Juliet 's Variation & Juliet at Friar Laurence 's ) </Li> <Li> The Nurse ( Preparing for the Ball & The Nurse ) </Li> <Li> Aubade ( Morning serenade ) </Li> <Li> The Death of Juliet </Li> </Ol> <H2> Ten Pieces for piano , Op. 75 ( edit ) </H2> <P> Prokofiev reduced selected music from the ballet in 1937 as Romeo and Juliet : Ten Pieces for Piano , Op. 75 , which he premiered himself later that year . </P> <Ol> <Li> Folk Dance </Li> <Li> Scene : The Street Awakens </Li> <Li> Minuet : Arrival of the Guests </Li> <Li> Juliet as a Young Girl </Li> <Li> Masquers </Li> <Li> Montagues and Capulets </Li> <Li> Friar Laurence </Li> <Li> Mercutio </Li> <Li> Dance of the Girls with Lilies </Li> <Li> Romeo and Juliet before Parting </Li> </Ol> <H2> Recordings ( edit ) </H2> <P> Sergei Prokofiev himself made the first recording of music from the ballet , with the Moscow Philharmonic Orchestra in 1938 . Since then , there have been recordings of the full score , as well as various excerpts such as the orchestral suites the composer prepared . Leopold Stokowski conducted the NBC Symphony Orchestra in a rare stereo recording in 1954 and Michael Tilson Thomas conducted the San Francisco Symphony Orchestra in 1995 , in selections from the score , both for RCA Victor . Andre Previn with the London Symphony Orchestra and Lorin Maazel with the Cleveland Orchestra both made recordings of the complete score in 1973 . Georg Solti conducted the Chicago Symphony Orchestra in a recording coupled with the Classical Symphony . Valery Gergiev made two recordings with Kirov Orchestra in 2001 and London Symphony Orchestra in 2011 . </P> <H2> Notes ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ Morrison . The People 's Artist ( 2009 ) : p. 32 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Ezrahi . Swans of the Kremlin ( 2012 ) : p. 43 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Morrison . The People 's Artist ( 2009 ) : pp. 32 - 3 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Morrison . The People 's Artist ( 2009 ) : pp. 36 - 7 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Morrison . The People 's Artist ( 2009 ) : p. 37 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Clark , p. 291 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Morrison , Simon ( 2007 ) . `` Romeo and Juliet 's Happy Ending '' ( PDF ) . International Symposium of Russian Ballet . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Macauley , Alistair ( 2014 - 06 - 05 ) . `` On Screen , No Scars or Scandals for Bolshoi '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 20 August 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Les Ballets de Monte - Carlo </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ S. Prokofiev : Op. 64 Romeo and Juliet , Ballet in Four Acts , Nine Scenes . Moscow : Muzyka , 1976 . ( С . Прокофьев : Соч. 64 Ромео и Джульетта , Балет в четырех действиях , девяти картинах . Москва : Издательство `` Музыка '' , 1976 г . ) </Li> </Ol> <H2> Sources ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Clark , Katerina Petersburg : Crucible of Cultural Revolution ( Cambridge , Massachusetts : Harvard University Press , 1995 ) </Li> <Li> Ezrahi , Christina Swans of the Kremlin : Ballet and Power in Soviet Russia ( Pittsburgh : University of Pittsburgh Press , 2012 ) </Li> <Li> Morrison , Simon The People 's Artist : Prokofiev 's Soviet Years ( Oxford : Oxford University Press , 2008 ) </Li> </Ul> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wikimedia Commons has media related to Romeo and Juliet ( ballet ) . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ul> <Li> Romeo and Juliet The ballet choreography by Rudolf Nureyev </Li> <Li> March 7 , 1985 NY Times review by Anna Kisselgoff </Li> <Li> Romeo & Juliet , On Motifs of Shakespeare : website on first production using the original Prokofiev score as reconstructed by Simon Morrison </Li> <Li> Romeo and Juliet ( Ballet ) : Free scores at the International Music Score Library Project </Li> <Li> Romeo and Juliet ( 1st Suite ) : Free scores at the International Music Score Library Project </Li> <Li> Romeo and Juliet ( 2nd Suite ) : Free scores at the International Music Score Library Project </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Sergei Prokofiev </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Operas </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> The Giant </Li> <Li> Maddalena </Li> <Li> The Gambler </Li> <Li> The Love for Three Oranges </Li> <Li> The Fiery Angel </Li> <Li> Semyon Kotko </Li> <Li> Betrothal in a Monastery </Li> <Li> War and Peace </Li> <Li> The Story of a Real Man </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Ballets </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Ala i Lolli </Li> <Li> Chout </Li> <Li> Trapeze </Li> <Li> Le pas d'acier </Li> <Li> The Prodigal Son </Li> <Li> On the Dnieper </Li> <Li> Romeo and Juliet ( Montagues and Capulets ) </Li> <Li> Cinderella </Li> <Li> The Tale of the Stone Flower </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Symphonies </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Symphony No. 1 in D major ( `` Classical '' ) </Li> <Li> Symphony No. 2 in D minor ( orig & rev ) </Li> <Li> Symphony No. 3 in C minor </Li> <Li> Symphony No. 4 in C major ( orig & rev ) </Li> <Li> Symphony No. 5 in B ♭ major </Li> <Li> Symphony No. 6 in E ♭ minor </Li> <Li> Symphony No. 7 in C ♯ minor </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Concertos </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Piano </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Piano Concerto No. 1 in D ♭ major </Li> <Li> Piano Concerto No. 2 in G minor </Li> <Li> Piano Concerto No. 3 in C major </Li> <Li> Piano Concerto No. 4 in B ♭ major </Li> <Li> Piano Concerto No. 5 in G major </Li> <Li> Piano Concerto No. 6 ( unfinished ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Other </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Violin Concerto No. 1 in D major </Li> <Li> Violin Concerto No. 2 in G minor </Li> <Li> Cello Concerto in E minor </Li> <Li> Symphony - 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Karnataka Police - wikipedia <H1> Karnataka Police </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( September 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Karnataka State Police Department ಕರ್ನಾಟಕ ರಾಜ್ಯ ಪೊಲೀಸ್ </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Abbreviation </Th> <Td> KSP </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> ಕರ್ನಾಟಕ ರಾಜ್ಯ ಪೊಲೀಸ್ </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Agency overview </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Formed </Th> <Td> 1885 / 1965 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Employees </Th> <Td> 80000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Legal personality </Th> <Td> Governmental : Government agency </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Jurisdictional structure </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Operations jurisdiction * </Th> <Td> State of Karnataka , IN </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Map of Karnataka Police Department 's jurisdiction </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Size </Th> <Td> 191,791 km2 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Population </Th> <Td> 61,130,704 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Legal jurisdiction </Th> <Td> State of Karnataka </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Governing body </Th> <Td> ( ( Home Department , Government of Karnataka ) ) ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> General nature </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Law enforcement </Li> <Li> Local civilian police </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Operational structure </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Headquarters </Th> <Td> Karnataka State Police , Bengaluru -- 560001 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Agency executive </Th> <Td> Neelamani N Raju , IPS , Director General of Police , Karnataka State </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Facilities </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Stations </Th> <Td> 923 ( 2013 - 2014 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Patrol Vehicles </Th> <Td> Mahindra Bolero , Suzuki Ertiga , Chevrolet Tavera </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Website </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> www.ksp.gov.in </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Footnotes </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> * Divisional agency : Division of the country , over which the agency has usual operational jurisdiction . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The Karnataka State Police Department is the law enforcement agency for the Indian state of Karnataka . The department is headed by the Director General of Police . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Organization </Li> <Li> 2 Law and Order </Li> <Li> 3 State Intelligence Department </Li> <Li> 4 Crime and Technical Services Wing </Li> <Li> 5 Reserve police </Li> <Li> 6 Mounted police </Li> <Li> 7 Coastal Security Police </Li> <Li> 8 Forest Cell </Li> <Li> 9 Training </Li> <Li> 10 Special units </Li> <Li> 11 See also </Li> <Li> 12 References </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Organization ( edit ) </H2> <P> The district police administration is headed by a Superintendent of Police . A group of districts comprise a range , led by an Inspector General of Police . Police administration in Bengaluru is headed by a commissioner of police with the rank of Additional DGP . Mysuru , Mangaluru and Hubballi - Dharwad city are headed by an Inspector General of Police ( IGP ) while Belagavi is headed by a Deputy Inspector General of Police ( DIG ) . </P> <P> The Director General and Inspector General of Police ( DG&IGP ) is the head of the state 's police department , and under him are Additional Directors Generals of Police . Each Additional Director General of Police is in charge of a particular function : law and order , crime and technical services , administration , intelligence , the Karnataka State Reserve Police , recruitment and training . </P> <P> There are five Commissionarates . The Bengaluru commissioner has the rank of Additional Director General of Police , and the commissioners in Hubballi - Dharwad , Mysuru and Mangaluru have the rank of Inspector General of Police while the Belagavi commissioner has the rank of Deputy Inspector General of Police . Six Inspectors General of Police are in charge of ranges , with several Inspectors General of Police in charge of specific functions . Each Range comprises three to six districts , and each district is headed by a Superintendent of Police . </P> <Table> Ranges and districts <Tr> <Th> Range </Th> <Th> Districts </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Southern Range , Mysuru </Td> <Td> Mysuru , Kodagu , Mandya , Hassan and Chamarajanagara </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Western Range , Mangaluru </Td> <Td> Dakshina Kannada , Uttara Kannada , Chickmaglur , and Udupi </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Eastern Range , Davangere </Td> <Td> Chitradurga , Shivamogga , Haveri and Davangere </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Central Range , Bengaluru </Td> <Td> Tumkuru , Kolar , Bengaluru , Kolar Gold Fields , Chikkaballapura and Ramanagara </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Northern Range , Belagavi </Td> <Td> Belagavi , Vijapur , Dharwad , Bagalkot and Gadag </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> North Eastern Range , Kalburgi </Td> <Td> Kalburgi , Bidar and Yadgiri </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Ballari Range , Ballari </Td> <Td> Ballari , Raichur , Koppal </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The police stations are the lowest units of the police department . There are 906 police stations , 230 circle offices , 91 SDPOs and 31 DPOs ( including railway police ) . Police stations are headed by inspectors in towns and cities . There are two to four sub-inspectors in addition to assistant sub-inspectors , head constables and constables . Rural police stations are headed by a sub-inspector or two sub-inspectors covering law and order and crime , depending on the station 's importance . They are grouped into circles , comprising a sub-division . Sub-divisions are headed by Deputy Superintendents of Police and circles by Police Inspectors . </P> <H2> Law and order ( edit ) </H2> <P> This wing is headed by an officer with the rank of Additional Director General of Police , Law and Order . </P> <H2> State Intelligence Department ( edit ) </H2> <P> The Intelligence Department is headed by an Additional Director General of Police , assisted by two Inspectors General of Police and four Superintendents of Police at headquarters . The five Superintendents of Police in the Intelligence Divisions are in Bangalore , Mysore , Mangalore , Gulbarga and Belgaum , Bellary </P> <H2> Crime and technical services wing ( edit ) </H2> <P> This wing is headed by the Additional Director General of Police , Crime and Technical Services . It includes the Fingerprint Bureau , Forensic Scientific Laboratory , Police Computer Wing and State Crime Record Bureau . </P> <H2> Reserve Police ( edit ) </H2> <P> In the state , the police trace their origins to the former Mysore State Imperial Service . They consist of : </P> <Ul> <Li> A District Armed Reserve ( DAR ) for each district </Li> <Li> A City Armed Reserve ( CAR ) in Bangalore , Mysore , Mangalore and Hubli - Dharwad </Li> <Li> A Special Task Force ( STF ) </Li> <Li> The Karnataka Armed Reserve Mounted Police , headquartered in Mysore </Li> <Li> Coastal Security Police ( CSP ) </Li> <Li> Government Railway Police ( GRP ) </Li> </Ul> <P> The reserve police ( KSRP ) is headed by an Additional Director General of Police , assisted by an Inspector General and two Deputy Inspectors General of Police at headquarters . The Karnataka State Reserve Police consists of 12 battalions : four in Bangalore and one each in Mysore , Belgaum , Gulbarga , Mangalore , Shimoga , Shiggoan , Hasan and Tumakur </P> <H2> Mounted Police ( edit ) </H2> <P> In 1951 the horses in the maharaja 's bodyguard were used for the Karnataka Armed Reserve Mounted Police , headquartered in Mysuru . The stables , fields and office buildings date to the maharajas ' time . Mounted police are used for traffic duty , night patrol , officer training and the Mysuru Dasara . The force is made up of 90 horses and 150 officers and men . </P> <P> Mounted - police riders still practice tent pegging , and are also known for games , ceremonial parades and showmanship . Its riders have won a number of prizes in national and international equestrian competitions . The mounted police is headed by S.G. Mariba Shetti , who has won gold medals at the 1995 World Police Games in Australia ( 1995 ) and in 2001 in Indianapolis ( 2001 ) and has commanded the Dasara procession since 1977 . </P> <H2> Coastal Security Police ( edit ) </H2> <P> The Coastal Security Police , established in 1999 , is headed by an Inspector General of Police followed by a Superintendent of Police and other staff . The CSP has jurisdiction over Karnataka 's coastal waters from Talapady in Dakshina Kannada to Sadashivgad in Uttara Kannada , about 320 kilometres ( 200 mi ) . </P> <H2> Forest Cell ( edit ) </H2> <P> The Forest Cell assists the Karnataka Forest Department with their operations . </P> <H2> Training ( edit ) </H2> <P> This wing is headed by the Director General of Police , Training , assisted by an Inspector General of Police ( Training ) and Deputy Inspector General of Police ( Training ) . Karnataka has ten training institutions : </P> <Ul> <Li> Karnataka Police Academy ( Mysore ) </Li> <Li> Karnataka State Police Training School ( Channapatna ) </Li> <Li> Police Dr ( Bangalore ) </Li> <Li> Traffic Training Institute ( Bangalore ) </Li> <Li> Karnataka State Police Training Centre ( Gulbarga ) </Li> <Li> Special Branch Training Institute ( Bangalore ) </Li> <Li> Wireless Training Institute ( Bangalore ) </Li> </Ul> <H2> Special units ( edit ) </H2> <P> State - level units perform specialised police functions and assist civil - police units : </P> <Ul> <Li> Criminal Investigation Department ( CID ) , Economic Offenses and Special Units : Headed by a Director General of Police , the unit oversees the Corps of Detectives , the Forest Cell , the Economic Offenses Unit and the Cyber Police Station . </Li> <Li> Directorate of Civil - Rights Enforcement : Headed by an Additional Director General of Police , Civil Rights Enforcement , and assisted by an Inspector General of Police , a Deputy Inspector General of Police and a Superintendent of Police at headquarters . the wing has six field units ( each headed by a Superintendent of Police ) at the police ranges in Bangalore , Mangalore , Davangere , Belgaum , Gulbarga and Mysore . The directorate monitors and investigates cases registered under the Protection of Civil Rights Act 1955 and the Prevention of Atrocities Act , and is the watchdog of rights and benefits extended to the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes . </Li> <Li> Communication , Logistic and Modernisation Wing : Headed by an Additional Director General of Police , the wing consists of a Police Wireless Unit and a Motor Transport Organisation ( both headed by a Superintendent of Police ) . </Li> <Li> Planning & Modernisation : Headed by an Inspector General of police , Planning and Modernisation , the wing receives consolidation proposals for the police department and submits them to the government for approval . </Li> <Li> Police Housing & Welfare : Headed by an Inspector General of Police , Grievance Cell and Human Rights </Li> </Ul> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Police IT </Li> <Li> Bangalore City Police </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Karnataka State Police '' . Ksp.gov.in . Archived from the original on 10 January 2016 . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . </Li> </Ol> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wikimedia Commons has media related to Karnataka Police . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> State agencies of Karnataka </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Public Sector Undertakings </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Karnataka State Road Transport Corporation ( KSRTC ) </Li> <Li> North Western Karnataka Road Transport Corporation ( NWKRTC ) </Li> <Li> Bangalore Metropolitan Transport Corporation </Li> <Li> Chamundeshwari Electricity Supply Corporation ( CESC Mysore ) </Li> <Li> Mangalore Electricity Supply Company Limited ( MESCOM ) </Li> <Li> Tourism Development Corporation ( KSTDC ) </Li> <Li> Karnataka Power Corporation ( KPCL ) </Li> <Li> Karnataka Power Transmission Corporation ( KPTCL ) </Li> <Li> Forest Department </Li> <Li> Karnataka Police </Li> <Li> Karnataka Fire and Emergency Services </Li> <Li> Karnataka State Handicrafts Development Corporation </Li> <Li> Karnataka Public Works Department </Li> <Li> Income Tax Department Karnataka & Goa </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Board </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Karnataka State Pollution Control Board </Li> <Li> Karnataka Secondary Education Examination Board </Li> <Li> Bangalore Water Supply and Sewerage Board </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Autonomous Bodies </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Karnataka State Public Service Commission ( KSPSC ) </Li> <Li> Karnataka State Election Commission </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Nodal Agencies </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Bangalore Development Authority </Li> <Li> Bangalore Metropolitan Region Development Authority </Li> <Li> Mangalore Urban Development Authority </Li> <Li> Mysore Urban Development Authority </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="3"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Law enforcement in India </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="3"> Cross civil service : Indian Administrative Service , Indian Police Service and Indian Revenue Service </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Union Home Ministry </Th> <Td> Ministry of Home Affairs </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> State Home Departments </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Bihar Home Department </Li> <Li> Tamil Nadu Home Department </Li> <Li> Uttar Pradesh Home Department </Li> <Li> West Bengal Home Department </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Federal Law Enforcement Agencies </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Andaman and Nicobar Police </Li> <Li> Border Security Force ( BSF ) </Li> <Li> Central Industrial Security Force ( CISF ) </Li> <Li> Central Reserve Police Force ( CRPF ) </Li> <Li> Chandigarh Police </Li> <Li> Commando Battalion for Resolute Action ( COBRA ) </Li> <Li> Delhi Police </Li> <Li> Dadra and Nagar Haveli Police </Li> <Li> Daman and Diu Police </Li> <Li> Home Guard </Li> <Li> Indo - 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the highest post in police department of karnataka state is

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Public holidays in Spain - wikipedia <H1> Public holidays in Spain </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <P> If one of the `` national holidays '' happens to fall on a Sunday , twice in each month for two out of the seven holy months in the Spanish year , the regional governments -- the autonomous communities of Spain -- can choose an alternate holiday , or they can allow local authorities to choose . In practice , except for holidays falling on a Sunday , the regional governments can choose up to three holidays per year ; or they can choose fewer to allow for more options at the local level . </P> <P> A puente ( bridge ) is sometimes made between weekends and holidays that fall on Tuesday or Thursday . The puente will then create a long weekend . </P> <P> Since 2010 , Ceuta and Melilla , both autonomous cities of Spain , have declared the Muslim holiday of Eid al - Adha or Feast of the Sacrifice , as an official public holiday . It was the first time a non-Christian religious festival has been officially celebrated in Spain since the Reconquista . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="3"> </Th> <Th_colspan="18"> Autonomous communities </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Date </Th> <Th> English name </Th> <Th> Native name </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th> </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> January 1 </Td> <Td> New Year 's Day ( national holiday ) </Td> <Td> Año Nuevo </Td> <Td> Y </Td> <Td> Y </Td> <Td> Y </Td> <Td> Y </Td> <Td> Y </Td> <Td> Y </Td> <Td> Y </Td> <Td> Y </Td> <Td> Y </Td> <Td> Y </Td> <Td> Y </Td> <Td> Y </Td> <Td> Y </Td> <Td> Y </Td> <Td> Y </Td> <Td> Y </Td> <Td> Y </Td> <Td> Y </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> January 6 </Td> <Td> Epiphany ( national holiday ) </Td> <Td> Día de Reyes / Epifanía del Señor </Td> <Td> Y </Td> <Td> Y </Td> <Td> Y </Td> <Td> Y </Td> <Td> Y </Td> <Td> Y </Td> <Td> Y </Td> <Td> Y </Td> <Td> Y </Td> <Td> Y </Td> <Td> Y </Td> <Td> Y </Td> <Td> Y </Td> <Td> Y </Td> <Td> Y </Td> <Td> Y </Td> <Td> Y </Td> <Td> Y </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> February 28 </Td> <Td> Regional Holiday </Td> <Td> Día de Andalucía </Td> <Td> Y </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> March 1 </Td> <Td> Regional Holiday </Td> <Td> Dia de les Illes Balears </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Y </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> March 19 </Td> <Td> St. Joseph 's Day </Td> <Td> San José </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> ML </Td> <Td> Y </Td> <Td> Y </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Y </Td> <Td> Y </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Y </Td> <Td> Y </Td> <Td> Y </Td> <Td> Y </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Y </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> March or April </Td> <Td> Maundy Thursday </Td> <Td> Jueves Santo </Td> <Td> Y </Td> <Td> Y </Td> <Td> Y </Td> <Td> Y </Td> <Td> Y </Td> <Td> Y </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Y </Td> <Td> Y </Td> <Td> Y </Td> <Td> Y </Td> <Td> Y </Td> <Td> Y </Td> <Td> Y </Td> <Td> Y </Td> <Td> Y </Td> <Td> Y </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Good Friday ( national holiday ) </Td> <Td> Viernes Santo </Td> <Td> Y </Td> <Td> Y </Td> <Td> Y </Td> <Td> Y </Td> <Td> Y </Td> <Td> Y </Td> <Td> Y </Td> <Td> Y </Td> <Td> Y </Td> <Td> Y </Td> <Td> Y </Td> <Td> Y </Td> <Td> Y </Td> <Td> Y </Td> <Td> Y </Td> <Td> Y </Td> <Td> Y </Td> <Td> Y </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Easter Monday </Td> <Td> Lunes de Pascua </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Y </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Y </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Y </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Y </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Y </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> April 23 </Td> <Td> Regional Holiday </Td> <Td> San Jorge ( Día de Aragón ) </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Y </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Día de Castilla y León </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Y </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> May 1 </Td> <Td> Labour Day ( national holiday ) </Td> <Td> Día del Trabajador </Td> <Td> Y </Td> <Td> Y </Td> <Td> Y </Td> <Td> Y </Td> <Td> Y </Td> <Td> Y </Td> <Td> Y </Td> <Td> Y </Td> <Td> Y </Td> <Td> Y </Td> <Td> Y </Td> <Td> Y </Td> <Td> Y </Td> <Td> Y </Td> <Td> Y </Td> <Td> Y </Td> <Td> Y </Td> <Td> Y </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> May 2 </Td> <Td> Regional Holiday </Td> <Td> Fiesta de la Comunidad de Madrid </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Y </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> May 17 </Td> <Td> Regional Holiday ( Galician Literature Day ) </Td> <Td> Día das Letras Galegas </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Y </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> May 30 </Td> <Td> Regional Holiday </Td> <Td> Día de Canarias </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Y </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> May 31 </Td> <Td> Regional Holiday </Td> <Td> Día de la Región Castilla - La Mancha </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Y </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> May or June </Td> <Td> Corpus Christi </Td> <Td> Corpus Christi </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Y </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> June 9 </Td> <Td> Regional Holiday </Td> <Td> Día de la Región de Murcia </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Y </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Día de La Rioja </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Y </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> June 24 </Td> <Td> St. John 's Day </Td> <Td> Sant Joan </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Y </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> July 25 </Td> <Td> Saint James </Td> <Td> Santiago Apóstol </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Y </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> August 15 </Td> <Td> Assumption ( national holiday ) </Td> <Td> Asunción </Td> <Td> Y </Td> <Td> Y </Td> <Td> Y </Td> <Td> Y </Td> <Td> Y </Td> <Td> Y </Td> <Td> Y </Td> <Td> Y </Td> <Td> Y </Td> <Td> Y </Td> <Td> Y </Td> <Td> Y </Td> <Td> Y </Td> <Td> Y </Td> <Td> Y </Td> <Td> Y </Td> <Td> Y </Td> <Td> Y </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> September 2 </Td> <Td> Municipal Holiday </Td> <Td> Día de Ceuta </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> CE </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> September 8 </Td> <Td> Regional Holiday </Td> <Td> Día de Asturias </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Y </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Día de Extremadura </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Y </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> September 11 </Td> <Td> National Day of Catalonia </Td> <Td> Diada Nacional de Catalunya </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Y </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> September 15 </Td> <Td> Regional Holiday </Td> <Td> Día de Cantabria </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Y </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> October 9 </Td> <Td> Regional Holiday </Td> <Td> Dia de la Comunitat Valenciana </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Y </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> October 12 </Td> <Td> Fiesta Nacional de España ( national holiday ) </Td> <Td> Fiesta Nacional de España </Td> <Td> Y </Td> <Td> Y </Td> <Td> Y </Td> <Td> Y </Td> <Td> Y </Td> <Td> Y </Td> <Td> Y </Td> <Td> Y </Td> <Td> Y </Td> <Td> Y </Td> <Td> Y </Td> <Td> Y </Td> <Td> Y </Td> <Td> Y </Td> <Td> Y </Td> <Td> Y </Td> <Td> Y </Td> <Td> Y </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> October 25 </Td> <Td> Regional Holiday ( from 2011 ) </Td> <Td> Euskadi Eguna </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Y </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> November 1 </Td> <Td> All Saints Day ( national holiday ) </Td> <Td> Día de todos los Santos </Td> <Td> Y </Td> <Td> Y </Td> <Td> Y </Td> <Td> Y </Td> <Td> Y </Td> <Td> Y </Td> <Td> Y </Td> <Td> Y </Td> <Td> Y </Td> <Td> Y </Td> <Td> Y </Td> <Td> Y </Td> <Td> Y </Td> <Td> Y </Td> <Td> Y </Td> <Td> Y </Td> <Td> Y </Td> <Td> Y </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> December 6 </Td> <Td> Constitution Day ( national holiday ) </Td> <Td> Día de la Constitución </Td> <Td> Y </Td> <Td> Y </Td> <Td> Y </Td> <Td> Y </Td> <Td> Y </Td> <Td> Y </Td> <Td> Y </Td> <Td> Y </Td> <Td> Y </Td> <Td> Y </Td> <Td> Y </Td> <Td> Y </Td> <Td> Y </Td> <Td> Y </Td> <Td> Y </Td> <Td> Y </Td> <Td> Y </Td> <Td> Y </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> December 8 </Td> <Td> Immaculate Conception ( national holiday ) </Td> <Td> Inmaculada Concepción </Td> <Td> Y </Td> <Td> Y </Td> <Td> Y </Td> <Td> Y </Td> <Td> Y </Td> <Td> Y </Td> <Td> Y </Td> <Td> Y </Td> <Td> Y </Td> <Td> Y </Td> <Td> Y </Td> <Td> Y </Td> <Td> Y </Td> <Td> Y </Td> <Td> Y </Td> <Td> Y </Td> <Td> Y </Td> <Td> Y </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> December 25 </Td> <Td> Christmas Day ( national holiday ) </Td> <Td> Navidad </Td> <Td> Y </Td> <Td> Y </Td> <Td> Y </Td> <Td> Y </Td> <Td> Y </Td> <Td> Y </Td> <Td> Y </Td> <Td> Y </Td> <Td> Y </Td> <Td> Y </Td> <Td> Y </Td> <Td> Y </Td> <Td> Y </Td> <Td> Y </Td> <Td> Y </Td> <Td> Y </Td> <Td> Y </Td> <Td> Y </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> December 26 </Td> <Td> St. Stephen 's Day </Td> <Td> Sant Esteve </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Y </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Y </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Variable Islamic </Td> <Td> Feast of the Sacrifice or Eid al - Adha </Td> <Td> Celebración del Sacrificio </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Y </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Muslim Holiday in Ceuta and Melilla '' . Spainforvisitors.com . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 03 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Public Holidays and Bank Holidays for Spain '' . Qppstudio.net . 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is it a bank holiday today in spain

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Bungalow - wikipedia <H1> Bungalow </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( May 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> A bungalow home in Houston , Texas <P> A bungalow is a type of building , originally developed in the Bengal region in South Asia , but now found throughout the world . The meaning of the word bungalow varies internationally . Common features of many bungalows include verandas and being low - rise . In Australia , the California bungalow associated with the United States was popular after the First World War . In North America and the United Kingdom , a bungalow today is a house , normally detached , that may contain a small loft . It is either single - story or has a second story built into a sloping roof , usually with dormer windows ( one - and - a-half stories ) . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Etymology </Li> <Li> 2 Design considerations <Ul> <Li> 2.1 Cost and space considerations </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 Terminology <Ul> <Li> 3.1 Australia </Li> <Li> 3.2 Bangladesh </Li> <Li> 3.3 Canada </Li> <Li> 3.4 United Kingdom </Li> <Li> 3.5 India </Li> <Li> 3.6 Ireland </Li> <Li> 3.7 Singapore and Malaysia </Li> <Li> 3.8 South Africa </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 Types <Ul> <Li> 4.1 American Craftsman bungalow </Li> <Li> 4.2 Bungalow colony </Li> <Li> 4.3 California bungalow </Li> <Li> 4.4 Chalet bungalow </Li> <Li> 4.5 Chicago bungalow </Li> <Li> 4.6 Michigan bungalow </Li> <Li> 4.7 Milwaukee bungalow </Li> <Li> 4.8 Overwater bungalow </Li> <Li> 4.9 Raised bungalow </Li> <Li> 4.10 Ranch bungalow </Li> <Li> 4.11 Ultimate bungalow </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 5 References </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Etymology ( edit ) </H2> <P> The term originated in India , deriving from the Hindi word `` बंगला '' ( baṅgala ) , meaning `` Bengali '' and used elliptically for a `` house in the Bengal style '' . This Asian architectural form and design originated in the countryside of Bengal region in South Asia . Such houses were traditionally small , of one story and detached , and had a wide veranda . The term was first found in English from 1696 , where it was used to describe `` bungales or hovells '' in India for English sailors of the East India Company . Later it became used for the spacious homes or official lodgings of officials of the British Raj , and was so known in Britain and later America , where it initially had high status and exotic connotations . The style began to be used in the late 19th century for large country or suburban residential buildings built in an Arts and Crafts or other Western vernacular style -- essentially as large cottages , a term also sometimes used . Later developers began to use the term for smaller buildings . </P> <H2> Design considerations ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> Rows of bungalows in the Belmont - Hillsboro neighborhood of Nashville , Tennessee , United States A typical side - gabled bungalow in the Deer Park neighborhood of Louisville , Kentucky , United States <P> Bungalows are very convenient for the homeowner in that all living areas are on a single - story and there are no stairs between living areas . A bungalow is well suited to persons with impaired mobility , such as the elderly or those in wheelchairs . </P> Bungalows in the Inman Park neighbourhood of Atlanta , Georgia , United States <P> Neighborhoods of only bungalows offer more privacy than similar neighborhoods with two - story houses . As bungalows are one or one and a half stories , strategically planted trees and shrubs are usually sufficient to block the view of neighbors . With two - story houses , the extra height requires much taller trees to accomplish the same , and it may not be practical to place such tall trees close to the building to obscure the view from the second floor of the next door neighbor . Bungalows provide cost - effective residences . On the other hand , even closely spaced bungalows make for quite low - density neighborhoods , contributing to urban sprawl . In Australia , bungalows have broad verandas to shade the interior from intense sun . But as a result they are often excessively dark inside , requiring artificial light even in daytime . </P> <H3> Cost and space considerations ( edit ) </H3> <P> On a per unit area basis ( e.g. per square meter or per square foot ) , bungalows are more expensive to construct than two - story houses , because a larger foundation and roof area is required for the same living area . The larger foundation will often translate into larger lot size requirements , as well . Due to this , bungalows are typically fully detached from other buildings and do not share a common foundation or party wall : if the homeowner can afford the extra expense of a bungalow relative to a two - story house , they can typically afford to be fully detached as well . </P> <P> Although the ' footprint ' of a bungalow is often a simple rectangle , any foundation is theoretically possible . For bungalows with brick walls , the windows are often positioned high , and are close to the roof . This architectural technique avoids the need for special arches or lintels to support the brick wall above the windows . However , in two - story homes , there is no choice but to continue the brick wall above the window ( second - story windows may be positioned high and close to the roof . ) </P> <H2> Terminology ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Australia ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> A Californian bungalow - inspired style home in the Sydney suburb of Lindfield , New South Wales , Australia <P> From 1891 the Federation Bungalow style swept across Australia , first in Camberwell , Victoria , and through Sydney 's northern suburbs after 1895 . The developer Richard Stanton built in Federation Bungalow style first in Haberfield , New South Wales , the first Garden Suburb ( 1901 ) , and then in Rosebery , New South Wales ( 1912 ) . Beecroft , Hornsby and Lindfield contain many examples of Federation Bungalows built between 1895 and 1920 . </P> <P> From about 1910 until 1930 , the California Bungalow style was very popular in Australia and New Zealand . The style seems to have first been imported in Sydney and then spread throughout the Australian states and New Zealand . </P> <P> In South Australia , the suburb of Colonel Light Gardens contains many well - preserved bungalow developments . </P> <H3> Bangladesh ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> In the rural areas of Bangladesh ( the region which Bungalows are named after ) , this is often called `` Bangla Ghor '' ( Bengali Style House ) . The Bungalow - style homes are still very popular in the rural Bengal . The main construction material used in modern time is corrugated steel sheets . Previously they had been constructed from wood , bamboo and a kind of straw called `` Khar '' . Khar was used in the roof of the Bungalow and kept the house cooler during hot summer days . Another roofing material for Bungalow houses has been red clay tiles . </P> <H3> Canada ( edit ) </H3> <P> Canada uses the definition of bungalow to mean a single - family dwelling that is one storey high . </P> <H3> United Kingdom ( edit ) </H3> Bungalow in Britain <P> The first two bungalows in England were built in Westgate - on - Sea in 1869 or 1870 . A bungalow was a prefabricated single - story building used as a seaside holiday home . Manufacturers included Boulton & Paul Ltd , who made corrugated iron bungalows as advertised in their 1889 catalogue , which were erected by their men on the purchaser 's light brickwork foundation . An example is Castle Bungalow at Peppercombe , North Devon owned by the Landmark Trust ; it was built by Boulton and Paul in the 1920s . Construction of this type of bungalow peaked towards the end of the decade , to be replaced by brick construction . </P> <P> Bungalows became popular in the United Kingdom between the two World Wars and very large numbers were built , particularly in coastal resorts , giving rise to the pejorative adjective , `` bungaloid '' , first found in the Daily Express from 1927 : `` Hideous allotments and bungaloid growth make the approaches to any city repulsive '' . Many villages and seaside resorts have large estates of 1960s bungalows , usually occupied by retired people . The typical 1930s bungalow is square in plan , with those of the 1960s more likely to be oblong . It is rare for the term `` bungalow '' to be used in British English to denote a dwelling having other than a single storey , in which case `` chalet bungalow '' , ( see below ) is used . </P> <H3> India ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> A modern Indian bungalow in an affluent area near Bangalore , India <P> In India , the term bungalow or villa refers to any single - family unit , as opposed to an apartment building , which is the norm for Indian middle - class city living . The normal custom for an Indian bungalow is one storey , but as time progressed many families built larger two - storey homes to accommodate members and pets . The area with bungalows built in 1920s -- 1930s in New Delhi is now known as Lutyens ' Bungalow Zone and is an architectural heritage area . In Bandra , a suburb of India 's commercial capital Mumbai , numerous colonial - era bungalows exist ; they are threatened by removal and replacement of ongoing development . </P> <P> In a separate usage , the dak bungalows formerly used by the British mail service have been adapted for use as centers of local government or as rural hostels . </P> <H3> Ireland ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The bungalow is the most common type home built in the Irish countryside . During the Celtic Tiger years of the late 20th century , single - storey bungalows declined as a type of new construction , and residents built more two - storey or dormer bungalows . There was a trend in both the Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland of people moving into rural areas and buying their own plots of land . Often these plots were large ; so , a one - storey bungalow was quite practical , particularly for retired people . </P> <H3> Singapore and Malaysia ( edit ) </H3> A mock Tudor - styled bungalow , Cameron Highlands , Pahang , West Malaysia <P> In Singapore and Malaysia , the term bungalow is sometimes used to refer to a house that was built during the colonial era . The structures were constructed `` from the early 19th century until the end of World War II . '' They were built by the British to house their `` military officers , High Court judges and other members of the colonial society 's great and good . '' </P> <P> At present , there is still a high demand for colonial - era bungalows in Singapore and Malaysia . Most of the units are used as residences . Over the years , some have been transformed into offices , hotels , galleries , spas and restaurants . </P> <P> In the post-colonial period , the term bungalow has been adapted and used to refer to any stand - alone residence , regardless of size , architectural style , or era in which it was built . Calling a house a bungalow often carries with it connotations of the price and status of the residence , and thus the wealth of its owner . Local real estate lingo commonly includes the word `` bungalow '' when referring to residences that are more normally described as `` detached '' , `` single - family homes '' , or even `` mansions '' in other countries . The pervasiveness of the word in the local jargon has resulted in bungalow being imported into the Malay language as the word banglo with the same meaning . </P> <H3> South Africa ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> In South Africa , the term bungalow never refers to a permanent residential building but means a small holiday home , a small log building , or a wooden beach hut . </P> <H2> Types ( edit ) </H2> The Harriet Phillips Bungalow , an American Craftsman Bungalow in Claverack , New York <H3> American Craftsman bungalow ( edit ) </H3> <P> The American Craftsman bungalow typified the styles of the American Arts and Crafts movement , with common features usually including low - pitched roof lines on a gabled or hipped roof , deeply overhanging eaves , exposed rafters or decorative brackets under the eaves , and a front porch or veranda beneath an extension of the main roof . </P> <P> Sears Company and The Aladdin Company were two of the manufacturing companies that produced pre-fab kits and sold them from catalogues for construction on sites during the turn of the 20th century . </P> <H3> Bungalow colony ( edit ) </H3> <P> A special use of the term bungalow developed in the greater New York City area , between the 1930s and 1970s , to denote a cluster of small rental summer homes , usually in the Catskill Mountains in the area known as the Borscht Belt . First - and second - generation Jewish - American families were especially likely to rent such homes . The old bungalow colonies continue to exist in the Catskills , and are occupied today chiefly by Hasidic Jews . </P> <H3> California bungalow ( edit ) </H3> Main article : California bungalow California Bungalow <P> The California bungalow was a widely popular 1 ⁄ - storey variation on the bungalow in the United States from 1910 to 1925 . It was also widely popular in Australia within the period 1910 -- 1940 . </P> <H3> Chalet bungalow ( edit ) </H3> <P> A bungalow with loft has a second - storey loft . The loft may be extra space over the garage . It is often space to the side of a great room with a vaulted ceiling area . The building is still classified and marketed as a bungalow with loft because the main living areas of the house are on one floor . All the convenience of single - floor living still applies and the loft is not expected to be accessed on a daily basis . </P> <P> Some have extra bedrooms in the loft or attic area . Such buildings are really one - and - a-half storeys and not bungalows , and are referred to in British English as `` chalet bungalows '' or as `` dormer bungalows '' . `` Chalet bungalow '' is also used in British English for where the area enclosed within pitched roof contains rooms , even if this comprises a large part of the living area and is fully integrated into the fabric of the property . </P> <P> True bungalows do not use the attic . Because the attic is not used , the roof pitch can be quite shallow , constrained only by snow load considerations . </P> <H3> Chicago bungalow ( edit ) </H3> A 1925 Chicago bungalow <P> The majority of Chicago bungalows were built between 1910 and 1940 . They were typically constructed of brick ( some including decorative accents ) , with one - and - a-half stories and a full basement . With more than 80,000 bungalows , the style represents nearly one - third of Chicago 's single - family housing stock . One primary difference between the Chicago bungalow and other types is that the gables are parallel to the street , rather than perpendicular . Like many other local homes , Chicago bungalows are relatively narrow , being an average of 20 feet ( 6.1 m ) wide on a standard 24 - foot ( 7.3 m ) or 25 - foot ( 7.6 m ) wide city lot . Their veranda ( porch ) may either be open or partially enclosed ( if enclosed , it may further be used to extend the interior rooms ) . </P> <H3> Michigan bungalow ( edit ) </H3> <P> There are numerous examples of Arts and Crafts bungalows built from 1910 to 1925 in the metro - Detroit area , including Royal Oak , Pleasant Ridge , Hazel Park , Highland Park and Ferndale . Keeping in line with the principles of the Arts and Crafts movement , the bungalows were constructed using local building materials . </P> <H3> Milwaukee bungalow ( edit ) </H3> <P> A large fraction of the older residential buildings in Milwaukee , Wisconsin , are bungalows in a similar Arts and Crafts style to those of Chicago , but usually with the gable perpendicular to the street . Also , many Milwaukee bungalows have white stucco on the lower portion of the exterior . </P> <H3> Overwater bungalow ( edit ) </H3> <P> A bungalow built on stilts in a tropical lagoon was first built in 1967 by a resort operator who did not have beach front property and has since become an iconic symbol of tropical vacations . </P> <H3> Raised bungalow ( edit ) </H3> <P> A raised bungalow is one in which the basement is partially above ground . The benefit is that more light can enter the basement with above ground windows in the basement . A raised bungalow typically has a foyer at ground level that is halfway between the first floor and the basement . Thus further has the advantage of creating a foyer with a very high ceiling without the expense of raising the roof or creating a skylight . Raised bungalows often have the garage in the basement . Because the basement is not that deep , and the ground must slope downwards away from the building , the slope of the driveway is quite shallow . This avoids the disadvantage of steep driveways found in most other basement garages . Bungalows without basements can still be raised , but the advantages of raising the bungalow are much less . </P> Ranch Bungalow in Palo Alto , California , United States <H3> Ranch bungalow ( edit ) </H3> <P> A ranch bungalow is a bungalow organized so that bedrooms are on one side and `` public '' areas ( kitchen , living / dining / family rooms ) are on the other side . If there is an attached garage , the garage is on the public side of the building so that a direct entrance is possible , when this is allowed by legislation . On narrower lots , public areas are at the front of the building and such an organization is typically not called a `` ranch bungalow '' . Such buildings are often smaller and have only two bedrooms in the back as required . </P> <H3> Ultimate bungalow ( edit ) </H3> <P> The term ultimate bungalow is commonly used to describe a very large and detailed Craftsman - style home in the United States . The design is usually associated with such California architects as Greene and Greene , Bernard Maybeck , and Julia Morgan . </P> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ Oxford English Dictionary , `` bungalow '' ; Online Etymology Dictionary </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bartleby.com </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Oxford English Dictionary , unless `` hovells '' meant haveli rather than the English word `` hovel '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ First cited use of a building in Britain by the OED in 1903 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Benchmark Home Definitions '' ( PDF ) . Canadian Real Estate Association . Retrieved 23 August 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Mallory , Keith ( 1985 ) . The Bristol House . Redcliffe Press Ltd . ISBN 0905459997 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ OED , `` bungaloid '' </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Davison , Julian ( 2006 ) . Black and White : The Singapore House 1898 -- 1941 . Talisman Publishing Pte Ltd . ISBN 981052739X . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Black and whites draw many expats '' . The Straits Times . 14 October 2011 . p . B22 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Table Talk : Singapore 's This Old House '' . The New York Times . 23 September 2007 . p. 618 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ What is a Chicago Bungalow ? , Historic Chicago Bungalow Association </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ The Chicago Bungalow , Field Guide to Chicago Area Buildings </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kennedy , Barbara Noe ( 17 August 2017 ) . `` The tropical overwater bungalow -- long a symbol of relaxation and luxury -- turns 50 '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved 23 August 2017 . </Li> </Ol> <Table> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> GND : 4256216 - 8 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bungalow&oldid=810119094 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> House types </Li> <Li> Bungalow architecture </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Articles needing additional references from May 2017 </Li> <Li> All articles needing additional references </Li> <Li> Use British English from January 2014 </Li> <Li> Articles needing additional references from June 2017 </Li> <Li> All articles with unsourced statements </Li> <Li> Articles with unsourced statements from October 2010 </Li> <Li> Articles with unsourced statements from April 2009 </Li> <Li> Articles with unsourced statements from February 2010 </Li> <Li> Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> Български </Li> <Li> Català </Li> <Li> Čeština </Li> <Li> Cymraeg </Li> <Li> Dansk </Li> <Li> Deutsch </Li> <Li> Español </Li> <Li> Esperanto </Li> <Li> Euskara </Li> <Li> فارسی </Li> <Li> Français </Li> <Li> Bahasa Indonesia </Li> <Li> Interlingua </Li> <Li> Italiano </Li> <Li> עברית </Li> <Li> Bahasa Melayu </Li> <Li> Nederlands </Li> <Li> 日本 語 </Li> <Li> Norsk </Li> <Li> پنجابی </Li> <Li> Polski </Li> <Li> Português </Li> <Li> Русский </Li> <Li> Suomi </Li> <Li> Svenska </Li> <Li> தமிழ் </Li> <Li> తెలుగు </Li> <Li> ไทย </Li> <Li> Українська </Li> </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 13 November 2017 , at 12 : 51 . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul>

who owned the iconic bugalow named mehrangir situated in south mumbai

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Great vessels - wikipedia <H1> Great vessels </H1> Jump to : navigation , search Anterior view of the heart , with all great vessels labeled . <P> Great vessels are the large vessels that bring blood to and from the heart . These are : </P> <Ul> <Li> Superior vena cava </Li> <Li> Inferior vena cava </Li> <Li> Pulmonary arteries </Li> <Li> Pulmonary veins </Li> <Li> Aorta </Li> </Ul> <P> Transposition of the great vessels is a group of congenital heart defects involving an abnormal spatial arrangement of any of the great vessels . </P> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Great_vessels&oldid=786234606 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> Angiology </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> فارسی </Li> <Li> Português </Li> <Li> 中文 </Li> </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 18 June 2017 , at 04 : 21 . </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul>

what is the great vessel that leaves the left ventricle

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Italy v West Germany ( 1970 FIFA World Cup ) - wikipedia <H1> Italy v West Germany ( 1970 FIFA World Cup ) </H1> <P> </P> For other uses , see The Game of the Century . <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> 1970 FIFA World Cup Semi-final <Tr> <Th> Event </Th> <Td> 1970 FIFA World Cup </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Italy </Th> <Th> West Germany </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Th> </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Th> </Th> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> After extra time </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Date </Th> <Td> 17 June 1970 ( 1970 - 06 - 17 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Venue </Th> <Td> Estadio Azteca , Mexico City </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Referee </Th> <Td> Arturo Yamasaki Maldonado ( Mexico ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Attendance </Th> <Td> 102,444 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The semi-final of the 1970 FIFA World Cup between Italy and West Germany is known as the `` Game of the Century '' ( Spanish : Partido del Siglo ; Italian : Partita del secolo ; German : Jahrhundertspiel ) . It was played on 17 June 1970 at the Estadio Azteca in Mexico City . Italy won 4 -- 3 after five goals were scored in extra time , a record number of scored goals during any 2x15 minute extra time during a FIFA World Cup game . The record is still standing after the 2018 World Cup . Four goals in extra time were scored in the 1982 semifinal between West Germany and France . </P> <H2> Contents </H2> <Ul> <Li> 1 The match </Li> <Li> 2 Match overview </Li> <Li> 3 Aftermath </Li> <Li> 4 See also </Li> <Li> 5 References </Li> <Li> 6 External links </Li> </Ul> <H2> The match ( edit ) </H2> <P> Italy led for the majority of the match , after Roberto Boninsegna scored in the 8th minute . Germany 's Franz Beckenbauer dislocated his shoulder after being fouled , but stayed on the field carrying his dislocated arm in a sling , as his side had already used their two permitted substitutions . </P> <P> Defender Karl - Heinz Schnellinger equalized for West Germany during injury time at the end of the second half . German television commentator Ernst Huberty exclaimed `` Schnellinger , of all people ! '' ( in German : `` Schnellinger ! Ausgerechnet Schnellinger ! '' ) , since Schnellinger played in Italy 's professional football league , Serie A , at A.C. Milan ( for whom he had never scored ) and previously for A.S. Roma and A.C. Mantova . It was also his first and only goal in 47 matches for the national team . The second half ended with the scores deadlocked at 1 -- 1 , and at this point the match became a battle of endurance during the two periods of extra time . </P> <P> Gerd Müller put Germany ahead in the 94th minute , but Tarcisio Burgnich tied it back up four minutes later and Luigi Riva put the Italians back in front . Gerd Müller scored again for West Germany to tie the score at 3 -- 3 . Yet , as television cameras were still replaying Müller 's goal , Italy 's Gianni Rivera scored the game - winning goal in the 111th minute . Being left unmarked near the penalty area , Rivera connected a fine cross made by Boninsegna , clinching the victory for Italy at 4 -- 3 . </P> <H2> Match overview ( edit ) </H2> 17 June 1970 16 : 00 <Table> <Tr> <Th> Italy </Th> <Th> 4 -- 3 ( a.e.t. ) </Th> <Th> West Germany </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Boninsegna 8 ' Burgnich 98 ' Riva 104 ' Rivera 111 ' </Td> <Td> Report </Td> <Td> Schnellinger 90 ' Müller 94 ' , 110 ' </Td> </Tr> </Table> Estadio Azteca , Mexico City Attendance : 102,444 Referee : Arturo Yamasaki Maldonado ( Mexico ) <Table> <Tr> <Td> Italy </Td> <Td> West Germany </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Th> </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> GK </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Enrico Albertosi </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> DF </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Tarcisio Burgnich </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> DF </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Giacinto Facchetti ( c ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> DF </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> Pierluigi Cera </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> DF </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> Roberto Rosato </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 91 ' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> MF </Td> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> Mario Bertini </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> MF </Td> <Td> 15 </Td> <Td> Sandro Mazzola </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 46 ' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> MF </Td> <Td> 16 </Td> <Td> Giancarlo De Sisti </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> FW </Td> <Td> 13 </Td> <Td> Angelo Domenghini </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> FW </Td> <Td> 20 </Td> <Td> Roberto Boninsegna </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> FW </Td> <Td> 11 </Td> <Td> Luigi Riva </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="3"> Substitutions : </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> MF </Td> <Td> 14 </Td> <Td> Gianni Rivera </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 46 ' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> DF </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Fabrizio Poletti </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 91 ' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="4"> Manager : </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="4"> Ferruccio Valcareggi </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Th> </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> GK </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Sepp Maier </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> RB </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> Berti Vogts </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> CB </Td> <Td> 15 </Td> <Td> Karl - Heinz Schnellinger </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> CB </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> Willi Schulz </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> LB </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Bernd Patzke 66 ' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> CM </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Franz Beckenbauer </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> CM </Td> <Td> 12 </Td> <Td> Wolfgang Overath </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> RW </Td> <Td> 20 </Td> <Td> Jürgen Grabowski </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> CF </Td> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> Uwe Seeler ( c ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> CF </Td> <Td> 13 </Td> <Td> Gerd Müller </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> LW </Td> <Td> 17 </Td> <Td> Hannes Löhr </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 52 ' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="3"> Substitutions : </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> MF </Td> <Td> 14 </Td> <Td> Reinhard Libuda </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 52 ' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> MF </Td> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> Sigfried Held </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 66 ' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="4"> Manager : </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="4"> Helmut Schön </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Aftermath ( edit ) </H2> <P> West Germany would go on to defeat Uruguay in the third - place game , 1 -- 0 . </P> <P> Italy , after having expended a great amount of energy in winning the hard - fought match , were roundly defeated by Brazil in the Final 4 -- 1 . Brazil thus became the first team to win three world football championships . </P> Commemorative plaque at the Aztec Stadium in Mexico City <P> A monument commemorating this match was added to front of the Azteca . On a plaque the following sentence is engraved : El Estadio Azteca rinde homenaje a las selecciones de : Italia ( 4 ) y Alemania ( 3 ) protagonistas en el Mundial de 1970 , del `` Partido del Siglo '' 17 de junio de 1970 . English : The Azteca Stadium pays homage to the National Teams of Italy ( 4 ) and Germany ( 3 ) , who starred in the 1970 FIFA World Cup , the `` Game of the Century '' . 17 June 1970 . </P> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Germany -- Italy football rivalry </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Arturo Yamasaki was born in Peru , where he begun his career as referee . He moved from Peru to officiate matches in Mexico in 1968 , and hence he attended this World Cup as a representative of the Mexican football federation . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Matt Wagg ( 28 June 2012 ) . `` Euro 2012 : five classic tournament matches between Germany and Italy including the ' Game of the Century ' '' . telegraph.co.uk . Retrieved 27 April 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Der Kaiser , the brains behind Germany '' . FIFA . Retrieved 24 July 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ 1970 FIFA World Cup Mexico . Match report . Italy - Germany FR FIFA.com </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <P> Motson , John ( 2006 ) Motson 's World Cup Extravaganza GREAT GAMES : ITALY 4 - 3 WEST GERMANY , 1970 </P> <P> Coordinates : 19 ° 18 ′ 12 '' N 99 ° 9 ′ 2 '' W  /  19.30333 ° N 99.15056 ° W  / 19.30333 ; - 99.15056 </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> 1970 FIFA World Cup </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Stages </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Group stage <Ul> <Li> Group 1 </Li> <Li> Group 2 </Li> <Li> Group 3 </Li> <Li> Group 4 </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Knockout stage <Ul> <Li> Italy v West Germany </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Final </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> General information </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Qualification </Li> <Li> Squads </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> 1970 FIFA World Cup finalists </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Champions </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Brazil </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Runners - up </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Italy </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Third place </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> West Germany </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Fourth place </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Uruguay </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Quarter - finals </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> England </Li> <Li> Mexico </Li> <Li> Peru </Li> <Li> Soviet Union </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Group stage </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Belgium </Li> <Li> Bulgaria </Li> <Li> Czechoslovakia </Li> <Li> El Salvador </Li> <Li> Israel </Li> <Li> Morocco </Li> <Li> Romania </Li> <Li> Sweden </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Italy national football team matches </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Summer Olympics Final </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 1936 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> FIFA World Cup Finals </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 1934 </Li> <Li> 1938 </Li> <Li> 1970 </Li> <Li> 1982 </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> 2006 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> UEFA European Championship Finals </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 1968 </Li> <Li> 2000 </Li> <Li> 2012 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Other matches </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> England 3 -- 2 Italy ( 1934 ) </Li> <Li> Chile 2 -- 0 Italy ( 1962 ) </Li> <Li> Italy 4 -- 3 West Germany ( 1970 ) </Li> <Li> Italy 3 -- 2 Brazil ( 1982 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Germany national football team matches </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> FIFA World Cup Finals </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 1954 </Li> <Li> 1966 </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> 1982 </Li> <Li> 1986 </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> 2002 </Li> <Li> 2014 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> FIFA Confederations Cup Finals </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 2017 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> UEFA European Championship Finals </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 1972 </Li> <Li> 1976 </Li> <Li> 1980 </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> 2008 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Other matches </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Germany 8 -- 0 Denmark ( 1937 ) </Li> <Li> Italy 4 -- 3 West Germany ( 1970 ) </Li> <Li> Austria 3 -- 2 West Germany ( 1978 ) </Li> <Li> West Germany 1 -- 0 Austria ( 1982 ) </Li> <Li> West Germany 3 -- 3 ( 5 -- 4 pen . ) France ( 1982 ) </Li> <Li> England 0 -- 1 Germany ( 2000 ) </Li> <Li> Germany 1 -- 5 England ( 2001 ) </Li> <Li> Brazil 1 -- 7 Germany ( 2014 ) </Li> <Li> South Korea 2 -- 0 Germany ( 2018 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Italy_v_West_Germany_(1970_FIFA_World_Cup)&oldid=859374232 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> 1970 FIFA World Cup </Li> <Li> FIFA World Cup matches </Li> <Li> Germany national football team matches </Li> <Li> Italy national football team matches </Li> <Li> Germany -- Italy relations </Li> <Li> West Germany at the 1970 FIFA World Cup </Li> <Li> Italy at the 1970 FIFA World Cup </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Use dmy dates from May 2018 </Li> <Li> Articles needing additional references from June 2010 </Li> <Li> All articles needing additional references </Li> <Li> Articles containing Spanish - 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1970 world cup semi final italy vs germany

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