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135
af41e1b3-302d-46d6-8a5a-78daef2cf5c0
Retinoblastoma best evaluated by -
Ultrasonography
CT SCAN
CT SCAN + MRI
MRI
2c
single
Ans. is 'c' i.e., CT SCAN + MRI Imaging in Retinoblastomao MRI - best for challenging retinoblastoma patient evaluation; also used to rule out optic nerve and intracranial invovlemento CT SCAN - detects calcification, can also be used for initial evaluation.o MRI + CT SCAN - best for trilateral, tetralateral, recurrent retinoblastoma, metastases from retinoblastoma
Radiology
Ultrasonography, CT, and MRI
6fd5a56d-28e1-4720-a5a2-b384c31f0644
Loss of an anatomical structure or a physiological function is called:
Disability
Impairment
Handicap
Paralysis
1b
multi
Ans: b (Impairment) Ref: Park, 19th ed, p. 39,40Impairment- is defined as any loss or abnormality of psychological, physiological, or anatomical structure or function.e.g., loss of foot, defective vision, or mental retardation.Disability- is defined as any restriction or lack of ability to perform an activity in the manner or within the range considered normal for a human being.Handicap- is defined as a disadvantage for a given individual, resulting from an impairment or disability, which limits or prevents the fulfillment of a role, that is normal (depending on the age, sex, and social and cultural factors) for that individual.Taking accidents as an example the above terms can be explained as:AccidentDisease (disorder)Loss of footImpairment (extrinsic or intrinsic)Cannot walkDisability (objectified)unemployedHandicap (socialized)Disease --- impairment --- disability --- handicap
Social & Preventive Medicine
Concept of Health and Disease
6e06ea6e-b963-4f73-a1b2-4b1b716f847a
Transcription is inhibited by
Actinomycin D
Amanitin
Chloramphenicol
Streptomycin
0a
single
Clindamycin -D antibiotics from StreptomycesMode of action is by inseion of phenoxa-zone ring between two G-C bp of DNA USed as anti-cancer drugRef: DM Vasudevan, 7th edition, page no: 593 table 45.2
Biochemistry
Metabolism of nucleic acids
a400d365-6ada-45c8-a8cb-695be84522a7
A wave in ERG is due to activity of-
Pigmented epithelium
Rods and cones
Ganglion cell
Bipolar cell
1b
single
Ans. is 'b' i.e.. Rods and cones Electroretinogramo The changes induced by the stimulation of light in the resting potential of the eye are measured by electroretinography. It is extinguished or absent in complete failure of function of rods and cones, e.g. pigmentary retinal dystrophy, complete occlution of retinal artery, complete retinal detachment, advanced siderosis etc.Negative 'a1 wave represent the activity in rods and cones.Positive 'b' wave arises in inner retinal layers.Positive 'c' wave is associated with the pigmentary epithelium.Uses1) Diagnosis and prognosis of retinal disorders such as retinitis pigmentosa, Leber's congenital amaurosis, retinal ischaemia and other chorioretinal degenerations.2) To assess retinal function when fundus examination is not possible, e.g. in the presence of dense cataract and corneal opacity.3) To assess the retinal function of the babies where possibilities of impaired vision is considered.
Ophthalmology
Techniques of Ocular Examination and Diagnostic Tests
e6f2c9b3-955d-485d-9780-ed918cbb4239
Which of the following mechanisms is not responsible for complications in DM
Non enzymatic glycosylation
Protein Kinase C activation
Disturbance in polyol pathway
Chronic inflammation
3d
single
The things responsible for chronic complications of DM are 1)Formation of Advanced glucation end products 2) Activation of Protein Kinase C 3)Oxidative stress and disturbance in Polyol pathways . Possible complications include: Cardiovascular disease. ... Nerve damage (neuropathy). ... Kidney damage (nephropathy). ... Eye damage (retinopathy). ... Foot damage. ... Skin conditions. ... Hearing impairment. ... Alzheimer's disease Ref: Robbins and cotrans 9e Pg 1116
Pathology
Endocrinology
25507155-30c8-4ded-bbcd-301eed6c8789
Hemolysis is seen in all except:
Haemophilia.
Thalassemia.
Sickle cell anemia.
Methotrexate therapy.
0a
multi
Other than these, hemolysis is also seen in hemolytic jaundice.
Physiology
null
b29a2276-4d5e-4d35-b1de-e9a1cf60736f
A full course of immunization against, Tetanus with 3 doses of Tetanus toxoid, confers immunity for how many years -
5
10
15
20
0a
single
<p> 5 years TT given as a primary course of immunisation of two doses at interval of 1-2 month.then a booster after 1 year. The opinion was expressed that no more than one additional. Booster dose given 5 year after the third dose is required in adult in developing countries. Reference:Park&;s textbook of preventive and social medicine,K.Park,23rd edition,page no:312. <\p>
Social & Preventive Medicine
Communicable diseases
7806b970-b729-45ee-93d2-397d23f410e4
Overgrowth of the bile duct in a localized region is
Hamaoma
Choristoma
Polyp
Malignant tumor
0a
single
The term hamaoma refers to an excessive, focal overgrowth of cells and tissues native to the organ in which it occurs. Although the cellular elements are mature and identical to those found in the remainder of the organ, they do not reproduce the normal architecture of the surrounding tissue. Von Meyenburg complexes are small bile duct hamaomas. Occasional von Meyenburg complexes are common in otherwise normal individuals. When they are diffuse they signal the underlying, more clinically impoant fibropolycystic disease. Reference: Robbins and Cotran Pathologic Basis of Disease; 9th edition; Chapter 18; Liver and Gallbladder
Pathology
G.I.T
d0fca57d-d316-4112-83db-49962ecccc4b
Which is the most common complication in Monoamniotic twins?
Discordance
Cord entanglement
Conjoined twins
Intertwining
3d
single
Ans. D. Intertwining. (Ref. Williams Obstetrics 22nd ed. ch. 39. Multifetal Gestation; Fig. 39-16).TypeUNIQUE COMPLICATIONSMONOAMNIONIC TWINSApproximately 1 percent of monozygotic twins are monoamnionic.A high fetal death rate is associated with this rare variety of monozygotic twinning.Intertwining of their umbilical cords, a common cause of death, is estimated to complicate at least half of cases.DISCORDANT TWINSThe cause of birthweight inequality in twin fetuses is often unclear, but evidence indicates that etiology in monochorionic twins differs from that in dichorionic twins.ACARDIAC TWINTwin reversed-arterial-perfusion (TRAP) sequence is a rare (1 in 35,000 births) but serious complication of monochorionic, monozygotic multiple gestation.CONJOINED TWINSThe majority are of the thoracopagus.Twin-to-Twin Transfusion SyndromeIn this syndrome, blood is transfused from a donor twin to its recipient sibling such that the donor becomes anemic and its growth may be restricted, whereas the recipient becomes polycythemic and may develop circulatory overload manifest as hydrops. The donor twin is pale, and its recipient sibling is plethoric. Seen in Monochorionic twin. Overview of the incidence of twin pregnancy Zygosity & corresponding twin-specific complicationsTwin-Specific Complication (percent)Type of TwinningTwinsFetal Growth RestrictionPreterm DeliveryPlacental Vascular AnastomosisPerinatal MortalityDizygotic802540010-12Monozygotic204050 15-18Diamnionic/dichorionic6-73040018-20Diamnionic/monochorionic13-14506010030-40Monoamnionic/monochorionic< 14060-7080-9058-60Conjoined0.002- 0.008--70-8010070-90Extra Educational points:In women with a uterus that appears large for gestational age, the following possibilities are considered:# Multiple fetuses# Elevation of the uterus by a distended bladder# Inaccurate menstrual history# Hydramnios# Hydatidiform mole# Uterine myomas# A closely attached adnexal mass# Fetal macrosomia (late in pregnancy)
Gynaecology & Obstetrics
Miscellaneous (Gynae)
a44dd2df-8836-4fb1-9ec2-97e74c8e8f33
All have chances of DVT except -
Hip fracture & resting
Young < 25yrs age
Decreased protein C & S
Factor V defect
1b
multi
Ans. is 'b' i.e., Young <25 yrs. Risk factors for DVT -o Advanced Age# Major abdominal.''orthopedic surgery/major trauma# Prolonged immobilisation (>3 days)# HRT and OCP use# Pregnancy and puerperium# Malignancy# Obesity/Diabetes/CHF/Shock# Nephrotic syndrome# Varicose veins# Antiphospholipid antibody syndrome# Myeloproliferative disease# Tobacco Smoking
Unknown
null
baf85b5b-580b-4b5a-89b7-e6352413dd60
A 5-year-old boy is brought in by his mother because of petechial bleeding and bruises on his torso and limbs. The child doesn't have any other signs or symptoms and doesn't appear to be ill. Mother reports gastrointestinal infection several weeks prior to petechiae and bruising. CBC shows thrombocytopenia (<20xl09/L). Other parameters of CBC are within expected range for age. Also, PT, PTT and metabolic panels are all within referent range. What is the expected outcome of this blood disorder?
Complete resolution is expected
Survival rate is up to 70% depending on risk stratification
Lifelong disease dependent on factor VIII substitution
Lifelong disease dependent on factor IX substitution
0a
multi
Answer: a) Complete resolution is expectedDiagnosis appears to be UP. It usually follows viral infections in children aged 2 to 5 years and is of autoimmune origin. It is self-limiting in most cases and resolves completely in 6 weeks to 6 months in 80% of children.IMMUNE THROMBOCYTOPENIC PURPURA (ITP)CHRONIC ITP* More common form* Most common in adult women < 40 yrs (female-to-male ratio -3:1)* Can be associated with connective tissue diseases, lymphoproliferative disease, medications and infections (hepatitis C virus and HIV)* Auto-antibodies (mostly IgG) against platelet membrane glycoproteins (llb-llla or Ib-IX)* Spleen is the major site of destruction of platelets* Petechiae, ecchymosis, easy bruising, bleeding from nose and gums, menorrhagia* Splenomegaly & lymphadenopathy - rare* Subarachnoid and intracerebral hemorrhage are rare but fatal complications* Wet purpura (blood blisters in the mouth)* Peripheral smear shows abnormally large platelets (megathrombocytes) & low platelet count* Bone marrow - hypercellular & increased megakaryocytes* Bleeding time prolonged* PT and PTT are normalTreatment* Initial treatment for patients without significant bleeding: Glucocorticoids (Prednisone or Dexa) +- IV immunoglobulin or anti-D or anti-CD20 antibody (rituximab)* Two-thirds of patients respond to initial treatment, but most people relapse following reduction of the corticosteroid dose* Patients with severe ITP and/or symptoms of bleeding: hospital admission and combined therapy (high-dose glucocorticoids + IVIgG or anti-RhO (D) therapy)* Relapse: Splenectomy* Refractory cases: Thrombopoietin receptor agonists (Romiplostim and eltrombopag) or splenectomyACUTE ITP* Disease of childhood* Affects both sexes equally* Onset is abrupt* Many cases are preceded by viral illness* The usual interval between the infection and onset of purpura is 2 weeks* Self-limited, spontaneous resolution in 6 months* 20% children (those without viral prodrome) have persistent low platelet counts after 6 months
Pathology
Blood
ff891aa6-bfb4-4831-8311-3c6a6e0cc2d5
Non competitive inhibition is
Reversible
Irreversible
Any of the above
None of the above
2c
multi
Features of noncompetitive inhibition Inhibitor have no structural resemblance to substrate. Mostly Irreversible (Except a few reversible non-competitive inhibition). Excess substrate do not abolish the inhibition. Km remains the same. Vmax remains the same. Features of competitive inhibition Inhibitor will be structural analogue of substrate. Reversible. Excess substrate abolishes inhibition. Vmax remains the same. Km increases.
Biochemistry
null
c735f345-e8f6-4cfd-9a51-f66c3954a9b2
The earliest manifestations of Chronic lead poisoning include:
Colic and Constipation
Encephalopathy
Punctate basophilia
Lower limb paralysis
2c
single
C i.e. Punctate basophilia
Forensic Medicine
null
f15d3fea-55ff-4db1-9961-cdd0f476500a
Percentage of sucrose solution used for newborn analgesia is:
5%
10%
24%
50%
2c
single
Analgesia in newborn A. Analgesia for minimally-invasive Sucrose analgesia is drug of choice
Unknown
null
a1c23f84-0185-4d56-b16f-05785a4b1215
Which of the following drugs are useful for long term treatment of congestive hea failure
Digoxin
Ramipril
Dobutamine
Spironolactone
2c
single
Dobutamine (Ref: KDT 6/e p507) Dobutamine is indicated only for the acute treatment of decompensated CHF. Cardiac glycosides (digoxin) can be used for acute treatment as well as maintenance therapy of CHF. ACE inhibitors and spironolactone are indicated only for chronic CHF.
Anatomy
Other topics and Adverse effects
eaa7b4f1-92a3-4441-b24e-ac195daf4185
Which of the following drug possess similar cycloplegic action and is more potent mydriatic than atropine is:
Hyoscine.
Tropicamide.
Homatropine.
All of the above.
0a
multi
It's  duration of action is also long but less than the atropine.
Pharmacology
null
d08d3bf0-d69f-4931-ae89-ae21938c5429
Which of the following vitamin deficiency is found in patients with gastric cancer ?
Vitamin C
Vitamin B 12
Vitamin A
Vitamin D
1b
single
Gastric cancers can grow to an extent to cause damage to cells producing intrinsic factors and hence vitamin B12 deficiency. Vitamin B12 deficiency may also occur in post gastrectomy patients of gastric carcinoma, autoimmune pernicious anemia predisposing to gastric cancer and atrophic gastritis.
Medicine
null
3b6e62a4-8100-433a-9f62-d95802c0729b
A 25-year-old woman complains of persistent bleeding for 5 days after a dental extraction. She has noticed easy bruisability since childhood and was given a blood transfusion at age 17 because of prolonged bleeding after an apparently minor cut. She denies ecchymoses or bleeding into joints. Her father has noticed similar symptoms but has not sought medical care. Physical examination is normal except for mild oozing from the dental site. She does not have splenomegaly or enlarged lymph nodes. Her CBC is normal, with a platelet count of 230,000. Her prothrombin time is normal, but the partial thromboplastin time is mildly prolonged. The bleeding time is 12 minutes (normal 3-9 minutes). What is most appropriate way to control her bleeding?
Factor VIII concentrate
Fresh frozen plasma
Desmopressin (DDAVP)
Whole blood transfusion
2c
multi
This woman's lifelong history of excessive bleeding suggests an inherited bleeding problem, as does the positive family history. The prolonged PTT indicates a deficiency of factors VIII, IX, XI, or XII, but the commonest of these deficiencies (classic hemophilia A and Christmas disease, or hemophilia B) are vanishingly rare in women. Furthermore, the continued oozing from dental sites and the absence of ecchymoses or hemarthroses suggest a platelet function disorder, as does the prolonged bleeding time. Von Willebrand disease is an autosomal dominant condition that leads to both platelet and factor VIII dysfunction and is the likeliest diagnosis in this patient. Although factor VIII concentrates can be used for life-threatening bleeding, most will respond to desmopressin, which raises the von Willebrand factor level in the most common form (the so- called type 1 form) of this disease. Mild von Willebrand disease is fairly common (1 in 250 individuals). Fresh frozen plasma and whole blood are much less effective ways to deliver factor YIII. Platelet transfusion would not be as effective as correction of the von Willebrand factor level.
Medicine
Oncology
69502b1e-c39c-48db-b564-5dc182d64ffb
In Niacin deficiency, all of the following are seen except -
Deafness
Diarrhea
Dementia
Dermatitis
0a
multi
- niacin is essential for the metabolism of carbohydrate, fat and protein. It is also essential for the normal functioning of skin , intestinal and nervous system. - niacin deficiency results in pellagra. The disease is characterized by diarrhea, dermatitis and dementia. Reference: Park's textbook of preventive and social medicine, 23rd edition, pg no:619 <\p>
Social & Preventive Medicine
Nutrition and health
3849cc1d-be7b-4b85-870e-cc171bb963e6
Duration of adolescent stage in boys is
3 years
3-5 years
4 years
5 years
3d
single
null
Dental
null
63e567b3-f433-4eec-b04f-51a7b5f0cf76
In acute inflammation, contraction of endothelial cells results in the following:
Delayed transient increase in permeability
Early transient increase in permeability
Delayed permanent increase in permeability
Early permanent increase in permeability
1b
single
Endothelial cell contraction leading to intercellular gaps in postcapillary venules is the most common cause of increased vascular permeability. Endothelial cell contraction occurs rapidly after binding of histamine, bradykinin, leukotrienes, and many other mediators to specific receptors, and is usually sho lived (15-30 min). Ref: Robbins Basic Pathology edited by Vinay Kumar, Abul K. Abbas, Jon C. Aster, 2012, Page 34.
Pathology
null
f51d6bb6-73c6-4d09-84d5-e4c9fef7c0e8
Type I muscle fibers rich in myosin heavy chain are
Fast contracting, susceptible to fatigue
Slow contracting, susceptible to fatigue
Fast contracting, resistant to fatigue
Slow contracting, resistant to fatigue
3d
single
Ans. d (Slow contracting, resistant to fatigue)Two Major Fiber Types: type I and type II fibers Type IType II Slow TwitchFast TwitchMyosin ATPaseLowHighEnergy utilizationLowHighMitochondriaManyFewColorRedWhiteMyoglobinYesNoContraction rateSlowFastDurationProlongedShortResistance to fatigueincreased /morelessEducational points:ProteinLocationComment orjunctionTitinReaches from the Z line to the M lineLargest protein in body. Role in relaxation of muscle.NebulinFrom Z line along length of actin filamentsMay regulate assembly and length of actin filaments.ctr Act in inAnchors actin to Z linesStabilizes actin filaments.DesminLies alongside actin filamentsAttaches to plasma membrane (plasmalemma).DystrophinAttached to plasmalemmaDeficient in Duchenne muscular dystrophy.Mutations of its gene can also cause dilated cardiomyopathy.CalcineurinCytosolA calmodulin-regulated protein phosphatase.May play important roles in cardiac hypertrophy and in regulating amounts of slow and fast twitch muscles.Myosin-binding protein CArranged transversely in sarcomere A-bandsBinds myosin and titin. Plays a role in maintaining the structural integrity of the sarcomere.
Physiology
General
ce8dcd65-5696-4a35-b255-c544b8124285
What is the function of DNA ligase?
Unwinding (denaturation) of dsDNA to provide as ssDNA template
Seals the single strand nick between the nascent chain and Okazaki fragments on lagging strand
Initiation of DNA synthesis and elongation
Initiates synthesis of RNA primers
1b
single
DNA ligase Seals the single strand nick between the nascent chain and Okazaki fragments on lagging strandRef: Harpers Illustrated Biochemistry, 30th edition, page no: 382
Biochemistry
Metabolism of nucleic acids
a38cd2ff-3c8d-4773-a9ab-70fb73ff1fb1
Which of the following anti-Parkinson drugs has the potential to cause retroperitoneal fibrosis ?
Pramipexole
Entacapone
Bromocriptine
Ropinirole
2c
single
Ans. is 'c' i.e., Bromocriptine Retroperitoneal fibrosis can be caused by ergot antiparkinsonism drugs (bromocriptine and pergolide).
Pharmacology
null
33680b52-ee71-42b3-9abd-dd7bcc6e5f43
Which receptors are present in liver for uptake of LDL:
Apo E
Apo A and Apo E
Apo E and Apo B100
Apo B100
2c
single
Apo E and Apo B100 "Apolipoproteins carry out several roles: (1) they can form pa of the structure of the lipoprotein, eg, apo B; (2) they are enzyme cofactors, eg, C-II for lipoprotein lipase, A-I for lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase, or enzyme inhibitors, eg, apo A-II and apo C-III for lipoprotein lipase, apo C-I for cholesteryl ester transfer protein; and (3) they act as ligands for interaction with lipoprotein receptors in tissues, eg, apo B-100 and apo E for the LDL receptor, apo E for the LDL receptor-related protein (LRP), which has been identified as the remnant receptor, and apo A-I for the HDL receptor. The functions of apo A-IV and apo D, however, are not yet clearly defined."-Harper 26/ p206 "The liver and many extrahepatic tissues express the LDL (B-100, E) receptor. It is so designated because it is specific for apo B-I00 but not B-48..." - Harper 26/e p209
Biochemistry
null
910b1354-0a99-469f-a654-336d754ed8f9
Pseudo gestational sac is seen in the USG of
Missed aboion
Ectopic gestation
Complete aboion
Hematometra
1b
single
Pseudo gestational sac : Irregular in outline Usually, uterus is centrally located No double decidual sign Sac remains empty Seen in ectopic pregnancy Ref: Dutta Obs 9e pg 601.
Gynaecology & Obstetrics
General obstetrics
3ee7a15a-0141-4ec8-beef-018452278ae3
True about the chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
FEVI <30 of predicted value
FEV1/FVC<0.7
total lung capacity increased
All
3d
multi
In COPD, airflow obstruction is demonstrated by spirometry in which the post-bronchodilator FEV1/FVC is less than 70%. The severity of COPD may be defined in relation to the post-bronchodilator FEV1 which is <30% predicted in very severe type. Measurement of lung volumes provides an assessment of hyperinflation.COPD is characterised by an increase in residual volume, residual volume/total lung capacity ratio, and progressive hyperinflation(increased total lung capacity) late in the disease.
Medicine
null
18d1fca1-b5af-4450-ad57-b35ec8100bfd
Ectopia lentis in a child is seen in which of the following disease?
Sarcoidosis
Homocystinuria
Alkaptonuria
Wilson disease
1b
single
null
Pediatrics
FMGE 2018
8f7c275b-2ba9-4771-ab96-bddcf3e0734d
Alcoholic presents with psychosis and memory loss. Probable diagnosis is:
Wernicke's encephalopathy
Wernicke's Korsakoff psychosis
Acute psychosis
None of the above
1b
multi
Alcoholic patients with chronic thiamine deficiency may also have central nervous system (CNS) manifestations known as Wernicke's encephalopathy, consisting of horizontal nystagmus, ophthalmoplegia (due to weakness of one or more extraocular muscles), cerebellar ataxia, and mental impairment. When there is an additional loss of memory and a confabulatory psychosis, the syndrome is known as Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome. Ref: Harrison's principle of internal medicine 17th edition, chapter 71.
Medicine
null
e4b0f449-dbc2-4e5c-a08d-79793ae8763a
The glycolytic enzyme Enolase is inhibited by
Iodoacetate
Fluoride
Arsenate
Arsenic
1b
single
null
Biochemistry
Metabolism of carbohydrate
bdf0a32e-2bc4-4847-b219-edfe75659a2b
All of the followings are signs of reversible cell injury; except:
Loss of microvilli
Cell Swelling
Bleb formation
Dense Mitochondrial deposit
3d
multi
Ans. (d) Dense Mitochondrial depositRef: Robbins and Cotran Pathologic Basic Disease 9th Ed; Page No-40Cell injuryReversible cell injuryIrreversible cell injury* Cellular swelling* Loss of microvilli* Formation of cytoplasmic blebs* ER swelling* Ribosomal detachment* Myelin figures* Clumping of nuclear chromatin* Flocculent, amorphous mitochondrial densities* Swelling & disruption of lysosomes* Plasma membrane damage* Pyknosis* Karyolysis* Karyorrhexis
Pathology
Cellular Pathology
512c15ea-3b99-4b5c-8dc8-7854a67f3660
Power of reduced eye is ?
55 D
60 D
65 D
70 D
1b
single
Ans. is b' i.e., 60 D Reduced eve (Reduced schematic eye) In schematic model, the optical system of eye behaves like a combination of lenses. The reduced schematic eye treats the eye as if it were a single refracting element consisting of an ideal spherical surface separating two media of refractive indices of 1.00 (air in external environment) and 1.33 (eye as a whole). So, in reduced eye, the entire system (of eye) can be regarded as one lens with one optical centre which lies in the posterior pa of crystalline lens. The diopteric power of reduced eye is + 60D, of which + 44D is contributed by cornea and + 16D by the crystalline lens. Reduced eye concept was introduced by Listing, therefore, it is also referred to as Listing's reduced eye.
Ophthalmology
null
2acf7e1a-5870-4840-8925-0ae70de2da31
The length of the eye ball is
12 mm
16 mm
20 mm
24 mm
3d
multi
D. i.e. 24 mm Antero posterior diameter of eye is 17.5 mm at bih and reaches 24 mm in adultQ Eye Diameter Power Pressure Refractory index Veical 23 mm Lens +16DQ Goldmann 10.4 - 20. Air 1 Horizontal 23.5 Cornea +44 DQ applantation 4 mmHg Aqueous 1.336 mm Total +60 DQ Schiotz 10.5- 21.7 Humor Anteroposte- 24 New born eye +2.5 Indentation mmHg Vitrous 1.336 nor (adult) mmQ is DQ Humor A-P (bih) 17.5 hypermetropic Cornea 1.376 mm Crystaline 1.386? Circumference 75mm Lens 1.406Q Volume 6.5 ml (coex? core nucleus) Weight 7 gm
Ophthalmology
null
ba0e5700-7d01-4259-98e8-e1053b1eb8a9
Wilm' s tumor associated with A/E
Hemihypertrophy
Aniridia
Hypertension
Bilateral polycystic kidney disease
3d
single
The genitourinary anomalies most commonly associated with Wilms tumor are hypoplasia, fusion and ectopia of the kidney, duplications of the collecting systems, hypospadias, and cryptorchidism (Bilateral polycystic kidney disease is not associated with the Wilm's tumor) Syndromes Associated with Wilms Tumor Several syndromes and congenital abnormalities commonly are reported in patients with Wilms tumor. WAGR syndrome (contiguous gene deletion of WT1 & PAX6 on 11P13) It consists of Wilms tumor, Aniridia, Genitourinary abnormalities (cryptorchidism, streak ovaries, bicornuate uterus, ambiguous genitalia), and Mental retardation. Patients with this syndrome have a constitutional deletion of chromosome 11p13 where the Wilms tumor gene, WT1, and the aniridia gene, PAX6, are located. Denys- Drash syndrome(missense mutation in WT1 gene)  It is characterized by Male pseudohermaphrodism, Early-onset renal failure characterized by mesangial sclerosis and Increased risk of Wilms tumor. Patients with this syndrome typically carry a missense mutation in the WT1 gene. Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome (WT2 gene abnormality on chromosome 11P15.5) It is characterized by Hemihypertrophy, Macroglossia, Visceromegaly, Omphalocele Risk of developing Wilms tumor (3-5%) A variety of 11p15.5 abnormalities have been reported in patients with this syndrome, and it is postulated that a second Wilms tumor gene, WT2, is located in this region. Loss of imprinting of the insulin-like growth factor 2 gene, an epigenetic process, also is associated with Wilms tumor. Other syndromes or conditions with an increased risk of Wilms tumor include: Hemihypertrophy, Sporadic aniridia, Genitourinary anomalies, Pearlman syndrome, Sotos syndrome, Neurofibromatosis (von Recklinghausen disease), and Von Willebrand disease. About option 'c' Hypertension. "Hypertension also has been described and probably is due to renal ischemia."- Nelson More about Wilm's tumor (also k/a nephroblastoma): Wilm's tumor is the most common renal neoplasm & 2nd most common malignant abdominal tumor, in children (Most common abdominal malignant tumor is neuroblastoma) Peak incidence is between 2 and 5 yrs of age. 5-10% are bilateral; either both kidneys are involved simultaneously (synchronous) or one after the other (metachronous) Clinical features of W.T. Abdominal lump (most common presenting feature) Abdominal pain Vomiting Hematuria Hypertension Treatment: High cure rates of 80-90% can be achieved with multimodality treatment using surgery, chemotherapy & radiotherapy Surgical resection is done in all stages followed by chemotherapy (stage I&II) or chemotherapy + radiotherapy (stage III, IV, V) Pre op chemotherapy is given in inoperable & bilateral cases Chemotherapeutic agents used are Vincristine, Dactinomycin, Doxorubicin & Cyclophosphamide.
Surgery
null
dd2165a8-d5fd-4d6e-b84c-9b0580d24065
All are caused by Herpes simplex virus except
CA cervix
Gingivostomatitis
Mollaret meningitis
Herpes labialis
0a
multi
CA cervix is caused by human papilloma virus.
Microbiology
null
0a261053-64d5-452f-a294-54ae003d94e8
Great auricular nerve originates from?
C2,C3
C3,C4
C4,C5
C5,C6
0a
single
The great auricular nerve is a superficial branch of the cervical plexus composed of branches of spinal C2 and C3. It provides sensory innervation to the skin overlying the parotid gland, angle of mandible, external ear and posterior auricular region. The skin of the face is supplied by three divisions of the trigeminal nerve except for the small area over the angle of mandible and parotid gland which is supplied by greater auricular nerve(C2,C3).
Anatomy
null
dda9dc5f-93d2-44aa-a958-33f7d46e86cf
Function of CAMP
Ion exchange
Activation of protein kinase
Activation of Ryanodine receptors
Release of acetylcholine
1b
single
CAMP is a secondary messager, used for intracellular signal transduction, such as transferring into cells the effect of hormones like glucagon etc.it is involved in activation of protein kinase Ref:Guyton and Hall textbook of medical physiology 12th edition,page number 540 ,541,542
Physiology
General physiology
a1e42807-b475-4583-bf43-010ba311d45d
Birth trauma is a risk factor for:
Prolapse uterus
Endometriosis
PID
Abortions
0a
single
Birth trauma is an important aetiological factor for prolapse.
Gynaecology & Obstetrics
null
9a031386-ad7b-4a94-8302-1ade0d9a0c21
During an operation if a pair of scissors is left in abdomen it is known as:(2004)
Petty's method
Res ipsa forcepalis
Res ipsa loquitor
Pharaoh's serpents
2c
single
Ans: cRef: Parikh, 6th ed, p. 1.43
Forensic Medicine
Law & Medicine, Identification, Autopsy & Burn
38fac735-9e58-4d5e-8c6a-5fd9e22550c8
Paranasal sinuses presents at bih are
Frontal and maxillary
Ethmoid and maxillary
Frontal and ethmoid
Sphenoid and ethmoid
1b
single
Paranasal sinuses develop as outpouchings from the mucous membrane of a lateral wall of the nose. The growth of sinuses continues during childhood and into early adult life. Radiologically maxillary sinuses can be identified at 4-5 months, ethmoids at 1 year, sphenoid at 4 years and frontals at 6 years. Reference: Diseases of ear, nose and throat; PL Dhingra; 6th edition; Pg no.189
ENT
Nose and paranasal sinuses
7af9613f-59e3-4ffd-815a-0cdbbf36a008
The incidence of carcinoma cervix in women with multiple sexual paners is 5 times the incidence seen in those with a single paner. Based on this, what is the attributable risk?
20%
40%
50%
80%
3d
single
- If the incidence of carcinoma cervix in those with single paner is 'I' , then the incidence in those with multiple sexual paners will be 5 'I'. - Now attributable risk = (Incidence in exposed-Incidence in non-exposed/Incidence in exposed ) X 100 = (5I-I / 5I) X 100 = (4/5) X 100 = 80%.
Social & Preventive Medicine
Classification, Coho Study
3fce2d1e-23c7-4b14-b957-a75f89a25ce9
Secondary amyloidosis complicates which of the following:
Pneumonia
Chronic glomerulonephritis
Irritable bowel syndrome
Chronic osteomyelitis
3d
single
Chronic osteomyelitis
Pathology
null
efdf46e2-6ae1-4055-9955-729d4253634a
Thiopentone is used for induction anaesthesia, because it is –
Smooth induction
Rapidly redistributed
Rapid redistribution
easy to monitor
0a
single
All inducing agents have smooth and fast induction. Therefore they are used as inducing agents. Rapid redistribution is responsible for very short duration of action (rapid recovery), not for induction.
Anaesthesia
null
9ce354ad-9625-4b51-8c82-29678ba78237
If TFR in a population is 4, then GRR would be (approx.)
2
4
8
16
0a
single
- GRR or NRR= 1/2 TFR (approx.) - In given question, TFR is 4; hence GRR is half of 4 = 2
Social & Preventive Medicine
Definition & Concepts
1a763a37-0c5b-4b03-a8a8-4b0add7aa507
Pericardial space is present between ?
Endocardium and pericardium
Epicardium and pericardium
Endocardium and epicardium
Parietal and visceral pericardium
3d
single
Pericardial space (pericardial cavity) lies between parietal serous pericardium and visceral serous pericardium.
Anatomy
null
cd4677e8-4118-42d4-aa01-aa42d84f341c
Which of the following is primary prevention-
Screening test
Early diagnosis
Use of mosquito net
Restoration of lost function
2c
single
null
Social & Preventive Medicine
null
92cc1e0b-f7bf-4dd0-8c44-efd0924c2c0b
Chacroid is caused by?
N. Gonnorrea
H. Ducrei
T. Pallidum
H. Influenza
1b
multi
See APPENDIX-47 for list of “STDs” CHANCROID (SOFT SORE) This venereal infection is caused by the Gram-negative bacillus Haemophilus ducreyi. One to 5 days postinfection, a soft sloughy ulcer appears on the penis or vulva. The treatment of choice is erythromycin (500 mg 6-hourly for 14 days).
Dental
null
f3e4f6c6-a5bd-4172-8156-913eb996a505
Metrifonate is effective against:
Amoebiasis
Leishmaniosis
Schistosomiasis
Giardiasis
2c
single
Schistosomiasis
Pharmacology
null
c687fdeb-4569-46ff-9a63-a650ed9b0d37
For which malignancy, intensity Modulated Radiotherapy is the most suitable
Lung
Prostate
Leukemias
Stomach
1b
single
The prostate is a walnut-sized gland located between the bladder and the penis. The prostate is just in front of the rectum. The urethra runs through the center of the prostate, from the bladder to the penis, letting urine flow out of the body. The prostate secretes a fluid that nourishes and protects sperm. During ejaculation, the prostate squeezes this fluid into the urethra, and it’s expelled with sperm as semen.
Radiology
null
8d038a47-dfb3-4310-9cfb-ed3ede91fa1f
Eruption of Maxillary 2nd molar occur at
8-9 year
10-11 year
19-20 year
12-13 year
3d
single
null
Dental
null
d89cd238-c46d-45ac-800b-7e09897b371d
Most common cause of secondary postpaum hemorrhage:-
Trauma
Atonic uterus
Bleeding disorders
Retained products of conception
3d
single
Most common cause of secondary postpaum hemorrhage is retained tissues Secondary postpaum hemorrhage is bleeding 24 hours to 12 weeks after delivery. Causes of PPH(10 and 20) : Uterine atonicity Injury to any pa of genital tract Coagulopathy (von Willebrand's disease) Retained tissues - MCC of 20PPH
Gynaecology & Obstetrics
Post Paum Haemorrhage (This better stop now !)
7247b17d-945d-433a-acf2-03a6a7d6bcc0
A 53 year old male presents with an enlarged supraclavicular lymph node, and examination reveals enlargement of the Waldeyer ring of oropharyngeal lymphoid tissue. There is no hepatosplenornegaly. Lymph node biopsy reveals replacements by a monomorphous population of large lymphoid cells with enlarged nuclei and prominent nucleoli. The CBC is normal except for finding of mild anemia. Immunohistochemical staining and flow cytometry of the node reveals that most lymphoid cells are CDl9 CD10=,CD3-, CD15-, and negative (TdT). These findings are most consistent with a diagnosis of
Chronic lymphadenitis
Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma
Hodgkin disease
Lymphoblastic lymphoma
1b
multi
Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma occurs in older individuals and frequently presents as localized disease with extranodal involvement, paicularly of the Waldeyer ring. The staining pattern indicates a B-cell proliferation (CD19, CD1O). T-cell (CD3) and monocytic (CD15) markers are absent, TdT can be expressed in B- lineage cells at an earlier stage of maturation. Small lymphocytic lymphoma is also a B-cell neoplasm, but it manifests with widespread lymphadenopathy, liver and spleen enlargement, and lymphocytosis, Lymphoblastic lymphoma is a T-cell neoplasm that occurs typically in the mediastinum of children. Reed-Stem berg cells characterize Hodgkin disease. In chronic lymphaderiitis, the lymph node has many cell types-macrophages, lymphocytes, and plasma cells. A monomorphous infiltrate is typical of non-Hodgkin lymphomas.
Medicine
null
9ecf8d5a-c156-4631-9983-520753508ca9
Clonorches sinenensis is-
Tapeworm
Roundworm
Threadworm
Fluke
3d
single
Ans. is 'd' i.e., FlukeTrematodes (fluke)o These are flat, leaf like helminths.o They can be classified depending on their site of localization in human tissues.Blood flukesVesical venous plexus: Schistosoma hematobium.Rectal venous plexus & portal venous system : S mansoni (inferior mesentric vein), S japonicum (superior mesenteric vein).Intestinal flukesSmall intestine : Fasciola buski, Heterophyes heterophes, Metagonimus vokogawi, Watsonius watsoni.Large intestine : Gastrodiscoides hominis.Tissue flukesLiver flukes : Fasciola hepatica, Clonorchis sinensis, Opisthorchis felineus, O viverrini.Lung fluke : Paragonimus westermani.o Trematodes are monoecious (hermaphrodite), i.e. sexes are not separate. One exception being Schistosomes, which are diecious with separate sexes.o Trematodes complete their life cycle in three hosts: One definitive (man) and two intermediate hosts (Freshwater snail or mollusc as first intermediate host and fish or crab as second intermediate host),o Trematodes are Oviparous and lay operculated eggs, except for schistosomes which lay non-operculated eggs.Metazoa (Helminths)NemathelminthesPlatyhelminthes ||||Class : Nemafoda(Roundworms)Class : Cestoda(Tapeworms)Class: Trematoda(Flukes)||||||||Intestinal speciesIntestinal-tissue speciesBlood-tissue speciesIntestinal speceisIntestinal-tissue speciesIntestinal speciesBlood speciesTissue species1. Enterobius vermicularisl. Triehinella spiralis1. Wuchereria bancrofti1. Taenia sagnata1. Echinococcus granulosus1. Fasciolo- psis buski1. Schis- tosoma species1. Fasciola hapatic (liver fluke)2. Trichura trichisis2. Dracunculus medinensis2. Brutgia malayi2. Taenia solium 3. Ascaris lumbricoides 3. Loa toa4. Onchocerca3. Hvmenolepsis nana 2. Parago- nimus wester-mni (lung fluke)4. Necator americanus volvulus4. Diphyllobothrium latum 5. Ancylotoma duodenalc 6. Strongyloide stercoraliss
Microbiology
Parasitology
69937838-45c4-4df6-a9b4-8cccba64d352
Use of FAST?
To detect fluid in pericardial and peritoneal sacs
Pyoperitoneum
Intestinal obstruction
Pancreatitis
0a
single
Ans. is 'a' i.e., To detect fluid in pericardial and peritoneal sacs o FASTFocused Assessment of Sonographic examination of Trauma patient is a rapid diagnostic examination to assess patients with potential thoraco abdominal injuries.It sequentially survavs for pressence of blood in pericardial sac and dependent abdominal regions.It is exquistely sensitive for detecting fluid of > 250 ml. After application of vs transmission gel, a 3.5 MHZ convex transducer is used to assess, in sequence-pericardial area, RUQ, LUQ and Pelvis.It is very accurate in assessing Hypotensive patients with blunt trauma abdomen; if FAST positive, immediate surgery is justified.
Surgery
Initial Assessment
2b7fd17a-a23b-4f44-8fff-6c5592612246
The 'Japanese Detergent Suicide Technique' involves mixing of common household chemical to produce:
H2S and other poisonous gases
Deadly foam
Deadly Acidic Compond
Deadly fluid cyanide compound
0a
single
A ie. H2S - Japanese Detergent Suicide technique involves mixing of house hold chemicals like bath sulfur with toilet bowl cleaner to produce a deadly poisonous hydrogen sulfide gas cloudQ. It is used in enclosed spaces like car or closets to achieve near instant death. American version substitutes a common insecticide for bath sulfur as bath sulfur is not available in US.
Forensic Medicine
null
428fe8cb-334f-49bb-8324-7e7f8e5a358b
Substance with same atomic number but different mass number –
Isotope
Isobar
Atom
Mineral
0a
single
Isotopes → Atoms of the same elements with same atomic number but different atomic mass (mass number).
Radiology
null
0e1e1452-e560-4bb0-95a1-6bf50c806d91
NSAIDs are used in all except -
As analgesic
In peptic ulcer
R.A.
O.A.
1b
multi
Ans. is 'b' i.e., Peptic ulcer o Peptic ulcer is a contraindication.
Pharmacology
null
dcf71d51-f812-4c7f-b037-8ebeb710b70d
On USG finding of cystic hygroma in fetus is suggestive of
Down's syndrome
Marphan's syndrome
Turner's syndrome
Klinfelter's syndrome
2c
single
C i.e. Turner's Syndrome
Radiology
null
df40b8bf-a3c0-4cbe-9ac4-28de844f579c
A 22-year-old man has a sudden loss of vision in the right eye. On physical examination, there is a subluxation of the right crystalline lens. On auscultation of the chest, a midsystolic click is audible. An echocardiogram shows a floppy mitral valve and dilated aortic arch. The patient's brother and his cousin are similarly affected. He is prescribed a beta-blocker. A genetic defect involving which of the following substances is most likely to be present in this patient?
Collagen
Dystrophin
Fibrillin-1
NF1 protein
2c
multi
Marfan syndrome is an autosomal dominant condition that is most often caused by qualitative defects in fibrillin from missense mutations in the fibrillin (FBN1) gene. An abnormal collagen gene can cause osteogenesis imperfecta and Ehlers-Danlos syndrome. Genetic mutations in the dystrophin gene are involved in Duchenne and Becker muscular dystrophies. The NF1 protein is abnormal in neurofibromatosis type 1. Disordered spectrin causes hereditary spherocytosis.
Pathology
Genetics
3fec6dd9-5e3c-4109-8c09-27d915aaf98f
Hypokalemia is seen with -
Frusemide
Coisol
Metabolic acidosis
Amiloride
0a
single
Furosemide also can lead to gout caused by hyperuricemia. Hyperglycemia is also a common side effect. The tendency, as for all loop diuretics, to cause low serum potassium concentration (hypokalemia) has given rise to combination products, either with potassium or with the potassium-sparing diuretic amiloride (Co-amilofruse). Other electrolyte abnormalities that can result from furosemide use include hyponatremia, hypochloremia, hypomagnesemia, and hypocalcemia. In the treatment of hea failure, many studies have shown that the long-term use of furosemide can cause varying degrees of thiamine deficiency, so thiamine supplementation is also suggested. Although disputed, it is considered ototoxic: "usually with large intravenous doses and rapid administration and in renal impairment". Other precautions include: nephrotoxicity, sulfonamide (sulfa) allergy, and increases free thyroid hormone effects with large doses Ref Davidson 23rd edition pg 365
Medicine
Fluid and electrolytes
ae354388-0f82-416f-8db2-764ed2181010
An 19-year-old man is admitted to the emergency room following a motorcycle accident. He is ale and fully oriented, but witnesses to the accident repo an interval of unresponsiveness following the injury. Skull films show a fracture of the left temporal bone. Following x-ray, the patient suddenly loses consciousness and dilation of the left pupil is noted. This patient should be considered to have?
Ruptured berry aneurysm
Epidural hematoma
Acute subdural hematoma
Intra Abdominal hemorrhage
1b
single
Epidural hematomas are typically caused by a tear of the middle meningeal aery or vein or a dural venous sinus. Ninety percent of epidural hematomas are associated with linear skull fractures, usually in the temporal region. The lesion appears as a hyperdense biconvex mass between the skull and brain on CT scan. The typical history is one of head trauma followed by a momentary alteration in consciousness and then a lucid interval lasting for up to a few hours. This is followed by a loss of consciousness, dilation of the pupil on the side of the epidural hematoma, and then compromise of the brainstem and death.
Surgery
null
8ff4a9ef-abc7-4c30-8812-6d051af146c8
All these structures are found in the lateral nasal wall except:
Superior turbinate
Vomer
Agger nasi
Hasner's valve
1b
multi
(b) Vomer(Ref. Cummings, 6th ed., 659)Vomer is an independent separate bone which forms the postero-inferior part of the septum proper, i.e. the medial wall of nose.Rest all are found on the lateral wall
ENT
Congenital Lesions and Stridor
df32abb3-a09e-46a5-acad-1135d15e1985
If thiopentone is injected accidently into an artery the first symptom is –
Analgesia
Paralysis
Skin ulceration
Pain
3d
single
First symptom of inadverent intra-arterial injection is pain and first sign is blanching.
Anaesthesia
null
3172055b-d115-4db9-a0ac-a3d7a99c55d2
True about pugilistic attitude?
Indicate only antimoem burn
Indicate only postmoem burn
Cannot differentiate between antemoem & postmoem burn
Indicate defense by victim during antemoem death
2c
multi
Puglistic attitude : It is due to coagulation of the proteins of the muscles and dehydration which cause contraction. The flexor muscles being bulkier than extensor, contracts more due to which joints of all limbs are flexed. It occurs whether the person was alive or dead at the time of burning. So it is non specific ,hence Cannot differentiate between antemoem & postmoem burn
Forensic Medicine
Thermal injuries
5d69e905-80fe-4c62-be1f-73f23c84639b
Which of the following drug when taken in excess can be removed by dialysis?
Digoxin
Salicylates
Benzodiazepines
Organophosphates
1b
single
Forced alkaline diuresis or hemodialysis is indicated in severe salicylate poisoning to remove unabsorbed drug. Other treatment modalities in salicylate poisoning are external cooling and intravenous fluids with sodium, potassium, bicarbonate and glucose. Gastric lavage is done to remove the unabsorbed drug. Blood transfusion and vitamin K is given if bleeding occurs. Fatal dose in salicylate poisoning is 15-30gm. Serious toxicity occur at serum salicylate levels >50mg/dl. Manifestations include vomiting, dehydration, acidotic breathing, hypoglycemia, delirium, hallucinations, convulsion, coma and death due to respiratory failure and cardiovascular collapse. Ref: Essentials of Medical Pharmacology, 5th Edition, Pages 172-3; Irwin and Rippe's Intensive Care Medicine By Richard S. Irwin, Page 1553; Pediatric Critical Care Medicine: Basic Science and Clinical Evidence By Derek S. Wheele, Page 1633.
Pharmacology
null
299b8c5b-46aa-48dd-bd70-81db6ec700b5
All of the following are true about cluster sampling except-
Samples are similar to those in simple Random sampling
Is a Rapid and simple method
The sample size may very according to study design
It is a type of probability sample
0a
multi
.
Social & Preventive Medicine
Biostatistics
ca38421f-18eb-4d4b-ab5b-cf7f8e41db46
Dofetilide is which class of anti arrhythmia drug
Class 1
Class 11
Class 111
Class 1V
2c
single
Refer kDT 7/e 529 Dofetilide is a class III antiarrhythmic agent Dofetilide is used for the maintenance of sinus rhythm in individuals prone to the occurrence of atrial fibrillation and flutterarrhythmias, and for chemical cardioversionto sinus rhythm from atrial fibrillation and flutter
Pharmacology
Cardiovascular system
b6643772-f438-480a-a68e-881bcb05598a
Bone pearl's or wax drippings is pathogonomic of:
Burns
Scalds
Lightening
Electrocution
3d
single
Ans. (D). Electrocution(Ref: Review of Forensic Medicine & toxicology; Gautum Biswas; 2nd edition; Pg - 275)
Forensic Medicine
Death and Investigations
23ee69f9-a9ea-47f8-a697-7984fd9f0ec0
Metal fume fever can be seen in poisoning by all EXCEPT: March 2003
Lead
Arsenic
Iron
Zinc
1b
multi
Ans. B i.e. Arsenic
Forensic Medicine
null
02cc032f-e632-4e71-aa24-614419c508b4
Fructose is transpoed by:
GLUT 1
GLUT 2
GLUT 5
GLUT 4
2c
single
GLUT 5is membrane channel for the facilitated diffusion of glucose It is seen in testis,gastrointestinal tract
Anatomy
General anatomy
45d47097-ba83-4b1e-89ef-584737a309b5
A child with alopecia, hyperpigmentation, hypogonadism and rash of genital area and mouth is likely to suffer from:
Iron deficiency
Zinc deficiency
Calcium deficiency
Copper deficiency
1b
single
Ans. (b) Zinc deficiencyRef. Harrison's 19th ed. / 96e-9* Zinc is an essential trace nutrient required for the proper function of more than 100 enzymes and plays a crucial role in nucleic acid metabolism.* Acrodermatitis enteropathica is an autosomal recessive disorder postulated to occur as a result of mutations in the SLC39A4 gene located on band 8q24.3.* This protein is highly expressed in the enterocytes in the duodenum and jejunum. Therefore, affected individuals have a decreased ability to absorb zinc from dietary sources. Absence of a binding ligand needed to transport zinc may further contribute to zinc malabsorption.* Clinical manifestations include diarrhea, alopecia, muscle wasting, depression, irritability, and a rash involving the extremities, face, and perineum. The rash is characterized by vesicular and pustular crusting with scaling and erythema.* Features of acrodermatitis enteropathica start appearing in the first few months of life, if mother discontinues breast milk.Deficiency and toxicity of several metalsPhosphorus ElementDeficiencyToxicityTolerable Upper (Dietary) Intake LevelBoronNo biologic function determinedDevelopmental defects, male sterility, testicular atrophy20mg/d (extrapolated from animal data)CalciumReduced bone mass, osteoporosisRenal insufficiency (milk-alkali syndrome) nephrolithiasis, impaired iron absorption, thiazide diuretics.2500 mg/d (milk alkali)CopperAnemia, growth retardation, defective keratinization and pigmentation of hair, hypothermia, degenerative changes in aortic elastin, osteopenia, mental deterioration.Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, hepatic failure, tremor, mental deterioration, hemolytc anemia, renal dysfunction10 mg/d (liver toxicity)ChromiumImpaired glucose toleranceOccupational',Renal failure, dermatitis, pulmonary cancerNot determinedFluoride|Dental cariesDental and skeletal flurosis, osteosclerosis10 mg/d (Blurosis)IodineThyroid enlargement, |T4 cretinismThyroid dysfunction, acne-like eruptions.1100 mg/d (thyroid dysfunction)IronMuscle abnormalities, koilonychia, pica anemia, |work performance, impaired cognitive development, premature labor, |perinatal maternal deathGastrointestinal effects, (nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, constipation), iron overload with organ damage, acute and chronic systemic toxicity, increased susceptibility to malaria, increased risk association with certain chronic diseases (e.g. diabetes)45 mg/d of elemental Iron (gastrointestinal side effects)ManganeseImpaired growth and skeletal development reproduction, lipid and carbohydrate metabolism, upper body rashGeneral: Neurotoxicity, Parkinson-like symptoms Occupational: Encephalitis like syndrome, Parkinson like syndrome, psychosis, pneumoconiosis.11 mg/d (neurotoxicity)MolybdenumSevere neurologic abnormalitiesReproductive and fetal abnormalities2mg/d (extrapolated from animal data)SeleniumCardiomyopathy, heart failure, striated muscle degenerationGeneral: Alopecia , nausea, vomiting, abnormal nails, emotional400 pg/d (hair, nail changes)PhosphorusRickets (osteomalacia) proximal muscle weakness, rhabdomyolysis, paresthesia, ataxia, seizure confusion, heart failure, hemolysis acidosis.Hyperphosphatemia4000 mg/dZincGrowth retardation, |taste and smell alopecia, dermatitis, diarrhea, immune dysfunction, failure to thrive, gonasal atrophy, congenital malfomations.General: Reduced copper, absorption, gastritis, sweating fever,nausea, vomitingOccupational; Respiratory distress, pulmonary fibrosis40 mg/d (impaired copper metabolism)
Biochemistry
Micronutrient Metabolism
4f6d36b2-db6f-4f40-8a15-baef636099b2
True about carcinoma esophagus is-
Most common site is lower end
Both adeno and suqamous cell carcinoma occur
Commonest histology is adenocarcinoma
More common in females
1b
multi
null
Surgery
null
c1ab2b07-4411-422d-95ad-839d5a17eb72
Use of tamoxifen in carcinoma of breast patients does not lead to the following side effects :
Thromboembolic events
Endometrial carcinoma
Cataract
Cancer in opposite breast
3d
single
null
Pharmacology
null
e72bd6ed-4a3b-4efc-9723-249191d75a80
Sternal edema is seen in -
Measles
Mumps
Diphtheria
Varicella
1b
single
null
Medicine
null
5e3358a6-bb92-44a6-9f3a-f5a824e64e00
Which of the following nerve fibers are first to get blocked by local anaesthetic
A alpha
A beta
A delta
A gamma
2c
single
Sequence of block is Beta > A delta = C > A gamma > A beta >A alpha
Anaesthesia
null
0f87aded-05af-4728-acc4-707018dabee3
Ketamine belongs to which of the following group of drugs ?
Phencyclidine
Phenols
Barbiturate
Benzodiazepine
0a
single
Ketamine is a phencyclidine derivative presented as a racemic mixture of R-and S-ketamine.
Anaesthesia
null
20bcb0e4-8217-4ec0-aaaa-4ccd27aca529
Anti-D Rh is given for: September 2005
Rh positive father,Rh positive mother
Rh negative father,Rh positive mother
Rh negative father,Rh negative mother
Rh positive father,Rh negative mother
3d
single
Ans. D: Rh positive father,Rh negative mother Rho(D) Immune Globulin is given by intramuscular injection that is used to prevent the immunological condition known as Rhesus disease (or hemolytic disease of newborn) paicularly when father is Rh positive and mother is Rh negative. It is a solution of IgG anti-D (anti-RhD) antibodies that bind to, and lead to the destruction of, fetal Rh D positive red blood cells that have passed from the fetal circulation to the maternal circulation. Therefore, in a Rhesus negative mother it can prevent sensitization of the maternal immune system to Rh D antigens, which can cause rhesus disease in the current or in subsequent pregnancies
Gynaecology & Obstetrics
null
bd44a852-56fb-4a20-b5f8-3ef956d6dc14
About Ectopia vesicae, following is true except ?
CA bladder may occur
Ventral curvature of penis
Incontinence of urine
Visible uretero - vesical efflux
1b
multi
Answer is 'b' i.e. Ventral curvature of penis Ectopia vesicae is associated with epispadias in which dorsal or upwards curvatuve of penis is noted. Ventral curvature is noted in hypospadias.
Surgery
null
c2f0d312-7bfb-4ff6-bb64-fe4ff7dba0fa
On USG finding of cystic hygroma in fetus is suggestive of :
Down's syndrome
Marfan's syndrome
Turner's syndrome
Klinfelter's syndrome
2c
single
Turner's syndrome (XO) may have - Cystic hygroma, Widely spaced nipples, Webbed neck, Infertility, Normal I.Q.
Radiology
null
157316a2-cd60-4eb0-94bc-c62da236f92f
Oesophageal atresia may occur as a pa of VACTERAL group of anomalies. What does `TE' stand for?
Tetralogy of Fallot
Thoracic empyema
Tracheo-oesophageal fistula
Talipes equinovarus
2c
multi
Ans. is 'c' i.e., Tracheo-oesophageal fistulaVACTERL association is a disorder that affects many body systems. VACTERL stands for :V:Veebral defectsA:Anal atresiaC:Cardiac defectsTE:Tracheo-Esophageal fistulaR:Renal anomalies,L:Limb abnormalities.People diagnosed withVACTERL association typically have at least three of these characteristic features.
Pediatrics
null
bd99710c-5f78-4222-a191-45872a9cbcf3
The time between primary and secondary case is called:
A period of communicability
Serial interval
Incubation period
Generation time
1b
multi
Serial interval - gap in time between onset of the primary case and the secondary case. A period of communicability - time during which an infectious agent may be transferred directly or indirectly from an infected person to another person, from an infected animal to man or from an infected person to an animal including ahropods. Incubation period - time interval between invasion by an infectious agent and appearance of the first sign or symptoms of the disease Generation time - interval of time between reciept of infection by a host and maximal infectivity of the host Ref: Park 21st edition, page 95.
Social & Preventive Medicine
null
a14b3941-8e39-4751-a11d-bd6902347986
Best treatment of old fracture is
Manipulation and POP cast application.
Open reduction and internal fixation and bone grafting.
K Wire fixation
External fixation
1b
single
Nonunion fracture shaft femur requires open reduction and rigid internal fixation with either intramedullary nail or DC plating and bone grafting.
Unknown
null
8c4b0e05-a555-43c8-ac31-89b4af725a46
Duodenal adenocarcinoma -a) Most common small bowel carcinomab) Periampullary carcinomac) Jaundice & anemia - most common symptomd) Local resection - curative
ac
bc
ad
b
0a
multi
• Duodenum is MC site of small intestinal adenocarcinoma • 15% in the proximal; 40% in the middle and 45% in the distal duodenum (MC) • Resectability and prognosis are better than other upper GI cancers. Clinical Features • Most often presents as obstruction, with nausea, vomiting, and abdominal pain as the most frequent symptoms. • Anemia from bleeding and biliary or pancreatic obstructive symptoms can also be seen on initial presentation if the tumor is located within the periampullary region. Diagnosis • Endoscopy is the diagnostic test of choice for duodenal tumors, which allows for direct visualization and biopsy as needed. Treatment • For 1st or 2nd portion: Whipple procedure • For 3rd or 4th portion: Segmental duodenal resection
Surgery
null
6b7fa008-79f3-42e2-b2aa-299f527fbef4
Which is a noveneral form of trephonemal infection – a) Yawsb) Pintac) Syphillisd) GV
ab
a
ad
bc
0a
single
null
Dental
null
cee3c1f1-c97b-4f39-a23d-da191d9923d3
A 10-year old boy presents to the pediatric emergency unit with seizures. Blood pressure in the upper extremity measured as 200/140 mm Hg. Femoral pulses were not palpable. The most likely diagnosis amongst the following is:
Takayasu's aooaeritis
Renal parenchymal disease
Grand mal seizures
Coarctation of aoa
3d
single
Isolated upper extremity hypeension (200/140 mm Hg), with absent/diminished femoral pulses, is characteristic of coarctation of the aoaSeizures may be due to severe hypeension or due to intracranial haemorrhage(from berry aneurysms which are more common in patients with coarctation)The classic sign of coarctation of the aoa is a disparity in pulsations and blood pressures in arms and legsThe femoral, popliteal, posterior tibial and dorsalis pedis pulses are weak (or absent in about 40% of patients) in contrast to bounding pulses in the arms and carotid vesselsBP in the legs is lower than in the arms and 90% of patients have hypeension in upper extremity greater than the 95th percentile for ageAge (yrs)95th percentile (mm Hg)>1 110/601-5115/756-10125/8511-18140/90Takayasu aooaeritis may also present with severe hypeension and absent femoral pulses due to acquired mid-aoic coarctation (but this is an uncommon presentation)Most commonly affects subclan aery and more commonly presents with claudicationCoarctation TakayasuMore commonMore common in boysUpper extremity hypeensionBounding pulses in arms and diminished or absent pulses in lower limbsHypeension is frequentLess commonMore common in girls (8:1 = f:m)Absent or decreased upper limb pulses and blood pressure difference between left and right arms are characteristicHypeension is frequentSystemic symptoms are more common(ref: Harrison's 18/e p1925)
Medicine
All India exam
84d0a511-645e-4220-9a42-43924cfe504b
Over closure of jaws is accentuated muscle activity:
Buccinator
Lateral pterygoid
Temporalis
medial pterygoid
2c
single
Hyperactive mentalis activity and abnormal buccinator activity is seen in class-II division-1 cases. Over closure of jaws is associated with accentuated temporatis muscle activity.
Dental
null
3c63dae1-94ee-43ba-a69c-8eadf2d7b7f9
Artifical radioisotopsa) Radiumb) Uraniumc) Plutoniumd) Iridiume) Cobalt
ab
bc
de
bd
2c
single
Important artificial radionuclides :- Tritium - 1, Carbon - 14, Cobalt - 60, Strontium 89, Strontium - 90, Iodine 131, Cesium 134, Cesium 137, Plutonium - 239, Iridium, Tc - 99.
Radiology
null
6ba0c2d6-02f5-4965-ac8c-662be166105c
According to Poiseuille's law, reducing the radius of an airway to one-third will increase its resistance how many fold?
3-Jan
3
9
81
3d
single
Poiseuille's law states that during laminar flow, airway resistance is inversely propoional to the 4th power of the radius, other things being equal. Therefore, a reduction in the radius by a factor of 3 increases the resistance by 34, that is, 81.
Physiology
Respiratory System Pa 1
d59d18b7-0816-41a5-81e3-b8977d8b6679
Which is used for sterilization of cystoscope
Glutaraldehyde
Formaldehyde
Isopropyl alcohol
Ethylene oxide
0a
single
Ans. (a) Glutaraldehyde
Microbiology
General
ca964c7e-89c9-4846-9fc7-b2db1ca4ba20
A neonate is said be low birth weight (LBW) if his weight is less than ----- gms:
2000
2200
2500
2800
2c
single
Ans. C. 2500 gramsA neonate weighing < 2500 grams at birth irrespective of gestational age is classified as low birth weight (LBW). A neonate weighing less than 1500 grams is classified as very low birth weight (VLBW). A neonate weighing less than 1000 grams at birth irrespective of the gestational age is classified as extremely low birth weight (ELBW)
Pediatrics
New Born Infants
5e547bdd-fc62-4c53-be6d-ed3c66691bbd
Which is most lipogenic carbohydrate:
Glucose
Galactose
Fructose
Starch
2c
single
All carbohydrates (if in excess), gets conveed to fat in body (endogenous fat). Sucrose is made up of glucose and fructose. So, when sucrose is taken instead of glucose, it increases lipogenesis because: Fructose is most rapidly metabolised sugar It bypasses PFK-1 step (Rate Limiting Enzyme of glycolysis). So fructose forms acetyl CoA and thus fats. So fructose is regarded as most lipogenic sugar. Fructose | Uses the enzymes of Glycolysis | Finally forms Pyruvate | Acetyl CoA | Fats (TG, Fatty Acids, Cholesterol) Fructose is present in fruits, honey, table sugar.
Biochemistry
Fat and Carbohydrate interconversion
7c89bab5-d6f3-48ee-99c0-f736d454a2e5
The nucleotide triplet CTC in the sixth position of the l3-chain in DNA forms the complementary nucleotide on (mRNA) that codes for glutamic acid. A point mutation on the l3-chain resulting in the nucleotide triplet CAC forms a com¬plementary nucleotide on mRNA that codes for valine. In sickle cell anemia, you would expect the comple¬mentary nucleotide triplet on mRNA from 5' to 3' to read
GAG
CTC
GTG
GUG
3d
single
Note that by changing the CTC triplet to a CAC, the messenger RNA (mRNA) changes from GAG, which normally codes for glutamic acid in the sixth position of the -chain of hemoglobin, to GUG, which now codes for valine. This point mutation of a single base pair is responsible for sickle cell anemia.
Unknown
null
935d46c0-448d-4005-8891-f953a4b43af0
Which of the following condition masks low serum haptoglobin in hemolysis?
Bile duct obstruction
Liver disease
Malnutrition
Pregnancy
0a
single
Haptoglobin is a glycoprotein synthesized in the liver that binds free hemoglobin. Its scavenging function counteracts the potentially harmful oxidative and nitric oxide-scavenging effects associated with "free" hemoglobin. Low haptoglobin is considered an indicator of hemolysis. But it is increased in biliary obstruction, hence it will mask the effect of hemolysis on haptoglobin. Increased in: Acute and chronic infection (acute-phase reactant) Malignancy Biliary obstruction Ulcerative colitis Myocardial infarction Diabetes mellitus Decreased in: Newborns and children Pregnancy Malnutrition Posttransfusion Intravascular hemolysis Autoimmune hemolytic anemia Liver disease Ref: Nicoll D., Lu C.M., Pignone M., McPhee S.J. (2012). Chapter 3. Common Laboratory Tests: Selection and Interpretation. In D. Nicoll, C.M. Lu, M. Pignone, S.J. McPhee (Eds), Pocket Guide to Diagnostic Tests, 6e.
Pathology
null
9777f2c1-948c-4e57-99ba-a248361aca3b
EBV causes: March 2013
Infectious mononucleosis
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma
Glandular fever
All of the above
3d
multi
Ans. D i.e. All of the above Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)/ Human herpesvirus 4 (HHV-4) It is a virus of the herpes family, and is one of the most common viruses in humans. It is best known as the cause of infectious mononucleosis (glandular fever). It is also associated with paicular forms of cancer, such as Hodgkin's lymphoma, Burkitt's lymphoma, nasopharyngeal carcinoma, and conditions associated with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) such as hairy leukoplakia and central nervous system lymphomas. There is evidence that infection with the virus is associated with a higher risk of ceain autoimmune diseases, especially dermatomyositis, systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid ahritis, Sjogren's syndrome, and multiple sclerosis. Infection with EBV occurs by the oral transfer of saliva and genital secretions.
Microbiology
null
1c782070-7770-4f92-bd24-c75648a6648f
Which of the following snake produces paralysis with convulsions -
Vipers
Sea Snakes
Cobra
Krait
2c
single
Types of venom -- may be * Neurotoxic -- cobra, krait * Hemotoxic -- vipers * Myotoxic -- sea snake NEUROTOXIC in krait,eventhough it is neurotoxic,there is no swelling or burning pain at the site of bite and convulsions are milder REF;THE SYNOPSIS OF FORENSIC MEDICINE:KS NARAYANA REDDY;28th EDITION
Forensic Medicine
Poisoning
faadc75e-08fe-4018-92aa-46db40c79f9c
Dehiscence in the external auditory canal cause infection in the parotid gland via:
Fissure of Santorini
Notch of Rivinus
Petro-tympanic fissure
Retro pharyngeal fissure
0a
single
(a) Fissure of Santorini(Ref. Cummings, 6th ed., 1981)The notch of Rivinus is the upper attachment of pars flaccida.Petro-tympanic fissure is present on the anterior wall of middle ear, on which attaches the anterior malleolar ligament.Retropharyngeal fissure does not exist.
ENT
Ear
a8b81973-aa4e-4c6d-bbb1-03565b0215bb
Amino acids not coded by triplet codon:
Lysine
Hydroxyproline
Selenocysteine
Pyrrolysine
1b
single
B i.e. Hydroxyproline
Biochemistry
null
584f3c02-7f5d-41a8-bd10-32ba7ef5214b
Which index of obesity does not include height?
BMI
Ponderal's index
Broca's index
Corpulence index
3d
single
Ref: Park 25th edition Pgno : 418
Social & Preventive Medicine
Non communicable diseases
61d9c55c-2527-4bf5-ba6e-083cb2b9a24b
Lalita, a female patient presents with pigmentation of the lips and oral mucosa and intestinal polyps. Her sister also gives the same history. Most probable diagnosis is:
Carcinoid tumor
Melanoma
Villous adenoma
Peutz-Jegher's syndrome
3d
single
The polyps of Peutz-Jeghers syndrome are generally considered to be hamaomas Hamaomatous polyps (usually <100) throughout the GIT, most common in jejunum Associated with Hypermelanotic macule in the perioral region, buccal mucosa. Mucocutaneous pigmentation usually occurs during infancy and most commonly noted in perioral and buccal region. Pigment spots usually appear in first few years of life, reach a maximum level in early adolescence and can fade in adulthood. However, pigmentation on the buccal mucosa remains throughout the life. The pigmented macules of PJS have no malignant potential. Screening consists of a baseline colonoscopy and upper endoscopy at age 20 years, followed by annual flexible sigmoidoscopy thereafter.
Surgery
Large intestine
5958b43e-8cff-40ea-a3ea-7236e3d60fcf
Not true about virulence of endodontic microflora is
Endotoxin
Exotoxin
Bacterial enzymes
Microbial interferences
1b
multi
null
Dental
null