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{"Descriptor": ["in situ", "operando", "high-speed", "synchrotron", "underlying"], "Characterization": ["X-ray imaging"], "Result": ["reveal"], "Phenomenon": ["physical phenomena"], "Environment": ["during the deposition"], "Mesostructure or Macrostructure": ["melt tracks"]}

You will be provided with a string, and your task is to extract keywords from it. The type of each keyword must be one of Material, Participating Material, Synthesis, Characterization, Environment, Phenomenon, Mesostructure or Macrostructure, Microstructure, Phase, Property, Descriptor, Operation, Result, Application, Number, or Amount Unit.

Here, through in situ and operando high-speed synchrotron X-ray imaging, we reveal the underlying physical phenomena during the deposition of the first and second layer melt tracks.

{"Environment": ["laser-induced", "velocity"], "Mesostructure or Macrostructure": ["gas/vapour jet", "melt tracks", "denuded zones"], "Result": ["promotes the formation"], "Phenomenon": ["spattering"], "Number": ["1"], "Amount Unit": ["m s\u22121"]}

You will be provided with a string, and your task is to extract keywords from it. The type of each keyword must be one of Material, Participating Material, Synthesis, Characterization, Environment, Phenomenon, Mesostructure or Macrostructure, Microstructure, Phase, Property, Descriptor, Operation, Result, Application, Number, or Amount Unit.

We show that the laser-induced gas/vapour jet promotes the formation of melt tracks and denuded zones via spattering (at a velocity of 1 m s−1).

{"Phenomenon": ["pore migration", "Marangoni-driven flow", "dissolution", "dispersion", "laser re-melting"], "Descriptor": ["recirculating"], "Environment": ["velocity"], "Number": ["0.4"], "Amount Unit": ["m s\u22121"], "Mesostructure or Macrostructure": ["pore"]}

You will be provided with a string, and your task is to extract keywords from it. The type of each keyword must be one of Material, Participating Material, Synthesis, Characterization, Environment, Phenomenon, Mesostructure or Macrostructure, Microstructure, Phase, Property, Descriptor, Operation, Result, Application, Number, or Amount Unit.

We also uncover mechanisms of pore migration by Marangoni-driven flow (recirculating at a velocity of 0.4 m s−1), pore dissolution and dispersion by laser re-melting.

{"Result": ["mechanism map", "improved"], "Phenomenon": ["evolution"], "Mesostructure or Macrostructure": ["melt features", "track", "beads", "molten pool"], "Descriptor": ["continuous", "hemi-cylindrical", "disconnected", "linear"], "Operation": ["decreasing", "increasing"], "Environment": ["energy density", "laser power"], "Property": ["wetting"]}

You will be provided with a string, and your task is to extract keywords from it. The type of each keyword must be one of Material, Participating Material, Synthesis, Characterization, Environment, Phenomenon, Mesostructure or Macrostructure, Microstructure, Phase, Property, Descriptor, Operation, Result, Application, Number, or Amount Unit.

We develop a mechanism map for predicting the evolution of melt features, changes in melt track morphology from a continuous hemi-cylindrical track to disconnected beads with decreasing linear energy density and improved molten pool wetting with increasing laser power.

{"Mesostructure or Macrostructure": ["Cylindrical"], "Material": ["Ti-6Al-4V"], "Descriptor": ["parts", "vertical", "horizontal"], "Operation": ["built"], "Environment": ["orientations"], "Synthesis": ["electron beam melting"]}

You will be provided with a string, and your task is to extract keywords from it. The type of each keyword must be one of Material, Participating Material, Synthesis, Characterization, Environment, Phenomenon, Mesostructure or Macrostructure, Microstructure, Phase, Property, Descriptor, Operation, Result, Application, Number, or Amount Unit.

Cylindrical Ti-6Al-4V parts were built in vertical and horizontal orientations using electron beam melting.

{"Characterization": ["Tensile tests", "fatigue tests"]}

You will be provided with a string, and your task is to extract keywords from it. The type of each keyword must be one of Material, Participating Material, Synthesis, Characterization, Environment, Phenomenon, Mesostructure or Macrostructure, Microstructure, Phase, Property, Descriptor, Operation, Result, Application, Number, or Amount Unit.

Tensile tests and fatigue tests were carried out.

{"Descriptor": ["as-built", "machined"], "Property": ["surface finish", "mechanical properties"]}

You will be provided with a string, and your task is to extract keywords from it. The type of each keyword must be one of Material, Participating Material, Synthesis, Characterization, Environment, Phenomenon, Mesostructure or Macrostructure, Microstructure, Phase, Property, Descriptor, Operation, Result, Application, Number, or Amount Unit.

The specimens were tested in as-built and machined conditions to understand the effect of surface finish on mechanical properties.

{"Mesostructure or Macrostructure": ["fracture surfaces"], "Operation": ["analyzed", "correlated"], "Characterization": ["scanning electron microscopy"], "Result": ["fractography results"], "Property": ["mechanical properties"]}

You will be provided with a string, and your task is to extract keywords from it. The type of each keyword must be one of Material, Participating Material, Synthesis, Characterization, Environment, Phenomenon, Mesostructure or Macrostructure, Microstructure, Phase, Property, Descriptor, Operation, Result, Application, Number, or Amount Unit.

The fracture surfaces were analyzed using scanning electron microscopy and the fractography results were correlated with the mechanical properties.

{"Environment": ["part orientation"], "Property": ["surface finish", "mechanical properties"]}

You will be provided with a string, and your task is to extract keywords from it. The type of each keyword must be one of Material, Participating Material, Synthesis, Characterization, Environment, Phenomenon, Mesostructure or Macrostructure, Microstructure, Phase, Property, Descriptor, Operation, Result, Application, Number, or Amount Unit.

Based on the results the effects of part orientation and surface finish on mechanical properties are discussed.

{"Synthesis": ["Direct metal laser sintering", "DMLS"], "Descriptor": ["additive manufacturing"], "Result": ["capable"], "Mesostructure or Macrostructure": ["highly complex parts"]}

You will be provided with a string, and your task is to extract keywords from it. The type of each keyword must be one of Material, Participating Material, Synthesis, Characterization, Environment, Phenomenon, Mesostructure or Macrostructure, Microstructure, Phase, Property, Descriptor, Operation, Result, Application, Number, or Amount Unit.

Direct metal laser sintering (DMLS), in particular, is an additive manufacturing method that is capable of producing highly complex parts.

{"Material": ["IN718"], "Descriptor": ["cellular"], "Mesostructure or Macrostructure": ["microlattices", "microtrusses"], "Operation": ["fabricated"], "Synthesis": ["DMLS"]}

You will be provided with a string, and your task is to extract keywords from it. The type of each keyword must be one of Material, Participating Material, Synthesis, Characterization, Environment, Phenomenon, Mesostructure or Macrostructure, Microstructure, Phase, Property, Descriptor, Operation, Result, Application, Number, or Amount Unit.

In this study, IN718 cellular microlattices or microtrusses are fabricated by DMLS.

{"Mesostructure or Macrostructure": ["microtrusses"], "Operation": ["tested", "compared"], "Characterization": ["fatigue loading"], "Descriptor": ["range", "dogbone specimens"], "Environment": ["stress amplitudes", "same conditions"], "Material": ["IN718"]}

You will be provided with a string, and your task is to extract keywords from it. The type of each keyword must be one of Material, Participating Material, Synthesis, Characterization, Environment, Phenomenon, Mesostructure or Macrostructure, Microstructure, Phase, Property, Descriptor, Operation, Result, Application, Number, or Amount Unit.

The microtrusses were tested under fatigue loading and with a range of stress amplitudes and compared to IN718 dogbone specimens produced under the same conditions.

{"Result": ["failure", "highest"], "Mesostructure or Macrostructure": ["microtrusses", "intersection", "nodes", "ligaments"], "Property": ["stress concentration"], "Characterization": ["finite element analysis"]}

You will be provided with a string, and your task is to extract keywords from it. The type of each keyword must be one of Material, Participating Material, Synthesis, Characterization, Environment, Phenomenon, Mesostructure or Macrostructure, Microstructure, Phase, Property, Descriptor, Operation, Result, Application, Number, or Amount Unit.

The failure of the microtrusses was observed to occur at the intersection between the nodes and ligaments of the microtruss, which is in concurrence with the highest stress concentration by finite element analysis.

{"Mesostructure or Macrostructure": ["ligament", "interior", "microtruss"], "Result": ["failure"], "Property": ["rougher surfaces"]}

You will be provided with a string, and your task is to extract keywords from it. The type of each keyword must be one of Material, Participating Material, Synthesis, Characterization, Environment, Phenomenon, Mesostructure or Macrostructure, Microstructure, Phase, Property, Descriptor, Operation, Result, Application, Number, or Amount Unit.

Initial ligament failure occurred in the interior of the microtruss structure, where a direct path for shot blasting could not be established, resulting in rougher surfaces.

{"Operation": ["Grain analysis"], "Characterization": ["electron backscatter diffraction"], "Result": ["variability"], "Property": ["grain size distribution"], "Mesostructure or Macrostructure": ["ligaments", "interior", "nodes", "perimeter"], "Descriptor": ["large", "small", "partially sintered"], "Microstructure": ["grains"], "Participating Material": ["powder"]}

You will be provided with a string, and your task is to extract keywords from it. The type of each keyword must be one of Material, Participating Material, Synthesis, Characterization, Environment, Phenomenon, Mesostructure or Macrostructure, Microstructure, Phase, Property, Descriptor, Operation, Result, Application, Number, or Amount Unit.

Grain analysis, through electron backscatter diffraction, displayed variability in the grain size distribution within the ligaments; many large grains were present in the interior of the nodes and ligaments, while small grains, comprised of partially sintered powder, were present at the perimeter.

{"Material": ["High-entropy alloys"], "Result": ["exceptional"], "Property": ["mechanical properties"], "Environment": ["cryogenic temperatures"], "Phenomenon": ["twinning", "dislocation slip"]}

You will be provided with a string, and your task is to extract keywords from it. The type of each keyword must be one of Material, Participating Material, Synthesis, Characterization, Environment, Phenomenon, Mesostructure or Macrostructure, Microstructure, Phase, Property, Descriptor, Operation, Result, Application, Number, or Amount Unit.

High-entropy alloys exhibit exceptional mechanical properties at cryogenic temperatures, due to the activation of twinning in addition to dislocation slip.

{"Descriptor": ["in situ"], "Characterization": ["neutron diffraction"], "Material": ["high-entropy alloys"], "Number": ["15"], "Amount Unit": ["K"], "Phenomenon": ["dislocation slip", "stacking faults", "twinning", "inhomogeneous deformation"], "Mesostructure or Macrostructure": ["serrations"]}

You will be provided with a string, and your task is to extract keywords from it. The type of each keyword must be one of Material, Participating Material, Synthesis, Characterization, Environment, Phenomenon, Mesostructure or Macrostructure, Microstructure, Phase, Property, Descriptor, Operation, Result, Application, Number, or Amount Unit.

Using in situ neutron diffraction, we demonstrate the interaction of a rich variety of deformation mechanisms in high-entropy alloys at 15 K, which began with dislocation slip, followed by stacking faults and twinning, before transitioning to inhomogeneous deformation by serrations.

{"Result": ["cooperation"], "Phenomenon": ["deformation mechanisms", "work hardening"], "Descriptor": ["extreme"]}

You will be provided with a string, and your task is to extract keywords from it. The type of each keyword must be one of Material, Participating Material, Synthesis, Characterization, Environment, Phenomenon, Mesostructure or Macrostructure, Microstructure, Phase, Property, Descriptor, Operation, Result, Application, Number, or Amount Unit.

Quantitative analysis showed that the cooperation of these different deformation mechanisms led to extreme work hardening.

{"Descriptor": ["low", "stable"], "Property": ["stacking fault energy"], "Phase": ["face-centered cubic structure"], "Environment": ["ultralow temperatures"], "Operation": ["bridging"], "Phenomenon": ["dislocation slip"], "Mesostructure or Macrostructure": ["serration"]}

You will be provided with a string, and your task is to extract keywords from it. The type of each keyword must be one of Material, Participating Material, Synthesis, Characterization, Environment, Phenomenon, Mesostructure or Macrostructure, Microstructure, Phase, Property, Descriptor, Operation, Result, Application, Number, or Amount Unit.

The low stacking fault energy plus the stable face-centered cubic structure at ultralow temperatures, enabled by the high-entropy alloying, played a pivotal role bridging dislocation slip and serration.

{"Phenomenon": ["high temperature oxidation"], "Material": ["AISI 316L stainless steel"], "Synthesis": ["selective laser melting", "SLM"], "Operation": ["studied", "compared"], "Number": ["100", "700", "1000"], "Amount Unit": ["h", "\u00b0C"], "Environment": ["temperatures", "in dry air"], "Participating Material": ["wrought samples"]}

You will be provided with a string, and your task is to extract keywords from it. The type of each keyword must be one of Material, Participating Material, Synthesis, Characterization, Environment, Phenomenon, Mesostructure or Macrostructure, Microstructure, Phase, Property, Descriptor, Operation, Result, Application, Number, or Amount Unit.

The high temperature oxidation of AISI 316L stainless steel additively manufactured by selective laser melting (SLM) has been studied for 100 h at temperatures between 700 and 1000 °C in dry air and compared to that of wrought samples.

{"Characterization": ["Thermogravimetric analyses"], "Result": ["slower"], "Property": ["kinetics"], "Material": ["SLM samples"], "Participating Material": ["conventional coupons"]}

You will be provided with a string, and your task is to extract keywords from it. The type of each keyword must be one of Material, Participating Material, Synthesis, Characterization, Environment, Phenomenon, Mesostructure or Macrostructure, Microstructure, Phase, Property, Descriptor, Operation, Result, Application, Number, or Amount Unit.

Thermogravimetric analyses showed slower kinetics for SLM samples than for conventional coupons.

{"Material": ["SLM samples"], "Result": ["parabolic", "complete laws", "above"], "Phenomenon": ["kinetics"], "Descriptor": ["studied"], "Environment": ["temperatures"], "Participating Material": ["conventional coupons"], "Number": ["800"], "Amount Unit": ["\u00b0C"]}

You will be provided with a string, and your task is to extract keywords from it. The type of each keyword must be one of Material, Participating Material, Synthesis, Characterization, Environment, Phenomenon, Mesostructure or Macrostructure, Microstructure, Phase, Property, Descriptor, Operation, Result, Application, Number, or Amount Unit.

In addition, SLM samples exhibit parabolic kinetics for all the studied temperatures, while conventional coupons present complete laws above 800 °C.

{"Property": ["Parabolic constant rate"], "Environment": ["900 \u00b0C"], "Phenomenon": ["oxidation"], "Result": ["one order of magnitude lower"], "Material": ["SLM samples"], "Number": ["1.73\u00b710\u221213", "1.54\u00b710\u221212"], "Amount Unit": ["g2 cm\u22124 s\u22121"], "Participating Material": ["wrought coupons"]}

You will be provided with a string, and your task is to extract keywords from it. The type of each keyword must be one of Material, Participating Material, Synthesis, Characterization, Environment, Phenomenon, Mesostructure or Macrostructure, Microstructure, Phase, Property, Descriptor, Operation, Result, Application, Number, or Amount Unit.

Parabolic constant rate determined for 900 °C oxidation is one order of magnitude lower for SLM samples (1.73·10−13 g2 cm−4 s−1) than for wrought coupons (1.54·10−12 g2 cm−4 s−1).

{"Property": ["activation energy"], "Material": ["SLM alloys"], "Mesostructure or Macrostructure": ["surface"], "Descriptor": ["protective"], "Participating Material": ["Cr2O3"]}

You will be provided with a string, and your task is to extract keywords from it. The type of each keyword must be one of Material, Participating Material, Synthesis, Characterization, Environment, Phenomenon, Mesostructure or Macrostructure, Microstructure, Phase, Property, Descriptor, Operation, Result, Application, Number, or Amount Unit.

The resulting activation energy values confirm the better behavior of SLM alloys, in agreement with the formation at their surface of protective chromia Cr2O3.

{"Phenomenon": ["formation"], "Descriptor": ["non-protective"], "Participating Material": ["iron oxides", "wrought samples"], "Result": ["above"], "Environment": ["800 \u00b0C"]}

You will be provided with a string, and your task is to extract keywords from it. The type of each keyword must be one of Material, Participating Material, Synthesis, Characterization, Environment, Phenomenon, Mesostructure or Macrostructure, Microstructure, Phase, Property, Descriptor, Operation, Result, Application, Number, or Amount Unit.

In contrast, additional formation of non-protective iron oxides was observed above 800 °C for the wrought samples.

{"Synthesis": ["Laser powder bed fusion", "LPBF"], "Descriptor": ["additive manufacturing", "AM"]}

You will be provided with a string, and your task is to extract keywords from it. The type of each keyword must be one of Material, Participating Material, Synthesis, Characterization, Environment, Phenomenon, Mesostructure or Macrostructure, Microstructure, Phase, Property, Descriptor, Operation, Result, Application, Number, or Amount Unit.

Laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) is a proven additive manufacturing (AM) technology for producing metallic components with complex shapes using layer-by-layer manufacture principle.

{"Descriptor": ["crack-free", "high-performance", "Ni-based superalloys"], "Material": ["Hastelloy X", "HX"], "Synthesis": ["LPBF"], "Result": ["remains a challenge"], "Phenomenon": ["hot cracking"]}

You will be provided with a string, and your task is to extract keywords from it. The type of each keyword must be one of Material, Participating Material, Synthesis, Characterization, Environment, Phenomenon, Mesostructure or Macrostructure, Microstructure, Phase, Property, Descriptor, Operation, Result, Application, Number, or Amount Unit.

However, the fabrication of crack-free high-performance Ni-based superalloys such as Hastelloy X (HX) using LPBF technology remains a challenge because of these materials’ susceptibility to hot cracking.

{"Operation": ["introducing"], "Number": ["1"], "Amount Unit": ["wt.%"], "Participating Material": ["titanium carbide", "TiC"], "Descriptor": ["nanoparticles"]}

You will be provided with a string, and your task is to extract keywords from it. The type of each keyword must be one of Material, Participating Material, Synthesis, Characterization, Environment, Phenomenon, Mesostructure or Macrostructure, Microstructure, Phase, Property, Descriptor, Operation, Result, Application, Number, or Amount Unit.

This paper addresses the above problem by proposing a novel method of introducing 1 wt.% titanium carbide (TiC) nanoparticles.

{"Operation": ["addition"], "Participating Material": ["TiC"], "Descriptor": ["nanoparticles"], "Result": ["elimination of"], "Mesostructure or Macrostructure": ["microcracks"], "Material": ["HX"]}

You will be provided with a string, and your task is to extract keywords from it. The type of each keyword must be one of Material, Participating Material, Synthesis, Characterization, Environment, Phenomenon, Mesostructure or Macrostructure, Microstructure, Phase, Property, Descriptor, Operation, Result, Application, Number, or Amount Unit.

The findings reveal that the addition of TiC nanoparticles results in the elimination of microcracks in the LPBF-fabricated enhanced HX samples; i.e.

{"Number": ["0.65", "0.14"], "Amount Unit": ["%"], "Mesostructure or Macrostructure": ["microcracks", "residual pores"], "Descriptor": ["as-fabricated", "original", "enhanced"], "Material": ["HX"], "Result": ["eliminated"]}

You will be provided with a string, and your task is to extract keywords from it. The type of each keyword must be one of Material, Participating Material, Synthesis, Characterization, Environment, Phenomenon, Mesostructure or Macrostructure, Microstructure, Phase, Property, Descriptor, Operation, Result, Application, Number, or Amount Unit.

the 0.65% microcracks that were formed in the as-fabricated original HX were eliminated in the as-fabricated enhanced HX, despite the 0.14% residual pores formed.

{"Number": ["21.8", "98"], "Amount Unit": ["%", "MPa"], "Result": ["increase"], "Microstructure": ["low-angle grain boundaries", "LAGBs"], "Property": ["yield strength"]}

You will be provided with a string, and your task is to extract keywords from it. The type of each keyword must be one of Material, Participating Material, Synthesis, Characterization, Environment, Phenomenon, Mesostructure or Macrostructure, Microstructure, Phase, Property, Descriptor, Operation, Result, Application, Number, or Amount Unit.

It also contributes to a 21.8% increase in low-angle grain boundaries (LAGBs) and a 98 MPa increase in yield strength.

{"Descriptor": ["segregated", "thermal"], "Phase": ["carbides"], "Result": ["unable to trigger", "without", "significantly increased", "elimination"], "Phenomenon": ["hot cracking"], "Property": ["residual stresses"], "Mesostructure or Macrostructure": ["subgrains", "low-angle grain boundaries"]}

You will be provided with a string, and your task is to extract keywords from it. The type of each keyword must be one of Material, Participating Material, Synthesis, Characterization, Environment, Phenomenon, Mesostructure or Macrostructure, Microstructure, Phase, Property, Descriptor, Operation, Result, Application, Number, or Amount Unit.

The study revealed that segregated carbides were unable to trigger hot cracking without sufficient thermal residual stresses; the significantly increased subgrains and low-angle grain boundaries played a key role in the hot cracking elimination.

{"Material": ["Nickel-based superalloys", "high-entropy alloys"], "Descriptor": ["near-equiatomic"], "Participating Material": ["molybdenum"], "Environment": ["higher temperature"], "Property": ["strength", "corrosion resistance"]}

You will be provided with a string, and your task is to extract keywords from it. The type of each keyword must be one of Material, Participating Material, Synthesis, Characterization, Environment, Phenomenon, Mesostructure or Macrostructure, Microstructure, Phase, Property, Descriptor, Operation, Result, Application, Number, or Amount Unit.

Nickel-based superalloys and near-equiatomic high-entropy alloys containing molybdenum are known for higher temperature strength and corrosion resistance.

{"Descriptor": ["refractory", "global", "formation enthalpy", "loca", "short-range order"], "Material": ["Mo-W-Ta-Ti-Zr"], "Synthesis": ["KKR electronic structure methods"], "Environment": ["coherent-potential approximation", "five-dimensional design space"], "Operation": ["identify alloys"], "Result": ["improved"], "Property": ["mechanical properties", "stability"]}

You will be provided with a string, and your task is to extract keywords from it. The type of each keyword must be one of Material, Participating Material, Synthesis, Characterization, Environment, Phenomenon, Mesostructure or Macrostructure, Microstructure, Phase, Property, Descriptor, Operation, Result, Application, Number, or Amount Unit.

For refractory Mo-W-Ta-Ti-Zr, we showcase KKR electronic structure methods via the coherent-potential approximation to identify alloys over five-dimensional design space with improved mechanical properties and necessary global (formation enthalpy) and local (short-range order) stability.

{"Phenomenon": ["Deformation"], "Descriptor": ["classical"], "Operation": ["molecular dynamic simulations", "validated"], "Result": ["first-principle data"]}

You will be provided with a string, and your task is to extract keywords from it. The type of each keyword must be one of Material, Participating Material, Synthesis, Characterization, Environment, Phenomenon, Mesostructure or Macrostructure, Microstructure, Phase, Property, Descriptor, Operation, Result, Application, Number, or Amount Unit.

Deformation is modeled with classical molecular dynamic simulations, validated from our first-principle data.

{"Result": ["predict", "improved", "enhanced", "3\u00d7", "validated experimentally", "higher", "2.3\u00d7"], "Material": ["complex solid-solution alloys"], "Property": ["stability", "modulus of elasticity", "moduli"], "Environment": ["300 K", "above 500 K", "2000 K"], "Descriptor": ["near-equiatomic", "commercial"]}

You will be provided with a string, and your task is to extract keywords from it. The type of each keyword must be one of Material, Participating Material, Synthesis, Characterization, Environment, Phenomenon, Mesostructure or Macrostructure, Microstructure, Phase, Property, Descriptor, Operation, Result, Application, Number, or Amount Unit.

We predict complex solid-solution alloys of improved stability with greatly enhanced modulus of elasticity (3× at 300 K) over near-equiatomic cases, as validated experimentally, and with higher moduli above 500 K over commercial alloys (2.3× at 2000 K).

{"Material": ["nickel-based alloys"], "Application": ["solar receiver"]}

You will be provided with a string, and your task is to extract keywords from it. The type of each keyword must be one of Material, Participating Material, Synthesis, Characterization, Environment, Phenomenon, Mesostructure or Macrostructure, Microstructure, Phase, Property, Descriptor, Operation, Result, Application, Number, or Amount Unit.

In the framework of the H2020 European project POLYPHEM, whose main objective is to improve the flexibility and performance of small-scale solar power plants, studies have been conducted on various nickel-based alloys for the design of the solar receiver.

{"Material": ["Inconel 600", "Inconel 617", "Haynes 230", "Haynes HR120", "Hastelloy X"], "Descriptor": ["reference material"], "Environment": ["high temperature"], "Application": ["solar receivers"], "Property": ["oxidation resistant alloys"]}

You will be provided with a string, and your task is to extract keywords from it. The type of each keyword must be one of Material, Participating Material, Synthesis, Characterization, Environment, Phenomenon, Mesostructure or Macrostructure, Microstructure, Phase, Property, Descriptor, Operation, Result, Application, Number, or Amount Unit.

Inconel 600 alloy is used as a reference material in the advanced manufacturing of high temperature solar receivers but other oxidation resistant alloys have been selected such as Inconel 617, Haynes 230, Haynes HR120 and Hastelloy X and the best candidate will be used for making the prototype.

{"Property": ["solar absorptivity", "\u03b1", "total hemispherical emissivity", "\u03b5"], "Descriptor": ["higher the better", "lower the better"], "Environment": ["high vacuum", "atmospheric air"], "Number": ["1400", "1000"], "Amount Unit": ["K", "kW"], "Mesostructure or Macrostructure": ["MEDIASE reactor", "installed at the focus"], "Application": ["solar furnace"]}

You will be provided with a string, and your task is to extract keywords from it. The type of each keyword must be one of Material, Participating Material, Synthesis, Characterization, Environment, Phenomenon, Mesostructure or Macrostructure, Microstructure, Phase, Property, Descriptor, Operation, Result, Application, Number, or Amount Unit.

Thus, two essential quantities, namely the solar absorptivity α – the higher the better – and the total hemispherical emissivity ε – the lower the better – were measured in high vacuum and under atmospheric air up to 1400 K in the MEDIASE reactor installed at the focus of the 1000 kW solar furnace.

{"Property": ["emissivity", "temperature", "radiance"], "Characterization": ["direct method", "pyro-reflectometer", "spectro-radiometry."], "Descriptor": ["of the material", "bi-chromatic"]}

You will be provided with a string, and your task is to extract keywords from it. The type of each keyword must be one of Material, Participating Material, Synthesis, Characterization, Environment, Phenomenon, Mesostructure or Macrostructure, Microstructure, Phase, Property, Descriptor, Operation, Result, Application, Number, or Amount Unit.

The emissivity measurement was made by a direct method requiring the measurement of the true temperature of the material using a bi-chromatic pyro-reflectometer and that of its radiance by spectro-radiometry.

{"Property": ["Total hemispherical emissivity"], "Microstructure": ["microstructural", "topographic"], "Characterization": ["SEM", "XRD", "3D profilometry"], "Result": ["interpretation"], "Phenomenon": ["emissivity evolution", "growth"], "Environment": ["temperature"], "Mesostructure or Macrostructure": ["oxide layer"]}

You will be provided with a string, and your task is to extract keywords from it. The type of each keyword must be one of Material, Participating Material, Synthesis, Characterization, Environment, Phenomenon, Mesostructure or Macrostructure, Microstructure, Phase, Property, Descriptor, Operation, Result, Application, Number, or Amount Unit.

Total hemispherical emissivity data are presented at the same time as microstructural (SEM, XRD) and topographic (3D profilometry) characterizations allowing the interpretation of the emissivity evolution with temperature and the growth of the oxide layer.

{"Material": ["Haynes 230"], "Application": ["solar receiver"]}

You will be provided with a string, and your task is to extract keywords from it. The type of each keyword must be one of Material, Participating Material, Synthesis, Characterization, Environment, Phenomenon, Mesostructure or Macrostructure, Microstructure, Phase, Property, Descriptor, Operation, Result, Application, Number, or Amount Unit.

Finally, the alloy Haynes 230 was chosen to build the solar receiver.

{"Property": ["fracture toughness", "K1c", "fatigue crack growth rate", "FCGR"], "Synthesis": ["selective laser melted", "SLM"], "Descriptor": ["specimens", "grade 5", "powder metal"], "Material": ["Ti6Al4V"], "Operation": ["investigated"]}

You will be provided with a string, and your task is to extract keywords from it. The type of each keyword must be one of Material, Participating Material, Synthesis, Characterization, Environment, Phenomenon, Mesostructure or Macrostructure, Microstructure, Phase, Property, Descriptor, Operation, Result, Application, Number, or Amount Unit.

The fracture toughness (K1c) and fatigue crack growth rate (FCGR) properties of selective laser melted (SLM) specimens produced from grade 5 Ti6Al4V powder metal has been investigated.

{"Number": ["Three", "two"], "Environment": ["orientations", "build direction"], "Descriptor": ["post-build"], "Synthesis": ["heat treatments"]}

You will be provided with a string, and your task is to extract keywords from it. The type of each keyword must be one of Material, Participating Material, Synthesis, Characterization, Environment, Phenomenon, Mesostructure or Macrostructure, Microstructure, Phase, Property, Descriptor, Operation, Result, Application, Number, or Amount Unit.

Three specimen orientations relative to the build direction as well as two different post-build heat treatments were considered.

{"Characterization": ["ASTM E399", "ASTM E647"]}

You will be provided with a string, and your task is to extract keywords from it. The type of each keyword must be one of Material, Participating Material, Synthesis, Characterization, Environment, Phenomenon, Mesostructure or Macrostructure, Microstructure, Phase, Property, Descriptor, Operation, Result, Application, Number, or Amount Unit.

Specimens and test procedures were designed in accordance with ASTM E399 and ASTM E647 standard.

{"Descriptor": ["strong", "heat treated", "\u2018as built\u2019", "specimen", "SLM produced"], "Result": ["influence"], "Synthesis": ["post-build processing"], "Environment": ["orientation"], "Phenomenon": ["dynamic behaviour"], "Material": ["Ti6Al4V"]}

You will be provided with a string, and your task is to extract keywords from it. The type of each keyword must be one of Material, Participating Material, Synthesis, Characterization, Environment, Phenomenon, Mesostructure or Macrostructure, Microstructure, Phase, Property, Descriptor, Operation, Result, Application, Number, or Amount Unit.

The results show that there is a strong influence of post-build processing (heat treated versus ‘as built’) as well as specimen orientation on the dynamic behaviour of SLM produced Ti6Al4V.

{"Result": ["greatest improvement"], "Property": ["properties"], "Synthesis": ["heat treatment"], "Mesostructure or Macrostructure": ["fracture plane"], "Environment": ["perpendicular to the SLM build direction"]}

You will be provided with a string, and your task is to extract keywords from it. The type of each keyword must be one of Material, Participating Material, Synthesis, Characterization, Environment, Phenomenon, Mesostructure or Macrostructure, Microstructure, Phase, Property, Descriptor, Operation, Result, Application, Number, or Amount Unit.

The greatest improvement in properties after heat treatment was demonstrated when the fracture plane is perpendicular to the SLM build direction.

{"Descriptor": ["tensile"], "Property": ["residual stress"]}

You will be provided with a string, and your task is to extract keywords from it. The type of each keyword must be one of Material, Participating Material, Synthesis, Characterization, Environment, Phenomenon, Mesostructure or Macrostructure, Microstructure, Phase, Property, Descriptor, Operation, Result, Application, Number, or Amount Unit.

This behaviour is attributed to the higher anticipated influence of tensile residual stress for this orientation.

{"Operation": ["transformation"], "Descriptor": ["rapidly solidified"], "Microstructure": ["microstructure"], "Synthesis": ["heat treatment"], "Result": ["smaller beneficial effect", "improving"], "Property": ["mechanical properties"]}

You will be provided with a string, and your task is to extract keywords from it. The type of each keyword must be one of Material, Participating Material, Synthesis, Characterization, Environment, Phenomenon, Mesostructure or Macrostructure, Microstructure, Phase, Property, Descriptor, Operation, Result, Application, Number, or Amount Unit.

The transformation of the initial rapidly solidified microstructure during heat treatment has a smaller beneficial effect on improving mechanical properties.

{"Synthesis": ["selective-laser-melting", "SLM"], "Application": ["highly complex components"]}

You will be provided with a string, and your task is to extract keywords from it. The type of each keyword must be one of Material, Participating Material, Synthesis, Characterization, Environment, Phenomenon, Mesostructure or Macrostructure, Microstructure, Phase, Property, Descriptor, Operation, Result, Application, Number, or Amount Unit.

The selective-laser-melting (SLM) technique is an outstanding new production technology that allows for time-efficient fabrication of highly complex components from various metals.

{"Synthesis": ["SLM"], "Phenomenon": ["evolution"], "Microstructure": ["microstructural features"], "Property": ["mechanical properties"]}

You will be provided with a string, and your task is to extract keywords from it. The type of each keyword must be one of Material, Participating Material, Synthesis, Characterization, Environment, Phenomenon, Mesostructure or Macrostructure, Microstructure, Phase, Property, Descriptor, Operation, Result, Application, Number, or Amount Unit.

SLM processing leads to the evolution of numerous microstructural features strongly affecting the mechanical properties.

{"Environment": ["cyclic loadings"], "Phenomenon": ["damage evolution"], "Result": ["significantly different"], "Descriptor": ["raw material", "titanium alloy"], "Property": ["highly ductile", "high-strength"], "Material": ["austenitic stainless steel 316L", "TiAl6V4"]}

You will be provided with a string, and your task is to extract keywords from it. The type of each keyword must be one of Material, Participating Material, Synthesis, Characterization, Environment, Phenomenon, Mesostructure or Macrostructure, Microstructure, Phase, Property, Descriptor, Operation, Result, Application, Number, or Amount Unit.

With regard to the behavior of SLM components subjected to cyclic loadings, the damage evolution can be significantly different depending on the raw material that is used, which is, in this case, highly ductile austenitic stainless steel 316L and high-strength titanium alloy TiAl6V4.

{"Characterization": ["mechanical testing", "microstructure analyses"], "Property": ["high-cycle fatigue"], "Material": ["TiAl6V4"], "Environment": ["cyclic loading"], "Descriptor": ["process-induced"], "Mesostructure or Macrostructure": ["pores"]}

You will be provided with a string, and your task is to extract keywords from it. The type of each keyword must be one of Material, Participating Material, Synthesis, Characterization, Environment, Phenomenon, Mesostructure or Macrostructure, Microstructure, Phase, Property, Descriptor, Operation, Result, Application, Number, or Amount Unit.

By means of a thorough set of experiments, including postprocessing, mechanical testing focusing on high-cycle fatigue and microstructure analyses, it could be shown that the behavior of TiAl6V4 under cyclic loading is dominated by the process-induced pores.

{"Phenomenon": ["fatigue behavior"], "Material": ["316L"], "Result": ["strongly affected"], "Property": ["monotonic strength"]}

You will be provided with a string, and your task is to extract keywords from it. The type of each keyword must be one of Material, Participating Material, Synthesis, Characterization, Environment, Phenomenon, Mesostructure or Macrostructure, Microstructure, Phase, Property, Descriptor, Operation, Result, Application, Number, or Amount Unit.

The fatigue behavior of 316L, in contrast, is strongly affected by its monotonic strength.

{"Synthesis": ["additive manufacturing", "AM"], "Material": ["Ti alloys"], "Property": ["mechanical properties"], "Result": ["affected"], "Microstructure": ["characteristic microstructure"]}

You will be provided with a string, and your task is to extract keywords from it. The type of each keyword must be one of Material, Participating Material, Synthesis, Characterization, Environment, Phenomenon, Mesostructure or Macrostructure, Microstructure, Phase, Property, Descriptor, Operation, Result, Application, Number, or Amount Unit.

Recent research on the additive manufacturing (AM) of Ti alloys has shown that the mechanical properties of the parts are affected by the characteristic microstructure that originates from the AM process.

{"Microstructure": ["microstructure"], "Property": ["tensile properties"], "Synthesis": ["selective laser melted", "SLM"], "Material": ["Ti\u20136Al\u20134V"], "Descriptor": ["three different"], "Environment": ["orientations"], "Characterization": ["tensile tested"]}

You will be provided with a string, and your task is to extract keywords from it. The type of each keyword must be one of Material, Participating Material, Synthesis, Characterization, Environment, Phenomenon, Mesostructure or Macrostructure, Microstructure, Phase, Property, Descriptor, Operation, Result, Application, Number, or Amount Unit.

To understand the effect of the microstructure on the tensile properties, selective laser melted (SLM) Ti–6Al–4V samples built in three different orientations were tensile tested.

{"Descriptor": ["near fully", "as-built", "stress relieved"], "Property": ["dense"]}

You will be provided with a string, and your task is to extract keywords from it. The type of each keyword must be one of Material, Participating Material, Synthesis, Characterization, Environment, Phenomenon, Mesostructure or Macrostructure, Microstructure, Phase, Property, Descriptor, Operation, Result, Application, Number, or Amount Unit.

The investigated samples were near fully dense, in two distinct conditions, as-built and stress relieved.

{"Environment": ["build orientation"], "Result": ["affects"], "Property": ["tensile properties", "ductility"]}

You will be provided with a string, and your task is to extract keywords from it. The type of each keyword must be one of Material, Participating Material, Synthesis, Characterization, Environment, Phenomenon, Mesostructure or Macrostructure, Microstructure, Phase, Property, Descriptor, Operation, Result, Application, Number, or Amount Unit.

It was found that the build orientation affects the tensile properties, and in particular the ductility of the samples.

{"Property": ["mechanical anisotropy", "crystallographic texture", "phase composition"], "Phenomenon": ["fracture mechanisms"]}

You will be provided with a string, and your task is to extract keywords from it. The type of each keyword must be one of Material, Participating Material, Synthesis, Characterization, Environment, Phenomenon, Mesostructure or Macrostructure, Microstructure, Phase, Property, Descriptor, Operation, Result, Application, Number, or Amount Unit.

The mechanical anisotropy of the parts was discussed in relation to the crystallographic texture, phase composition and the predominant fracture mechanisms.

{"Characterization": ["Fractography", "electron backscatter diffraction", "EBSD"], "Descriptor": ["fracture mechanism", "fracture AM"], "Phenomenon": ["intergranular fracture"], "Mesostructure or Macrostructure": ["along the grain boundaries"], "Material": ["Ti\u20136Al\u20134V"]}

You will be provided with a string, and your task is to extract keywords from it. The type of each keyword must be one of Material, Participating Material, Synthesis, Characterization, Environment, Phenomenon, Mesostructure or Macrostructure, Microstructure, Phase, Property, Descriptor, Operation, Result, Application, Number, or Amount Unit.

Fractography and electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) results indicate that the predominant fracture mechanism is intergranular fracture present along the grain boundaries and thus provide and explain the typical fracture surface features observed in fracture AM Ti–6Al–4V.

{"Synthesis": ["Laser aided additive manufacturing", "LAAM", "3D printing"], "Application": ["surface modification", "repair"]}

You will be provided with a string, and your task is to extract keywords from it. The type of each keyword must be one of Material, Participating Material, Synthesis, Characterization, Environment, Phenomenon, Mesostructure or Macrostructure, Microstructure, Phase, Property, Descriptor, Operation, Result, Application, Number, or Amount Unit.

Laser aided additive manufacturing (LAAM), a blown powder additive manufacturing process, can be widely adopted for surface modification, repair and 3D printing.

{"Operation": ["numerical model"], "Phenomenon": ["convective fluid flow", "surface tension forces"], "Mesostructure or Macrostructure": ["air-fluid interface", "melt-pool", "clad"], "Result": ["predict"], "Descriptor": ["free surface", "solidified"], "Property": ["curvature", "dimensions"]}

You will be provided with a string, and your task is to extract keywords from it. The type of each keyword must be one of Material, Participating Material, Synthesis, Characterization, Environment, Phenomenon, Mesostructure or Macrostructure, Microstructure, Phase, Property, Descriptor, Operation, Result, Application, Number, or Amount Unit.

A robust numerical model was developed to simulate convective fluid flow and balancing of surface tension forces at the air-fluid interface to predict melt-pool free surface curvature and solidified clad dimensions.

{"Descriptor": ["free surface", "moving mesh approach"], "Mesostructure or Macrostructure": ["physical interface"], "Operation": ["Arbitrary Lagrangian Eulerian", "ALE"]}

You will be provided with a string, and your task is to extract keywords from it. The type of each keyword must be one of Material, Participating Material, Synthesis, Characterization, Environment, Phenomenon, Mesostructure or Macrostructure, Microstructure, Phase, Property, Descriptor, Operation, Result, Application, Number, or Amount Unit.

The free surface physical interface was calculated using the Arbitrary Lagrangian Eulerian (ALE) moving mesh approach.

{"Operation": ["Powder deposition"], "Property": ["efficiency", "normal velocity", "mass flux intensity"], "Result": ["activating"], "Mesostructure or Macrostructure": ["mesh", "melted regions", "powder nozzles"], "Descriptor": ["localized", "discrete", "coaxial"], "Participating Material": ["powder"]}

You will be provided with a string, and your task is to extract keywords from it. The type of each keyword must be one of Material, Participating Material, Synthesis, Characterization, Environment, Phenomenon, Mesostructure or Macrostructure, Microstructure, Phase, Property, Descriptor, Operation, Result, Application, Number, or Amount Unit.

Powder deposition efficiency was considered by activating mesh normal velocity at melted regions based on localized powder mass flux intensity from the discrete coaxial powder nozzles.

{"Operation": ["heat flux equation"], "Result": ["representing"], "Environment": ["laser heat source", "laser"], "Phenomenon": ["attenuation effect", "heat sink effects"], "Participating Material": ["powder jets", "powder particles"], "Descriptor": ["un-melted"], "Mesostructure or Macrostructure": ["melt-pool"]}

You will be provided with a string, and your task is to extract keywords from it. The type of each keyword must be one of Material, Participating Material, Synthesis, Characterization, Environment, Phenomenon, Mesostructure or Macrostructure, Microstructure, Phase, Property, Descriptor, Operation, Result, Application, Number, or Amount Unit.

The heat flux equation used for representing the laser heat source considered attenuation effect from the interaction between the powder jets and laser as well as heat sink effects of un-melted powder particles entering the melt-pool.

{"Descriptor": ["predicted", "three different", "cross-sectional"], "Property": ["thermal gradient", "orientations"], "Result": ["agree well with"], "Phenomenon": ["grain growth"], "Characterization": ["electron backscatter diffraction", "ESBD"]}

You will be provided with a string, and your task is to extract keywords from it. The type of each keyword must be one of Material, Participating Material, Synthesis, Characterization, Environment, Phenomenon, Mesostructure or Macrostructure, Microstructure, Phase, Property, Descriptor, Operation, Result, Application, Number, or Amount Unit.

The predicted thermal gradient directions agree well with grain growth orientations obtained from electron backscatter diffraction (ESBD) analysis in three different cross-sectional orientations.

{"Operation": ["Experimental validation", "varying"], "Mesostructure or Macrostructure": ["clad", "melt-pool"], "Property": ["width", "height", "depth", "maximum error"], "Number": ["10"], "Amount Unit": ["%"], "Environment": ["laser power", "laser scanning speed", "powder feeding rate"]}

You will be provided with a string, and your task is to extract keywords from it. The type of each keyword must be one of Material, Participating Material, Synthesis, Characterization, Environment, Phenomenon, Mesostructure or Macrostructure, Microstructure, Phase, Property, Descriptor, Operation, Result, Application, Number, or Amount Unit.

Experimental validation of clad width, height and melt-pool depth shows a maximum error of 10% for a wide range of processing parameters which consider the effects of varying laser power, laser scanning speed and powder feeding rate.

{"Synthesis": ["selective laser melting", "SLM"], "Descriptor": ["highly precise", "complex"], "Mesostructure or Macrostructure": ["component geometries"]}

You will be provided with a string, and your task is to extract keywords from it. The type of each keyword must be one of Material, Participating Material, Synthesis, Characterization, Environment, Phenomenon, Mesostructure or Macrostructure, Microstructure, Phase, Property, Descriptor, Operation, Result, Application, Number, or Amount Unit.

Generative processes or additive layer manufacturing like selective laser melting (SLM) enable the fabrication of highly precise and complex component geometries that are otherwise difficult, costly, or even impossible to realize using conventional techniques.

{"Descriptor": ["Titanium alloys"], "Material": ["TiAl6V4"], "Synthesis": ["SLM"]}

You will be provided with a string, and your task is to extract keywords from it. The type of each keyword must be one of Material, Participating Material, Synthesis, Characterization, Environment, Phenomenon, Mesostructure or Macrostructure, Microstructure, Phase, Property, Descriptor, Operation, Result, Application, Number, or Amount Unit.

Titanium alloys and in particular TiAl6V4 are suited well for processing by SLM.

{"Result": ["to obtain a high quality material", "minimization", "minimize", "adjust"], "Operation": ["optimization"], "Environment": ["process parameters"], "Property": ["inherent defects", "internal stresses"], "Synthesis": ["thermomechanical treatment"], "Microstructure": ["microstructure"]}

You will be provided with a string, and your task is to extract keywords from it. The type of each keyword must be one of Material, Participating Material, Synthesis, Characterization, Environment, Phenomenon, Mesostructure or Macrostructure, Microstructure, Phase, Property, Descriptor, Operation, Result, Application, Number, or Amount Unit.

However, a careful optimization procedure of the process parameters is necessary to obtain a high quality material: firstly, the optimization of the initial process parameters for the minimization of inherent defects, and secondly, the optimization of the further thermomechanical treatment to minimize internal stresses and adjust the microstructure.

{"Number": ["40"], "Descriptor": ["small", "variable", "two-", "three dimensionally"], "Material": ["TiAl6V4"], "Mesostructure or Macrostructure": ["cuboids"], "Operation": ["produced", "analyzed"], "Environment": ["scan parameters"]}

You will be provided with a string, and your task is to extract keywords from it. The type of each keyword must be one of Material, Participating Material, Synthesis, Characterization, Environment, Phenomenon, Mesostructure or Macrostructure, Microstructure, Phase, Property, Descriptor, Operation, Result, Application, Number, or Amount Unit.

For the initial program more than 40 small TiAl6V4 cuboids were produced with the variable scan parameters and two-and three dimensionally analyzed.

{"Result": ["reducing"], "Property": ["porosity"], "Number": ["6", "10"], "Amount Unit": ["times"]}

You will be provided with a string, and your task is to extract keywords from it. The type of each keyword must be one of Material, Participating Material, Synthesis, Characterization, Environment, Phenomenon, Mesostructure or Macrostructure, Microstructure, Phase, Property, Descriptor, Operation, Result, Application, Number, or Amount Unit.

The reducing of the porosity by 6–10 times is shown.

{"Synthesis": ["thermomechanically treated", "annealed", "hot-isostatically pressed"]}

You will be provided with a string, and your task is to extract keywords from it. The type of each keyword must be one of Material, Participating Material, Synthesis, Characterization, Environment, Phenomenon, Mesostructure or Macrostructure, Microstructure, Phase, Property, Descriptor, Operation, Result, Application, Number, or Amount Unit.

The optimized process parameters were used for further manufacturing of the test specimen, some of them were then thermomechanically treated: annealed or hot-isostatically pressed.

{"Property": ["hardness", "tensile properties", "high cycle fatigue resistance"], "Characterization": ["tested", "similar tests"], "Descriptor": ["reference material", "wrought"], "Material": ["TiAl6V4 alloy"]}

You will be provided with a string, and your task is to extract keywords from it. The type of each keyword must be one of Material, Participating Material, Synthesis, Characterization, Environment, Phenomenon, Mesostructure or Macrostructure, Microstructure, Phase, Property, Descriptor, Operation, Result, Application, Number, or Amount Unit.

The hardness, tensile properties and high cycle fatigue resistance of all samples were tested and the similar tests were also conducted for the reference material: wrought TiAl6V4 alloy.

{"Microstructure": ["microstruc-ture"], "Property": ["porosity", "mechanical properties"], "Operation": ["analyzed", "compared"], "Result": ["in\ufb02uence"], "Synthesis": ["thermomechanical treatment"]}

You will be provided with a string, and your task is to extract keywords from it. The type of each keyword must be one of Material, Participating Material, Synthesis, Characterization, Environment, Phenomenon, Mesostructure or Macrostructure, Microstructure, Phase, Property, Descriptor, Operation, Result, Application, Number, or Amount Unit.

The microstruc-ture, porosity and the received mechanical properties were analyzed and compared, and the influence of thermomechanical treatment was evaluated.

{"Operation": ["double optimization"], "Result": ["improvement"], "Property": ["ductility", "\u03b5", "fatigue resistance"], "Number": ["19.4"], "Amount Unit": ["%"], "Participating Material": ["wrought TiAl6V4"]}

You will be provided with a string, and your task is to extract keywords from it. The type of each keyword must be one of Material, Participating Material, Synthesis, Characterization, Environment, Phenomenon, Mesostructure or Macrostructure, Microstructure, Phase, Property, Descriptor, Operation, Result, Application, Number, or Amount Unit.

As a result of this double optimization, a significant improvement of ductility (ε = 19.4%) and fatigue resistance compatible to the wrought TiAl6V4 for the SLM produced material was achieved.

{"Mesostructure or Macrostructure": ["channels"], "Application": ["turbine blade"], "Result": ["cannot"], "Operation": ["machined", "polished", "discussed"], "Descriptor": ["\u2018machined\u2019", "\u2018as built\u2019"], "Environment": ["surface conditions"]}

You will be provided with a string, and your task is to extract keywords from it. The type of each keyword must be one of Material, Participating Material, Synthesis, Characterization, Environment, Phenomenon, Mesostructure or Macrostructure, Microstructure, Phase, Property, Descriptor, Operation, Result, Application, Number, or Amount Unit.

Furthermore, since some surfaces in complex components such as the channels in the turbine blade cannot be machined or polished, both treated (‘machined’) and untreated (‘as built’) surface conditions were considered and discussed.

{"Operation": ["influences"], "Mesostructure or Macrostructure": ["powder", "powder bed"], "Property": ["morphology", "topography", "uniformity"], "Environment": ["spreading velocity", "layer thickness"]}

You will be provided with a string, and your task is to extract keywords from it. The type of each keyword must be one of Material, Participating Material, Synthesis, Characterization, Environment, Phenomenon, Mesostructure or Macrostructure, Microstructure, Phase, Property, Descriptor, Operation, Result, Application, Number, or Amount Unit.

Therefore, the focus of the present study addresses the influences of powder morphology, spreading velocity and layer thickness on the powder bed topography uniformity.

{"Synthesis": ["laser powder bed fusion"]}

You will be provided with a string, and your task is to extract keywords from it. The type of each keyword must be one of Material, Participating Material, Synthesis, Characterization, Environment, Phenomenon, Mesostructure or Macrostructure, Microstructure, Phase, Property, Descriptor, Operation, Result, Application, Number, or Amount Unit.

The experiments were conducted with a laser powder bed fusion printer and the powder layers were spread systematically and comprehensively assessed.

{"Mesostructure or Macrostructure": ["particle", "surface", "powder bed"], "Property": ["sphericity", "texture", "layer thickness", "topography"], "Result": ["impact", "quality"], "Environment": ["spreader velocity"]}

You will be provided with a string, and your task is to extract keywords from it. The type of each keyword must be one of Material, Participating Material, Synthesis, Characterization, Environment, Phenomenon, Mesostructure or Macrostructure, Microstructure, Phase, Property, Descriptor, Operation, Result, Application, Number, or Amount Unit.

In summary, it was found that particle sphericity and surface texture dictates the degree of impact that the spreader velocity and the layer thickness exert on the quality of powder bed topography in spread layers.

{"Mesostructure or Macrostructure": ["powder bed"], "Property": ["uniformity"], "Result": ["better uniformity"], "Descriptor": ["low"], "Environment": ["spreading velocities"], "Number": ["\u2264 80"], "Amount Unit": ["mm/s"]}

You will be provided with a string, and your task is to extract keywords from it. The type of each keyword must be one of Material, Participating Material, Synthesis, Characterization, Environment, Phenomenon, Mesostructure or Macrostructure, Microstructure, Phase, Property, Descriptor, Operation, Result, Application, Number, or Amount Unit.

The spreader velocity has substantial influence on powder bed uniformity, such that better uniformity is achieved with low spreading velocities, ≤ 80 mm/s.

{"Mesostructure or Macrostructure": ["Powders", "powder beds"], "Descriptor": ["wide", "uniform", "dense"], "Property": ["particle distribution"], "Participating Material": ["fine particles"], "Number": ["< 25"], "Amount Unit": ["\u03bcm"], "Result": ["enabled formation of", "more affected"], "Phenomenon": ["segregation"]}

You will be provided with a string, and your task is to extract keywords from it. The type of each keyword must be one of Material, Participating Material, Synthesis, Characterization, Environment, Phenomenon, Mesostructure or Macrostructure, Microstructure, Phase, Property, Descriptor, Operation, Result, Application, Number, or Amount Unit.

Powders with a wide particle distribution and containing large number of fine particles (< 25 μm) enabled formation of uniform and dense powder beds, however such powders were found to be more affected by segregation.

{"Phenomenon": ["defect formation"], "Synthesis": ["laser additive manufacturing", "LAM"], "Descriptor": ["virgin", "stored", "reused"], "Participating Material": ["powders"]}

You will be provided with a string, and your task is to extract keywords from it. The type of each keyword must be one of Material, Participating Material, Synthesis, Characterization, Environment, Phenomenon, Mesostructure or Macrostructure, Microstructure, Phase, Property, Descriptor, Operation, Result, Application, Number, or Amount Unit.

Understanding defect formation during laser additive manufacturing (LAM) of virgin, stored, and reused powders is crucial for the production of high quality additively manufactured parts.

{"Phenomenon": ["powder oxidation", "molten pool dynamics", "defect formation"], "Synthesis": ["LAM"]}

You will be provided with a string, and your task is to extract keywords from it. The type of each keyword must be one of Material, Participating Material, Synthesis, Characterization, Environment, Phenomenon, Mesostructure or Macrostructure, Microstructure, Phase, Property, Descriptor, Operation, Result, Application, Number, or Amount Unit.

We investigate the effects of powder oxidation on the molten pool dynamics and defect formation during LAM.

{"Operation": ["compare"], "Descriptor": ["virgin", "oxidised", "powder", "layer-by-layer", "in situ", "operando"], "Participating Material": ["Invar 36"], "Mesostructure or Macrostructure": ["overhang"], "Environment": ["build conditions"], "Characterization": ["X-ray Imaging"]}

You will be provided with a string, and your task is to extract keywords from it. The type of each keyword must be one of Material, Participating Material, Synthesis, Characterization, Environment, Phenomenon, Mesostructure or Macrostructure, Microstructure, Phase, Property, Descriptor, Operation, Result, Application, Number, or Amount Unit.

We compare virgin and oxidised Invar 36 powder under overhang and layer-by-layer build conditions using in situ and operando X-ray Imaging.

{"Property": ["oxygen content"], "Descriptor": ["oxidised"], "Participating Material": ["powder"]}

You will be provided with a string, and your task is to extract keywords from it. The type of each keyword must be one of Material, Participating Material, Synthesis, Characterization, Environment, Phenomenon, Mesostructure or Macrostructure, Microstructure, Phase, Property, Descriptor, Operation, Result, Application, Number, or Amount Unit.

The oxygen content of the oxidised powder was found to be ca.

{"Number": ["6", "0.343", "0.057"], "Amount Unit": ["times", "wt.%"], "Result": ["greater"], "Descriptor": ["virgin"], "Participating Material": ["powder"]}

You will be provided with a string, and your task is to extract keywords from it. The type of each keyword must be one of Material, Participating Material, Synthesis, Characterization, Environment, Phenomenon, Mesostructure or Macrostructure, Microstructure, Phase, Property, Descriptor, Operation, Result, Application, Number, or Amount Unit.

6 times greater (0.343 wt.%) than the virgin powder (0.057 wt.%).

{"Participating Material": ["powder"], "Descriptor": ["oxide", "inward centrifugal", "outward centripetal flow"], "Property": ["entrained"], "Mesostructure or Macrostructure": ["molten pool"], "Result": ["altering"], "Phenomenon": ["Marangoni convection"]}

You will be provided with a string, and your task is to extract keywords from it. The type of each keyword must be one of Material, Participating Material, Synthesis, Characterization, Environment, Phenomenon, Mesostructure or Macrostructure, Microstructure, Phase, Property, Descriptor, Operation, Result, Application, Number, or Amount Unit.

During LAM, the powder oxide is entrained into the molten pool, altering the Marangoni convection from an inward centrifugal to an outward centripetal flow.

{"Descriptor": ["oxide"], "Result": ["promotes"], "Phenomenon": ["pore nucleation", "stabilisation", "growth"]}

You will be provided with a string, and your task is to extract keywords from it. The type of each keyword must be one of Material, Participating Material, Synthesis, Characterization, Environment, Phenomenon, Mesostructure or Macrostructure, Microstructure, Phase, Property, Descriptor, Operation, Result, Application, Number, or Amount Unit.

We hypothesise that the oxide promotes pore nucleation, stabilisation, and growth.

{"Phenomenon": ["spatter"], "Result": ["more frequently"], "Mesostructure or Macrostructure": ["overhang"], "Environment": ["conditions"], "Descriptor": ["layer-by-layer"]}

You will be provided with a string, and your task is to extract keywords from it. The type of each keyword must be one of Material, Participating Material, Synthesis, Characterization, Environment, Phenomenon, Mesostructure or Macrostructure, Microstructure, Phase, Property, Descriptor, Operation, Result, Application, Number, or Amount Unit.

We observe that spatter occurs more frequently under overhang conditions compared to layer-by-layer conditions.

{"Descriptor": ["Droplet", "indirect", "laser-driven", "laser-induced"], "Phenomenon": ["spatter", "gas expansion"], "Mesostructure or Macrostructure": ["metal vapour", "melt surface"]}

You will be provided with a string, and your task is to extract keywords from it. The type of each keyword must be one of Material, Participating Material, Synthesis, Characterization, Environment, Phenomenon, Mesostructure or Macrostructure, Microstructure, Phase, Property, Descriptor, Operation, Result, Application, Number, or Amount Unit.

Droplet spatter can be formed by indirect laser-driven gas expansion and by the laser-induced metal vapour at the melt surface.

{"Descriptor": ["layer-by-layer", "pre-existing"], "Environment": ["build conditions", "keyholing"], "Phenomenon": ["laser re-melting", "gas release", "liquid flow"], "Result": ["reduces", "promoting", "inducing", "filling"], "Mesostructure or Macrostructure": ["pore", "pores"], "Property": ["size distribution", "number density"]}

You will be provided with a string, and your task is to extract keywords from it. The type of each keyword must be one of Material, Participating Material, Synthesis, Characterization, Environment, Phenomenon, Mesostructure or Macrostructure, Microstructure, Phase, Property, Descriptor, Operation, Result, Application, Number, or Amount Unit.

Under layer-by-layer build conditions, laser re-melting reduces the pore size distribution and number density either by promoting gas release from keyholing or by inducing liquid flow, partially or completely filling pre-existing pores.

{"Mesostructure or Macrostructure": ["pores", "track surface", "pore"], "Operation": ["burst"], "Phenomenon": ["laser re-melting", "spatter", "Marangoni flow"], "Descriptor": ["droplet", "open"], "Result": ["healing"]}

You will be provided with a string, and your task is to extract keywords from it. The type of each keyword must be one of Material, Participating Material, Synthesis, Characterization, Environment, Phenomenon, Mesostructure or Macrostructure, Microstructure, Phase, Property, Descriptor, Operation, Result, Application, Number, or Amount Unit.

We also observe that pores residing at the track surface can burst during laser re-melting, resulting in either formation of droplet spatter and an open pore or healing of the pore via Marangoni flow.

{"Descriptor": ["Nickel-based superalloys"], "Material": ["Hastelloy X", "HX"], "Application": ["gas turbine engine", "aerospace"]}

You will be provided with a string, and your task is to extract keywords from it. The type of each keyword must be one of Material, Participating Material, Synthesis, Characterization, Environment, Phenomenon, Mesostructure or Macrostructure, Microstructure, Phase, Property, Descriptor, Operation, Result, Application, Number, or Amount Unit.

Nickel-based superalloys such as Hastelloy X (HX) are widely used in gas turbine engine applications and the aerospace industry.

{"Material": ["HX"], "Phenomenon": ["hot cracking"], "Synthesis": ["laser powder bed fusion", "LPBF"]}

You will be provided with a string, and your task is to extract keywords from it. The type of each keyword must be one of Material, Participating Material, Synthesis, Characterization, Environment, Phenomenon, Mesostructure or Macrostructure, Microstructure, Phase, Property, Descriptor, Operation, Result, Application, Number, or Amount Unit.

HX is susceptible to hot cracking, however, when processed using additive manufacturing technologies such as laser powder bed fusion (LPBF).

{"Result": ["effects", "influences"], "Descriptor": ["minor"], "Participating Material": ["alloying elements"], "Phenomenon": ["microcrack formation", "hot cracking", "failure mechanism"], "Property": ["mechanical performance"], "Synthesis": ["LPBF"], "Material": ["HX"], "Mesostructure or Macrostructure": ["lattice structures"]}

You will be provided with a string, and your task is to extract keywords from it. The type of each keyword must be one of Material, Participating Material, Synthesis, Characterization, Environment, Phenomenon, Mesostructure or Macrostructure, Microstructure, Phase, Property, Descriptor, Operation, Result, Application, Number, or Amount Unit.

This paper studies the effects of minor alloying elements on microcrack formation and the influences of hot cracking on the mechanical performance of LPBF-fabricated HX components, with an emphasis on the failure mechanism of the lattice structures.

{"Operation": ["reduction"], "Descriptor": ["minor"], "Participating Material": ["alloying elements"], "Result": ["elimination", "degrades"], "Phenomenon": ["hot cracking"], "Material": ["HX"], "Property": ["ensile strength"], "Number": ["140"], "Amount Unit": ["MPa"]}

You will be provided with a string, and your task is to extract keywords from it. The type of each keyword must be one of Material, Participating Material, Synthesis, Characterization, Environment, Phenomenon, Mesostructure or Macrostructure, Microstructure, Phase, Property, Descriptor, Operation, Result, Application, Number, or Amount Unit.

The experimental results demonstrate that a reduction in the amount of minor alloying elements used in the alloy results in the elimination of hot cracking in the LPBF-fabricated HX; however, this modification degrades the tensile strength by around 140 MPa.

{"Mesostructure or Macrostructure": ["microcracks", "high-angle grain boundaries"], "Descriptor": ["formed uniformly", "intergranular", "Mo-rich"], "Phenomenon": ["carbide segregation"]}

You will be provided with a string, and your task is to extract keywords from it. The type of each keyword must be one of Material, Participating Material, Synthesis, Characterization, Environment, Phenomenon, Mesostructure or Macrostructure, Microstructure, Phase, Property, Descriptor, Operation, Result, Application, Number, or Amount Unit.

The microcracks were found to have formed uniformly at the high-angle grain boundaries, indicating that the cracks were intergranular, which is associated with Mo-rich carbide segregation.

{"Property": ["plastic-collapse strength", "strut sizes"], "Result": ["increase"], "Operation": ["increasing"]}

You will be provided with a string, and your task is to extract keywords from it. The type of each keyword must be one of Material, Participating Material, Synthesis, Characterization, Environment, Phenomenon, Mesostructure or Macrostructure, Microstructure, Phase, Property, Descriptor, Operation, Result, Application, Number, or Amount Unit.

The study also shows that the plastic-collapse strength tends to increase with increasing strut sizes (i.e.

{"Descriptor": ["with cracking", "cracking-free"], "Material": ["HX"], "Mesostructure or Macrostructure": ["lattice structures"], "Result": ["higher"], "Property": ["strength"]}

You will be provided with a string, and your task is to extract keywords from it. The type of each keyword must be one of Material, Participating Material, Synthesis, Characterization, Environment, Phenomenon, Mesostructure or Macrostructure, Microstructure, Phase, Property, Descriptor, Operation, Result, Application, Number, or Amount Unit.

relative density) in both the ‘with cracking’ and ‘cracking-free’ HX lattice structures, but the cracking-free HX exhibit a higher strength value.